1304_Cabarrus_CMSV_MSWLF_LFGMP_FID1457527_20201008

Environmental Consultants & Contractors
October 8, 2020
File No. 02201314.88
Ms. Jaclynne Drummond
North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality
Division of Waste Management
1646 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1601
Subject: Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan
Charlotte Motor Speedway - Landfill V - Phase 3
Permit No. 13-04
Concord, North Carolina
Dear Ms. Drummond:
SCS Engineers, PC (SCS), on behalf of BFI Waste Systems of North America, hereby submits this
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan (Plan) for the Charlotte Motor Speedway - Landfill V. The Plan was
developed pursuant to a response form the Solid Waste Section (FID 1404139) requesting an
updated Plan be submitted for approval.
Should you have questions, please do not hesitate to contact either of the undersigned at (704) 504-
3107.
Sincerely,
Jared T. Hamela, PG
Senior Project Geologist
SCS ENGINEERS, PC
jth/adg
Albert D. Glenn, PE
Project Director
SCS ENGINEERS, PC
M:\PROJECT FILES\02201314.88\Deliverables\LFGMP\1304 CMS Landfill V LFGMP 20201008 cover letter.docx
2520 Whitehall Park Drive, Suite 450, Charlotte, NC 28273 1 704-504-3107 iJ

Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan
Charlotte Motor Speedway Landfill V
Permit No. 13-04
BFI Waste Systems of North America, Inc.
5105 Morehead Road
Concord, NC 28027
[phone]
02201314.88 1 October 8, 2020
2520 Whitehall Park Drive, Suite 450
Charlotte, NC 28273
704-504-3107

Table of Contents
CArrtinn
Page
1.0 CERTIFICATION..............................................................................................................................1
2.0 INTRODUCTION.............................................................................................................................2
3.0 CONTACT INFORMATION...............................................................................................................2
4.0 SITE BACKGROUND.......................................................................................................................2
4.1 SITE GEOLOGY..........................................................................................................................3
4.2 SITE HYDROGEOLOGY..............................................................................................................3
5.0 LANDFILL GAS MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING........................................................................4
6.0 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS.....................................................................................................6
7.0 CONTINGENCY PLAN.....................................................................................................................6
8.0 LANDFILL GAS MONITORING LOCATION CRITERIA.......................................................................6
9.0 LANDFILL GAS PROBE REHABILITATION AND ABANDONMENT....................................................7
9.1 ADDITIONAL LANDFILL GAS PROBE INSTALLATIONS.............................................................7
10.0 LANDFILL GAS PROBE MAINTENANCE..........................................................................................7
11.0 MODIFICATIONS AND REVISIONS.................................................................................................8
Figures
Figure 1 Site Location Map
Figure 2 Landfill Gas Monitoring Locations
Tables
Table 1 Landfill Gas Monitoring Well Table
Exhibits
Exhibit A Potentiometric Surface Map - Groundwater Statistical Analysis Report - First Semi -
Annual 2020 Sampling Event - Charlotte Motor Speedway, Landfill V Concord, North
Carolina Permit No. 13-04. Jett Environmental Consulting, PLLC., June 2020
Appendices
Appendix A North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources - Division of
Waste Management - Solid Waste Section - Landfill Gas Monitoring Guidance,
November 2010
Appendix B CMS Landfill V Methane Monitoring Probe Installation Report. S&ME, Inc., January
1998
M:\PROJECT FILES\02201314.88\Deliverables\LFGMP\1304 CMS Landfill V LFGMP 20201002 v02.docx
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsenaineers.com

1.0 CERTIFICATION
The landfill gas monitoring plan for this facility has been prepared by a qualified geologist who is
licensed to practice in the State of North Carolina. The plan has been prepared based on first-hand
knowledge of site conditions and familiarity with North Carolina solid waste rules and industry standard
protocol. This certification is made in accordance with North Carolina Solid Waste Regulations,
indicatingthis Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan should provide early detection of any release of hazardous
constituents to the uppermost aquifer, so as to be protective of public health and the environment. No
other warranties, expressed or implied, are made.
/1//H1!!I
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Jare T. Hamela
Senior Project Geologist
Date: October 8. 2020
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Not valid unless this document bears the seal of the above -named licensed professional.
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan
www.scsengineers.com

2.0 INTRODUCTION
On behalf of BFI Waste Systems of North America, Inc., SCS Engineers, PC (SCS) hereby submits this
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan (Plan) for the Charlotte Motor Speedway - Landfill V, permit number 13-
04. This Plan was developed in general accordance with the North Carolina Solid Waste Rules (Rule)
15A NCAC 13B .0503; .1626; and .1627.
3.0 CONTACT INFORMATION
The following is a list of contacts to be considered with regard to this Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan:
Owner Contact
Mike Gurley
Republic Services, Inc.
Charlotte Motor Speedway Landfill
Concord, NC 28027
[phone]
Design Engineer
SCS Engineers, PC
2520 Whitehall Park Drive, Suite 450
Charlotte, INC 28273
[phone]
Compliance and Reporting
SCS Engineers, PC
2520 Whitehall Park Drive, Suite 450
Charlotte, INC 28273
[phone]
NCDEQ Office Contacts
Jaclynne Drummond
Hydrogeologist
Asheville Regional Office
Division of Waste Management
INC Department of Environmental Quality
[phone]
Teresa Bradford
Regional Inspector
Mooresville Regional Office
Division of Waste Management
INC Department of Environmental Quality
[phone]
4.0 SITE BACKGROUND
Landfill Gas Monitorinc
Blue Flame Crew, LLC
1009 Central Drive
Concord, INC 28027
[phone]
Larry Frost
Permitting Engineer
Asheville Regional Office
Division of Waste Management
NC Department of Environmental Quality
[phone]
The Charlotte Motor Speedway - Landfill V (facility) is located at 5105 Morehead Road in Concord,
Cabarrus County, North Carolina, compassing 697.69 acres. The general location of the facility is
depicted on the site location map provided as Figure 1. The facility existing conditions, delineated
landfill phases, and the landfill gas monitoring network is depicted on Figure 2.
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsenaineers.com

4.1 SITE GEOLOGY
The facility is located in the Piedmont physiographic and geologic province of North Carolina, specifically
within a generally northeast trending plutonic complex known as the Charlotte Belt. Subterranean
igneous bodies (plutons) exist throughout this belt, ranging in composition from felsic granite to mafic
diorite-gabbro. Mafic diabase dikes intruded the region duringtensional tectonic events associated with
continental rifting.
The facility lies within the inner diorite-gabbro unit of the Concord Ring Dike. The Concord Ring Dike is
a zoned plutonic feature situated within the Charlotte Belt. The complex consists of a large diorite-
gabbro stock, roughly six miles in diameter, enveloped on three sides by a "ring" with elevated
topography of intermediate -composition syenite. Medium -grained diorite-gabbro samples are present
that contain varying proportions of cumulus olivine, clinopyroxene, and plagioclase. The syenite is
characterized by a mineral composition of orthoclase feldspar, augite, hornblende, and biotite and a
coarse porphyritic texture with megacrysts of pink feldspar. The syenite is more resistant to weathering
and thus forms isolated surface boulders in addition to a circular ridge.
The historical rock core data indicate a variety of diorite-gabbro, which is more intermediate in
composition than gabbro, suggesting a possible zoning within the gabbro or a gradational contact with
the syenite. Some of the diorite-gabbro cores indicated cross -cutting feldspathic veins, likely associated
with the syenite. Based on rock coring and field observations within the facility, it is believed that a
"finger" of the outer syenite ring extends into the northwest corner of the study area. Syenite has
been observed in isolated surface exposures and in a few nearby cores within this relatively small
area of the facility. Two small, northwest trending diabase dikes occur in this same portion of the
site, suggesting a relationship between these intrusive rock units and the local joint pattern
(reference: Design Hydrogeologic Report - CMS Landfill V - Phase 3 (Cells 21-2K and 2M) Solid Waste
Permit # 13-04. David Garrett and Associates, 2008).
4.2 SITE HYDROGEOLOGY
Previous facility investigations indicate that first occurrence of groundwater is present in either the
overburden/saprolite, partially weathered rock, or bedrock depending on location. Data suggests
hydraulic connection between these units, which form the uppermost aquifer. Generally, the aquifers
exhibit unconfined qualities when encountered in overburden/saprolite and partially weathered rock
and semi -confined qualities when encountered in partially weathered rock and bedrock. Generally,
data indicate that the groundwater flow is principally within the overburden/saprolite and partially
weathered rock, in the direction of the Rocky River. Locally, the vertical component of the groundwater
flow may be slightly downward in topographically high areas and slightly upward in
topographically low areas. In general, the configuration of the groundwater surface is similar to the
topography and groundwater flow direction correlates to surface topography.
Two converging streams at the facility property boundary provide hydraulic isolation from the
surrounding regional ground water regimes and serve as the ground water receptors for the facility.
The Site Suitability study and subsequent Design Hydrogeologic studies for Phases 1, 2, and
3 show ground water flow to the south, with a radial flow pattern beneath facility Phases 2 and 3
split between the Rocky River to the west and an unnamed tributary to the east (reference: Design
Hydrogeologic Report - CMS Landfill V - Phase 3 (Cells 21-2K and 2M) Solid Waste Permit # 13-04.
David Garrett and Associates, 2008).
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com

