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HomeMy WebLinkAbout1101_Buncombe_MSWLF_MonitoringRequest_FID1450547_20200901REPORT OF 1,4-DIOXANE SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS NOVEMBER 2018 TO APRIL 2020 CLOSED BUNCOMBE COUNTY LANDFILL WOODFIN, NORTH CAROLINA DWM Permit Number 1101-MSWLF-1979 DWR UIC Permit No. WI0100353 Prepared For: Buncombe County, NC BLE Project Number J20-14175-04 •171tyt}IflrFllr,A2rI t1111111lr ,,•`,n`,` � C A j�+ '•. September 1, 2020 `�+'It r.A0 •.. L x 2653 0. Z►� �E NS�c',.y LOA --i- ,�1�IIIISii111't BLE North Carolina Business Licenses C-284 & C-1538 IM 13UNNELL M LAMMONS ENGINEERING 6004 Ponders Court I Greenville, 5C 29615 864-288.1265 A 864,286.4330 w info@hle[orp.com BLECORMOM � CANNONS ENGINEERING September 1, 2020 Buncombe County Solid Waste Department 81 Panther Branch Road Alexander, North Carolina 28701 Attention: Ms. Kristy Smith Subject: Report of 1,4-Dioxane Sampling and Analysis November 2018 to April 2020 Closed Buncombe County Landfill Woodfin, North Carolina DWM Permit Number 1101-MSWLF-1979 DWR UIC Permit No. WI0100353 BLE Project Number J20-14175-04 Dear Ms. Smith: At the request of Buncombe County, Bunnell-Lammons Engineering, Inc. (BLE) has prepared this report of the 1,4-dioxane sampling and analysis results for the period from November 2018 to April 2020 at the Closed Buncombe County Landfill. Consistent with the North Carolina Division of Waste Management (DWM) — Solid Waste Section (SWS) approved monitoring program, sampling and analysis has included analysis of 1,4- dioxane in sampling events performed after May 2018. This report contains the information required by the SWS to address the 1,4-dioxane detected at the facility and to determine an appropriate course of action for regulatory compliance and future monitoring. Sincerely, BUNNELL LAMMONs ENGINEERING INC. Timo y J. Daniel, P.G. Staff Hydrogeologist Registered, NC #2653 cc: Ms. Jaclynne Drummond — DWM-ARO Mr. Andrew Moore, P.G. — DWR-ARO Mr. Michael Rogers, P.G. — DWR-CO A4,/ Andrew W. Ale nder, P.G., RSM Senior Hydrogeologist Registered, NC #1475 Ilblegvlsvrllsolidwasteprojectslbuncombe county old lf, nc114175-04 fall2020 semi reportldioxane reportlold bclf 1101-mswlf--1979 2020 dioxane report 14175-04.docx 6004 Ponders Court, Greenville, SC 29615 ILH64.288.1265 P4864.298.4430 P—Winfo@hleMrp.rom BLECORP.COM 1s 1m 1i Old Buncombe County Landfill -- Woodfin, North Carolina September 1, 2020 Report of 1,4-Dioxane Sampling and Analysis — November 2018 to April 2020 BLE Project No. J20-14175-04 TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 PROJECT INFORMATION........................................................................................................1 2.0 RESULTS....................................................................................................................................... 2 2.1 Groundwater.................................................................................................................................... 2 2.2 Surface Water.................................................................................................................................. 2 3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS....................................................................... 2 3.1 Groundwater.................................................................................................................................... 2 3.2 Surface Water.................................................................................................................................. 3 3.3 Data Validity and Geographic Distribution..................................................................................... 3 4.0 QUALIFICATIONS OF REPORT.............................................................................................. 3 5.0 CLOSING.......................................................................................................................................3 Tables Table 1 SWS Approved Groundwater Sampling and Analysis Matrix Table 2 SWS Approved Surface Water Sampling and Analysis Matrix Table 3 Summary of 1,4-Dioxane in Groundwater Table 4 Summary of 1,4-Dioxane in Surface Water Table 5 Proposed Groundwater Sampling and Analysis Matrix Table 6 Proposed Surface Sampling and Analysis Matrix Figures Figure 1 Site Location Map Figure 2 Map of 1,4-Dioxane Detections 11-30-2018 to 4-27-2020 Appendices Appendix A SWS Memorandum — 1,4-Dioxane Analysis, Solid Waste Section Limits, and Laboratory Analytical Methods (May 29, 2018) iofi 1s 1m 1i Old Buncombe County Landfill -- Woodfin, North Carolina September 1, 2020 Report of 1,4-Dioxane Sampling and Analysis — November 2018 to April 2020 BLE Project No. J20-14175-04 1.0 PROJECT INFORMATION Buncombe County provides post -closure care for the Pre -Subtitle D MSWLF (unlined) located at 2726 Riverside Drive, Woodfin, North Carolina (Figure 1). The county operated the facility as a municipal solid waste (MSW), industrial solid waste (ISW), and construction and demolition (C&D) landfill. The landfill is separated into four (4) separate waste areas labeled A through D. Waste areas A, B, and C stopped receiving waste before October 9, 1991 and waste area D stopped receiving waste on September 27, 1997. Groundwater and surface water monitoring is performed at the site in accordance with a DWM approved Corrective Action Plan (CAP) dated September 3, 2014 [DIN 21838 (SCS Engineers File No 09204072.06)] and a DWM approved Request for Reduction of MNA Parameters dated November 30, 2016 [DIN 27144 (SCS Engineers File No 09204072.14)]. The facility requires semi-annual groundwater and surface water monitoring and reporting in accordance with the CAP, et seq. As part of the correction action at the facility, Buncombe County applied for, and was granted a permit for subsurface injection of materials for enhanced bioremediation of VOCs in groundwater. The Underground Injection Control (UIC) Permit (No W10100353) was transmitted by the DWR on September 11, 2015. The permit issue date was September 15, 2015 and the permit expires on August 31, 2020 (effective dates). Please note that BLE has submitted a UIC permit renewal application to the DWR on behalf of Buncombe County. We understand that the application is under review by the DWR. The UIC permit requires groundwater monitoring and reporting. The active groundwater monitoring network for the Closed Buncombe County Landfill consists of one (1) upgradient (background) well and twenty-four (24) downgradient (compliance, performance, and sentinel) wells. There are a total of fourteen (14) additional wells that are considering inactive for sampling purposes and are used for collecting water levels only. Five (5) wells have been abandoned. Five (5) active surface water monitoring locations have been established for the facility to monitor surface water quality. The existing surface water locations consist of one (1) upstream (background) location and four (4) downstream (compliance) locations. Five (5) inactive surface water monitoring locations have been established but are not sampled. Groundwater and surface water samples were collected and analyzed by Pace Analytical Services, LLC. (Pace) of Huntersville, North Carolina prior to March 2020. Beginning in April 2020 analytical services were moved to Pace's Columbia, South Carolina laboratory (former Shealy Environmental). Sampling and analysis has been performed in general accordance with the SWS approved matrices (Tables 1 and 2). The SWS issued a memo on May 29, 2018 (Appendix A) which included a requirement for the sampling, analysis, and reporting of 1,4-dioxane at all facilities. Therefore, the subject site has had four (4) events where sampling for 1,4-dioxane should have occurred (November/December 2018, April/May 2019, November 2019, and April 2020). The reports of the November/December 2018 and April/May 2019 events were prepared by SCS Engineers. BLE prepared and submitted reports of the Fall 2019 (November 2019) and Spring 2020 (April 2020) sampling events titled Report of Water Quality Sampling and Analysis 2nd Semi Annual Event 2019 dated April 24, 2020 (BLE Project J19-14175-01) and Report of Water Quality Sampling and Analysis P Semi - Annual Event 2020 dated July 14, 2020 (BLE Project J20-14175-02). 1 of 3 1s 1m 1i Old Buncombe County Landfill -- Woodfin, North Carolina September 1, 2020 Report of 1,4-Dioxane Sampling and Analysis - November 2018 to April 2020 BLE Project No. J20-14175-04 2.0 RESULTS 2.1 Groundwater The results of the groundwater 1,4-dioxane laboratory analyses are summarized on Table 3 and are shown graphically on Figure 2. There is a minimum of three detections of 1,4-dioxane in MW-B, MW-3, MW-4, MW-4A, MW-5, MW-6, MW-6-192, MW-17-60, MW-17-137, MW-18-78, MW-19-75, MW-19-110, MW- 21-21, and MW-21-94 over the four (4) sampling events from December 2018 to April 2020. There are consistent concentration values in wells where 1,4-dioxane is detected and all detected concentrations exceed the North Carolina Groundwater Quality Standards (NC2L) maximum contaminant level' (MCL) of 3.0 µg/L. It is noted that monitoring wells MW-25-45 and DPL-1 have been dry during each of the last four (4) sampling events and could not be sampled. It is also noted that monitoring well MW-7 has only been sampled twice (November 2019 and April 2020) and 1,4-dioxane has not been detected in either event. 2.2 Surface Water The results of the surface water 1,4-dioxane laboratory analyses are summarized on Table 4 and are shown graphically on Figure 2. There are four (4) detections of 1,4-dioxane in SW-2A, SW-3, and SW-4 over the four (4) sampling events from November 2018 to April 2020. None of the detected concentrations exceed the North Carolina Surface Water Quality Standards (NC2B)2 standard limit of 80.0 µg/L. The concentration values detected at each monitoring point are consistent. Monitoring points SW-1 and SW-2 have been sampled four times and 1,4-dioxane has not been detected. 3.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS We understand that the SWS has determined that if a monitoring point has had three (3) consecutive sampling events with no detections of 1,4-dioxane; then the requirement for 1,4-dioxane analysis may be removed for that point. We understand that this is an informal and unpublished policy and subject to change. We will utilize this policy in our recommendations below. 3.1 Groundwater The groundwater 1,4-dioxane data indicates 1,4-dioxane is consistently not present (not detected) at several locations. Therefore, we recommend that 1,4-dioxane analyses be discontinued for seven (7) wells including MW-2, MW-12-25, MW-13-35, MW-13-132, MW-15, MW-17-310, and MW-24-160. as shown on the Proposed Groundwater Sampling and Analysis Matrix (Table 5). We recommend continued analysis of 1,4-dioxane at seventeen (17) wells (Table 5). It is noted that continued analysis in MW-7 is recommended because the well has only been sampled twice. If 1,4-dioxane is not detected in the next sampling event (Fall 2020), then the analysis requirement should be removed. It is noted that continued analysis in MW-25-45 and DPL-1 is recommended because the wells have been dry for all four events and have never been sampled for 1,4-dioxane. ' North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Classifications of Water Quality Standards, Section 15A NCAC 2L.202, April 1, 2013. 2 North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality, Surface Waters and Wetlands Standards, Section 15A NCAC 02B workbook dated June 10, 2019. 2 of 3 1s 1m 1i Old Buncombe County Landfill -- Woodfin, North Carolina September 1, 2020 Report of 1,4-Dioxane Sampling and Analysis — November 2018 to April 2020 BLE Project No. J20-14175-04 3.2 Surface Water The surface water 1,4-dioxane data indicates that 1,4-dioxane has been detected at every location except SW- 1 and SW-2 (Table 3). We recommend continued analysis at surface water locations SW-2A, SW-3, and SW- 4 as shown on the Proposed Surface Water Sampling and Analysis Matrix (Table 6). 3.3 Data Validity and Geographic Distribution The results of the groundwater and surface water 1,4-dioxane laboratory analyses for all monitoring points summarized on Tables 3 and 4 appear consistent. There is no inconsistent concentration value in any of these monitoring points where 1,4-dioxane is detected. The graphical distribution of the detections (Figure 2) appears to indicate that the impacted areas (nature and extent) are well defined. Therefore, we recommend that analysis of 1,4-dioxane continue as specified on Tables 5 and 6 and that no additional assessments be performed at this time to define the nature and extent of the 1,4-dioxane release. Groundwater remediation will continue in accordance with the DWM approved remedies in the Corrective Action Plan. 4.0 QUALIFICATIONS OF REPORT The activities and evaluative approaches used in this assessment are consistent with those normally employed in hydrogeological and environmental assessments of this type. Our evaluation of site conditions has been based on our understanding of the site and project information and the data provided to BLE. This report has been prepared on behalf of and exclusively for the use of Buncombe County, North Carolina. This report and the findings contained herein shall not, in whole or in part, be used or relied upon by any other parry (excluding the DWM and DWR) without BLE's prior written consent. 