NCD980602163_19920708_Warren County PCB Landfill_SERB C_PCB Landfill Project Report-OCR

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PCB Landfill Project
Report
July 8, 1992
By: Randy McElveen
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Introduction & Summary
Evacuation Alternatives
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PRELIMINARY INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
WELL INSTALLATION PROCEDURES (Alternative #2)
Well Construction
Liner Replacement
PCB Contaminated Soil Cuttings
Quality Control
Health & Safety Considerations
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
Pumps & Holding Tanks
System Start-up
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
Holding tanks
Containment Area
Activated Carbon Filter
DISPOSAL SEQUENCE
PAGE NUMBER
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State of North Carolina
Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources
Division of Solid Waste Management
P.O. Box 27687 · Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687
James G. Martin, Governor
1 William W. Cobey, Jr., Secretary July 6, 1992
William L. Meyer
Director
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RE: Alternatives and Procedures for Evacuating Rainfall from
the Warren County PCB Waste Disposal Facility Located in
Warren County, N.C.
Project Number
Gentlemen:
On June 15, 1991 the N.C. Department of Administration informed the DEHNR that the
responsibility of technical assistance for management of the landfill was transferred to the
Division of Solid Waste Management. On June 25, 1991 the PCB landfill was inspected and
water level monitoring within the 6" PVC Leachate Collection Pipe, located within the
landfill was performed by the Division of Solid Waste Management Personnel. It was noted
that a water level of 14.17 feet existed within the landfill at this time. Monitoring of the
water level within the landfill continued for approximately 1 year with fluctuation in the
water level ranging from 14.17 to 12.92 feet (l'-3") from the top of the leachate collection
ptpe.
Pumping of the existing leachate collection system was performed by Division of Solid Waste I Management personnel in August of 1991. It was determined that the current generator
powered pumping system (Bladder pump) will evacuate 120 gallons of water per cycle with a I recharge rate of 2 hours 45 minutes. The effluent water from the landfill was sampled and
tested for PCB concentration and resulted in no detectable levels at this time.
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An Equal Opportunity Affinnatlve Action Employer
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Based on the pumping and recovery rate of the landfill water it was estimated that it would
take 10 to 12 weeks to pump down 1 foot of head on the landfill water.
The existing landfill design, construction, groundwater and landfill water level history was
evaluated to help determine the source of the existing landfill water. The results of this
evaluation is included in the appendix to this report for your reference.
In summary, the presence of the water within the landfill appears to be the remaining
rainwater and dust retardant water that existed at the close-out of the landfill in 1983.
Pumping of the leachate collection system began shortly after close-out of the landfill on
March 7, 1983. This pumping process was performed as a final condition to the contract in
order to remove the remaining rainwater that accumulated during the operational phase of the
project. Pumping of the leachate collection system was completed on June 1, 1983. It is
expected that the slow recovery rate of the water level in the leachate collection system
indicated to the contractor that the evacuation was complete. However, based on the site
evaluation and analysis performed by the Division of Solid Waste Management, it appears
that approximately I to 1.5 million gallons of additional rainwater remains within the
landfill. Based on the slow recovery rate previously encountered in the landfill leachate
collection system, it appears that an additional evacuation and treatment system may take 1 to
greater than 5 years to complete at a recovery rate of 1 to 3 GPM. This time frame may be
more precisely determined after the Evacuation System is installed and in operation for
several months .
The following alternatives are recommended for the evacuation of the remaining groundwater
form the landfill;
1. Use existing (1 V : 3H) sloped leachate collection pipe system with a special
submersible pump system designed or modified to operate in the sloped pipe
system to remove the water from the landfill. A sample-storage parallel tank
system must be constructed in order to meet the Regulatory requirements for
testing and disposal of the water
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2. Design a boring through the top layer of the landfill and the PCB contaminated
soils to a depth just above the upper liner and construct a vertical extraction
well with a sample-storage parallel tank system to remove the water from the
landfill.
3. Seek EPA approval to leave the water in landfill as long as the lower leachate
collection system remains dry.
Alternative #1 is the most economical and practicable alternative if evacuation of the landfill
is imperative. Therefore, it is recommended that Alternative #1 be initially utilized to
remove the water from the landfill. Alternative #1 will also eliminate penetration of the top
liner membrane, minimizing exposure to PCB's.
