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HomeMy WebLinkAbout9202_Wake_EastWake_MSWLF_SamplingRequest_FID1664861_20220419Smith 5400 Glenwood Avenue, Suite 400 Raleigh, North Carolina 27S87 tel: 919 325-3500 April 19, 2022 Ms. Jaclynne Drummond North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality Division of Waste Management Solid Waste Section 2090 U.S. 70 Highway Swannanoa, North Carolina 28778 Subject: East Wake Landfill - Rigsbee Property Facility Permit No. 9202-MSWLF-1981 Modification of Sampling Plan Dear Ms. Drummond: CDM Smith Inc. (CDM Smith), on behalf of Wake County (County), is submitting this request for a reduction in the groundwater monitoring well network and reduced sampling frequency at the East Wake Landfill - Rigsbee Property (Site). Currently, the approved groundwater monitoring network consists of one background well (i.e., MW-01), and five downgradient monitoring wells (i.e., MW-02, -03, -04S, -04D, and -07) that are sampled semi-annually in the spring and fall. Monitoring well locations are provided on Figure 1. Background details and recommendations are provided below. Background There are two distinct landfill parcels associated with the East Wake Landfill. One of the parcels, as shown on Figure 1, is owned by Carolyn Properties, LLC and contains approximately 27 acres of waste. This parcel is referred to as the J.T. Knott property and is currently part of the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality's Special Remediation Branch's Pre -Regulatory Landfill program. The second parcel is owned by Mr. James Ervin Rigsbee and contains approximately 46 acres of waste located in two separate areas (Area C and Area D) as shown on Figure 1. The Rigsbee property borders the J.T. Knott property to the south and west. A large portion of the parcel is used for cattle pasture and includes an explosive storage company and associated storage and office trailers, a home with a detached garage and two barns, and a storage area for abandoned automobiles. All monitoring wells for the Site, except for the background well, are located on this parcel. This portion of the Site operated under Permit Number 92-02 until the two waste disposal areas ceased operations in 1983 (Area C) and 1985 (Area D). All work currently associate with Area C is being conducted under the supervision of the Pre -Regulatory Landfill Unit after this area of waste was determined to be eligible for the program in the fall of 2012. Beginning in 2012, the County voluntarily collected groundwater samples semi-annually from the monitoring wells associated with Area C and Area D. On September 13, 2018, the Solid 0 WATER+ENVIRONMENT+TRANSPORTATION+ ENERGY+ FACILITIES ; Smith Ms. Jaclynne Drummond April 19, 2022 Page 2 Waste Section (SWS) approved the discontinuation of the groundwater monitoring of Area C by the County, beginning with the fall 2018 sampling event. Monitoring of Area D has been ongoing since 2012. Recommendations Based on a