5.0 CLOSING We appreciate the opportunity to be of service to Buncombe County, North Carolina. Please contact us at (864) 288-1265 if you have any questions or comments. 3 of 3 Tables Table 1 SWS Approved Groundwater Sampling and Analysis Matrix Closed Buncombe County Landfill Woodtin, North Carolina Permit No. 1101-MSWLF-1979 BLE Project Number J20-14175-04 Standard Semi -Annual Laboratory Parameters Standard Semi -Annual Field Parameters Semi -Annual Geochemical Parameters for MNA Monitoring Well Well Status Transect Number Appendix I VOCs and 1,4-dioxane (EPA 8260B & 8260 SIM) Appendix II Full List (Various Methods) Appendix I Metals WL Turb Temp pH ORP DO SC Alkalinity DH VFA TOC BOD COD Chloride CO, Fee NO3 MEE SO4 Sulfide DPL-1 Active 5 Y O Y - Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y DPL-2 Injection 4 MW-A Inactive - Y MW-B Active 2 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-2 Active - Y O Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-3 Active 3 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-4 Active 4 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-4A Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-5 Active 5 Y O Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-6 Active 5 Y O Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-6-192 Active 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-7 Active - Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-8 Inactive - Y MW-9 Abandoned - MW-10 Abandoned - MW-12-10 Inactive - Y MW-12-25 Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-13-10 Inactive - Y MW-13-35 Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-13-132 Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-14 Inactive - Y MW-15 Active - Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-16 Abandoned - MW-17 Abandoned - MW-17-60 Active 2 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-17-137 Active 2 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-17-310 Active - Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-18-3 Inactive - Y MW-18-78 Active 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-19-4 Inactive - Y MW-19-75 Active 4 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-19-110 Active 4 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-20-3 Inactive - Y MW-20-32 Inactive - Y MW-21-4 Inactive - Y MW-21-21 Active 3 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-21-94 Active 3 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-22-78 Inactive - Y MW-22-143 Inactive - Y MW-23-119 Inactive - Y MW-23-186 Inactive - Y MW-24-45 Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-24-160 Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Notes: Typical Events: April (Spring) and October (Fall) 0 = October (Fall) Only VOCs = Volatile Organic Compounds Y = Yes BOD = Biologic Oxygen Demand COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand 40 CFR Part 258 Appendix I - Constituents for Detection Monitoring (Organics and Inorganics) 40 CFR Part 258 Appendix II - Constituents for Assessment Monitoring (Full List) WL = Water Level ORP = Oxidation Reduction Potential DO = Dissolved Oxygen SC = Specific Conductance DH = Dissolved Hydrogen VFA = Volatile Fatty Acids TOC = Total Organic Carbon FcZ = Iron II NO3 =Nitrate MEE = Methane/Ethene/Ethane SO4 = Sulfate CO2 = Carbon Dioxide GW Approved Matrix Tl of Closed BCLF 1,4-Dioxane Summary and Matrix.xlsx Prepared By: TJD Checked By: AWA Table 2 SWS Approved Surface Water Sampling and Analysis Matrix Closed Buncombe County Landfill Woodfin, North Carolina Permit No. 1101-MSWLF-1979 BLE Project Number J20-14175-04 Standard Semi -Annual Laboratory Parameters Standard Semi -Annual Field Parameters Surface Water Location Location Status Appendix I VOCs and 1,4-dioxane (EPA 8260B & 8260 SIM) Appendix I Metals Turb Temp pH ORP DO SC SW-1 Active Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SW-2 Active Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SW-2A Active Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SW-3 Active Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SW-4 Active Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SW-5 Inactive - - - - - - - - SW-6 Inactive - - - - - - - - SW-7 Inactive - - - - - - - - SW-8 Inactive - - - - - - - - SW-9 1 Inactive I - - - I - I - I - I - I - Notes: Typical Events: April (Spring) and October (Fall) VOCs = Volatile Organic Compounds Y=Yes 40 CFR Part 258 Appendix I - Constituents for Detection Monitoring (Organics and Inorganics) SW Approved Matrix T2 of Closed BCLF 1,4-Dioxane Summary and Matrix.xlsx ORP = Oxidation Reduction Potential DO = Dissolved Oxygen SC = Specific Conductance Prepared By: TJD Checked By: AWA Compound: 1,4-Dioxane NC2L (µg/L): 3.0 Method: EPA 8260B/D SIM Background: MW-2 Pre -May 2018 NT NT NT 12/07/18 1.9 2.0 NT 05/07/19 1.2 2.0 <2.0 11/15/19 2.0 2.0 <2.0 04/27/20 1.0 3.0 <3.0 Table 3 Summary of 1,4-Dioxane in Groundwater Closed Buncombe County Landfill Woodfin, North Carolina Permit No. 1101-MSWLF-1979 BLE Project Number J20-14175-04 N Vi V� M O M 00 V1 7 ri N M M N l� r r oo Ok Ok 14 14 7 7 NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT NT 60.1 21 7.5 66.5 NT 4.9 NT <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 NT 19.3 32.1 <2.0 52.6 101 41.2 59.5 54.3 Dry NT Dry 31.9 67.4 25.7 8.2 56.1 24.7 6.4 NT <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 21 28.9 <2.0 39.6 81 30.3 26.5 43.5 Dry <2.0 Dry 37.2 87.8 18.8 30.4 53.4 25.9 5.7 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 <2.0 24.1 29.7 <2.0 43.7 79.8 27.0 45.6 46.1 Dry <2.0 Dry 34 92 25 15 65 28 5.2 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 <3.0 24 32 <3.0 50 96 29 18 48 Dry <3.0 Dry Notes: MDL = Method Detection Limit MRL = Method Reporting Limit J = values estimated between the MDL and the MRL NT = Not Tested NP = Not Present NC2L = North Carolina Groundwater Standards, as established in the NCDENR, Classifications of Water Quality Standards Applicable to Groundwaters of North Carolina, Section 15A NCAC 2L.202. Dated April 1, 2013. Closed BCLF 1,4-Dioxane Summary and Matrix.xlsx Prepared by: TJD GW Summary T3 Checked by: IAI Table 4 Summary of 1,4-Dioxane in Surface Water Closed Buncombe County