If alternative #3 is not a viable alternative and uncertainties about rainwater infiltration and
leakage of the landfill liner systems exists after completing alternative #1 or if alternative #1
is not effective for evacuation of the landfill water, then alternative #2 should be
reconsidered and initiated. Alternative #2 will include soil classification and delineation and
water level data within the landfill during the well installation process. Testing of the
recovered soil samples may also be performed at this time in order to evaluate the stability or
half life progress of the PCB's over time.
Alternatives #1 & 2 both require a minimum of 2 or 3 holding tanks and a activated carbon
filter system in order to test and treat any effluent having PCB concentrations greater than
1.0 part per trillion (or detection limits 1.0 ppb) which meets the EPA drinking water
standards at this time.
PRELIMINARY INSTALLATION REQUIREMENTS
The following 2 steps are required prior to initiation of Alternatives 1 & 2;
-Set-up permanent electricity on site
-Establish Known USGS bench mark elevations on site
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WELL INSTALLATION PROCEDURES
Alternative # 2
The soil boring for the well installation should be performed with a truck or ATV mounted
auger drilling rig, which utilizes continuous flight augers to advance the bore-hole. Drilling
fluid should not be used in this process.
Split-spoon samples should be obtained by means of the split-barrel sampling procedure in
general accordance with ASTM specification D-1586 at 5 foot intervals starting at 25 feet
below the landfill surface and on a continuous basis from 33.5 feet to 39.0 feet or to the
termination depth below the existing landfill surface. The soil boring should extend into the
N.C. DOT 2s sand filter blanket approximately nine (9) inches and should not penetrate the
underlying lower clay liner more than three (3) inches. This is a critical aspect of the work.
WELL CONSTRUCTION
The vertical well should be placed near the bottom of the nine (9) inch sand blanket.
Extreme Care should be taken during drilling and well installation not to penetrate the
impermeable clay liner. A sand pack must then be placed around the well to a minimum of
12 inches above the screened section of the well. The sand pack should be graded to match
the 0.010 inch screen slot. the remaining annular space around the well standpipe may be
back-filled with the containerized PCB contaminated soils or an approved borrow material to
a depth of approximately 6 feet below the landfill surface. The remaining 6 feet of annular
space should be grouted to the 10 mil top liner. (The Warren County landfill is a licensed
PCB landfill and the water within the landfill is perched on the five (5) foot clay liner and 30
mil PVC liner which is located approximately 9 feet above the existing true ground water
elevation in this area. Therefore, it is recommended that the well construction procedures
given in this report be used as an alternative to the State Well Construction Standards. This
will minimize the costs associated with transport and incineration of the PCB contaminated
Auger Cuttings). For details of well construction see the well installation diagram in the
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appendix. All well construction materials should be on site at the beginning of drilling
operations and well construction should be performed in a timely manner with no delays
between drilling and well installation other than overnight if required.
LINER REPLACEMENT
After the grout hardens the topsoil and cover layer should be removed to expose
approximately 6 feet square of the 10 mil PVC liner surface (approx. 2 feet deep). The liner
surface should be thoroughly cleaned and dried prior to patching with a similar 10 mil liner
material having an overlap of 16 inches in all directions. The liner patch should be certified
by a representative of the liner supplier prior to back-filling with 1 foot of bridging material
and 1 foot of topsoil. After the 10 mil liner patch is approved the bridging or cover material
and topsoil may be replaced in 6 inch lifts to the top of the landfill surface. Each six (6)
inch lift should be compacted with a small vibratory compactor or whacker in general
accordance with ASTM D-698 standard proctor method. A flush mounted protective metal
cover should then be installed at the surface and set in concrete. For details of the liner
replacement and the flush mounted protective cover, see the liner repair detail and well
construction diagrams included in the appendix.
PCB CONTAMINATED SOIL CUTTINGS
All soil cuttings should be stored in 50 gallon drums with markings in accordance with 40
CFR 761.45 for transport to an EPA approved chemical waste landfill or incineration facility
or replaced as back-fill in the annular space around the well at the subject PCB landfill.
Storage of PCB contaminated cuttings in covered fifty (50) gallon drums will also eliminate
transport of PCB contaminated soil particles by rain and airborne dust. These containers
should be on site prior to the start of drilling operations.