5.0 LANDFILL GAS MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING
All monitoring and sampling procedures shall be conducted in accordance with the landfill gas
monitoring and reporting guidance developed by the Division of Waste Management (DWM) Solid
Waste Section (SWS), provided as Appendix A.
Landfill gas (LFG) is a by-product from the decomposition of organic waste in a sanitary landfill, which
typically includes methane, carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide, water, and other constituents. Methane
can be explosive under certain conditions, and landfill gas migration has been known to transfer
certain contaminants into groundwater. The Solid Waste Rules focus on the explosive properties of
landfill gas from a public safety standpoint. Subsurface gas normally migrates above the groundwater
table and is restricted laterally by a body of water, such as streams, rivers, ponds, lakes, etc. Pipelines
or trenches (which exist nearby) can serve as potential conduits for off -site landfill gas migration. In
addition, the soils that exist at the facility just above the bedrock are very porous and can potentially
serve as a pathway for gas migration. Active collection is the primary means of controlling LFG at this
facility. A network of collection wells and piping is installed throughout the landfill that is connected
to vacuum source(s) and combusted by flare(s) or supplied to an on -site energy production facility.
Monitoring for the presence of subsurface landfill gas adjacent to the landfill is accomplished at SWS
approved locations via either bar -hole punch tests or landfill gas monitoring wells (a.k.a. monitoring
probes) which are both identified as "MMW-#" on the included Figure 2.
The existing landfill gas monitoring network consists of:
• fourteen (14) permanent landfill gas wells - MMW-1 through MMW-4 and MMW-15
through MMW-24, and
• four bar -hole punch locations (to be converted to wells) - MMW-5, MMW-6, MMW-13,
and MMW-14.
• facility occupied structures, including the administration building, scale house,
maintenance buildings, leachate treatment building, and LFG-to-energy production
buildings.
Components of the landfill's active LFG collection system are not to be monitored. Landfill gas
monitoring will be performed on a quarterly basis during the active life of the landfill and throughout
the post- closure care period. Alternatively, buildings may be equipped with continuous explosive gas
detection devices.
This Plan proposes converting the bar -hole punch monitoring locations into permanent landfill gas
wells as well as the installation of additional compliance wells in the vicinity of the compliance
boundary for Phase 3, details of which are provided in Section 7.1. A landfill gas monitoring probe
construction detail is provided as Figure 1 in Appendix A.
Landfill gas monitoring wells are installed above the groundwater table using construction techniques
that are otherwise similar to groundwater monitoring wells. Table 1 lists the existing and proposed
landfill gas monitoring wells and any probe construction data that is available. Appendix B contains
construction details for six of the existing landfill gas monitoring wells reported in CMS Landfill V
Methane Monitoring Probe Installation Report dated January 1998 prepared by S&ME, Inc.
The instrument used to monitor the landfill gas monitoring network shall be specifically manufactured
to detect and quantify methane gas and other landfill gas components (e.g. Landtec GEM or Envision
Portable Gas Analyzer or other similar type equipment). Personnel using the landfill gas monitoring
instrument shall be fully trained by a competent person and must understand the principles of
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com
4

operation and follow the manufacturer's instructions. Calibrating the instrument according to the
manufacturer's specifications is required prior to each sampling event and on a daily basis for multiple -
day sampling events. Bump checks and re -calibration shall be performed as needed to ensure proper
function of the instrument and accurate data collection. Include the following information on each
landfill gas monitoring form:
• facility name,
• permit number,
• monitoring location identification or location of sample collection,
• date of landfill gas monitoring event,
• ambient air temperature,
• general weather conditions
• type and serial number of gas monitoring instrument,
• calibration date of the instrument,
• date and time of field calibration,
• type of gas used for field calibration (15/15 [15% CO2/15% CH4] or 35/50 [35%
CO2/50% CH4]),
• expiration date of field calibration gas canister,
• pump rate of instrument being used, and
• Instrument reported methane gas (CH4) concentration. Monitoring data shall be logged
on the SWS Landfill Gas Monitoring Data Form, provided in Appendix A. Copies of all
landfill gas monitoring forms shall be retained with the facilities on -site records.
Verification that the equipment was calibrated in accordance with the manufacturer's specifications
is required. When determining which field calibration gas to use, take into consideration the expected
levels of methane in the landfill gas monitoring wells or structures. If the methane gas levels are
expected to be low, use the 15/15 gas canister. If the methane levels are expected to be high, use
the 35/50 gas canister (Appendix A).
The step-by-step instructions for landfill gas monitoring is provided in Appendix A and summarized as
follows:
• Step 1 - Calibrate the instrument according to the manufacturer's specifications. In
addition, prepare the instrument for monitoring by allowing it to properly warm up as
directed by the manufacturer. Make sure the static pressure shows a reading of zero on
the instrument prior to taking the first sample.
• Step 2 - Purge sample tube for at least one minute prior to taking reading. Connect the
instrument tubing to the landfill gas monitoring well cap fitted with a stopcock valve or
quick connect coupling.
• Step 3 - Open the valve and record the initial reading and then the stabilized reading. A
stable reading is one that does not vary more than 0.5 percent by volume on the
instrument's scale.
• Step 4 - Record the stabilized reading including the oxygen concentration and barometric
pressure. A proper reading should have two percent oxygen by volume or less. If levels of
oxygen are higher, it may indicate that air is being drawn into the system giving a false
reading.
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com

Step 5 - Turn the stopcock valve to the off position and disconnect the tubing.
• Step 6 - Proceed to the next landfill gas monitoring well and repeat Steps 2 - 5.
Depending on the sampling data, future additional monitoring and/or remedial measures may be
required.
6.0 REGULATORY REQUIREMENTS
North Carolina Solid Waste Rule (Rule) 15A NCAC 13B .1646 (4) (a) requires monitoring for the
following explosive gas limits:
25% of the Lower Explosive Limit (LEL defined as 5% methane in standard atmosphere)
within occupied structures - excluding the gas recovery systems;
• 100% LEL at the facility boundary;
• No detectable concentration in off -site structures.
7.0 CONTINGENCY PLAN
Rule 15 A NCAC 13B .1646 (4) (c) specifies that, upon detection of methane gas exceeding the
threshold values described in Section 6, the facility management must perform the following:
• Immediately take all steps required to protect human health and notify the Section;
• Within seven days place in the operating record a report of the methane gas levels (and
the location of the detection), along with a description of the response to protect human
health;
• Investigate the extent and identify potential sources and conduits for the detected
methane gas;
• Within 60 days implement a remediation plan for the methane gas release, place a copy
of the plan in the facility's Operating Record and notify the SWS that the plan has been
implemented. The plan shall describe the nature and extent of the problem and the
proposed remedy.
8.0 LANDFILL GAS MONITORING LOCATION CRITERIA
Gas migration is a process of diffusion through porous media, affected by porosity and permeability,
similar to groundwater within an unconfined or partly confined soil aquifer. For landfill gas, pressures
and concentrations are higher near the source (i.e. landfill) and gradually decrease with distance -
unless a distinct conduit is present - thus a "halo effect" is often discernable. The gas can be confined
in the soil by lower permeability clay layers and saturated layers that can occur either above or below
the porous layer. At the facility, horizontal permeability for groundwater flow appears to exceed vertical
permeability, due in part to the shape of the saprolite (PWR) aquifer as it conforms to the topography
and upper bedrock surface. The potentiometric surface map for the facility from the most recent water
quality monitoring event, submitted by Jett Environmental PLLC, is provided in Exhibit A for reference.
The unsaturated saprolite and known landfill gas conveyance pipelines contained in this zone are likely
preferential pathways for gas migration and are the zones targeted for monitoring.
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com

