0601_ROSCANS_2000

COO ps7
Avery County Landfill
Landfill Gas -to -Energy
Project Proposal
Presented By
Natural Power, Inc.

4
February 14, 2000
Mr. Stan Steury
Executive Director
Blue Ridge Resource Conservation & Development Council, Inc.
1081-2 Old US Highway 421
Sugar Grove, North Carolina 28679
Project: Avery County Landfill Gas -to -Energy Project
Reference No.: P0100.001
Re: Request for Proposals
Dear Mr. Steury:
Natural Power, Inc. has enclosed three copies of our proposal to install a landfill -gas
collection system and blower station at the Avery County Landfill. We have presented
this proposal as outlined below:
• Introduction
• Project Description
• Scope of Services
• Project Development History / Performance
• Budget
• Construction Schedule
• Items Not Included
• Landfill Gas Technologies
The total amount for all system elements in this proposal is $125,703.50. Optional
items are included with known pricing and may be added at the discretion of the Blue
Ridge Resource Conservation & Development Council, Inc.
Specific cost projections are based on new equipment and materials that Natural Power
believes would be suitable for this project. Quantities of materials are estimated based
on information available. Our beliefs are based on a site visit in February 2000, the
feasibility study performed by SCS Engineers in 1997 and the potential end -uses for the

landfill gas as discussed with Terry Woodruff. Our prices are valid for the remainder of
2000.
Mr. teary, plza-se luate our submittal and contact us if any issues need clarification.
Thank you for this opportunity, your time and consideration.
Sincerely,
Cynthia R. McCoy
Vice President
Enclosures (3)

Proposal For:
Landfill Gas -to -Energy Project
Avery County Landfill
S omitted -To -
Blue Ridge Resource Conservation & Development Council, Inc.
Attention: Mr. Stan Steury, Executive Director
1081-2 Old US Highway 421
Sugar Grove, North Carolina 28679
Submitted By:
Natural Power, Inc.
3000 Gresham Lake Road
Raleigh, North Carolina 27615
Phone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
February 14, 2000
Reference No. P0100.001

Table of Contents
Introduction
Project Description
tc ie on Wells
2.1.1 Well Placement
2.1.2 Well Boring
2.1.3 Spoils
!.4 Piping and Backfill
2.1.5 Record keeping
2.1.6 Well Bore Seals
2.1.7 Wellheads
2.2 Collection Lines
2.2.1 Piping
2.2.2 HDPE Butt Fusion
2.2.3 Trench Excavation
2.2.4 Backfill
2.3 Condensate Collection
2.3.1 Condensate Trap and Tank A
2.3.2 Tank B
2.4 Blower / Flare
2.4.1 Blower
2.4.3 Ancillary Equipment
2.4.4 Site
2.4.5 Safety
2.4.6 Propane Tank
2.5 Landfill Cap Repair
2.5.1 Backfill
2.5.2 Density Test
Scope of Services Offered
3.1 Project Development
3.2 Engineering
3.3 Permitting and Regulatory Compliance
3.4 Health and Safety
3.5 System Activation
.3.6 Technical Support
Project Development History / Performance
4.1 Projects
4.1.1 Rowland Landfill Power Plant
4.1.2 Wilder's Grove / Ajinomoto Project
4.1.3 White Street Landfill Gas Project
4.1.4 Yancey / Mitchell Landfill Gas Project
4.2 Awards
Budget
Construction Schedule
Items Not Included
Landfill Gas Technologies
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Proposal for every County landfill
Introduction
Natural _Po_wer,__Inc._(Natural Power
landfill gas -to -energy project at the Avery County Landfill, owned by Avery County
(County hereafter),based upon the "Request for Proposals" issued by Blue Ridge
Resource Conservation & Development Council, Inc. (Blue Ridge RC&D hereafter)
on January 11, 2000. Information included herein is based upon conversations with
Blue Ridge RC&the Feasibilissessment tor Landfill Gas
Utilization Greenhouse Project at the Avery County Landfill prepared by SCS
Engineers in September 1997, and site visit made by Natural Power on February 3,
2000.
The contents of this proposal are recommended to have a cost-effective and efficient
landfill gas collection system. Any modifications to this proposal made by Blue Ridge
RC&D shall be discussed with Natural Power and projected costs adjusted.
Changes that may occur after the proposal has been accepted shall be made in
writing. All parties involved must approve changes as quickly as possible so as not
to lengthen project construction time. All prices are subject to change, with notice.
Project Description
During our site visit, surface water drain -grates were noticed at several low -points of
the landfill. It is our assumption that underground piping connects these drain-
atesNatural-Power shall -take all necessary precautions to protect underground
piping during the course of project construction. The County shall make available all
information pertaining to the location and existence of underground piping and
utilities.
With this proposal, Natural Power has designed a landfill gas collection system,
including extraction well placement. Due to the unavailability of a scaled, engineered
drawing or topography, a sketch of the landfill and Natural Power's proposed system
is provided in Appendix 1 and 3. The landfill gas -to -energy project's system
elements have been broken down according to the Request for Proposals -
Technical Specifications and are described below.
2.1 Collection Wells
2.1.1 Well Placement
Based upon the landfill's contours, Natural Power proposes that 7 extraction
wells be drilled at the locations indicated in Appendix 1. Four (4) wells at the
highest elevation and 3 (or 4) wells at a lower elevation should be sufficient to
extract more than 65% of the landfill gas produced by the landfill.
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Proposal for Avery County Landfill
Well placement is critical at this landfill due to the potential for air intrusion at
the steep side slopes. If a well is over -pulled, too much vacuum applied to the
well, air could be pulled through the cap and into the landfill refuse. If air
intrusion- occurs; th-e-anaerobic methane -producing bacteria-wodd die arrd
fire could result. Also taken into account are the power lines atop the landfill
and the -underground -surface water drainage system
,ell Boring
Extraction well borings are to be 36-inch diameter. Natural Power's drilling
contractor will use dry drilling equipment; wet rotary drilling equipment may not
be used. All borings shall be made with bucket type augers. Four (4) wells
are to be drilled to a depth of 100 feet each; 2 wells will be approximately 50
feet each; and 1 well should be about 25 feet deep. A total of 525 feet of
drilling is expected. Natural Power would like the option of drilling another 25
foot well. This would allow for better coverage and more complete landfill gas
extraction.
The boring depths shown on the sketch in Appendix 1 are estimated and may
be adjusted in the field by Natural Power's supervisor. If water is encountered
in a boring, Natural Power may drill beyond the point at which it was
encountered. If wet conditions remain, the boring may be terminated and the
length of
relocated
visor, or the well maybe
cease (e.g. due to trapped water layer), then
drilling will continue to the design depth. Since base grades of this landfill are
unknown, the depth of drilling may_ vary. When within 10 feet of estimated
erforated pipe adiusted by the
If wet conditions
base grade, drilling slows and great care
bottom of the landfill liner.
is used so as not to drill through the
Obstructions and saturated conditions such as sludges and foundry sands are
sometimes encountered when drilling in a landfill, many of which can be
drilled through. Natural Power will make reasonable efforts to drill through
obstructions and saturated conditions and will be paid for offset redrilling and
boring abandonment only if prior approval by Blue Ridge RC&D. Natural
Power will be paid for abandonment of abandoned hole ($30.00 per foot
drilled) and for well installation at new location.
2.1.3 Spoils
All spoils from drilling will need to be removed and disposed of properly within
24 hours. Natural Power understands that the County will provide a refuse
container at the landfill site. Natural Power will, with a backhoe, deposit all
spoils (with a minimal amount of dirt) into the containers provided. We
request that one unit be placed at the top of the landfill and one at the bottom
in close proximity to well locations. It is understood by Natural Power that the
County will deliver and pick up these containers, as well as properly dispose
of the refuse, at their sole expense.
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Propo ,al for Avery County Landfill
2.1.4 Piping and Backfill
As soon as drilling is completed, a safety screen shall be placed over the top
of the bore. This screen shall stay in place until backfilling is within 4 feet of
-he—surface. Safety screen size will be large enough to accommodate all
backfill materials and any tools used during backfilling yet not large enough for
any human to accidentally fall through. All pipe and fittings shall be high -
density polyethylene pipe (HDPE), SDR 17 or SDR 11. Slots in the HDPE
a-xt-raction well -piping -shall be industry standard..
Backfilling of the well shall commence immediately after well drilling is
completed and the well piping has been installed in the borehole. Gravel pack
shall be locally available rock of 1 %2-inch diameter size so as not to impair flow
to slots. Bentonite chips are to be mixed thoroughly with potable water at a
ratio of 5-10 gallons of water to every 50 pounds of bentonite. Costs
associated with a water supply are not included in this proposal. Water is
needed at the well drilling stage of this project in order to make the bentonite
mixture. Water will need to be delivered via water truck to the landfill at the
on -set of drilling. Soil provided by the County will be considered suitable and
approved. This soil will be used for backfill and cap repair. Soil shall be
delivered at time of well drilling and stockpiled. A side -view diagram of a
typical extraction well and its backfill components is found in Appendix 2.
2.1.5 Record keeping
Natural Power shall keep detailed well bore logs and construction diagrams
for all wells drilled. Information provided in these logs includes well number,
total well depth, temperature of spoils, description of waste strata, dates from
any readable material, and the occurrence of any water bearing zones. Well
bore logs and as -built data will be provided to Blue Ridge RC&D with invoice
for that phase of work.
2.1.6 Well Bore Seals
"Well Bore Seals", manufactured by CES-LANDTEC, will be installed around
each of the 7 vertical wells. These seals are installed in order to minimize
migration of landfill gas into the atmosphere as well as air intrusion into the
landfill and / or gas stream. The "Well Bore Seal" covers a 10-foot by 10-foot
area and fastens to the 4-inch HDPE well piping. A backhoe will be used to
excavate the dirt around the well and to backfill around the well once the seals
are in place. The seals shall be installed about 2 feet below the cover.
2.1.7 Wellheads
CES-LANDTEC wellheads have been selected for this project because they
were designed to work with the CES-LANDTEC GEM-500 (currently owned by
Blue Ridge RC&D). These wellheads have test ports that allow the operator
to use the GEM-500 to monitor for flow, temperature and vacuum as well as to
analyze quantities of methane, carbon dioxide, oxygen, and balance gas
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P0100.001

Proposal for Avery COUnty Landfill
(usually nitrogen). A 1 %2" wellhead will be installed at each of the 7 wells. The
wellheads are installed above the "Well Bore Seals".
2.2.1 Piping
All materials will be purchased by Natural Power and delivered to the Avery
County-L­andfifl--Natural -Powerwill- supervise & unloaa- materials tha are
delivered to the site. Four -inch and 6-inch High Density Polyethylene (HDPE)
pipe and necessary fittings and valves will be used to collect the landfill gas
and deliver it to the blower / flare. Appendix 3 illustrates proposed pipeline
layout. Approximately 600 feet of 4-inch and 800 feet of 6-inch HDPE pipe
will be used to install the collection system.
2.2.2 HDPE Butt Fusion
Natural Power will supply its own equipment (Caterpillar backhoe, McElroy
fusion machine, ditchwitch) and the personnel needed to operate the
equipment and install the collection lines. Pipe and fittings will be welded in
accordance with manufacturer's recommendation for butt fusion methods.
Fusion operators certified by the pipe manufacturer will be provided. Butt
fusion equipment for joining procedures shall be capable of meeting
conditions recommended by _pipe-manufactur_er including, b-ut-no-t_limited to,
temperature requirements, alignment, and fusion pressures. At the end of
each working day, open ends of fused pipe will be capped to prevent entry by
animals -or _debr-is. Once all piping -is -fused, it is -then -"one -continuous -pipe".
2.2.3 Trench Excavation
Trench excavation may break through the landfill cap and into refuse if there is
less than 2 feet of cover. Safety precautions will be taken during these
construction activities that conform to all OSHA regulations. Natural Power
will, however, make all attempts not to break through the landfill cap and try to
install the collection piping within the final landfill cap. Collection line trenches
shall be excavated with a minimum bottom trench width of 18 inches. Natural
Power will stockpile any material not suitable for backfill. Excavated cover
material shall be separated from excavated refuse wherever possible and any
cover material free of refuse shall be used as backfill material. Excavated
refuse is to be loaded and hauled by Natural Power to on -site containers for
disposal by the County.
Natural Power may not excavate more trench than can be completely
backfilled after installation of the pipe. Excavations shall not be left open
overnight without barricade tape. All excavations shall be open cut or ditch
witched. To the extent possible, the trench invert shall slope uniformly such
that liquids can flow via gravity to the condensate knockout trap or tanks.
Minimum trench slope will be 2 percent. Slight adjustments in the depths and
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P0100.00`#