QUALITY CONTROL
A quality control (QC) professional familiar with well construction procedures and the
Hazardous and Solid Waste Management laws shall be provided by the state or a consulting
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firm on-site during all operations to provide and assure conformance with the details of the
plans and specifications. Such assurance shall be furnished to the Regional Administrator at
the completion of the project with associated well construction records and affidavits for the
PVC liner patch certification and the transport and disposal facilities for the PCB
contaminated soil cuttings.
HEALTH AND SAFETY CONSIDERATIONS
Due to the uncertainties of long term effects of human exposure to low levels of PCB's, all
drilling and QC personnel present during drilling operations, are required to wear protective
clothing (fYVEK coveralls, rubber gloves and rubber boots) and respirators. All work
involving exposure to PCB contaminated soil must be performed in general conformance with
OSHA 3021 and 1910.34 and 29 CFR 1910.120 and 1910.34.
EVACUATION PROCEDURES
PUMPS AND HOLDING TANKS
Alternatives 1 and 2 will utilize pumping of the landfill leachate collection system to remove
rainwater and dust suppression water that accumulated or was utilized during the operational
phase of excavation, transport and back-filling of the landfill with the PCB contaminated
soils.
If alternative #1 is used the submersible pump for the project should be placed in a sand
screen filter with rubber torque arresters around the screen to buffer start-up oscillation. The
pump will then be lowered initially to a depth of approximately six (6) feet from the bottom
(lower at 2 foot intervals to the bottom or as required) of the six (6) inch diameter PVC
leachate collection pipe (3 HORIZ. to 1 VERT. slope).
The landfill water will then be pumped into the primary holding tank. When the primary
storage tank is full, the system must be designed to automatically switch over to the
secondary tank in order to maintain 24 hour continuous pumping operations. However, a
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back-up system designed to shut off all electrical power to the pump should be installed.
This shutdown of the system should be initiated in the case where both tanks are full or for
pumping system blockage or failure.
Use (Myres) 2 inch submersible pump with variable pumping capacity of 1 to 9 gallons per
minute (GPM) or an equivalent pump with similar variable pumping capacity. The pump
must also be resistant to scour from sand and sediment in the ground water. The Pump may
need to be submerged in sediment as the landfill is evacuated and the pump is required to be
lowered to the bottom of the collection pipe and sump pit.
SYSTEM START-UP
A private contractor should be hired to initially set-up the most efficient pumping rate and
disposal-storage sequence for the landfill water evacuation system. This work should be
monitored and assisted on site by a quality control professional with the state Division of
Solid Waste Management, who is familiar with the requirements of the system. This quality
control professional will also be responsible for setting-up the sampling and testing of the
water in the appropriate standby tank with a private laboratory on a weekly or bi-weekly
basis or as often as the pumping and recovery rate will allow. Proper disposal of the water
after testing should also be controlled or performed at this level. The private contractor
responsible for system start-up will also be required to be on call for periodic maintenance
and adjustment of the system as required.
DISPOSAL SYSTEMS
HOLDING TANKS
Two (2) 10000 gallon water storage tanks will be utilized to store, sample and filter water
pumped from the leachate collection system prior to disposal.
The tank system will consist of two (2) 10000 gallon carbon steel above ground storage
tanks with a minimum of two (2) bottom drain fittings (2" or larger) and 2 top fill
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connections (2" or larger). A small bottom nozzle with a control valve for obtaining
laboratory test samples should also be installed on each tank. The primary and secondary
tanks will operate in parallel so that pumping operations may be performed on a continuous
basis and testing of water in alternate tanks may be performed systematically (weekly or bi-
weekly) depending on the landfill water recovery rate (3 gallons per minute max.).
Carbon filter units may be utilized to remove PCB contaminants from the landfill water after
extraction and testing if required. A third 10000 gallon tank may be utilized as required to
store filtrate from the activated carbon filters for retesting prior to disposal. The third tank
is optional based on the NPDES Permitting requirements for the pre-filter and carbon filter
treatment and release process.
CONTAINMENT AREA
The two (2) 10000 gallon above ground storage tanks are to be installed on tank piers and
saddles within a 30 ft. X 30 ft. concrete slab with rebar on 12 inch centers (If three (3)
tanks are required, the concrete slab must be constructed as a 30 ft. X 45 ft. containment
structure). A Four (4) feet high concrete block wall with rebar and cored with 2000 PSI
concrete will be used around the perimeter of the slab with water tight caulking for
containment. A six (6) foot high 9 gauge chain link fence with three (3) strand barb wire top
and three (3) foot personnel gate is required for security. Six (6) cast-in-place concrete
above ground tank piers for tank saddles must also be installed. Fine grading of the site,
forming and placement of the base stone will be included in this phase
of the work.