Placement of well screens for gas monitoring above the groundwater table is standard practice. The
required horizontal placement for gas monitoring wells or bar -hole punch locations is based on site
specific conditions. Considering the similarities of gas migration to groundwater flow and with a
compliance boundary established at the facility property boundary, a sensible criteria for monitoring
locations is outside the landfill's perimeter landfill gas collection conveyance pipelines, approximately
half the distance from the pipelines to the compliance boundary. No more than 150 feet from the
landfill, if the property boundary is more than 300 feet from the landfill. Existing and proposed landfill
gas monitoring locations for the facility are shown on Figure 2.
9.0 LANDFILL GAS PROBE REHABILITATION AND
ABANDONMENT
The facility operator shall take precautions to avoid disturbing any monitoring well, including
informing staff not to contact the wells when mowing or traversing the site. Should wells become
irreversibly damaged or require rehabilitation, the SWS shall be notified. If monitoring wells within
unconsolidated formations are damaged irreversibly they shall be abandoned by over -drilling and/or
pulling the well casing and backfilling the boring with an impermeable, chemically -inert sealant such
as neat cement grout and/or bentonite clay.
Landfill gas monitoring wells located in existing or future waste footprints shall be abandoned in
general accordance with Rule 15A NCAC 2C .0113 and by over drilling the well and backfilling with a
bentonite-cement grout. All well repairs or abandonment shall be performed by a NC -licensed well
contractor and certified by a NC -licensed geologist or engineer.
9.1 ADDITIONAL LANDFILL GAS PROBE INSTALLATIONS
Locations that were previously monitored by the bar -hole punch method (MMW-5, MMW-6, MMW-13
and MMW-14) shall have permanent landfill gas monitoring wells installed either at the same location
or at an alternate location along the compliance boundary that should provide more representative
data and/or limit damage to the wells. Additional compliance landfill gas monitoring wells (MMW-7
through MMW-12) shall be installed at the compliance boundary for the remaining development of the
facility's Phase 3. The locations of the proposed landfill gas monitoring wells are shown on Figure 2.
All additional methane monitoring wells shall be installed by a NC -licensed well contractor under the
supervision of a qualified geologist or engineer who is registered in North Carolina and who shall certify
to the SWS that the installation complies with the North Carolina Regulations. Documentation for the
wells installation shall be submitted to SWS by the NC -licensed geologist or engineer after completion.
10.0 LANDFILL GAS PROBE MAINTENANCE
The monitoring wells shall be used and maintained in accordance with design specifications
throughout the life of the monitoring program. Routine maintenance will include inspection and
correction/repair of, as necessary, identification labels, concrete aprons, locking caps and locks, and
access to the wells.
Should it be determined that wells no longer provide samples representative of the quality of gas
passing the relevant point of compliance, the SWS shall be notified. The owner shall evaluate the
monitoring network and provide a plan to the SWS for modifying, rehabilitating, decommissioning, or
installing replacement wells or additional monitoring wells, as appropriate.
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com

11.0 MODIFICATIONS AND REVISIONS
At a future time, it may be appropriate to modify this Plan. Such changes require advance approval
from the SWS. Also, this Plan will be reviewed periodically and amended as needed. Users of this Plan
are advised to utilize the most recent edition as well as any guideline updates or memos that may
have been issued by the SWS after the approval and implementation of this Plan.
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com
8

Figure 1
Site Location Map
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com
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FIGURE 1 - SITE LOCATION MAP

Figure 2
Landfill Gas Monitoring Locations
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com
F-2

I
LEGEND-
- 10 FOOT ELEVATION CONTOUR
— PROPERTY LINE
— LIMITS OF WASTE
— PHASE 1 EXTENTS 0s,s
— PHASE 2 EXTENTS l c/)
Z
— PHASE 3 EXTENTS _ - 560 _ O
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REPUBLIC
SERVICES 02 of 3

Table 1
Landfill Gas Monitoring Well Table
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com
T-1

Table 1
Landfill Gas Monitoring Probe Table
Charlotte Motor Speedway - Landfill V, Permit #13-04
LFG Probe ID
Installatin Date
Depth (ft) Screen Interval (ft)
MMW-1
Unknown
Unknown Unknown
MMW-2
Unknown
Unknown Unknown
MMW-3
Unknown
Unknown Unknown
MMW-4
Jun-1997
21.5 6.5-21.5
MMW-5
Proposed for Installation
MMW-6
Proposed for Installation
MMW-7
Proposed for Installation
MMW-8
Proposed for Installation
MMW-9
Proposed for Installation
MMW-10
Proposed for Installation
MMW-I I
Proposed for Installation
MMW-12
Proposed for Installation
MMW-13
Proposed for Installation
MMW-14
Proposed for Installation
MMW-15
Jun-1997
20.5
5.0-20.5
MMW-16
Jun-1997
19.0
10-19.0
MMW-17
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
MMW-18
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
MMW-19
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
MMW-20
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
MMW-21
Unknown
Unknown
Unknown
MMW-22
Jun-1997
14.0
4.0-14.0
MMW-23
Jun-1997
14.0
4.0-14.0
MMW-24
Jun-1997
16.0
6.0-16.0

Exhibit A
Potentiometric Surface Map from the Groundwater Statistical
Analysis Report - First Semi -Annual 2020 Sampling Event for
Charlotte Motor Speedway Landfill V Permit No. 13-04 prepared by
Jett Environmental Consulting, PLLC, June 2020
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com
Exhibit A

BMW-96
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—565— Potentiom et ric Surface Contour{fmr,[)
Hydraulic Gradient & Inferred
Graundwater Flaw Direction
Surface Water Sampling Location IApproxj
— — — Landfill Cell Boundary
Expansion Areas
Denotes ASsessment Monitoring
Program Well
Denotes Water pualityAssessment
(Extent) Well
Water levels collected by Pace Analytical Services. PLC on
April I3, 2020,
Basemap provided by Cooper Aerial Surveys Co., date of
Photography is January 27, 2011
4
NORrs
k
0 250 500 1000,
Scale in Feet
Graphic Scale: 1 inch = 500 feet
r` 5�r7``1.32
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.! ETT Figure 1
'°°'M° �"-49W°"� First Semi -Annual 2020 Potentiometric Surface Map
Wgntzw?le, MO 63385
314.43E-n654
ENVIRONMENTAL wWwjerhnvw.-
C O N S L! L T I N C, Charlotte Motor Speedway Landfill V. Harrisburg, North Carolina

Appendix A
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources -
Division of Waste Management - Solid Waste Section Landfill Gas
Monitoring Guidance, November 2010
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com
Appendix A

NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
DIVISION OF WASTE MANAGEMENT
SOLID WASTE SECTION
LANDFILL GAS MONITORING GUIDANCE
NOVEMBER 2010
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section 1
— Introduction..............................................................................................Page 2
Section 2
— Factors Influencing Landfill Gas Generation and Migration ..............................Page
3
Section 3
- Current Solid Waste Section Rules Pertaining to Landfill Gas Monitoring
..............Page 5
Section 4
— Landfill Gas Incidents and Explosions ........................................................Page 9
Section 5
— Landfill Gas Monitoring Wells..................................................................Page
11
Section 6
— Landfill Gas Monitoring Instrumentation .....................................................Page
14
Section 7
— References.........................................................................................Page
17
Section 8
— Suggested Outline for a Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan ......................................Page
18
Section 9
— Checklist of Items to be Included in a Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan ......................Page
19