Proposal for Avery County landfill
alignments may be necessary to maintain a minimum cover of 1.5 feet.
Decrease in pipe slope is not acceptable.
-2-4-Backfi l l -
Final cover backfill shall be consistent with the existing landfill cover system
and compacted to a similar density and thickness. All materials intended for
use, shall be delivered and approved by the County prior to placement. All
reas-covered-by-the-work, -including excavated -and filled -sections; shad-b-e
uniformly back bladed to the finished ground elevations. The finished surface
shall be reasonably smooth and free of irregularities and shall provide a
presentable and well -drained area.
2.3 Condensate Collection
Temperature differences between warm damp landfill gas and cooler collection pipes
produce condensate. Environmental laws prevent the landfill owner from returning
the landfill gas condensate to the landfill. Because of these issues, condensate
traps and tanks will be required. This condensate, once removed from the gas
stream, will have to be stored for disposal. The landfill gas system operator will be
responsible for transporting the condensate from the landfill to a disposal facility that
meets all local, state, and federal environmental regulations.
2.3.1 Condensate Trap and Tank A
Condensate liquid in the landfill gas collection pipe will flow to engineered low
points- within the gas piping system. All low points -in the gas pipe--shall-freely
drain condensate to sealed condensate tanks. A condensate knockout trap
shall be installed so as to promote easy access and free draining of
condensate by gravity. The location of the condensate knockout trap and
Tank A are shown in Appendix 3. A sketch of the proposed condensate
knockout trap is found in Appendix 4. The tank is similar to that at the Yancey
/ Mitchell Landfill.
The condensate trap will be installed in -line with the collection piping. Bolted
flanges and valves will allow the trap to be isolated in case of cleaning or
repairs. A 2-inch HDPE line with a PVC schedule-80 butterfly valve will allow
condensate to drain from the trap to the tank. The location of Tank A will be
based on elevations needed for free drainage from the trap. We have
proposed that the tank be placed behind a future greenhouse for the sake of
appearances.
A 12-volt fuel pump will be supplied to pump condensate from the tank into a
hauling vehicle. This is a simple, inexpensive pump that can be connected to
a car battery for power. We have used this type of pump at other landfill gas
projects and feel that it would be adequate.
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Proposal for Avery County Landfill
Tank A shall be a 225-gallon capacity, HDPE horizontal leg tank. Based on
the quantities of condensate which have accumulated in the storage tank at
the Yancey / Mitchell Landfill Gas Project to date, we feel that this tank will
havesuffi i nt storage capacity.. The tank will -be situated atop a packed
gravel pad. This pad will be lined with heavy plastic and surrounded with
earthen berms also lined in heavy plastic so as to prevent contamination in
case of a leak.
2.3.2 Tank B
If all condensate flows toward the condensate knockout trap as mentioned in
Section 2.3.1, this section will be obsolete. Upon our site visit, it appears that
wells #1, #2, and #3 may not drain to the trap. A 2-inch condensate collection
piping system has been designed for these 3 wells at the top of the landfill and
is marked on the layout in Appendix 3. A condensate collection line for Well
#2 will be installed as needed. Tank B shall be a 35-gallon capacity, HDPE
horizontal leg tank. This tank shall be placed as close to the outside limits of
waste as possible in hopes that elevations will allow the condensate to drain
via gravity into a hauling vehicle. The tank will be situated atop a packed
gravel pad. This pad will be lined with heavy plastic and surrounded with
earthen berms also lined in heavy plastic so as to prevent contamination in
case of a leak.
2.4 Blower / Flare
2 4.1_Blower _
The blower will be designed for a flow rate of up to 80 scfm at 30 inches of
water column inlet vacuum and a discharge pressure of 14 inches of water
column. The 14 inches of water is based on required pressures needed at the
various end uses. This flow rate is slightly higher than the 54 scfm flow rate
projected by SCS Engineers in their Feasibility Assessment for Landfill Gas
Utilization Greenhouse Project at the Avery County Landfill dated September
1997. The methane flow rate estimate is based on the approximate amount
of refuse and its age. Since the flow rate is estimated with no field-tests for
verification, the system may be designed with flexibility of adding or replacing
various sized blowers to optimize the methane flow rate and minimize the
electrical power required to operate the blower.
2.4.2 Flare
The candlestick flare will be designed to handle a flow rate ranging from 20
scfm to 80 scfm of landfill gas at 250 to 600 Btu/scfm. The lower flow rate
assumes that the landfill gas is primarily used for end -uses. The flare will be
designed to destroy 98% of non -methane organic carbons (NMOC's). A self -
igniting flare powered by solar cells can be installed as an option. The price
difference between a solar -ignition flare and an electric -ignition flare should be
nominal and an amount is not included in this proposal.
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P0100.001

Proposal -for Avery County Landfill
2.4.3 Ancillary Equipment
The flare, blower and controls will be installed on a structural steel or
aluminum skid (approximately 6 feet by 16 feet) with interconnecting piping
and a condensate knockout tank with 20-micron stainless eel emister. so
included in this package: 2-inch all aluminum flame arrester, 2-inch electric fail
safe automatic header valve, propane pilot assembly with automatic igniter
system, and a control rack with an automatic flare controller, step down
transfon ff,-and-main-power disconnecfi-- As -an option, Natural -Power m - - -
provide a gasoline generator that can be used to power the landfill gas
collection system and boiler for the greenhouses. This would allow the
system to operate should public electric supply be interrupted.
The price for a thermal dispersion flow meter with totalizer and flow chart
recorder has been included in the optional budget items. If Blue Ridge RC&D
is interested in tracking the quantity of landfill gas removed from the landfill
(for the sale of emissions reductions credits), a flow meter will be needed.
The price for a pressure -sensitive automatic valve and necessary transmitters
and controllers is included as an optional item. This valve will allow the flare
to automatically increase or decrease the amount of landfill gas that it burns,
based upon the amount of gas needed by the end -users.
LFG Specialties may be contracted by Natural Power to supper the blower /
flare package for this site. Natural Power has used LFG Specialties in the
past and is very pleased with their work. This package is very similar to that at
the Yancey/Mitchell Landfill and their quote has been used in this proposal.
2.4.4 Site
The blower / flare will be located in close proximity to the specified location on
the site drawing by Don Woodruff, Architect as illustrated in Appendix 5. This
equipment is weatherproof and construction of a building is not necessary.
Per LFG Specialties, a concrete foundation will not be necessary since all
equipment is attached to a structural steel or aluminum skid. The blower /
flare will be located on natural ground and a 6-inch packed gravel bed will be
an adequate base.
2.4.5 Safety
Natural Power recommends a 6-foot chain -link fence be installed around the
blower / flare area due to the remote location. This would provide equipment
security and add a safety factor. Natural Power can have a fence installed on
a cost plus basis and it is included as an option. Gas direction arrows shall be
placed on all piping in the blower / flare area. "Danger - No Smoking" signs
shall be prominently displayed on all four sides of the pad or fenced
enclosure. Shop -painted items, which have damage to the shop coatings,
shall be touched up to match the basic color of the equipment.
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P0100.001

Pro osal for Avery County Landfill
2.4.6 Propane Tank
A pilot propane tank will be needed for the flare. Blue Ridge RC&D should
hold the contract for the tank and the propane as this will be a permanent
i ei m. T e propane tank should -be a standard-TG(T--pound tank equipped with
fuel gauges. The pressure of the gas shall meet the requirements of the flare
pilot system. Mechanical force shall be provided to boost the gas pressure as
required.
Costs associated with electrical work for this project have not been included.
Any and all electrical connections from the power lines to the blower / flare will
be the responsibility of the Blue Ridge RC&D. Having a local electrical
company that is familiar with the project will be a benefit in the future should
problems or additional work arise. Natural Power will however assist Blue
Ridge RC&D in supplying the necessary information and recommendations.
2.5 Landfill Cap Repair
2.5.1 Backfill
Final cover backfill shall be consistent with the existing landfill cover system
and compacted to a similar density and thickness. Compaction of backfill
material shall be by tracking over the fill material with Natural Power's onsite
pi p_eline eq u i p m e n_ t - r-a-fam- par-te-be-consiste- nt-Wth th"ur-rou nd hg-cover
material. All areas covered by the work, including excavated and filled
sections, shall be uniformly back bladed to the finished ground elevations with
-a-minimum-6"of-topsoil. T-he finished-surface--shall-be reasonably -smooth -and -
free of irregularities and shall provide a presentable and well -drained area.
Natural Power shall not assume responsibility for re -seeding areas disturbed
by installing the collection system.
2.5.2 Density Test
Soil density tests will be conducted at job completion. A soil -testing laboratory
approved by Natural Power shall perform all laboratory soil testing. A
registered engineer will review all tests. A written report will be given to Blue
Ridge RC&D at job completion that verifies that the final cap on the landfill has
been repaired to the condition which it was found or better.
Scope of Services Offered
3.1 Project Development
Natural Power will apply all skills and past experiences to this landfill gas -to -energy
project. We feel that it is very important to develop small landfill gas systems and
that no landfill is "too small" for an extraction and utilization system.
P0100.001

Proposal for Avery County Landfill
Natural Power shall supply all equipment, materials, and labor needed to install the
landfill gas -to -energy project as specified herein. Natural Power shall serve as the
main contractor on this job and will be responsible in -supervising all sub -contractors
and purchas ngng project ma al-9
Natural rower will assist blue Ridge RC&D in the development of an Operations &
Maintenance Manual for the operation and maintenance of the landfill gas -to -energy
system. Included -in -this manual -will -be -recommended -services offered -by -
Power on a continuing basis.
3.2 Engineering
A professional engineer will perform all necessary engineering reviews on system
design before any system element is installed. The engineering firm has been
instrumental in the preparation of this proposal and will be instrumental in the
progression of this project. The design of the landfill gas extraction system meets all
environmental and engineering standards and will conform to local end user
requirements.
A final map/layout produced using AutoCAD software and a GPS (global positioning
system) will be supplied after job completion. All as -built maps, drawings and reports
will he engineer -approved
3.3 Permitting and Regulatory Compliance
Natural Power's engineering firm will be responsible for preparing and obtaining an
air permit and seeking approval of the landfill gas collection system by the North
Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Solid Waste Section.
Once Air Quality has issued the air permit, blower / flare equipment will be ordered
and a copy of the permit will be sent to Blue Ridge RC&D.
Natural Power assures Blue Ridge RC&D that all federal, state and local rules and
regulations will be followed before, during and after the construction of this project.
Once the engineer has approved as -built maps, Natural Power will deliver drawings
and reports to the Solid Waste Section of the North Carolina Department of
Environment and Natural Resources.
3.4 Health and Safety
Natural Power will prepare a site specific Health and Safety Plan (HASP) to ensure
the safety of all site personnel during field activities. The elements of the HASP will
be based on the requirements outlined in the OSHA standards referenced in the
North Carolina Occupational Safety and Health Standards for General Industry (29
CFR part 1910) with Amendments as of September 1, 1994.
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Proposal for Avery County Landfill
The HASP will specify the applicable safety and health standards relevant to work at
the Avery County Landfill Site and methods that will be used to monitor the exposure
of Natural Power's field representatives and sub -contractors —The e_
will include general information, emergency information, emergency routes,
site waste characteristics, hazard, site safety work plan, and detailed information on
potential health hazards:
Natural Power -arrd—its=-subcontractors- will meet -
Compensation Insurance requirements and shall provide Blue Ridge RC&D a copy
of insurance coverage.
3.5 System Activation
Blower / flare equipment shall be field-tested to verify proper alignment and
operation, including: freedom from binding, scraping, vibration, shaft run out, or
other defects. The blowers shall be tested to assure proper operation and delivery of
specified flow rates and vacuums. Natural Power shall be responsible for conducting
a field performance test of the flare system in the presence of the Blue Ridge RC&D.
Personnel designated by Blue Ridge RC&D will be instructed as to the operation of
the system.
For P uipment--support,- a—coinptete— Operafiens & Ma+nt€rance--Maeual w+N—be
included with the blower / flare unit. Also supplied will be full submittal documents on
the equipment; including mechanical and electrical drawings and component cut
3.6 Technical Support
Natural Power would like to offer 1-year technical support to Blue Ridge RC&D as
well as to the operator of the Avery County Landfill Gas -to -Energy Project once
construction is complete. Based on our knowledge and experiences with our own
landfill gas collection systems, it is imperative to have someone you can call for
advice or to answer questions. This support may only be needed for a year until the
operator is comfortable with the system and "knows it like the back of his hand".
Technical support includes telephone consultation, a 24-hour emergency phone
number and quarterly site visits. These site visits may last up to one week. Natural
Power will also assist Blue Ridge RC&D in completion of an operation and
maintenance plan for the landfill gas system. This scope of work would be described
in the form of a contract and can be discussed at a later date upon request by Blue
Ridge RC&D.
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Proposal for Avery County Landfill
Project Development History / Performance
Natural Power, Inc. has consulted on numerous landfill gas pro
projects. We have installed 4
with various end -users over the
4.1 Projects
extremely successful landfill gas collection systems
Dast 16 vears.
4.1.1 Rowland Landfill Power Plant
The Rowland Landfill Power Plant was our first landfill gas -to -energy project.
The project began in 1983 on a small 4-acre site in Raleigh, NC. This landfill
had been closed since 1978. A collection system with 10 wells was installed
and the gas was used to fuel two 3306 Caterpillar engine / generator sets.
The system went online in 1984 and we were able to sell electricity to Carolina
Power & Light. Due to diminished quantities of landfill gas, the engines were
shut down in 1996.
4.1.2 Wilder's Grove / Ajinomoto Project
This landfill gas -to -energy project extracts gas from the 125-acre City of
Raleigh Wilder's Grove Landfill and delivers it to Ajinomoto U. S. A., Inc., a
pharmaceutical plant. This project has been online since December of 1989.
Eighty wells allow the landfill gas to travel to a blower station. From there, the
gas moves through a 1-mile pipeline to Ajinomoto. At Ajinomoto, the landfill
gas fuels two 800 horsepower boilers to produce steam for sale to Ajinomoto.
The landfill gas derived steam supplies about 98% of Ajinomoto's steam
needs and saves the company about $250,000 per year in fuel cost. Natural
Power provides operation and maintenance services at this site and owns the
boilers.
4.1.3 White Street Landfill Gas Project
The White Street Landfill in Greensboro, NC was our third project installation
and it began in 1995. We worked with Duke Engineering and Services,
project owners, to install about 100 extraction wells and a landfill gas
collection system of similar size to the Raleigh project. The pipeline, however,
is over 3 miles long. The landfill gas is sold as boiler fuel to Cone Mills, a
denim manufacturer.
4.1.4 Yancey / Mitchell Landfill Gas Project
Natural Power's most recent landfill gas -to -energy project began in 1998 at
the Yancey / Mitchell Landfill. Six passive vents were modified to become
extraction wells. We then installed the collection system and pipeline to the
end users. The landfill gas at this site will be used to fuel two boilers, fire a
ceramics kiln and glass furnace. The operator is currently extracting
approximately 100 scfm of landfill gas from this site.
11
P0100.001

