NCD980602163_19791231_Warren County PCB Landfill_SERB C_Background material, 1978 - 1979-OCR

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-COUNTY
N. C. DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES
DIVISION OF HEALTH SERVICES
CHECK-OFF SHEET FOR PROPOSED SANITARY LANDFILL SITES
LOCATION -------------------------------
PROPERTY OWNER PROPOSED OPERATOR
ACRES
------------------------------
within the boundaries of a public water supply
Watershed YES
2. Does any portion of this site contain floodplain areas? YES ___ _
3 Are there public or private wells nearby that could be affected.
Nearest well in feet ______ (Elaborate in Comnents Sectio
4. Are there ~prings present on e site? Number -----
5. Will this site require dyking?
6. Will this site require piping of surface drainage?
7. Not precluding required boring infonuation, does this site have
adequate cover material for ·t :he sanitary landfill development?
8.rill thiTsite require diversion of surface water~? ~
,~~~~iving stream for surface drainage from site_ _ ---~::::::::..::.-::.::====-"7"--9. Will this-;ite-require extensive prepa;a-~ion, such as clearing?
(Elaborate in Cornments Section)
10. Will this site require a new all-weather access road?
-(Elaborate in Comments Section)
11. Evaluate the following:
A. Surface soil conditions as related to cover requirements
C[. Lgcatjnn as related to population densi_ty ~
C. Accessibility to users
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
YES
POOR GOOD
NO ----
NO ----
NO
NO ----
NO ----
NO ----
NO ----
NO ----
NO ----
NO ----
EXCELLENT
12. Based on the observations made above and otherwise, do you recorranend that the requester
proceed with the requirements of .0111 and .0112 of the Division of Health Services
"Solid Waste Management Rules11 ?
YES NO
13. COMMENTS: (Include any requirements noted by you for the sanitary landfill development
and operation)--------------------------------------
14. Number of borings recommended for a representative sampling of the site ________ _
15. Percent of usable land • Include sketch of site on back of thi s form. -----
(DATE)
DHS Form 1350 (Rev. 7/76)
Solid Waste & Vector Control Branch
Division of Health Services
District Sanitnrian for Solid Waste
or
Environmental Engineer
•
LITERATU~E REVIEW OF
Pens 111 SOIL M/1Tt.:rnr1LS
Backuround
Po·iychlorinated bipl1 enyls (PCf3s) qre a gro:..ip of comrounds, approxi1:i::i tely
209 in number, prepiircd by the partial ·chlorhatfon ·of biphenyl to yield a
complex nrixture of chlorobiphenyls. The environmentally significant prnpcrties
of several of the co;i1me rcial mixtures (aroclors) are presented in Tabl" 1. , "' I.. .. ) f_/
The PC8 structure is illustrated in Figure 1. 24/
As sh01·m in Table i, the PC[3s and their ch em icc.11 mixtures are cl1t1.racterized
by 101-1 v1ate,rf solubility, l01·/ vapor pressure at ambient temperaturEs and very
high octanoifl,;ater partition coefficients. ]/ PC[3s are also inert stable ut
high te~per atures, resistant. to acids and bases, s~uble in fat, and relatively
resistant to microbi al breakdown. The significance of the combination of low -
-········-··--····---·-_ ... , ...... -. ·-· . -Df ··-·· .. . . .. -·. --·· .. -··-.. · ·· -·· -·-·-· ·-·--· -·----···· -.
--····--·-~-· ···-so 1 ubi l i .Y ·-( ~.~ i_ul~.~J ~ t)1\ aroc l.or _1?42 ... i.n. y.,a_ter h.~d . Deen determined .to . be . 200 :ppb
20./ and that of aroclor 1254, 56 ppb.1i/) and high octanol/v:ater partition
the1·e is a strong tender.cy for PCGs to be preferentially taken up by the or_ '1.ni c
matter. ·5; The volatility of the solute is signifiellntly h·igh er than \":oui d be
expected for the giver1 vapor pressure and the actual .molar concentration. This
is knovm as codisti11ation and is responsible for the very short volatilizat~o.1
half-life of PCBs in viater as indicated in-Table Ly Cod·istillatiOil fro:n·v,ater · -
is apparently a major route to entry of PCGs into atmosphere and responsible
for the wide distribution of these substances. JJ
Salc-'s of PCGs.in the USA come to about 43,000 tons in 1970, with cumulative
production over the years amounting to an ext"imateJ rfx105 tons. g; /\lthoucih
PCDs \'Jere i ntendcd for direct re 1 CJ se into the env i ron:11cnt, they \-/2re
first identified by \.1cnscn as f.i potcntL:il food conta111inz111t in 19GG. 2;'
,,.