SECTION 1- Introduction
North Carolina Solid Waste Management Rules 15A NCAC 13B require quarterly monitoring of methane
gas (at MSW landfills) and quarterly monitoring of methane and other explosive landfill gases (LFG) (at
C&D and other landfills) to ensure that landfill gas does not exceed the lower explosive limit (LEL) at the
facility property boundary or 25 percent of the lower explosive limit in facility structures. If the
concentration exceeds the specified limits, steps must be taken to ensure the protection of public health
and a remediation plan must be implemented immediately. A landfill gas monitoring plan is necessary to
ensure that these performance standards are met and this guidance document was developed to assist in
establishing a standardized procedure for the monitoring of landfill gas.
Background
Organic matter in landfills begins to decompose almost immediately after being placed in a disposal site.
Putrescible wastes such as food products and sewage sludges begin to break down by biological processes
very rapidly whereas paper, cardboard or cellulose based materials are slower to decompose. However,
when conditions become favorable, most organic matter will decompose. The decomposition process
typically goes through several stages that depend on conditions such as pH, temperature, and moisture
content. The final stage results in the production of methane and although the rate of production may
vary, most landfills produce methane.
Landfill Gas Generation
Landfill gas is a natural by-product of the anaerobic decomposition of organic waste in a landfill. The
composition, quantity and rate of landfill gas generation are dependent on the types of waste that are
decomposing and the level of microbial activity within the wastes. The decomposition of biodegradable
waste begins with aerobic decomposition which lasts until the oxygen in the landfill is depleted. The
anaerobic phase then begins, resulting in landfill gas production.
There are four stages of landfill gas composition: the first stage is characterized by elevated nitrogen
levels and occurs when the landfill is new. The second stage is characterized by elevated carbon dioxide
levels and occurs for a relatively short period of time after the initial stage is complete. The third and
fourth stages are characterized by elevated methane concentrations and represent the active life of a
landfill and the post -closure time frame.
Landfill gas is generally composed of 50-55% methane (CH4); 45-50% carbon dioxide (CO2); less than
5% nitrogen (N2); and less than 1% non -methane organic compounds. These individual gases generally
remain co -mingled and do not naturally separate. The Solid Waste Section (SWS) Rules typically focus
on methane (CH4) and its explosive properties due to public safety issues. Hydrogen sulfide (H2S) is
also of particular concern in landfills and is typically recognized by its rotten egg odor. H2S is
immediately dangerous to life and health at concentrations of 100 parts per million (ppm).
Landfill Gas Migration
The production of landfill gas creates a positive pressure within the landfill that forces the gas to migrate.
Landfill gas migrates from place to place by diffusion and pressure gradient and will follow the path of
least resistance. Subsurface gas typically migrates above the groundwater table and is restricted laterally
by streams. Porous soils lying above the bedrock can serve as pathways to transmit large volumes of gas.
Underground off -site migration is common and can be facilitated by the presence of pipelines, buried
utility corridors or trenches located within or adjacent to the landfill boundaries. Movement depends on
soil type and moisture, and migration distances of 1,500 feet have been observed. Barometric pressure
also influences movement. Falling barometric pressure allows methane to migrate out of the landfill and
into surrounding areas.

SECTION 2 - Factors Influencing Landfill Gas Generation and Migration
Factors that affect landfill gas generation and migration through the subsurface include the following:
Waste Composition
The production of landfill gas is directly related to the amount of organic matter present in waste. The
bacteria that break down the waste require small amounts of specific minerals such as calcium, potassium,
magnesium and other micronutrients. Bacteria are able to thrive and produce landfill gas if the
minerals/micronutrients are present. If the minerals/micronutrients are not present or if substances that
inhibit bacterial growth exist, landfill gas production will occur at a reduced rate. Some forms of organic
matter such as cellulose break down quickly whereas matter such as lignin breaks down more slowly.
The rate at which landfill gas is produced depends on the proportions of each type of organic matter
present in the waste.
Moisture Content
Landfills with higher moisture content generate higher concentrations of landfill gas in earlier stages of
development (such as during leachate recirculation). Moisture accelerates the methanogenic process.
Temperature
Landfill bacteria are temperature dependant. They are able to survive and function below the freezing
point, but they also function well at temperatures up to 65°C. Anaerobic bacteria produce small amounts
of heat and may not be able to maintain the temperature of a shallow landfill when external temperatures
decrease, so LFG generation may exhibit seasonal variations. Saturated landfills may not achieve ideal
temperatures because the bacteria do not generate sufficient heat to raise the temperature of the excess
water. Higher temperatures promote volatilization and chemical reactions with the waste so the trace gas
component of landfill gas tends to increase with higher landfill temperatures.
Age of Landfill
Typically, landfills have an increasing generation of landfill gas for a number of years until closure at
which time landfill gas generation reaches a peak and begins to subside. An evaluation of the age of the
landfill and use of a landfill gas generation curve can be helpful in determining the likelihood of
significant landfill gas concentrations from the landfill.
Landfill Cap
The type or presence of landfill cover can influence landfill gas generation and migration. Although a low
permeability cap will reduce moisture and landfill gas generation over the longer term, initially, the
installation of a landfill cap could drive landfill gas migration further from the landfill in the subsurface
without proper ventilation (either passive or active). This is especially true in the case of unlined
(unvented) landfills.
Water Table
Landfill gas movement in unlined landfills may be influenced by groundwater table variations. A rising
water table could cause displacement and force upward movement of landfill gas.

Man-made and Natural Conduits
Structures such as drains, trenches, and buried utility corridors can act as conduits for landfill gas
migration. Geologic features including fractured bedrock, porous soil, and permeable strata also provide
conduits for landfill gas migration
Landfill Liner Conditions
The presence of a Subtitle-D (or equivalent) landfill liner has the capability to limit the lateral migration
of landfill gas in the subsurface. Unlined landfills have no barrier to prevent lateral landfill gas migration
in the subsurface.
Weather Conditions
Barometric pressure and precipitation have significant effects on landfill gas migration. Increased
barometric pressure yields decreased landfill gas venting from the subsurface, until the pressure within the
subsurface is greater than the atmospheric (barometric) pressure. Conversely, as the barometric pressure
decreases, the landfill will vent the stored gas until pressure equilibrium is reached. Capping of a landfill
can influence the effect of barometric pressure on landfill gas migration. Generally, a more permeable
landfill cap will allow greater influence by barometric pressure than a less permeable landfill cap.

SECTION 3 — Current Solid Waste Section Rules Pertaining to Landfill Gas
Monitoring
Web link to the 15A NCAC 13B rules - http://portal.ncdenr.org/web/wm/sw/rules
15A NCAC 13B
.0101- DEFINITIONS
.0 10 1 (14) "Explosive gas" means Methane (CH4)
.0101(25) "Lower explosive limit" (LEL) means the lowest percent by volume of a mixture of explosive
gases which will propagate a flame in air at 25 degrees Celsius and atmospheric pressure.
.0503 - SITING AND DESIGN REQUIREMENTS FOR DISPOSAL FACILITIES
.0503(2) A site shall meet the following design requirements:
(a) The concentration of explosive gases generated by the site shall not exceed:
(i) twenty-five percent of the limit for the gases in site structures (excluding gas control or
recovery system components); and
(ii) the lower explosive limit for the gases at the property boundary;
.0543 - CLOSURE AND POST -CLOSURE REQUIREMENTS FOR C&DLF FACILITIES
.0543(e) Post -closure criteria.
(1) Following closure of each C&DLF unit, the owner and operator must conduct post -closure
care. Postclosure care must be conducted for 30 years, except as provided under Subparagraph (2)
of this Paragraph, and consist of at least the following:
(C) maintaining and operating the gas monitoring system in accordance with the
requirements of Rule .0544 of this Section; and
(2) The length of the post -closure care period may be:
(A) decreased by the Division if the owner or operator demonstrates that
the reduced period is sufficient to protect human health and the environment and this
demonstration is approved by the Division; or
(B) increased by the Division if the Division determines that the lengthened period is
necessary to protect human health and the environment.
.0544 - MONITORING PLANS AND REQUIREMENTS FOR C&DLF FACILITIES
.0544(d) Gas Control Plan
(1) Owners and operators of all C&DLF units must ensure that:
(A) the concentration of methane gas or other explosive gases generated by the facility
does not exceed 25 percent of the lower explosive limit in on -site facility structures
(excluding gas control or recovery system components);
(B) the concentration of methane gas or other explosive gases does not exceed the lower
explosive limit for methane or other explosive gases at the facility property boundary; and
(C) the facility does not release methane gas or other explosive gases in any concentration
that can be detected in offsite structures.
(2) Owners and operators of all C&DLF units must implement a routine methane monitoring
program to ensure that the standards of this Paragraph are met.
(A) The type of monitoring must be determined based on soil conditions, the
Hydrogeologic conditions under and surrounding the facility, hydraulic conditions on and
surrounding the facility, the location of facility structures and property boundaries, and the
location of all offsite structures adjacent to property boundaries.

