The URL can be used to link to this page

Home My WebLink About8102_Rutherford_South_MSWLF_MonitoringRequest_FID1898382_20240913REPORT OF 1,4-DIOXANE MONITORING OCTOBER 2018 TO APRIL 2024 RUTHERFORD COUNTY SOUTH LANDFILL RUTHERFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA PERMIT No. 8102-MSWLF-1977 Prepared For: Rutherford County Solid Waste Dept. Rutherfordton, North Carolina BLE Project Number J24-20955-02 September 12, 2024 BLE North Carolina Business Licenses C-284 & C-1538 is IM I= BUNNELL LAMMONS ENGINEERING 6004 Ponders Court I Greenville, 5C 29615 864,288.1265 �I 854.288,4330 0 info@blecorp.com BLECORP.COM � CANNONS ENGINEERING September 12, 2024 Rutherford County Solid Waste Department P.O. Box 1957 Rutherfordton, North Carolina 28139 Attention: Mr. James Kilgo Subject: Report of 1,4-Dioxane Monitoring October 2018 to April 2024 Rutherford County South Landfill Rutherford County, North Carolina Permit No. 8102-MSWLF-1977 BLE Project No. J24-20955-02 Dear Mr. Kilgo: Bunnell-Lammons Engineering, Inc. (BLE) has prepared this report of the 1,4-dioxane monitoring results for the period from October 2018 to April 2024 at the Rutherford County South Landfill. Consistent with the North Carolina Division of Waste Management (DWM) — Solid Waste Section (SWS) approved monitoring program, monitoring has included analysis of 1,4-dioxane for events performed after May 2018. This report contains the information required by the SWS to address the 1,4-dioxane detected at the facility and to determine an appropriate course of action for regulatory compliance and future monitoring. Sincerely, BUNNELL LAMMONs ENGINEERING INC. W-lais, P.G. Project ydrogeolo Registered, NC #2896 cc: Ms. Jackie Drummond — NC SWS 4 W 1 A Andrew W. Ale der, P.G., RSM Consultant Hydrogeologist Registered, NC #1475 '6004 Panders Court, Greenvll€e, SC 29615 1,864,288.1265 r,-#864,288.4430 info@hlecorp,com BLECORP.COM 1s 1m 1i Report of 1,4-Dioxane Monitoring — October 2018 to April 2024 September 12, 2024 Rutherford County South Landfill — Rutherfordton, North Carolina BLE Project No. J24-20955-02 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 PROJECT INFORMATION........................................................................................................1 2.0 RESULTS.......................................................................................................................................1 2.1 Groundwater.................................................................................................................................... 1 2.2 Surface Water.................................................................................................................................. 1 3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................... 2 3.1 Groundwater.................................................................................................................................... 2 3.2 Surface Water.................................................................................................................................. 2 3.3 Continued Analysis.......................................................................................................................... 2 4.0 QUALIFICATIONS OF REPORT.............................................................................................. 2 5.0 CLOSING.......................................................................................................................................2 Tables Table lA SWS Approved Monitoring Matrix Table 113 Proposed Monitoring Matrix Table 2 Summary of 1,4-Dioxane in Groundwater Table 3 Summary of 1,4-Dioxane in Surface Water Figures Figure 1 Site Location Map Figure 2 Map of 1,4-Dioxane Detections: October 2018 to April 2024 Appendices Appendix A SWS Memorandum — 1,4-Dioxane Analysis, Solid Waste Section Limits, and Laboratory Analytical Methods (May 29, 2018) iofi 1s 1m 1i Report of 1,4-Dioxane Monitoring — October 2018 to April 2024 September 12, 2024 Rutherford County South Landfill — Rutherfordton, North Carolina BLE Project No. J24-20955-02 1.0 PROJECT INFORMATION The subject landfill site is located in Rutherford County, North Carolina, southeast of the town of Forest City with a physical address of 4 Avondale Landfill Road (Figure 1). Rutherford County owns the unlined inactive/closed MSWLF (Permit No. 8102-MS)VLF-1977). The existing groundwater monitoring network for the Rutherford County South Landfill consists of ten (10) wells (MW-1, MW-2A, MW-3, MW-4A, MW-5, MW-6, MW-7, MW-8, MW-9S, and MW-9D) [Figure 21. In accordance with rule 15A NCAC 13B .0602, two (2) surface water monitoring locations have been established for the facility to monitor surface water quality near the closed waste footprint. The existing surface water locations are designated SW-1 and SW-2 (Figure 2). The SWS issued a memo on May 29, 2018 (Appendix A) which included a requirement for the sampling, analysis, and reporting of 1,4-dioxane at all facilities. Twelve (12) semi-annual monitoring events for 1,4-dioxane have been conducted at the facility from October 2018 through April 2024. Water quality reports of the October 2018 through June 2023 events were prepared by Scarlett Geophysical Consulting, P.C. (Scarlett). The water quality reports for the November 2023 and April 2024 sampling events were prepared by BLE. Groundwater and surface water samples collected during twelve (12) events were analyzed in general accordance with the SWS approved matrix (Table 1A). This report includes a summary of the 1,4-dioxane results from October 2018 through April 2024. 2.0 RESULTS 2.1 Groundwater The results of the groundwater 1,4-dioxane laboratory analyses are summarized on Table 2 and are shown on Figure 2. There is at least one detection of 1,4-dioxane in MW-1, MW-2A, MW-5, MW-6, and MW-7 during the twelve (12) monitoring events from October 2018 to April 2024. The data indicates that 1,4-dioxane was detected in monitoring wells MW-2A, MW-5, MW-6, and MW-7 during at least six of the twelve monitoring events and most of the detections exceed the North Carolina Groundwater Quality Standards (NC2L) maximum contaminant level' (MCL) for 1,4-dioxane of 3.0 µg/L. The frequency and magnitude of the detections in MW-1 is inconsistent, however, the MCL has not been exceeded. 2.2 Surface Water The results of the surface water 1,4-dioxane laboratory analyses are summarized on Table 3 and are shown on Figure 2. There have been zero detections of 1,4-dioxane in the surface water monitoring location SW-1, and ten (10) detections of 1,4-dioxane in SW-2 during the twelve (12) monitoring events from October 2018 to April 2024. None of the detections of 1,4-dioxane exceed the North Carolina Surface Water Quality Standards (NC2B)2 limit for 1,4-dioxane of 80.0 µg/L. 