Landfill Woodfin, North Carolina Permit No. 1101-MSWLF-1979 BLE Project Number J20-14175-04 Compound: 1,4-Dioxane NC213 (µg/L): 80 Method: EPA 8260B/D SIM Upstream: SW-1 L7 Z a W � A Pre -May 2018 NT NT NT NT NT NT NT 11/30/18 1.9 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 8 45.7 50.4 04/30/19 1.2 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 6.1 31.4 61.8 11/15/19 2.0 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 10.3 34.0 49.9 04/27/20 1.0 2.0 <2.0 <2.0 7.9 36 61 Notes: MDL = Method Detection Limit MRL = Method Reporting Limit J = values estimated between the MDL and the MRL NT = Not Tested NP = Not Present NC213 = North Carolina Surface Water Standards for Class C freshwater under Title 15A Subchapter 213. per DWR Surface Water Quality Standards, Criteria, & In -Stream Target Values (Workbook 6-10-2019) Closed BCLF 1,4-Dioxane Summary and Matrix.xlsx Prepared by: TJD SW Summary T4 Checked by: IAI Table 5 Proposed Groundwater Sampling and Analysis Matrix Closed Buncombe County Landfill Woodfin, North Carolina Permit No. 1101-MSWLF-1979 BLE Project Number J20-14175-04 Standard Semi -Annual Laboratory Parameters Standard Semi -Annual Field Parameters Semi -Annual Geochemical Parameters for MNA Monitoring Well Well Status Transect Number Appendix I VOCs (EPA 8260B) 1,4-dioxane (EPA 8260 SIM) Appendix II Full List Appendix I (Various Methods) Metals WL Turb Temp pH ORP DO SC Alkalinity DH VFA TOC BOD COD Chloride CO2 Fee NO3 MEE SO4 Sulfide DPL-1 Active 5 Y Y O Y - Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y DPL-2 Injection 4 MW-A Inactive - Y MW-B Active 2 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-2 Active - Y O Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-3 Active 3 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-4 Active 4 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-4A Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-5 Active 5 Y Y O Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-6 Active 5 Y Y O Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-6-192 Active 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-7 Active - Y *Y* Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-8 Inactive - Y MW-9 Abandoned - MW-10 Abandoned - MW-12-10 Inactive - Y MW-12-25 Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-13-10 Inactive - Y MW-13-35 Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-13-132 Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-14 Inactive - Y MW-15 Active - Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-16 Abandoned - MW-17 Abandoned - MW-17-60 Active 2 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-17-137 Active 2 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-17-310 Active - Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-18-3 Inactive - Y MW-18-78 Active 5 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-19-4 Inactive - Y MW-19-75 Active 4 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-19-110 Active 4 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-20-3 Inactive - Y MW-20-32 Inactive - Y MW-21-4 Inactive - Y MW-21-21 Active 3 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-21-94 Active 3 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-22-78 Inactive - Y MW-22-143 Inactive - Y MW-23-119 Inactive - Y MW-23-186 Inactive - Y MW-24-45 Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y MW-24-160 Active 1 Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y I Y Y Y Y Y I Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Notes: Typical Events: April (Spring) and October (Fall) 0 = October (Fall) Only VOCs = Volatile Organic Compounds Y = Yes *remove if 1,4-dioxane not detected in the Fall 2020 event* BOD = Biologic Oxygen Demand COD = Chemical Oxygen Demand 40 CFR Part 258 Appendix I - Constituents for Detection Monitoring (Organics and Inorganics) 40 CFR Part 258 Appendix R - Constituents for Assessment Monitoring (Full List) WL = Water Level ORP = Oxidation Reduction Potential DO = Dissolved Oxygen SC = Specific Conductance DH = Dissolved Hydrogen VFA = Volatile Fatty Acids TOC = Total Organic Carbon Fee = Iron II NO3 = Nitrate MEE = Methane/Ethene/Ethane SO4 = Sulfate CO2 = Carbon Dioxide GW Proposed Matrix T5 of Closed BCLF 1,4-Dioxane Summary and Matrix.xlsx Prepared By: AWA Checked By: TJD Table 6 Proposed Surface Water Sampling and Analysis Matrix Closed Buncombe County Landfill Woodfin, North Carolina Permit No. 1101-MSWLF-1979 BLE Project Number J20-14175-04 Standard Semi -Annual Laboratory Parameters Standard Semi -Annual Field Parameters Surface Water Location Location Status Appendix I VOCs (EPA 8260B) 1,4-dioxane (EPA 8260 SIM) Appendix I Metals Turb Temp pH ORP DO SC SW-1 Active Y - Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SW-2 Active Y - Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SW-2A Active Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SW-3 Active Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SW-4 Active Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Y SW-5 Inactive - - - - - - - - - SW-6 Inactive - - - - - - - - - SW-7 Inactive - - - - - - - - - SW-8 Inactive - - - - - - - - - SW-9 1 Inactive - - - - I - I - I - I - I - Notes: Typical Events: April (Spring) and October (Fall) VOCs = Volatile Organic Compounds Y=Yes 40 CFR Part 258 Appendix I - Constituents for Detection Monitoring (Organics and Inorganics) SW Proposed Matrix T6 of Closed BCLF 1,4-Dioxane Summary and Matrix.xlsx ORP = Oxidation Reduction Potential DO = Dissolved Oxygen SC = Specific Conductance Prepared By: AWA Checked By: TJD Figures r O � z A H D 25 � Oss �� 1720 o RI z \1 A1KfN St WFOMCHASE'RD 0 6F Do f ��s 0 CHAD WICK WADE'DR � GGG� O ASAA17 u, .r D - - - Ashelawn Gardens MMemory Q emorial Garden � P ! ti 'S- O BAN l �R ODF'IN 1104si ?0°O G ldvievnob u , ?CH U l/ PRO D _ ench Broad zve z�D 25 gAIA $ C' IOLivette-Cem� fq 70 ry. n ec> 00 3 UA ygNRO AL7li q Ploy �c Q Old Macedonia f Gem. f {(�, 251 N Akp UpLB�N:pR " 3 Bus 23 I 0 1 b OODFIiN r0 N 0 0 m, Q) REFERENCES: Elk Mour USGS TOPOGRAPHIC MAP, 7.5 2000 1000 0 2000 4000 r MINUTE SERIES, WEAVERVILLE AND LEICESTER. NC. QUADRANGLE 2019 APPROXIMATE SCALE IN FEET DRAWN' KLW DATE: 8-25-20 BUNNELL FIGURE IM M LAMMONS SITE LOCATION MAP CHECKED: TJD CAD: BCOLF04—SLM M ENGINEERING CLOSED BUNCOMBE COUNTY LANDFILL 6004 Ponders Court, Greenville, SC 29615 WOODFIN, NORTH CAROLINA 1 APPROVED: AWA JOB NO: J20-14175-04 Phone: (864) 288-1265 Fax: (864) 288-4430 250 125 0 250 500 APPROXIMATE SCALE IN FEET LAN, ACTIVE MONITORING WELLS INACTIVE MONITORINC WELLS �BANDONE[ IONITORINC WELLS ACTIVE SURFACE WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS INACTIVE SURFACE WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS MW-2 MW-8 MW-9 SW-1 SW-5 MW-3 MW-12-10 MW-10 SW-2 SW-6 MW-4 MW-13-10 MW-16 SW-2A SW-7 MW-4A MW-14 MW-17 SW-3 SW-8 MW-5 MW-18-3 DPL-2 SW-4 SW-9 MW-6 MW-19-4 MW-6-192 MW-20-3 MW-7 MW-20-32 MW-12-25 MW-21-4 MW-13-35 MW-22-78 MW-13-132 MW-22-143 MW-15 MW-23-119 MW-17-60 MW-23-186 MW-17-137 MW-A MW-17-310 MW-18-78 MW-19-75 MW-19-110 M W-21-21 M W-21-94 M W-24-45 M W-24-160 DPL-1 M W-B NOTE: ACTIVE SAMPLING MONITORING WELLS AND SURFACE LOCATIONS ARE TO BE SAMPLED AND TESTED TWICE ANNUALLY. INACTIVE MONITORING WELLS ARE TO BE CHECKED FOR DEPTH TO GROUNDWATER ONLY. *WATER LEVEL IS DEEP AND NOT USED FOR CONTOURING PURPOSES. ** WATER LEVELS COLLECTED BUT NO VERIFIABLE SURVEY DATA COLLECTED FOR GROUNDWATER ELEVATION CONTOURING PURPOSES. NM -NOT MEASURED 1 r— r" r— N I r\ MW-2® ACTIVE GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELL MW-8® INACTIVE GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELL MW-8 & ABANDONED GROUNDWATER MONITORING WELL SW-1- ACTIVE SURFACE WATER MONITORING LOCATION SW-54 INACTIVE SURFACE WATER MONITORING LOCATION PROPERTY BOUNDARY SURFACE WATER POTENTIOMETRIC CONTOUR (APRIL 27, 2020) GROUNDWATER FLOW DIRECTION 0 MW-4A MONITORING POINT WITH AT LEAST ONE DETECTION FROM 11-30-2018 TO 04-27-2020 200 100 0 200 400 APPROXIMATE SCALE IN FEET REVISIONS No. DESCRIPTION BY DRAWN: TJD CHECKED: IAI APPROVED: AWA DATE: 8-25-20 CAD FILE: BCOLF-04DIOX NO: J20-14175-04 BUNNELL � LAMMONS ENGINEERING 6004 Ponders Court, Greenville, SC 29615 Phone: (864) 288-1265 Fax: (864) 288-4430 MAP OF 1,4—DIOXANE DETECTIONS 11-30-2018 TO 04-27-2020 CLOSED BUNCOMBE COUNTY LANDFILL WOODFIN, NORTH CAROLINA FIGURE NO. 2 APPENDIX A SWS Memorandum — 1,4-Dioxane Analysis, Solid Waste Section Limits, and Laboratory Analytical Methods (May 29, 2018) ROY COOPER Governor K.1 MICHAEL S. REGAN � 0_ Waste Management MICHAEL SCOTTDirenu, ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY May 29, 2018 MEMORANDUM To: Solid Waste Directors, Landfill Owners/Operators, and North Carolina Certified Laboratories From: Ed Mussler, Section Chief North Carolina Division of Waste Management, Solid Waste Section Re: 1,4-Dioxane Analysis, Solid Waste Section Limits, and Laboratory Analytical Methods 1,4-Dioxane Sampling In accordance with 15A NCAC 13B .0601, .0544, and .1632, the Solid Waste Section (Section) is requiring that all groundwater and surface water samples collected at landfills after July 1, 2018 be analyzed for the constituent 1,4-Dioxane. It is primarily used as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents, however also used in many products including paint strippers, dyes, greases, varnishes and waxes. Additionally, it is found in a variety of consumer products such as detergents, shampoos, deodorants, and cosmetics. The current 15A NCAC 02L .0202 Standard for 1,4- Dioxane is 3.0 µg/1. Due to the potential health hazards associated with 1,4-Dioxane, the Section has determined that all landfills should begin analyzing groundwater and surface water samples for 1,4-Dioxane to ensure protection of human health and the environment. A USEPA Technical Fact Sheet for 1,4-Dioxane is provided in Appendix A of this Memorandum. Solid Waste Section Limits & Laboratory Analytical Methods In 2006, the Solid Waste Section made a policy decision to develop and use Solid Waste Section Limits (SWSLs). The purpose for this policy decision was to ensure that low level analytical data was consistently being reported for the purpose of making the correct choices when designing site remediation strategies, alerting the public to health threats, and protecting the environment from toxic contaminants. Over the past 12 years, technologies have advanced such that the majority of the SWSLs are outdated. Given the rapid pace of technology, the need for the Section to attempt to continuously update and/or maintain the SWSLs is not warranted. State of North Carolina I Environmental Quality I Waste Management 217 West ]ones Street 1 I646 Mail ServiCe Center I Raleigh, NOrth Carolina 27699-1646 9l9 707 8200 Although the use of the SWSLs will be discontinued, facilities should choose EPA approved analytical methods sufficiently sensitive to quantify the presence of a pollutant at or below applicable standards. Consistently achieving low level data is key for the continued purpose of making the correct choices when designing site remediation strategies, alerting the public to health threats, and protecting the environment from toxic contaminants. Facilities should communicate and coordinate with their analytical laboratory(s) to use sufficiently sensitive analytical methods to achieve analytical results with detection limits below the applicable groundwater standards and surface water standards. For guidance purposes, the Section recommends the use of the following analytical methods for groundwater and surface water samples. Volatile Organic Compounds SW 846 Method 8260 1,4-Dioxane SW 846 Method 8260 SIM SW 846 Method 8270 SIM Semi -Volatile Organic SW 846 Method 8270 Compounds Metals, Pesticides, PCBs, SW 846 Methods, USEPA Dioxins, Cyanide, methods, or method published Formaldehyde, and any other in Standard Methods for the constituents not covered by Examination of Water and above methods Wastewater having the lowest detection limits or having detection limits below applicable standards Notes: • The analytical methods should be the most recent versions of the analytical methods tabulated above. For SW- 846 Methods, the latest edition of SW-846, including any subsequent updates which have been incorporated into the edition, must be used. Sampling must be planned so that required holding times for analytical methods are met. • Select Ion Monitoring (SIM) is recommended when analyzing for 1,4-Dioxane in order to achieve applicable detection limits. SIM may be useful for other VOCs/SVOC constituents. • SW-846 Method 1610 does not have detection limits below the 1 SA NCAC 2L standards for all of the hazardous substance list metals. • The Section considers "J" flag values valid and relevant in the decision making process and hence all "J" flag values should be reported. If you have any questions, please contact Adam Ulishney at (919) 707-8210 or via email at adam.ulishney&ncdenr.gov. Thank you for your cooperation in this matter. State of North Carolina I Environmental Quality I Waste Management 217 West ]ones Street 1 I646 Mail ServiCe Center I Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 9l9 707 8200 APPENDIX A State of North Carolina I Environmental Quality I Waste Management 217 West ]ones Street 1 I646 Mail ServiCe Center I Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1646 9l9 707 8200 ■=. EPA United States Environmental Protection Agency Technical Fact Sheet — 1,4-Dioxane January 2014 Introduction This fact sheet, developed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Federal Facilities Restoration and Reuse Office (FFRRO), provides a summary of the contaminant 1,4-dioxane, including physical and chemical properties; environmental and health impacts; existing federal and state guidelines; detection and treatment methods; and additional sources of information. This fact sheet is intended for use by site managers who may address 1,4-dioxane at cleanup sites or in drinking water supplies and for those in a position to consider whether 1,4-dioxane should be added to the analytical suite for site investigations. 