(B) The frequency of monitoring shall be quarterly or as approved by the Division.
(3) If methane or explosive gas levels exceeding the limits specified in Subparagraph (d)(1) of this
Rule are detected, the owner and operator must:
(A) immediately take all steps necessary to ensure protection of human health and notify
the Division;
(B) within seven days of detection, place in the operating record the methane or explosive
gas levels detected and a description of the steps taken to protect human health; and
(C) within 60 days of detection, implement a remediation plan for the methane or
explosive gas releases, place a copy of the plan in the operating record, and notify the
Division that the plan has been implemented. The plan must describe the nature and extent
of the problem and the proposed remedy.
(4) Based on the need for an extension demonstrated by the operator, the Division may establish
alternative schedules for demonstrating compliance with Parts (3)(B) and (3)(C) of this Paragraph.
(5) For purposes of this Item, "lower explosive limit" means the lowest percent by volume of a
mixture of explosive gases in air that will propagate a flame at 25 C and atmospheric pressure.
.0566 - OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR LAND CLEARINGINERT DEBRIS (LCID)
LANDFILLS
.0566(13) The concentration of explosive gases generated by the facility shall not exceed:
(a) Twenty-five percent of the lower explosive limit for the gases in facility structures.
(b) The lower explosive limit for the gases at the property boundary.
.1626 — OPERATIONAL REQUIREMENTS FOR MSWLF FACILITIES
.1626(4) Explosive gases control.
(a) Owners or operators of all MSWLF units must ensure that:
(i) The concentration of methane gas generated by the facility does not exceed 25 percent
of the lower explosive limit for methane in facility structures (excluding gas control or
recovery system components); and
(ii) The concentration of methane gas does not exceed the lower explosive limit for
methane at the facility property boundary.
(b) Owners or operators of all MSWLF units must implement a routine methane monitoring
program to ensure that the standards of (4)(a) are met. A permanent monitoring system shall be
constructed on or before October 9, 1994. A temporary monitoring system shall be used prior to
construction of the permanent system.
(i) The type and frequency of monitoring must be determined based on the following
factors:
(A) Soil conditions;
(B) The hydrogeologic conditions surrounding the facility;
(C) The hydraulic conditions surrounding the facility; and
(D) The location of facility structures and property boundaries.
(ii) The minimum frequency of monitoring shall be quarterly.
(c) If methane gas levels exceeding the limits specified in (4)(a) are detected, the owner or
operator must:
(i) Immediately take all necessary steps to ensure protection of human health and notify the
Division;
(ii) Within seven days of detection, place in the operating record the methane gas levels
detected and a description of the steps taken to protect human health; and
(iii) Within 60 days of detection, implement a remediation plan for the methane gas
releases, place a copy of the plan in the operating record, and notify the Division that the
6

plan has been implemented. The plan shall describe the nature and extent of the problem
and the proposed remedy.
(iv) Based on the need for an extension demonstrated by the operator, the Division may
establish alternative schedules for demonstrating compliance with (4)(c)(ii) and (iii) of this
Rule.
(d) For purposes of this Item, "lower explosive limit" means the lowest percent by volume of a
mixture of explosive gases in air that will propagate a flame at 25°C and atmospheric pressure.
1626(10) Recordkeeping requirements.
(a) The owner or operator of a MSWLF unit must record and retain at the facility, or an alternative
location near the facility approved by the Division, in an operating record the following
information as it becomes available:
(iii) Gas monitoring results and any remediation plans required by Item (4) of this Rule;
.1627 — CLOSURE AND POST CLOSURE REQUIREMENTS FOR MSWLF ACTIVITES
.1 627(d) Post -Closure Criteria
(1) Following closure of each MSWLF unit, the owner or operator shall conduct post -closure care.
Post -closure care shall be conducted for 30 years, except as provided under Subparagraph (2) of
this Paragraph, and consist of at least the following:
(D)-Maintaining and operating the gas monitoring system in accordance with the
requirements of Rule .1626 of this Section.
(2) The length of the post -closure care period may be:
(A) Decreased by the Division if the owner or operator demonstrates that the reduced
period is sufficient to protect human health and the environment and this demonstration is
approved by the Division; or
(B) Increased by the Division if the Division determines that the lengthened period is
necessary to protect human health and the environment.
(3) Following completion of the post -closure care period for each MSWLF unit, the owner or
operator shall notify the Division that a certification, signed by a registered professional engineer,
verifying that post -closure care has been completed in accordance with the post -closure plan, has
been placed in the operating record.
NOTES:
Based on the referenced rules above, the following words / phrases are presently in the Solid Waste
Section rules pertaining to methane and explosive landfill gas.
Rule .0101(14) states: "Explosive gas means Methane (CH) ".
Rule .0503 (2)(a) refers to "explosive gases ".
Rule .0544(d) refers to "Gas Control Plan "
Rule .0544(d)(1) refers to "methane or other explosive gases ".
Rule .0544(d)(2) refers to "methane monitoring program"
Rule .0544(d)(3) refers to "methane or explosive gas levels"
Rule .0566 (13) refers to "explosive gases".
Rule .1626 (4) refers to "explosive gases control"
Rule .1626(4)(a-b) refers to "methane monitoring" and "methane monitoring program "

Monitoring Goals
Landfill design and landfill gas monitoring regulations in North Carolina require that there not be an
exceedance of 100% of the Lower Explosion Limit (LEL) (equivalent to 5% methane) at the property
boundary, or 25% LEL in on -site structures. These regulations were developed over time to protect the
health and safety of the citizens of North Carolina and the U.S. from the asphyxiation and explosive
hazards of landfill gas.
NC Rule History
A review of NC landfill guidance documents and regulations from 1972 to the present indicates that from
1972 through 1982, there was no mention of design requirements regarding the control of landfill gas, nor
were there any landfill monitoring requirements for landfill gas. In 1982, the regulations were changed to
require that sanitary landfill design prevent landfill gas concentrations of 100% LEL at the property
boundary line and 25% inside on -site structures. Although a design requirement was added, no design
requirement was established to determine if the design requirement was being met. In 1993 with the
establishment of. 1600 rules, requirements for designs to limit landfill gas levels to below 100% at the
property boundary line and 25% in on -site structures and monitoring of landfill gas concentrations around
the perimeter of the landfill and inside on -site structures were adopted.