ACTIVATED CARBON FILTER
Temporary Carbon Filter Diaphragms must be available on site at the start of pumping and
storage of the landfill water. The carbon filter units should be capable of filtering low level
PCB contaminated water at a sufficient rate to allow the most efficient testing and disposal
schedule for contaminated landfill water (10 to 50 gallons per minute). Due to the turbidity
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of the landfill water during pumping, a pre-filter system should also be utilized to remove silt
and sand prior to the carbon filter cycle. Filtering units must be sent to a chemical landfill
or incineration facility for disposal and replaced with new systems after approx. 3 to 12
months of filtering time (100,000 to 1000,000 gallons filtering).
DISPOSAL SEQUENCE
Pump landfill water into primary holding tank . The primary holding tank must be designed
to automatically switch over to a secondary tank in parallel with the primary tank when the
primary tank is full. A schedule for testing of PCB concentration in the extracted landfill
water will be predetermined and initiated. After testing the water, it will either be released
to the existing on site sediment pond and natural water course, or treated by gravity flow or
pumping into a sand and carbon filter system and then stored in a third carbon steel holding
tank for retesting or released into the on site sediment pond and natural water course,
depending on the NPDES permit requirements. If retesting is required the water will be
released or refiltered depending on the final test results.
An alternative to utilizing a third storage tank would be to filter a small volume of the
contaminated water which may be easily contained for sampling and retesting purposes.
(Most Carbon Filter Diaphragms have sample ports for testing prior to final release of
filtrate.) For details see the disposal sequence flow chart in the appendix.
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APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
APPENDIX D
· APPENDIX INDEX
WELL INSTALLATION DIAGRAM
DISPOSAL SEQUENCE FLOW CHART
WARREN COUNTY PCB WASTE
DISPOSAL SITE EVALUATION
COST ANALYSIS ALTERNATIVE #2
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July 6, 1992
WARREN COUNTY PCB WASTE DISPOSAL SITE EVALUATION
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Based on a visual inspection of the PCB Landfill and a thorough review of the Plans and
Specifications and the final Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) and in consideration of the
perimeter groundwater and surface water testing history and the water level history within
the upper and lower leachate collection pipes, their is no reason to suspect that the top or
bottom liner systems have failed to maintain the PCB contaminated soils in a secure water
tight condition at this time.
The water level within the landfill has fluctuated up and down from 14.17 to 12.92 feet (l '-
3"). The first and one of the last water levels noted within the upper landfill leachate
collection pipe were within one tenth of a foot. These inconsistencies in the water levels
noted within the landfill could be due to human limitations in the process of taking
measurements or the result of thermal expansion of the landfill due to seasonal
changes in temperature.
Surface wetness noted around the landfill are all located within natural drainage swales as
noted on the original topographic plan of the site. The steep slope and shallow 10 mil top
liner of the landfill surface will increase rainwater runoff volume and velocity resulting in
greater surface wetness around the base of the landfill, which is the present condition of the
landfill. Groundwater testing of the existing landfill perimeter wells and surface water
testing of the wet areas around the landfill have no indication of PCB contamination
throughout testing history.
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Landfill water or leachate has not been detected within the lower 2s sand leachate collection
system throughout the history of monitoring. This 2s sand lower leachate collection system
is located around the entire landfill, therefore any leachate passing through the lower liner
system would be detected in the sump pit through the lower leachate collection pipe.
The final (EIS) for the Warren county PCB Landfill dated 11-13-80, states under 'section D
soil removal', that the first step in removal of the contaminated soil from the shoulder of the
roadways was: 'the contaminated area will be thoroughly wetted down with water, if
necessary, in order to control dust during the removal and disposal operations.' Therefore, if
the PCB contaminated soils were saturated or partially saturated at the time of excavation and
disposal, over a million gallons of pore water may have been placed within the landfill
during the disposal phase as void water within the contaminated soils.
A final report prepared by the Solid and Hazardous Waste Management branch, dated
September 1983, on 'post-operational ' activities indicate that 5,000 gallons of water were
removed and treated in the sites treatment works by June 1, 1983. Other reports on file with
the division of Solid Waste Management indicate that construction was delayed while
installing the 5 feet thick lower clay liner due to heavy rainfall.