1,4-Dioxane is a likely human carcinogen and has been found in groundwater at sites throughout the United States. The physical and chemical properties and behavior of 1,4-dioxane create challenges for its characterization and treatment. It is highly mobile and has not been shown to readily biodegrade in the environment. What is 1,4-dioxane? ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is a synthetic industrial chemical that is completely miscible in water (EPA 2006). ❖ Synonyms include dioxane, dioxan, p-dioxane, diethylene dioxide, diethylene oxide, diethylene ether and glycol ethylene ether (EPA 2006; Mohr 2001). ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is unstable at elevated temperatures and pressures and may form explosive mixtures with prolonged exposure to light or air (DHHS 2011; HSDB 2011). ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is a likely contaminant at many sites contaminated with certain chlorinated solvents (particularly 1,1,1-trichloroethane [TCA]) because of its widespread use as a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents (EPA 2013a; Mohr 2001) ❖ It is used as: a stabilizer for chlorinated solvents such as TCA; a solvent for impregnating cellulose acetate membrane filters; a wetting and dispersing agent in textile processes; and a laboratory cryoscopic solvent for molecular mass determinations (ATSDR 2012; DHHS 2011; EPA 2006). ❖ It is used in many products, including paint strippers, dyes, greases, varnishes and waxes. 1,4-Dioxane is also found as an impurity in antifreeze and aircraft deicing fluids and in some consumer products (deodorants, shampoos and cosmetics) (ATSDR 2012; EPA 2006; Mohr 2001). Disclaimer: The U.S. EPA prepared this fact sheet from publically-available sources; additional information can be obtained from the source documents. This fact sheet is not intended to be used as a primary source of information and is not intended, nor can it be relied upon, to create any rights enforceable by any party in litigation with the United States. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute endorsement or recommendation for use. United States Office of Solid Waste and EPA 505-F-14-011 Environmental Protection Agency Emergency Response (5106P) January 2014 1 What is 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is used as a purifying agent in the manufacture of pharmaceuticals and is a by- product in the manufacture of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) plastic (Mohr 2001). ❖ Traces of 1,4-dioxane may be present in some food supplements, food containing residues from packaging adhesives or on food crops treated with pesticides that contain 1,4-dioxane as a solvent or inert ingredient (ATSDR 2012; DHHS 2011). Exhibit 1: Physical and Chemical Properties of 1,4-Dioxane (ATSDR 2012; Howard 1990; HSDB 2011) Property Value Abstracts Service (CAS) Number 123-91-1 Physical Description (physical state at room temperature) Clear, flammable liquid with a faint, pleasant odor Molecular weight (g/mol) 88.11 Water solubility Miscible Melting point (°C) 11.8 Boiling point (°C) at 760 mm Hg 101.1 °C Vapor pressure at 25°C (mm Hg) 38.1 Specific gravity 1.033 Octanol-water partition coefficient (log Kow) -0.27 Organic carbon partition coefficient (log Kos) 1.23 Henry's law constant at 25 °C (atm-m3/mol) 4.80 X 10-6 Abbreviations: g/mol — grams per mole; °C — degrees Celsius; mm Hg — millimeters of mercury; atm-m3/mol — atmosphere -cubic meters per mole. What are the environmental impacts of 1,4-dioxane? ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is released into the environment from surface water bodies (DHHS 2011; EPA during its production, the processing of other 2006). chemicals, its use and its generation as an impurity during the manufacture of some consumer products. It is typically found at some solvent release sites and PET manufacturing facilities (ATSDR 2012; Mohr 2001). ❖ It is short-lived in the atmosphere, with an estimated 1- to 3-day half-life as a result of its reaction with photochemically produced hydroxyl radicals (ATSDR 2012; DHHS 2011). Breakdown products include aldehydes and ketones (Graedel 1986). ❖ It may migrate rapidly in groundwater, ahead of other contaminants and does not volatilize rapidly ❖ Migration to groundwater is weakly retarded by sorption of 1,4-dioxane to soil particles; it is expected to move rapidly from soil to groundwater (EPA 2006; ATSDR 2012). It is relatively resistant to biodegradation in water and soil and does not bioconcentrate in the food chain (ATSDR 2012; Mohr 2001). As of 2007, 1,4-dioxane had been identified at more than 31 sites on the EPA National Priorities List (NPL); it may be present (but samples were not analyzed for it) at many other sites (HazDat 2007). What are the routes of exposure and the health effects of 1,4-dioxane? ❖ Potential exposure could occur during production Inhalation is the most common route of human and use of 1,4-dioxane as a stabilizer or solvent exposure, and workers at industrial sites are at (DHHS 2011). greatest risk of repeated inhalation exposure Exposure may occur through inhalation of vapors, (ATSDR 2012; DHHS 2011). ingestion of contaminated food and water or dermal contact (ATSDR 2012; DHHS 2011). What are the routes of exposure and the health effects of 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is readily adsorbed through the lungs and gastrointestinal tract. Some 1,4-dioxane may also pass through the skin, but studies indicate that much of it will evaporate before it is absorbed. Distribution is rapid and uniform in the