SECTION 4 - Landfill Gas Incidents and Explosions
Hazards Involving Landfill Gas
Landfill fires may or may not be directly caused by landfill gas. The primary concern with these fires is
air contamination from the resulting smoke; however they also present a variety of additional problems. In
addition to concerns with containing and extinguishing landfill fires, potential reactions involving
unknown chemicals in the landfill can cause uncertain hazards. Discarded consumer products in a
landfill, such as pesticides, paints, solvents, cleaners, and other material can be the source of chemical
releases. Heat from the fire can cause chemicals to volatilize, breakdown, and enter the environment. Also
to be considered is the presence of other combustible gases in addition to methane. Whenever an
environmental investigation of a landfill is prompted by odorous compounds or explosive gases, the
presence of toxic substances should also be investigated. One example is hydrogen sulfide (1-12S) that can
cause asphyxiation and is flammable. An analysis should include alkyl benzenes, sulfur compounds, vinyl
chloride, and methane, and other products associated with industrial wastes, construction and debris
waste, and normal organic and inorganic waste.
Fires and explosion hazards become a concern when gases collect in confined spaces. Buildings,
basements, and pits are typically regarded as confined spaces. However, landfill gases also collect in and
migrate to cracks in the landfill cover, leachate "springs", cracks in adjacent structures, paved parking
areas, etc. Fires can occur on the surface and underground. Surface fires involve recently buried waste
near the surface in an aerobic decomposing layer, typically 1 to 4 feet below ground. These fires can be
intensified by subsurface landfill gas and spread throughout the landfill. Subsurface fires occur deeper
within the landfill, involve material buried for months or years, and can burn for days and months.
The following is a brief summary of some incidents involving landfill gas migration from landfills:
2007 Four employees died as a result of exposure to high concentrations of hydrogen sulfide while
attempting to repair a leachate pump at a C&D landfill in Superior, Wisconsin (Journal of
Environmental Heath 2008).
1999 An 8-year old girl was burned on her arms and legs when playing in an Atlanta, Georgia
playground. The area was reportedly used as an illegal dumping ground many years ago (Atlanta
Journal -Constitution 1999).
1994 While playing soccer in a park built over an old landfill in Charlotte, North Carolina, a woman was
seriously burned by a methane explosion (Charlotte Observer 1994).
1987 Offsite landfill gas migration is suspected to have caused a house to explode in Pittsburgh,
Pennsylvania (EPA 1991).
1984 Landfill gas migrated to and destroyed one house near a landfill in Akron, Ohio. Ten houses were
temporarily evacuated (EPA 1991).
1983 An explosion destroyed a residence across the street from a landfill in Cincinnati, Ohio. Minor
injuries were reported (EPA 1991).
1975 In Sheridan, Colorado, landfill gas accumulated in a storm drain pipe that ran through a landfill. An
explosion occurred when several children playing in the pipe lit a candle, resulting in serious
injury.

1969 Methane gas migrated from an adjacent landfill into the basement of an armory in Winston-Salem,
North Carolina. A lit cigarette caused the gas to explode, killing three men and seriously injuring
five others (USACE 1984).
10

SECTION 5 - Landfill Gas Monitoring Wells
Locations
Landfill gas monitoring well locations will be site specific depending upon site geology, depth to
groundwater, surface water features, on -site and off -site structures and sensitive receptors. The landfill
gas monitoring wells must be spaced no more than 500 feet apart depending upon site specifics. A readily
accessible, unobstructed path must be maintained so that landfill gas monitoring wells are always
accessible using four-wheel drive vehicles. Regardless of site specifics, the permittee must obtain
approval from the Solid Waste Section for the design and installation of any landfill gas monitoring well
system.
Well Construction and Installation
Landfill gas monitoring wells are the same as groundwater monitoring wells with two exceptions. Landfill
gas monitoring wells are installed just above the water table within the unsaturated zone and are equipped
with a stopcock valve or a quick connect coupling on the cap, which allows for accurate landfill gas
measurements. The stopcock valve must be equipped with flexible tubing and a barb connection that will
fit the gas meter's inlet tube. The stopcock valve or a quick connect coupling must be closed between
monitoring events. The landfill gas monitoring well must also be capped, locked, and labeled with a
permanently affixed identification plate stating the well contractor name and certification number, date of
well competition, total depth of well, screen length and well ID number. See detailed schematics of a
landfill gas monitoring well (Figure 1).
The depth of each landfill gas monitoring well will be site specific depending upon depth to groundwater.
Landfill gas monitoring wells must be constructed the same as groundwater monitoring wells as described
in 15A NCAC Subchapter 2C. Typically landfill gas monitoring wells must be installed using 2" PVC
piping and screen. The screen length, also site specific, must span the majority of the unsaturated zone
while still allowing for proper well construction. A North Carolina Licensed/Professional Geologist must
be present to supervise the installation of all landfill gas monitoring wells. The exact locations, screened
intervals, and nesting of the wells must be approved by the Solid Waste Section Hydrogeologist prior to
landfill gas monitoring well installation. Each landfill gas monitoring well must be surveyed for location
and elevation by a North Carolina Registered Land Surveyor. Within thirty (30) days of the completed
construction of each new landfill gas monitoring well, the well construction record (Division of Water
Quality form GW-Ib) and the boring log/well detail diagram of each well must be submitted to the Solid
Waste Section. The submittal must also include a scaled topographic map showing the location and
identification of new, existing and abandoned landfill gas monitoring wells.
Nested and Clustered Landfill Gas Monitoring Wells
Nested and/or clustered landfill gas monitoring wells may be required in unsaturated zones of 45 feet or
more to measure specific depths of the unsaturated zone. Initially, the installation of one long screen shall
be sufficient. If a monitoring event shows an exceedance of the lower explosive limit, then the Solid
Waste Section may require the installation of nested and/or clustered landfill gas monitoring wells.
Abandonment of Wells
An abandonment record must be submitted to the Solid Waste Section within 30 (thirty) days of the
abandonment of a landfill gas monitoring well. The landfill gas monitoring well(s) must be overdrilled
and sealed with grout in accordance with 15A NCAC 2C .0113(d) and certified by a North Carolina
Licensed/Professional Geologist.
11

Professional Certification
The certification statement below must be signed and sealed by a Professional Geologist and submitted
with the Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan.
The landfill gas monitoring plan for this facility has been prepared by a qualified geologist who is
licensed to practice in the State of North Carolina. The plan has been prepared based on first-hand
knowledge of site conditions and familiarity with North Carolina solid waste rules and industry
standard protocol. This certification is made in accordance with North Carolina Solid Waste
Regulations, indicating this Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan should provide early detection of any
release of hazardous constituents to the uppermost aquifer, so as to be protective of public health
and the environment. No other warranties, expressed or implied, are made.
Signed
Printed
Date
Not valid unless this document bears the seal of the above mentioned licensed professional.
12

Figure 1— Landfill Gas Monitoring Well Detail
SAMPLING PORT
WELL CAP
(NOT CEDED)
f
� r �
f X
I M
i r
WELL TAC (INCLUDE THE
FOLLDWINC INFORMATION) _
WELL ID.:
DRrLLING COMPANY:
DATE OF INSTALLATION:
TOTAL DEPTH:
CONSTRJuTION DETAILS: 3'
4a4' L(XKABLE STEEL CASING
(3' WIN_ STICK UP WITH LOCKING
COVER)
CAP AND SAMPLING PORI
"—PERFORATED PVC
RISER
CONCRETE 1-140
"-- BENTO °I TE PELLET SEAL
(HYDRATED PER MFG. SPECS)
GRWT SEAL
(CEMENT AND SODIUM BENTONITE)
SEDIMENT
SEASONAL HIGH WATER TABLE
13

SECTION 6 — Landfill Gas Monitoring Instrumentation
The person using the landfill gas monitoring instrument must understand the principles of operation and
follow the manufacturer's instructions. This includes calibrating the instrument according to the
manufacturer's specifications. Include the following on the top portion of the landfill gas monitoring
form (See example below) : facility name, permit number, type and serial number of gas monitoring
instrument, calibration date of the instrument, date and time of field calibration, type of gas used for field
calibration (15115 or 35150), expiration date of field calibration gas canister, date of landfill gas
monitoring event, name and position of sample collector, pump rate of instrument being used, ambient air
temperature, and general weather conditions. Verification that the equipment was calibrated in
accordance with the manufacturer's specifications is also required. When determining which field
calibration gas to use, take into consideration the expected levels of methane in the landfill gas monitoring
wells. If the methane levels are expected to be low, use the 15115 gas canister (15% CO2/15% C114). If
the methane levels are expected to be high, use the 35150 gas canister (35% CO2/50% CH4).
For every landfill gas monitoring well, please include the following: verification of sample tube purge
prior to each sample taken (should be one minute), the time pumped in seconds (should be at least one
minute), barometric pressure, time stabilized reading collected, percent lower explosive limit, percent
methane by volume, percent oxygen, percent carbon dioxide, and any observations or comments. Most
modern gas monitoring instruments will measure percent oxygen and carbon dioxide in addition to the
methane and display the results on the same instrument. Recording the levels of percent oxygen and
carbon dioxide should require little or no extra effort.
The landfill gas monitoring data form (See example below) and results should be retained in the facility's
operating record unless an exceedance has occurred and/or is requested by the Solid Waste Section.
Landfill gas monitoring readings from non -calibrated or inaccurately calibrated instruments are not
reliable, and will therefore be rejected by the Solid Waste Section. Landfill gas monitoring readings
collected with monitoring equipment that was not designed for landfill gas monitoring will also be
rejected by the Solid Waste Section. There are several different landfill gas monitoring instruments on
the market which may be used in order to obtain all of the information required by the Solid Waste
Section.
Monitoring Times
Monitoring times are also important when conducting landfill gas monitoring. Proper landfill gas
monitoring should include sampling during times when landfill gas is most likely to migrate. Landfill gas
can migrate and accumulate not only in landfill gas monitoring wells; it can also migrate and accumulate
in buildings and other structures. Because subsurface gas pressures are considered to be at a maximum
during the afternoon hours, monitoring should be conducted in the afternoon or whenever the barometric
pressure is low.
Scientific evidence also indicates that weather and soil conditions influence the migration of landfill gas.
Barometric pressure and precipitation have significant effects on landfill gas migration. Increased
barometric pressure generates decreased landfill gas venting from the subsurface, until the pressure within
the subsurface is greater than the atmospheric (barometric) pressure. On the other hand, when the
barometric pressure decreases, the landfill will vent the stored gas until a pressure equilibrium is reached.
Capping of a landfill can influence the effect of barometric pressure on landfill gas migration. Generally,
a more permeable landfill cap will allow greater influence by barometric pressure than a less permeable
14