Proposal for Avery County Landfill
4.2 Awards
Natural -Power -has -received several
• Governor's Energy Achievement Award given by the State of North
Garolina_in-1.98.E for the Rowland -Landfill P-r-oject
• Award for Energy Innovation given by the United States Department of
Energy in 1986 for the Rowland Landfill Project—
*
Regional Award for Environmental Project Of The Year given by the
Association of Energy Engineers in 1994 for the Wilder's Grove /
Ajinomoto Project
• National Energy Award for Utility Technology given by the United States
Department of Energy in 1994 for the Wilder's Grove / Ajinomoto Project
Blue Ridge RC&D is assured of experienced personnel and quality construction. It is
our intention that this project will be successful and one which Blue Ridge RC&D,
Avery County and Natural Power can take pride in.
Budget
Project Descriptions section. Projected costs have been broken down in Appendix 6
but a summary is as follows:
Avery County Landfill Gas System Elements
Collection Wells
$37,800.00
Collection Lines
$23,935.00
Condensate Collection
$7,461.00
Blower/Flare
$34,307.50
Landfill Cap Repair
$1,500.00
Engineering
$4,000.00
Permitting
$3,150.00
System Activation
$1,000.00
Phase 1 NPI Mobilization
$4,900.00
Phase 2 NPI Mobilization
$2,650.00
Technical Support
$5,000.00
Total Amount of Items Above:
$125,703.50
12
P0100.001

Proposal for Avery County Landfill
The price per foot charge for collection wells includes drilling, piping, backfill
materials, installation labor and clean up. Collection line prices include materials,
fusion, excavation, installation labor, backfill and grading. Mobilization fees are
freight charges and transportation costs necessary to deliver equipment to and from
the site.
NPI Personnel Mobilization is based on one 2-week continuous stay for the first
phase- nd-a-1-week stay -for -the -second -phase -of -the -project. Natural -Power intends -
to work 6 days per week, 8-10 hours per day, weather permitting. Personnel will
include a supervisor, equipment operator, fusion technician, and laborer. Natural
Power requires 2 vehicles: one for daily commuting, tools and spare parts and one
for equipment and fittings. Natural Power will assume day-to-day mileage costs.
Lodging for Natural Power personnel includes 3 rooms and appropriate taxes. The
meal allowance covers 4 persons. If above circumstances differ, Blue Ridge RC&D
will be charged accordingly.
Optional items, as mentioned throughout this proposal, are priced as known in the
table below. Most optional items are suggested ideas and not exact items; therefore,
they cannot be priced in this proposal.
Optional Items
25-foot well at Avery County
$1,500.00
Flow meter with chart recorder
$7,535.00
Pressure -sensitive automatic valve
- $6,600.00
Solar Flare
Cost + 10%
Gas Generator
Cost + 10%
Fencing around blower / flare
Cost + 10%
80-foot well at Yancey/Mitchell
$5,000.00
An 80-foot vertical well to be drilled at the Yancey / Mitchell Landfill is mentioned
above. This well would be located in the area of the horizontal wells. If Blue Ridge
RC&D would like a well drilled at the Yancey / Mitchell Landfill, it would be less
expensive to do so at the time Avery Wells are being installed.
Natural Power will deliver an itemized invoice to Blue Ridge RC&D upon completion
of each phase. Payment is due thirty days upon receipt of invoice. Prices are
subject to change.
Construction Schedule
Once our proposal is accepted and upon written "Notice to Proceed" from Blue Ridge
RC&D, Natural Power will apply for the air permit and will begin to order the materials
13

Proposal for Avery COUnty l_nndfill
and equipment needed for job completion. A work agreement contract relating to
this proposal must be signed within one month of "Notice to Proceed". The job shall
begin approximately 12 weeks later due to the expected blower / flare delivery time
(1-0--I-Z-weeks). Due to -the climate of Western North Carolina, it would-d-be-best-to
begin project construction in mid -spring or as soon as weather allows.
Work will be coordinated such that the project can be completed in two phases. The
first -phase will -encompass -the -construction of- the -extr-action-wells,collection-System
and part of the condensate collection system. The second phase will include
completion of the condensate collection system, blower / flare set up and system
activation. Natural Power intends to complete this project by mid -fall 2000. The only
known possible delays Natural Power would encounter would be due to inclement
weather or product availability.
Items Not Included
Items not included in this proposal are as mentioned in the Request for Proposals
and are reiterated as follows:
• Refuse containers and refuse disposal;
• Cost of suitable soil;
• Cost of re -seeding disturbed areas;
• Cost of providing electrical services for this project;
• Costs of landfill gas transmission lines;
• Costs of landfill gas end -use equipment;
• And, costs of landfill gas flow meters.
Landfill Gas Technologies
The landfill gas -to -energy technologies available today are widespread. Landfill gas
is being used to fuel virtually anything. Current landfill gas -to -energy projects around
the world use landfill gas as fuel for engine/generator sets, micro -turbines and fuel
cells to produce electricity. Other end -uses include boiler fuel, vehicle fuel and fuel
for applications such as ceramics and lumber kilns, sludge dryers and furnaces.
Landfill gas has been successfully upgraded to pipeline quality methane and liquid
carbon dioxide. The limits for landfill gas use are in the mind of the developer.
14
P01 t}C1. 0 `l

Appendix 1
Avery County Landfill
Gas -to -Energy Project
Wellfield Layout

—MR %w Road
—L-a wd fu
A%rt Path
=Power Lire:
Poles
S veto h of
Approx�v Pte La
Oewti fv
—Sb
outer L..im is
—of waste -
=germ at
Edoe of a U-�
n7--fS)-AD

Appendix 2
Avery County Landfill
Gas -to -Energy Project
Extraction Well Schematic

Wellhead
Flex pipe
4" Colleci
2" Conde
(If applic�
Avery County Landfill
Extraction Well Schematic
36"
" PE slotted pipe
4" PVC 40 cap
CRM P Natural Power, Inc. 02-09-00

Appendix 3
Avery County Landfill
Gas -to -Energy Project
Pipeline Layout

Ner a M5,
L-n wd fi.l.l.
Dirt path,
wi\
CT = Covu{ewsate V-KDC12Dut Trap
TA = Ta wl2 A
Tg = Ta wle g
.—outer l_ mtts
of waste
Servo, at
Edge of a U-f
TA
2" pipe
S�zetc lh of Avel-
Approx�vi
Lav'A fi, L ",as CoUectl ovu L�l
—S�te p aw

Appendix 4
Avery County Landfill
Gas -to -Energy Project
Condensate Knockout Trap

s�Zetc,k of
C oOKAevLsate K vLoc�Zout Trap
ForAverU cou.vLt� LavedfUL
side view
Top view
w
0
~Not to scale~
-4" Pipe to g[ower/ [are
-4" DiaM&6r,
r
6" Pipe from CoUeatiovL s�steK&
2" Pipe to TO vile A
golted steei Lid
6" Pipe from couecttow system
Pipe to TO vile A
H�DPE Base
CRM @ Natural Power, Iv o. 02-12-DO

Appendix 5
Avery County Landfill
Gas -to -Energy Project
End -Use Site Plan

D6111
C/4s
Avery County Landfill
Gas to Energy Project
Don Woodruff
Architect
240 Wildcat Road
Deep Gap, North Carolina 29616

Appendix 6
Avery County Landfill
Gas -to -Energy Project
Project Costs Detail

Budget
Avery County Landfill System Elements
Collection Wells
Quantity
Item
Total
Mobilization of Drill Rig-
'I time fee
525' @ $60/ft
Extraction Wells:
$31,500.00
-
Drilling
-
-
Spoils loaded into waste container
-
-
Well construction & installation, backfill & piping
-
7
CES-LANDTEC Well Bore Seals & Wellheads
$4,500.00
TOTAL
$37,800.00
Collection Lines
Quantity
Item
Total
620' @ $10/ft
4" HDPE SDR 11 or 17 pipe
$6,200.00
5 @ $275 ea.
6" x 4" reducing tee
$1,375.00
2-@ $55-ea.
6" x 4" reducer -_-__-
$11-0.00
5 @ $75 ea.
6" flange assembly
$375.00
2 @ $45 ea.
4" flange assembly
$90.00
3 @ $385 ea.
6" Chemtrol bfly valve
$1,155.00
1 @ $280 ea.
4" Chemtrol My valve
$280.00
50' @ 10/ft
4" pipe (from CT to Blower)
$500.00
1
Mobilization of equipment & materials
$1,250.00
TOTAL
$23,935.00
Condensate Collection
Quantity I
Item
Total
Condensate Knockout Trap and Tank A
100' @ $5/ft
2" HDPE SDR 11 pipe
$500.00
2 hrs @ $45/hr
Ditchwitch
Fabricated CT with:
6" flanged inlet; 4" flanged outlet-, 2" condensate outlet
$90.00
1
$2,000.00
-
-
-
14" diameter; 6' total height; gravity flow to tank
-
1
2" flange w/backup ring
$25.00

1
2" PVC 80 Chemtrol My valve
$180.00
1
225 gallon storage tank & misc. fittings
$475.00
4 hrs @ $70/hr
Backhoe - site prep & install
$280.00
1 cu.yd.
Gravel surrounding CT and at top
$15.00
- --b-o-r--&_S--u rvey _ -
O-00
32 sq.ft. @ $10/sq.ft.
Pad area
$320.00
3 @ $12 ea.
2" tee
$36.00
3 @ $10 ea.
2" elbow
$30.00
420' @ $5/ft
2" pipe
$2,100.00
1 day @ $350/day
Ditchwitch
$350.00
1
35 gallon storage tank & misc. fittings
$300.00
2 hrs @ $70/hr
Backhoe - site prep
$140.00
2 hrs @ $50/hr
Labor & Survey
$100.00
12 sq.ft. @ $10/sq.ft.
Pad area
$120.00
1
112-volt fuel pump
$300.00
TOTAL
$7,46.1.00
Blower/Flare
Quantity
Item _ -
Total
-
Blower/flare on skid
$31,107.50
-
Freight (not to exceed)
$2,000.00
-
Set up (light, flare, secure)
$500.00
-
Gravel pack pad
$200.00
-
Blower/flare site work
$500.00
TOTAL
$34,307.50
Landfill Cap Repair
Quantity
Item
Total
-
Density test / engineering
$1,000.00
-
Suitable soil and backhoe (included in total project costs)
$0.00
-
Tamper as needed
$500.00
TOTAL
$1,500.00
Engineering
Quantity
Item
Total
-
Survey, QA/QC
$2,000.00

-
As -Built, Maps & Reports
$2,000.00
TOTAL
$4,000.00
-Perm-ittin--
Quantity
Item
Total
-
Air permit application by engineer
Prep of maps fQr Solid Waste Approval
$1,650.00
$1.500.00
TOTAL
$3,150.00
System Activation
Quantity
Item
Total
-
Start-up Personnel
-
-
Operation & Maintenance Manual
-
TOTAL
$1,000.00
Phase 1 NPI Mobilization
Quantity
Item
Total
days-&-$75-ea
-Meals-&-L-odging-for-4-persons
Mileage for 2 vehicles
Equipment Transportation
$3,600.00
$0.50/mile @ 500
1 trip
$800.00
TOTAL --- -- ---
$4,900.00
Phase 2 NPI Mobilization
Quantity
Item
Total
6 days @ $75 ea
Meals & Lodging for 3 persons
$1,350.00
$0.50/mile @ 500
Mileage for 2 vehicles
Equipment Transportation
$500.00
1 trip
$800.00
TOTAL
$2,650.00
1 -Year Technical Support
Quantity
Item
Total
-
-
_
-
Telephone consultation
24-hr. emergency phone number
Quarterly site visits
Assistance with O&M plan
-
-
- -
-
TOTAL
$5,000.00
Total Amount of all Items Above: $125,703.50

ftResoll" O U lBlue Ridge
Resource Conservation & Development
Council, Inc.
1081-2 Old US Highway 421
iQ� Sugar Grove, NC 28679,
828-297-5805 Fax: [phone]
riatfon &'D Stan Steury, Exec. Director • Terry Woodruff, PBO Manager • Becky Wallace, Adm. Assistant
April 11, 2000
Ms. Cindy McCoy
Natural Power, Inc.
3000 Greshams Lake Rd.
Raleigh, NC 27615
Dear Cindy:
It is with great pleasure that we inform you that Natural Power, Inc. has been
chosen by the Blue Ridge RC&D Council to install the landfill gas system at the Avery
landfill. We have discussed this decision with Mr. Don Baker, County Manager and he
feels that this is the correct decision, even though we only received one other bid.
We are still waiting on our long overdue contract with the NC Division of Energy,
who nas promtsea to tuna a Large portion or this project. liut tunatng snouts pay for
but the blower/flare. I will be calling Rita Joyner of NC DOE again April 13th. We
expect to get the contract signed sometime between now and June.
We will be in touch as soon as we have more information. Thank you for your
bid. We look forward to seeing another great project develop, just as it did in
Yancey/Mitchell, thanks to great partners like Natural Power.
Sincerely,
Stan Steury, Executive Director
Blue Ridge RC&D Council, Inc.