In summary, the presence of the water within the landfill appears to be the remaining
rainwater and dust retardant water that existed at the close-out of the landfill in 1983.
Pumping of the leachate collection system began shortly after close-out of the landfill on
March 7, 1983. This pumping process was performed as a final condition to the contract in
order to remove the remaining rainwater that accumulated during the operational phase of the
project. Pumping of the leachate collection system was completed on June 1, 1983. It is
expected that the slow recovery rate of the water level in the leachate collection system
indicated to the contractor that the evacuation was complete. However, based on the site
evaluation and analysis performed by the Division of Solid Waste Management, it appears
that approximately 1 to 1.5 million gallons of additional rainwater remains within the
landfill. Based on the slow recovery rate previously encountered in the landfill leachate
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collection system, it appears that an additional evacuation and treatment system may take l to
greater than 5 years to complete at a recovery rate of l to 3 GPM. This time frame may be
more precisely determined after the Evacuation System is installed and in operation for
several months .
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July 6, 1992
COST ANALYSIS ALTERNATIVE #2
WARREN COUNTY PCB LANDFILL WATER EXTRACTION
1. Electrical Power
2. Site Survey
3. Drilling & Well Installation
4. Soil Cuttings -Testing & Disposal
5. Liner Repair & Certification
6. Three (3) Tank Storage System with Saddles & Primer Paint
(10,000 Gallon Tanks)
7. Concrete Containment Area (2 or 3 tank system)
8. NPDES Permit
9. Quality Control Person for System Set-up & Follow-up
First Year only (Division of Solid Waste Management)
(26 weeks)
10. Pump
11. Wiring, Piping & Pump Installation for Automate Pumping
System (Including stand-by for periodic maintenance &
adjustment or pump replacement, 1 day per month, first
year only)
12. Engineering, Drafting & Project Management for Pump
Automate System
13. Division of Solid Waste Management personnel (under
Quality Control Supervisor) Responsible for testing,
Evaluation & Release of clean or treated extracted
landfill water (13 to 26 weeks/yr)
14. Sand & Carbon Filter Diaphragm
15. Incidentals & Miscellaneous additional costs
$ 22,600.00
$ 2,000.00
$ 4,100.00
$ 2,000.00
to 12,000.00
$ 1,500.00
$ 12,400.00
to 19,000.00
$ 12,000.00
to 16,000.00
$ 400.00
$ 26,000.00
$ 1,000.00
$ 7,000.00
to 9,000.00
$ 4,000.00
to 6,000.00
$ 8,062.00
to 16,123.00
$16,000.00
$11,906.00
to 15,172.00
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TOTAL COST FOR INSTALLATION & OPERATION FIRST YEAR $ 130,968.00
to 166,895.00
I THE FOLLOWING ARE ANNUAL OR PERIODIC COST FOR THE LIFE OF THE PROJECT
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-Quality Control after first year to Monitor & Control
System Operations, Testing, & Disposal of extracted
landfill water & Contract additional work as required
(10 to 20 weeks/yr)
-Subcontract Chemical Laboratory to Sample & Test Extracted
Landfill Water on weekly or bi-weekly basis
(PCB, PH, CONDUCTIVITY)
-Division of Solid Waste Management personnel (under
Quality Control Supervisor) Responsible for testing
review, Evaluation & Release of clean or treated
extracted landfill water (13 to 26 weeks/yr)
-Additional Sand & Carbon Filter Diaphragms
-Disposal of contaminated sand & Carbon Filter Diaphragm
-NPDES Permit, Annual Monitoring Fee
-Contractor stand-by for periodic maintenance & adjustment
of automate pumping system (1 day per month)
$ 10,000.00
to 20,000.00
$ 16,400.00
to 32,800.00
$ 8,062.00
to 16,123.00
$ 0.00
to 16,000.00
$ o.oo
to 17,000.00
$ 300.00
to 1,125.00
$ 2000.00
-Incidentals & Miscellaneous additional costs $ 3,676.00
to 10,505,00
TOTAL ANNUAL COSTS AFTER FIRST YEAR UNTIL EVACUATION IS COMPLETE $ 40,438.00
to 115.553.00
NOTE: Portions of the work listed above may be performed by the Division
of Solid Waste Management or other state Departments in order to
minimize contractor costs. The coordination and implementation of
the inter-departmental work should be performed in the planning stage.
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