'North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Classifications of Water Quality Standards, Section 15A NCAC 2L.202, April 1, 2022. 2 North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Surface Waters and Wetlands Standards, Section 15A NCAC 02B workbook dated July 26, 2022. 1 of 2 1s 1m 1i Report of 1,4-Dioxane Monitoring — October 2018 to April 2024 September 12, 2024 Rutherford County South Landfill — Rutherfordton, North Carolina BLE Project No. J24-20955-02 3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS We understand that the SWS has determined that if a monitoring point has had three (3) consecutive sampling events with no detections of 1,4-dioxane then the requirement for 1,4-dioxane analysis may be removed for that point. We understand that this is an informal and unpublished policy and is subject to change. BLE will utilize this policy in our recommendations below. 3.1 Groundwater The groundwater data indicates that 1,4-dioxane is consistently not present (not detected) at several locations (Table 2). Therefore, we recommend that 1,4-dioxane analyses be discontinued from five (5) wells as shown in blue on the proposed monitoring matrix (Table 1B). We recommended continued monitoring for 1,4-dioxane at five (5) wells (Table 113). 3.2 Surface Water The surface water data indicates that 1,4-dioxane has not been detected at SW-1 (Table 3). Therefore, we recommend that 1,4-dioxane monitoring be discontinued at the surface water monitoring location SW-1 as shown on the proposed monitoring matrix (Table 113). 3.3 Continued Monitoring The results of the groundwater and surface water 1,4-dioxane laboratory analyses for all monitoring points are summarized on Table 2 and Table 3. The data indicates that 1,4-dioxane is present at select wells and surface water monitoring points, but never detected in five (5) groundwater wells, and one (1) surface water location. We recommend continued monitoring of 1,4-dioxane as specified on the proposed monitoring matrix Table 1B in general accordance with the SWS policy on monitoring for 1,4-dioxane. We request SWS review and approval of the proposed matrix prior to the scheduled semi-annual sampling event in October 2024. 4.0 QUALIFICATIONS OF REPORT The activities and evaluative approaches used in this assessment are consistent with those normally employed in hydrogeological and environmental assessments of this type. Our evaluation of site conditions has been based on our understanding of the site and project information and the data provided to BLE. This report has been prepared on behalf of and exclusively for the use of Rutherford County, North Carolina. This report and the findings contained herein shall not, in whole or in part, be used or relied upon by any other party (excluding the SWS) without BLE's prior written consent. 5.0 CLOSING We appreciate the opportunity to be of service to Rutherford County, North Carolina. Please contact us at (864) 288-1265 if you have any questions or comments. 2 of 2 TABLES Table IA SWS Approved Monitoring Matrix Rutherford County South Landfill Rutherford County, North Carolina Permit No. 8102-MSWLF-1977 BLE Project Number J24-20955-02 Spring Fall Station ID *Analytical Suite* 1,4-Dioxane PFAS Field *Analytical Suite* 1,4-Dioxane PFAS Field C 7 O � Y3 `m MW4A A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G AM-1 A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G AM-2A A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G AM-3 A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G d MW-5 A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G e3 MW-6 A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G 0 U MW-7 A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G NM-8 A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G MW-9S A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G MW-9D A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G SW-1 A-1 Yes Yes Yes - S A-1 Yes Yes Yes - S 3 � SW-2 A-1 Yes Yes Yes- S A-1 Yes Yes Yes- S Duplicate A-1 VOC Only A-1 VOC Only (1 Sample) WField Blank Yes Yes d U (1 Sample) Equipment Rinse (1 Sample) _ _ Yes - - - Yes - Notes: G = Groundwater Field Parameters S = Surface Water Field Parameters A-1 —Appendix I VOCs & RCRA Metals Water Level Specific Conductance Oxidation Reduction Potential Turbidity Dissolved Oxygen Temperature Specific Conductance pH Turbidity Temperature pH RCSLF SWS Approved Matrix 20955-02 Prepared by: AWA Tl SWS Approved Matrix Checked by: RLB Table 113 Proposed Monitoring Matrix Rutherford County South Landfill Rutherford County, North Carolina Permit No. 8102-MSWLF-1977 BLE Project Number J24-20955-02 Spring Fall Station ID *Analytical Suite* 1,4-Dioxane PFAS Field *Analytical Suite* 1,4-Dioxane PFAS Field C 7 O � Y 3 MW4A A-1 Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes - G m` MW-1 A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G MW-2A A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G AM-3 A-1 Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes - G d MW-5 A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G e3 MW-6 A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G 0 U MW-7 A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes Yes - G MW-8 A-1 - Yes Yes - G A-1 - Yes Yes - G AM-9S A-1 Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes - G MW-9D A-1 Yes Yes - G A-1 Yes Yes - G SW-1 A-1 Yes Yes - S A-1 Yes Yes - S 3 � SW-2 A-1 Yes Yes Yes- S A-1 Yes Yes Yes- S Duplicate A-1 VOC Only A-1 VOC Only (1 Sample) WField Blank Yes Yes d U (1 Sample) Equipment Rinse (1 Sample) _ _ Yes - - - Yes - Notes: A-1 = Appendix I VOCs & RCRA Metals 1,4-Dioxane removed for these points G = Groundwater Field Parameters Water Level Oxidation Reduction Potential Dissolved Oxygen Specific Conductance Turbidity Temperature pH S = Surface Water Field Parameters Specific Conductance Turbidity Temperature pH RCSLF SWS Approved Matrix 20955-02 Prepared by: RLB T1B Proposed Matrix Checked by: ZJD Table 2 Summary of 1,4-Dioxane in Groundwater Rutherford County South Landfill Rutherford County, North Carolina Permit No. 8102-MSWLF-1977 BLE Project Number J24-20955-02 Compound: 1,4-Dioxane Units: µg/L MCL (µg/L): 3.0 Method: EPA 8260D SIM Background Compliance Wells z Pre -October 2018 NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT 10/05/18 1.2 4.0 <1.2 2.4 16.1 Dry 13.2 39.6 6.7 <1.2 <1.2 <1.2 05/10/19 1.2 4.0 <1.2 <1.2 11.2 <1.2 24.2 53.7 <1.2 <1.2 <1.2 <1.2 10/04/19 1.2 4.0 <1.2 <1.2 <1.2 <1.2 2.6 3.4 <1.2 <1.2 <1.2 <1.2 06/05/20 1.2 4.0 <1.2 <1.2 1.3 <1.2 6.8 30.7 <1.2 <1.2 <1.2 <1.2 10/09/20 - 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 7.9 <2.0 24 32.8 6.4 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 05/07/21 DNA DNA BDL