lung, liver, kidney, spleen, colon and skeletal muscle tissue (ATSDR 2012). ❖ Short-term exposure to high levels of 1,4- dioxane may result in nausea, drowsiness, headache, and irritation of the eyes, nose and throat (ATSDR 2012; EPA 2013b; NIOSH 2O10) ❖ Chronic exposure may result in dermatitis, eczema, drying and cracking of skin and liver and kidney damage (ATSDR 2012; HSDB 2011). ❖ 1,4-Dioxane is weakly genotoxic and reproductive effects in humans are unknown; however, a developmental study on rats indicated that 1,4-dioxane may be slightly toxic to the developing fetus (ATSDR 2012; Giavini and others 1985). ❖ Animal studies showed increased incidences of nasal cavity, liver and gall bladder tumors after exposure to 1,4-dioxane (DHHS 2011; EPA IRIS 2013). ❖ EPA has classified 1,4-dioxane as "likely to be carcinogenic to humans" by all routes of exposure (EPA IRIS 2013). ❖ The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services states that 1,4-dioxane is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on sufficient evidence of carcinogenicity from studies in experimental animals (DHHS 2011). ❖ The American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) has classified 1,4-dioxane as a Group A3 carcinogen — confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans (ACGIH 2O11). ❖ The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) considers 1,4-dioxane a potential occupational carcinogen (NIOSH 2010). Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for 1,4-dioxane? ❖ Federal and State Standards and Guidelines: ■ EPA's Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS) database includes a chronic oral reference dose (RfD) of 0.03 milligrams per kilogram per day (mg/kg/day) based on liver and kidney toxicity in animals and a chronic inhalation reference dose (RfC) of 0.03 milligrams per cubic meter (mg/m3) based on atrophy and respiratory metaplasia inside the nasal cavity of animals (EPA IRIS 2013). ■ The Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR) has established minimal risk levels (MRLs) for inhalation exposure to 1,4-dioxane : 2 parts per million (ppm) for acute -duration (14 days or less) inhalation exposure; 0.2 ppm for intermediate -duration (15 to 364 days) inhalation exposure; and 0.03 ppm for chronic -duration (365 days or more) inhalation exposure (ATSDR 2012). ■ Oral exposure MRLs have been identified as 5 mg/kg/day for acute -duration oral exposure; 0.5 mg/kg/day for intermediate - duration oral exposure; and 0.1 mg/kg/day for chronic -duration oral exposure (ATSDR 2012). • The cancer risk assessment for 1,4-dioxane is based on an oral slope factor of 0.1 mg/kg/day and the drinking water unit risk is 2.9 x 10-6 micrograms per liter (pg/L) (EPA IRIS 2013). ■ EPA risk assessments indicate that the drinkinP water concentration representing a 1 x 10- cancer risk level for 1,4-dioxane is 0.35 µg/L (EPA IRIS 2013). ■ 1,4-Dioxane may be regulated as hazardous waste when waste is generated through use as a solvent stabilizer (EPA 1996b). ■ No federal maximum contaminant level (MCL) for drinking water has been established; however, an MCL is not necessary to determine a cleanup level (EPA 2012). ■ 1,4-Dioxane was included on the third drinking water contaminant candidate list, which is a list of unregulated contaminants that are known to, or anticipated to, occur in public water systems and may require regulation under the Safe Drinking Water Act (EPA 2009). Are there any federal and state guidelines and health standards for 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ Federal and State Standards and Guidelines (continued): ■ The EPA has established drinking water health advisories for 1,4-dioxane, which are drinking water -specific risk level concentrations for cancer (10-4 cancer risk) and concentrations of drinking water contaminants at which noncancer adverse health effects are not anticipated to occur over specific exposure durations. The EPA established a 1-day health advisory of 4.0 milligrams per liter (mg/L) and a 10-day health advisory of 0.4 mg/L for 1,4-dioxane in drinking water for a 10-kilogram child. EPA also established a lifetime health advisory of 0.2 mg/L for 1,4-dioxane in drinking water (EPA 2012). ■ The EPA's drinking water equivalent level for 1,4-dioxane is 1 mg/L (EPA 2012). ■ EPA has calculated a screening level of 0.67 pg/L for 1,4-dioxane in tap water, based on a 1 in 10-6 lifetime excess cancer risk (EPA 2013c). ' , 2 ■ EPA has calculated a residential soil screening level (SSL) of 4.9 milligrams per kilogram (mg/kg) and an industrial SSL of 17 mg/kg. The soil -to -groundwater risk -based SSL is 1.4 x10-4 mg/kg (EPA 2013c). ■ EPA has also calculated a residential air screening level of 0.49 micrograms per cubic meter (pg/m3) and an industrial air screening level of 2.5 pg/m3 (EPA 2013c). Screening Levels are developed using risk assessment guidance from the EPA Superfund program. These risk -based concentrations are derived from standardized equations combining exposure information assumptions with EPA toxicity data. These calculated screening levels are generic and not enforceable cleanup standards but provide a useful gauge of relative toxicity. 2 Tap water screening levels differ from the IRIS drinking water concentrations because the tap water screening levels account for dermal, inhalation and ingestion exposure routes; age -adjust the intake rates for children and adults based on body weight; and time - adjust for exposure duration or days per year. The IRIS drinking water concentrations consider only the ingestion route, account only for adult -intake rates and do not time -adjust for exposure duration or days per year. ❖ Workplace Exposure Limits: ■ The Occupational Safety and Health Administration set a general industry permissible exposure limit of 360 mg/m3 or 100 ppm based on a time -weighted average (TWA) over an 8-hour workday for airborne exposure to 1,4-dioxane (OSHA 2013). ■ The ACGIH set a threshold limit value of 72 mg/m3 or 20 ppm based on a TWA over an 8- hour workday for airborne exposure to 1,4- dioxane (ACGIH 2O11). ■ The NIOSH has set a ceiling recommended exposure limit of 3.6 mg/m3 or 1 ppm based on a 30-minute airborne exposure to 1,4-dioxane (NIOSH 2O10). ■ NIOSH also has established an immediately dangerous to life or health concentration of 500 ppm for 1,4-dioxane (NIOSH 2O10). ❖ Other State and Federal Standards and Guidelines: ■ Various states have established drinking water and groundwater guidelines, including the following: Colorado has established an interim groundwater quality cleanup standard