Since th:.t time, it has been de1~:c,11str,:ited thut they ,ll'e serious e11vii~on:11cntal
pollutJnts. · Al~;o numerous studies h.:ive dt:termined the presence of PC~\ in
• l
1
I ' I ·• ! . I I I I I I • I I Table 121, Environmentally Re1evant Prbp~rties of PCB Formulations PAR.4METER · Chlorine content (percent) • • Water content, max. (ppm) Distillation range (0c) Evapo5ation loss (percent at lOQ l, 6 hr) , . Viscosity {sec at 37.s0c) Water solubility · (mg/1 at zs0c) I I AR0CL0R 1242 42 50 325-366 3.0-3.6 82-92 0.24 I I Vapor pressure (mm Hg at 25°C) · 4.06 x 10-4 Volatilization half-1ife4/ (fro:n 1-m water co1umnT Solubilty in CH30H at 2s0c 0ctanol/water partition coefficient (est.) 5.96/hr 42. 5 g/100 ml 3 3.5 X 10 ' I ; I . ·1 I . ! !· AR0CL0R .1248 : 42, l I i I I 50 i I I ' i I 340-3751 . . I I I '. I ' i 3.0-4.0: I 185-2'1q I I 5.4 X 10'-? . !_4 4. 94 X 10, .i 58. 3 mm i 5;4 X ' ! ! I i I I j ! I • I ! I i I I. 103 I i I I ! AROCL0R AR0CL0R 1254:•,-1260 54. fl,3 50 50 365-390 385-420 1.1-1.3 0.5-0.8 1800-2500 1200-4500 (54.S°C) 1.2 X 10-2 2.7 X 10-3 7.71 X 10 -5 4.05 X 10-S 1.2 min 28.8 min . 15 g/100 ml 1. 18 X 104 2.2 X 104 I I " I N I
•• ..
,., . ·'
, .
-3-
..
----·-·---. -·-·-. ----. ~--___ _:__ __ ...,;· -------··-----·----------
}'ig. l 24/
JHPBE:-.YL STKUCTGR:-:: Positions 2 to 6 .iad 2·• to G'•inciic2tc ten
possible posit:!.0,15 for chlorine Gubstitu:io;1. Dif::ercnt
c,[ chlorine sul>stitl,tion forr.1 th~ v.:irious PC.Cs. '
..
,,... .,,.
,
V
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aninit1ls, the aquatic environment, and in humans.
When animals are exposed to aqueous solutions of PCBs, lipids of these
animals l·Jill preferentially take up and store the PCBs. It is the m·cchanism
that is responsible for the very large bioaccwnulation factors thut have been
reported in the literature.§_/
It has. been demonstrated that the PCl3s undergo a number of chemical
reactions. Both oxidation and hydrolysis of these compounds can be carried out,
t ·
but only ~nder conditions that are considerably more rigorous than would be
' ..
found in· a'n environmental situation. 10/ Another reaction ·to which the PC!3s are
•':"'
susceptible is that of cyclization .
The hydroxylation of the PCB molecule is the first step by which organisms
·-----. --' . metabolize this chemi ca 1. l!/ Once the-·fargef-EhTo-rooiphen:ll -fYa-~;' be·tfrfn.}'aroxylat2d;
there appears to be a wide varietr of species--specific addition processes that
· ·can-make· use of the hydroxYlated molecule;· Residual body ·burden of PCBs usu ally ··
consists of only the more highly chlorinated PCBs suggests that the higher the
level of chlorination, the more resistant to metabolic processes.11.f
-------Sever al of the PCGs \<Jith low chlorine content are readily metabolized by
direct hydroxylation by both animals and .microorganisms. Consequently, 01-
and trkhlorobiph·e~yls are not very persistent. . ----. The -highly chlorine-substituted
PCB molecules are apparently not metabolized at all. These species of PCB
are not easily excreted due to their very low aqueous solubility, and high lipid
solubilHy, These species tend to accumulate in exposed animals.1l/
The non-biological alteration of a chemical introduced into any part of
the environn1c nt. is dependent on the moisture, pH, and tcmpei·ature of that .
environment; on the nature o..f reactive groups on the agent, and on the presence
of catc1lytic sites. In .:1ddition, the nature and intensity of availGble illu1:iina-. . . .. ' ..
tion de111er111incs photochcm i_cal i·cactions. 'j.6/
·-5-
Irradiution (photolysis) of P(Cs under laboratory conditions ht1s produced
declllorinatccl products~ ilnd, in th~ presence of air and 1·1ater, hydroxylated and
hydrated products have uecn identified in the polar products of irradiation . .?_~)
The most important sources of frei PCBs in the terrcstial environment
include discai·ded consumer end use products that contain PC8s, atmospheric
fallout, and spills associated with the use of or the transport of PCGs. 14/
For that portion of the free PCBs that is co11fined to terrestial sites, the
I." '
main mech ~r1i:.111 for dispersal are volu.tilization and solubili::ation by ground er
, ..
surface v:a:ters. Since the vapor pressure of the typical PCB preparations
(aroclors) are in the range of 10-2 to i0-4 111mHg y at amb·ient temperatures: ..