BDL 4.3 BDL 16 36.9 BDL BDL BDL BDL 10/15/21 0.86 0.86 <0.86 <0.86 9.2 Dry 21.7 32.2 14.5 <0.86 <0.86 <0.86 05/27/22 0.86 0.86 <0.86 0.86 13.0 Dry 21.3 37.7 5.0 <0.86 <0.86 <0.86 10/19/22 0.86 0.86 <0.86 <0.86 17.0 Dry 19.0 33.4 15.6 <0.86 <0.86 <0.86 06/15/23 0.86 0.86 <0.86 0.86 11.1 <0.86 11.3 46.0 <0.86 <0.86 <0.86 <0.86 11/29/23 0.86 2.0 <0.86 <0.86 13.6 Dry 20.1 38.6 17.4 <0.86 <0.86 <0.86 04/19/24 0.60 3.0 <0.60 <0.60 7.6 <0.60 10.7 35.1 <0.60 <0.60 <0.60 <0.60 Notes: MCL = Maximum Contaminant Level, as established in the NCDENR, Classifications of Water Quality Standards Applicable to Groundwaters of North Carolina, Section 15A NCAC 2L .0202. Amended Eff. April 1, 2022 Shaded cells indicated exceedances of MCLs MDL = Method Detection Limit MRL = Method Reporting Limit NT = Not Tested "J"-flagged data (i.e., values estimated between the MDL and the MRL) are presented on this table. Tables RCSLF Dioxane Summary Report 20955-02 Prepared by: ZAW GW Summary T2 Checked by: RLB Table 3 Summary of 1,4-Dioxane in Surface Water Rutherford County South Landfill Rutherford County, North Carolina Permit No. 8102-MSWLF-1977 BLE Project Number J24-20955-02 Compound: 1,4-Dioxane Units: µg/L NC2B (µg/L): 80 Method: EPA 8260D SIM Upstream: NP L7 z a SW-1 SW-2 Pre -October 2018 NT NT NT NT 10/05/18 1.2 4.0 <1.2 4.3 05/10/19 1.2 4.0 <1.2 5.2 10/04/19 1.2 4.0 <1.2 <1.2 06/05/20 1.2 4.0 <1.2 2.9 10/09/20 - 2.0 <2.0 3.2 05/07/21 DNA DNA BDL 3.2 10/15/21 0.86 0.86 <0.86 3.2 05/27/22 0.86 0.86 <0.86 5.3 10/19/22 0.86 0.86 <0.86 3.3 06/15/23 0.86 0.86 <0.86 3.7 11/29/23 0.86 2.0 <0.86 4.1 04/19/24 1 0.60 1 3.0 1 <0.60 1 <0.60 Notes: NC213 = North Carolina Surface Water Standards for Class C freshwater under Title 15A Subchapter 2B. per NC DWR Surface Water Quality Standards, Criteria, & In -Stream Target Values (Workbook Dated 7-26-2021) Shaded cells indicated exceedances of NC213 standards MDL = Method Detection Limit MRL = Method Reporting Limit NT = Not Tested "J"-flagged data (i.e., values estimated between the MDL and the MRL) are presented on this table. NP = Not Present DNA = Data Not Available BDL = Below Detection Limit Data reported prior to November 2023 prepared by other consultants. Tables RCSLF Dioxane Summary Report 20955-02 Prepared by: ZAW SW Summary T3 Checked by: RLB FIGURES ARM DR HAMRICKRD s m Al H ILI o- g 'b - r 1 Po vIVIA — O Twin Airpark 0 0v FF a s00 0 zm M/CC S AV f �p 900 y a - 0 xELLr RD _ Cary Teen DO w0p0 VALCE�i 1 ;11 O..�000PERLINC RD p ck: W m \ W 2 0 Caroleen �� u Avondale 1 FLp�F a o Henrietta_Cem �q� Q MCDOWELL Sr AVO E.LANpF/C, 1 COO Avondale P� moo 80.0� �� p CHORCH 5T .:, 800 f OL Provide,nce _ `r00 ted Me"thodist 4 r,❑c1h Graveyard A a m _ IL dpO A RAG -TOWN RD Zion Hill:Cem y 800 o P /800 J / 13ellrletta �P� �ORRAY ST -•< MANkD HARRIS HENRIETTA RD - REFERENCES: _Ilk �D - USGS TOPOGRAPHIC MAP, 7.5 2000 1000 0 2000 4000 �° MINUTE SERIES, FOREST CITY. NC. - QUADRANGLE 2022 APPROXIMATE SCALE IN FEET CAKE RD DRAWN: DATE: FIGURE KLW 6-26-24 is IM IM BUNNELL SITE LOCATION MAP M LAMM13NS RUTHERFORD COUNTY SOUTH LANDFILL CHECKED:RLB CAD: RUTHERFORDSOUTH-02SLM M ENGINEERING RUTHERFORD, NORTH CAROLINA 6004 Ponders Court, Greenville, SC 29615 APPROVEDAWA JOB NO: J24-20955-02 Phone: (864) 288-1265 Fax: (864) 288-4430 MW-4A 822.74 820 _I Zg0 1S0 77� MW-3 769.24 ?60� -V. ..r 116.. Iimi'm A� , 0 dop IF . — / • � -ram - y}� - + � ��I y'j r'� ` '�-��- 5 : y fl MW-8 PPP' _ I � .�a•il : w� ' �• ,I i • 1 �• : - - r 4. L . IL*:,! � . +Alt.. 1 M: 'y '!• ti , 5 , 1 _ L '+ CA R MW-1 T 781.60 7� SECOND BROAD RIVER + 0.79_ �• I • � Y y Y W. _ J SW-2 LL t ' : '"' .. r ' tip`• 1'* .� * - '' - " -Raj �r 1_ r •� � 4'a•, � - , _ - 4 ' 4+ MW-6 774.89 it , 1 , 'L +� ' r- 757.33 ' lire 1. � err •. J�'. �' �.. -- ti f �' ' � : •�:� . r+ , L jr t AVONDALE LANDFILL ROAD If W. :y la ;As J& �k MONITORING LOCATION LEGEND MW-8 APPROXIMATE GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELL LOCATION SW-1 APPROXIMATE SURFACE WATER SAMPLE LOCATION MW-5 MONITORING POINT WITH AT LEAST ONE DETECTION OF 1,4 DIOXANE FROM OCTOBER 2018 TO APRIL 2024 TOPOGRAPHIC & GEOLOGIC LEGEND Y L 790 POTENTIOMETRIC SURFACE CONTOUR LINE (CI = 10') GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION ` SURFACE WATER APPROXIMATE PARCEL BOUNDARY Ili NOTES: 1. SAMPLE LOCATIONS ARE APPROXIMATE AND LIMITED BY THE REFERENCES THEMSELVES 2. GROUNDWATER CONTOURS DISPLAYED ARE DATED APRIL 19, 2024. ft' GENERAL MAP REFERENCE •- - L iL MichY ; f i i i t , IV NY x + — JL Lk, ' or It APPROXIMATE SCALE IN FEET JL a •L 3� r' V i �Y } ! I&[ '0j rrf . r . r } 1 L L M1 ■ + y F i ■ ■ FF F + y 1. PROPERTY OBTAINED FROM RUTHERFORD COUNTY GIS. 2. GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELL AND SURFACE WATER LOCATIONS FROM FIGURE 2 r !1•. L SITE MAP WITH CONTOURS, JUNE 2023. PREPARED BY SCAw yy t ■LETT GEOPHYSICAL ■ CONSULTING, ■C. LOCATIONS • ■ APPROXIMATE. mead REVISIONS No. DESCRIPTION BY DRAWN: KLW CHECKED: TCG/RLB APPROVED: AWA DATE: 7-31-24 CAD FII_E:RUTHERFORDSOUTH-02DIOX JOB NO: J24-20955-02 IM JBILINNELL LAMM � AMMONS ENGINEERING 6004 Ponders Court, Greenville, SC 29615 Phone; (864) 288-1265 Fox; (864) 288-4430 MAP OF 1,4-DIOXANE DETECTIONS: OCTOBER 2018 TO APRIL 2024 RUTHERFORD COUNTY SOUTH LANDFILL RUTHERFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA FIGURE NO. 2 APPENDIX A SWS Memorandum — 1,4-Dioxane Analysis, Solid Waste Section Limits, and Laboratory Analytical Methods (May 29, 2018) ROY COOPER Governor K.1 MICHAEL S. REGAN � 0_ Waste Management MICHAEL SCOTTDirenu, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY May 29, 2018 MEMORANDUM To: Solid Waste Directors, Landfill Owners/Operators, and North Carolina Certified Laboratories From: Ed Mussler, Section Chief North Carolina Division of Waste Management, Solid Waste Section Re: 1,4-Dioxane Analysis, Solid Waste Section Limits, and Laboratory Analytical Methods 1,4-Dioxane Sampling In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .0601, .0544, and .1632, the Solid Waste Section (Section) is requiring that all groundwater and surface water samples collected at landfills after July 1, 2018 be analyzed for the constituent 1,4-Dioxane. It is primarily used as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, however also used in many products including paint strippers, dyes, greases, varnishes and waxes. Additionally, it is found in a variety of consumer products such as detergents, shampoos, deodorants, and cosmetics. The current 15A NCAC 02L .0202 Standard for 1,4- Dioxane is 3.0 µg/1. Due to the potential health hazards associated with 1,4-Dioxane, the Section has determined that all landfills should begin analyzing groundwater and surface water samples for 1,4-Dioxane to ensure protection of human health and the environment. A USEPA Technical Fact