review of the historic groundwater contours at the Site, monitoring wells MW-2 and MW-7 do not monitor landfill activities associated with Area D. In addition, depth to water in MW-2 has continued to increase and recent sampling events have encountered conditions of "dry" to less than 1-foot of water in the well prior to purging with no recharge. Historically, both MW-2 and MW-7 have had very few detected volatile organic compounds (VOC) and none above their respective groundwater standards. There have been no non -estimated value detections of any VOCs in either well since 2015 (Table 1). There have been inconsistent metal detections in samples collected from MW-2 and MW-7 that have exceeded their respective standards, but those concentrations have been similar to those in the background well. Based on a review of the historic groundwater contours, depths, well construction, and water quality results in existing semi-annual reports, CDM Smith is requesting that existing monitoring wells MW-2 and MW-7 be removed from the current approved monitoring network for the Rigsbee property (Area D) and abandoned. In addition, due to the age of the landfill and the period of time since closure, CDM Smith is requesting that the sample frequency for the remaining monitoring wells at the Rigsbee property (Area D) be reduced from semi-annually to annually. Samples were recently collected in March 2022 and CDM Smith is requesting that moving forward, samples from MW-1, MW-3, and MW-4s/MW-4d be collected during the spring sampling events only. If you have any questions or require further explanation, do not hesitate to call me at (919) 325- 3500. Sincerely, F Mathew F. Colone, PG Project Manager CDM Smith Inc. cc: John Roberson, Wake County Elliott Cornell, Wake County 4; 9202-MSWLP-1981_Area D Monitoring Modification Request_04192022 10 a 1 Yi-.PC V \ MW-02, 243.14 c \ O\ MW-03 231.32 , N \ o � , 1 Area D \ MW-04S 229.34 L' MW-04D 229.43 i Notes' 1. Groundwater elevations were measured on 2. Potentiometric contours are derived from p and adjusted based on the recent ground, Map Data Source: February 2021 Aerial Photo I OV / Carolyn Properties, LLC t (J.T. Knott Propertyl \ MW-07 247.56 N I !Cq, Plty: Eatranee Area C U` I LEGEND ,tJ� Groundwater Monitoring Well Yrwmmwm� ,*Y 243.52 Groundwater Elevation R' Potentiometric Contour / 240 — Contour Interval =10 feet irch 21, 2022. (dashed where inferred) s'a in mvestigetions _.._ Property Line G she ip County, North Carolina OneMap. Table 1 Historic Detected Groundwater Constituents - Metals East Wake Landfill, Area D MW-01 22-Oct-14 120 0.61 0.0681 0.91 L 108 MW-01 13-May-15 0.51 230 0X 37 14 41 0"1 M 11 1.9 MW-01 17-Nov-15 260 25 81 31 0.4J 23J 68 MW-01 4-0ct-16 0.181 120 0.631 0.0591 71.7J 0.611 2.41 0.76J 0.97J 2.91 14 MW-01 27-Apr-17 230 1.4 18 6.1J 6.41 24J 54 MW-01 3-Oct-17 130 0.611 0.3L 3.61 1.L 5.31 15 MW-01 (dissolved) 3-0ct-17 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-Ol 15-Jan-18 120 0.67BJ 2.1 0.37J 