the loss rate by direct volatilization should be very-small even in the ..... _.•----·----.----·----··•--:• ... -... _________ -----··-------------·------·------·------·--·------•-·-··--·----·---------------·-··-----------------
----------------.absence.oJ s:igni.ficant soil -bindings.--It -is possible that under-certain-condi---_:__--
tions the h2at produced by oxidiz~tion of organic materials in a landfill could
________________ re!_ t?_e _ t_e1)1per~_t_ur ~_s ?._i gr! if i ca otJy __ and _ t _hus_ -~JJ_Qs t0:t1:t_ial_l y __ i n~_rea se __ the _ _v_oJ g ti ,ZJ-:
tion of ~rns· in the landfil 1.l~_/
' PCl3s arc slightly soluble in 1·1ater so that-djrect solubilization by per-
colating 1vaters is a possible mechanism for the admission of .these substances
into the ground 1·1aters. As an example, the limiting solubility of aroclor 125 -1
--
in 1·1ater is about 54 ppb 16/ and the av~rage_rainf~li __ o~1 the· con_tinoi1ta_l UnitecJ
-states is about 34.5 inches per year,l?J \,Jith normal long percolation time,
the losses into the local gr~u~d waters could be as higl1 as 0.04 g/m2year in
.•
a region 1·1hcTe PCGs hiwe been landfilled.15/ In addition to solubilization,
PCGs may be removed fro111 land and enter the aquatic env i ronr,1ent by surface \.'a ter
·runoff. This latter effect is of ~1-eat concern in areas 1-ihete conta1;iinc1ted oils
have been applied on higlMays or 1·:llere land spills of PCGs are possible.18/
Princ_ip,11 PCG inputs to a body of 1t1ater are contaminated inflm-.,ing streunJs,
the PCG's that precipitc1te ·from thr. <1t111osphcrc c1nd PCGs 011 land tlwt enter
••
-6-
the aquatic envdornnent as a result of solubilization and surface ~,ater
runoff. Data collected from monitori~~ surveys indicate the widespread
occurrence of PCBs in surface waters and bottom sedir.icnts of the major drainage
basins of the United States.tlJ
It has been demonstrated that the PCBs have a high affinity for soils in
soil water systems.19/ 8ut that these same soils may serve as a reservoir for
resolutior(1·1hen the PCB concentration in the sediments becomes high enough.2Q/ :·
Hhen contaminated sedir.1ents are disturbed, some of the PCCs may be resuspended
t either in actual solution or as sorbed material on resuspended solids . It is
believed that the material .that is sorbed onto th~ sediments is eventually
removed by migration to the deep ocean depths. Thus the sediments constitute
... a sink, and most probably the prir1Cipal sink for the-remo,iaf 'of-~'PCBs:.:_fror.i -tfie
environment.15/
·· ---···-lne-i1fognTtuc1e··• orlhe · Pcs .. ·1 osses ~hrough · the process · of· ·voTat n i za ti on \co-·
distillation-) is not fully established, but the:re is a general agre~J ncnt tha t
-----. .
this proces~ is of significance in the detail mass ba1ance for an aqueous
system and that volatilization from the airhrnter interface is a princ:ipal
source of the atmospheric reservoir of PC!3s,Li,/ The general nature of the above
pdic:esses ·;s ill1rstratcd schematically·in Fi gun~ 2.22/ · · .... ·---··-·.•--.. -·--···· --.-. -. .
PCBs Applied to E~_rth ~aterials..,:..2oecific St udies
1. Experimental procedures· \'/ere employed in percolat·ing \vater through a column
packed with soil . coutcd with Aroclor 1016 (registered trademark of Monsanto
Co.) and then monitoring the effluent water for PCBs. The data of this
investigc1tion indicate the PCGs are not readily leuchcd from soil by percolating
water. In the worst case, ~css that 0.05Z of the total c1roclor 101G availabl e
(?.5,000 ppm) 1._ras leached from the soil during the entil'e four-month dur,1tion of . •,
..
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AIR
2,,, " _:.:::) .' Ficurc {..
..
.
Schcr.wtic Reprcsc11t.1L1on of 'fr,1nsp0rt Proccs:;c~ in the Environr.1cnt .,
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the studies. During this period of t ime approxi mately 50-100 liters of
to 50-100 feet of rainfall, assuming no runoff. The ease of leaching
Aroclor 1016 from different types of soils v,as in the foll01·Jing order:
Norfolk sandy loam, Ray silty loam, Drummer silty clay loam. It was also
observed that only the less chlorinated, more degradable ho mologs were
1 eached fr.om the soils. 23/ The characteristics for the three different types of ~,, --...
soils a(e shovm in Table 2.23/
Table 2
COMPOSITION OF SOILS· USED )N STUDY
. Norfo l k _ Ray Drummer
-~--------·-····-----··--S_o_j 1_. ·-•---··--·· ~---Sanely _ Loarn ____ ,~-__ S.iJt_v Lo am ___ -__ S_il ty Clay Loam __________ _
% Sand
% Silt
% Clay
% Organic Carbon
82.5
11.0
5.5
1.0
6.2
83.2
9.6 ·
1.0 ..
2.8
55.4
35.8
6.0
2. The PCBs selected for th1s investigation were Arcclor 1242 and Aroclor 1254
(42 and 52 percent chlorine, respectively). These materials \•Jere supplied by
the Monsanto Chemical Co. The 14 c labeled compounds were prepared by the
England Nuclear Corp. Earth materials with a wide range in characteristics
were selected as adsorbents. Earth materials studies were: Ottawa silica
sand; Panther Creek southern bentonite clay; the soils, namely Bloomfield
loan~ sand, Ava silty clay loam, Cisne silt loam, Flanagan silty clay loam,
Catlin silt loan, Drunu:1er s"ilty cl2y loum, Heir silty clay, a calcareous loam
till; and t\-.,o c-aal chars. The mobility of PCBs \'IJS determined using ruclioJctive
14 .....