landfill cap. As a result, landfill gas monitoring should be conducted when the barometric pressure is low
and soils are saturated. During the winter season when snow cover is just beginning to melt or when the
ground is frozen or ice covered, landfill gas monitoring should be conducted when the barometric
pressure is low.
Landfill Gas Sampling Procedures
Any accumulation of landfill gas in the landfill gas monitoring wells is the result of landfill gas migration.
The following procedure is a recommended example for conducting landfill gas monitoring well
sampling, but always read and follow the manufacturer's instructions because each instrument will be
different.
Step 1— Calibrate the instrument according to the manufacturer's specifications. In addition, prepare the
instrument for monitoring by allowing it to properly warm up as directed by the manufacturer. Make sure
the static pressure shows a reading of zero on the instrument prior to taking the first sample.
Step 2 — Purge sample tube for at least one minute prior to taking reading. Connect the instrument tubing
to the landfill gas monitoring well cap fitted with a stopcock valve or quick connect coupling.
Step 3 — Open the valve and record the initial reading and then the stabilized reading. A stable reading is
one that does not vary more than 0.5 percent by volume on the instrument's scale.
Step 4 - Record the stabilized reading including the oxygen concentration and barometric pressure. A
proper reading should have two percent oxygen by volume or less. If levels of oxygen are higher, it may
indicate that air is being drawn into the system giving a false reading.
Step 5 — Turn the stopcock valve to the off position and disconnect the tubing.
Step 6 — Proceed to the next landfill gas monitoring well and repeat Steps 2 — 5.
Landfill Gas Constituent Sampling and Analysis
Sampling of landfill gas to determine volume percentages/concentrations of each constituent can be
accomplished through the use of canisters which are specifically designed for landfill gas analysis.
Several analytical methods are available to determine the concentrations of a variety of constituents.
Typically, landfill gas analysis of this type is performed to determine the non -methane organic
compounds emission rate for Tier 2 testing under the Clean Air Act (Title V Subpart WWW 60.754).
Isotropic identification of landfill methane can be accomplished to identify one source of methane from
another. In this case, isotopes of carbon and hydrogen in the methane are analyzed to determine the
methane source.
15

SECTION 7 - References
Agency for Toxic Substances & Disease Registry. "Landfill Gas Primer- An Overview for Environmental
Health Professionals. 2001." http://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/HAC/landfill/html/toc.html (accessed February 24.
2010).
California Environmental Protection Agency. "Landfill Gas Monitoring Well Functionality at 20
California Landfills, 2008". http://www.calrecycle.ca.gov/Publications/Organics/2008022.pd (accessed
February 24 2010).
Florida Department of Environmental Protection. Gas Management Systems, under Rule 62-701.530.
http://www.dep.state.fl.us/waste/quick topics/rules/default.htm (accessed February 24, 2010).
Missouri Department of Natural Resources, Flood Grant Team. "An Analysis of Landfill Gas Monitoring
Well Design and Construction, 2007". http://www.clu-
in.org/conf/itrc/direclpush/prez/Missouri_Study.pdf (accessed February 24, 2010).
Missouri Department of Natural Resources. "Design and Construction of Landfill Gas Monitoring Wells"
http://www.dnr.missouri.gov/pubs/pub2054.pdf (accessed February 24. 2010).
Wisconsin Department of Natural Resources. Environmental Monitoring for Landfills, under Chapter NR
507.22. http://www.dnr.state.wi.us/org/aw/wm/information/wiacsss.htm
(accessed February 24, 2010).
"Landfill Gas -an Overview" Landfill-gas.com. Web, 22, Feb. 2010
http://www.landfill-gas.com/webpage-LFG-overview.doc
17

SECTION 8 — Suggested Outline for a Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan
1. Introduction
1.1. Background (project overview, site observations, NCDENR rules referenced)
1.2. Site Geology with discussion of groundwater depth and flow (potentiometric surface map)
1.3. Regulatory Limits
2. Landfill Gas Monitoring
2.1. Landfill Gas Monitoring Well Locations (discussion of reasoning behind proposed locations,
discussion of well construction, reference map showing proposed locations, reference table
displaying well ID, well depth, screen interval and depth to groundwater)
2.2. Structure and Ambient Sampling
2.3. Landfill Gas Monitoring Frequency
3. Landfill Gas Sampling Procedures
3.1. Detection Equipment Used (discussion of calibration procedures)
3.2. Landfill Gas Sampling Procedure
4. Record Keeping and Reporting
4.1. Landfill Gas Monitoring Data Form
4.2. Sampling Reports
4.3. Permanent Record Keeping
5. Contingency Plan
6. Certification of Professional Geologist
7. Certification of Registered Land Surveyor
Figures
Map displaying proposed landfill gas monitoring well locations
Potentiometric Surface Map
Diagram showing construction of stopcock valve or quick connect coupling on well cap
Diagram showing well construction of each landfill gas monitoring well
Table
Table displaying well ID, well depth, screen interval, depth to groundwater
Example of landfill gas monitoring data form
18

SECTION 9 - Checklist of Items to be Included in a Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan
1. Depth to groundwater discussion
2. Well locations
a. Number of wells
b. Well spacing
3. Instrumentation being used
a. Calibration procedures
4. Sampling procedures as per the manufacture's instructions
5. Map of well locations
6. Table describing each well location
a. Well ID
b. Well depth
c. Screen interval
d. Depth to groundwater
e. Subsurface lithology
7. Diagram of cap construction w/ stopcock valve or quick connect coupling
8. Diagram of well construction
9. Potentiometric surface map
10. Professional Geologist certification
11. Registered Land Surveyor certification
19

NC Division of Waste Management - Solid Waste Section
Landfill Gas Monitoring Data Form
Notice: This form and any information attached to it are 'Public Records" as defined in NC General Statute 132-1. As such, these documents are
available for inspection and examination by any person upon request (NC General Statute 132-6).
Facility Name: Permit Number:
Sampling Date: NC Landfill Rule (.0500 or.1600):
Sample Collector Name & Position:
Gas Meter Type & Serial Number:
Field Calibration Date & Time:
Field Calibration Gas Type (15115 or 35/5
Gas Meter Pump Rate:
Gas Meter Calibration Date:
eld Calibration Gas Canister Expiration Date:
Ambient Air Temperature: Barometric Pressure (in. or mm Hg): Weather Conditions:
Instructions: Under "Location or LFG Well", list monitoring well # or describe monitoring location (e.g., inside field office).
Attach a test location map or drawing. Report methane readings as both % LEL and % CH4 by volume.
Convert % CH4 (by volume) to % LEL as follows: % methane (by volume)/20 = % LEL.
*Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) gas monitoring may be required for Construction & Demolition Landfills (CDLFs). See
individual permit conditions and/or Facility LFG monitoring plan.
Location or
LFG Well ID
S ample
Tube
Purge
Time of
Day
Time
Pumped
(sec)
Initial
% LEL
Stabilized
% LEL
% CH4
( volume )
% 02
(volume)
% CO2
(volume)
% H2S*
(volume)
NOTES
NOTE: If needed, attach additional data forms to include additional LFG monitoring data locations for the facility.
ACTION LEVELS: Methane: >1.25% by volume (inside structures) AND >5% by volume (at facility boundary)
Hydrogen Sulfide: >1% by volume (inside structures) AND >4% by volume (at facility boundary)
Certification
To the best of my knowledge, the information reported and statements made on this data submittal and attachments
are true and correct. I am aware that there are significant penalties for making any false statement, representation,
or certification including the possibility of a fine and imprisonment.
SIGNATURE
TITLE
Revised — March 6, 2017