6.5J MW-01 19-Apr-18 120 0.63J 1.81 1.41 0.621 7.41 MW-01 31-Aug-18 120 0.44J 1.91 3.31 1.01 12 MW-01 4-Oct-18 140 0.481 3.11 5.51 1.51 1.31 0.151 6.01 39 MW-01 (dissolved) 4-Oct-18 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 2 5J NA MW-01 26-Feb-19 150 0.661 2.2J 3.9J 1.31 3.5J 12 MW-01 )dissolved) 26-Feb-19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-01 17-Apr-19 230 1.3 0.231 6.681 19 6.71 9.71 181 74 MW-01 dissolved) 17-Apr-19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-01 2-Jul-19 0.181 36 100 15 0.371 2.8 110 380B MW-01 (dissolved) 2-Jul-19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-01 5-Sep-19 180 1.1 3.41 1.91 9.3 2.8 1.41 0.171 &8 28B MW-01 dup) 5-Sep-19 200 1.2 4.OJ 2.91 11 3.7 1.51 0.21J 12 34B MW-01 (dissolved) 5-Sep-19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-01(dup, dissolved) 5-Sep-19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-01 22-Apr-20 120 0.56 5.41 MW-01 (dup) 22-Apr-20 130 0.53 4.6J MW-01 7-Oct-20 1Do 0.381 1.71 0.421 19 2.6 MW-01 14-May-21 160 3.31 2.41 9.0 2.8 1.31 25 MW-01 (dissolved) 14-May-21 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-01 19-Od-21 140 0.55 1.31 0.581 8.81 MW-02 22-Od-14 30J 0.21 0.591 0.2B1 0.71 OAJ 38 MW-02 13-May-15 100 61 30 13 41 0.61 81 50 1.7 MW-02 17-Nov-15 0.81 120 11 Si 29 13 41 OAJ 25 123 MW-02(dup) 17-Nov-IS 0.91 210 3.0 0.11 20 81 45 23 61 0.91 98 116 MW-02 4-Oct-16 0.361 0.811 100 1.6 1.131 I6 4.9J 22 20 7.51 0.351 I81 150 MW-02 27-Apr-17 0.63J 120 1.5 8.11 4.71 23 14 3.41 0.561 25 140 MW-02 3-Oct-17 871 0.861 0.151 7.51 IS 18 4.01 0.251 181 160 0.751 MW-02 (dissolved) 3-Oct-17 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 0.261 2.31 NA MW-02 19-Apr-18 100 1.2 8.5J 20 12 3.81 I51 120 MW-02 (dissolved) 19-Apr-18 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-02 4-Oct-18 32J 0.201 2.2J 4.1J 3.81 3.51 42 MW-02 (dissolved) 4-Oct-18 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-02 17-Apr-19 41J 0.501 2.081 2.41 2.91 IAA 47 MW-02 (dup) 17-Apr-19 39J 0.50J 1.48J 1.71 2.01 27 MW-02 17-Sep-19 1.61 120 2.2 0.161 19 6.91 120B 1.8 MW-02 (dissolved) 17-Sep-19 NA NA NA NA NA 2.41 NA NA NA NA NA MW-02 22-Apr-20 29 0.31J 1.4J 1.3 10 MW-02 7-Oct-20 19 0.351 2.8 8.71 MW-02 14-May-21 80 1.7 6.0 12 5 3.21 56 MW-02 (dissolved) 14-May-21 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-02 19-OC-21 DRY MW-03 22-0 -14 0.61 430 OABJ 0.81 0.81 41 381 MW-03 13-May-15 11 2 0.21 0 172 42J 0.21 7 183 640 MW-03 17-Nov-15 11 2.9 0.51 V. 35 308 54 0.31 M 271 MW-03 4-Oct-16 0.241 0.351 360 0.101 0.551 1.41 0.621 4.01 5.41 MW-03 27-Apr-17 370 1.01 0.26J 2..1.61 MW-03 3-Oct-17 370 2.01 0.49J 3.31 10 MW-03 )dissolved) 3-Oct-17 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-03 19-Apr-18 360 0.401 3.51 MW-03 (dup) 19-Apr-18 390 0.44J 3.51 MW-03 4-Oct-18 390 1.41 0.281 3.91 4.21 MW-03 17-Apr-19 330 1.41 0.38J 3.51 29 MW-03 5-Sep-19 420 2.11 0.781 3.91 6.4B1 MW-03 22-Apr-20 340 3.01 MW-03 7-Oct-20 350D 2.11 MW-03 (dup) 7-Oct-20 360D 2.11 MW-03 14-May-21 390 0.281 3.51 1.51 24 8.0 6.4 4. 