NCD986232379_20001201_Greshams Lake Industrial Park_SERB RI_Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan-OCR

PHASE I REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION WORK PLA1
FOR
GRESHAM'S LAKE SITE
GRESHAM'S LAKE ROAD
RALEIGH, WAKE COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
Prepared for
GRESHAM'S LAKE GROUP
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA
Prepared by
John G. Funk, P.E.
Project Manager
Certification Number 14799
EARTH TECH OF North Carolina, INC.
Raleigh, North Carolina
December 2000
SUPERFUND SECTION
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
Chapter Page
1.0 INTRODUCTION ........................................................................................................ 1-1
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION ................................................................ 1-1
1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION ...................................................................................... 1-1
1.2.1 Site Location ..................................................................................... 1-1
1.2.2 Hazardous Waste Management Practices ......................................... 1-2
1.2.3 Site Topography and Surface Water Features ................ : .................. 1-3
1.2.4 Site Geology and Hydrogeology ....................................................... 1-4
1.2.5 Environmentally Sensitive Areas ...................................................... 1-7
1.3 SITE HISTORY ............................................................................................... 1-8
1.3.1 Operational and Ownership History .................................................. 1-9
1.3.2 Historical Aerial Photography Review and Fire Insurance Maps ... 1-11
1.3.3 Site Environmental Permit History ................................................. 1-12
1.3.4 Previous Site Environmental Investigations ................................... 1-13
2.0 PROPOSED METHODS OF INVESTIGATION .................................................... 2-1
2.1
2.2
2.3
ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES ....................................................................... 2-1
PHASE I RI METHODS OF INVESTIGATION ........................................... 2-I
2.2.1 Land Surveying ................................................................................. 2-1
2.2.2 Groundwater Sampling ..................................................................... 2-2
PHASE II RI METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 2-3
2.3. 1 Electromagnetic Survey ................................................................... 2-3
2.3.2 Soil-Gas Survey ................................................................................. 2-4
2.3.3 Direct Push (Geoprobe®) Sampling .................................................. 2-4
2.3.3.1 Soil Sampling ............................................................................... 2-4
2.3.3.2Groundwater Sampling .................................................................. 2-4
2.3.4 Surface Soil Sampling ....................................................................... 2-5
2.3.5 Surface Water and Sediment Sampling ............................................. 2-5
2.3.6 Monitoring Well Installation and Sampling ...................................... 2-6
2.3.7 Additional Hydrogeologic Assessment Techniques .......................... 2-7
2.3.7.1 Fracture Trace Analysis ............................................................... 2-7
2.3.7.2 Downhole Video Camera ................. : .......................................... 2-7
2.3.7.3 Packer Tests ................................................................................. 2-7
3.0 SAMPLING POINT DESIGNATIONS ..................................................................... 3-1
3.1 GROUNDWATER .......................................................................................... 3-I
3.1.1 Groundwater Monitor Wells ............................................................. 3-1
3.1.2 Direct Push Groundwater Samples ................................................... 3-1
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Chapter
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3.6
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
SOIL SAMPLES ............................................................................................. 3-l
SURFACE WATER ........................................................................................ 3-2
SEDIMENT ..................................................................................................... 3-2
SURFACE SOIL ............................................................................................. 3-2
QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL ........................................ 3-2
4.0 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT AND FIELD PROCEDURES ..................................... 4-1
4.1
4.2
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
4.7
4.8
DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES .................................................................. .4-l
4.1.1 Chemical DQOs ............................................................................... .4-2
FIELD SAMPLING PROCEDURES .............................................................. 4-3
4.2. l Field Equipment and Supplies .......................................................... 4-3
4.2.2 Groundwater Sampling ..................................................................... 4-8
4.2.3 Surface Water Sampling ................................................................ .4-10
4.2.4 Sediment Sampling ........................................................................ .4-10
4.2.5 Soil Sampling ................................................................................. .4-l 0
AMBIENT AIR MONITORING .................................................................. .4-l l
FIELD SCREENING AND MEASUREMENT ........................................... .4-l 1
4.4.1 Water Temperature ......................................................................... .4-11
4.4.2 Water pH .................... : ................................................................... .4-l l
4.4.3 Water Specific Conductance ............................. : ............................ .4-l l
4.4.4 Turbidity .......................................................................................... 4-12
4.4.5 Dissolved Oxygen ........................................................................... 4-l 2
4.4.6 Inorganic Parameters (Total Iron, Chloride, Sulfate) ...................... 4-12
FIELD QUALITY CONTROL CHECKS .................................................... .4-12
CORRECTIVE ACTION ............................................................................. .4-14
SAMPLING EQUIPMENT DECO NT AMINA TION PROCEDURES ....... .4-14
MANAGEMENT OF INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTES ................ .4-15
5.0 SAMPLE HANDLING AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM ........................................... 5-1
5.1 ANALYTICAL TESTING PROGRAM ......................................................... 5-l
5.2
5.3
DATA VALIDATION .......................... : ......................................................... 5-2
S.AMPLE DOCUMENTATION AND TRACKING ...................................... 5-3
5.3.1 Sample Identification and Documentation ........................................ 5-3
5.3.2 Chain-of-Custody Procedures ........................................................... 5-4
5.3.3 Sample Packing ................................................................................. 5-4
5.3.4 Sample Transport .............................................................................. 5-4
5.3.5 Laboratory Custody Procedures ........................................................ 5-4
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
TABLE OF CONTENTS (Continued)
Chapter Page
6.0 ADDITIONAL INFOR!YIATION ............................................................................... 6-1
6.1 CONSULTANT AND LABORATORY CONTACTS ................................... 6-1
6.2 HEALTH AND SAFETY PLAN .................................................................... 6-1
6.3 WORK SCHEDULE AND PROGRESS CHART .......................................... 6-1
7.0 EXCERPTS FROM US EPA REGION 4 EISOPQAM ........................................... 7-l
8.0 REFERENCES ............................................................................................................. 8-1
LIST OF FIGURES
Figures
I Site Location and Topography Map
2 Gresham's Lake Site
3 Project Schedule
Survey Plats
LIST OF TABLES
Table
1-1 Monitoring Well Construction Details
4-1 Sample Containers, Preservation and Holding Times
4-2 Field Equipment and Supplies
5-1 Summary of Sampling, Analyses, .and Sample Containers
LIST OF APPENDICES
Appendix
A Environmental Data Resources (EDR) Report
B Site Health and Safety Plan
Follows Page
1-2
1-2
6-1
8-1
Follows Page
1-5
4-3
4-3
5-1
C Pace Quality Assurance Program
D Historic Aerial Photographs
• E Previous Site Environmental Investigations
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND INFORMATION
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
To conduct an investigation and present possible remedies, the Gresham's Lake Group (Group)
entered into an Administrative Order on Consent (AOC) dated June 23, 2000 to conduct remedial
investigation and remedial action activities as appropriate at the Gresham's Lake Site (Site) with the
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR) Division of Waste
Management, Superfund Section, Inactive Hazardous Sites Branch.
The Group has contracted with Earth Tech of North Carolina Inc. (Earth Tech) to perform a
voluntary site remedial investigation under the State of North Carolina's Inactive Hazardous Sites
Program. The site is located off Gresham's Lake Road in Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina.
Under the Inactive Hazardous Sites Program, the Site is listed as number 162 out of 30 I sites on the
November I 998 Inactive Hazardous Waste Sites Priority List. The project oversight will be
performed by the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR), Division of Waste
Management, Superfund Section, Inactive Hazardous Sites Branch (Branch). Mr. William (Bill)
Perry will be the project coordinator for the Group and will be the interface between Earth Tech and
NCDENR for all remedial investigation work .
The initial phase of this independent remedial action is the Phase I Remedial Investigation (RI). The
Phase I RI is conducted to identify releases of hazardous substances to the environment, characterize
the chemical nature of such releases, and collect sufficient sampling data to establish remediation
goals in accordance with the AOC. The following sections of the Phase I RI Work Plan present a
detailed description of the site and its vicinity, site historical information, Earth Tech's proposed
methods of investigation, a site-specific Health and Safety Plan, and a schedule for performing the
Remedial Investigation and report preparation. Earth Tech has prepared this Phase I RI Work Plan
in accordance with guidance contained in the Branch's current "Inactive Hazardous Sites Program
Guidelines for Assessment and Cleanup" dated August 2000 (Guidelines), and the United States
Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), Region IV "Environmental Investigations Standard
Operating Procedures and Quality Assurance Manual" dated May 1996 (SOP).
1.2 SITE DESCRIPTION
1.2.1 Site Location
The Gresham's Lake Site is located on Gresham's Lake Road approximately 0.2 miles west of the
intersection of Gresham's Lake Road and U.S. Highway I (Capital Boulevard) in Raleigh, Wake
County, North Carolina. Figure I depicts the site location on the United States Geologic Survey 7.5
Minute Topographic Map for the Wake Forest, N.C. Quadrangle (1987), and additionally displays
the topography within a one-mile radius of the site. The geographic coordinates for the approximate
center of the site are 35° 53' 7.0" N latitude and 78° 34' 37.0" W longitude. Proceeding west from
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
Capital Boulevard onto Gresham's Lake Road for approximately 0.2 miles accesses the Site. The Site consists of a small industrial park on the outskirts of northeastern Raleigh.
Individual properties that comprise the Site include: (I) 3220 Northside Drive, former Able Manufacturing Company property; (2) 30 IO Gresham's Lake Road, Rea Construction Company; (3) 3219 Northside Drive, Edwin & Burgunde \.Vinz property; (4) 3200 Northside Drive, Billings and Garrett Utility Contractors: and (5) the property between 3220 Northside Drive and Rea Construction. The Gresham's Lake Site is shown on Figure 2.
1.2.2 Hazardous Waste Management Practices
Certain operations, such as quarrying, began in the area of Gresham's Lake Site by 1965 (Environmental Protection Agency Aerial Photographic Analysis, November 1999). Therefore, some operations predated the promulgation of the Resource Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA) and no RCRA permits have been issued for the site.
From 1970 until 1996, the NCDOT tested asphalt at a laboratory on the Rea Construction Company property using chlorinated solvents such as 1, I, I-trichloroethane (I, I, 1-TCA), trichloroethylene (TCE), and carbon tetrachloride. According to NCDOT personnel, historical records on solvent types, usage, or disposal for the former asphalt testing laboratory do not exist (NCDOT, 1997). The Rea Construction site is presently listed as a small quantity generator of hazardous waste under RCRA (EPA ID Number NCD98 I 86 I 784). However, the NCDOT no longer conducts asphalt testing at the site and no chlorinated solvents are reportedly used at the site. (Geraghty & Miller, 1997)
The Able Manufacturing Company operated a metal fabricating facility from 1989 until the company closed the facility in 1993. Prior to Abie's purchase of the property, the site was occupied by South State Engineering, a tool and die manufacturer that operated at the site from the late 1970's until 1989. South State removed a large pile of metal turnings that had accumulated behind the plant building in approximately I 989. Reportedly, this pile of metal turnings was disposed in an approximately 20-foot by 45-foot area in the southwest portion of the property. The turnings pile was described as being approximately 4 feet high. In the former location of disposed turnings,
stressed vegetation was observed during the June 11, 1991 inspection by Superfund Section staff (NCDENR, 1996). Chlorinated solvents were reportedly used at the facility in the past. A former employee of both South State and Able reported that trichloroethylene was used at the site, although it was his belief that its use was "limited". No information was provided pertaining to the quantity of solvent used or management practice for the waste solvent. A small degreasing unit had been located near the center of the shop floor for several years, but was replaced by a Safety-Kleen unit that did not use chlorinated hydrocarbon solvents (NCDENR, 1996). Safety-Kleen degreasing units typically used a petroleum distillate solvent. The Able Manufacturing facility is not presently regulated under RCRA and there is reportedly no on-site storage of RCRA-regulated wastes. (Superfund Section, 1998)
Q:\4135/\WQHKPIA.VIJJ»'RKPl..\'-RV6.UOC 1-2 December 2000
-RCE, U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MAPS•
.MINUTE QUADRANGLES, RA.LEIGH EAST, NC 1981
WAKE FOREST, NC "1981
0' 1000' 2000'
SCALE
FIGURE l· ,
SITE LOCATION AND TOPOGRAPHY
4000'
MAP
X 4
"' N
~ C
" C !::
" !::
C C
' ' '
' -
E A R T H (_) T E C H GRESHAM'S LAKE INDUSTRIAL PARK
RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA
SEPTEMBER 2000 41351 . ----------'--~
,.
I ,
RO,<\.mO LANOC ILL
I
I
I I E A R--T H T E
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C H
0' 75' 150' 300'
SCALE
SOURCE: DERWARD
DATE: 6'2600.
DRAWING: 627 A.
W. BAKER & ASSOCIATES, P.A., CARY, NC.
NOfll>ISID~ clRIYE Ii ,,._,,
GRESHAM'S LAKE
FIG URE 2
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Phase I Remedial Invesligation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County. North Carolina
The Rea Construction facility, along with the Billings & Garrett site, have additionally operated
Underground Storage Tanks (USTs) for the storage of petroleum products. Rea Construction
employed four USTs ranging in size from 500 to 20,000 gallons for storage of gasoline and diesel
fuel from 1971 to 1987. These US Ts were reportedly removed on May 7, 1987 and no releases of
product were reported at the time the USTs were removed. This UST removal occurred prior to the
implementation of regulations governing the closure of registered USTs. Billings & Garrett
reportedly operated five US Ts ranging in size from 4,000 to I 0,000 gallons for storage of gasoline
and diesel fuel from 1978 to 1991. These USTs were reportedly removed on March 31, 199 ! and
no residual contamination was reported during closure.
A business previously located at 3219 Northside Drive (Halliburton Industrial Services) had
previously employed Above Ground Storage Tanks (ASTs) from the mid-l 970s until approximately
I 990. The sizes of the AS Ts are unknown but they reportedly stored diesel fuel, waste oil,
phosphoric acid, and hydrochloric acid (ATEC, I 992). Upon departure from the site, Halliburton
. Industrial Services perfom1ecl soil excavation to remove contamination associated with releases from
the ASTs (ATEC, 1992). Halliburton Industrial Services received a letter from the North Carolina
Department of Environment,· Health and Natural Resources (NCDEHNR, predecessor of the
NCDENR) Division of Environmental Management dated August 21, 1992 stating that the Division
considered the incident as closed. This site is presently not regulated under RCRA. (Atec
Environmental, April 1992)
1.2.3 Site Topography and Surface Water Features
The site lies within the Neuse River drainage basin. It is located in an area of minimal flooding,
outside the 500-year floodplain. The two-year, 24-hour rainfall is approximately 3.5 inches.
Topography in the immediate area is characterized as relatively flat and sloping gently to the
southeast. The elevation at the site ranges from 280 to 300 feet above mean sea level (ft ms!). The
topography of the site and surrounding area directs surface water runoff to the south toward
Gresham's Lake, the probable point of entry to surface water (PPE). Surface water runoff flows
overland approximately 0.3 mile to the lake. About 0A-mile farther downstream water flows from
the lake into Perry Creek, which is surrounded by wetlands. Perry Creek flows about 2.2 miles to
the Neuse River. The Neuse River flows approximately 12.4 miles to the encl of the 15-mile target
distance limit for the surface water pathway at a point about 0.75 mile upstream of State Road 2555.
The southern spillway from Gresham's Lake to part of Perry Creek shown on the topographic map
has been blocked by highway construction debris that has been deposited in the lake. (Superfuncl
Section, 1998)
The flow rate of Perry Creek is estimated to be approximately 2 cubic feet per second (cfs). The
flow rate of Gresham's Lake is assumed to be the same as that of Perry Creek (2 cfs). The Neuse
River flow rate in the site area is estimated at 429 cfs. There are no surface water intakes located
within 15 miles downstream of the PPE. The intake for the city of Raleigh is located considerably
upstream of the site at Falls Lake. (Superfuncl Section, 1998) .
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Greshum's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
Perry Creek is part of the Neuse River basin and is classified as "B" and "NSW" waters from its
source to Gresham's Lake and as "C" and "NSW" waters from the dam at Gresham's Lake to the
Neuse River. Class "B" denotes waters protected for primary recreation and any other usage
specified by the "C" classification. The "C" classification calls for protection of the water body for
aquatic life propagation and survival, fishing, wildlife, secondary recreation, and agriculture. The
"NSW" designation requires limitations on nutrient inputs. The Neuse River from the dam at Falls
Lake to the mouth of Beddingfield Creek, considerably downstream of the 15-mile target distance
limit from the site, is classified as "C" and "NSW". (Superfund Section, 1998)
1.2.4 Site Geology and Hydrogeology
lnfonnation on the regional and site-specific geology and hydrogeology is provided in the following
paragraphs.
1.2.4.1 Regional Geology/Hydrogeology
Wake County lies primarily within the Piedmont physiographic province, with the exception of a
small area in the southern portion of the county that lies within the Coastal Plain Province. About
half of the county consists of flat uplands that are remnants of the last Mesozoic to Early Cenozoic
Piedmont peneplain, thinly covered in most places with sediment. The remainder of the area
includes the valley sides and bottoms of the incised stream system. Two major stream systems
provide surface drainage for Wake County. The Neuse River Basin drains most of the county. The
Cape Fear River Basin drains a small portion of the southwestern county.
Bedrock in Wake County consists of metamorphic, igneous, and sedimentary rocks ranging in age
from late Precambrian to recent. Metasedimentary and metavolcanic rocks of the Raleigh Belt
extend northeastward through the middle of the county and also underlie its southwestern and eastern
edges. The eastern half of the county is underlain by granitic Rolesville Batholith of probable mid-
Paleozoic age. Triassic sedimentary rocks (Newark Group) in the block-faulted Durham basin
underlie the western quarter of the county. These coarse-grained to conglomeratic-clastic sediments
are separated from metamorphic rocks to the east by the west-dipping Jonesboro normal fault.
Several major features dominate the bedrock structure of Wake County. East of the Jonesboro fault,
Raleigh belt metamorphic rocks have an overall westward dip, although a major asymmetrical
anticline extends northward through west Raleigh. Metamorphic rocks on the west limb of this
anticline dip generally westward. To the east, Raleigh belt rocks are isoclinally folded and generally
dip vertically or at high angles to the east or west. Minor folding may be common locally, especially
near the contact with the Rolesville Batholith. Strike of bedding, cleavage, and foliation is generally
north-northeastward, but may strike northward or eastward and may crosscut all rock types to and
including Newark-age rocks (Parker, 1979).
In igneous and metamorphic rocks, such as granite, schist, and gneiss which underlie the site,
groundwater occurs primarily in secondary porosity (e.g., fractures and joints). Areas with a high
frequency of fractures and joints have higher hydraulic conductivities and are subject to more
Q:l,J/Jjl\WORKPI.A,\V>WRKPL\'-RW,.DOC 1-4 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
mechanical and chemical weathering processes. These processes break down the parent rock into
residual soils and saprolite. Therefore, areas with a thick mantle of saprolite may be an indication
that underlying rock has joints, fractures, and pores that contain groundwater. Thus, in Piedmont
rock types, wells near streams or valleys typically exhibit higher yields than wells in topographically
high areas.
1.2.4.2 Site-Specific Geology
Generally, soils in the vicinity of the site, as described in the Soil Survey of Wake County, North
Carolina, belong to the Cecil-Appling Association. This association is characterized as gently
sloping to steep, deep, well drained soils that have a subsoil of firm clay loam to clay; derived mostly
from weathered granite, gneiss, and schist. However, the Gresham's Lake site predominantly has
been extensively reworked by grading and filling, and the designation for this type of soil is Made
Land.
The characteristics of the subsurface materials beneath the Rea Construction asphalt plant portion
of the site were evaluated from information obtained by Geraghty & Miller during the installation
of monitor wells 29MW-l through 29MW-3 in 1996. Based on the boring logs, the subsurface
material beneath the site generally consists of approximately 5 to 8 feet of fill material (sand and
gravel) underlain by silty clay to approximately 20 ft below land surface (bis). The silty clay unit
overlies and grades to a silty sand approximately 20 ft bis. No bedrock was reported .
The characteristics of the subsurface materials beneath the Able Manufacturing portion of the site
were evaluated from information obtained by Trigon Engineering Consultants(
Superfund Section, 1998) during the installation of monitor wells MW-I through MW-5 in 1991.
According to the Trigon report, wells MW-I through MW-4 were installed using air rotary drilling
methods and only well MW-5 was installed using hollow-stem auger methods to a depth of 42 feet.
In addition, three hand auger soil borings were advanced to refusal at 2.5 to 3.5 feet. No boring
logs from the monitor wells were available for review, but the use of air rotary suggests that bedrock
is near the ground surface at this property. The shallow refusal depths of the hand auger borings
support near-surface bedrock. During a site walkover, outcrops of bedrock were clearly visible in
the parking lot. However, the use of hollow-stem augers for well MW-5 suggests that significant
differential weathering has occurred. As a result, there appears to be a ridge of bedrock on the site
that coincides with a topographic high at the Able Manufacturing property. According to the
information from the hand auger borings, the thin soil was characterized as a micaceous saprolitic
sand.