Appendix B
CMS Landfill V Methane Monitoring Probe Installation Report
prepared by S&ME, Inc., January 1998
Landfill Gas Monitoring Plan www.scsengineers.com
Appendix B

1
'
CMS LANDFILL V
METHANE MONITORING PROBE
INSTALLATION REPORT
'
MMW-4, MMW-15, MMW-16,
MMW-22, MMW-23 AND MMW-24
S&ME PROJECT NO.1356-97488
1
Prepared By:
S&ME, Inc.
P.O. Box 7668
Charlotte, NC 28241-7668
January, 1998
1

Ise&
E
I
January 7, 1998
BF1
' 5105 Morehead Road
Harrisburg, NC 28075
' Attention: Mr, David Cradduck
Reference: Methane Monitoring Probes
' CMS Landfill V, Cell 2A — 2C
S&ME Job No. 1356-97-488
' Gentlemen.:
Please find enclosed the Methane Monitoring Probe Installation Report for the above referenced
' project. Included with this report are the Construction and installation procedures, probe
construction records, and probe location plan.
S&ME appreciates the opportunity to provide our services to BF1. If you have any questions or
' need additional information, please contact us.
'
Sincerely,
1
S&ME, Inc.
'
Dan E. Brewer, P.E.
Senior Project Manager
' Jack JAmar. P.E.
Branch Manager
' cc; Mr. Bill Crumley, BFI
1
5&ME, Inc, 9751 Southern Pine Boulevard, Charlotte, North Carolho 28273, (70d) 523-4726, Fox [phone]
Moiling address: P.Q. [lox 7W, Charlotte, North Carolina 28241-7668

CMS LANDFILL V METHANE MONITORING PROBE
INSTALLATION REPORT
MMW-4. MMW-15, MMW-16, MMW-22, MMW-23 AND MMW-24
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 MONITORING PROBE LOCATION
2.0 MONITORING PROBE CONSTRUCTION
3.0 PROBE INSTALLATION PROCEDURES
APPENDIX
Probe Construction Records
Updated Facility Plan
Pape
I
1

' CMS Landfill V S&ME Project No. 1356-97-488
Installation of Methane Monitoring Probes January 7, 1998
' 1.0 MONITORING PROBE LOCATION
' The location of the methane monitoring probes are presented on the updated Facility Plan in the
appendix. The probes were installed at the landfill on June 6, 1997, during August, 1997, and on
' November 27, 1997 by S&ME, Inc.
2.0 MONITORING PROBE CONSTRUCTION
The methane monitoring probes MMW-4, MMW-15, MMW-16, MMW-22, MMW-23 and
MMW-24 were constructed in general accordance with NC Well Construction Standards for
monitoring probes. Listed below are the screen depths for the probes.
Monitoring Probe Screen Interval
MMW4
6.5 — 21.5
MMW-15
5.0 — 20.5
MMW-16
10.0 —19.0
MMW-22
4.0 — W.0
MMW-23
4.0 —14.0
MMW-24
6.0 —1f.0
The methane monitoring probe construction records are presented in the appendix.
�11����1a Ir:C1LIA
The boreholes were drilled and constructed by a qualified and experienced North Carolina licensed
well driller, S&ME, Inc. All equipment used for drilling and installation of the probes was properly
cleaned before and after construction of monitoring probes. This consisted of steam -high pressure

' CMS Landfill V 5&ME Project No. 1356-97-488
Installation of Methane Monitoring Probes January 7, 1998
twater cleaning of the downhole drilling equipment prior to performing the borings. S&ME utilized
CME-45 drilling rig.
1
The monitoring probes were constructed of 1-inch I.D., PVC Schedule 44 flush, water tight
' threaded joint casing and 10-foot to 15-foot lengths of 0.02-inch machine slotted screen.
' At the completion of the boreholes, the project manager and a licensed geologist finalized the
construction details of monitoring wells based on site -specific factors and the general criteria listed
' below.
' 1. The annular space between the borehole wail and the probe casing were backfilled with
clean, washed pea gravel. The gravel pack was placed to two feet above the slotted screen.
1
2. A I to 2-foot pelletized bentonite seal was placed above the filter pack and allowed to
hydrate for a period of at least 2 hours. The depth of bentonite was measured prior to
grouting.
1
3. The annular space was filled with cuttings to a depth of I to 2 feet below land surface.
1
4. A 1-inch PVC probe pipes were extended approximately 2.5 feet above the ground surface.
1 A 4-inch by 4 inch steel protective casing was constructed over the probe pipe and anchored
in a nominal 2-foot by 2-toot concrete pad approximately 6 inches in thickness. A name
' plate was affixed to the protective casing providing the information required in the NC Well
' Construction Regulations.
13561project197-4WCMS mmw.doc
1
1
2

fl
1
1
APPENDIX
1

PROJECT: CNs-L."tilk v wE�t LAG MMw--4
Concord, North CarotinsWELL
PROJECT No.; 1356-97-488 ELEVATICN: 62L48 ft. NGYD NOTES:
Tap of metal casing elevation - 623.87 ft.
LOGGED BY: S&ME
BORING DEPTH:
25.0 FEET
DATE DRILLED. 06-25-97
WATER LEVEL.• DRY
DRILLING METHOD. CME-45
DRILL RIG: Coniara 450
u,WELL
DIAGRAM
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PROJECT: CMS-LaMfill V
Concord, North Caroline
PROJECT NO.: 1356-97-488 ELEVATION: 57A56 P. NGVD
LOGGED BY: ME BORING DEPTH: 20.0 FEET
DATE DRILLED: 11-27-97 WATER LEVEL Dry
DRILLING METHOD: 4-114" NSA DRILL RIG: CME-45
WELL LOG MMW-15
NOTES:
Top of casing elevation - 582.54 ft.
a= a© Description & Remarks n a w
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WELL DIAGRAM
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PROJECT: CMS-L andfM Y WELL LOG MMW—IB
Concord. North Carofirta
PROJECT NO.: 1356-97-488
ELEVATION: 59105 ft_ NOVO
NOTES:
Top of metal casing elevation a 593.73 ft.
LOGGED BY: BE
BORING DEPTH: 20.0 FEET
DATE DRILLED: 06-25-97
WATER LEVEL: Dry
OFMJJ 8 METHOD: CME-45
DRILL RIB Cantara 450
UJ
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Engineering * Testing

PR04ECT: CMS-Lar4fiH V
WELL LOG MMW-22
Concord, North Cw*Me
PROJECT NO.: 1356-97-488
ELEVATIOW 598.7f ft. NGVO
NOTES:
Top of metal casing elevation = 601.29 it.
LOGGED BY: ME
BORING DEPTH: rsa FEET
DATE DRILLED 08-18-97
WATER LEVEL: Dry
DRILLING METHOD: CME-45
DRILL RIG: Cantera 450
2
Uj w
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WELL DIAGRAM �
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Description & Remarks
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' Page : 1 of I
' $&ME
ent
Engineering * Testing
J

PROJECT: CMS-Landf M VWELL LOG MMW-24
Concord. North CaroMe
PROJECT NO.: 1356-97-498 ELEVATION; 574.07 ft. NGYo NOTES:
Tap of casing elevation - 576.00 ft.
LOGGED BY: ME
BORING DEPTH: 1B.0 FEET
DATE DRILLED; 06-25-97
WATER LEVEL: DrY
13RILLING METHOD: CME-45
DRILL RIG: Cantara 450
WELL 1310RAM
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