Sheet for 1,4-Dioxane is provided in Appendix A of this Memorandum. Solid Waste Section Limits & Laboratory Analytical Methods In 2006, the Solid Waste Section made a policy decision to develop and use Solid Waste Section Limits (SWSLs). The purpose for this policy decision was to ensure that low level analytical data was consistently being reported for the purpose of making the correct choices when designing site remediation strategies, alerting the public to health threats, and protecting the environment from toxic contaminants. Over the past 12 years, technologies have advanced such that the majority of the SWSLs are outdated. Given the rapid pace of technology, the need for the Section to attempt to continuously update and/or maintain the SWSLs is not warranted. State of North Carolina I Environmental Quality I Waste Management 217 West ]ones Street 1 I646 Mail ServiCe Center I Raleigh, NOrth Carolina 27699-1646 9l9 707 8200 Although the use of the SWSLs will be discontinued, facilities should choose EPA approved analytical methods sufficiently sensitive to quantify the presence of a pollutant at or below applicable standards. Consistently achieving low level data is key for the continued purpose of making the correct choices when designing site remediation strategies, alerting the public to health threats, and protecting the environment from toxic contaminants. Facilities should communicate and coordinate with their analytical laboratory(s) to use sufficiently sensitive analytical methods to achieve analytical results with detection limits below the applicable groundwater standards and surface water standards. For guidance purposes, the Section recommends the use of the following analytical methods for groundwater and surface water samples. Volatile Organic Compounds SW 846 Method 8260 1,4-Dioxane SW 846 Method 8260 SIM SW 846 Method 8270 SIM Semi -Volatile Organic SW 846 Method 8270 Compounds Metals, Pesticides, PCBs, SW 846 Methods, USEPA Dioxins, Cyanide, methods, or method published Formaldehyde, and any other in Standard Methods for the constituents not covered by Examination of Water and above methods Wastewater having the lowest detection limits or having detection limits below applicable standards Notes: • The analytical methods should be the most recent versions of the analytical methods tabulated above. For SW- 846 Methods, the latest edition of SW-846, including any subsequent updates which have been incorporated into the edition, must be used. Sampling must be planned so that required holding times for analytical methods are met. • Select Ion Monitoring (SIM) is recommended when analyzing for 1,4-Dioxane in order to achieve applicable detection limits. SIM may be useful for other VOCs/SVOC constituents. • SW-846 Method 1610 does not have detection limits below the 1 SA NCAC 2L standards for all of the hazardous substance list metals. • The Section considers "J" flag values valid and relevant in the decision making process and hence all "J" flag values should be reported. If you have any questions, please contact Adam Ulishney at (919) 707-8210 or via email at adam.ulishney&ncdenr.gov. Thank you for your cooperation in this matter. State of North Carolina I Environmental Quality I Waste Management 217 West ]ones Street 1 I646 Mail ServiCe Center I Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 9l9 707 8200 APPENDIX A State of North Carolina I Environmental Quality I Waste Management 217 West ]ones Street 1 I646 Mail ServiCe Center I Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 9l9 707 8200 ■=. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Technical Fact Sheet — 1,4-Dioxane January 2014 Introduction This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a summary of the contaminant 1,4-dioxane, including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of information. This fact sheet is intended for use by site managers who may address 1,4-dioxane at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies and for those in a position to consider whether 1,4-dioxane should be added to the analytical suite for site investigations. 1,4-Dioxane is a likely human carcinogen and has been found in groundwater at sites throughout the United States. The physical and chemical properties and behavior of 1,4-dioxane create challenges for its characterization and treatment. It is highly mobile and has not been shown to readily biodegrade in the environment. What is 1,4-dioxane? ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is a synthetic industrial chemical that is completely miscible in water (EPA 2006). ❖ Synonyms include dioxane, dioxan, p-dioxane, diethylene dioxide, diethylene oxide, diethylene ether and glycol ethylene ether (EPA 2006; Mohr 2001). ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures and may form explosive mixtures with prolonged exposure to light or air (DHHS 2011; HSDB 2011). ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is a likely contaminant at many sites contaminated with certain chlorinated solvents (particularly 1,1,1-trichloroethane [TCA]) because of its widespread use as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents (EPA 2013a; Mohr 2001) ❖ It is used as: a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents such as TCA; a solvent for impregnating cellulose acetate membrane filters; a wetting and dispersing agent in textile processes; and a laboratory cryoscopic solvent for molecular mass determinations (ATSDR 2012; DHHS 2011; EPA 2006). ❖ It is used in many products, including paint strippers, dyes, greases, varnishes and waxes. 1,4-Dioxane is also found as an impurity in antifreeze and aircraft deicing fluids and in some consumer products (deodorants, shampoos and cosmetics) (ATSDR 2012; EPA 2006; Mohr 2001). Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet from publically-available sources; additional information can be obtained from the source documents. This fact sheet is not intended to be used as a primary source of information and is not intended, nor can it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. United States Office of Solid Waste and EPA 505-F-14-011 Environmental Protection Agency Emergency Response (5106P) January 2014 1 What is 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is used as a purifying agent in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and is a by- product in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic (Mohr 2001). ❖ Traces of 1,4-dioxane may be present in some food supplements, food containing residues from packaging adhesives or on food crops treated with pesticides that contain 1,4-dioxane as a solvent or inert ingredient (ATSDR 2012; DHHS 2011). Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,4-Dioxane (ATSDR 2012; Howard 1990; HSDB 2011) Property Value Abstracts Service (CAS) Number 123-91-1 Physical Description (physical state at room temperature) Clear, flammable liquid with a faint, pleasant odor Molecular weight (g/mol) 88.11 Water solubility Miscible Melting point (°C) 11.8 Boiling point (°C) at 760 mm Hg 101.1 °C Vapor pressure at 25°C (mm Hg) 38.1 Specific gravity 1.033 Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) -0.27 Organic carbon partition coefficient (log Kos) 1.23 Henry's law constant at 25 °C (atm-m3/mol) 4.80 X 10-6 Abbreviations: g/mol — grams per mole; °C — degrees Celsius; mm Hg — millimeters of mercury; atm-m3/mol — atmosphere -cubic meters per mole. What are the environmental impacts of 1,4-dioxane? ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is released into the environment from surface water bodies (DHHS 2011; EPA during its production, the processing of other 2006). chemicals, its use and its generation as an impurity during the manufacture of some consumer products. It is typically found at some solvent release sites and PET manufacturing facilities (ATSDR 2012; Mohr 2001). ❖ It is short-lived in the atmosphere, with an estimated 1- to 3-day half-life as a result of its reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (ATSDR 2012; DHHS 2011). Breakdown products include aldehydes and ketones (Graedel 1986). ❖ It may migrate rapidly in groundwater, ahead of other contaminants and does not volatilize rapidly ❖ Migration to groundwater is weakly retarded by sorption of 1,4-dioxane to soil particles; it is expected to move rapidly from soil to groundwater (EPA 2006; ATSDR 2012). It is relatively resistant to biodegradation in water and soil and does not bioconcentrate in the food chain (ATSDR 2012; Mohr 2001). As of 2007, 1,4-dioxane had been identified at more than 31 sites on the EPA National Priorities List (NPL); it may be present (but samples were not analyzed for it) at many other sites (HazDat 2007). What are the routes of exposure and the health effects of 1,4-dioxane? ❖ Potential exposure could occur during production Inhalation is the most common route of human and use of 1,4-dioxane as a stabilizer or solvent exposure, and workers at industrial sites are at (DHHS 2011). greatest risk of repeated inhalation exposure Exposure may occur through inhalation of vapors, (ATSDR 2012; DHHS 2011). ingestion of contaminated food and water or dermal contact (ATSDR 2012; DHHS 2011). What are the routes of exposure and the health effects of 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is readily adsorbed through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Some 1,4-dioxane may also pass through the skin, but studies indicate that much of it will evaporate before it is absorbed. Distribution is rapid and uniform in the lung, liver, kidney, spleen, colon and skeletal muscle tissue (ATSDR 2012). ❖ Short-term exposure to high levels of 1,4- dioxane may result in nausea, drowsiness, headache, and irritation of the eyes, nose and throat (ATSDR 2012; EPA 2013b; NIOSH 2O10) ❖ Chronic exposure may result in dermatitis, eczema, drying and cracking of skin and liver and kidney damage (ATSDR 2012; HSDB 2011). ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is weakly genotoxic and reproductive effects in humans are unknown; however, a developmental study on rats indicated that 1,4-dioxane may be slightly toxic to the developing fetus (ATSDR 2012; Giavini and others 1985). ❖ Animal studies showed increased incidences of nasal cavity, liver and gall bladder tumors after exposure to 1,4-dioxane (DHHS 2011; EPA IRIS 2013). ❖ EPA has classified 1,4-dioxane as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" by all routes of exposure (EPA IRIS 2013). ❖ The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services states that 1,4-dioxane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals (DHHS 2011). ❖ The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has classified 1,4-dioxane as a Group A3 carcinogen — confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH 2O11). ❖ The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) considers 1,4-dioxane a potential occupational carcinogen (NIOSH 2010). Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for 1,4-dioxane? ❖ Federal and State Standards and Guidelines: ■ EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database includes a chronic oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.03 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day) based on liver and kidney toxicity in animals and a chronic inhalation reference dose (RfC) of 0.03 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) based on atrophy and respiratory metaplasia inside the nasal cavity of animals (EPA IRIS 2013). ■ The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has established minimal risk levels (MRLs) for inhalation exposure to 1,4-dioxane : 2 parts per million (ppm) for acute -duration (14 days or less) inhalation exposure; 0.2 ppm for intermediate -duration (15 to 364 days) inhalation exposure; and 0.03 ppm for chronic -duration (365 days or more) inhalation exposure (ATSDR 2012). ■ Oral exposure MRLs have been identified as 5 mg/kg/day for acute -duration oral exposure; 0.5 mg/kg/day for intermediate - duration oral exposure; and 0.1 mg/kg/day for chronic -duration oral exposure (ATSDR 2012). • The cancer risk assessment for 1,4-dioxane is based on an oral slope factor of 0.1 mg/kg/day and the drinking water unit risk is 2.9 x 10-6 micrograms per liter (pg/L) (EPA IRIS 2013). ■ EPA risk assessments indicate that the drinkinP water concentration representing a 1 x 10- cancer risk level for 1,4-dioxane is 0.35 µg/L (EPA IRIS 2013). ■ 1,4-Dioxane may be regulated as hazardous waste when waste is generated through use as a solvent stabilizer (EPA 1996b). ■ No federal maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water has been established; however, an MCL is not necessary to determine a cleanup level (EPA 2012). ■ 1,4-Dioxane was included on the third drinking water contaminant candidate list, which is a list of unregulated contaminants that are known to, or anticipated to, occur in public water systems and may require regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act (EPA 2009). Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ Federal and State Standards and Guidelines (continued): ■ The EPA has established drinking water health advisories for 1,4-dioxane, which are drinking water -specific risk level concentrations for cancer (10-4 cancer risk) and concentrations of drinking water contaminants at which noncancer adverse health effects are not anticipated to occur over specific exposure durations. The EPA established a 1-day health advisory of 4.0 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and a 10-day health advisory of 0.4 mg/L for 1,4-dioxane in drinking water for a 10-kilogram child. EPA also established a lifetime health advisory of 0.2 mg/L for 1,4-dioxane in drinking water (EPA 2012). ■ The EPA's drinking water equivalent level for 1,4-dioxane is 1 mg/L (EPA 2012). ■ EPA has calculated a screening level of 0.67 pg/L for 1,4-dioxane in tap water, based on a 1 in 10-6 lifetime excess cancer risk (EPA 2013c). ' , 2 ■ EPA has calculated a residential soil screening level (SSL) of 4.9 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and an industrial SSL of 17 mg/kg. The soil -to -groundwater risk -based SSL is 1.4 x10-4 mg/kg (EPA 2013c). ■ EPA has also calculated a residential air screening level of 0.49 micrograms per cubic meter (pg/m3) and an industrial air screening level of 2.5 pg/m3 (EPA 2013c). Screening Levels are developed using risk assessment guidance from the EPA Superfund program. These risk -based concentrations are derived from standardized equations combining exposure information assumptions with EPA toxicity data. These calculated screening levels are generic and not enforceable cleanup standards but provide a useful gauge of relative toxicity. 2 Tap water screening levels differ from the IRIS drinking water concentrations because the tap water screening levels account for dermal, inhalation and ingestion exposure routes; age -adjust the intake rates for children and adults based on body weight; and time - adjust for exposure duration or days per year. The IRIS drinking water concentrations consider only the ingestion route, account only for adult -intake rates and do not time -adjust for exposure duration or days per year. ❖ Workplace Exposure Limits: ■ The Occupational Safety and Health Administration set a general industry permissible exposure limit of 360 mg/m3 or 100 ppm based on a time -weighted average (TWA) over an 8-hour workday for airborne exposure to 1,4-dioxane (OSHA 2013). ■ The ACGIH set a threshold limit value of 72 mg/m3 or 20 ppm based on a TWA over an 8- hour workday for airborne exposure to 1,4- dioxane (ACGIH 2O11). ■ The NIOSH has set a ceiling recommended exposure limit of 3.6 mg/m3 or 1 ppm based on a 30-minute airborne exposure to 1,4-dioxane (NIOSH 2O10). ■ NIOSH also has established an immediately dangerous to life or health concentration of 500 ppm for 1,4-dioxane (NIOSH 2O10). ❖ Other State and Federal Standards and Guidelines: ■ Various states have established drinking water and groundwater guidelines, including the following: — Colorado has established an interim groundwater quality cleanup standard of 0.35 pg/L (CDPHE 2012); California has established a notification level of 1 pg/L for drinking water (CDPH 2011); — New Hampshire has established a reporting limit of 0.25 pg/L for all public water supplies (NH DES 2011); and — Massachusetts has established a drinking water guideline level of 0.3 pg/L (Mass DEP 2012). • The Food and Drug Administration set 10 mg/kg as the limit for 1-4-dioxane in glycerides and polyglycerides for use in products such as dietary supplements. FDA also surveys raw material and products contaminated with 1,4-dioxane (FDA 2006). • 1,4-Dioxane is listed as a hazardous air pollutant under the Clean Air Act (CAA) (CAA 1990). ■ A reportable quantity of 100 pounds has been established under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (EPA 2011). What detection and site characterization methods are available for 1,4-dioxane? ❖ As a result of the limitations in the analytical methods to detect 1,4-dioxane, it has been difficult to identify its occurrence in the environment. The miscibility of 1,4-dioxane in water causes poor purging efficiency and results in high detection limits (ATSDR 2012; EPA 2006). ❖ Conventional analytical methods can detect 1,4-dioxane only at concentrations 100 times greater than the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (EPA 2006; Mohr 2001). ❖ Modifications of existing analytical methods and their sample preparation procedures may be needed to achieve lower detection limits for 1,4-dioxane (EPA 2006; Mohr 2001). ❖ High -temperature sample preparation techniques improve the recovery of 1,4-dioxane. These techniques include purging at elevated temperature (EPA SW-846 Method 5030); equilibrium headspace analysis (EPA SW-846 Method 5021); vacuum distillation (EPA SW-846 Method 8261); and azeotrophic distillation (EPA SW-846 Method 5031) (EPA 2006). ❖ The presence of 1,4-dioxane may be expected at sites with extensive TCA contamination; therefore, some experts recommend that groundwater samples be analyzed for 1,4-dioxane where TCA is a known contaminant (Mohr 2001). NIOSH Method 1602 uses gas chromatography — flame ionization detection (GC-FID) to determine the concentration of 1,4-dioxane in air. The detection limit is 0.01 milligram per sample (ATSDR 2012; NIOSH 2O10). ❖ EPA SW-846 Method 8015D uses gas chromatography (GC) to determine the concentration of 1,4-dioxane in environmental samples. Samples may be introduced into the GC column by a variety of techniques including the injection of the concentrate from azeotropic distillation (EPA SW-846 Method 5031). The detection limits for 1,4-dioxane in aqueous matrices by azeotropic microdistillation are 12 pg/L (reagent water), 15 pg/L (groundwater) and 16 pg/L (leachate) (EPA 2003). EPA SW-846 Method 8260B detects 1,4-dioxane in a variety of solid waste matrices using GC and mass spectrometry (MS). The detection limit depends on the instrument and choice of sample preparation method (ATSDR 2012; EPA 1996a). A laboratory study is underway to develop a passive flux meter (PFM) approach to enhance the capture of 1,4-dioxane in the PFM sorbent to improve accuracy. The selected PFM approach will be field tested at 1,4-dioxane contaminated sites. The anticipated projection completion date is 2014 (DoD SERDP 2013b). ❖ EPA Method 1624 uses isotopic dilution gas chromatography — mass spectrometry (GC -MS) to detect 1,4-dioxane in water, soil and municipal sludges. The detection limit for this method is 10 pg/L (ATSDR 2012; EPA 2001 b). ❖ EPA SW-846 Method 8270 uses liquid -liquid extraction and isotope dilution by capillary column GC -MS. This method is often modified for the detection of low levels of 1,4-dioxane in water (EPA 2007, 2013a) GC -MS detection methods using solid phase extraction followed by desorption with an organic solvent have been developed to remove 1,4-dioxane from the aqueous phase. Detection limits as low as 0.024 pg/L have been achieved by passing the aqueous sample through an activated carbon column, following by elution with acetone- dichlormethane (ATSDR 2012; Kadokami and others 1990). ❖ EPA Method 522 uses solid phase extraction and GC/MS with selected ion monitoring for