Based on the geologic map in "Geology and Mineral Resources of Wake County" (Parker, 1979),
the Gresham's Lake site is situated in an area of injected gneisses and schists. The observations
during well installation at the two properties discussed above, while apparently significantly
different, are consistent with the results of differential weathering that is characteristic of
metamorphic rocks .
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DEPTH
WELL ID DATE DRILLEr (ft)
MW-I 7/17/91 43.5
MW-ID 7/14/92 79**
MW-2* 7/17/91 38.5
MW-2D* 7/29/92 67**
MW-3* 7/17/91 35
MW-4 7/17/91 38
MW-5 9/18/91 42
MW-6 6/30/92 49.5**
MW-6D* 8/4/92 119**
MW-9* 8/6/92 42**
100**
CASING
DIAMETER
2"
Unknown
2"
Unknown
2"
2"
2"
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
TABLE 1-1
MONITORING WELL CONSTRUCTION DETAILS
GRESHAM'S LAKE INDUSTRIAL PARK
SCREENED
INTERVAL (bgs) REMARKS
28.5 -43.5 lnslalled bv Tri eon
69-79 Installed bv DEM
28.5 -38.5 Installed bv Trigon
57 -67 -Installed bv DEM
25 -35 Installed bv Tri eon
28 -38 Installed bv Trigon
31.5-41.5 Installed bv Trigon
4.5 -49.5 Installed by DEM
54-64, 89-94, 114-119 Installed bv DEM
32 -42 Installed bv DEM
90 -100 Installed bv DEM
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MW-9D* 7/28/92
MW-II 7/6/92 33** Unknown 23 -33 Installed bv DEM. Well intel!ritv uuestioned, will collect water level measurements, but not samole.
MW-IID 7/16/92 57** Unknown 47 -57 Installed bv DEM. Well intei!:ritv auestioncd, will collect \,1/ater level measurements, but not samole.
MW-12 7/15/92 34** 2" 24 -34 Installed bv DEM
MW-12D 7/20/92 87.5** 2" 77.5 -87.5 Installed by DEM
MW-l3D 7/22/92 72** Unknown 62 • 72 Installed bv DEM
MW-l4D 8/27/92 69** Unknown 59 -69 Installed bv DEM. Not nart of the site, but will be used for water level measurements.
MW-15 8/5/92 50** Unknown 40 -50 Installed bv DEM. Not nart of Lhe site, but will be used for water level measurements.
MW-15D 8/4/92 73** Unknown 68 -73 Installed bv DEM. Not nart of the site, but will be used for water level measurements.
29MW-1 9/25/96 34 2" 24 -34 Installed bv Geraghtv & Miller
29MW-2 9/25/96 34.5 2" 24.5 -34.5 Installed by Gera11htv & Miller
29MW-3 9/25/96 34 2" 24 -34 Installed bv Gerai':htv & Miller
* -Well not found during 8129/2000 reconnaissance.
** -Depth of well is assumed to be at lhe bottom of lowest casing interval. Depths will be con finned during investigation.
ft -feet
bgs -below ground surface
DEM -Department of Environmental Management
NOTE: Well designations are from Geraghty & Miller reports.
1.2.4.3 Shallow Groundwater Flow Direction
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake Counly. North Carolina
Table 1-1 provides information pertaining to the constrnction of 22 groundwater-monitoring wells
at the site from 1991 through 1996. Geraghty & Miller collected water-level measurement data from
each of the on-site monitor wells and select NCDENR monitor wells on November 7, 1996. The
water-level elevation data collected on November 7, 1996 were used by Geraghty & Miller to
construct a shallow aquifer-potentiometric surface contour map and bedrock aquifer-potentiometric
surface contour map. Based on these maps, the groundwater in the uppermost water-bearing zone
flows across the site in a southwest direction, while the groundwater in the deeper water-bearing
zone flows south across the site.
1.2.4.4 Hydraulic Properties
Geraghty & Miller concluded that the average horizontal hydraulic gradient in the uppermost water-
bearing zone is approximately 0.013 feet per foot (ft/ft) near the former Halliburton Industrial
Services site to 0.003 ft/ft at the Rea Constrnction Site (designated Site No. 29 in the Geraghty &
Miller assessment). In-situ hydraulic conductivity test (slug test) results from monitor wells 29MW-
l, 29MW-2, and 29MW-3 were used by Geraghty & Miller to obtain estimates of the hydraulic
conductivity for the upper portion of the shallow aquifer. Results obtained from well 29MW-3 were
not used in this analysis because the data obtained from the slug test are not considered reliable.
Analysis of the rising head slug-test data provided hydraulic conductivity values 8.13 x J0-4
centimeters per second (cm/sec) and 3.7 x J0-4 cm/sec for monitor wells 29MW-1 and 29MW-2,
respectively. An average hydraulic conductivity value of 5.9 x J0-4 cm/sec (1.67ft/day) was
calculated by Geraghty & Miller from these values.
Trigon also conducted hydraulic conductivity tests on two wells at the Able Manufacturing property.
The hydraulic conductivity at well MW-I was determined to be about 7.5 x I0-5 cm/sec. In well
MW-2, the head drop was so rapid that the conductivity could not be calculated. According to the
Trigon report, the rapid well recharge was consistent for all the wells on the property except well
MW-I.
1.2.4.5 Aquifer Use
The site is located northeast of the City of Raleigh (Figure I). The City of Raleigh and its
extraterritorial service areas obtain drinking water from the Raleigh municipal water system. The
system uses an intake at Falls Lake for its water source. This intake is located considerably upstream
of, and therefore not threatened by, the site. In August 1996, construction of a 16-inch water main
on Gresham's Lake Road from Litchford Road to US Highway I was completed. Therefore,
industries in the Gresham's Lake Site Park should have ready access to both water and sewer.
However, based on information provided by Billings & Garrett personnel, this property continues
to use a septic tank for wastewater management and a groundwater well for water supply. The
facility reportedly uses either filtered or bottled water for consumption.
Q:\41 ]51\WOR KPlAN\DW RKPVl0RV6.DOC 1-6 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolin:l
As stated in the Combined Preliminary Assessment/Site Inspection (Appendix E) performed by
NCDENR, there are a number of private and community wells within a 4-mile radius of the Site.
Businesses on the Site and within a 0.25-mile radius of the site, include Able, Billings & Garrett,
Wintz Property (former location of Halliburton Industrial Services), Rea Construction, and Charlie
Brown's Catering Service. These businesses, which employed about 76 employees at the time the
groundwater contamination was discovered, have reportedly used bottled or distilled water for
drinking since groundwater contamination was reported. The Rea Construction site has a
groundwater well that is not used for potable water supply, while the Able Manufacturing and former
Halliburton Industrial Services facilities have abandoned the_ir water supply wells. There are no
wellhead protection areas within a 4-mile radius of the site.
The population using groundwater for drinking within a four-mile radius of the Site was estimated
by the NCDENR, Superfund Section as 5,577 groundwater users ( 1998). A summary of public
supply wells is included in the EDR Report contained in Appendix A of the Work Plan.
1.2.5 Environmentally Sensitive Areas
The Gresham's Lake Site and adjacent properties were evaluated to determine if environmentally
sensitive areas existed in the area. The following environmentally sensitive areas are not present on
the site or adjacent properties (Superfund Section, 1998):
• Marine Sanctuaries
• National and State Parks
• Designated and proposed Federal and State Wilderness and Natural Areas
• Areas identified under the Coastal Zone Management Act
• Sensitive areas identified under the National Estuary Program or the Near Coastal Waters
Program
• Critical areas identified under the Clean Lakes Program
• National Monuments
• National and State Historical Sites
• National and State Seashore, Lakeshore, and River Recreational Areas
• National and State Preserves and Forests
• National and State Wildlife Refuges
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Phase l Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh. Wake Coun1y, North Carolina
• Coastal Barriers and Units of a Coastal Barrier Resources System
• Federal land designated for protection of natural ecosystems
• Spawning areas critical for the maintenance of fish/shellfish species within river, lake or coastal
tidal waters
• Migratory pathways and feeding areas critical for maintenance of anadromous fish species within
river reaches or areas in lakes or coastal tidal waters in which such fish spend extended periods
of time.
• Terrestrial areas utilized for breeding by large or dense aggregations of animals
• Rivers State or Federally designated Scenic or Wild
• State lands designated for wildlife or game management
• Areas important to maintenance of unique biotic communities
• • State-designated areas for protection or maintenance of aquatic life
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1.2.5.1 Wetlands
There are no reported wetlands on the Site (Superfund Section, I 998)).
1.2.5.2 Threatened and Endangered Species
There are no reported threatened or endangered species on the Site (Superfund Section, 1998)).
1.2.5.3 Sensitive Populations
No residents are present at the Gresham's Lake Site. The nearest residences are located
approximately 0.25 mile to the west of the site on Gresham's Lake Road. These residences are
located hydraulically upgradient of the Site.
1.3 SITE HISTORY
The operational history for the Gresham's Lake Site was prepared based on review of historical
aerial photographs, previous site environmental studies and associated documentation, interviews
with former site operations personnel, and various documents provided by the Gresham's Lake
Group. Aerial photographs were obtained from the North Carolina Department of Transportation,
Photogrammetry Division. Copies of aerial photographs reviewed during development of this Work
Q:\.IIJ51\WORKPL\,\WWRKPUV-Rl'6.DOC 1-8 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
R~kigh, Wake County, North Carolina
Plan are included as Appendix D. According to a search completed by Environmental Data
Resources, Incorporated (EDR, Inc.) included as Appendix A, Sanborn fire insurance maps are not
available for the Gresham's Lake Site.
The Gresham's Lake Site is an industrial park including numerous present and former facility and
industrial operators. The Site comprises approximately 50 acres located on Gresham's Lake Road
and Northside Drive, Wake County, Raleigh, North Carolina.
The precise source of contamination at the Site is unknown, however the contaminants of concern
are chlorinated hydrocarbons, which have been used by various occupants at the Site.
1.3.1 Operational and Ownership History
Operations at the Site are known to have included various activities including, but not limited to,
asphalt manufacturing, petroleum product manufacturing, metal finishing and other operations.
Many of these operations reportedly used chlorinated hydrocarbons as part of their manufacturing
or process operations in addition to storing these materials. The following are descriptions of the
operational and ownership history of each of the properties that constitute the site.
1.3.1.1 Former Able Manufacturing Company
The former Able Manufacturing Company site is located at 3220 Northside Drive and has been the
focus of several investigations. The property consists of a 1.8-acre tract on the Site that slopes to
the south towards Gresham's Lake. Able operated a metal finishing facility from 1989 until 1993,
when the company closed. From the late 1970' s until 1988, the property was owned by South State
Engineering, a tool and die manufacturer. When Able purchased the property, South State removed
a large pile of metal turnings that had accumulated behind the plant building. Based on interviews
with Mr. Howard Mosier, who reportedly acquired an interest in the property during the bankruptcy
of Able Manufacturing, Mr. Mosier stated that he had also owned and operated South State
Engineering from the time the property was developed between 1974 and 1978 until he sold the site
to Able Manufacturing in 1988. A tenant, Circle Computer Corporation, currently occupies the site.
Mr. Mosier explained that South State Engineering had used a self-contained Safety-Kleen parts
washing station that may have used chlorinated solvents. NCDENR investigations have shown
chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination throughout a wide area of the industrial park including the
Able drinking water well which has been closed. These investigations, however, have been unable
to prove Able as the sole source for the chlorinated hydrocarbon contamination.
Based on review of deeds at the Wake County Register of Deeds office, the ownership history of the
former Able site is as follows: Howard Mosier currently owns the property and obtained it from Able
Machining and Electronics Company on April 15, 1999 (Deed Book 8654, Page 200); Able had
acquired the property from South State, Inc. on December 30, 1988 (Deed Book 4413, Page 643);
South State had acquired the land on November 5, 1975 from Gill-McLamb, Inc. and Brantley Poole
and wife (Deed Book 2362, Page 605).
Q;\41351\ WUR KPI.A !VVJWRKP/ .N•R V6. nae 1-9 December 2000
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1.3.1.2 Rea Construction Company
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
The Rea Construction Company property is located at 3010 Gresham's Lake Road. Based on aerial
photography, a quarry operation has been active on a portion of this property since prior to 1965. The
North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) formerly conducted on-site testing of
asphalt at the facility. From 1970 until 1996, NCDOT tested the asphalt for aggregate content using
chlorinated solvents such as I, 1, \-trichloroethane and trichloroethylene. The NCDOT no longer
conducts asphalt testing at the site. (Geraghty & Miller, 1997)
The property was among those at which NCDOT determined, in a 1989 assessment of properties
where it had conducted asphalt testing, that decomposed constituents of chlorinated solvents remain.
This investigation was confined to the area surrounding the former asphalt testing laboratory because
( 1) asphalt testing activities were confined to that building, and (2) based on a knowledge of
laboratory practices, the source area (i.e., contaminated soil), if present, would be in the immediate
vicinity of the building.
Based on review of deeds at the Wake County Register of Deeds office, the ownership history of the
Rea Construction site is as follows: Rea Construction Company currently owns the property and
obtained it from Central Engineering and Contracting Corporation on May 1, 1970 (Deed Book
1924, Page 514); Central Engineering had obtained two of the four tracts that comprise the land from
Pattie Hunter and Mary Smith on November 22, 1957 (Deed Book 1299, Page 373); a third tract was
acquired by Central Engineering on July 25, 1958 from Pattie Hunter (Deed Book 1324, Page 280);
and the fourth tract was obtained by Central Engineering on March 20, 1964 from Mary Smith (Deed
Book 1590, Page 280).
1.3.1.3 Former Halliburton Industrial Services
Halliburton Industrial Services had formerly leased the property at 3219 Northside Drive and
operated a heavy industrial cleaning operation from this facility. Based on aerial photography, the
building that formerly housed the Halliburton Industrial Services operation was constructed between
1974 and 1978. The property was wooded in 1965 and cleared, but undeveloped, by 1974 (EPA
Aerial Photographic Analysis). Halliburton Industrial Services operated its facility on the property
from the mid-1970's to approximately 1990. During this time, ASTs were used at the site for storage
of diesel fuel, waste oil, and acids. A soil assessment and cleanup, along with a groundwater
assessment, was completed at the site by 1992 (ATEC, 1992). Halliburton Industrial Services
received a letter from the NCDEHNR Division of Environmental Management dated August 21,
1992 that stated that the Di vision considered the incident as closed. (Atec Environmental, 1992)
Based on review of deeds at the Wake County Register of Deeds office, the ownership history of the
former Halliburton Industrial Services site is as follows: The current owners of the property are
Erwin and Burgunde Winz who obtained it from Regional Supply Corporation on December 18,
1980 (Deed Book 2888, Page 189); Regional Supply (owned by Robert and Barbara Drew) acquired
the property from Ralph and Louise Ingram and Brantley and Elizabeth Poole on June 2, 1976 (Deed
Q:\41351\WOR1'/'/AN\lJWR1'Pl~-RV6.hOC 1-10 December 2000.
• Book 2409, Page 64).
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
Tenants, Rosbrook Construction along with others, currently occupy the property. Previous property
owner Mr. Bob Drew reportedly operated a lumber business on the site.
1.3.1.4 Billings & Garrett, Inc.
Billings and Garrett Utility Contractors, lncorporated operates a facility located at 3200 Northside
Drive. Based on aerial photography, the building that houses the Billings & Garrett operation was
constructed between 1974 and 1978. The property was wooded in 1974.
The site presently uses a groundwater well for water supply and disposes of wastewater via an on-site
septic system and drain field. Five petroleum USTs, used for storage of gasoline and diesel fuel,
were removed from the property during 1991. There were reportedly no releases from the USTs
observed during closure. There been no other reported uses of hazardous materials at this site.
Based on review of deeds at the Wake County Register of Deeds office, the ownership history of the
Billings & Garrett site is as follows: The current owners of the property are Frank and Peggy Billings
who obtained it from Gill-Mclamb Construction Company and Brantley and Elizabeth Poole on
May 3, 1974 (Deed Book 2258, Page 293); Gill-Mclamb had acquired the land from Rea
• Construction Company on September 25, 1972 (Deed Book 2102, Page 579).
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1.3.1.5 Wilson Property (between Rea Construction and ABLE Manufacturing)
This property is an approximately 2-acre tract of Janel situated between the Rea Construction and
former Able Manufacturing properties. The property is presently owned by Mr. David Wilson and
has reportedly never been developed. The land is currently being filled with soil, along with some
construction debris such as cinder blocks and concrete.
Based on aerial photography, no buildings have been constructed on this property. The land is
shown as partially wooded and partially cleared in the aerial photographs.
Based on review of deeds at the Wake County Register of Deeds office, the ownership history of the
Wilson Property is as follows: The current owner of the property is David Wilson who obtained it
from John and James Mettrey on January 19, 2000 (Deed Book 8504, Page 2614); the Mettrey's had
acquired the land from C&B Holdings, Inc. on March 24, 1980 (Deed Book 2821, Page 200). C&B
Holdings, owned by Frank Billings and Ken Garrett (and wives), had acquired the land from Gill-
Mclamb Construction on November 31, 1979 (Deed Book 2807, Page 37).
1.3.2 Historical Aerial Photography Review and Fire Insurance Maps
A historical aerial photographic analysis of the Gresham's Lake Industrial Park area was conducted
by EPA and is included as Appendix D to this work plan. The analysis was conducted to document
Q:\,I / JS l\l'l'ORKPUN\DV.'RKPLS-R ~·r,_ooc 1-11 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham· s Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
landscape morphology, observable activities and conditions of environmental significance at the site
from 1965 to 1995 (USEPA, 1999).
Sanborn Fire Insurance Maps are not available for properties that comprise the Gresham's Lake Site.
1.3.3 Site Environmental Permit History
Government databases were searched to identify any facilities within the Site or on adjacent
properties that hav.e been issued environmental permits or are under other regulatory programs.
Federal databases searched include CERCLIS (Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Information System), ERNS (Emergency Response Notification
System), NPL (National Priority List), RCRIS (Resource Conservation and Recovery Information
System), CORRACTS (Corrective Action Repo11s under RCRA), CONSENT (Superfuncl/CERCLA
Consent Decrees), FINDS (Facility Index System), HMIRS (Hazardous Materials Information
Reporting System for spill incidents reported to the DOT), PADS (PCB Activity Database System),
RAATS (RCRA Administrative Tracking System), ROD (Records of Decision for NPL sites), TRJS
(Toxic Chemical Release Inventory System), and TSCA (Toxic Substances Control Act).
State databases searched include UST (Underground Storage Tanks), LUST (Leaking Underground
Storage Tanks), LF (Solid Waste Disposal Facilities), SHWS (Inactive Hazardous Sites Inventory),
HSDS (Hazardous Substance Disposal Sites) and IMD (Incident Management Database).
Environmental Data Resources, Inc. (EDR) performed the database search (a copy of the EDR
Report is included in Appendix A).
According to the EDR Report, Gresham's Lake Industrial Park is listed as a state hazardous
substance disposal site. Rea Construction and Billings and Garrett, Inc. are listed with permanently
closed petroleum USTs.
The Rea Gresham Lake Asphalt facility is listed under RCRIS as a small quantity generator of
RCRA-regulated hazardous waste. No other regulated or permitted facilities are presently operating
at the Site.
The following nearby facilities were additionally listed in the EDR Report. The Stay-Right facility,
located at 3019 Gresham Lake Road, is listed as a leaking underground storage tank (LUST) site.
Soil contamination was discovered during tank removal activities on September 28, 1993. The
Rowland Land Clearing and Inert Debris (LCID) Landfill, located west of the Rea Construction
property on Gresham's Lake Road, is listed as a solid waste facility/landfill site. A previous
Rowland Landfill is listed as a state hazardous substance disposal site. The Weeks Construction
Company property, located at 3312 Northside Drive (adjacent to Billings & Garrett) is listed as
having permanently closed petroleum USTs .
Q:\.I/JSI\WORKPIA,VVJIYHKl'l.N-RV1I.DOC 1-12 December 2000
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1.3.4 Previous Site Environmental Investigations
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
A number of environmental investigations have been done at the Gresham's Lake Industrial Park
site. Known past investigations within the Site area includes the following:
• 1989, NCDEHNR-Division of Health and Human Services (DHHS) found chlorinated
hydrocarbons in a potable well of Able Manufacturing, 3220 Northside Drive.
• 1991, Trigon Engineering conducted a groundwater and soils investigation at the Able
Manufacturing site.
• 1992, NCDEHNR -Groundwater Section conducted a groundwater and soils investigation of
the area.
• 1992, Halliburton Industrial Services, 3219 Northside Drive, conducted a groundwater and soils
investigation at their facility. Surficial soil contamination by both industrial acids and petroleum
hydrocarbons were discovered. Approximately 1,240 tons of contaminated soils were removed
and the site was closed. Halliburton Industrial Services received a latter from NCDEHNR
Division of Environmental Management dated August 21, 1992 that stated that the Divisfon
considered the incident as closed .
• 1993, Stay-Right Tank Company, 3109 Gresham's Lake Road, removed two 10,000-gallon
petroleum underground storage tanks. Approximately 15 cubic yards of petroleum contaminated
soils were removed and the site was closed.