`ale Resop�oo `
COPY
Blue Ridge
yes ""`o'°' = Resource Conservation & Development
Council,, Inc.
1081=2 Old US --Highway 421
Sugar Grove, NC'28679
�IMP-� oQ� _ 704-297-5805 Fax:' 704-297-5928
hseIon &O . 'Stan Steury, , Executive Director Becky Wallace, Adm. Assistant
Request for Proposal
Landfill Gas to'Energy Project'
A"very.County'LandfIll
I. 'INTRODUCTION -` l
The Blue Ridge Resource Conservation and Development (RC&D) Council has-
been authorized by the -County Commissioners of Avery County to proceed with
development�of a landfill gas to energy project at the abandoned county landfill in Avery
'County. The RC&D Council.has a similar development underway at the nearby
Yancey/Mitchell. landfill., Under an agreement with US EPA's Landfill Methane
—Outreach Progra feasibility studies:were' completed for these projects by,SCS Engineers 1
of Reston, VA., The studies determined it was feasible to capture the landfill methane ;
gas to heat, greenhouses on these sites. The greenhouses. will be used by schools,
businesses," and individuals to create new income opportunities in natural resource based
businesses.' These greenhouse efforts are part of a larger effort called Project Branch Out.
The Blue- Ridge RC&D Council, working•with an Avery County Landfill
Methane /Project Branch Out Task Force and many major partner agencies andlgroups
has also investigated 'the possibility of firing a lumber kiln, a glass blowing and ceramics
studio, and',electricity.generation using,a demonstration micro=turban or fuel cell.
The project is being touted as a model foc 918 other small�rufal landfills across
the nation'.by, US EPA Is Landfill Methane Outreach Prograril and others and is already '
getting a lot of nationwide`'publicity.; If'repeated at these 918 small landfills, the positive
effect on global, climate change could be huge since methane is over 20 time more potent
as a greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide. On our two project sites alone, EPA estimates
the same.posiiive effect,on global climate change as removing over 20,000 cars from
North Carolina highways: 1
This request is for proposals by engineers and developers of landfill gas to energy
projects.to provide engineering, design, and installation.of a landfill' gas collection and
utilization system,, The proposals .will be reviewed and contractor / contractors selected/
by. the''Blue Ridge'Resource Conservation & Development,Council, -Inc. ;The proposals'
must be for the design andinstallation of the landfill gas to collection system at the Avery,
landfill.
f

IV.- TECHNICAL SPECIFICATIONS
'The'following.system elements shall be) included and 'itemized in,the bid: ,'.
A. Collection Wells. -Seven verticafcollection_wells.sballl e_considered the
i mg' stan and r't is/ project unless the bidder feels that less wells are
needed. If bidder feel that inore'wells are needed (either 'Ivertical' or
horizontal); these; additional well shall be designated 'as .optianar wells. Wells 1
' shall' be bid .using HDPE)pipe of atleast 4 inch�diameter., Well heads, hall:b�r
1 �,.
' ' "eal c snail, e , esigne o a wl e,system operator'
' ? `to make •vacuum• adjustments and take reading's,for temperature, flow; and
percentages ofinethane and other gaseslwith a Landtec,GEMj500 gas ;
' - ::analyzer•
' ) F:.Collection 'Lines ' All co�lection.lines,sl�all be bid'as subsurface installed
' t'c ',without,penetrating•the landfill',,cap. All collection lines shall -be at least 4 inch
diameter HDPE i e.
>> �, rar Corgi ensate Collection - An,adequatecondensateccollection system shall be
installed using :traps wherever neededand aNcondensate stora a tank of least �
1 s. r •' r g
O 300 gallons:1 Bidlshali`includgg,a pumping system for pumping the condensate
from the storage, tank to a hauling'vehicle. )` ' ` I , •,
Blower/Flam - Bid shall include a blower/flare skid package'adequate to
provide1a'ndfill gas to a' reenhousd a�ijacerit'to the blower%flare site. )
r r'
r
.�Landfill:Cap Re
pair Landfill -cap -shall be replaced=wher-e;disturbed-to mee-t ' ` r
r. F.I n `ineering- All engineering, arid.design costs applicable of•,system design
r' / ;and installation for the system to the blower/flare.
! ,Permrttmg•a Bids shall incfude,cost of gbtainin • • ` ` � •� - g -permits from Division of Air. p;�, ,
%Quality and- Division, of;Solid Waste.', The Blue Ridge RC&D-Council,
however,, will actively assist the developer in obtaining these permits. "
` ? System 'Activation D"eveloper shall activate the blower/fl"are and see to it; that !
I,
thesystem is operatingtproperly upon comp)letion`of,construction. ,
Technical'�Support ; (Developer shall assist Blue'Ridge RC&D' in',completion �)
i , . '`of an operation;,and rn'aintenance plan for the LFG system, provide quarterly'
site bisits; a 245hour emergency phone number, telephone consulting to )
Ij,the operator,ls needed. ; l:
r ` .r I , -Noie: Please assume that adequate soil for back fillingi will'be provided at 'the' r
r• i .. 1 ,
c . site..Construction will nvt bd allowed+:at,times when wet soil conditions may cause, ., r
excessive damage to the'landfill cap.
i LA
V. I.,TEMS .1VOT'TO BE INCLUDED IN BIDS..:
A.,, Cost 16f`removing solid waste from excavated�wells:
. ) i d
B: c Cost of `re-seeding;;disfurbed'areas.`
C:. Cost,iof,providing electrical service to blower/flare.;
�.' .Cos( ;of,gas' delivery lines).from blower/flare to end-user'sites.'
'l t .Ctost'of end-useaandfill.gas equipment.
s flow n eters�,
\ ') ''' `, ') '•. � . l%' \ 1 ( 'r-`
+ l •!( \ �. + ((' /7 / it r , , . \ i :1 .. i

C�Op�'I
Site -
Health & Safety Plan
Avery County Landfill
Landfill Gas Collection System
Prepared by:
Natural Power, Inc.
2730 Rowland Road
Suite I06
Raleigh, NC 27615
June 26, 2000

Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
I.0 INTRODUCTION
I.I Background
Natural Power, Inc. is a specialized landfill gas recovery company that installs methane recovery
systems for landfills. Thiswork involves the use of heavy equipment used for earth moving,
specialized drilling machinery, and other equipment commonly used during construction activities.
ing and targe excava ions; yet helps to install the piping
system. Other work may be conducted as it relates to the design and installation of recovery systems.
This site -specific Health and Safety Plan (HASP) focuses on construction activities associated with
the installation of a landfill gas recovery system. Natural Power construction activities at the Avery
County Landfill located in Avery County, North Carolina are scheduled for the Summer / Fall of
2000.
I.2 Purpose
This site -specific HASP provides minimum guidelines and procedures intended to help protect the
health and safety of Natural Power personnel, contractors, subcontractors, and the surrounding
community and environment.
Natural Power personnel participating in the fieldwork will be required to review these guidelines and
procedures before initially entering the site. Specific questions regarding the HASP should be
addressed to Natural Power's Project Manager. A copy of the site -specific HASP will be kept on site
in the scale house. It will be available for review_ by Natural Power personnel, contractors,
subcontractors and regulatory personnel at any time.
The HASP is aimed specifically at protecting workers from reasonably foreseeable health and safety
hazards arising from the site tasks. It is designed to minimize potential exposure to chemical
contaminants of concern, which are known, or suspected, to be at the project.
The HASP has been developed based on the requirements and guidance contained in the following
regulations and guidance documents:
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Standard, 29 CFR I9I0 and
29 CFR I926, including 29 CFR I9I0.I20.
• U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) " Standard Operating Safety Guides, "
November I984.
• NIOSH/OSHA/USCG/EPA "Occupation Safety and Health Guidance Manual for
Hazardous _Waste _Site Activities," October_I98S. _
• Natural Power, Inc. Hazard Communication and Health and Safety policies and
procedures.
The HASP is based on information available to date and is subject to revision as new data and
information on potential health and safety hazards on the site become available.
CRM/NP I/06/26/00 2

Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
I.4 Applicability
The HASP applies to aNatural
-all Nal Power personnel who participate in field activities. It contains
minimum requirements necessary to protect on -site personnel for physical and chemical hazards
identified at this site. Natural Power personnel will also abide by policies and procedures included in
Natural Power's Health and Safety regulations.
Employees of the government, government agencies, contractors and other parties associated with the
site are responsible for their own health and safety while on the site. Natural Power makes no
guarantee that procedures in this plan are specific enough to protect other contractor or subcontractor
activities.
I.5 Key Personnel and Management
Natural Power maintains a policy of providing its employees, contractors and subcontractors with
information and procedures in order to protect them and the adjacent community from any adverse
affects that might result from work at a job site involving potentially hazardous substances. All
personnel involved with this project will follow the health and safety procedures set forth in this plan.
Natural Power subcontractors will not be given entry unless they read and agree to comply with
applicable portions of this plan. All who actively participate with this project will sign the Health and
Safety Plan Acknowledgment form.
Specific individuals from Natural Power that may be present at this site include:
Name Title
Bill Rowland President
Cynthia R. McCoy Vice President/Project Manager
Chuck Ralston Equipment Operator
Melvin Dean Fusion Technician
I.5.I Project Manager
The Project Manager (PM) has responsibility for all field activities and enforces safe work
practices by all employees. The PM watches for any ill effects on any crewmember, especially
those symptoms caused by heat stress or chemical exposure. The PM oversees the safety of
any visitors who enter the site. The PM maintains communication with client
representative(s).
Specific duties of the Project Manager include:
• Orders the immediate shut down of site activities in the case of emergency, unsafe
condition, or unsafe practice.
• Restricts visitors from areas of potential exposure to harmful substances.
• Ensures that the environmental and personnel monitoring operations are on going and in
accordance with technical specifications and required procedures.
CRM/NPI/06/26/00

Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
• Provides and enforces the use of required safety equipment, personnel protective
equipment and other items necessary for employee or community safety.
• Ensures protective clothing and equipment are properly decontaminated, stored. and
maintained.
• Conducts job site inspections as a part of quality assurance for safety and health.
• Reports safety and health concerns to Natural Power management as necessary.
The PM will maintain a safety log for Natural Power safety activities. This log will include:
air monitoring information, first aid administered, visits of all outside personnel, and incidents
of a health and safety nature.
The PM has responsibility for implementing and enforcing the site safety program and
procedures. This individual will oversee any personal monitoring and will decide when action
levels have been reached which may require more stringent personnel protection. Additionally,
upon review of air monitoring data and work activities, the PM may downgrade personnel
protective equipment.
The PM establishes and enforces the protective equipment to be used for various site
activities. The PM will maintain contact with Natural Power's home office and subcontractor
management.
All employees are responsible for their own safety, as well as, the safety of those around them.
All employees shall use any equipment provided in a safe and responsible manner as directed
by his/her supervisor. All Natural Power personnel will follow the policies set forth in the
HASP.
Employees are directed to take the following actions when appropriate:
♦ Suspend any operations that may cause an imminent health hazard to employees,
subcontractors, or others.
♦ Correct job -site hazards when possible to do so without endangering life or health.
♦ Report safety and health concerns to the PM.
I.5.3 Equipment Operators
All equipment operators are responsible for the safe operation of heavy equipment.
Operators are responsible for inspecting their equipment to ensure a safe performance.
Brakes, hydraulic lines, and backup alarms must be inspected during site mobilization.
Equipment will be taken out of service if an unsafe condition occurs.
I.5.4 Fusion Technicians
All fusion technicians are responsible for the safe operation of all fusion machines.
Technicians are responsible for inspecting their machinery to ensure safe performance.
Brakes, hydraulic lines, electric cords, generators, heater plates, and cutting edges must
be inspected during site mobilization. Machinery will be taken out of service if an
unsafe condition occurs.
CRM/NPI/06/26/00 4

Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
2.0 SITE INFORMATION
1 ne Livery t—ounty Lancltin is
I50 feet. The landfill was in
over
to
collection system existed on site.
tely 7 acres in size with an average depth ranging from 50 to
from 1970 to 1993. Upon closure. an 18" earthen cat) was
fill gas collection system installation, no active landfill gas
3.0 SAFETY TRAINING AND MEDICAL SURVEILLANCE
3.1 Health and Safety Training
Prior to the start of field activities, personnel conducting or observing on -site activities will participate
in the following health and safety training sessions:
0 Site -specific health and safety meeting - The HASP will be reviewed, and any special
procedures will be outlined.
0 Confined Space Training
0 Heavy Equipment Safety
0 Excavation Safety
Natural Power's corporate office.
Medical surveillance requirements contained in OSHA Standard 29 I910.134 are required for all
individuals who will be required to wear a respirator. Natural Power field personnel assigned to the
site receive annual medical examinations.
Natural Power's medical program focuses primarily on employee fitness to wear personal protective
equipment. Additionally, indicators of organic solvent exposure are checked. Subcontractors are
advised to implement their own medical program. Natural Power's protocol for the yearly medical
examination includes the following:
0 Health History
0 Vital signs and physical examination screen
0 Pulmonary, Hearing and Eye function
At the present time, no additional testing is required for this project. Natural Power may require
additional -testing upon -recommendation -of -the -consulting -physician or on a project -specific -basis. The- —
PM may require additional testing based upon air monitoring surveys results.
Medical records of Natural Power personnel are kept on file at Natural Power's main office. A
certificate of medical fitness with specified work restrictions should be maintained in the employee's
personal file.
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
4.0 HAZARD EVALUATION
4.I Physical Hazards
The greatest likelihood of serious employee injury at the Avery County LandkIl site is through
physical health hazards. The primary concern is injuries sustained by being crushed or struck by heavy
edU1P111eiiL or inacninery. _)econciary, Temperature stress ana mciement weatner poses a pnysical hazard
to employees. Other physical health hazards may include; fire and explosions, excavation and
trenching, and slips, trips and falls.
4.I.I Heavy Equipment
Heavy equipment such as trackhoes, loaders, or drill rigs to be used on -site, are under the
control of the operator, who is responsible for maintaining the equipment in good working
order and operating it safely. Requirements for subcontractors operating this equipment will
be to follow accepted engineering practices, OSHA regulations, and the equipment
manufacturer recommendations.
Furthermore, Natural Power personnel shall not work in, or on, equipment that they judge to
be unsafe because of deterioration, missing parts, obvious defects, or improper operation.
Natural Power's PM and vice president will be notified immediately if unsafe equipment or
Operation of heavy equipment in areas with steep embankments or unstable ground will be
avoided if possible. If it is necessary to operate equipment in these areas,_Natural_P_ower-will
make provisions, such as ground preparation, to ensure the safety of the equipment operator
and other personnel in the area. Operating heavy equipment is also a potential source of noise
during site work. Natural Power personnel must wear hearing protection when the noise level
exceeds 8SdBA.
4.I.2 Excavations
Excavations must conform to OSHA requirements in 29 CFR I926, Subpart P, if personnel
will enter the excavation for any reason. The main requirements include; protective systems
(sloping, benching, shield, or support system) based on soil classification and designed by a
competent person; provision of access and exit methods; and protection from vehicles, falling
loads, water accumulation hazards, and hazardous atmospheres.
The gas monitor will be used to monitor work activities. Under no circumstances will
Natural Power personnel enter trenches with %LEL readings exceeding 10%. If combustible
levels of gases or vapors are detected in trenches above I0% of the LEL, a ventilation blower
may be used to provide fresh air for dilution.
4.I.3 Fires and Explosions
Methane gas is anticipated to be present at the landfill site. The explosive range of methane is
5 to IS percent gas in air. A gas monitor will be used at the site to measure the concentration
of methane during work activities that have the potential to release methane, e.g., excavation,
soil borings, well installation, etc., on or adjacent to the landfill.
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
4.I.4 Cold Stress
Persons working_ outdoors in low temperatures, especially at or below freezing, are subject to
cofd stress. Chemical protective clothing generally does not a-oraff-ord protection against cold
stress. Exposure to extreme cold for a short time causes severe injury to the surface of the
y,-r-results in profound generalized cooling and may cause eat —Areas of the body that
have a high surface area -to -volume ratio, such as fingers, toes, and ears, are the susceptible to
and the velocity of the wind. Wind-chill is used to describe the chilling effect of moving air
in combination with low temperature. The body cools suddenly when chemical -protective
equipment is removed if the clothing underneath is perspiration soaked. Warm, dry clothing
must be available and donned as soon as possible when these conditions are present.
Frostbite - Local injury resulting from cold temperatures is included in the generic term
frostbite. Frostbite of the extremities can be categorized into the following;
• Sudden blanching or whitening of skin characterizes frost -nip or incipient frostbite.
• Superficial frostbite is characterized by skin with a waxy or white appearance that is firm
to the touch; the tissue beneath the skin, however, is resilient.
To administer first aid for frostbite, bring the victim indoors, and re -warm -the areas quickly in
in not water, as the area
awareness, and such treatment could result in burns. Give a warm drink, but not hot coffee,
tea, or alcohol. The victim must not smoke. Keep the frozen parts in warm water or covered
with warm clothes for 30 minutes, even though the tissue will be very painful as it thaws. If
possible,eevate the injured area and protect it from further physical injury. Do not allow
blisters to be broken. Use sterile soft, dry material to cover the injured areas. Keep the victim
warm, and summon immediate medical assistance.
© Do not rub the frostbitten area (this may cause gangrene.
O Do not use ice, snow, alcohol, gasoline, or anything cold on the frostbitten area.
O Do not use heat lamps or hot water bottles to re -warm the frost bitten area.
O Do not place the frostbitten area near a hot stove.
Hypothermia - Systemic hypothermia is cased by exposure to freezing or rapidly dropping
temperatures. Its symptoms are usually exhibited in five stages as follows:
0 Shivering.
0 Apathy, listlessness, sleepiness, and (sometimes) rapid cooling of the body to less than 95
degrees Fahrenheit.
0 Unconsciousness, glassy stare; slow pulse, and slow respiratory rate.
0 Freezing of the extremities.
0 Death.
Quick re -warming is essential. Bring the person into a warm room and wrap in warm blankets
or additional warm clothing. Hypothermia is a life threatening medical condition. The victim
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
must have immediate first aid which may include artificial respiratory and/or CPR. Seek
Medical Attention for all Hypothermia Cases - Even when the employee appears to have
stabilized!
Personnel will watch for signs of frostbite and cold exposure in themselves and team members.
Field activities sho lu Tl5e curtained -if equivalent cfiill temperature
chill chart is below zero (°F) unless the activity is of an emergency nature.
4.2 Chemical Hazards
on the wind-
Hazardous wastes generated form industrial and municipal activities contain many individual
chemicals. The past site history indicates that waste constituents can be separated into chemical
hazard groups. These groups are discussed briefly until further waste analysis are conducted.
4.2.I Organic Compounds
Organic compounds have been identified as potential chemical hazards at the Avery County
Landfill. Organic contaminants are typically found in the use of solvents, grease and oils, and
paints. The following organic compounds, listed in Table 4.I with their Permissible Exposure
Limits (PEL's), are typically found in the leachate samples collected at landfills.
Chemical Name
OSHA PEL
Carcinogen
Acetone
750 PPM
No
Benzene
I PPM
Yes
Dichloroethane
I00 PPM
No
Dichloroethylene
200 PPM
No
Ethylbenzene
I00 PPM
No
Methylene Chloride
500 PPM
Yes
I,I,2-Trichloroethane
I00 PPM
Yes
Trichloroethylene
50 PPM
Yes
Toluene
200 PPM
No
Xylene
I00 PPM
No
Vinyl Chloride
I PPM
IYes
1 ABLE 4.1 Organic Chemicals
The primary potential route of exposure for organic chemicals would be inhalation of vapors.
Secondary potential routes of exposure would be skin contact with contaminated soils or
liquids and accidental ingestion from contact with contaminants or contaminated articles.
Target organs for organic vapors are liver, kidneys, and central nervous system. Acute
exposure may include dizziness, nausea, and headaches.
4.2.2 Metals
Heavy metals are -associated with plating waste activities. Metals -that -may be present -on -site -
are identified with their PEL's in Table 4.2.
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
Chemical Name
OSHA PEL (mg/m')
Carcinogen
Arsenic
0.0I
Yes
romium
O.S.
No
Copper
I
No
Ue —
0.05
No
Mercury
0.I
No
Nickel
I
ym
Cadmium
0.005
Yes
Table 4.2 Metal Contaminants
The primary potential route of exposure for heavy metals is inhalation of dusts. Generally,
wastes removed during drilling operations are wet and dust migration is not a probable
exposure route. A secondary potential route of exposure would be skin contact with
contaminated soils or liquids and subsequent accidental ingestion. Employees are directed to
wash their hands and faces prior eating. Target organs for heavy metals include liver, kidneys,
gastro-intestinal system and central and peripheral nervous system. Acute exposure may
include nausea, stomach cramps, nervous and flu like symptoms (diarrhea and vomiting.
4.2.3 Corrosive Liquids
Corrosive liquids have not been identified as potential chemical hazards at the Avery County
T 11,11 T T 1 1 1 . .. .. _.
liquids include acids and bases. The primary potential route of exposure for corrosive liquids
is skin contact with the waste from drilling operation. Corrosive chemicals in liquid form
damage the skin and eye tissue, but generally, do not travel to internal organs. Skin or eye
contact may result in irritation, rashes, blisters, loss of vision.
4.2.4 Methane
One of Natural Power's objectives is to recover and remove landfill gas (approx. 50%
methane) that is generated in landfills. Pure methane is a colorless and odorless gas. Landfill
gas is a colorless gas but does contain an odor due to associated mercaptans. It has practically
no toxic effects below the flammable limits. While methane has no noticeable toxic effects,
high concentrations can displace oxygen and serve as a simple asphyxiate. OSHA does not
regulate exposure to methane by a specific standard. However, methane is a flammable gas
and must be controlled at least I0% below its lower explosive limit.
4.2.5 Hydrogen Sulfide
Hydrogen sulfide is a colorless, toxic gas that is identified by the offensive odor of rotten eggs.
It is heavier -than air, is flammable, and it may be present on landfills. Hydrogen sulfide can
cause irritation of eyes, nose and throat beginning at approximately 20 PPM. Long-term
exposure (30 minutes) to high concentrations can cause drowsiness, staggering and nausea,
which -can lead -to death due to respiratory system failure. — -
The odor of hydrogen sulfide can be detected at approximately 0.03 PPM, and become
offensive at 3 PPM, and cause irritation at 20 PPM. An especially dangerous situation is brief
exposure to concentrations of 200 PPM, which can cause a person to lose the sense of smell.
This has been described in accident reports as "I first smelled hydrogen sulfide, then it went
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
away." The toxic effect of hydrogen sulfide paralyzes the respiratory control center, which
leads to suffocation and then death.
Hydrogen sulfide has a wide flammable range. This property coupled with its heavier-than-air
density, makes it a hazard in trenches and low-lying areas. OSHA regulates hydrogen sulfide
on a 20 PPM ceiling concentration. A ceiling concentration means that this level cannot be
exceeded during any part of the work period. NIOSH has established a ceiling concentration
PPM.
Employees are directed to shut down ignition sources and leave the area if hydrogen sulfide is
detected above I0 PPM. Generally, natural cross ventilation will reduce hydrogen sulfide to
acceptable levels. Re-entry and continuation of work may be done only under controlled
conditions involving monitoring equipment and in the supplied air respirators if levels exceed,
or are likely to exceed I0 PPM.
4.2.6 Leachate
As refuse decomposes, a liquid material forms which can combine the chemical properties of
all materials involved. The resulting fluid, referred to as leachate, could have a wide range of
hazardous properties, such as being flammable, toxic, or corrosive. However, the liquid
normally is comprised mainly of water or other non -hazardous ingredients. Workers will
avoid direct contact with the leachate. In situations where contact is possible, workers are to
wear 14" PVC_; rubber gloves, pullover rubbers boots, and other protective clothing as
described in Section 6 of this HASP.
Natural Power's protective equipment requirements combined with the requirements to wash arms,
face, and hands before eating or smoking prevent exposure through all routes of chemical entry. In
addition, the PM will observe and warn the crewmembers to be aware of the initial symptoms of
chemical exposure. The amount of exposure depends primarily on the specific activities undertaken
and the care with which the activities are performed.
Any crewmember will be removed from work site and placed under watch immediately if these initial
symptoms persist:
• Dizziness or stupor
• Chest pains and coughing
• Nausea, headaches, or cramps
• Irritation of the eyes, nose, or throat
• Rashes or burns
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
S.0 AIR MONITORING
S.I
Air monitoring is conducted to help ensure that the level of respiratory protection selected for field
personnel is adequate for the different phases of the field activities. Changes in the level of protection
may be required if significant changes in airborne concentrations of contaminants occur. Air
rnomuormg wni be required miaany at ttie start of any activities which would release airborne
concentrations, on an on -going basis to document airborne concentrations, and if there are noticeable
odors or visual subsurface contamination. The requirements in the following sections will apply
during periods when air monitoring is required.
5.2 Parameters
Concentrations of total organic vapors and gases and combustible gases will be monitored using
direct -reading equipment. Monitoring will be conducted in the breathing zone during excavating and
construction activities, well installation, and other activities reasonably expected to generate air
contaminants when work activities are on the landfill.
Air sampling, using standard industrial hygiene procedures (pump filter media, and laboratory
analysis, will be conducted for specific target contaminants to identify and quantify their airborne
concentrations. These tests will be conducted if air monitoring with direct reading instruments
indicate that Level-B protection is needed, (greater than I00 PPM, organic vapor). These tests will
serve to substantiate decisions on personal protective equipment (PPE). If required, the levels of
personal protection shall then be changed based on this information. The selection of target analyses
will be based on the assumption that organic solvents are the most likely airborne contaminants.
5.3 Monitoring Equipment
The portable LTX3I0 Multi -Gas Monitor by Industrial Scientific Corporation allows the security of
continuous monitoring during potentially hazardous or life -threatening conditions. An internal
sample pump is capable of drawing a gas sample and simultaneously monitors up to three gases
continuously: combustible LEL, Oxygen, and Hydrogen Sulfide gas. The unit contains visual and
vibrating alarms. The unit is rated to operate continuously at temperatures between S and I04 degrees
Fahrenheit.
5.4 Action Levels
SAJ Organic Vapors
If the LTX3I0 Multi -Gas Monitor measures significant breathing zone concentration or
organic vapors and gases above background levels, the following general guidelines will be
used by the PM as part of the decision -making criteria for establishing the appropriate level of
protection:
*Background to 20 PPM above background - Level-D protection as defined in Subsection
6.I.1 will be used. Field personnel will use their experience and judgment to aid in
determining whether an initial reading greater than background is "drift" on the equipment,
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
exhaust from an engine, or is from other sources or erroneous readings. However, personnel
will. not be allowed to continue work in the area until the cause for -the high reading has been
determined. The determination must be_documented-in-the field logbook.
#20 PPM above background to I00 PPM above background - Level-C protection as defined
in Subsection G.I:2 will -be used,, —if sustained readings over afive-minute period exceed 20
PPM. While working in Level-C protection, if the airborne concentrations measured on the
conducted are not reasonably expected to generate a recurrence of airborne levels exceeding 20
PPM (above background), the PM may make the decision to return to Level-D protection.
Level-C protection will be used for the start of activities while working around the drilling
operation. The Level-C operation will be taped -off at a 25-foot perimeter around the hole. If
the readings are consistently less than 20 PPM, and toxic gases are not present, the PM may
authorize use of Level-D protection.
If the drilling operation is to be conducted around asbestos, Level-C protection is mandatory
for all employees engaged in the operation.
*Greater than 100 PPM, above background - All personnel will leave the area, and work in
that area will be suspended, until the concentrations return to levels less than I00 PPM above
background, and industrial hygiene testing is conducted to determine the relative percent
concentrations of the target analyze. The PM may authorize workers to re-enter the site with
Level-B personal protection.
5.4.2 Combustible Gases and Vapors
The LTX3I0 Multi -Gas Monitor contains pre-set alarms at I0% on the lower explosive limit
(of methane. If the levels of vapors or gases exceed I0%, employees are directed to stop
drilling activities. The. LTX3I0 Multi -Gas Monitor will be closely watched to ensure that
levels do not remain above I0% for longer than five minutes.
If a fire hazard exists, the LTX3I0 Multi -Gas Monitor continually reads greater than I0% of
the LEL for longer than five minutes, employees should shut off all ignition sources and allow
the well to be ventilated until gas levels decrease to below 10% of the LEL. If the fire,
explosion, or low oxygen hazard persists, the necessity to perform work in the specific
location, or the methods and equipment used, will be re-evaluated.
5.4.3 Oxygen Content
The oxygen level is measured and given as a percentage of oxygen in the air. The LTX3I0
Multi -Gas Monitor normally reads 20.9% oxygen under standard pressure. Alarm sounds
when levels of oxygen reach I9.5%
Employees are irected to leave the area whenever oxygen levels are less than I9.5% oxygen in
their direct area. It is unusual for low oxygen to occur in well -ventilated areas, such as the
upwind side of the well. Employee should leave low-lying areas where low oxygen exist.
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
A ventilation blower will be used to provide dilution with fresh air to restore normal oxygen.
Entry into any trench, regardless of depth, will not be allowed -if oxygen levels are -less than
I9.5%.
5.5 Documentation
Air monitoring readings from direct -reading instruments will be recorded in the field log books with
..— ...w11, uu " w�.auvu, miaow ✓ .18 l.ULIUL4k.LI_U, 1.U111.L11LLAL1U11 1CVCls Al1U Ally UUJCLVaLlulls Ila Lecl.
Readings will be recorded of the concentration levels present prior to the start of field activities that
may cause contaminants to become air borne. This includes any time that contaminated soil or
groundwater is disturbed and whenever there is any noticeable odor.
Calibration data will include the span setting, calibration gas, correction factor, and any comments
necessary for the interpretation of data. Maintenance, such as cleaning sensors, will be recorded in the
calibration log.
Parameter
Reading
Action
< 20 PPM
Continue work, Level-D protection,
Organic Vapor
benzene and vinyl chloride are < I
PPM on drae er.
20 PPM to I00 PPM
Level-C protection required, benzene
—Organic Va or
and vin 1 chloride arm-SPPM
Doo PPM
Leave imme fate wor area, resume
Organic Vapor
work after ventilation reduces to <
I00 PPM. Upgrade to Level-B.
Benzene
I _PPM - 5 PPM
_Level-C_ rotection_required-
Vinyl Chloride
I PPM - 5 PPM
Level-C protection required
LEL
< I0%
Continue drilling
> 10%
Stop drilling allow well to ventilate
to <10%, if sustained readings
LEL
continue or levels are rising shut-
down ignition sources.
Oxygen
19.5% - 23.5%
Continue operations
< 19.5%
Leave are and proceed to an upwind
and uphill location, continue
Oxygen
evaluation to ensure levels return to
acceptable conditions.
> 23.5%
Leave are and proceed to an upwind
and uphill location, continue
Oxygen
evaluation to ensure levels return to
acceptable conditions.
> 10 PPM
Leave the work area and proceed
Hydrogen Sulfide
upwind. Continue to monitor until
levels return to less than I0 PPM.
Table 5.I Action Levels
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
6.0 PERSONAL PROTECTION EQUIPMENT
In general, protective clothing must be worn whenever the potential exists for employees to come in
contact with, or be exposed to contaminated materials. Work activities will be conducted under
Level-D or Level-C protection based on the most current information available on potential health
A __r I 1 .1 rrr I
_u J 11Y ua alua v11 L11C b1LC. 11 LCVCl-1J VL L..,CVel-t1 protection is deemed necessary,
the Work Plan and an extension of the fieldwork schedule may be required.
6.I.I Level D Protection:
Background to 20 PPM Above Background
Based on the type on monitoring to be conducted during work, field personnel will be
adequately protected from potential health hazards present using Level-D protection.
Chemicals, whose vapors or gases would severely damage or irritate skin and mucous
membrane tissue, are not believe to exist as part of the leachate system.
The chemicals believe to be of greatest concern and highest concentration included, toluene,
ethylbenzene, methane and acetone. The established action level of 20 PPM is five times less
than the lowest PEL for these chemicals. While benzene and vinyl chloride are present in the
leachate they are believed to be far less in vapor concentrations than the major constituents
All fieldwork, other than drilling, will be conducted under Level-D requirements unless the
LTX3I0 Multi -Gas Monitor readings indicate that organic vapors concentrations are
exceeding 20 PPM above background. For tasks that involve little or no potential contact
with contaminants, Level-D protection will apply. Level-D protection for these tasks will
consists of the following:
♦ Steel -toe Boots
♦ Hard Hat
♦ Safety glasses
During activities where there is contact with potentially contaminated soil or dusts, Level-D
protection will consist of the following personal protective equipment:
* Steel -toe work boots .
Eye protection; safety glasses, goggles or full -face shield
Impervious PVC over -boots
PVC inner gloves, with cloth outer gloves
* Tyvek suits
During on -site activities with the potential for contact with liquids contaminants, Level-D
protection will consist of the following:
• Steel -toe work boots
• Eye protection; safety glasses, goggles, or full face shield
• Impervious PVC over boots
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
• Impervious PVC gloves
• Polylaminated Tyvek suits
protection must also be worn whenever working around heavy
6.I.2 Level C Protection:
Level-C requirements include the protective clothing and equipment specified for the various
categories of tasks listed under Level-D protection, plus air -purifying respirators. Half -face
air -purifying respirators with combination organic vapor/HEPA filters should be available
on -site and will be used when working in Level-C. Each person required to use a respirator
will be issued to type and size of respirator as determined by that person's fit -test.
6.I.3 Level B Protection:
Greater than I00 PPM Above Background
Level-B protection requires that a self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) or airline
respirator be used in addition to the personal protective clothing requirements. As stated in
Subsection S.4, if air concentrations exceed I00 PPM above background, work will be
stopped and personnel will leave the area until concentrations return to levels less that I00
PPM above background, or until the Natural Power PM determines that Level-B protection is
The use of Level-B, airlines and SCBA equipment, presents a unique and serious hazard of
entanglement in drilling operations. This hazard should not be ignored when selecting -PPE
necessary for exposure conditions. The PM may elect to continue work in Level-C above the
I00 PPM vapor reading based on the results of direct colorimetric testing or laboratory results
of pervious air sampling, and the hazards associated with the task.
Due to previous air monitoring analysis, Level-D protection is mandatory for the Avery
County Landfill project. All personnel should be aware of the possible air concentration levels
and the protection needed. Natural Power is not responsible for respirator fit -tests.
6.2 Changes in Levels of Protection
The Natural Power PM may authorize a change in the level of protection bases on an evaluation of
actual field conditions. New air monitoring data may reveal the presence of concentrations of organic
vapors or other air contaminants above acceptable levels for the type of respiratory protection being
used. If this occurs, the Natural Power PM will modify the level of protection required in a particular
area. If changes in the level of protection are warranted, the PM will inform the field personnel of the
changes.
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
7.0 SITE CONTROL
7.1
The purpose of site control is to minimize the transfer of contaminants from and within the project
site. Two contamination control methods are:
I) Establishment of work zones at the project site.
equipment.
7.2 Work Zones
To prevent the spread of contaminants during site activities; exclusion zones, contamination reduction
zones, and support zones will be used.
7.2.I Exclusion Zone
The exclusion zone is the zone where hazardous substances may be present, based on available
information. During field activities at the landfill, temporary exclusions zones (2S foot
radius) will be established around work activities where drilling occurs and waste is removed.
All personnel entering the exclusion zone must wear the required protective equipment, Level-
C or Level-D.
The decontamination zones is a transition zone between contamination and clean zones, and
serves as a buffer to reduce the possibility of the clean zone becoming contaminated.
Equipment decontamination will not be done until equipment is demobilized from the site.
Decontamination of equipment will involve the use of the steam cleaning or pressure wash.
The waste residues from this operation will be handled as appropriate with applicable waste
regulations.
7.2.3 Support Zone
The support zone is a non -contaminated or clear area. Support equipment (clean protective
equipment, supplies, etc.) will be located in this zone. Normal work clothing is appropriate in
this zone. The location of the support zone and any support facilities will be determined
based on the following factors:
♦ Wind direction - preferably the support zone should be located upwind of the
exclusion zone.
♦ Accessibility.
♦ Support services - electric power supply, roads, drinking water, etc.
7.3 Work Limitations
Smoking, drinking, eating, and smokeless tobacco are not allowed with 2S feet of drilling operations,
or within 2S feet of an uncapped well. Smoking, eating, and smokeless tobacco is allowed in vehicles -
provided vehicles are outside of the 2S-foot perimeter of an open well. Employees are directed to
wash hands prior to smoking, drinking, eating, or use of smokeless tobacco, if contact with waste
products has occurred, regardless of whether gloves were worn.
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
01
5++1i
Smoking will be allowed only in designated areas.
Eating and drinking will be allowed only in designated areas.
All personnel and equipment leaving the work zones must be properly decontaminated
prior to leaving the site.
A minimum of two people will be on -site during work activities in the work zones. This
may be one Natural Power person and one subcontractor person.
7.4 Decontamination Procedures
7.4.I Field Personnel
Decontamination procedures will be as follows:
4- Outer gloves (if PVC) will be removed at the temporary exclusion zone.
❖ Protective outer garments will be removed and placed in disposable plastic bags (clothing
may be placed with trash from drilling) at the temporary exclusion zone located directly
adjacent, and upwind, of the task location. The LTX310 Multi -Gas Monitor reading
must be less than 20 PPM.
❖ Respirator, if worn, will be removed, and spent cartridges or canisters will be removed to
clean the face piece. The inner gloves will then be removed.
❖ Inner disposable PVC gloves will be discarded.
❖ Outer boots may be worn for travel between well sites. Boots will be removed prior to
❖ Field personnel will then proceed to the job trailer to wash and dry their hands.
❖ The plastic bags containing waste materials will be bagged and with other trash from the
site.
Clean outer garments will be kept accessible to field personnel in an area free from potential
contamination. Water, soap, and paper towels will be kept in a clean location at the job
trailer for both regular cleanup and emergency use. Portable water for decontamination
purposes will be brought to the site and stored in appropriate portable containers.
7.4.2 Excavating, Hauling, and Drilling Equipment
Excavating equipment will be decontaminated by physical removal when the following
situation apply:
• If the equipment has a buildup of mud or dirt which would pose a safety or operating
hazard.
• If the equipment becomes contaminated and may result in an exposure hazard for
personnel.
• Whenever leaving the exclusion zone.
7.4.3 Trenching Activities
Trenching activities generally should not disturb areas where hazardous wastes have been
placed. Control zones or special decontamination efforts are not anticipated.
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Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
8.0 EMERGENCY RESPONSE & CONTINGENCY PLAN
health -threatening situation where work activities
contingency plan are to be implemented immediatel
or the environment.
8.2 Emergency Contacts
nation needed -should -there he a sudden, life or
are being conducted. The provisions of the
in the event of a fire, explosion, or accident that
Emergency contacts and telephone numbers for use in emergency situation occurring during field
activities at the Avery County Landfill are as follows:
Fire: 911 - New Dale Fire District
Police: 911
Ambulance: 911
Spruce Pine Community Hospital
I25 Hospital Drive
Spruce Pine, NC 28777
Natural Power, Inc.
President - Bill Rowland
Raleigh Office: (9I9) 867-6722
Vice President - Cynthia McCoy
Mobile: (9I9) 605-8334
Blue Ridge RC&D
Executive Director - Stan Steury
Office:, [phone]
Project Manager — Terry Woodruff
Mobile: [phone]I
8.3 Emergency Equipment
A tested system shall exist for rapid and clear distress communication. All personnel shall be provided
concise and clear directions and accessible transportation to local emergency services. A map outlining_
directions to the nearest hospital will be posted on site prior to job start-up.
The. following emergency equipment shall be present on the site:
*Radios or Air horn *Eye wash bottles
*Fire extinguishers *Potable water
*Industrial first aid kit
CRM/NPI/06/26/00 18

Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
8.3.I Emergency Hand Signals
_ Hand signals will be used to communicate in the event of radio communication failure, or on
iere radios_ are _not _used. The following hand signals will -be -used: --
Both hands grasping the throat - Out of air, can't breathe.
Hand circular overhead, round u -Evacuate area.
Hands up overt e head - Need assistance.
Thumbs up - I understand, I'm O.K.
- 1 uon L unuerstana, negative.
8.3.2 Air Horn Signals
Radio communication may be used to communicate emergencies. Air horn blasts may be used
to signal emergency conditions requiring immediate evacuation or emergency actions, if radios
are unavailable. The following air horn signals will be used:
One long blast - Injury in the exclusion zone.
One long, two short blasts - Injury in the support zone.
Two long blasts - Fire, explosion, or gas release and
general evacuation.
8.4 Emergency Evacuation from Exclusion and Decontamination Zones
Any personnel requiring emergency medical attention shall be evacuated immediately from exclusion
lives would be threatened. The decision whether or not to decontaminate a victim prior to evacuation
is based on the type and severity of the illness or injury and the nature of the contaminant. For some
emergency victims, immediate decontamination may be an essential part of life saving first aid. For
others, decontamination may aggravate the injury or delay life saving treatment. If decontamination
does not interfere with essential treatment, it should be performed.
8.S First Aid
Qualified personnel only shall give aid and stabilized an individual needing assistance. Life support
techniques such as CPR and treatment of life threatening problems such as airway obstruction and
shock will be given top priority. Professional medical assistance shall be obtained at the earliest
possible opportunity.
To provide first -line assistance to field personnel in the case of sickness or injury, the following items
will be immediately available in the support zone:
Q First Aid Kit
Q Portable emergency eye wash
0 Supply of clean water
8.6 Emergency Actions
If actual or suspected serious injury occurs, these steps shall be followed:
=> Remove the exposed or injured person(s) from immediate danger.
=> Render first aid if necessary. Decontaminate affected personnel after critical first aid is
given.
CRM/NPI/06/26/00 19

Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
=> Obtain paramedic services or ambulance transport to local hospital. This procedure shall
be followed even if there is no visible injury. - - - -
Other- personnel -in _ the work -area -shall -be -evacuated -to -a -safe -distance -within th- t- --
determines that it is safe for work to resume. If there is any doubt regarding the condition
of the area, work shall not commence until all hazard control issues are resolved.
8.7 General Evacuation Plan
In the general case of a large fire, explosion, or toxic vapor release, a site evacuation shall be ordered
and shall follow these steps:
* Radio emergency or sound two, long continuous blasts on air horn.
* Evaluate the immediate situation and downwind direction. All personnel will
evacuate in the upwind direction and assemble at a pre -assigned rally point. This
rally point will be located at the job equipment trailer.
* All personnel will assemble in the support zone area when the situation permits; a
head count will be taken.
* Determine the extent of the problem.
* Dispatch a response team in protective clothing and self-contained breathing
apparatus on site to evacuate any missing personnel or to correct the problem.
ision-to-se--nd-per-sonnel-into-a-release- area--should-be-based-on-employee-tr-a-ini-ng-and - -
compromised.
8.8 Emergency Procedures
If an emergency situation develops at the site, the discoverer will take the following course of action:
44l Notify the proper emergency services (fire, ambulance, police, etc.) for assistance.
�s1 Notify any other affected personnel at the site.
00 Contact Natural Power to inform them of the incident as soon as possible.
0)) Prepare a summary report of the incident for Natural Power Project Management
review, as soon as possible after the incident.
9.I Training Attendance
Employee certification of completion of each training course is located in employee's personnel file at
Natural Power's home office. A sign -off sheet documents the Site -Specific Health and Safety Plan
-review: The sign -off sheet- is -maintained by -the project file -and -with the -on -site HASP -
CRM/NPI/06/26/00
20

Avery County Site Specific Health & Safety Plan
9.2 Medical Certification
Natural —Power —maintains each employee's medical testing records -in Natural Power's main -office. A.
certification of medical fitness to wear personnel protection equipment is kept in employee's personnel
file.
9.3 Air Monitoring Results
The person making the readings in the field logbook noting; the date, time, location, work task being
performed, concentration level measured, and any observations will record measurement of airborne
contaminants concentration levels using the LTX3I0 Multi -Gas Monitor.
9.4 Site Entry Log
Access to the site will documented in a site entry log noting the person's name, company or agency
affiliation, date, time entered the site, and time exiting the site. The Project Manager will be
responsible for maintaining the log. The site entry log will be maintained in the scale house.
CRM/NPI/06/26/00 21

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Avery County Condensate System:
A -small -am- oun- t of- condensate --will- drop out of the landfill gas collection system throu h-a-series of condensate collection lines atop the main hill of the landfill. This condensate will travel
through 2" HDPE ipes to Tank B. Tank B will be a HDPE tank with a 3S- allg on ca a ity.
Natural Power believes that this size of tank is suitable for the amount of condensate expected
from this area for up to 6 months. The tank will have a manway at the top with a screw cap. This
allows access for tank cleaning and condensate removal. Tankwill e located near the gate at the
comer of the property so as to allow for easy access when extracting the condensate for disposal.
This location is at the edge of the landfill and will be camouflaged by the present vegetation to
dissuade vandalism.
The majority of the condensate in the landfill gas system will travel with the main header and drop
out at the condensate knockout. From this trap, the condensate will flow by gravity to Tank A.
This tank will be a 22S-gallon capacity HDPE tank. Natural Power believes that this tank will
hold up to 6 months of condensate. The tank will have a manway at the top with a screw cap.
This allows access for tank cleaning and condensate removal. Tank A will be located downgrade
from the condensate knockout at the edge of the site for the end -uses.
The earthen containment basins for the tanks will be I '/a' tall by 2' wide. Natural Power will pour
a 4" thick concrete pad for each tank. The base of the t+ad will consist of gravel and 6mil Dlastic.
'/a% such that storm water will flow to one end. At that end, a 2" PVC pipe will direct water
from inside the berm to the outside. A valve will be at the end of the pipe to minimize potential
contamination of condensate. This valve is to remain closed except during rainy weather to allow
for run off.
Natural Power will supply Blue Ridge RC&D with a I2-volt pump. This pump will be used to
pump condensate from Tank A and Tank B to a tank on either a truck or trailer for proper
disposal. The proper disposal of the condensate is the responsibilityof Blue Ridge RC&D.

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NATURA�POWER
June 27, 2000
Mr. Edward Mussler
NCDENR
Division of Waste Management
Solid Waste Section
401 Oberlin Road
Suite 150
Raleigh, NC 27605
RE: Avery County Landfill
Landfill Gas Collection System
Preliminary Plan Approval
Dear Mr. Mussler;
Please find enclose the information that you requested per our telephone conversation Thursday,
June 22, 2000. Enclosed you will find copies of the following:
• Feasibility Study (from SCS Engineers)
• Request For Proposals (from Blue Ridge RC&D)
• Proposal (from Natural Power)
• Proposal Acceptance letter (from Blue Ridge RC&D)
• Avery County Landfill Health & Safety Plan (from Natural Power)
• Natural Power drawings:
• Excavation & Backfill Detail
• Condensate Tanks & Pads with explanation note
• Proposed Landfill Gas Collection System
We are currently in the process of completing the application for an air permit for the 125-scfm
flare that will be used at the blower station for this project.
3000 ce,w am&S, alw,%a • cRa iqk, iW.T. 27615 • (919) 876 -6722 9 jax,(919) 876 -1877

Mr. Edward Mussler
Page 2
Please review the enclosed information and call me if you have any -questions that -need -to -be -
addressed. We would like to begin drilling the landfill gas extraction wells in mid -September
2000. Thank you for your time and consideration.
Sincerely,
�L
Cynthia R. McCoy
Vice President
cc: Mr. Al Hetzell, NCDENR-Asheville

FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT
for
LANDFILL GAS UTILIZATION
GREENHOUSE PROJECT
at the
AVERY COUNTY LANDFILL
Prepared for:
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
LANDFILL METHANE OUTREACH PROGRAM
-� 401 M Street, SW
Mail Code 6202J
Washington, D.C. 20460
[phone]
Prepared by:
SCS ENGINEERS
11260 Roger Bacon Drive
Reston, Virginia 20190-5282
[phone]
September 1997
File No. 0295605.07
6-'

CONTENTS
Section
1
Introduction ........................ .....
1-1
-
- -
Objectives
...................................
1-1
ro
Appach-- .. ................ ..........
-
Site Description ............ .................................
1-2
2
Landfill Gas Recovery Projections
2-1
..............................
Filling History and Waste Characteristics ..........................
2-1
LFG Quantity Estimates ... ........... .....................
2-1
3
Greenhouse Energy Requirements .
3-1
EnergyRequirements ............ ...........................
3-1
Preliminary Greenhouse Sizing ................................
3-2
4
Economic Analysis ... ........ � .............. ........
4-1.
Greenhouse Construction _
LFG Collection System ........................... 4-1
Heating System Cost Comparison .... ....................... 4-2
5 Conclusions ............. 5-1
Appendix
A Photographs of the General Site Layout and Features
EXHIBITS
Number
Paae
2-1.
MSW
Acceptance Rates ....................................
2-1
2-2.
Avery County Landfill
Methane and LFG Generation Estimates)
2-3
• • ... . ...................
2-3.
Avery County Landfill
EPA LAEEM LFG Estimates .........
2-4
2-4.
Avery Landfill
Summary E-PLUS Analysis
_
of Results ...........................
2-5
4-1.
Greenhouse Construction Costs .

SECTION 1
INTRODUCTION
OBJECTIVES
P� The SCS Engineers Project Team (SCS), through the U. S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Landfill Methane Outreach Program-(-L-MOR)—has-performed-this-feasibility- -
assessment for the proposed greenhouse project utilizing landfill gas (LFG) from the Avery
County Landfill in Avery County, North Carolina.
The scope of the feasibility study is to:
• Estimate LFG generation and recovery potential (fuel reserves) from the landfill
based on computer modeling.
• Identify on -site energy needs for the proposed greenhouse project. Energy
needs are based on preliminary sizing of the project.
• Provide recommendations including an implementation plan if utilization if found
to be feasible.
}' It -Would-be noted that SCS relied upon limited existing_ information provided-b)t-EPA-an
Avery County and various assumptions in modeling the landfill. Judgments and analysis
are based on this information and SCS's general experience with LFG collection and
utilization systems.
i
APPROACH
In estimating the LFG available for utilization, SCS performed the following activities:
• Reviewed background information provided
9 p ed by Avery County.
• Discussed general site characteristics and project objectives during meetings
with representatives of Avery County and the Blue Ridge Resource Conservation
and Development Council.
• Contacted greenhouse supply companies to obtain background information and
costs.
• Estimated the landfill's LFG generation yields using the Energy Project Landfill
Gas Utilization Software (E-PLUS) and Landfill Air Emission Estimation Model
(LAEEM).
1-1
(D

q
SITE DESCRIPTION
a
El
■
e
The Avery County Landfill is approximately seven acres _in_size with an average depth
ranging from S0-to 150 eet. The landfill operated from 1970 to 1993, but a scale to
weigh the incoming municipal solid waste (MSW) was not installed until 1991. Therefore,
only the waste_ received -in -the -last -three years eration was accurately recorded.
Waste accepted from 1970 through 1990 is estimated. No active LFG collection systems
exist at the at�iis time. Photographs of the general site layout and features are
shown i Appendix A. 1
,_2
go

SECTION 2
LANDFILL GAS RECOVERY PROJECTIONS
FILLING HISTORY AND WASTE CHARACTERISTICS
No waste composition data was available for the landfill, and only limited fill history could
be rovide.d_byc the -County In -order -to -estimate -LPG generation at the si e, an acceptance
rate for 1970 through 1990 was assumed to be 10,000 tons per year. Exhibit 2-1
summarizes the known acceptance rates at the Avery Landfill. -
EXHIBIT 2-1. MSW ACCEPTANCE RATES
FYear
MSW Accepted (tons)
Annual
1970-1990
10,000
1991
13,000
1992
13,000
1993
13,000
LFG QUANTITY ESTIMATES
SCS used the E-PLUS computer model developed by the LMOP and the LAEEM developed
for regulatory evaluation by EPA's Office of Air and Radiation. Both models employ a
similar first order decay equation to calculate LFG generation rates for the site; however, a
few of the input variables, and the presentation of the output are different. The LAEEM
presents a year -by -year emission profile projected into the future; E-PLUS calculates an
average generation rate over the life of the recovery project. SCS used the LAEEM as the
primary model, while E-PLUS was used to provide a quality assurance check and to
estimate environmental benefits. The assumptions and criteria used for these models were
as follows:
Refuse Filling History — as shown in Exhibit 2-1.
Gas Generation Rate (k) - 0.04 year''. This is the AP-42 value
recommended by EPA (Section 2.4, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission
Factors, Volume I, Fifth Edition, Published January 1995 (AP-42, 1995)).
The most important condition affecting this rate is moisture content. A
landfill with a high moisture content will have a higher generation rate,
meaning that LFG production will be higher over a shorter period of time. In
other words, when compared to relatively dry landfills (such as those in the
southwest U.S. where a value of k equal to 0.02 year' is often appropriate),
2-1
0

LFG generation during the life of the project will occur at a higher rate for
landfills with a higher moisture content, but the overall service life of the
project will be shorter.
Gas Generation Potential (L.) — 2.0 cubic feet of methane per pound of
e cf/Ib ,- which is equal to 124.9 cubic meters (m3) per megagram (Mg)
of waste. The generation potential is the total amount of methane gas
produced-by-the-decomposition-of-s-given-unit of waste -over-t i e o e
landfill. The 2.0 cf/Ib value is the AP-42 value for MSW (AP-42, 1995).
Methane Content — 50 percent. The LFG industry typically uses a 50
percent value for modeling purposes.
LFG Fuel Content — 500 British thermal units (Btu) per cubic foot of LFG
(Btu/cf), based on the average heating value, assuming a steady-state
methane content of 50 percent.
• LFG Collection Efficiency — 65 percent. LFG collection efficiency varies,
depending on the type and extent of the collection system, geometry of the
landfill, type of cap (and permeability), and other factors. If the whole site
were lined and capped with a geomembrane cover, an efficiency of 85
percent or greater could be achieved. For the purposes of a feasibility
—assessment, an estimate of 66 percent is a reasonable -efficiency -to-be
expected and recognizes an appropriate degree of conservatism.
The results of LAEEM runs are presented in tabular form in Exhibit 2-2 and graphically in
Exhibit 2-3. The LAEEM estimates the maximum amount of generated LFG during the life
of the project to be approximately 83 cubic feet per minute (cfm) (this occurs in 1998),
and the maximum estimated LFG collection rate to be approximately 54 cfm. The model
predicts a sustained LFG collection rate of 40 cfm over the 10-year life of the project, i.e.,
the landfill could support a project requiring 40 cfm for 10 years.
The results of the E-PLUS model runs are presented in Exhibit 2-4. The maximum LFG
Production over the life of the project is estimated by E-PLUS to be 42.0 million cubic feet
per year, or 80.0 cfm. This value validates the LAEEM results as described above. E-
PLUS also provides an estimate of environmental benefits, which are summarized at the
bottom of Exhibit 2-4.
2-2