the detection of 1,4-dioxane in drinking water with detection limits ranging from 0.02 to 0.026 pg/L (EPA 2008). What technologies are being used to treat 1,4-dioxane? ❖ Pump -and -treat remediation can treat dissolved 1,4-dioxane in groundwater and control groundwater plume migration, but requires ex situ treatment tailored for the unique properties of 1,4-dioxane (such as, a low octanol-water partition coefficient that makes 1,4-dioxane hydrophilic) (EPA 2006; Kiker and others 2010). ❖ Commercially available advanced oxidation processes using hydrogen peroxide with ultraviolet light or ozone is used to treat 1,4-dioxane in wastewater (Asano and others 2012; EPA 2006). ❖ A study is under way to investigate facilitated - transport enabled in situ chemical oxidation to treat 1,4-dioxane-contamined source zones and groundwater plumes effectively. The technical approach consists of the co -injection of strong oxidants (such as ozone) with chemical agents that facilitate the transport of the oxidant (DoD SERDP 2013d). What technologies are being used to treat 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ Ex situ bioremediation using a fixed -film, moving - bed biological treatment system is also used to treat 1,4-dioxane in groundwater (EPA 2006). ❖ Phytoremediation is being explored as a means to remove the compound from shallow groundwater. Pilot -scale studies have demonstrated the ability of hybrid poplars to take up and effectively degrade or deactivate 1,4-dioxane (EPA 2001 a, 2013a; Ferro and others 2013). ❖ Microbial degradation in engineered bioreactors has been documented under enhanced conditions or where selected strains of bacteria capable of degrading 1,4-dioxane are cultured, but the impact of the presence of chlorinated solvent co - contaminants on biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane needs to be further investigated (EPA 2006, 2013a; Mahendra and others 2013). ❖ Results from a 2012 laboratory study found 1,4-dioxane-transforming activity to be relatively common among monooxygenase-expressing bacteria; however, both TCA and 1,1-dichloroethene inhibited 1,4-dioxane degradation by bacterial isolates (DoD SERDP 2012). ❖ Several Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (DoD SERDP) projects are under way to investigate 1,4-dioxane biodegradation in the presence of chlorinated solvents or metals. Laboratory studies will (1) identify microbial cultures as well as biogeochemistry, which generate desirable enzymatic activity for 1,4-dioxane biodegradation; (2) assess biodegradation by methane oxidizing bacteria in coupled anaerobic -aerobic zones; (3) and evaluate branched hydrocarbons as stimulants for the in situ cometabolic biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane and its associated co -contaminants (DoD SERDP 2013c, e and f). ❖ Photocatalysis has been shown to remove 1,4-dioxane in aqueous solutions. Laboratory studies documented that the surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles on titanium dioxide (Au — TiO2) promotes the photocatalytic degradation of 1,4-dioxane (Min and others 2009; Vescovi and others 2010). ❖ Other in -well combined treatment technologies being assessed include air sparging; soil vapor extraction (SVE); and dynamic subsurface groundwater circulation (Odah and others 2005). ❖ SVE is known to remove some 1,4-dioxane, but substantial residual contamination is usually left behind because of 1,4-dioxane's high solubility, which leads to preferential partitioning into pore water rather than vapor. The DoD SERDP is conducting a project to evaluate and demonstrate the efficacy of enhanced or extreme SVE, which uses a combination of increased air flow, sweeping with drier air, increased temperature, decreased infiltration and more focused vapor extraction to enhance 1,4-dioxane remediation in soils (DoD SERDP 2013a). Where can I find more information about 1,4-dioxane? ❖ Asano, M., Kishimoto, N., Shimada, H., and Y. Ono. 2012. "Degradation of 1,4-Dioxane Using Ozone Oxidation with UV Irradiation (Ozone/UV) Treatment." Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. Volume A (1). Pages 371 to 279. ❖ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2012. "Toxicological Profile for 1,4-Dioxane." www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tpl 87.pdf ❖ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2011. "2011 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices." Cincinnati, Ohio. ❖ California Department of Public Health (CDPH). 2011. "1,4-Dioxane." Drinking Water Systems. www.cdoh.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Pages/1,4- dioxane.aspx ❖ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAA). 1990. "Hazardous Air Pollutants". 42 USC § 7412. ❖ Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment (CDPHE). 2012. "Notice of Public Rulemaking Hearing before the Colorado Water Quality Control Commission." Regulation No. 31 and No. 41. www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/Upload/NoticeOfRulem aking/ProposedRuleAttach20l 2-00387. PDF ❖ Ferro, A.M., Kennedy, J., and J.C. LaRue. 2013. "Phytoremediation of 1,4-Dioxane-Containing Recovered Groundwater." International Journal of Phytoremediation. Volume 15. Pages 911 to 923. ❖ Giavini, E., Vismara, C., and M.L Broccia. 1985. "Teratogenesis Study of Dioxane in Rats." Toxicology Letters. Volume 26 (1). Pages. 85 to 88. Where can I find more information about 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ Graedel, T.E. 1986. Atmospheric Chemical Compounds. New York, NY: Academic Press. ❖ Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). 2011. 1,4-Dioxane." http://toxnet.nim.nih.gov/cqi-bin/ sis/htmlgen?HSDB ❖ HazDat. 2007. "1,4-Dioxane." HazDat Database: ATSDR's Hazardous Substance Release and Health Effects Database. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ❖ Howard, P.H. 1990. Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. Pages 216 to 221. ❖ Kadokami, K, Koga, M. and A. Otsuki. 1990. "Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric Determination of Traces of Hydrophilic and Volatile Organic Compounds in Water after Preconcentration with Activated Carbon." Analytical Sciences. Volume 6(6). Pages 843 to 849. ❖ Kiker, J.H., Connolly, J.B., Murray, W.A., Pearson, S.C.; Reed, S.E., and R.J. Robert. 2010. "Ex -Situ Wellhead Treatment of 1,4-Dioxane Using Fenton's Reagent." Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water and Energy. Volume 15, Article 18. ❖ Mahendra, S., Grostern, A. and L. Alvarez -Cohen. 2013. "The Impact of Chlorinated Solvent Co - Contaminants on the Biodegradation Kinetics of 1,4-Dioxane." Chemosphere. Volume 91 (1). Pages 88 to 92. ❖ Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (Mass DEP). 