• 1996, NCDENR Superfund Section conducted ·a prelimina1y assessment/site investigation
(PA/SI). The investigation was conducted to supplement the analytical data from previous
investigations and to determine the possible source of contamination. The inspection
encompassed a review of previous reports and analytical data, sampled down gradient potable
wells, collected surface water and sediment samples from Gresham's Lake, and conducted a
potential receptor survey.
• 1996, NCDENR Hazardous Waste Section responded to a complaint regarding a hazardous waste
violation at the Able Tract. Numerous 55-gallon drums were observed on the loading dock and
"oil like" stains were observed.
• 1997, NCDENR Hazardous Waste Section conducted a follow-up soils investigation at Able.
Several metal constituents were detected.
• 1997, NCDOT conducted a soil and groundwater assessment at Rea Construction, 3010
Gresham's Lake Road. The objectives of the assessment were to better establish the vertical and
horizontal profile of target chlorinated solvents in the soils and groundwater in the vicinity of the
former asphalt testing lab.
Q:Wl JS/\ \t'ORKPUN\D WRKJ'L'I-R Vol.DOC 1-13 December 2000
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Phase l Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
1998, NCDENR Superfund Section conducted an expanded site inspection and recommended
further action under CERCLA.
The following provides a summary of the significant findings of the previous environmental
investigations at the site:
Review of data compiled from the NCDEHNR Division of Water Quality (DWQ), Groundwater
Section, shows that a pollution inciqent (#6778) was investigated in 1991 at the Able Manufacturing
facility, and vicinity, located approximately 250 feet east of the Rea Construction Company former
asphalt laboratory testing building. Data collected in l 989 and 1990 by the North Carolina
Department of Health and Human Resources (NCDHHR), NCDEHNR Superfund Section, and
NCDEHNR DWQ indicated a presence of target chlorinated solvents within the Able Manufacturing
production well and the adjacent former Halliburton Industrial Services production well. These
findings resulted in a Phase II soil and groundwater investigation by Trigon Engineering Consultants,
Inc. in 1991. In 1992, NCDEHNR Division of Solid Waste Management reported to Able
Manufacturing that the results ofTrigon's Phase II Investigation inconclusively identified the source
of contamination.
In 1992, the DWQ Groundwater Section investigated soils and groundwater in the vicinity of the
Able Manufacturing Facility. Several NCDEHNR shallow and deep monitoring wells were installed
and sampled. While a confirmed point source of the contamination was not identified, the highest
reported halogenated compounds were once again identified in wells at the Able Manufacturing
Facility. In January 1993, DWQ requested the Pollution Incident #6778 be placed on the North
Carolina Superfund Section clean-up list. An additional relevant finding from the investigations of
Pollution Incident #6778 is that the apparent groundwater hydraulic gradient is generally in a south-
southwest direction (Geraghty & Miller, 1997).
Geraghty & Miller conducted a soil and groundwater assessment for the NCDOT at the Rea
Construction site during 1997. The results of this assessment included that soil-vapor concentration~
ranging from 0.0 parts per million (ppm) to 106 ppm were recorded at locations adjacent to the walls
of the former asphalt testing laboratory building. Any recorded concentration above background (0.0
ppm) indicated the possible presence of target chlorinated solvents within that area. Geoprobe TM
soil samples were generally obtained from areas of elevated soil-vapor readings to determine the
presence or absence of soil-adsorbed target chlorinated solvents. l, I, I-trichloroethane was detected
in one of the collected Geoprobe TM soil samples. However, the concentration was well below the
calculated soil clean-up value.
The results from the Geraghty & Miller groundwater investigation indicate that shallow groundwater
is present beneath the site at depths ranging from 25 to 26 feet below land surface (bis). The overall
direction of groundwater flow is to the south-southeast at an estimated hydraulic gradient of 0.013
ft/ft near the former Halliburton Industrial Services site to 0.003 ft/ft at the Rea Construction Site .
Q:\4 J JS I\ n ORKl'lA/'IVJWRKPI.S-R l'6.DOC 1-14 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
The NCDENR, Division of Waste Management, Superfund Section completed an Expanded Site
Inspection (ESI) at the Site during September 1998 (NCDENR, 1998). The conclusions of the ES I
were that the water supply wells for at least five businesses within 0.25 miles of the Site had been
contaminated with chlorinated hydrocarbons including vinyl chloride and 1,2-dichloroethene. These
entities had been advised to use bottled water for drinking and bathing. The ESI further concluded
that Able Manufacturing was a probable contributor to the contamination, but that multiple other
sources were possible. In addition, the ESI recommended that the Site be considered for further
federal action under CERCLA.
Copies of reports detailing the results of the above-described investigations, along with supporting
laboratory data, are included as Appendix E of this Work Plan .
Q:\.11]51\WORKPI.AN\lJWRKl'LN-RVli.DOC 1-15 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh. Wake County, North Carolina
2.0 PROPOSED METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
The following sections provide a description of the objectives of the Remedial Investigation at the
Gresham's Lake Site, along with the proposed methods of investigation.
2.1 ASSESSMENT OBJECTIVES
The remedial investigation has been designed to generate data and provide infonnation relevant to
the site in order to achieve the following objectives:
• Delineate and map the horizontal extent of the site.
• Determine if environmental media (soil, sediment, surface water, and groundwater) have been
contaminated.
• Identify chemical contaminants at the site.
• Identify potential contaminant source "hot spots" and areas of concern.
• Collect sufficient information to establish remedition goals.
• Develop additional investigation actions to delineate the horizontal and vertical extent of
contamination in order to prepare suggested remedies for the site, as appropriate.
2.2 PHASE I RI METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
The planned remedial investigation has been divided into two phases, and the methods of
investigation have been developed in accordance with the appropriate guidance contained in the
Branch's Guidelines and the EPA Region IV SOPs. Phase I activities consist of surveying the
elevation and location of existing site monitoring and water supply wells, preparing a survey plat of
the site, measuring groundwater elevation and collecting groundwater samples from existing intact
monitoring wells. The following activities will be completed during the Phase I RI.
2.2.1 Land Surveying
A North Carolina Registered Land Surveyor (RLS) has performed the site survey plat of the
Gresham's Lake Site in accordance with NCDENR guidelines. Surveying techniques were
performed in accordance with procedures contained in Section 15 "Field Physical Measurements"
of the US EPA, Region IV SOPs. The plat includes the location and elevation of the existing
monitoring wells installed on the five properties that make up the Site. The location of the wells
are provided in State Plan Coordinate System, North American Datum of 1983 (NAD'83), and well
elevations are referenced to National Geodetic Vertical Datum. The plat includes benchmarks, north
arrow, locations of property boundaries, buildings, structures, surface water features, drainage
Q:\.IIJ5/\WORKPLA,WV.'RKPI..V-RV6.DOC 2-1 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Ruleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
ditches, dense vegetation, underground utilities, and identification of all adjacent property owners.
2.2.2 Groundwater Sampling
Twelve wells are included in the Phase I sampling. These are: MW-1, MW-1D, MW-4, MW-5,
MW-6, MW-12, MW-12D, MW-13D, MW-29/1, MW-29/2, MW-29/3, and the Billings supply well.
Wells MW-11 and MW-11D will not be sampled since the wells have been modified and their
integrity is questionable. Wells MW-14D, MW-15 and MW-15D are not located on the site
properties and will not be sampled during Phase L but water level data will be collected during Phase
I. The Able supply well and the supply well located on the former Halliburton Industrial Services
property will not be sampled since well constmction information is not available and screen interval
and depth are not known, but the water level elevations in the wells will be measured. The locations
of monitoring and supply wells are shown on the survey plat.
Groundwater samples collected from all twelve ( 12) wells will be analyzed for volatile organic
compounds using EPA Method 8260B. Site history and previous samples do not provide an
indication of potential groundwater impact from semi-volatile compounds, polychlorinated biphenyls
(PCB's), pesticides, metals, or cyanide. Therefore, sample locations for those parameters are based
on providing a relative uniform distribution of locations across the site. Groundwater collected from
six (6) wells (MW-1, MW-4, MW-6, MW-12, MW-13D, and MW-29/3) will be analyzed for semi-
volatile compounds by EPA Method 8270C. Groundwater collected from three (3) monitoring wells
(MW-4, MW-13D, and MW-29/3) will be analyzed for PCB's and pesticides by EPA Methods 8082
and 8081, respectively, hazardous substance list metals using EPA SW-846 Methods 60 I 0/7471,
cyanide using EPA Method 9012, and inorganic parameters of dissolved oxygen (using a dissolved
oxygen meter), total iron (using EPA SW-846 Methods 6010/7471 or colorimetric HACH Methods
8146), chloride (using ion chromatography Method E300 or HACH chloride test kit Model 8-P) and
sulfate (using ion chromatography Method E300 or HACH Method 8051). Since the integrity of all
site wells have not been assessed, the wells selected for analysis are preliminary and may be changed
by the Earth Tech field sampling manager at the time of sampling. Changes to this work plan will
be noted in the field logbook.
Prior to disturbing the water level in monitoring wells, water level measurements will be taken using
an electronic water-level meter, accurate to 0.01-foot, from a surveyed reference point at the top of
the well casing. Water-level data will be used to prepare a potentiometric map, to determine
groundwater flow directions and hydraulic gradient.
After measuring the water level, each well will be purged prior to sample collection to ensure that
the samples collected are representative of the groundwater quality in the aquifer at each well. Well
purging and sample collection will be performed in accordance with the procedures contained in
Section 4.0 of this work plan.
At the conclusion of Phase I sampling and analysis, the data will be analyzed and compared to past
data, as appropriate, and a summary report prepared. The summary report will include rational and
recommendations for Phase II RI activities.
Q:\.I/JSJ\WORKPL,\N\J.JWRKPl.'V•RV6.VOC 2-2 December 2000
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2.3 PHASE II RI METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
Phase I Remedial lnvest!gation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
Potential methods for the Phase II RT investigation include electromagnetic survey, soil-gas survey,
direct push sampling for soil and groundwater, surface soil sampling, surface (storm) water and
sediment sampling, monitoring well installation, and additional hydrogeologic assessment techniques
of fracture trace analysis, downhole video camera , and packer tests. Brief descriptions of these
methods are included in this section. The Phase I summary report will provide a description of
Phase II RI methods, and this work plan will be amended to provide detailed procedures for
performing selected investigation methods.
2.3.1 Electromagnetic Survey
A geophysical survey of specific areas of the site may be performed utilizing an electromagnetic
(EM)-31 or EM-61 Terrain Conductivity instrument with a data logger, or with ground penetrating
radar (GPR). The geophysical survey may be performed to locate former septic system(s) at the Site
or potential areas where containers may have been buried. In accordance with Paragraph A.2. I .2.2a
of the Inactive Hazardous Sites Branch (Branch) Guidelines for Assessment and Cleanup
(Guidelines), Appendix A, the geophysical survey will be conducted by scanning areas of concern
on parallel and perpendicular traverses spaced no further than 30 feet apart (closer spacing may be
required when using a metal detector). Grids will be established in all areas that yield anomalous
readings during the scanning phase. Grid nodes will be spaced no greater than 10 feet apart.
Readings will be recorded at each grid node and mapped.
Geophysical equipment will be operated according to manufacturer's recommendations and the
recommended instrument set-up and calibration procedures will be followed prior to start up each
morning and after each significant stoppage such as lunch breaks. During the geophysical survey,
field notes will be recorded in a log book concerning the survey grid setup and items encountered
during the survey and a sketch map of the survey layout, line and survey station spacing, and any
irregular survey line locations will also be recorded in the log book.
Following each day's usage, or when the data logger memory becomes filled, the data logger will be
downloaded to a computer and the data backed up on disk. The data files will be reviewed at the end
of each day to ensure data completeness. Graphical computer software will be used to process the
data to provide plots (line graphs and 2-1/2 D contour plots) for an analysis of each survey grid area.
The resulting graphical product will be integrated into the site-specific computer-aided design
drafting (CADD) map to define the anomaly locations and the intensity distribution of the measured
values there.
At each survey grid, a minimum of one survey line will be repeated for quality control purposes. If
more than one day is required to complete a grid, a quality control survey line will be measured each
day .
Q:\4JJ5J\Y,'ORKPIAMDWRKPU{-RVfi.DUC 2-3 December 2000
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2.3.2 Soil-Gas Survey
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
If evaluation of large areas of the site is required during the Phase II RT at the Gresham's Lake
Industrial Park site, dynamic soil-gas screening will be employed to minimize areas for discrete soil
sampling. Dynamic soil-gas screening consists of applying a vacuum to a direct push sample probe
and field measuring volatile organic compounds (VOes) in the vacuum pump off-gas using a
combination photo ionization detector (PID) and flame ionization detector (FfD). A field portable
1.5 hp vacuum pump will be used to collect samples for field measurement of off-gas voe
concentrations. The primary benefit of dynamic soil gas screening is that the radius of influence of
the boring is expanded to the radius of influence of the applied vacuum, which can typically range
from 15 to 25 feet. Findings of the soil-gas screening can be used to aid in identifying locations for
supplemental groundwater sampling.
2.3.3 Direct Push (Geoprobe®) Sampling
It is planned to collect soil and groundwater samples at the Site using direct push (Geoprobe®)
technology to determine if soils or the surficial aquifer has been impacted or has the potential for
being impacted. The following techniques will be used to collect the samples:
2.3.3.1 Soil Sampling
Direct push technology will be employed to obtain soil samples for field screening and laborato1y
analysis. The method of discrete soil sampling proposed is most economical in the vicinity of
potential sources, such as septic systems. The proposed sampling technique works on the basis that
volatile organic concentrations will be higher at the source than away from the source. As such, field
measurement of soil headspace with field equipment will indicate the relative location and depth of
potential sources. Direct-push equipment will advance shallow borings in the areas identified and
soil samples will be collected in acetate sleeves. The samples will be split, and half the sample
collected will be placed in a re-seal able plastic bag (such as Zip-Lock Bags), sealed, and allowed to
equilibrate with the bag headspace. The concentr.ati6n of voes in the bag headspace will be
measured using PID and FID equipment to provide sensitivity for both chlorinated and aromatic
voes. The second portion of the split sample will be placed on ice for potential laboratory analysis.
The samples that exhibit the highest voe concentrations will be submitted for laboratory analysis.
The number of samples collected will be dependent upon direct push boring and sampling depth.
In the event that direct push cannot advance into site soils sufficient depth to collect samples, a drill
rig will be used to collect split spoon soil samples. The methods of sample collection and screening
will be the same as described above for direct push. The split spoon sampler will be decontaminated
between sample depths in accordance with the procedures provided in this work plan.
2 .. 3.3.2Groundwater Sampling
Direct push sampling methods will be used to collect groundwater samples from suspect
contamination areas at the Site and at background (upgradient) locations. The direct push samples
Q:\4JJSI\WORKl'LANVJWRKl'LN•RV6,1'0C 2-4 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh. Wake County, North Carolina
will be collected by driving a 2-inch diameter rod to a depth below the water table. At that depth,
a I-inch polyvinyl chloride (PVC) temporary screen and riser will be placed in the rods, and the rods
will then be extracted. Groundwater samples will be collected from the PVC materials using a 3/4-
inch disposable bailer. Once a sufficient quantity of sample has been collected, the PVC materials
will be removed and the holes will be grouted to ground surface with a bentonite/cement grout
mixture. Based on previous hyrdrogeologic assessments at the site site, it is assumed that the
maximum groundwater sampling depth will be approximately 20 feet below land surface.
In the event that direct push cannot advance into site soils sufficient depth to collect groundwater
samples, hollow-stem auger or air-rotary drilling methods will be used to install temporary wells.
The temporary wells will be constructed of 2-inch, flush-threaded, schedule 40 PVC well screen and
casing. Approximately 15 feet of factory slotted (0.010-inch slot size) screen will be placed at the
bottom of the boring to intersect the top of the water table. Sufficient casing will be attached to the
screen to bring the well head above the ground surface. After groundwater samples are obtained,
the temporary wells will abandoned by removing the casing and screen and grouting the well in
accordance the Well Construction Standards as stipulated in ISA North Carolina Administrative
Code (NCAC) 2C. .
2.3.4 Surface Soil Sampling
The purpose of surface soil sampling is to determine if a surface release of contaminants or upward
contaminant migration has occurred. Surface soil samples will be collected at depths ranging from
6 to 18 inches below the land surface. In accordance with Appendix A of the Inactive Hazardous
Sites Program Guidelines for Assessment and Cleanup (Guidelines), grab samples will be collected
for volatile organic compound (VOC) analysis. Soil samples will be field screened using a
combination FID and PID to determine if contamination may be present. Samples in each area
exhibiting the highest VOC readings during field screening will be collected for laboratory analysis.
Composite surface soil samples will be collected in accordance with Appendix A of the Guidelines
for analysis using the methods listed in Section 5.0 of the Work Plan.
2.3.5 Surface Water and Sediment Sampling
The purpose of surface water and sediment sampling is to evaluate current or previous impact to the
surface environment resulting from discharge of storm water from the site area. Storm water
samples will be collected using stainless steel or glass sampling equipment in accordance with the
procedures contained in the EPA Region LV SOPs (Section 7.0 of this Work Plan). Drainage way
sediment samples will be collected using a stainless steel hand-auger or scoops and spoons in
accordance with the procedures contained in the EPA Region IV SOPs (Section 7.0 of this Work
Plan). The water and sediment samples will be shipped to the analytical laboratory and analyzed
using the procedures described in Section 5.0 of the Work Plan .
Q:\41 JSJ\ WUR Kl'Ll.'•I\JJWRKPU;-RV6.DOC 2-5 December 2000
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2.3.6 Monitoring Well Installation and Sampling
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
Based on the Site Summary Report and accompanying interpretations of groundwater flow and
contaminant plume geometry, additional shallow or deep monitoring wells may be necessary.
Shallow wells will be installed using hollow-stem auger or air-rotary drilling methods. Well
construction will consist of 2-inch, flush-threaded, schedule 40 PVC well screen and casing.
Approximately 15 feet of factory slotted (0.010-inch slot size) screen will be placed at the bottom
of the shallow boring to intersect the top of the water table. Sufficient casing will be attached to the
screen to bring the well head above the ground surface where it will be secured with a 4-inch
diameter steel stickup casing with a locking top. ln traffic areas, the wells will be completed with
an 8-inch, flush-mounted manhole. All PVC well materials will be factory cleaned and wrapped
prior to use. The wells will be constructed in accordance with the Well Construction Standards as
stipulated in I SA North Carolina Administrative Code (NCAC) 2C. A North Carolina Department
of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR), Groundwater Monitoring Installation Detail
form (Form GW-1) wi II be completed to document well construction procedures.
Deep monitoring wells will be drilled using hollow-stem augers, air rotary, or a combination of the
two. Four-or 6-inch PVC surface casing will be installed to the top of bedrock and grouted in place.
After the grout has set, air rotary drilling will be used to drill out from the casing and into bedrock.
Well construction will consist of 2-inch, flush-threaded, schedule 40 PVC well screen and casing.
Approximately 5 feet of factory slotted (0.0 I 0-inch slot size) screen will be placed at the bottom of
the deep boring. Sufficient casing will be attached to the screen to bring the well head above the
ground surface where it will be secured with a 4-inch diameter steel stickup casing with a locking
top. In traffic areas, the wells will be completed with an 8-inch, flush-mounted manhole. Well
installation will be in accordance with the well construction specifications established in I SA NCAC
2C.
All soils generated during the construction of the wells will be containerized in clean, federal
Department of Transportation (DOT) approved 55-gallon drums. The wells will be developed using
a submersible low yield pump to remove standing water and fine materials that may have entered
the wells during construction. Field parameters (temperature, pH, and specific conductivity) will be
monitored during well development in accordance with USEPA Region IV SOPs (refer to Section
4.4 of the Work Plan). All well development water will be containerized in 55-gallon drums.
Groundwater levels will be measured at the newly installed wells after development and at existing
wells. The locations of the new monitoring wells and existing wells will be surveyed in accordance
with the North Carolina grid system. This information will be used to estimate shallow groundwater
flow direction and produce a shallow groundwater contour map. In addition, groundwater samples
will be collected from the new wells and existing monitoring wells located in the site area. The
groundwater samples will be shipped to the analytical laboratory and analyzed using the methods
described in Section 5.0 of the Work Plan .
Q:\.t/JSJ\WORKl'IA,WJWRKl'Ui-Rl'~.DOC 2-6 December 2000
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2.3. 7 Additional Hydrogeologic Assessment Techniques
Phase I Remedial lnVcstigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
The following additional assessment methods may be employed, if necessary, during the Phase II
Remedial Investigation at the Site.
2.3.7.lFracture Trace Analysis
Based on the initial review of previous investigation data regarding well construction and depths,
the contaminants may have been detected in the bedrock aquifer. Once in the bedrock, groundwater
and dissolved contaminant transport is governed by fracture size and orientation. These fractures may
not be readily discerned at the ground surface, but can be estimated using topographic maps and
electromagnetic surveys. An analysis of topographic maps may reveal the surface expression of
bedrock fractures and an electromagnetic survey will likely show the electromagnetic differences
between fractures filled with water and the parent rock. In conjunction with these techniques, Earth
Tech will review the blasting records, if available, and conduct interviews with knowledgeable
personnel with Rea Construction regarding the quarrying operations at that site. This information
may provide insight as to the preferred fracture orientation.