C labrlcd compounds. The techniciuc used was soil thin-layer chro111t1to-
graphy(TLC')_. ·. The f~f v,1luc \·/JS defined us the rJtio of the distance tile compound
moved re1utivc to the dist.incc We solvent moved. The Rf value
.. j
is a quantitive ·indication of the front of PCB movcillcnt. Dicamba is an orgunic .
adsorption studies v,cre carried out by sh aking knov1i1 volumes of PCB-
-saturated water with varying weights of ca1·th materials at a constant
temperature of 25°C.21}./ Table 3 shm·1s the mobil.ity of Arochor 1242,
aroclor 1254 and Dicamba in several eartf, metcrials \'/ith various leaching..
solvents q_S measured by soil TLC. The mobility measured was correlated
with the .. soil materials properties.24/
PCBs were found to be strongly adsorbed by earth materials . Coal chars
had the highest adsorption capticity, fo"ilm·1ecl by soils, clay, and sar.d, 1·1hich
h~d progressively lower adsorption capacities. The adsorption capacity and the
--
----:--·-------·mobility of PCBs 1·:en) corre la tcd to -the -organic carbon content and -surf ace -J.rea------
of th_e respe:ctive soil materials.24/
---··--·--··· •·--------·-----------·-.... ---. ----. -----3 .----On t-la rch . .5, .. 1973., -an _ acc.i den.ta L s pi lJ ___ of ap-pr:o-ii_niu_te 1s,..=-1, 5QO -9a_TJ9:rii._-o_f_ ~ --
as kare l (a commercial mixture of PCBs--Aroclor 1254 and a proprietary solvent .
mixture of. polychlorinated benzenes)_ occurred lnti ruFal area near l(ingston, TN.
An extens·ive 11 clean-up11 operation in the affected area was started March 14,
1973. March 8, 1973, the Regional Office (Region IV) of the U.S. EPA in Atl2nta
c·oinn1enced a· samp] irlg program of the affected area~-to_-d_etermi ne the co1Jcentra t_i on -
level of contaminants in the soil and water tible. Two private laboratories
joined EPA in this effort. J~e monitoring program was conducted for a 12-month
period following the clean-up operation. The primary objective of this investi-
gation 1•:as to study the biodeg1·adation effects of a n.1tural environment on the
chemical components of an askarel spill after a two-yectl' lapse. t\roc1or 125,1
was detected in 197S in 68 of 145 coi-e samples collected in and around the 1973
excav(ltion areas. Concentrations ranged frnm 0,05 to G7 mg/kg in the positive
•,.
r \ Ref (24) Table .3: ,j ·1 ' ~-· •I J' -: i '., , , '1 1' I' ! ' ' ( ___, ?-!obility of AttS'clor 121,7., Ai·oc;lor -..·1th· varioca lcac'.,i:'1:; solvents: .n~ :-i I . i l I I, I! 1 I '' I;· ., I . i i I I , I ~·• . I , •. : '· •·..,a. 1251,, cir:d Dicmnba ·1n l<!'Vcr:il ea'r:th 1:1casur'r1 by soil TLC. Io , I: m3tcr1als .------------------------. -----: . -------Rf; yalucs---------------------------------------Ctta~a ~l!ic~ nand \ C~tlin L0.:!:a C ca Ava silty clay loaa Bz Catlin silt loa~ A~ Coal ch~r (1200°F) Aroclor 12r,2 .03 .02 .v.z .02 .03 i I ;: I i I ii I. !!_,O . : ' .£0'~; Lcnchatc CCh Aroclor Dic.'.ln:ba · Ar~clor At,Jclor Dicamoa AroclClr A-:-oclor. 1254 1242 1254 1242 12sr1. .03 .02 .02 .02 .03 1.00 1.00 1.00 • s:; .79 r '. ~03 , .03 i .• 02 I : ·.04 · I .04 I' I: I; l ! '! ' \: ' ' I I I ! i I I I ~o~ i .03 : s02 i. ' .04 . I • 1.04 'i I I I ! : : i I' ! l-. I ! , .. I i I : j i I I I _j I I I i j I .• ; ·----......... ___ .. 1 ____________ 1 · 1.00 i.oo 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 .96 .90 1.00 1.00 .• so 1.00 1.00 . Dica::-~a .02 .03 .02 .02 .03 I ~ 0 I
-11-
samples. In order to effectively evcJluatc the 1975 distribution cf /\roc ·ior 1254,
pertinent facts relative to the spill itself need to be considered. The mt!gnitude
of the 1973 spill c1nd the elevation contours of the semi-mountainous terrain
-of the spill site assured an initial ma$s flow tran~port process with resul t ed
in complete sRturation of the top soil with varying degrees, of pentration into
the clay overburden. This transport process covered a relatively large area
in both horizontal and vertical directions. The spread of the &skarel was
also effec~e~ by the movement of contaminated surface water resulting from massive
rainfall ,in the \':eeks immediately follovting the spii l. Excavation operations
revealed that the distribution in the clay was non·-uniform; and numerous so-called
"hot spots'' resulted from movement along the root systems of plants and trees ~ as
-------· --------· ---------------------------------well as from move;nent in th_e fract.ured-·c-hert frequently found 'fri .. the· ·c1 ay ·ri1a:t1~i x':
These data indicate that the more water-soluble components of the askarel
of the· spill~ Leaching was the migration mechanism responiible fer the intru~ion
of the lower chlorinated benzenes into the ground wate~ supply. Based on
the 1973 and 1975 data> it can be concluded thaT'"intrusion of l o1,-1er chlori nated
benzenes into a ground water supply used for drinking water purposes occurred
. --rapidly after trie •spill. Tllis .. same 1vateT-supply' contiiiriecl mii1i'ma l ~ but det ecti::iblr., -
quantities of askarel solvent two years after the occurrence of the spill. In the
soil no significant reductioi in the concentration of Aroclor 1254 occured as
the rcsu lt of mi g1·a ti on or degradation. ill
4. Investigations were conducted on the c1ctivated ch«:ircoal used for contain:nent
of pep, spill along tlorth Carolina higlMays. Also the efficiency of transfer of ...