14 MW-03 I 19-0ct-21 1 420 1 1 1 2.91 1.6 3.51 I 6.3J MW-045 22-0ct-14 0.91 730 1S 41 12J 0.11 581 MW-045 13-May-15 0.81 No 0.51 0.2J 21 23 22 4J 14J 31 MW-045 17-Nov-15 11 1,150 0.61 36 140 151 396 1.8 B.OJD NNIFIIIIIIIIIIIN 14 MW-045 4-Oct-16 0.30J I,000D 0.69JD 35D 69D 19JD 91D MW-045 27-Apr-17 150 2.L 1.6J 0.371 4.1J MW-045 3-0ct-17 900 0.181 24 14 0.47J 16 1.71 9.5J MW-04S(dissolved) 3-Oct-17 NA NA 960 NA NA NA 29 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-045 19-Apr-18 0.60J 590 0.151 11 15 0.43J 7.9J S. MW-04S(dissolved) 19-Apr-18 NA NA NA NA NA NA 10 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-045 4-Oct-18 410 9.21 23 621 4.2J MW-045 (dup) 4-Oct-18 400 8.81 23 5.91 4.61 MW-M(dissolved) 4-Oct-18 NA NA NA NA NA NA 8.41 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-04S (dup dissolved) 4-Oct-18 NA NA NA NA NA NA 7.91 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MVv-m 17-Apr-19 680 0.161 1.68J 16 13 IAJ 101 1.5J 13 MW-04S(dissolved) 17-Apr-19 NA NA NA NA NA NA 16 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-045 5-Sep-19 0.22J 30 9.4 0.32J 19 9.9B1 MW-04S(dissolved) 5-Sep-19 NA NA NA NA NA 32 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-045 22-Apr-20 0.34J 1.71 32 29 18 1.5J 5.9J MW-04S(dissolved) 22-Apr-20 NA NA NA NA NA 33 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-045 7-Oct-20 660D 21 7.2 13 It SAJ MW-045 14-May-21 1.61 0.311 0.261 32 21 1.8 18 3.51 0.161 16 MW-045 19-Oc[-21 0.161 30 50 2.2 20 13 MW-04S(dissolved) 19-0c[-21 NA NA NA NA NA 32 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA �th Page 1 of 2 Table 1 Historic Detected Groundwater Constituents - Metals East Wake Landfill, Area D 3. MW-04D 22-0c[-14 0.61 66a 25 61 21J 31 4BJ MW-04D 13-May-15 0.81 960 2 0.31 19 40 103 25JJ 0.51 61 173 MW-04D 4-0ct-16 0.291 0.76J 880D 0.2. 0.33J 1.91 21 19 2.0J 181 7.7J 29 MW-04D 27-Apr-17 3.51 940 17 17 1.4J 9.71 3.9J 6.9J 28 MW-04D 3-Oct-17 0.791 "0 10 8.71 0.661 13J 2.5J MW-04D (dissolved) 3-Oct-17 NA NA 130 NA NA NA 11 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-04D 19-Apr-18 840 0.151 IS 20 14J 4.81 MW-04D(dissolved) 19-Apr-18 NA NA 770 NA NA NA IS NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-04D 4-Oct-18 880 8.41 13 131 1.3J 4.2J MW-04D(dissolved) 4-Oct-18 NA NA 940 NA NA NA 8.01 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-04D 17-Apr-19 4.21 1,500 0.251 0.20J 1.9BJ 23 18 1.11 191 15 MW-04D(dissolved) 17-Apr-19 NA NA 790 NA NA NA 28 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-04D 5-Sep-19 860 18 7.8 0.61J 17 12B MW-04D(dissolved) 5-Sep-19 NA NA 790 NA NA NA 17 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-04D 22-Apr-20 7]0 26 20 21 1.71 4.OJ MW-04D(dissolved) 22-Apr-20 NA NA 770 NA NA NA 26 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-04D 7-Oct-20 610D 5.0 7.7 0.301 7.3 4.2J MW-04D(dissolved) 7-Oct-20 NA NA NA NA NA NA 5.4 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-04D 