2.3.7.2 Downhole Video Camera
A downhole video or acoustic camera may be employed to visually evaluate fractures in a boring of
sufficient size to accommodate the equipment (normally at least 6 inches in diameter) and with no
casing in the bedrock zone. Fracture characteristics that can be seen from the video camera will
include depth, size, and approximate orientation. Characteristics that can be evaluated with the
acoustic camera include fracture depth, size, vertical and horizontal orientation (strike and dip),
magnetic orientation, spacing, and groundwater entry into the borehole. The most readily available
borings for this technique, with regard to the Phase II investigation, are the contaminated supply
wells. An analysis of the fracture patterns in these wells will help define the likely direction and
depth from which contaminants are migrating.
2.3.7.3Packer Tests
Packer tests may be performed on selected wells to determine relative groundwater yield and
contaminant concentrations at different depths to aid in determining contaminant transport at the site.
Q:\.1/JSJ\WORKPIA,WWRKl'l.V-R~',S.J)QC 2-7 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh. Wake County, North Carolina
3.0 SAMPLING POINT DESIGNATIONS
The sample identification fonnat contains specific infonnation about the sample matrix and location
for activities conducted during the Phase I RI at the site. Prior to collecting each sample for off-site
laboratory analysis, the sample containers will be labeled with the following information: date and
time, a sample identification number, sampling personnel, preservatives (if any), and analytical
parameters. All information pertaining to a particular sample will be referenced by the sample
identification number recorded on the sample container, in the field log book, and on the chain-of-
custody form. Each sample will be sequentially numbered according to location and elate. The
sample designation format is discussed in the following sections.
3.1 GROUNDWATER
Groundwater samples will be collected from monitor wells and using direct push techniques. These
samples will be identified using the following methods.
3.1.1 Groundwater Monitor Wells
Twelve ( 12) existing groundwater monitor wells will be sampled during the Phase I RI. All samples
collected during the Phase l RI at the site will be labeled using the prefix "GL", which denotes the
Gresham's Lake Industrial Park. as opposed to other sites under investigation. Therefore, a
groundwater sample collected from existing well 29MW-l will have the following sample
identification (ID) number:
GL029MW-I
3.1.2 Direct Push Groundwater Samples
An undetennined number of groundwater samples will be obtained during the Phase II RI at the site
using direct push or drilling techniques. These samples will be labeled GL-GW-1 through GL-GW-
X.
3.2 SOIL SAMPLES
An undetermined number of soil samples will be collected at the Site using direct push or drilling
techniques. The number of samples and their locations and depths will be determined using field
screening techniques during the Phase II RI. These samples will be labeled GL-S-1 (x-y) through
GL-S-X (x-y), with (x-y) indicating the depth in feet of the sampled interval. For example, the
discrete soil sample collected from location 1 at a depth of 2 to 4 feet will be labeled GL-S-1 (2-4) .
Q:'.1135/\WORKl'I.AMIJWRKPU-I-RVf,.VOC 3-1 December 2000
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3.3 SURFACE WATER
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh. Wake County, North Carolina
Surface water (SW) samples may be collected from an undetermined number of sampling stations
during the Phase Il RI. Surface water samples will be labeled GL-SW-1 through GL-SW-X.
3.4 SEDIMENT
Sediment (SED) samples may be collected in the previously described storm water drainage areas
during the Phase II RI. Sediment samples collected from these monitoring stations will be label_ed
GL-SED-1 through GL-SED-X.
3.5 SURFACE SOIL
Surface Soil (SS) samples will be collected at an undetermined number of locations during the Phase
11 RI at the Site. These samples will be labeled GL-SS-1 through GL-SS-X.
3.6 QUALITY ASSURANCE/QUALITY CONTROL
QC samples will include duplicates, trip blanks, field blanks, and rinsate blanks. Adding a lower
case character extension to the end of the Sample ID denotes QC samples. A hyphen "-" must
precede the extension. The extensions are as follows:
Extension
-a
-b
-c
-d
Q:\.JIJ51\\\'0RKPIA;',V)\VRKl'l.\'-RV6.DOC
Description
field duplicate
trip blank
field blank
rinsate or equipment blank
3-2 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Invcstigalion Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
4.0 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT AND FIELD PROCEDURES
This section describes the data quality objectives for the remedial investigation, and field equipment
and procedures' that will be utilized during field activities to complete the Phase I Remedial
Investigation at the Gresham's Lake Site. In addition, this section describes ambient air monitoring,
to be performed during field activities, field quality control checks, corrective action, sampling
equipment decontamination procedures, and management of investigation-derived wastes.
4.1 DATA QUALITY OBJECTIVES
To obtain data that will meet the project objectives, it is necessary to define the types of decisions
that will be made, to identify the intended uses of the data, and to design a data collection program.
Data Quality Objectives (DQOs) are requirements for the quality of data generated by the
investigation, based on the intended uses of the data. DQOs are important for obtaining sufficient
data of defensible quality for the intended uses. The DQO process will assist in determining the
appropriate quantitation, detection, and reporting limits, analytical methods, and sample handling
procedures.
Data collected during the remedial investigation will be used for a number of purposes, and varying
levels of confidence in the data will be required. The primary purposes of this investigation are to
sample, test and evaluate groundwater, sediment, surface water, and soil to determine wheth.er
contamination is present and to document the magnitude of such contaminants at the site. Previous
data and site history, where available, were used to select site contaminants of concern and critical
sampling locations. The Phase I RI and subsequent Phase 11 are designed to collect sufficient
sampling data to establish remediation goals in accordance with the Guidelines.
There are four data categories.
• Field Screening --This level is characterized by the use of portable instruments which can
provide real-time data to ,L,sist in the optimization of sampling locations and health and safety
support. Data can be generated regarding the presence or absence of certain contaminants at
sampling locations.
• Field Analyses --This level is characterized by the use of portable analytical instruments which
can be used on site, or in a mobile laboratory stationed near a site. Depending upon the types
of contaminants, sample matrix, and personnel skills, qualitative and quantitative data can be
obtained.
• Screening Data with Definitive Confirmation --These data are generated by rapid, less precise
methods of analysis with less rigorous sample preparation. Sample preparation steps may be
restricted to simple procedures such as dilution with a solvent, instead of elaborate
extraction/digestion and cleanup. Screening data provides analyte identification and
quantification, although the quantification may be relatively imprecise. At least I 0% of the
Q:\.IIJ51\V.ORKPU;,,VJV.RKPI,\'-RV6.00C 4-1 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
screening data should be confirmed using appropriate analytical methods and quality
assurance/quality control (QA/QC) procedures and criteria associated with definitive data.
Screening data without associated confirmation data is not considered to be data of known
quality.
• Definitive Data --These data are generated using rigorous analytical methods, such as approved
EPA reference methods. Data are analyte-specific, with confirmation of analyte identity and
concentration. These methods produce tangible raw data (e.g., chromatograms, spectra or
digital values) in the form of paper printouts or computer-generated electronic files. Data may
be generated at the site or at an off-site location, as long as the QA/QC requirements arc
satisfied. To be definitive, either the analytical or total measurement error must be detennined.
4.1.1 Chemical DQOs
Chemical Data Quality Objectives (CDQOs) are qualitative and quantitative statements that specify
the quality of the data required to support NCDENR and EPA decisions during investigative and
remedial activities. To achieve the project objective, a multi-step process is used to develop site-
specific CDQOs needed for this task. CDQOs are developed to ensure that:
• NC Branch Remediation Goals and data needs for engineering requirements are met to
determine the need for additional investigation (Phase II), and remediation.
• Samples are analyzed using well-defined methods that will provide confident detection limits
sufficiently below the Branch remediation goals and the lower of the North Carolina
groundwater standards (as defined in Paragraph .0202, Section 2L, Chapter ISA of the North
Carolina Administrative Code (I SA NCAC 2L.0202)), the federal Maximum Contaminant
Levels (MCL's), or the non-zero Maximum Contaminant Level Goals (MCLG's), which are
accurate to the degree required to ascertain the presence or absence of contamination directly
related to the Site.
• The precision and accuracy goals of data are well defined and adequate to provide defensible
data. Samples are collected using approved techniques and are representative of existing
environmental conditions.
• Quality Assurance/Quality Control (QA/QC) procedures for both field and laboratory
methodology meet the Branch Guidelines and the USEPA Region IV guidance document
requirements.
Data Quality Level III was selected for all samples collected for this project because of the
preliminary nature of the investigation. This level of quality represents data generated under
laboratory conditions using USEPA approved procedures. Data Quality Levels are determined by
reference to Data Quality Objectives for Remedial Response Activities, Vol. l, EPA 540/G-87 /003a,
OSWER 9355.0, March 1987. Data of this type, both qualitative and quantitative, are used for
Q:\4/J51\'rt'ORKPl~\MJJWHK/'l,N-HVf-,.lJOC 4-2 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, Nonh Carolina
determination of source, extent, or characterization and to support evaluation of remedial
technologies.
Specific objectives for the remedial investigation include the following:
• Determine if environmental media (soil, surface water, groundwater, and sediment) has been
contaminated.
• Identify chemical contaminants at the site.
• Identify potential contaminant source "hot spots" and areas of concern.
• Collect sufficient information to establish remediation goals.
To accomplish these objectives, the site investigation field activities include sampling and analysis
of groundwater, soil, surface water, and sediment. Table 4-1 summarizes the sampling containers,
parameters and analyses that will be used during this investigation. Where possible, the detection
limits of laboratory analytical testing will be equal to or lower than the applicable North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources and USEPA standards.
• 4.2 FIELD SAMPLING PROCEDURES
•
The Phase I RI field investigation requires various types of sampling and analyses to meet the data
needs of the project. These requirements will be met with sampling and analyses of groundwater
from twelve (I 2) site wells. Additional environmental media including surface (storm) water, soil,
and sediment may be investigated during the Phase H RI. Included is a brief description of sampling
procedures to be employed if additional environmental media are included in the Phase II RI. If
additional media are included, then this work plan will be amended to provide detailed procedures
for sample collection of those media.
4.2.1 Field Equipment and Supplies
A list of equipment and supplies required for Phase I RI field activities are included as Table 4-2.
This list includes field sampling equipment, sample screening equipment, and health and
safety/personal protective equipment. Earth Tech will supply the equipment. The laboratory
subcontractor, Pace Analytical, Inc., will supply sample coolers, sample containers, and chemical
preservatives premeasured in the appropriate containers. It should be noted that Earth Tech may
elect to rent field equipment either internally or externally, and the manufacturer and/or model
number of the rental equipment may be different from that identified in this section or in Table 4-2.
Any changes to field equipment will be documented in the field logbook.
A Foxboro Model TVA 1000 (or equivalent) combination flame ionization detector (FID) and
photoionization detector (PIO) will be utilized during Phase TI sampling activities to field screen soil
Q:\.llJ51\WORf;PfA,\'\DWRl(J>f.\'.RVti.DOC 4-3 December 2Q_OO
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:'\latrix
Water5
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Water
Sediment/
Soil
Sediment/
Soil
Sediment/
Soil
Sediment/
Soil
Sediment/
Soil
Table 4-1
Sample Containers, Preservation, and Holding Times1
Gresham's Lake Industrial Park
Parameter Container! Preservati\'C3
Volatile Organics 3 x 40 ml, Glass HCL lo pH <2,
SW-846 Method 8260B Senta vials lee to 4°C
Semi-Volatile Organics I liter Amber Glass Ice to 4°C
SW-846 Method 8270C
PCBs/Pesticides l liter Amber Glass lee to 4°C
SW-846 Method 8082/8081
TAL Metuls6 Ix !000m!P,G HNOJ to pH <2
SW-846 Methods 6010/747 l kc 10 4°C
Cyanide l x 500 ml P, G NaOH to pH >12
SW-846 Methods 9012 Ice to 4°C
Chloride and Sulfate Ions Ix 500 ml P, G Ice to 4°C
Totul Iron ! x 500 ml P, G HN03 to pH <2
Ice to 4"C
Volatile Organics 4-ounce. Glass lee to 4°C
SW-846 Method 82608 Teflon-lined cno
Semi-Volatile Organics 4-ounce. Glass lee to 4°C
SW-846 Method 8?70C Teflon-lined can
PCBs/Pesticides 4-ounce, Glass Ice co 4°C
SW-846 Method 8082/8081 Teflon-lined can
TAL Metals6 4-ounce P, G Ice to 4°C
SW-846 Methods 6010/7471
Cyanide 4-ounce P, G Ice 10 4°C
SW-846 Methods 9012
I Sample containers. preservatives, and holding times from "Environmental Investigation Standard Operating
Assurance Manual" U.S. EPA, Region IV, May 1996 (ER-1110-1-263), Appendices A.
Maximum Holding Time.,;~
Extraction Analysis
--14 days
7 days 40 days
7 days 40 days
180 days 180 days6
14 Jays
28 days
I 80 days
--14 days
14 days 40 days
14 days 40 days
180 days 180 dayl
14 days
Procedures and Quality
2.All containers must have Tellon-lined seals (Teflon-lined septa for VOA vials). G = Glass; P = High-density polyethylene.
3. Chemical preservatives will be added to the containers by the analytical laboratory prior to shipment of the containers to the site. Meta!
samples will be acidified prior to filtering to comply with North Carolina Division of Water Quality requirement that all groundwater
samples be collected and analyzed in accordance with Standard Method 3030C "Preliminary Treatment for Acid Extractable Metals".
4. When only one holding item is given, it denotes total holding time from sampling until analysis.
5. Water s..1mples include groundwater and surface water.
6. Total metals for water samples .
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TABLE4-2
Field Equipment and Supplies
Gresham's Lake Industrial Park Phase I RI
ITEMS ITEMS
FID/PID Nitrile Gloves
FID/PID Calibration Gases Fire Extinguisher
Turbidity Meter Ear Plugs
Turbidity Standard Solution Surgical Gloves
Tape (nylon. clear. &/or duct) Stainless Steel Bowls
Sample Tracking Matrix Forms Stainless Steel Spoons/Knives
Chain-of-Custodv Forms Log Books
Water Level Indicator Hard Hat
Dissolved Oxygen Meter and Probe Steel Toed Boots
Conductivity/pH/Temperature Meter Goggles/Safety Glasses
Conductivity Calibrating Solution Custody Seals
nH Buffer Solution Sample Bottles/Jars
oH Paper Deionized or Distilled Water
First Aid Kit Zin Lock Bags
Eve Wash Solution ( 15-min caoacitv) Bubble Wrap
Air-Purifying Rcsnirator (APR) Nvlon Rope
APR Cartridoes. GMC-H Tape Measure
Bailers (PVC or Teflon) Trash Bags
Hand Auger Buckets Soil-Gas Probes
Hand Auger Extensions Direct-Push Samnlers
Camera Tools (hammer, screwdriver. wrench, .etc)
Tyvek Spray Bottles/Jars/Labels
Colorimeter and Test Kits
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wakt: County, Nllrth Carolina
samples or soil-gas and scan for volatile organic compounds during drilling. This instrument will
be used for health and safety monitoring as well as for general field screening. During groundwater
and surface (storm)water sampling, field parameters, (pH, temperature, and conductivity) will be
taken utilizing a combination pH meter, conductivity meter, and thermometer instrument. During
Phase I and Phase II groundwater and surface (storm) water sampling for metals, turbidity will be
measured using a turbidity meter, and dissolved oxygen will be measured in selected wells. In
addition, Earth Tech may field analyze samples for inorganic parameters such as total iron, chloride,
and sulfate using a Hach colorimeter with reagent test kits.
To ensure that field equipment provides data that are valid and consistently within defined
parameters, quality control (QC) procedures will be implemented during field activities. These
procedures, as appropriate, include equipment calibration, preventive maintenance, quality control
checks, corrective action, and decontamination procedures. Field activities affecting data quality and
any deviation from standard operating procedures will be documented in the field logbook.
Samples will be collected in order proceeding from areas of least contamination to those of greater
contamination, where known based on existing data. Analytical fractions from each sample location
will be collected in order from most sensitive (i.e., volatiles) to least sensitive (i.e., metals).
Field equipment calibration standards are received, stored, prepared, and used following procedures
that allow tracing of the standard from suppliers, through storage and preparation, to instrument
calibration and use of the instrument in the field. These procedures are described in applicable
manufacturer's literature supplied with the instrument.
Receipt and Traceability
Small amounts of standards are received on an as-needed basis. These standards are stored in the
equipment shop according to the supplier's specifications, with the lot number or supplier's
identification number, the date that the standard was received, and the expiration date of the standard
written on the standard storage container. This procedure references the standards in the equipment
shop to specific lots of our suppliers.
Sources and Preparation
Standards for field instruments are received directly from the equipment manufacturer, analytical
laboratory, or commercial laboratory supplier. Standards are received either pre-prepared or are
prepared as needed, typically in association with instrument calibration. When the instrument is
calibrated, the standard's lot number or product identifier, expiration date, and preparation date is
recorded in the instrument log book. This procedure references instrument calibration to a specific
standard and date of standard preparation .
Q:\4/JSI\WORKPUN\JJWRKPf.','.RWi.DOC 4-4 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
Specific Conductance, Temperature. and pH Meter
HYDAC No. 15235 Meter
The HYDAC No. 0 l 5235 meter is calibrated at the factory for temperature and conductance.
Temperature cannot be calibrated outside the factory, but the calibration of conductance will be
performed weekly prior to field use at Earth Tech's equipment shop. A check of calibration will be
performed daily using standard solutions prior to use in the field. Specific conductance and pH are
calibrated in the following manner.
Specific Conductance
• Remove black plug revealing the adjustment potentiometer screw:
• Add standard solution to cup, discard, and refill.
•
•
Repeat procedure until the digital display indicates the same value twice in a row .
Adjust potentiometer until the display indicates the known value of conductance .
• Add de-ionized water to the cup and read. The digital display should read zero or near zero .
Record the reading in the field logbook, but do not reset the instrument to zero.
pH
• Rinse the pH probe in distilled water.
• Insert probe in #7 buffer solution .
• Adjust the "ZERO" potentiometer until the digital display reads 7.00 .
• Rinse probe, and insert in #4 or #10 buffer solution, whichever more closely approximates the
expected pH of the samples.
• Adjust the "SLOPE" potentiometer until the digital display reads 4.00 or l 0.00, per the
respective buffer.
Organic Vapor Analyzer
Foxboro Model TVA /000 FIDIPID
The Foxboro Model TV A l 000 combination flame-ionizing detector (FID) and photoionization
detector (PID) is calibrated by the factory every six to nine months, or whenever the manufacturer
Q:\.J I JS l\WORKPU,V,IJWRKPL. '1/-R ~•~.DOC 4-5 /)ecemher 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
isobutylene. When in use, the instrnment is zeroed daily to background levels. The instrument is
zeroed to background as follows:
• Install hydrogen tank, attach probe/readout assembly, turn red hydrogen supply valve to ON and
wait 2 minutes for proper hydrogen flow.
• Press ON
• Press CONTROL
• Press I to turn pump on. Wait approximately 30 seconds and then press 3 to ignite (if flameout
message is displayed, press EXIT to clear error condition, wait 2 minutes and press CONTROL
and 3 again).
• After allowing 20 minutes for warm up, press 2=Setup
• Press !=Calibrate
• Press6=Background
• Press !=Update
• Press l =Accept
• Press 1 =Run
The calibration of the instrument is checked at least weekly and set, if required, at Earth Tech's
equipment shop as follows:
• Press ON
• Press CONTROL
• Press 1 to turn pump on. Wait approximately 30 seconds and then press 3 to ignite (if flameout
message is displayed, press EXIT to clear error condition, wait 2 minutes and press CONTROL
and 3 again).
• After allowing 20 minutes for warm up, press 2=Setup
• Press 1 =Calibrate
• Press 2 =Span Concentration
• Enter Span Concentration for calibration gas being used. If PID, enter the concentration of
isobutylene, if FID enter the concentration of methane, if dual, enter both.
• Press 3=Zero
• Press 1 =Both
• Challenge analyzer in clean ambient air
• Press ENTER=Start, wait to stabilize
• Press ENTER=S tart
• Press 4=Span
• (PID 1 ·11) Press 2=PID
• Press ENTER=Start
• Challenge analyzer with isobutylene span gas and wait for readings to stabilize.
• Press ENTER to accept
• Press 4=Span
• Press 3=FID
QM I JS II WORKPLI.N\JJWRKPI ,N.R \!~.DOC 4-6 December 2000
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Phase l Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
• Challenge analyzer with methane span gas and wait for readings to stabilize.
• Press ENTER=Accept
• Press 5=Response Factor
• Confirm that Response Factor says "RF0:DEFAULT"
• Press EXIT 2 times to main menu
• Press I =Run
• Instrument is in survey mode
Turbidity Meter
HF Instruments DRT-15CE Turbidimeter
The HF Instruments DDT-15CE turbidimeter will be standardized daily prior to use as follows:
• Insert the reference standard into the instrument and rotate it until the notch on the indexing ring
faces the locator pin.