Aroclor 1?.6() from soil to th2-charcoal \'✓as examined in the laboratory .. Very
little PC8 1-✓as leached from clwrcoul, used for containment of PC!3 spills .....
on the high1·:<1ys, 1vith \vater .. · The lcaclwbility of rcG from soil itself 1v,1s not
-12-
investigated. From laboratory ~tudics using samples of sea sand and sandy
· -. ---loar.1 soil .fortifited Hith .Aroclor 1260 at a level of 1 mg/g c1nd mixed v,ith the
activated ch arcoal, it was concluded that Aroclor 1260 was transferred from soil
and sand to charcoal after mixing it either the dry or wet stat~ with 50 to
70% efficiency. $J
5. Humic substances are the major component of the organic matter from
marine sediments, and fine particle fractions, such as clay, in sediments are i. . ; .. '
closely a~s~ciated with organic matter. Laboratory study was started to inv es t-.
gate .!-11e relation betv.'een chlorinated hydrocarbons _and humic substances togeth~r .
with particle fractions finer than 8 pm in marine sediments._ These samples
-------··-------· --·-·· ·-·-----.. -.. --------·-·-------------------· --• ----- ----------· ---------------··-·---·----. --. ----·-··------::;:.-.:..
Of the total chlorinated hydrocarbon content in sediments, p, p' ODE accounted for
60-70%, wher eas PCBs (mostly Aroclor 1254) constituted almost 10-20% of the
related to organic contents and to particles of 8;1m o~ less in size.
The total organic carbons of sediments as 1-:ell as--fulvic and humic acid fract·ions
_ bear a linear relationship \·lith respect to concentrations of chlodnated hydro-
carbons in sediments. 30/
.6. Studies iver-e conc!ucted ·on··the··relatfve behavior of Ai~oc:lcfr 1254 (Mbns·a:n-tci" ___ -
Co.) at ten ppm, in several distinct soil types. Soil types investigated v:ere
Laveen loamy sand, \·/inc!y loam·, ·Madera sandy 10am, Santo Lucia silt lo am ,
Mocha silt loam and Linne Clay. About 95'.'~ of tile /\roclor 12S4 added to HinJy
loam soil as well as to Santo Lucia silt loam were recovered after one year.
Both soils have_.high organic matter. Relatively less v,as recovered 'in the rest
of soil types. Laveen loamy .'.sand shm·:.cd the composition of the persisting rcl3
residues in. tl}e soil \·1c1s altered \i'ith time. 32/
, ' ..
7. Twelve landfills and dredge disposal sites i n the Upper Hudson River
Valley of !Jcv, York v,ere :n \·estigat.cd for PCB contcrit. SiJ r;11;les of in-situ
soils, refuse material and underlying ~iround 1·:atcrs 1·1ere collected ~-tiliz.ing
-standard PCl3 sampling and clean-up tcchniques.3~/ Upon determin~tion of PCB
concentration present v,ithin each site, samples \'/ei~e collected from surro:rnd ing
areas knmm to be uncontaminated by PCBs. Only ·those soil series or series
analogs \·tere chosen \'1hich underlie the various d'isposal sites . These 1·1ere:
1. ,Jhe Vergcnne clay, dense lacustrine clay having hydraulic con..luctivites.
;. tif 1 x 10-6 to 1 x 10-8 cm/ sec.
2. The Oahille sandy loam, a glaciofluv·iai. outwash sand having hydrvul ic
conductivities of 1 x 1 □-2 to 1 x i □-4 cm/sec.
·------The-soi 1, seri es -1·:ere studied to-determine their natura 1-PCB -.a dsorption.., ------'-------..
desorption characteristics in an effort to quantify the migration potential
•··· ·-···· ·---·--· -··· ---···---.... ···--·•······-· .. -----------------··----••· ---. --. ··-·-·-··---·------_____ .. ___________ of. P.CBs within .the _g roun c!\·1a te.r su rr.ou nd i rm _th~ s_i_te s J _ . Sev ~ra 1 _ -~qua ti_ 912 s____ _ __
were used for the determination of adsorption-desorption charactetistics,l'.1.f
The analysis of potential for migration of PCBs from landfills and dredge .____.
disposal sites indicated the following:
1. The potential losses of PCB into the subsurface environment from
·-Darcy•_·s_-v_e)ocity alone would r:ange from 9·.oQbftO 2,309 lbs/y(. _
2. Attenuation and retardation mechanisms of the soil-water reduces the
potential of PCB mi~~ation into ground waters to a range of 3.5 x
10-7 to 3.8 lbs/yr.