2012. "Standards and Guidelines for Contaminants in Massachusetts Drinking Waters." www.mass.gov/dep/water/dwstand.pdf ❖ Min, B.K., Heo, J.E., Youn, N.K., Joo, O.S., Lee, H., Kim, J.H., and H.S. Kim. 2009. "Tuning of the Photocatalytic 1,4-Dioxane Degradation with Surface Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanoparticles on Titania." Catalysis Communications. Volume 10 (5). Pages 712 to 715. ❖ Mohr, T.K.G. 2001. "1,4-Dioxane and Other Solvent Stabilizers White Paper." Santa Clara Valley Water District of California. San Jose, California. ❖ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2010. "Dioxane." NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. www.cdc.gov/niosh/npq/npqd0237.htmi ❖ New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NH DES). 2011 "Change in Reporting Limit for 1,4-Dioxane." http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/waste/hwr b/sss/hwrp/documents/report-limits 14dioxane. pdf ❖ Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2013. "Dioxane." Chemical Sampling Information. www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/ data/CH 237200.html ❖ Odah, M.M., Powell, R., and D.J. Riddle. 2005. "ART In -Well Technology Proves Effective in Treating 1,4-Dioxane Contamination." Remediation Journal. Volume 15 (3), Pages 51 to 64. ❖ U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). 2012. "Oxygen ase-Catalyzed Biodegradation of Emerging Water Contaminants: 1,4-Dioxane and N-Nitrosodimethylamine." ER- 1417. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/ Environmental-Restoration/Contam inated- Groundwater/Emerging-Issues/ER-1417/ER-1417 ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013a. "1,4-Dioxane Remediation by Extreme Soil Vapor Extraction (XSVE)." ER- 201326. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/ Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Ground water/Emerging-Issues/ER-201326/ER-201326 ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013b. "Development of a Passive Flux Meter Approach to Quantifying 1,4-Dioxane Mass Flux." ER-2304. www.serdp.org/Program- Areas/Environ mental-Restoration/Contam inated- Groundwater/Emerging-Issues/ER-2304/ER-2304/ ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013c. "Evaluation of Branched Hydrocarbons as Stimulants for In Situ Cometabolic Biodegradation of 1,4-Dioxane and Its Associated Co -Contaminants." ER-2303. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental- Restoration/Contam i nated-Groundwater/ Emerging-Issues/ER-2303/ER-2303 ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013d. "Facilitated Transport Enabled In Situ Chemical Oxidation of 1,4- Dioxane-Contaminated Groundwater." ER-2302. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental- Restoration/Contam i nated-Groundwater/ Emerging-Issues/ER-2302/ER-2302/(language)/ eng-US ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013e. "In Situ Biodegradation of 1,4-Dioxane: Effects of Metals and Chlorinated Solvent Co -Contaminants." ER-2300. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental- Restoration/Contam i nated-Groundwater/ Emerging-Issues/ER-2300/ER-2300 Where can I find more information about 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013f. "In Situ Bioremediation of 1,4-Dioxane by Methane Oxidizing Bacteria in Coupled Anaerobic -Aerobic Zones." ER-2306. www.serdP.org/Program-Areas/Environmental- Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/ Emerging- Issues/ER-2306/ER-2306 ❖ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). 2011. "Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition." Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. 12t" Edition. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/rocl2.pdf ❖ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1996a. "Method 8260B: Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)." www.epa.gov/osw/ hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/8260b.pdf ❖ EPA. 1996b. "Solvents Study." EPA 530-R-96- 017. ❖ EPA. 2001a. "Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup." EPA 542-R-01-006. www.brownfieldstsc.org/pdfs/phytorem Primer.pdf ❖ EPA. 2001 b. "Method 1624." Code of Federal Regulations. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR Part 136. Pages 274 to 287. ❖ EPA. 2003. "Method 8015D: Nonhalogenated Organics Using GC/FID." SW-846. www.epa.gov/ osw/hazard/testmethods/pdfs/8015d r4.pdf ❖ EPA. 2006. "Treatment Technologies for 1,4-Dioxane: Fundamentals and Field Applications." EPA 542-R-06-009. www.epa.gov/tio/download/remed/542r06009.pdf ❖ EPA. 2007. "Method 8270D: Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)." ❖ EPA. 2008. "Method 522: Determination of 1,4-Dioxane in Drinking Water By Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) with Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM)." EPA/600/R-08/101. ❖ EPA. 2009. "Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3 - Final." Federal Register Notice. www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/10/08/E9- 24287/drinking-water-contaminant-candidate-list- 3-final ❖ EPA. 2011. "Reportable Quantities of Hazardous Substances Designated Pursuant to Section 311 of the Clean Water Act. Code of Federal Regulations." 40 CFR 302.4. www.gpo.gov/fdsVs/pkq/CFR-2011-title40- vol28/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vo128-sec302-4. pdf ❖ EPA. 2012. "2012 Edition of Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories." water. epa.gov/action/advisories/d ri nki ng/upload/d wstandards2012. pdf ❖ EPA. 2013a. 1,4-Dioxane." www.clu-in.org/conta minantfocus/default.focus/sec/1,4-Dioxane/ cat/Overview/ ❖ EPA. 2013b. "1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)." Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Website. www.epa.gov/ttnatwOl/hlthef/dioxane.html ❖ EPA. 2013c. Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table. www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb- concentration table/Generic Tables/index.htm ❖ EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). 2013. "1,4-Dioxane (CASRN 123-91-1)." www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0326.htm ❖ U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2006. "Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption; Glycerides and Polyglycides." Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 172.736. ❖ Vescovi, T., Coleman, H., and R. Amal. 2010. "The Effect of pH on UV -Based Advanced Oxidation Technologies - 1,4-Dioxane Degradation." Journal of Hazardous Materials. Volume 182. Pages 75 to 79. Additional information on 1,4-dioxane can be found at www.cluin.org/contaminantfocus/default.focus/sec/1,4-Dioxane/cat/Overview Contact Information If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at (703) 603-8712 or by email at cooke.maryt(@epa.gov.