• Adjust the Reference Adjust in the appropriate direction to cause the display to read 0.02 NTU.
• The unit is now ready of use on any range.
• Dissolved Oxvgen Meter
•
YSI Inc. Model 55 Dissolved Oxygen System
The YSI Inc. Model 55 Dissolved Oxygen System is calibrated each time the instrument is turned
off and prior to taking measurements as follows:
• Ensure that the sponge inside the instrument's calibration chamber is wet, and insert the probe
into the calibration chamber.
• Turn the instrument on by pressing the ON/OFF button on the front of the instrument. Wait
for the dissolved oxygen and temperature readings to stabilize (usually 15 minutes is required
after turning the instrument on.)
• Press and release both the UP ARROW and DOWN ARROW keys at the same time.
• The LCD will prompt you to enter the local altitude in hundreds of feet. Use the arrow key to
increase or decrease the altitude.
• When the proper altitude appears on the LCD, press the ENTER key. CAL and the current
dissolved oxygen (DO) reading should appear on the display.
• When the DO reading is stable, press the ENTER button. The LCD will prompt you to enter
the approximate salinity of the water. Use the arrow keys to set the display to zero for fresh
water, and press the ENTER key. The instrument will return to operating mode .
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Hach Colorimeter
Hach Model DR/700 Colorimeter
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh. Wake County, North Carolina
The Hach Model DR/700 Colorimeter with test-specific filter modules and reagent kits may be used
to field analyze groundwater samples for total iron, chloride, sulfate and other inorganic parameters.
The filter modules are pre-calibrated, and no calibration is required prior to use except zeroing the
instrument using distilled water.
At a minimum, calibration and maintenance intervals for field instruments will be those
recommended by the respective manufacturers, unless experience dictates a shorter interval.
Adherence to the calibration schedule is mandatory. The user is responsible for identifying,
monitoring, and controlling calibration intervals and ensuring that maintenance checks are timely
prior to use of the equipment. The calibration instructions provided in this work plan apply to the
specific instruments identified. Earth Tech may elect to rent field instruments and the rental
instruments may differ from those identified in the plan. ln those cases, calibration will be
·performed in accordance with the instructions received with the instruments. Changes to this plan
will be documents in the field logbook.
Most of Earth Tech's field instruments operate by solid-state circuitry that are designed for field use .
Little preventive maintenance of the instruments is regularly required, other than cleaning. Specific
preventive maintenance procedures are described below.
Each field-screening instrument has its own logbook that is carried in the instn11nent case.
Preventive maintenance actions, with the exception of battery recharging, are documented in each
instrument's logbook by the equipment manager or the person conducting the maintenance in the
field. Preventive maintenance of these instruments requires periodic cleaning, battery replacement,
and storage of the probe in its protective casing.
4.2.2 Groundwater Sampling
During the Phase I RI, groundwater samples will be collected from 12 existing site wells (refer to
Table 1-1) as identified in Section 2.0. The sampling procedure will consist of groundwater level
measurements, field monitoring of indicator parameters (groundwater temperature, pH, specific
conductivity, and turbidity (for metals analysis only)) during well purging, recording of information
in field logbooks, and collection of groundwater samples for laboratory analysis.
Prior to disturbing the water level in monitoring wells, water level measurements will be taken using
an electronic water-level meter, accurate to 0.01-foot, from a surveyed reference point at the top of
the well casing. Water-level data will be used to estimate groundwater flow direction and to
determine trends in groundwater depths at the Gresham's Lake lndustrial Park Site .
Q:\41 JS t\WORKPI.A,'NJWRKJ'f,.V•R ~'d.DOC 4-8 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh. Wake County, North Carolina
height of the water column in the well is determined by subtracting the depth to water from the total
well depth. The depth to water and total well depth will be measured using an electronic water level
tape. The total well depth will be taken from well constmction records, if available, or from the total
well depth measurement which ever is applicable.
The volume of water to be purged from each well will be calculated in the field; a minimum of three
well volumes to a maximum of five well volumes will be purged before sampling occurs. The
volume of water for each well is calculated using the following equation:
V
where:
re =3.14159
r =radius of well casing, in feet
h =height of water column, in feet
V =volume of water in well, in gallons
Indicator parameters will be measured periodically during the well purging process, at a minimum,
once before purging activities have begun and once upon extraction of each well volume. When the
indicator parameters are stable and three well volumes have been evacuated, the well will be
sampled. Temperature and specific conductivity are considered stable if three consecutive
measurements are within ten percent of each other. Stabilization is considered complete when the
pH remain constant within +/-0.1 Standard Units (SU), specific conductance varies no more than
IO percent, the temperature is constant for a least three consecutive readings, and, for metals analysis
only, when the turbidity has either stabilized or is below 10 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU's).
If the parameters have not stabilized after three well volumes have been evacuated, then the well will
be purged to five well volumes. At five well volumes, purging will be considered complete and
groundwater samples collected. If a well is purged dry before three well volumes can be removed,
then well purging will be considered complete and the well will be sampled as soon as there is
sufficient water in the well to collect the samples.
Well purging will be accomplished by pumping or bailing in accordance with EPA Region N SOP
procedures. Excerpts of applicable portions of the SOP procedures are included in Section 7.0.
After each well has been purged, groundwater sample collection will occur within 24 hours.
Groundwater samples will be collected with a laboratory-decontaminated Teflon bailer, new
disposable bailer, pumps, or by other means as described in the SOP procedures (Section 7.0).
Sample containers will be filled directly from the bailer or sample collection equipment. A different
bailer will be used for each well. The well will be sampled from the top of the water column. The
volatile organic compound sample vials will be filled so that a positive meniscus forms above the
edge of the container. After the container cap is tightened, the vial will be inverted and gently tapped
in order to check for air bubbles. If bubbles appear, the cap will be removed and another meniscus
formed before recapping the vial. This method will be repeated until no air is contained in the vial.
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
For collection of groundwater samples for metals analysis, samples will be collected within 24 hours
after purging to allow sufficient time for sediments in the wells to settle. The samples will be field
screened for turbidity using a portable turbidity meter (HF Instruments DRT-I 5CE). If a
groundwater sample's turbidity exceeds 10 NTU, metals analysis will not be performed and an
alternative well will be selected for sampling.
Field logbooks will be completed to document the results of the well purging and sampling.
New nitrile gloves will be worn at each sampling location. The samples will then be properly
documented, placed on ice in a cooler and transported to the contract analytical laboratory.
4.2.3 Surface Water Sampling
Based on data from the Phase I RI, surface water samples in Site drainage ways (storm water
samples) may be collected at various locations. Field personnel during sampling will approach each
sampling location from the downstream direction to prevent possible disturbance of sediments or
contamination of surface water. The samples will be collected from downstream to upstream
locations. Samples will be collected at a depth of 0-2 inches from the water surface using laboratory
supplied, pre-preserved sample containers. For volatile organic compounds, 40 ml Teflon septa glass
sample vials will be filled with surface water in such a manner as to exclude air bubbles once the cap
has been tightened. The sample container will be gently tapped as the sample is placed in the
container, and the container will be completely filled to eliminate as much headspace as possible.
Excerpts of applicable portions of the EPA SOPs are included in Section 7.0.
New nitrile gloves will be worn at each sampling location. The samples will then be properly
documented, placed on ice in a cooler and transported to the contract analytical laboratory.
4.2.4 Sediment Sampling
Based on data from the Phase I RI, sediment samples may be collected at the same locations as the
surface water samples or at other locations. Sediment samples will be obtained employing the
applicable procedures contained in portions of the EPA SOPs included in Section 7.0. Sediment
samples will be obtained from the approximate center of the stream using a stainless steel scoop or
spoon.
New nitrile gloves will be worn at each sampling location. The samples will then be properly
documented, placed on ice in a cooler and transported to the contract analytical laboratory.
4.2.5 Soil Sampling
During the Phase II RI, soil samples, including surface and deeper samples, may be collected at an
undetermined number of locations. The soil samples will be collected in accordance with the
portions of the EPA SOPs included in Section 7 .0. Hand augers will be used to collect surface soil
samples while direct push techniques will be used for deeper sampling.
Q;\41351\WORKl'LAMDWRKPI.N-Rn;.[)QC 4-10 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial lnvcstigc1tion Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
New nitrile gloves will be worn at each sampling location. The samples will then be properly
documented, placed on ice in a cooler and transported to the contract analytical laboratory. ·
4.3 AMBIENT AIR MONITORING
Air monitoring will be performed with a combination FID/PID during field sampling activities. Air
monitoring will be conducted for personal safety and to monitor volatile organic emissions in the
work area. All results will be recorded in the field logbook. The Site Safety and Health Plan
describes the specifics of air monitoring, trigger levels, and personnel protective equipment.
4.4 FIELD SCREENING AND MEASUREMENT
Screening of temperature, pH, specific conductance, and turbidity of groundwater or storm water
samples will be conducted during field activities. In addition, field measurement of dissolved
oxygen and inorganic parameters such as total iron, chloride, and sulfate at selected wells will be
performed. Field screen of groundwater samples for turbidity prior to metals analysis will also be
performed. Field screening and measurement proced(1res are described below.
4.4.1 Water Temperature
To field screen aqueous samples for temperature, a HYDAC meter will be used. This meter contains
instrumentation for obtaining pH, temperature, and specific conductivity. The sample holder at the
top of the instrument is filled with the liquid so that the thermometer sensor is completely covered
by the sample. The sample remains in the cup until the temperature reading stabilizes, typically for
no more than one minute. The temperature is read directly off the instrument display in degrees
Celsius or Fahrenheit to the nearest 0.5-degree. These data are recorded in the field logbook.
4.4.2 Water pH
To field screen aqueous samples for pH, the meter is inspected, and is allowed to equilibrate' to
ambient temperatures. The instrument is calibrated, and the probe is rinsed with tap water. The
probe is then inserted into the sample so that the sensing area is fully covered by the sample. The
pH values are sensed instantaneously by the instrument and are read directly from the display (to±
0.l pH units), as the log (to the base 10) of the hydrogen ion concentration of the sample. These data
are recorded in the field logbook.
4.4.3 Water Specific Conductance
To field screen aqueous samples for specific conductance, the meter is inspected for cracks and is
allowed to equilibrate to ambient temperatures. The instrument then is calibrated. The sample cup
is filled with the sample so that the sensing area is fully covered by the sample. The specific
conductance value is sensed instantaneously by the instrument and is read directly off the display,
as micromhos per centimeter. For results less than 1000 micromhos/centimeter, the values are read
Q:W 1 35 l\ WORKl'/AN\DWRK.N,N-R ~· 6.DOC 4-11 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Pian
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh. Wll.ke County, Nonh Carolina
to the nearest IO units; for results greater than I 000 micromhos/centimeter, the values arc read to the
nearest I 00 units. These data are recorded in the field logbook.
4.4.4 Turbidity
To field screen aqueous samples for turbidity, the meter is inspected for cracks and is a11owed to
equilibrate to ambient temperatures. The instrument then is calibrated using 0.5 and 5.0 NTU
turbidity standards. The sample container is filled with the sample so that the sensing area is fu11y
covered by the sample. The turbidity value is sensed instantaneously by the instrument and is read
directly off the display, as Nephclometric Turbidity Units (NTU), to the nearest 0.0 I NTU on the 0-
11 NTU range. These data are recorded in the field logbook.
4.4.5 Dissolved Oxygen
To field measure aqueous samples for dissolved oxygen, the probe membrane is inspected for to
ensure tight fit and for wrinkles or fouling. If the membrane is undamaged, the instrument is
calibrated if it had been turned off prior to current use. After the selected we11s have been purged
and groundwater samples co11ccted, the probe in slowly lowered into the groundwater and DO
reading in milligrams per liter (mg/I) allowed to stabilize. The stabilized reading is recorded in the
field logbook .
4.4.6 Inorganic Parameters (Total Iron, Chloride, Sulfate)
To field analyze aqueous samples for inorganic parameters such as total iron, chloride, and sulfate
a Hach Model DF/700 colorimeter with appropriate test-specific filter module and reagents is used.
Each filter module is factory calibrated and no field calibration is required. The test-specific filter
module is installed in the colorimeter, and the display is to the module program number. A sample
eel] is fi11ed with sample, and another cell is fi11ed with demineralized water (blank). Test reagents
are added to the sample and mixed. The blank is placed in the colorimeter eel] holder and ZERO
button depressed. The display wil] show 0.0 mg/I and the zero prompt wil] turn off. The sample is
then placed in the ce11 holder and the READ button is depressed. The display will shown the results
in mg/I. The data are recorded in the field logbook.
4.5 FIELD QUALITY CONTROL CHECKS
Quality control checks in the field wi11 include the collection of field quality control (QC) samples
and QC checks of field screening instruments. Field QC samples will include field duplicates,
equipment blanks, and trip blanks. The following sections define each QC sample and provide the
collection frequency and analytical requirements.
Field Duplicates
Duplicate samples collected in the field provide information on the reproducibility of sampling and
analysis results for the entire measurement system including sample acquisition, homogeneity,
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
handling, shipping, storage, preparation, and analysis. Samples for duplicate analyses will be
selected from representative areas with the highest potential for contamination, and submitted blind
to the laboratory for analyses.
For the Phase I RI groundwater sampling, field duplicate samples will be collected daily. The field
time for collection of samples for volatile organic compounds is estimated as three days resulting
in three duplicate samples for analysis by EPA Method 8260B. The field time for collection of
samples for semi-volatile organic compounds is two days resulting in two duplicate samples for
analysis by EPA Method 8270C. The field time for collection of samples for PCBs/pesticides,
Hazardous Substance List Metals, and cyanide is estimated as one day total resulting in one
duplicated sample for analysis of those parameters.
Equipment Field Blanks --a sample collected using organic-free water which has been run
over/through sample collection equipment. These samples are used to determine if contaminants
have been introduced by contact of the sample medium with sampling equipment. Equipment field
blanks are often associated with collecting rinse blanks of equipment that has been field cleaned.
For the Phase I RI groundwater sampling, field blank samples will be collected daily. The field time
for collection of samples for volatile organic compounds is estimated as three days resulting in three
equipment blank samples for analysis by EPA Method 8260B. The field time for collection of
samples for semi-volatile organic compounds is two days resulting in two equipment blank samples
for analysis by EPA Method 8270C. The field time for collection of samples for PCBs/pesticides,
Hazardous Substance List Metals, and cyanide is estimated as one day total resulting in one
equipment blank sample for analysis of those parameters.
Trip Blanks
Trip blanks are prepared in the laboratory, shipped with the sample containers to the site, and are
kept with the investigative samples throughout the sampling event. They are then packaged for
shipment with the other samples and submitted for analysis. One trip blank will be included with
each shipment of groundwater samples requiring volatile analysis.
For the Phase I RI groundwater sampling, trip blank samples will be collected daily. The field time
for collection of samples for volatile organic compounds is estimated as three days resulting in three
trip blank samples for analysis by EPA Method 8260B.
Qualitv Control Checks of Field Instruments
Proper measurement of accuracy and precision of field instruments is verified by daily instrument
calibration and QC checks. This information is recorded in the field logbook and the Daily Quality
Control Report. This information is reviewed daily by the Field Task Manager who audits the
accuracy and precision of the field screening instruments. This information is also audited weekly
• by the Project Manager.
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4.6 CORRECTIVE ACTION
Phase l Remedial lnvcstigntion Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
All technical staff will be responsible for reporting all suspected technical nonconfonnances by
initiating a nonconformance report of any issued deliverable or document. All staff will be
responsible for reporting all suspected nonconformances by initiating a nonconformance report.
The QC Manager will be responsible for ensuring that corrective actions for nonconformances are
implemented by:
• Evaluating all reported nonconformances.
• Controlling additional work on nonconforming items.
• Determining disposition or action to be taken.
• Maintaining a log of nonconformances.
• Reviewing nonconformance reports.
• Evaluating disposition or action taken .
• Ensure nonconformance reports are included in the final site documentation in document
control.
Any staff member who discovers or suspects a nonconformance, which is an identified or suspected
deficiency in an approved document, is responsible for initiating a nonconformance report.
The Field Task Manager will ensure that no additional work that is dependent on the nonconforming
activity is performed until the nonconformance is corrected. The Field Task Manager will be
responsible for carrying out corrective action as initiated by the program QC Manager. The Field
Task Manager will evaluate each nonconformance report and will provide a description of the action
to be taken.
4.7 SAMPLING EQUIPMENT DECONTAMINATION PROCEDURES
On-site sampling equipment decontamination areas will be established in accordance with Appendix
B of the USEPA Region IV SOPs (Section 7.0 of this Work Plan). An on-site drilling equipment
decontamination pad will be constructed in an area designated by Site personnel. The temporary
decontamination pad will be constructed of plastic and hay bale berms in accordance with
specifications provided in Section B.2.1 of the USEPARegion IV SOPs. Drilling and sampling
equipment including hollow-stem augurs and direct push samplers will be decontaminated using
steam cleaning or high-pressure water wash procedures. The drilling equipment will be
decontaminated prior to starting field assessment activities, between sampling locations, and at the
end of field sampling activities.
Q:\.IJJ51\WORKPU,,VJl~'RIU'l.\'-R~'6.00C 4-14 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
Hand-held sampling equipment, such as hand augers, spoons, bowls, and some Geoprobe equipment,
will be decontaminated on-site using the following procedures:
• Wash/scrub equipment thoroughly with laboratory detergent and potable water.
• Rinse equipment with potable water.
• Rinse equipment with pesticide-grade isopropanol (Note: PVC casing will not be rinsed with
isopropanol).
• Rinse thoroughly with distilled or deionized waier.
• Wrap equipment with aluminum foil, if appropriate, to prevent contamination of equipment
if equipment is going to be stored or transported.
The electronic water-level indicator and well development pump will be decontaminated as follows:
• Wash with laboratory detergent and potable water.
• Rinse with potable water.
• Rinse with distilled or deionized water.
• The instrument will be placed in a clean polyethylene bag to prevent contamination during
transit or storage.
Decontamination fluids from steam cleaning or hand washing of equipment will be properly
containerized or allowed to evaporate, if possible. Decontamination fluids will be stored on site
pending receipt of analytical results and managed appropriately based on the results of analyses.
4.8 MANAGEMENT OF INVESTIGATION-DERIVED WASTES
The proposed site investigation techniques to be employed during the Phase I RI at the Gresham's
Lake Industrial Park are anticipated to generate investigation-derived wastes (IDW) and fluids
generated during decontamination activities. IDW, including soil cuttings and well development
water, will be generated during construction and development of new monitoring wells and purging
of the existing site wells. The direct push sampling techniques are anticipated to generate a minimal
amount of soil cuttings. Wastes produced by the field operations are divided into four categories:
• Personal Protective Equipment -This category includes the disposable work clothing such as
booties, gloves, coveralls and spent respirator cartridges worn by field personnel during the
field investigations. The procedure for handling disposal of personal protective clothing will
Q:1,JfJSl\lt'ORKPIANVJWRKPf.V,RW,.DOC 4-15 December 2000
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Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
be placing such articles in a leak-proof container and dispose of as appropriate off-site.
Contamination of these articles is expected to be extremely low and most likely these materials
can be disposed in a secure municipal waste landfill.
Well Development and Purging Water -Well development and purging water will be
containerized in Department of Transportation (DOT) approved 55-gallon drums until analyses
are received. The results of the laboratory analyses will be used to determine the appropriate
management procedures for these fluids.
Uncontaminated wastes -Uncontaminated wastes such as packaging, trash, etc., will be placed
in trash sacks and disposed of in off-site dumpsters by the field team personnel at the
completion of field work.
Drummed soils/residual materials -Soil cutting generated during well construction, along with
cuttings during direct push sampling will be containerized in DOT approved 55-gallon drums
until analyses are received. The results of the laboratory analyses will be used to detennine the
appropriate management procedures for these wastes.
lDW will be properly containerized in clean, 55-gallon drums, labeled, and staged at an area
specified by Site personnel. All lDW drums will be labeled to indicate the date the wastes were
placed in the drums and the content description. All labels will be prepared using an indelible
marker. Upon completion of the site work and review of the analytical data, the IDW will be
appropriately managed. Should the data show that the IDW is nonhazardous and not regulated, the
purge water and soil cuttings may be deposited on the site in accordance with procedures contained
in "Groundwater Section Guidelines for the Investigation and Remediation of Soil and Groundwater"
(NCDENR-Grounclwater Section, 1998).
Should the analytical elate indicate that the IDW contains hazardous constituents at levels exceeding
regulatory standards, alternative disposal options will be evaluated. These options could include off-
site management of the IDW at an approved facility and/or discharge of liquid lDW to the City of
Raleigh Publicly Owned Treatment Works (POTW) .
Q:\,I 1 J5I\ WOR Kl'V., ... \JJWRKPI.N•RV6.DOC 4-16 l)ecember 2000
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Phase I Remedial lnvestigalion Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
5.0 SAMPLE HANDLING AND ANALYSIS PROGRAM
This section describes the sample handling and analysis program for all environmental samples
collected during the Phase I Remedial Investigation at the Gresham• s Lake Industrial Park site, and
includes the analytical program, sample containers, preservation, packaging and documentation.