3. Only three sites were responsible for releasing PCBs in excess of
0.5 lbs. per yeur: Old ForL Edwc1rd, Kingsbura and Fort [di·:ard.
4. Hith site rehabilitation and proper closing of landfills and dredge
dispos<1l sites, the rec 1:1i9ration potential in ground water can be . .
s~b~tantiJlly reduced.
-1'1-
5. The PCB-front advance velocity range from 1.3 x 10-4 to 24.3 ft ./yr.
_Such velociti_c~s are about t\':o orders of magnitude slower than the
ground water flow velocity
6. The field and laboratory data and related calculation imlicated that
the total quantity of PCB migration potentfal in ground waters is
negligi~le in comparison to other channels of PCB release into the
Hudson River basin.34/ t·. -' -. 8. The :Rf values obtained from Aroclor 1242 and 1254, and for Dicamba on TLC
~. . :
plat~s made with several earth materials are presented in Tabl e 4. The results . .
clearly indicate that the two PCBs tested are highly immobile in these test
. _ systems. Rf values of zero to 0.02 were obtained for all the materials tested,
'·------'-----------~v-~~~-th;-~~i~e-;i 1 i ca sand . · Di c;~;ba --\t✓~-;--;h~v;1~ to -~~--hi;-;;1 ;-~~b-i .. 1 ~--i ~ -~~1~~~--~~s-t~~---
with R.c valu es ranging from 0.80 in the char to 1.00 ·in the sandy materials.3~24/ I
. -----· ---------· ----· --·--... -·--.. __ , __ -------. -.. --. -------··--------··-.. ----.. ·•· -. .. ·-. ---. -----•----------·--------·
Table 4:' Mobility of aroclors 1242 and 1254 and Dicamba in Earth Materials
·( 35) as Measured by soi 1 Thin-Layer Chrom~1-t0..9raphy.
Earth
Material
Silica sand
Bloomfield
Ava sic
Catlin sil
ls
...
Montmorillonite
Coal Char (1200°F) ..
'• '1
...
Compound
/\roclor Aroclor Dicumba
12~2 1254
---------------Rf--------------
.02 ., _.·· .02 1.00
. 01 .01 1.00
.00 .00 1.00
.00 .00 .88
.oo-.00 .80
_._QQ ,Q_Q B.Q
....
-15-
[quil·ibrium adsorption studies \·1crc carried cut by shaking k1101·m volumi::s of
PCl3 solution with V(!ryin9 1-,eights of eJrth rnc1tcriuls at il constant te1npcrc1tur2
of 25°c. Figure 3 shows representative results for adsorption of Aroclor 1~~2
and 1254 by montmorillonite clu.y. Heiqhts of cl!1y vai·icd from 0.-01 to 0.5 g
per 10 ml of solution. Blanks containing no clay were carried through the
experin1ent. The data in Figure 3 indicates the fuore that 50 percent of the
PCB's \•1ere removed in the blanks (no clay).35/W
r ' . . • -
-.::_. -·_-:--~~--~ ':--.::~=-:~ : ~-----:1 _--_:_--_: : :-_ :~ ~~--' -=~: --=-·: ~-~-= ~--~ --~ ---~ ---~ : __ ~ -
',, 12 -_-_·_· ___ -~ -~ -. ·-·-. ~ ~---_· -----~.:-~ ~-__ : -~:-.:-~ { l . ··-------· --·-·. . . . .. .. . -------. ·-··-.. ----. ~•o-----·---------··-----------·--·---------· --------·--------.
· .. • I
..
"i i 8·
Fis. 3; Adsorpticn of Aroclor 1242
e.nd 1254· by montr..orillonit~ at
25°c.
Ref\ (35)
.,. ,,.
1.
2.
3.
4.
CONCLUS 1 O~lS
Numerous factors are influencing the mobility of elements in soils. Most
frequently mentioned facors arc: rhysicc1l -particle size distribution,
pore size d·istr ·ibution, ;en sity, tc;n:)eraturc, rmJistt1ce uiid v.er ... ~iOiJ •,
biological -aerobic and a naerobic 111icrnl.li<1l transformations of .in-
organic and or1,rnic substances; chci!1ical -pH or hydrogen ion acj:ivity,
oxidizing/reducing conditions, lin,e, organic r.iatter, concentration of
ions or salt, and certain hydrous oxides.
Generally speaking, degradation of PCBs by soil.microorganisms becomes
increasingly difficult as the degree of.chlorination increases. 2'1/ll/
In general, the water solubilities and vapor pressures of PCB isomers
decrease }!ith increasing chlorine content, although the decreases are
not uniform. lV .. ,·
The adsorption capacity and rnobi1ity of PCBs are torrelated to the
organic carbon content and surface area of the respective soil materials. 24/
The relationship should be further studied in order to predict PCB migration
through soils. ·
-·-·-------·-S·.--Due · to the··f e\•i --arl-sorption -si tes-·i n sand~-sand s·urfaces -adsorb-Tel at ive ly ·· ·· --
small amounts when compared to the other types of soils. Vaporization loss
from a sand surface will be significantly higher than soil surfaces where
it is more tightly bound .. The less chlorinated isomers show a greater •
··--· · --·· -:: :Jos·s ~than :tnosc of high e-hlorine content, 16/.