14-May-21 0.64J 3.1 ,100 0.40 2.51 22 16 2.7 16 3.2J 20 MW-04D 19-Oct-21 1.3J OD 12 0.54J 12 8.11 MW-04D (dissolved) 19-Oct-21 NA NA 40 NA NA NA 12 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-07 22-Oct-14 5091 0.4J 0.21 0.91 0.31 15B MW-07 13-May-15 150 3 0.71 10 6J 14 12 31 0.31 131 29 MW-07 4-Oct-16 150 3.5 0.071J 7.01 3.41 7.31 7.51 1.41 I8J 21 MW-07 27-Apr-17 93J 1.1 2.21 2.31 1.3J 5.41 11 MW-07 3-Oct-17 140 2.2 0.67J 6.51 7.9J 6.31 1.61 0.171 I81 28 1.7J MW-07 (dissolved) 3-Oct-17 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.61 NA MW-07 '::Apr-Apr-18 96J 1.5 3.5J 2.51 2.81 2.]J S.OJ 16 MW-07 (dissolved) 19-Apr-18 NA NA NA NA NA 1.61 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-07 4-Oct-18 84J 0.781 1.91 1.81 8.41 MW-07(dissolved) 4-Oct-18 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1.7J NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-07 17-Apr-19 86J 1.0 1.4 4.191 1.7J 4.2J 3.]J 6.9J 33 MW-07(dissolved) 17-Apr-19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-07 17-Sep-19 68 0.84 1.4 2.0J 1.51 2.81 1.1 44B MW-07 )dissolved) 17-Sep-19 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-07 22-Apr-20 68 0.83 0.53 1.4J 1.7 0.81J 23 MW-07 (dissolved) 22-Apr-20 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-07 7-Oct-20 0.501 67 0.68 2.4 1.31 20 MW-07 14-May-21 100 1.1 9.4 3.11 1.91 5.5 2.6 2.01 3.61 250 MW-07 (dissolved) 14-May-21 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-07(dup) 14-May-21 91 1.1 6.0 2.91 1.1 3.61 1.9 1.12.9J 160 MW-07 19-Oct-21 71 0.75 9.4 1.7J 0.87J 140 MW-07(dissolved) 19-Oct-21 NA NA NA NA 5.7 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA MW-07 (dup) 19-Oct-21 64 0.65 7.6 1.81 0.86J 120 MW-07 (dup, dissolved) 19-Oct-21 NA NA NA NA 8.0 NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA Notes: 1. All units are in micrograms per liter (parts per billion). 2.' - Interim Maximum Allowable Concentration (IMAQ 3 " - Revised Upper Tolerance Level (UTL) calculated as partof the East Wake Lined Alternate Source Demonstration approved bythe North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality on August 17, 2020. 4. dup - Duplicate Sample 5.1- Indicates the analytical result is an estimated concentration between the method detection limit and the limit of quantitation. 6. B -The analyte con entration detected in the method blank -greater than the method detection limit. 7. D - Indicates Lhesampl, was analyzed at a dilution greater than 1. 8. Dissolved metals samples were collected to evaluate the influence of turbidity on total metal concentrations. 