5.1 ANALYTICAL TESTING PROGRAM
A,11 analytical fractions, parameters and methods are those specified in U.S. EPA SW-846, "Test
Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste."
Groundwater, soil, sediment and surface water samples will be collected and managed in accordance
with the requirements of Attachment A of the Guidelines. The samples will be transported under
USEPA standard chain-of-custody procedures to Pace Analytical Services in Huntersville, NC for
analysis. Table 5-1 presents a matrix showing the estimated number or· samples to be analyzed from
the various media, along with the required QA\QC blanks and proposed analytical methods.
Twelve ( 12) existing groundwater wells have been identified for testing at the Site during the Phase
I RI as described in Section 2.0. In addition to samples that will be collected from the wells,
duplicate samples for each clay in the field, equipment rinseate blanks, and trip blanks for volatile
compounds will be collected in accordance with Branch guidelines. Based on a 3-day field estimate,
quality control samples will include 3 duplicate samples, 3 equipment blanks, and 3 trip blanks
(analyzed only for volatile organic compounds). The field time for collection of samples for semi-
volatile organic compounds is estimated as two days, quality control samples will include 2 duplicate
samples and 2 equipment samples. The field time for collection of samples for PCBs/pesticides,
cyanide, and Hazardous Substance List Metals analysis is estimated as one day, resulting in I
duplicate samples and I equipment rinseate blank samples for each parameter. All analyses will be
performed with data quality objectives comparable to Level ill.
For groundwater analysis, I 00 percent of the samples will be analyzed for volatile organic
compounds ( 12 samples), 50 percent of the samples will be analyzed for semi-volatile compounds
(6 samples), and 25 percent of the samples will be analyzed for metals, cyanide, pesticides, and
PCBs (3 samples each). Hazardous Substance List Metals (using preparation method 3030C)
includes: antimony, arsenic, beryllium, cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, nickel,
selenium, silver, thallium, and zinc. The samples will be analyzed for metals only if the turbidity
of the samples is less than 10 NTU. The samples described above will be analyzed for hazardous
constituents contained in the Target Compound List (TCL) and Target Analyte List (T AL) developed
for the Federal Superfund program. Selection of locations for analysis of semi-volatile compounds,
metals, cyanide, pesticides, and PCBs will be based upon historical information or, if historical
information is not available, on a random basis to provide coverage over the complete site. The
samples collected during the Phase I RI will be analyzed using the following methods:
• TCL Volatile Organic Compounds using EPA SW-846 Method 8260B .
Q:\.1/JSJ\WORKPUN\DWRK.Pr.'l-NW,.!JOC 5-1 December 2000
•
l\latrix Parameter
Groundwater Volatile Organics
(Monitor Well)
Semi-Volatile On~anics
PCBs/Pcsticides
TAL Metals
Cyanide
Chloride and Sulfate
Total Iron
Groundwater (Direct Volatile Organics
Push)
Semi-Volatile Ornanics
PCBs/Pesticidcs
TAL Metals
Cyanide
Chloride and Sulfate
Tola\ Iron
• Table 5-1
Summary or Sampling, Analyses, and Sample Containers
Gresham's Lake Industrial Park
Analytical1 No. of Field No. of No. of Rinsatcs No. of Trip
i\lethod(s) Samples Dups/ (Equipment) Blanks
So lits
8260B 12 3 3 3
8270C 6 0 2
8082/8081 3 I I
6010n471 3 I I
9012 3 I I
E300 3 I I
EJ00 3 I I
To be
8260B determined
8270C
8082/8081
601on411
9012
E300
EJ00
' All analytical melhods are described in EPA SW-846, "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste"
' G = Glass Container; P = High Density Polyethylene Container
•
l\latrix Container Type ' Total No. of
Total Containers
21 3 x 40 ml, G 66
Senta vial
10 I liter Amber G 10
5 I liter Amber G 5
5 I liter P, G 5
5 Ix 500 ml P, Ci 5
5 Ix 500 ml P,G 5
5 Ix 500 ml P, G 5
3 x 40 ml, G
Senta vial
I liter Amber G
I liter Amber G
I liter P, G
Ix 500 ml P, G
Ix 500 ml P,G
1 x 500 ml P,G
' '
•
Surface Water Vola1ile Organics
Semi-Volatile Or!lanics
PCBs/Pcsticides
TAL Metals
Cyanide
Chloride and Sulfate
Total Iron
• Table 5-1 (Continued)
Summary of Sampling, Analyses, and Sample Containers·
Gresham's Lake Industrial Park
To be
82608 determined
8270C
8082/8081
6010/7471
9012
E300
E300
All analytical methods are described in EPA SW-846, "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste"
G = Glass Container; P = High Density Polyethylene Container
•
3 x 40 ml, G
Senta vial
l liter Amber G
I li1cr Amber G
l liler P, G
I x500mlP,G
1 x 500ml P,G
Ix 500ml P,G
' '
•
Matrix Parameter
Sediment Volatile Organics
Semi-Volatile Ore:anics
PCBs/Pesticides
TALMctals
Cvanidc
Soils Volatile Organics
Semi-Volatile Onrnnics
PCBs/Pesticides
Metals
Cvanide
A nal:ytical 1
Method(s)
8260B
8270C
8082/8081
6010(7471
9012
8260B
8270C
8082/8081
6010/7471
9012
• Table 5-1 (Continued)
Summary of Sampling, Anal}'Scs, and Sample Containers
Gresham's Lake Industrial Park Phase I RI
No. of Field No. of Dups/ No. of No. of Trip
Samples Splits Rinsatcs Blanks
To be
dctcnnined
Tobe
determined
All analytical methods are described in EPA SW-846, "Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste"
G = Glass Container; P = 1 ligh De_nsity Polyethylene Container
•
Matrix Container Type2 Total No. of
Total Containers
4-ounce, G
Senta vial
4-ouncc G
4-ounce G
4-ounce G
4-mmceG
4-ounce, G
Scota vial
4-mmce G
4 ounce G
4-ounce G
4-ounce G
•
•
•
•
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh. Wake County, North Carolina
TCL Semi-volatile Organic Compounds using EPA SW-846 Method 8270C .
• TCL Pesticides using EPA SW-846 Method 8081.
• TCL PCBs using EPA SW-846 Method 8082.
• TAL Metals using EPA SW-846 Methods 6010/7471.
• T AL Cyanide using EPA Method 9012
The analytical laboratory will additionally report tentatively identified compounds (TICS) having
the largest 10 peaks in each organic method analytical fraction in accordance with the Guidelines.
A level of analytical support comparable to Level ill, as defined by the Federal CERCLA program,
will accompany all laboratory data.
Samples from 3 wells (MW -4, MW-13D and MW-29/3) will be analyzed for the inorganic natural
attenuation parameters of dissolved oxygen, total iron, chloride, and sulfate. The wells were selected
to provide a relative uniform distribution of locations across the site. In the analysis of natural
attenuation parameters, the total iron concentration in an up gradient well is compared to the total
iron concentration in the contaminant plume to determine if iron reduction (ferrous to ferric) is
occurring which is an indicator of biological activity in the plume. Changes in chloride ion
concentration can be an indicator of dechlorination of chlorinated hydrocarbons suspected to be
present on the site, and changes in sulfate ion concentration and dissolved oxygen can be indicators
of reducing conditions in site groundwater. Additional natural attenuation parameters may be
collected based upon the results of the Phase I RI sampling and additional groundwater sampling
potentially conducted during Phase II.
5.2 DATA VALIDATION
The analytical laboratory data will be reviewed and validated in accordance with established
techniques that meet current Branch and USEPA Region IV guideline requirements. Data validation
and evaluation of environmental data will be performed in accordance with established EPA
guidelines including: Test Methods for Evaluating Solid Waste (SW-846); Contract Laboratory
Program Statement of Work for Organic Analysis; Contract Laboratory Prog'ram Statement of Work
for Inorganic Analysis; Contract Laboratory Program National Functional Guidelines for Organic
Data Review; and Contract Laboratory Program National Functional Guidelines for Inorganic Data
Review.
Data validation procedures include the use of the hard-copy report certificates and electronic
deliverables from the analytical laboratory. The electronic deliverables will be imported into the
Environmental Science Database (ESD). Quality control procedures are in place to ensure that the
ESD contains accurate information. The data qualifiers (i.e., data flags) as a result of the data
validation are added to the ESD and not to the hard-copy report certificates. From the ESD, reports
Q:\.IJJ5I\WORKPLAN\Dlt'RKPI...N-RVf..VOC 5-2 December 2000
•
•
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
and data transfer are performed electronically thus minimizing the errors associated with
transcription.
5.3 SAMPLE DOCUMENTATION AND TRACKING
Sample collection and sample custody are designed so that field custody of samples is fully and
continuously documented. These procedures provide complete identification and documentation of
the sampling event from shipment of sample bottleware, through sample collection, to receipt of the
samples by the contract laboratory. When used in conjunction with the laboratory's custody
procedures and the sample bottleware documentation, these procedures establish full legal custody
and allow complete traceability of sample history.
5.3.1 Sample Identification and Documentation
After sample collection, all sample containers will be labeled with an identification number that
uniquely identifies the sample. The sample identification number will be logged in the field
logbook, along with the following information:
• Sampling personnel
• Date and time of collection
• Field sample location and depth (if appropriate)
• Observations on ambient conditions
• Type of sampling (composite or grab)
• Method of sampling
• Sampling matrix or source
• Results of field screening
• Intended analyses
• Preservation method
• Observations of significant characteristics of the sample
• Observations of significant affect to the sampling procedure
• Samples shipped to the laboratory will have infonnation transcribed to a sample chain-of-custody
form.
Q;\41J51\WORKl'fAN\lJWRKP!.V-R\'6.DOC 5-3 December 2000
•
•
•
5.3.2 Chain-of-Custody Procedures
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham·s Lake Site
Raleigh. Wake County, North Carolina
Information regarding sample analysis is recorded on the chain-of-custody form, including sample
identification, sampling time and date, location of sampling point, sampling personnel, and analytical
parameters. This form is transported with the container with the samples and copies of each of these
forms are maintained in the project files.
5.3.3 Sample Packing
Samples are packed for shipping in waterproof ice chests and coolers. The sample containers may
be individually sealed in "zip-lock" or other plastic bags, prior to packing them in the cooler with
bubble wrap or Styrofoam packing to prevent breakage during shipment. Vermiculite packing may
also be used to provide an absorbent in the event of sample bottle breakage. Wet ice sealed in "zip-
lock" or other plastic bags (to inhibit cross contamination of samples by meltwater) is placed with
the samples in the cooler to maintain the samples at a temperature no greater than 4° Celsius during
shipping. Prior to transport any melted ice will be drained from the bags and fresh ice will be added.
5.3.4 Sample Transport
The sample coolers containing solid and liquid samples will be shipped via overnight or laboratory
courier to the laboratory. The chain-of-custody form that identifies the samples is signed as
"relinquished" by the responsible party upon delivery to the laboratory. Chain-of-custody forms for
these samples will be sealed inside the coolers and custody seals will be placed on the exterior to
ensure that the samples are not opened prior to receipt by the laboratory.
5.3.5 Laboratory Custody Procedures
Upon receipt by Pace Analytical Services, the laboratory sample custodian will complete the
"Received By" section of the Chain-of-Custody Record and provide a copy to the field personnel.
The completed Chain-of-Custody Record will be retained in the project file. Once the samples are
relinquished to Pace personnel, internal tracking of the samples is perfonned at the laboratory. These
procedures are documented in Section 7 of Pace Analytical's Quality Assurance Program Manual,
which is included as Appendix C of this Work Plan .
Q:\.IIJ51\WORKPLA,'\/\DWR/\l'L\'•RV6.IJOC 5.4 December 2000
•
•
•
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County. North Carolina
6.0 ADDITIONAL INFORMATION
This section provides additional information as required in items 17, 19 and 20 of Section 2.2 of the
Branch's Guidelines.
6.1 CONSULTANT AND LABO RA TORY CONTACTS
The principal consultant on the Gresham's Lake RI is Earth Tech of North Carolina, Inc. Mr. John
G. Funk, P.E. with Earth Tech's Raleigh, North Carolina office is the Earth Tech Project Manager.
Mr. Funk is a registered professional engineer in the State of North Carolina (Certification No.
14799) and has more than 25 years of experience, including 15 years of environmental consulting
experience. The primary contact for the project is the Group project coordinator, Mr. William (Bill)
Perry who may be reached at [phone]. Laboratory services will be provided by Pace
Analytical Services, Inc., located in Huntersville, North Carolina. The laboratory project manager
for the project is Ms Bonnie Hervey. Pace Analytical is qualified under US EPA's Contract
Laboratory Program. Additional qualifications and certifications for Pace are contained in their
Quality Assurance Program Manual, which is Appendix C of this Work Plan.
Addresses for Earth Tech and Pace are as follows:
Earth Tech of North Carolina, Inc .
701 Corporate Center Drive, Suite 475
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
[phone]
[phone] (fax)
Pace Analytical Services, Inc.
9800 Kincey Avenue, Suite 100
Huntersville, North Carolina 28078
[phone]
[phone] (fax)
6.2 HEATH AND SAFETY PLAN
A site-specific health & safety plan has been prepared in accordance with OSHA requirements an,d
is attached as Appendix B of the Phase I RI Work Plan.
6.3 \VORK SCHEDULE AND PROGRESS CHART
A project schedule has been developed and is included as Figure 3 in the Work Plan. The project
schedule is presented as a Gantt (bar) chart and focuses on major project milestones, such as
initiation and completion of field activities and preparation or reports .
Q:\,IJJSJ\WORKPl.;V,'IDWRKPl.\'-RW>.DOC 6-1 December 2000
• • •
PROJECT SCHEDULE
GRESHAM'S LAKE SITE
REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION
2001
ID Task Name Duration Start Finish Sep I Oct l Nov I Dec Jan 1 Feb I Mar I Apr I Mav I Jun I Jul I Auo I Sen I Oct I Nov
1 REMEDIAL INVESTIGATION 307 days Mon 9/25/00 Wed 11/28/01 '
~
2 Submit Work Plan to NCDENR 1 eday Mon 9/25/00 Tue 9/26/00 L 3 NCDENR Review 30 edays Tue 9/26/00 Thu 1 0/26/00 -
4 Respond to NCOENR Comments 50 edays Thu 1 0/26/00 Fri 12/15/00 • '
5 NCDENR Final Review 15 edays Mon 12/18/00 Tue 1/2/01 -
6 Conduct Phase t RI 90 edays Tue 1/2/01 Mon 4/2/01 " -~,!-"
7 NCDENR Review Phase I 30 edays Mon 4/2/01 Wed 5/2/01
8 Respond to NCDENR Comments 30 edays Wed 5/2/01 Fri 6/1/01 ~
9 NCDENR Final Review 15 edays Fri 6/1/01 Sat 6/16/01 il:i
10 Conduct Phase 11 RI 90 edays Sal 6/16/01 Fri 9/14/01 11):~i_G:t.~·-:
11 NCDENR Review 30 edays Fri 9/14/01 Sun 10/14/01 "
12 Respond to NCDENR comments 30 edays Sun 10/14/01 Tue 11/13/01
13 NCDENR Final Review 15 edays Tue 11 /13/01 Wed 11/28/01
I
Task @l<Jii,M,1;1"in Summary • • Rolled Up Progress
Project: Project-schedule Split , I,< I I! I I I I I''' Rolled Up Task l~~l External Tasks l~~~¾S~S~5~\
Date: Thu 12/14/00 Progress Rolled Up Split Project Summary V5if&S _ t ~ t It, I I I I<, I, I I I
Milestone ♦ Rolled Up Milestone ◊
Page 1 FIGURE 3
•
•
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work P!Un
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County. North Carolina
7.0 EXCERPTS US EPA EISOPQAM
7.0 EXCERPTS US EPA EISOPQAM
This section contains excerpts for the US EPA Environmental Investigations Standard Operating
Procedures and Quality Assurance Manual (EISOPQAM), May 1996. Excerpts includes
EISOPQAM procedures for well purging, pages 7-2 through 7-5; surface water sampling, pages
10-1 and 10-2; sediment sampling, pages 11-lthrough 11-3; field calibration, pages 16-2 through
16-6; and Appendix Standard Field Cleaning Procedures, pages B-1 through B-8 .
Q,'W I J51\ \YORKPL,\MD\YRKl'UJ,R V~.DOC 7-1 December 2()()()
•
•
•
7.2 Purging
1.2.1 Purging and Purge Adequacv
Purging is the process ol removing stagnant water lrom a monitoring well, immediatelv prior to
sampling, causing its replacement bv ground water lrom the adjacent formation, which ls representative
ol actual aquifer conditions. In order to determine when a wen has been adequatelv purged, field
investigators should: 11 monitor the pH, specific conductance, temperature, and turbiditv ol the ground
water removed during purging; and 21 observe and record the volume 01 water removed.
Prior to initiating the purge, the amount ol water standing in the water column !water inside the
well riser and screenl should be determined. To do this, the diameter ol the well should be determined and
the water level and total depth ol the well are measured and recorded. Specific methodology tor obtaining
these measurements is found in Section 15.B ol this SOP. once this information is obtained, the volume 01
water to be purged can be determined using one ol several methods. one is the equation:
V=0.041d'h
Where: h = depth 01 water in leet
d = diameter ol wen in inches
V = volume 01 water in gallons
Alternativelv. the volume mav be determined using a casing volume per loot !actor tor the
appropriate diameter well, similar to that in Table 1.2.1. The water level is subtracted lrom the total depth,
proViding the length ol the water column. This length is multiplied bv the !actor in the Table 7.2.1 which
corresponds to the appropriate well diameter, providing the amount ol water, In gallons, contained in the
well. Other acceptable methods include the use ol nomographs or other equations or formulae.
With respect to volume, an adequate purge is normallV achieved when three to live times the
volume ol standing water in the well has been removed. The field notes should reflect the single well
volume calculations or determinations, according to one ol the above methods, and a reference to the
appropriate multiplication ol that volume, i.e. a minimum three wen volumes, clearlv identified as a purge
volume goal.
With respect to the ground water chemistrv. an adequate purge is achieved when the pH, specific
conductance, and temperature ol the ground water have stabilized and the turbiditv has either stabilized or
is below 10 Nephelometric Turbiditv Units IHTUsl. Ten NTUs is the goal tor most ground water sampling
objectives. This is twice the Primarv Drinking Water standard ol 5 HTUs. Stabilization occurs when pH
measurements remain constant within 0.1 Standard Unit !SUI, specific conductance varies no more that 10
percent. and the temperature is constant tor at least three consecutive readings. There are no criteria
establishing how manv sets ol measurements are adequate tor the determination ol stabilitv. II the
calculated purge volume is small. the measurements should be taken lrequentlV to provide a sufficient
number ol measurements to evaluate stabilitv. II the purge volume is large, measurements taken everv 15
minutes mav be sufficient
II, after three well volumes have been removed, the chemical parameters have not stabilized
according to the above criteria, additional wen volumes mav be removed. II the parameters have not
stabilized within live volumes, it is at the discretion ol the project leader whether or not to collect a sample ·
or to continue purging. The conditions 01 sampling should be noted in tho lleld log.
EISOPQAM 7-2 Mav1996
•
•
TABLE1.2.1
WELL CASING DIAMETER vs. VOLUME
WELL CASING DIAMETER vs. VOLUME IGALSJ/FEET ol WATER
CASING GALLONS/FT
SIZE olWATER
1 0.041
2 0.163
3 0.367
4 0.653
5 1.02
6 1A69
1 1.999
8 2.611
9 3.305
10 4.08
11 4.934
12 5.875
In some situations, even with slow purge rates, a well mav be pumped or bailed drv levacuatedl. In
these situations, this generallV constitutes an adequate purge and the well can· be sampled following
sufficient recoverv !enough volume to allow filling 01 all sample containersl. It Is not necessarv that the
well be evacuated three times before it Is sampled. The PH, specific conductance, temperature, and
turbiditv should be measured, during collection ol the sample lrom the recovered volume, as the
measurements ol record lor the sampling event ·
Attempts should be made to avoid purging wells to drvness. This can be accomplished, lor
example, bv slowing the purge rate. II a well is pumped drv. it mav result in the sample being comprised
partiallV ol water contained in the sand pack. which mav be rellectiVe, at least In pan. ol initial. stagnant
conditions. In addllion. as water re-enters a well that is in an evacuated condllion. it mav cascade down
the sand pack or the well screen. stripping volatile organic constituents that mav be present and/or
Introducing soil lines into the water column.
EISOPQAM 1-3 Mav1996
• Equipment Available
Monitoring well purging is accomplished bv using in-place plumbing and dedicated pumps or, bV
using portable pumps/equipment when dedicated svstems are not present The equipment mav consist of
a varietv of pumps, including peristaltic, large and small diameter turbine !electric submersible!, bladder,
centrifugal, gear-driven positive displacement or other appropriate pumps. The use of anv of these pumps
is usuallv a function of the depth of the well being sampled and the amount of water that is to be removed
during purging. Whenever the head difference between the sampling location and the water level is less
than the limit of suction and the volume to be removed is reasonablV small, a peristaltic pump should be
used for purging. Appendix E of this SOP contains the operating instructions for all pumps commonlv used
during Branch ground water investigations.