6. The half-life of particulates in the air depends generally on the size of
particles tci which the PCGs are attached and the extent of atmospheric
precipitation. It is estima ted that most of the vaporized PCBs \·Jill
be deposHcci 1-lithin 2-3 days mostly onto the l iJ.Q9 r:1ass and coastal v:J ters.
The small amounts of PCB attached to fine particulates will reside in the
atmosphere for extended periods and transported to remote areas. On account
of low water so lubility and high specific gravity of PCBs, it is expected
that most of the PCBs discharged into the environr:1cnt will be restinci as
a· .slud0cs or adsotbed in the sedi1;112nt at the bottom .of rivers or lakes near
the point of discharge, and vii 11 be eventually transported by means of
wate1·borne particles. 29/
•• I•· . ' .
. . .
-2··
7. The aqueous solubility of PCf3s v1<:1s studied cxpci·imcnti:illy. The disso'lutfon
of Aroclor 1242 in ,.-:Jter re;quirecf five r:1ontlls to reach equilibrium. Tric
solub·ilit.i es of i,roclor 1016, 122-J, 121]2, ,rn·d 125/l v;ere 90 6 ppb, 3!:ilG ppb,
703 ppb and 70 ppb, respectively. fliuhcr riilor-inuted PC8 isomers 1·1ere
found to b2 less soluhlc in water, preferentially. adsorbed by soil .
materials, less mobik in soil, less degrada ble by microorgc1nisrns, and
less volat-ile fro:11 1·1ater than l01·1cr chlorin2tcd isomers. It is-difficult
to deten1i ne the exact val uc for the so 1 ubi 1 i ty of PCGs in 1-1ater because
PCBs are mixtures of substituted isomeric biphcnyl~ that have different
numbers of chlorine atoms. PCCs are hydrophobic and are only slightly
soluble in \l!iltCI'. The 111cchc1nism of attenuation of PCBs in soil is
unknown. Also, a time-dependent investigation must be undertaken before
absolute value of the 1·1atcr solubility of PCBs can be obtJined. Or~1 c111"ic
sol vents .increase PCB mobility in soils, ho\·:cvcr, the effects of these
solvents .on PCG adsorption are unkn01·:n. /\lso, further invest i gations
should b~ carried out 011 the effects of soil properties and conditions
on volatilization to pred ·ict PCB fluxes in soils due to volatilization. 36/
8. The more chlorinated isom ers of PCB are relatively ir.m1obile ·in soils,
especiully soils \'!ith high organic ccntent.
---·-·----------··•--•---------·-----·-··--------------------·---------·----·•-•---------··--·-------------.
-------· ------------. ---. ----
.,.
_.,.
REFEf{E!lCES
l. PCl3 lbnufilcturin9, Processing, Distr·ibut-ion in Commerce and Use l3un
Regulation. UuS, EP/\ Report, lt iy 1978 .
--2. ··S. Hutzin9cr, S.S2fe , and V. Z.itko, 11Thr. Chemistry of PCBs,11 CP-C Press,
Cleveland, Oh ·io (19711); lionstanto Ind. Ch emica l Corp,, Tech. null. 0/PL-3 06/\,
3. Hutzingcr, Safe, and Zitko. Monsanto Chem. Corp., Tech. ~ull. 0/P-306/\.
4. D. 11ackey and P.S. Leinonen, Environ . Science and Technology, 9 (1975L
p. ll 78.
5. J.L. Hemelink et. al. Trans/\merican Fisheries Society 100 (1971), p. 207 •.
6. A.V . Hebeker, "Proceedings, Natl. Conference on PCBs.11 EPA-560/6-75-004
(V)7G), p. 284.
7. A.:sondcrgren, Nature, CCXXXVI (1972), p. 395.
8. Maugh, LH., II, Sc~ence, 178, 388 (1972)/
9. Jensen, Soren, PCB Ccnference, Natl. Swedish Envir. Protection Board.;
, Stockholm, 7 (Sept. 1970).
----. ---·· ------.. ::_..:..:_··_· . .==.:: --~-----_·_;.-.-:. -·--· -. -..:::·:· _--_ --~ _· ____ -------=-· -~-=-~=-----_-.:_·::.--:-···--·--· . ----... -----..... ·-----
10. S. Hutzinger, S. S~fe and V. Zitko. The Chemistry of PCBs, CRC Press,
Cleveland, Ohio (1974). ·
,~. "lL ~ IL; Yoshimura aRd H.--Yamanto, Chemical Phann. Gu1letin,_:2t-_(l9_73),_ PE:Jl~Q ,:_:·:
12~ M. Berlin, et. al., Archive of Envir. Health, 30 (19/5), p. 141 .