9. NA - Not Analyzed Concentration exceeds the North Carolina 2L - Indicates the result is below the detection limit Smi D th Page 2 of 2 Table 1 Historic Detected Groundwater Constituents - Volatile Organic Compounds East Wake Landfill, Area D MW-01 22-Oct-14 0.381 MW-01 13-May-15 MW-01 17-Nov-15 0.551 MW-01 4-Oct-16 MW-01 27-Apr-17 MW-01 3-Oct-17 MW-01 19-Apr-18 MW-01 4-Oct-18 MW-01 17-Apr-19 MW-01 5-Sep-19 MW-01 (dup) 5-Sep-19 -- MW-01 22-Apr-20 -- MW-01 (dup) 22-Apr-20 -- MW-01 7-Oct-20 -- MW-01 14-May-21 5.21 -- MW-01 19-Oct-21 -- MW-02 22-Oct-14 0.781 MW-02 13-May-15 MW-02 17-Nov-15 5.3 MW-02 (dup) 17-Nov-15 5.5 MW-02 4-Oct-16 MW-02 27-Apr-17 MW-02 3-Oct-17 MW-02 9-Apr-18 MW-02 4-Oct-18 MW-02 17-Apr-19 MW-02 (dup) 17-Apr-19 MW-02 17-Sep-19 5.51 -- MW-02 22-Apr-20 -- MW-02 7-Oct-20 -- MW-02 14-May-21 -- DRY MW-02 19-Oct-21 MW-03 22-Oct-14 3.5 0.931 0.811 MW-03 13-May-15 6.81 0.731 1.51 0.271 0.301 MW-03 17-Nov-15 1.2 3.7 1.1 1.4 1.9 0.651 MW-03 4-Oct-16 BW 3.6 0.991 0.401 0.441 MW-03 27-Apr-17 131 0.771 3.6 0.941 MW-03 3-Oct-17 4.91 0.451 3.7 0.871 MW-03 19-Apr-18 7.31 3.3 0.821 MW-03 (dup) 19-Apr-18 6.91 3.5 0.871 MW-03 4-Oct-18 8.01 0.53 4.3 1.1 0.54 23 MW-03 17-Apr-19 3.01 2.7 0.61 22 MW-03 5-Sep-19 5.41 3.4 0.64 19 MW-03 22-Apr-20 7.01 4.1 0.94 15 MW-03 7-Oct-20 0.481 5.1 1.2 14 MW-03 (dup) 7-Oct-20 0.53 4.9 1.2 15 MW-03 14-May-21 7.11 3.5 0.84 14 MW-03 19-Oct-21 4.31 4.3 0.90 15 MW-045 22-Oct-14 1.4 5.5 1.4 0.471 MW-045 13-May-15 1.2 4.2 0.811 0.481 MW-045 4-Oct-16 0.801 7.0 0.451 1.8 0.881 MW-045 27-Apr-17 MW-045 3-Oct-17 2.11 7.2 1.8 0.811 0.801 MW-045 19-Apr-18 5.91 3.7 1.1 MW-045 4-Oct-18 6.01 1.9 0.79 19 MW-045 (dup) 4-Oct-18 4.41 1.7 0.86 21 MW-045 17-Apr-19 0.77 7.5 1.8 0.80 54 MW-045 5-Sep-19 4.21 0.711 4.31 0.51 0.77 58 MW-045 22-Apr-20 0.72 8.9 2.0 0.76 45 MW-045 7-Oct-20 0.401 5.0 1.6 0.471 32 MW-045 14-May-21 11 0.71 7.0 1.5 0.59 42 MW-045 19-Oct-21 4.61 0.53 8.6 1.9 0.67 51 Smith Page 1 of 2 Table 1 Historic Detected Groundwater Constituents - Volatile Organic Compounds East Wake Landfill, Area D MW-04D 22-Oct-14 6.0 1.6 0.381 MW-04D 13-May-15 8.91 0.571 4.6 0.811 0.471 MW-04D 4-Oct-16 0.521 6.3 1.6 0.541 MW-04D 27-Apr-17 4.31 0.411 5.3 1.5 0.571 MW-04D 3-Oct-17 0.491 5.5 1.4 0.441 MW-04D 19-Apr-18 MW-04D 4-Oct-18 3.01 1.3 1.3 0.401 31 MW-04D 17-Apr-19 0.59 6.9 1.8 0.70 48 MW-04D 5-Sep-19 4.41 2.0 0.451 34 MW-04D 22-Apr-20 0.461 6.1 1.7 0.62 40 MW-04D 7-Oct-20 1.3 0.62 12 MW-04D 14-May-21 10 3.1 0.80 21 MW-04D 19-Oct-21 6.71 2.8 0.421 20 MW-07 22-Oct-14 0.831 MW-07 13-May-15 5.61 MW-07 4-Oct-16 MW-07 27-Apr-17 MW-07 3-Oct-17 0.411 MW-07 19-Apr-18 MW-07 4-Oct-18 MW-07 17-Apr-19 MW-07 17-Sep-19 5.21 -- MW-07 22-Apr-20 -- MW-07 7-Oct-20 -- MW-07 14-May-21 4.41 -- MW-07 (dup) 14-May-21 4.71 -- MW-07 19-Oct-21 -- MW-07 (dup) 19-Oct-21 -- Notes: 1. All units are in micrograms per liter (parts per billion). 2.1 - Indicates the analytical result is an estimated concentration between the method detection limit and the limit of quantitation. 3. B - The analyte concentration detected in the method blank was greater than the method detection limit. 4. (--) - Not Analyzed. 1,4-Dioxane was removed from the sampling program for all MW-01, -02, and -07 due to two consecutive non -detect events. Concentration exceeds the North Carolina 2L Groundwater Standard Indicates the result is below the detection limit CDM Smith Page 2 of 2