Hailers mav also be used for purging in appropriate situations, however, their use is discouraged.
Hailers tend to disturb anv sediment that mav be present in the well, creating or increasing sample
turbiditv. If a bailer is used, it should be a closed-top Teflon® bailer.
1.2.2 Purging Techniques !Wells Without Plumbing or In-Place Pumps!
For permanenuv installed wells. the depth of water and depth of the well should be determined Iii
possible! before purging. Electrical water level indicators/well sounders can be used for this purpose. It
is standard practice to mark the top of casing, providing a point of reference from which these
measurements will be consistenuv made. Field investigators should look for these markings when taking
these measurements. EXtreme caution should be( exercised during this procedure to prevent cross-
contamination of the wells. This is a critical concern when samples for trace organic compounds or
metals anatvses are collected. At a minimum, the well sounding device should be cleaned bv washing in a
laboratorv detergent solution, followed bV rinses with tap water and analvte-free water. After cleaning, it
should be placed in a clean plastic bag or wrapped in foil.
Purging with Pumps
When peristaltic pumps or centrilugal pumps are used, ontv the intake line is placed into the water
column. The line placed into the water should be either standard-cleaned !see Appendix Bl Teflon®
tubing, for peristaltic pumps, or standard-cleaned stainless steel pipe attached to a hose for centrifugal
pumps.
When submersible pumps !bladder, turbine, displacement etcJ are used, the pump itself is
lowered into the water column. The pump must be cleaned as specified in Appendix B.
Purging with Hailers
Standard-cleaned !Appendix Bl closed-top Teflon® hailers with Teflon® leaders and new nvlon
rope are lowered into top of the water column, allowed to fill, and removed. The water is either discarded
or contained and managed as investigation derived waste. It is critical that hailers be slowlv and genUV
immersed into the top of the water column, parlicularlv during final stages of purging, to minimize turbiditv
and disturbance of volatile organic constituents. The use of hailers for purging and sampling is
discouraged because the correct technique is highlV operator dependent
IISOPQAM 7.4 Mav199&
•
•
•
Field care of Purging Equipment
Regardless of which method is used for purging, new plastic sheeting should be placed on the
ground surface around the well casing 10 prevent contamination of the pumps, hoses, ropes, etc. in the
event they need to be placed on the ground during the purging or they accidentally come into contact with
the ground surface. It is preferable that hoses used in purging that come into contact with the ground
water be kept on a spool or contained in a plastic-lined tub, both during transporting and during field use,
to further minimize contamination from the transporting vehicle or ground surface.
Purging Entire Water Column
The pump/hose assembly or bailer used in purging should be lowered into the top of the standing
water column and not deep into the column. This is done so that the purging will "pull" water from the
formation into the screened area of the well and up through the casing so that the entire static volume can
be removed. If the pump Is placed deep Into the water column, the water above the ·pump may not be
removed. and the subsequent samples, particularly if collected with a bailer, may not be representative of
the ground water.
It is recommended that no more than three to five feet of hose be lowered into the water column. If
the recovery rate of the well is raster than the pump rate and no observable draw down occurs, the pump
should be raised until the intake is within one root of the top of the water column for the duration of
purging. If the pump rate exceeds the recovery rate of the well, the pump will have to be towered, as
needed, to accommodate the draw down. Aller the pump Is removed from the wen, all wetted ponions of
the hose and the pump should be cleaned as ouUined In Appendix B of this SOP .
careful consideration shall be given to using pumps to purge wens which are excessivetv
contaminated with oily compounds, because it mav be difficult to adequatetv decontaminate severely
contaminated pumps under field conditions. When wells of this tvPe are encountered, alternative purging
methods, such as hailers, should be considered.
General low Flow/low Stress Method Preference
The device with the lowest pump or water removal rate and the least tendency to stress the well
during purging should be selected for use. For example, if a bailer and a peristaltic pump both work in a
given situation, the pump should be selected because it will greauv minimize turbidilll, providing a higher
qualitv sample !Section 1.2A contains a description of tow flow purging and sampling with a peristaltic
pump used in a temporary welll. If a Fultz® pump or a Grundfos Redi-Flo2® could both be used, the Redi-
Flo2® may be given preference because the speed can be controlled to provide a lower pump rate, thereby
minimiling turbiditv.
low Flow/low Volume Purging Techniques/Procedures
Alternatives to the low flow purging procedures exist and may be acceptable. The low flow/low
volume purging is a procedure used to minimize purge water volumes. The pump intake Is placed within
the screened interval at the zone of sampling, preferabtv, the zone with the highest flow rate. low flow rate
purging is conducted after hydraulic conditions within the well have re-stabilized, usually within 24 to 48
hours. Flow rates should not exceed the recharge rate of the aquifer. This is monitored by measuring the
top of the water column with a water level recorder or similar device while pumping. These techniques,
however, are ontv acceptable under cenain hydraulic conditions and are not considered standard
procedures.
EISOPQAM 7.5 Mav1996
•
•
•
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE:
SECTION10
SURFACE WATER SAMPLING
• To collect a representative sample ol the surlace water of interest
10.1 Introduction
Surlace water sampling techniques and equipment are designed to minimize effects on the
chemical and physical integrity ol the sample. II the guidance provided in this section is lollowed. a
representative sample ol the surlace water should be obtained.
The physical location ol the investigator when collecting a sample may dictate the equipment to
be used. II surtace water samples are required. direct dipping ol the sample container into the stream Is
desirable. This is possible. however, only lrom a small boat, a pier. etc. or by wading In the stream. Wading,
however. may cause the re-suspension ol bottom deposits and bias the sample. Wading is acceptable if
the stream has a noticeable current lis not impounded), and the samples are collected while lacing
upstream. II the stream is too deep to wade, or ii the sample must be collected lrom more than one water
depth, or the sample must be collected lrom a bridge, etc. supplemental sampling equipment must be
used .
10.2 Surlace Water Sampling Equipment
10.2.1 Dipping Using Sample Container
A sample may be collected direcuv into the sample container when the surtace water source Is
accessible by wading or other means. The sampler should lace upstream and collect the sample without
disturbing the sediment The surtace water sample should always be collected prior to a sediment sample
at the same location. The sampler should be carelul not to displace the preservative lrom a pre-preserved
sample container such as the 40-ml voe vial.
10.2.2 scoops
Stainless steel scoops are useful lor reaching out into a bodll 01 water to collect a surlace water
sample. The scoop mav be used direcuv to collect and transfer a surlace water sample to the sample
container, or it may be attached to an extension in order to access the selected sampling location. The
scoop is one of the most versatile sampling tools available to the field investigator.
10.2.3 Peristaltic Pumps
Another device that can be effeclivelV used to sample a water column is the peristaltic
pump/vacuum iug svstem. The use of a metal conduit to which the tubing is attached, allows lor the
collection ol a vertical sample Ito about a 25 loot depth) which is representative ol the water column.
CommerciallV available pumps varv in slZe and capability, with some being designed specifically for the
simultaneous collection ol multiple water samples.
EISOPQAM 10-1 Mav1996
•
•
•
10.2A Discrete Depth Samplers
When discrete samples are desired lrom a specific depth, and the parameters to be measured do
not require a Tellon® coated sampler. a standard Kemmerer or van Dorn sampler may be used. The
Kemmerer sampler is a brass CYiinder with rubber stoppers that leave the ends ol the sampler open while
being lowered in a vertical position, thus allowing tree passage ol water through the CYiinder. The Van
Dorn sampler is plastic and Is lowered in a horizontal position. In each case, a messenger is sent down a
rope when the sampler Is at the designated depth, to cause the stoppers to close the cylinder, which is
then raised. Water is removed through a valve to fill respective sample containers. With a rubber tube
attached to the valve. dissolved oxvgen sample bottles can be properly tilled by allowing an overflow ol the
water being collected. With multiple depth samples. care should be taken not to stir up the bottom
sediment and thus bias the sample.
10.2.5 Hailers
Tellon® hailers may also be used tor surface water sampling, ii the study oblecUves do not
necessitate a sample lrom a discrete interval ol the water column. A closed top bailer with a bottom
check-valve is sufficient tor many studies. As the bailer is lowered through the water column, water Is
continually displaced through the bailer until the desired depth is reached, at which point the bailer is
retrieved. This technique may not be successful where strong currents are tound.
10.2.6 Buckets
A plastic bucket can be used to collect samples tor in-situ analyses, e.g. pH, temperature and
conductivitv. However. the bucket should be rinsed twice with the sample water prior to collection 01 the
sample .
EISOPQAM 10-2 Mav199&
•
•
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE:
SECTIDN11
SEDIMENT SAMPllNG
• To collect a representative sample of sediment from a surface water body.
11.1 Introduction
Sampling techniques and equipment are designed to minimize effects on the chemical and
physical integrity of the sample. II the guidance in this section is followed, a representative sample of the
sediment should be obtained.·
The Phvslcal location ot the investigator when collecting a sample may dictate the equipment to
be used. Wading is the preferred method for reaching the sampling location, particularly ii the stream has
a noticeable current lis not impoundedl. However, wading may disrupt bottom sediments causing biased
results. II the stream Is too deep to wade, the sediment sample may be collected from a boat or from a
bridge.
To collect a sediment sample trom a stream bed, a variety ot methods can be used:
•
•
•
Dredges !Peterson, Eckman, Ponarl,
Coring ltubes, augers)
Scoops IBMH-60, standard scoop) and spoons
Regardless ol the method used, precautions should be taken to insure that the sample collected is
representatiVe of the stream bed. These methods are discussed In the following paragraphs.
11.2 Sediment sampling Equipment
111.1 Scoops and Spoons
II the surface water bodV is wadeable, the easiest way to collect a sediment sample is by using a
stainless steel scoop or spoon. The sampling method Is accomplished by wading into the surface water
bodV and while lacing upstream !into the currentl, scooping the sample along the bottom ot the surface
water body in the upstream direction. Excess water may be removed lrom the scoop or spoon. However,
this may result in the loss ot some line particle size material associated with the bottom ol the surface
water bodV. Aliquots ot the sample are then placed in a glass pan and homogenized according to the
quartering method described in Section 5.13.B ot this SOP.
In surface water bodies that are too deep to wade, but less than eight leet deep, a stainless steel
scoop or spoon attached to a piece ot conduit can be used either from the banks ii the surface water body
is narrow or lrom a boat The sediment is placed Into a glass pan and mixed according to Section 5.13.B of
this SOP .
EISOPQAM n-1 Mav1ss&
• • • If the surface waler bodv has a significant now and is 100 deep 10 wade, a BMH-60 sampler mav be used. The BMH-60 is 001 particuIarIv efficien1 in mud or other son substrates because its weigh! will cause penetration 10 deeper sediments, thus missing the mos! recenttv deposited ma1erial al the sediment waler interface. II is also difficull 10 release secured samples in an undisturbed fashion Iha! would readilV permll subsampling. The BMH-60 may be used provided Iha! caution is exercised by onlV laking subsamples Iha! have nol been in con1ac1 with the melal wans of the sampler. 11.2.2 Dredges For routine analvses, the Peterson dredge can be used when the bottom is rockV. in very deep waler, or when the stream velocilV ls high. The dredge should be lowered very slowly as ii approaches bottom, since ii can displace and miss line particle size sediment ii allowed 10 drop rreeiv. The Eckman dredge has oniv limiled usefulness. II performs well where the bottom material is unusually son. as when covered with organic sludge or lighl mud. II is unsuilable, however, for sandy, rockV. and hard bottoms and is 100 lighl for use in streams with high velocities. II should nol be used from a bridge Iha! is more than a few feel above the waler, because the spring mechanism which activates the sampler can be damaged bv the messenger H dropped from 100 great a height The Ponar dredge is a modification or the Peterson dredge and ls similar In size and weight II has been modified by the addition or side plates and a screen on the lop of the sample compar1ment The screen over the sample compar1men1 permits waler 10 pass through the sampler as ii descends thus reducing turbulence around the dredge. The Ponar dredge is easilV operated by one person in the same fashion as the Peterson dredge. The Ponar dredge is one or the mos1 effective samplers for general use on all !Wes or substrates. The "mini" Ponar dredge is a smaller. much lighter version of the Ponar dredge. II is used 10 collecl smaller sample volumes when working in industrial 1anks, Iagoons, ponds, and shallow waler bodies. II is a good device use when collecting sludge and sediment containing hazardous consliluenls because the slZe of the dredge makes ii more amenable 10 field cleaning. 11.2.3 Coring Core samplers are used 10 sample vertical columns of sediment They are particularlV useful when a hlslorical picture of sediment deposition is desired since they preserve the sequential layering of the deposit and when ii is desirable 10 minimize the loss of material al !he sedimen1-wa1er interface. Many 1VPes of coring devices have been developed depending on the depth or waler from which the sample is 10 be oblained, the nature or the bottom material, and the length of core 10 be collected. They vary from hand push rubes 10 weigh! or gravilV driven devices. Coring devices are particularfV useful In pollulanl monitoring because IUrbulence created by descent through the waler is minimal, thus the lines or the sedimen1-wa1er Interface are univ minimally disturbed; lhe sample is withdrawn inlacl permitting the removal or only those layers or interest core liners manulacrured or glass or Tenon® can be purchased, thus reducing possible sample contamination: and the samples are easilv delivered 10 the lab for ana1Vsis in the !Ube in which thev were collected. The dlsadvanlage of coring devices is Iha! a relativelV small surface area and sample size is oblalned olten necessilating repetitive sampling in order 10 oblain the required amount or material for ana1Vsis. Because ii ls believed Iha! this disadvaniage is ollsel by the advaniages. coring deVices are recommended in sampling sediments for trace organic compounds or melals analyses. EISOPQAM n-2 M8V1996
•
•
•
In shallow, wadeable waters. the direct use ol a core liner or tube manufactured 01 Teflon®,
plastic, or glass is recommended for the collection of sediment samples. !Plastic tubes are principaUy
used for collection ol samples for physical parameters such as particle size analvsisl. Their use can also
be extended to deep waters when SCUBA diving equipment is utilized. Teflon® or plastic are preferred to
glass since they are unbreakable which reduces the possibilitv ol sample loss. Stainless steel push tubes
are also acceptable and provide a better cutting edge and higher strength than Teflon®. The use of glass
or Teflon® tubes eliminates any possible metals contamination from core barrels, cutting heads. and
retainers. The tube should be approximately 12 Inches in_ length ii only recenttv deposited sediments 11e
inches or lessl are to be sampled. Longer tubes should be used when the depth ol the substrate exceeds B
inches. Solt or semi-consolidated sediments such as mud and clavs have a greater adherence to the
inside of the tube and thus can be sampled with larger diameter tubes. Because coarse or unconsolidated
sediments such as sands and gravel tend to fall out of the tube, a small diameter is required for them. A
tube about two inches in diameter is usually the best size. The wall thickness of the tube should be about
1/3 inch for Teflon®, plastic, or glass. The inside wall may be filed down at the bottom 01 the tube to provide
a cutting edge and facilitate entrv 01 the liner into the substrate.
caution should be exercised not to disturb the bottom sediments when the sample is obtained by
wading in shallow water. The core tube ls pushed into the substrate until lour inches or less of the tube Is
above the sediment-water interlace. When sampling hard or coarse substrates. a genue rotation ol the
tube while it is being pushed will facilitate greater penetration and decrease core compaction. The top 01
the tube is then capped to provide a suction and reduce the chance of losing the sample. A Teflon® Plug or
a sheet of Teflon® held in place by a rubber stopper or cork may be used. Alter capping, the tube is slowtv
extracted with the suction and adherence of the sediment keening the sample In the tube. Before pulling
the bottom pan ol the core above the water surface. it too should be capped .
When extensive core sampling ls required, such as a cross-sectional examination of a streambed
!with an obJective ol profiling both the Phvsical and chemical contents ol the sedimenu, a whole core must
· be collected. A strong coring tube such as one made from aluminum, steel or stainless steel is needed to
penetrate the sediment and underlying clay or sands. A coring deVlce can be used to collect an intact
sediment core from streambeds that have solt bottoms which allows several Inches ol penetration. It Is
recommended that the corer have a checkvalVe built into the driving head which allows water and air to
escape from the cutting core, thus creating a partial vacuum which helps to hold the sediment core in the
tube. The corer is attached to a standard auger extension and handle, allowing it to be corkscrewed into
the sediment from a boat or while wading. The coring tube is easitv detached and the intact sediment core
is removed with an extraction device.
Before extracting the sediment from the coring tubes. the clear supernatant above the sediment-
water interlace in the core should be decanted from the tube. This is accomplished by simptv turning the
core tube to its side, and genUy pouring the liquid out until line sediment particles appear in the waste
liquid. The loss ol some 01 the fine sediments usualtv occurs with this technique .
EISOPQAM n-a Mav1996
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16.2 Temperature
Temperablre Is a measure of hobless or coldness on a defined scale.
Three 1YPes of thermometers are available:
• Digital lthermo-couplel thermistor
• Glass bulb mercury filled
• Bi-metal strip/dial Indicator
Calibration:
Whichever IYPe of thermometer Is used. it should be calibrated semi-annually against a National Instrumentation Standards and Technology INISTI certified thermometer.
Note: Thermistors should be checked against a mercury bulb thermometer Prior to use and should agree within± 0.5 °c.
Inspection:
All thermometers should be Inspected for leaks, cracks, and/or function prior to use.
Note: A broken glass bulb-mercury filled thermometer can contaminate samples bV the release of mercury vapors .
Procedures: !Make measurements in-sibl when possible)
I. Clean the probe end with de-ionized water and Immerse Into sample.
2. Swirl the thermometer in the sample.
3. Allow the thermometer to equilibrate with the sample.
4. Suspend the thermometer awavfrom the sides and bonom to observe the reading.
EISOPQAM
5. Record the reading In the log book. Repon temperatures readings to the nearest 0.5 °C.
Note: Alwavs clean the thermometer prior to storage and/or use.
Degrees Celsius I°cI or Degrees Fahrenheit I°FJ
Conversion Formulas:
of= 19/5 °CJ+ 32 or oc = 5/9 l°F • 321
16-2 May1996
• 16.3 Specific Conductance !Conductivity!
Conductivity is defined as the quality or power of conducting or transmiWng.
Meterlsl available:
• Wheatstone bridge meters are typicallY used tor measuring conductivity.
Calibration:
The meter should be calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions. A two.point
standard should be used to Insure the accuracy 01 the meter. Conductivity may be affected by
temperature; therefore. temperature should he read first so that appropriate adjustments can be made in
accordance to the manufactures instructions.
1. Check and record the temperature of the standard solutions.
2. Rinse the probe with analYte-free water before immersing it In the standards solution.
3. Immerse the probe in the first standard solution and record the results.
Note: Make sure the meter is "ON".
4. Rinse the probe and immerse it Into the second standard solution and record results.
• Note: If the meter is not accurate to within ± 10% ol the standards. correct the problem before
proceeding.
Procedures:
1. Collect the sample and check and record Its temperature.
2. Correct the Instruments temperature adjustment to the temperature of the sample Iii
required!.
3. Immerse the probe in the sample keeping II away from the sides and bottom 01 the container.
11 is important that the enter portion ol the probe be wetted by the sample. This will be eVident
When some 01 the sample water Is seen coming out ol the small weep hole.
4. Record the results in a log book.
5. Rinse probe.
ConduclivllY units are measured In mlcromhos per centimeter lµmohs/cml al 25°C. Results .
should be reported 10 the nearest ten 1101 units for readings below 1.000 µmobs/cm @ 25°C and to the
nearest one hundred 11001 units for reading above 1,000 µmohs/cm@25°C.
EISOPQAM 16-3 Mav199&
16A IIYdrogen Ion Concentration IPHI
The PH is defined as the negative logarithm of the effective hydrogen-Ion concentration or
hydrogen-ion activity in grams equiValents per liter used in expressing both acidity and alkalinity on a
scale which ranges from o to 14 with l representing neutrality.
Meterlsl available:
• Orlon Model 399A
• Orion SA 250 or 230A
• IIYdrolab surveyor 11
• YSI 3530, 3500 Water Quality Monitoring SVStem
Calibration: !Follow manufacturer's instructions with the following as a minimum!
Note: The PH of the sample to be tested should be estimated either from hlstorlcal data or by
using a four-color pH Indicator paper or equiValent Using this information. the two
buffering points for calibration can be determined.
1. Remove the meter from storage and allow it to equilibrate to ambient temperature.
2. Use a thermometer and determine the temperature of ihe buffering solutions and record.
3. Select either pH 4 and pH l or PH land pH 10 solutions as described above.
4. Rinse the probe with analVte-free water and Immerse It into the first buffer IPH 71 and record.
5. Rinse the probe with analVte-free water and Immerse it Into the second buffer and record.
6. Rinse and store the probe In a container filled with analVte-free water.
Procedures:
EISOPQAM
1. Collect a sample. Measure the temperature prior to measuring the pH.
Note: II the temperature of the sample differs by more than 2°c or approximatelV 4°F, refer
to the manufactures Instructions on how to adJust for temperature variations.