13. B. J ahnsen·, et. aL, 11 Backgrnund to the Regulation of PCSs,11 Can adian Task
Force, Technical RepOl't 76-1 (1975), Po--9-3_
14. Nisbet, Sarofim, F.C. Whitmore, PCGs in the USA, Ind us trial Use and
Envir. Distr. Natl. Information Service, PB-258, lG 2 (1976).
·· 15. EPA Report, 11 PC8 t1:1nufactu1'ing, Processing, Distr·ibuti_on in Cornme rc~,_-_c!rid,__ ___ _
Use Ban Regulation, May 7, 1978.
16. R. Haque, D.W. Schmedding, and V.H. Freed, Envir. Science and Technology,
8 (197~), p. 139. -.
17. The \·Jorl0 J\lmiln c1c , 1977, 1-/ashington Star-Nevis, \-Jashington, D.C.
18. R. Bartha and D. Prarner, Science, 156 (1976), p. 1617.
19. P.C. Oloffs, L. ll . Albright, S.Y. Szeto and j_ Lau, J. Fish. Res. Goi.lrd
of Ca n a~ il , 3 0 ( l 9 7 3 ) , p • l G l 9 •
20. G.D. Veith and V.f.L .... ,.Comstock, J. Fish. Res. Board of Canada, 32 (1975),
p. 18-1 9.
21. D.S . ·o L,nis, J . J\rticlr.s of Pc)sticide nc s idur.s in Environment. Gr'oup 2
(1974). Natl. Tech. Inf. Service~· l'l3--27G 312.
.. . ..
22. G.E. Bl all and l·J.C. 1/cclr.v, Advances in [eel. Rr.s. 2, l!o. 133 (1975); ~ F.C. l·/hitmare, EPf1• Tech :Rcport .SC 0/G-77 -00G(l977).
23. E.S Tucker, 1/.J. Litsc.1c1i, and Ii.II. Me es (r·h nscnto Chc1nical co.). Cull. of
--[nv~ro11 C"ll_,..,,,, Tox,·r ·1 1~{1 \ f'(,_('!3 (1 071;) I I • U WI.JIii• I •-• v _...,, \._)._ _. \..,J••....,J• ··--•-· -
24. R. Griffin, R. Clark, M. Lee and E. ChJ in . Fourth /\nnuili Res. -·symposium
Solid ilnd l!az r1.rclous \!cs t e Div., tluniciral [nvir. Res. Lilb., us-cPt1,
Cincinnati, Ohio, !larch 6-8, 1978 (Disposal and Removill of PC8s in Soil).
25. R. Haque, 0.\-/. Schmedding, and V.H. Freed, En~ir . Sci. Tech., 8,
Ho. 2 (1974)
26. C.S. Helling ilncJ B.C. Turner, Science, 162, (I963), pp. 562-563.
1 · • 27. G.J. M9~in and ll. Cru mp-H eisner, EPA Report 904/9-76-01~(1976) .
. . .
28. U.S. IPA, Health Effects Res. Lilb., Analytical themistry Branch, Re~. Triangle
Park, H.C. (llovern ber 9, 1978).
29. D. Paris, W.C. Steen, and G. Baugham, Ch emosphere, Ho 4 (1978), pp. 319-325.
-... · -.. -. ----. ·----... -----. . ------··· --------. --
----_____ .30 .. __ LC. .Nisbet and A.F. Sarofim._ Envir._HeaJth Perspecti)[es {Aprit°i97_2) =~-~~--~~-~-_
pp. 21-38 .
. , 31. Hon-Wook Choi and K.Y. Chen. Envir. Science and Technology, Vol. 10,
_-:~----~:-~---~-:--_ ·:_-~ -~J~~: J _ (A_ug_:_J?7GJ,_~p ~ _78_2_~?8r.· ______ ~ =~~-~--=~:~ = ~~--~~ ~:~:= :_: ~: ~ -·= ~=~~--~ ~-~ ~--::·_-~--
32. K. Furuka1.-1a and F. Matsumura . J. Americ. Food Chem., 24, r~o. 2 (1976)
pp. 251-256.
33. T.V. Wissen. Tidsskr. Plant Eval, 77(4), (1973), pp . 533-539, Denmark .
. 34. Y. Iwata, W.E. Westlake and F.A. Gunther. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol.
9(4), (1973), pp. 204-211.
-35. _:W.M.-·Leis, l-J.F. ·seers, J.M. Davidson , and G.D. Knm·.1les. Proceedings -of .the -
--,-----· -First J\ni1ual Co1iference of Applied Res. and P1·actice-on Munic"i pal and IndustriJl -
Waste, Madison, Wiscon s in, Sept. 10-13, 1978.
36. R.A. Griffin, A.K. f,u, E.S.K. Chain, J.ll. Kim, F.13. Dc\-.!alle. Procedin!Js
of the Third /\nnual i·lunicipil l Sol id \·/aste r~e search Sym1)osiu r.1 hel d at St. Lou is ,
Missouri, March 14, 15, 16, 1977. (EPA Rcpoi·t: EPA-G00/9-77-026.) -
37. R. A. Griffin and E.S.K. Chian. Unpublished Data (1974).
38. 1-1.\·J. Schu.rpcnsccl, 8. K.G. Thcng and S. Steph.:1n. Environ. 8io9eochemistry
and Gcomicrobiology, Vol. 2. Chapter 50 (1978), pp. 619-637.
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