iw
in
EXHIBIT 2-2. AVERY COUNTY LANDFILL
METHANE AND LFG GENERATION ESTIMATES
Model Parameters
Lo : 124.91 m"3 / Mg Collection Rate: 65 %
k : 0.04001/yr
NM ppmv
Methane: 50.0000 % volume
Carbon Dioxide : 50.0000 % volume
Landfill Parameters
Year Opened : 1969 Current Year: 1994
Year Closed:
1994
Capacity: 225893 Mg
Average
Acceptance Rate Required from
Current Year to Closure Year: 0.00 Mg/year
Model Results
Generation Rates
LFG
Refuse In Place
Methane
LFG
Collected
Year
NO
(Mg/yr) (Cubic m/yr)
(cfm)
(cfm)
1970
9,072
30
45,330
6
4
1971
18,140
59
88,870
12
.8
1972
27,220
87
130,700
18
11
1973
36,290
114
170,900
23
15
1974
45,360
140
209,500
28
18
1975
..54,430
165
246,600
33
22
1976-
63,500
188
282,300
38
25
�977
72,580
211
316,600
43
28
1978
81,650
233 -
349,500
47
31
1979
90,720
254
381,100
51
33
1980
99,790
275
411,500
55
36
1981
108,900
294
440,700
59
38
1982
117,900
313
468,700
63
41
1983
127,000
331
495,700
67
43
1984
136,100
348
521,600
70
46
1985
145,200
365
546,400
73
48
1986
154,200
381
570,300
77
50
1987
163,300
396
593,300
80
52
1988
172,400
411
615,400
83
54
1989
181,400
425
636,600
86
56
1990
190,500
438
656,900
88
57
1991
199,600
451
676,500
91
59
1992
211,400
473
708.900
95
62
1993
223,200
494
740,000
99
65
1994
225,900
483
724,600
97
63
1995
225,900
465
696,200
94
61
1996
225,900
446 .
668,900
90
58
1997
225,900
429
642.700
86.
56
1998
225,900
412
617,500
83.
54
1999
225,900
396
593,200
80
52
- 2000
225,900
380
570,000
77
so,
2001
225,900
365
547,600
74
48
2002
225,E
351
526,200
71•
46
2003
225,900
337
505,500
68
44
2004
225,900
324
485,700
65
42
2005
225,900
311
466,700
63
41
2006
225,900
299
448,400
60
39
2007
225,900
287
430,800
58
38
2008
225,900
276
413,900
56
36
2009
225,900
265
397,700
53
35
2010
.225,900
255
382,100
51
33
2011
225,900
245
367,100
49
32
2012
225,900
235
352.700
47
31
2013
225,900
226
338,900
46
30
2014
225,900
217
325,600
44
28
2015
225,900
209
312,800
42
27
2-3
0

EXHIBIT 2-3. AVERY COUNTY LANDFILL
EPA LAEEM LFG Estimates
100
We
E
.60
oo 40
C-
CU
20
0
1970 1976 1982 1988 1994 2000 2006 2012
Year
LFG Generated -- LFG Collected
2-4

EXHIBIT 2-4. AVERY LANDFILL
SUMMARY OF E-PLUS ANALYSIS RESULTS
Open Year:
1970
Close Year:
1993
Current Year:
1997
Waste in Place:
Waste Acceptance Rate:
249,000 tons, in 1997
0 tons per year, from current year onward
Gas Generation from 1970 to 2027:
Annual Average:
14 MMcf/year of methane
29 MMcf/year of landfill gas
Maximum:
.26 MMcf/year of methane
51 MMcf/year of landfill gas
Gas Generation During .the Project: 1997 to 2007:
Annual Average:.
15 MMcf/year of methane
°;31 MMcf/year of landfill gas .
—maximum:
;-21�1AMcf/year of methane
42 MMcf/year of landfill gas
Gas Collection Efficiency:
Environmental Bt'nefita AnaIySIR
65 percent
Annual Average Environmental Benefits From Recovering the Landfill Gas:
Methane Emissions: 0.27 thousand tons avoided/year, averaged over the life of the project
2.78 thousand tons avoided total during the project
CO2 Equivalent: 5.84 thousand tons avoided/year, averaged over the life of the project
58.37 thousand tons avoided total during the project
Annual Average Environmental Benefits From Using Landfill Gas Directly:
CO2 Emissions: 0.90 thousand tons avoided/year, averaged over the life of the project
8.99 thousand tons avoided total during the project

SECTION 3
GREENHOUSE ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
SCS only investigated the potential use of LFG to heat a greenhouse that could be constructed
on-the-tandfill facilit - - - y property. This section o the report discusses the considerations made
in order to estimate the greenhouse energy needs, and to compare those needs with the
available LFG estimated in_Section2. - -__-
ENERGY REQUIREMENTS
Greenhouse energy needs depend on a number of factors which include, but are not limited to
crop type, average seasonal temperature and building materials used to construct the
greenhouse. While electricity is commonly used to power fans, lighting systems and other
equipment, fuels such as oil, natural gas and propane are typically burned to heat the facility.
The following items influence a greenhouse's heating demand.
Crop type dictates the temperature that must be maintained for optimum growth
conditions. For example, carnations can tolerate temperatures in the low 50s,
while roses require warmer temperatures.
• Geographic location also greatly influences the amount -of -heat -required to
maintain an acceptable temperature -in the -greenhouse —It has -been -re -ported.
that at colder, northern latitudes, it takes from 100,000 to 200,000 Btu per
` square foot (ft2) of floor area per year to heat a greenhouse during the growing
iseason. A University of California report (Reducing Energy Costs in California
Greenhouses, Leaflet 2141 1) states that greenhouses use an average of
115,000 Btu/ft2 of floor area per year.
• Building materials used to construct the greenhouse, from glazing materials to
ventilation systems, impact energy demand. Glass, rigid plastic, or plastic film
used for walls and ceilings each have different thermal efficiencies which result
in different amounts of heat loss.
According to the Southeast Regional Climate Center, which is housed within
the Water
Resources Division of the South Carolina Department of Natural Resources in Columbia, South
Carolina, (http://water.dnr.state.sc.us/climate/sercc/) the normal minimum temperature in
January (the coldest month of the year according to this source) is 22 °F, while the average
temperature in January (for the years 1961 through 1990) is 35 T. Because this winter
temperature is not as harsh as other regions of the U.S., a greenhouse in the western part of
North Carolina can be expected to have heating needs that fall in the lower end of the
previously -stated range of 100,000 to 200,000 Btu/ft2 per year. For the purposes of this
feasibility assessment, SCS estimated that theproposedgreenhouse would require 100,000
Btu/ft2 per year to operate through the winter.

of PRELIMINARY GREENHOUSE SIZING
16 The data in Section 2 of this report, detailing the expected LFG generation and collection
quantities, shows that the expected sustained- LFG collection rate for the 10 year life of the
project was approximately 40 cfm. Based on a heating value of 500 Btu/ft3 for LFG, the
RXIIIII a . . house area -the -landfill can=apWrrt=is--cafcu ate �s follows:
■
40 ft3 L M-11500-Btu--ft�-year-- 60 min - 8760-hour
min [-ft3 LFG l [100,000 Btul hour[ e
J J [ l year J
t= 105,000 ft2 of floor area = 2.5 acres
To provide a factor of safety and a more conservative estimate, the remainder of this
feasibility assessment will be based on a greenhouse that is 2.0 acres, rather than the
maximum sustainable size of 2.5 acres.
■
R
No
3-2
0

P
ELL
11
■
SECTION 4
ECONOMIC ANALYSIS
GREENHOUSE CONSTRUCTION
e fonowing analysis of greenhouse construction costs is based on a 2.0 acre greenhouse
and assumes that the least expensive construction approaches are utilized. Exhibit 4-1
summarizes the construction estimates.
EXHIBIT 4-1. GREENHOUSE CONSTRUCTION COSTS
ITEM
COST ($/ft2)
Rigid Frame Wood Greenhouse
2.00
Site Prep/Driveway/Concrete
Floor
3.60
Environmental Control (HVAC)
5.45
TOTAL (rounded)
11:00
The costs shown in this Exhibit were taken from Gr .Pnho use Engineering, Aldrich, R.A. and
Bartok, J.W., Northeast Regional Agricultural Service; Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, published
in August 1996.
The approximate total cost of greenhouse construction is'calculated by multiplying the total
square footage of floor area by the cost per square foot as shown below.
[2.0 acres of greenhouse] 43,560 ft21[ $11.00 = $960,000
acre ft2
LFG COLLECTION SYSTEM
The E-PLUS model provides an estimated cost to construct and operate a LFG collection
system. The estimated costs provided by E-PLUS are as follows:
• Capital Cost to Construct LFG System = $172,000
• Annual Operating Cost = $32,000
4-1
�1

SCS prepared a budgetary cost estimate using standard engineering desig
n custom and
practice. The purpose of this second estimate was to validate the E-PLUS capital cost
estimate. This cost estimate was based on the approximate quantities and types of items
needed to construct a collection system using —typical contractor prices for each item: SCS's
estimate is in general agreement with the E-PLUS estimate.
HEATING SYSTEM COST COMPARISON
The following discussion compares the economics of burning LFG versus natural gas to heat
the greenhouse. The average commercial/industrial user in North Carolina purchases natural
gas at approximately $5 per million Btu (MMBtu). Therefore, in order for the project to be
feasible from an energy purchasing standpoint, the cost to supply the greenhouse with LFG
must be less than $5/MMBtu.
The capital costs associated with installing the LFG collection system can be amortized over
the 10 year project life. Assuming a 10 percent rate of interest, the annual capital cost is
calculated as follows:
0.1 (1+0.1)10 [$173,000] _ [0.163] [$173,000]
(1 +0.1)10_1
_ $28,000 per year
The cost per year to recover the LFG is equal to the amortized annual capital cost plus the
annual operating costs: $28,000 + $32,000 = $60,000.
The cost per million Btu to supply LFG to the greenhouse can be calculated as follows:
40 ft3 LFG
500 Btu
60 min
8,760 hours
MMBtu
min
ft3 LFG
hour
year
106 Btu
=10,500 MMBtu/year
$60,000/year + 10,500 MMBtu/year = $5.70/MMBtu
Therefore, the cost to supply the greenhouse with LFG is comparable to the cost of
purchasing natural gas from a local utility (assuming no substantial capital is required to
connect the greenhouse to a nearby gas main).
4-2
9

l
F�
SECTION 5
CONCLUSIONS
The cost estimate to build a LFG collection system at the Avery County Landfill and deliver the
LFG to -a nearby greenhsis a -- - -- pproximately the same as delivering natural gas from a-
pipeline. This factor may be sufficient justification to push forward with a greenhouse project
should the community -value -the additional -environmental and educational benefits assoc ated—
with such a project. From a private sector development viewpoint however, a breakeven
project such as this one needs additional incentives to move forward. The following list.
identifies examples of fiscal incentives that have pushed other LFG recovery projects into
more desirable positions:
Tax Credits - Many LFG recovery projects moved forward in previous years
when tax credits were available to them. However, tax credits are no longer
available to new projects, LFG projects must now be more self-sufficient.
• Collection System Required by Regulations - If a gas collection and control
system is required by a regulation, these costs may be considered "sunk costs."
Under this scenario, the economics become more attractive for energy recovery.
However, due to the size of the landfill, it is unlikely that an environmental
regulation will require LFG control.
• Grants or Research Support - If the Department of Energy or a similar agency
were to monetarily support LFG/greenhouse research, the economics would
change. if this option is to be explored further, a specific interest or goal must
be identified before pursuing monetary support for research.
• Good Public Relations and Environmental Control - The municipality or other
local organization may be interested in bolstering public relations through
stronger demonstration of environmental control. Even if the economics are
breakeven, this non -fiscal incentive may be enough to pursue the project.
It is important to note that the cost analysis presented in this report did not use a conservative
approach. That is, the costs were estimated assuming the cheapest possible greenhouse
would be constructed. The size and construction type of the greenhouse also depends on the
type of crop to be grown. Analysis at this level of detail is not appropriate at this early stage.
5-1
X

❑ PHONE CALL ❑ DISCUSSION ❑ SITE VISIT ❑ CONFERENCE
RECORD OF
COMMUNICATION
❑ OTHER (SPECIFY)
(Record of item checked above)
TO: Brent Rockett
FROM: Al HetZell
DATE:10-31-2000
-
TIME
SUBJECT
Meeting with Don Baker, Co. Manager, Avery Co.
SUMMARY OF COMMUNICATION, CONCLUSIONS, ACTIONS TAKEN OR REQUIRED
On October 31,2000, 1 met with Don Baker, Co. Manager of Avery Co. to go over a number of items. 1. The transfer
stations repairs. 2. The status of the C&D landfill. 3. The LMOP Project and Unimen Corp. and 4. The upcoming
commissioners meeting and the Solid Waste Ordinance. We also visited the New 3 mile Convenience center.

❑ PHONE CALL ❑ DISCUSSION ❑ SITE VISIT ❑ CONFERENCE
RECORD OF
COMMUNICATION
/-
OTHER (SPECIFY)�►`7/K
(Record of item checked above)
TO: Brent Rockett
FROM: Al HetZell
November 28, 2000
—
TIME -
SUBJECT
Meeting with Don Baker, Avery Co. Co. Manager #06 Non Facility
SUMMARY OF COMMUNICATION, CONCLUSIONS, ACTIONS TAKEN OR REQUIRED
On the 28 of November, I met with Don Baker, Co Manager of Avery County to discuss operation of the Avery Co. C&D
Landfill, Transfer station and the methane recovery project at their old landfill site, located on Brushy Creek Road. Topics
covered included, C&D Landfill side slopes, The wall repairs at the County Transfer Station, The meeting with Unimen
Company on the use of land between the old LF and the airport, The possible modification of the County's SW program,
The Solid Waste Ordinance, and the landfill operator's course.