Note: When the pH meter response Is slow. unstable. or non-reproducible, it may be
necessarv to check the conductivity. If the conductiVity ls lower than 20 to 30
pmhos/cm then add 1 ml of 1M potassium chloride solution per 100 mis of sample.
Recheck the PH and record.
2. Immerse the probe In the sample keeping It away form the sides and bottom of the sample
container. Allow ample Ume for the probe to equilibrate with the sample.
3. While suspending the probe away from the sides and bottom of the sample container,
record the PH.
4. Rinse the probe with analVte-free water and store it in a analvte-free water filled container
until the next sample is readV.
16-4 Mav1996
•
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Operational check:
EISOPQAM
1. While in use, periodicallV check the pH by rinsing the probe with analvte-tree water and
immersing it Into the PH 7 boffer solution.
2. Preform a post calibration at the end of the day and record all findings.
Units of PH are Standard Units !SUI and should be read in one-hundredths I0.011 and recorded
in tenths I0.11.
~ Note: If the PH measurements are to be used for RCRA regulatory purposes and when the pH
approaches the alkaline end IPH ~ 11.01 of the scale, the pH measurements should be
made by a qualified analyst using laboratory qualitv equipment to control the sample
at25°C ! 1'C .
16-5 Mav1996
• • 16.5 Turbidity A nephelometer/turbidimeter Is used In comparing the turbiditv of liquids bV viewing light through them and determining how much light is eliminated. Meterlsl av11ilJ1ble: • Hach 21OOP Turbidimeter Calibration: 1. Turn the meter "ON". 2. Rinse the sample cell 3 times with organic free or deionized water. 3. Fill the cell to the fill line with organic free or deionized water and then cap the cell. 4. Use a non-abrasive lent-free paper or cloth Cpreferablv lens paper! to wipe off excess water and streaks. 5. Open the cover and insen the cell Carrow to the fro nu into the unit and close the cover. 6. Press ''READ" and wait for the 1ight bulb' Icon to go off. Record the reading. 7. Using the Gelex standards, repeat steps 4. 5, and 6. Record all findings Coote anomaliesl. Procedures: 1. Collect a specific sample or use a portion of the sample that Is collected for PH, temperature, or conducliVitv anatvsis, and pour off enough to fill the cell to the !ill line Capproximatetv % rum and replace the cap on the cell. 2. Wipe off excess water and anv streaks with non-abrasive lint-free paper or cloth !lens paperl. 3. Place the cell in chamber or the 21OOP with the arrow towards the front and close the cover. 4. Press ''READ" and wait for the 'light bulb' Icon to go off. Record the reading. 5. Rinse the cell with organic-free or anatvte-lree water. 6. For the next sample, repeat Steps 1-5. Operational check: 1. Periodicaltv check the turbiditv meter bv using the standards provided. 2. Preform a post calibration at the end or the dav and record an findings. • Units: Turbiditv measurements are reponed in nephelometric turbiditv units CHTUsl. EISOPQAM 16-6 Mav1996
•
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APPENDIXB
STANDARD FIHD CllANING PROCEDURES
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE:
• To remove contaminants of concern trom sampling, drilling and other field equipment to
concentrations that do not impact SWIIV obJectives using a standard cleaning procedure.
B.1 lntroducuon
Cleaning procedures in this appendlX are intended for use bv field personnel for cleaning
sampling and other equipment in the field. Emergencv field sample container cleaning procedures are
also Included; however, thev should not be used unless absolutelV necessarv. Cleaning procedures for
use at the Field Equipment Center IFICI are in AppendlX C.
Sampling and field equipment cleaned in accordance wilh these procedures must meet the
minimum requirements for Data Qualitv Oblectives IDQOJ definitive data collecuon. Alternative field
decontamination procedures mav be subsUtuted as ouUined in Section 5.12 when samples are to be
analVZed for data uses at a lower DQO level. DeViaUons from these procedures should be documented in
the approved SWIIV plan, field records, and invesUgative reports .
These are the materials, methods, and procedures to be used when cleaning sampling and other
equipment In the Held.
B.1.1 Specmcauons for Cleaning Materials
Specifications for standard cleaning materials relened to In this appendix are as follows:
• Soap shall be a standard brand of phosphate-tree laboratorv detergent such as Uqulnox®. use
01 other detergent must be JusUHed and documented in the field logbooks and lnspecuon or
lnvesUgative reports.
• SolVent shall be pesUcide-grade lsopropanol. Use or a solVent other than pesUcide-grade
lsopropanol lor equipment cleaning purposes must be iusUHed In the SWIIV plan. Otherwise Its
use must be documented in field logbooks and Inspection or invesUgalion reports.
• Tap water mav be used from anv municipal water treatment svstem. Use of an untreated
potable water SUPPIV Is not an acceptable subsUtute for tap water.
• Anarvte free water !deionized waterl Is tap water that has been treated bV passing through a
standard deionizing resin column. At a minimum, the finished water should contain no
detectable heavv metals or other inorganic compounds !I.e. at or above anaivucal detection
limitsl as defined bv a standard lnductivelV coupled Argon Plasma Spectrophotometer IICPJ lor
equivalentl scan. Anaivte free water obtained bV other methods Is acceptable, as long as it
meets the above anaivucal criteria.
EIBSOPQAM B-1 Mav1996
• • • • Drganic/analyte free water is defined as tap water that has been treated with activated carbon and deionizing units. A ponabte svstem to produce organic/anatyte tree water under field conditions is available. At a minimum, the finished water must meet the analVticat criteria ot anatyte free water and should contain no detectable peSticides, herbicides. or extractable organic compounds, and no volatile organic compounds above minimum detectable levels as determined by the Region 4 laboratory tor a given set ot anatvses. Drganic/anatyte tree water obtained by other methods is acceptable, as tong as it meets the above analVticat criteria. • Other solvents may be subStituted tor a particular purpose if required. For example, removal of concentrated waste materials may require the use ot either peSticide-grade hexane or petroleum ether. Alter the waste material is removed, the equipment must be subiected to the standard cleaning procedure. Because these sotvents are not miscible with water. the · equipment must be comptetetv dry prior to use. sotvents. laboratory detergent. and rinse waters used to clean equipment shall not be reused during field decontamination. B.1.2 Handling and Containers tor Cleaning Solutions lmpropertv handled cleaning solutions may easitv become contaminated. Storage and application containers must be constructed of the proper materials to ensure their lntegritv. Followlng are acceptable materials used tor containing the specified cleaning solutions: • Soap must be kept In clean ptaStic, metal. or glass containers unUI used. It should be poured direcuv trom the container during use. • Sotvent must be stored in the unopened original containers unUI used. They maybe applied using the low pressure nitrogen svstem fitted with a Tenon® nozzle, or using Tenon® squeeze homes. • Tap water may be kept in clean tanks. hand pressure sprayers, squeeze homes. or applied dlrecuv from a hose. • AnalVte tree water must be stored in clean glass. stainless steel, or plaStic containers that can be closed prior to use. It can be applied from plastic squeeze homes. • Drganic/analVte free water must be stored in clean glass. Tenon®, or stainless steel containers prior to use. It may be applied using Tenon® squeeze homes. or with the ponable svstem. Note: Hand pump sprayers generaltv are not acceptable storage or appllcation containers for the above materials !with the exception ot tap waterl. This also applies to stainless steel sprayers. All hand sprayers have Internal oil coated gaskets and black rubber seals that may contaminate the solutions. B.1.3 Disposal of sotvent Cleaning Solutions Procedures for the sate handling and disposition ot investigation dertved waste IIDWJ. Including used wash water, rinse water, and spent sotvents are in Section 5.15. . B.1A Equipment Contaminated with Concentrated Wastes Equipment used to collect samples of hazardous materials or toxic wastes or materials from hazardous waste sites. RCRA facilities. or in-process waste streams should be field cleaned before returning trom the study. At a minimum, this should consist ot .washing with soap and rinsing With tap EIBSOPQAM B-2 May1996
• --water. More stringent procedures mav be required at the discretion of the field invesugators. B.1.5 Safetv Procedures for Field Cleaning Operations Some of the materials used to Implement the cleaning procedures outlined in this appendix can be harmful if used improperiv. caution should be exercised bV all field lnveSUgators and all applicable safetv procedures should be followed. Al a minimum, the following precautions should be taken In the field during these cleaning operations: ' • Safetv glasses with splash shields or goggles. and latex gloves will be worn during all cleaning operations. • Solvent rinsing operations will be conducted in the open !never in a closed rooml. • Ho eating, smoking, drinking, chewing, or anv hand to mouth contact should be permitted during cleaning operations. B.1.6 Handling of Cleaned Equipment Aller field cleaning, equipment should be handled oniv bV personnel wearing clean gloves to prevent re-contamination. In addiUon, the equipment should be moved awav lpreferablV upwindl from the cleaning area to prevent recontamlnauon. If the equipment Is not to be immedlatelV re-used it should be covered wllh plaSUc sheeting or wrapped in aluminum foil to prevent re-contamination. The area where the equipment Is kept Prior to re-use must be free of contaminants. B.2 Field Equipment Cleaning Procedures Sufficient clean equipment should be transported to the field so that an entire studV can be conducted without the need for field cleaning. However, this is not possible for soma specialized items such as portable power augers IUWe Beaver®!, well drilling rigs, soil coring rigs, and other large pieces of field equipment In addition, parlicularlV during large scale studies, it is not practical or possible to transport all of the precleaned field equipment required into the field. In these Instances. sufficient pre-cleaned equipment should be transported to the field to perfonn at least one davs work. The following procedures are to be utilized when equipment must be cleaned In the field. B.2.1 Specifications for Decontamination Pads Decontamination pads constructed for field cleaning of sampling and drilling equipment should meet the following minimum specifications: • The pad should be constructed In an area known or believed to be free of surface contamination. • The pad should not leak excessivelV. • If possible, the pad should be constructed on a level. paved surface and should facllilate the removal of wastewater. This mav be accomplished bv either constructing the pad with one comer lower than the rest or bV creating a sump or pit in one comer or along one side. ADV sump or Pit should also be lined. EIBSOPQAM B-3 Mav1996
•
• Sawhorses or racks constructed to hold equipment while being cleaned should be high enough above ground to prevent equlpmem from being splashed. • Water should be removed from the decontaminauon pad frequenuv.
• A temporary pad should be lined with a water Impermeable material with no seams within the pad. This material should be either easltv replaced ldlsposabtel or repairable.
At the compteuon of site acliviues, the decontaminauon pad should be deacuvated. The Pit or sump should be backfilled with the appropriate material designated by the site proJect leader. but ontv aner all waste/rinse water has been pumped Into containers for disposal. No sotvent rinsates will be Placed In the piL sotvent rlnsates should be collected in separate containers for proper disposal. see SecUon 5.15 of this SOP for proper handling and disposal of these materials. II the decontamlnauon pad has leaked excesstvetv, soil sampling may be required.
B.2.2 "Classic Parameter" sampling Equipment
"Classic Parameters" are anatvses such as oxvgen demand, nutrients, certain lnorganlcs, sulfide, now measurements, etc. For rouune operaUons involving classic parameter anatvses, water quality sampling equ1Pment such as Kemmerers. buckets. dlssotved oxygen dunkers, dredges. etc. may be cleaned with the sample or analJlle-free water between sampling locauons. A brush may be used to remove deposits of material or sediment. II necessary. II analJlle-free water Is samplers should be Hushed at the next sampling locaUon with the substance lwaterl to be sampled, but before the sample ls collected.
Flow measuring equipment such as weirs, stall gages. velocity meters, and other stream gaging equipment may be cleaned with tap water between measuring locaUons, ii necessary.
The previoustv described procedures are not to be used for cleaning field equipment to be used for the collecuon of samples undergoing trace organic or inorganic consUtuent anatvses.
B.2.3 sampling Equipment used for the Collecuon of Trace Organic and Inorganic compounds
The following procedures are to be used for all sampling equipment used to collect rouune samples undergoing trace organic or Inorganic constituent anatvses:
1. Clean with taP water and soap using a brush if necessary to remove parucutate matter and surface Dims. Equipment may be steam cleaned !soap and high pressure hot waterl as an attemauve 10 brushing. Sampling equipment that is steam cleaned should bil placed on racks or saw horses at least two feet above the noor of the decontaminauon pad. PVC or ptasuc Items should not be steam cleaned.
2. Rinse thoroughlJI with taP water.
3. Rinse thoroughlJI with analJlle free water.
4. Rinse thoroughlJI with sotvenL Do not sotvent rinse PVC or ptasuc items.
5. Rinse thoroughlJI with organic/analJlle free water. II organic/analJlle free water ls not available, equipment should be allowed to comptetetv dry. Do not applJI annal rinse with analJlle water . Organic/analJlle free water can be generated on-site uttrmng the portable svstem.
EIBSOPQAM B-4 Mav199&
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6. Remove the equipment from the decontamination area and cover with Plastic. Equipment stored overnight should be wrapped in aluminum foil and covered with clean, unused PlaStic.
B.2A Well sounders or Japes
1. wash with soap and tap water.
2. Rinse With tap water.
3. Rinse with analVle free water.
B.2.5 FUitz® Pump Cleaning Procedure .
CAUTION -To avoid damaging the Fultz® pump:
• Never run pump when dry
• Never switch direcUV from the forward to the reverse mode without pausing in the "OFF" position
111e Fultz® pump should be cleaned prior to use and between each monitoring well. 111e following procedure is required:
1. Pump a sllfficient amount of soapy water through the hose to nosh out any residual purge water .
2. Using a brush. scrub the exterior of the contaminated hose and pump with soapy water. Rinse the soap from the outside of the hose with tap water. Rinse the hose with analVle-lree water and recoil onto the spool.
3. Pump a sllfficient amount of tap water through the hose to nosh out all the soapy water lapproxlmatelV one gallonl.
4. Pump a sllfficient amount of analVte-lree water through the hose to nosh out the tap water, then purge with the pump In Ille reverse mode.
5. Rinse the outside of Ille pump housing and hose wilh analVte-lree water lapproximatelV 1/4 galJ.
6. Place pump and reel in clean plaStic bag.
Bl.& Goulds® Pump Cleaning Procedure
CAUTION-During cleaning a1wa11s disconnect the pump lromlhe generator.
111e Goulds© pump should be cleaned prior to use and between each monitoring well. 111e following procedure is required:
1. Using a brush. scrub Ille exterior 01 Ille contaminated hose and pump with soap and taP water .
2. Rinse the soap from the outside of Ille pump and hose wllh tap water.
UBSOPQAM B-5 Mav199& ,
•
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3. Rinse the tap water residue trom the outside ot pump and hose with analVte-tree water.
4. Place the pump and hose in a clean plastic bag.
B.2.1 Redl-Ro2® Pump
The Redl-Ro2® pump should be cleaned prior to use and between each monitoring well. The
following procedure Is required:
CAUTION -Make sure the pump is not Plugged In.
1. Using a brush, scrub the exterior ot the pump, electrical cord and garden hose with soap and
tap water. Do not wet the electrical plug.
2. Rinse with tap water.
3. Rinse with analVte tree water.
4. Place the equipment In a clean plastic bag.
To clean the Redi-Ro2® ball check valVe:
1. CompletelV dlsmanue ball check valVe. Check tor wear and/or corrosion, and replace as
needed.
2. Using a brush. scrub all components with soap and taP water.
3. Rinse with analVte tree water.
4. Reassemble and re-attach the ball check valVe to the Redl-Ro2® pump head.
B.2.8 Automatic Sampler Tubing
The Sllastlc® and Jygon® tubing prevlousiv used In the automatic samplers mav be field cleaned
astollows:
1. Rush tubing with tap water and soap.
2. Rinse tubing lhoroughlV with tap water.
3. Rinse tubing with analVte tree water.
B.3 Downhole Drilling Equipment
These procedures are to be used tor drilling acllVIUes Involving the collecuon ot soil samples tor
trace organic and inorganic constituent anaivses, and tor the construction ot monitoring wells to be used
tor the collectton ot groundWater samples tor trace organic and Inorganic constituent anaivses.
DBSOPQAM B-6 Mav1996
• • • B.3.1 Introduction Cleaning and decontamination of all equipment should occur at a designated area !decontamination padl on the site. The decontamination pad should meet the specifications ol sectton B.2.1. Tap water lpotablel brought on the site !or drilling and cleaning pumoses should be contained In a pre-cleaned tank ol sufficient size so that drilling acliVilies can proceed without havtng to stop and obtain additional water. A steam cleaner and/or high pressure hot water washer capable of generating a pressure ol at least 2500 PSI and producing hot water and/or steam 1200°F plusl, with a soap compartment. should be obtained. B.3.2 Preliminarv Cleaning and Inspection The drill rig should be clean ol any contaminants that mav have been transponed lrom another hazardous waste site, to minimize the potential lor cross-contamination. Funher, the drill rig itself should not serve as a source ol contaminants. In addition, associated drilling and decontamination equipment. well construction materials, and equipment handling procedures should meet these minimum specified criteria: • All downhole angering, drilling, and sampling equipment should be sandblasted before use if painted, and/or there is a buildup ol rust. hard or caked matter, etc. that cannot be removed by steam cleaning !soap and high pressure hot water), or wire brushing. SandblaSting should be performed prior to arriVal on site, or well awav lrom the decontamination pad and areas to be sampled. • ADV portion ol the drill rig, backhoe, etc. that Is over the borehole lkellv bar or mast, backhoe buckets, drilling plaUorm. hoist or chain pulldowns. spindles. cathead, etcJ should be steam cleaned lsoap and high pressure hot water! and wire brushed las needed! to remove all rust. soil, and other material which mav have come lrom other hazardous waste sites before being brought on site. • Printing and/or writing on well casing, tremle tubing, etc. should be removed before use. Emerv cloth or sand paper can be used to remove the printing and/or writing. Most well material suppliers can suppJy materials without the printtng and/or writing if specified when ordered. • The drill rig and other equipment associated with the drilling and sampling acliVities should be Inspected to insure that all oils, greases, hydraulic fluids, etc. have been removed, and all seals and gaskets are Intact with no fluid leaks. • PVC or PlaStic materials such as tremie tubes should be inspected. Items that cannot be cleaned are not acceptable and should be discarded. B.3.3 Drill Rig Reid Cleaning Procedure ADV portion DI the drill rig, backhoe, etc. that Is over the borehole lkelJv bar or mast. backhoe buckets. drilling PlaUorm, hoist or chain pulldowns. spindles. cathead, etcJ should be steam cleaned lsoap and high pressure hot water! between boreholes. UBSOPQAM B·l Mav1996
• B.3A Field Cleaning Procedure for Drilling Equipment TIie following is the standard procedure for Held cleaning augers, drill stems, rods, tools, and associated equipment Tllis procedure does not aPPIY to well casings, well screens, or SPiit-spoon samplers used to obtain samples for chemical analyses, which should be cleaned as ouUined In Secuon B.2.3. 1. Clean with tap water and soap, using a brush if necessary, to remove parUculate maner and surface films. Steam cleaning !high pressure hot water with soapJ mav be necessary to remove matter that is difficult to remove with the brush. Drilling equipment that Is steam cleaned should be placed on racks or saw horses at least two teet above the floor ot the decontaminauon pad. Hollow-stem augers, drill rods, etc. that are hollow or have holes that transmit water or drilling fluids. should be cleaned on the inside with Vigorous brushing. 2. Rinse thoroughlY with tap water. 3. Remove from the decontamlnauon pad and cover with clean, unused Plasuc. II stored overnight the plasuc should be secured to ensure that it stavs In place. When there is concern for low level contaminants ii mav be necessary to clean this equipment between borehole drilling and/or monitoring well installaUon using the procedure ouUined In secuon B.2.3. • BA Emergencv Disposable Sample Container Cleaning • New one.pint or one-quan mason Iars mav be used to collect samples tor anaivses of organic compounds and metals In waste and soil samples during an emergencv. These containers would also be acceptable on an emergencv basis tor the collecuon of water samples tor extractable organic compounds, peSUcides, and metals anaivses. Tllese Jars cannot be used tor the collecUon ot water samples for volaute organic compound anaivses. The rubber sealing ring should not be In contact with the Jar and aluminum foil should be used, ii possible, between the Jar and the sealing ring. II possible, the 1ar and aluminum foll should be rinsed with peSUclde-grade isopropanol and allowed to air dry before use. Several emptv boWes and lids should be submitted to the laboratory as blanks tor qualitv control purposes. EIBSOPQAM B-8 Mav1996
8.0 REFERENCES
Phase I Remedial Investigation Work Plan
Gresham's Lake Site
Raleigh, Wake County, North Carolina
1. Remediation Closure Report -Halliburton Industrial Services Facility, Atec Environmental
Consultants, April 1992.
2. Report of Findings Site No. 29 -Rea Construction Company, Geraghty & Miller, May
1997.
3. Expanded Site Inspection, Superfund Section, Division of Waste Management, North
Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, September 1998.
Q:\.IIJSl\11-'0RKPU,W>WRKPU'>'-RVU)()C 8-1 December 2000