of 0.35 pg/L (CDPHE 2012); California has established a notification level of 1 pg/L for drinking water (CDPH 2011); — New Hampshire has established a reporting limit of 0.25 pg/L for all public water supplies (NH DES 2011); and — Massachusetts has established a drinking water guideline level of 0.3 pg/L (Mass DEP 2012). • The Food and Drug Administration set 10 mg/kg as the limit for 1-4-dioxane in glycerides and polyglycerides for use in products such as dietary supplements. FDA also surveys raw material and products contaminated with 1,4-dioxane (FDA 2006). • 1,4-Dioxane is listed as a hazardous air pollutant under the Clean Air Act (CAA) (CAA 1990). ■ A reportable quantity of 100 pounds has been established under the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (EPA 2011). What detection and site characterization methods are available for 1,4-dioxane? ❖ As a result of the limitations in the analytical methods to detect 1,4-dioxane, it has been difficult to identify its occurrence in the environment. The miscibility of 1,4-dioxane in water causes poor purging efficiency and results in high detection limits (ATSDR 2012; EPA 2006). ❖ Conventional analytical methods can detect 1,4-dioxane only at concentrations 100 times greater than the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (EPA 2006; Mohr 2001). ❖ Modifications of existing analytical methods and their sample preparation procedures may be needed to achieve lower detection limits for 1,4-dioxane (EPA 2006; Mohr 2001). ❖ High -temperature sample preparation techniques improve the recovery of 1,4-dioxane. These techniques include purging at elevated temperature (EPA SW-846 Method 5030); equilibrium headspace analysis (EPA SW-846 Method 5021); vacuum distillation (EPA SW-846 Method 8261); and azeotrophic distillation (EPA SW-846 Method 5031) (EPA 2006). ❖ The presence of 1,4-dioxane may be expected at sites with extensive TCA contamination; therefore, some experts recommend that groundwater samples be analyzed for 1,4-dioxane where TCA is a known contaminant (Mohr 2001). NIOSH Method 1602 uses gas chromatography — flame ionization detection (GC-FID) to determine the concentration of 1,4-dioxane in air. The detection limit is 0.01 milligram per sample (ATSDR 2012; NIOSH 2O10). ❖ EPA SW-846 Method 8015D uses gas chromatography (GC) to determine the concentration of 1,4-dioxane in environmental samples. Samples may be introduced into the GC column by a variety of techniques including the injection of the concentrate from azeotropic distillation (EPA SW-846 Method 5031). The detection limits for 1,4-dioxane in aqueous matrices by azeotropic microdistillation are 12 pg/L (reagent water), 15 pg/L (groundwater) and 16 pg/L (leachate) (EPA 2003). EPA SW-846 Method 8260B detects 1,4-dioxane in a variety of solid waste matrices using GC and mass spectrometry (MS). The detection limit depends on the instrument and choice of sample preparation method (ATSDR 2012; EPA 1996a). A laboratory study is underway to develop a passive flux meter (PFM) approach to enhance the capture of 1,4-dioxane in the PFM sorbent to improve accuracy. The selected PFM approach will be field tested at 1,4-dioxane contaminated sites. The anticipated projection completion date is 2014 (DoD SERDP 2013b). ❖ EPA Method 1624 uses isotopic dilution gas chromatography — mass spectrometry (GC -MS) to detect 1,4-dioxane in water, soil and municipal sludges. The detection limit for this method is 10 pg/L (ATSDR 2012; EPA 2001 b). ❖ EPA SW-846 Method 8270 uses liquid -liquid extraction and isotope dilution by capillary column GC -MS. This method is often modified for the detection of low levels of 1,4-dioxane in water (EPA 2007, 2013a) ❖ GC -MS detection methods using solid phase extraction followed by desorption with an organic solvent have been developed to remove 1,4-dioxane from the aqueous phase. Detection limits as low as 0.024 pg/L have been achieved by passing the aqueous sample through an activated carbon column, following by elution with acetone- dichlormethane (ATSDR 2012; Kadokami and others 1990). ❖ EPA Method 522 uses solid phase extraction and GC/MS with selected ion monitoring for the detection of 1,4-dioxane in drinking water with detection limits ranging from 0.02 to 0.026 pg/L (EPA 2008). What technologies are being used to treat 1,4-dioxane? ❖ Pump -and -treat remediation can treat dissolved 1,4-dioxane in groundwater and control groundwater plume migration, but requires ex situ treatment tailored for the unique properties of 1,4-dioxane (such as, a low octanol-water partition coefficient that makes 1,4-dioxane hydrophilic) (EPA 2006; Kiker and others 2010). ❖ Commercially available advanced oxidation processes using hydrogen peroxide with ultraviolet light or ozone is used to treat 1,4-dioxane in wastewater (Asano and others 2012; EPA 2006). ❖ A study is under way to investigate facilitated - transport enabled in situ chemical oxidation to treat 1,4-dioxane-contamined source zones and groundwater plumes effectively. The technical approach consists of the co -injection of strong oxidants (such as ozone) with chemical agents that facilitate the transport of the oxidant (DoD SERDP 2013d). What technologies are being used to treat 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ Ex situ bioremediation using a fixed -film, moving - bed biological treatment system is also used to treat 1,4-dioxane in groundwater (EPA 2006). ❖ Phytoremediation is being explored as a means to remove the compound from shallow groundwater. Pilot -scale studies have demonstrated the ability of hybrid poplars to take up and effectively degrade or deactivate 1,4-dioxane (EPA 2001 a, 2013a; Ferro and others 2013). ❖ Microbial degradation in engineered bioreactors has been documented under enhanced conditions or where selected strains of bacteria capable of degrading 1,4-dioxane are cultured, but the impact of the presence of chlorinated solvent co - contaminants on biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane needs to be further investigated (EPA 2006, 2013a; Mahendra and others 2013). ❖ Results from a 2012 laboratory study found 1,4-dioxane-transforming activity to be relatively common among monooxygenase-expressing bacteria; however, both TCA and 1,1-dichloroethene inhibited 1,4-dioxane degradation by bacterial isolates (DoD SERDP 2012). ❖ Several Department of Defense Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (DoD SERDP) projects are under way to investigate 1,4-dioxane biodegradation in the presence of chlorinated solvents or metals. Laboratory studies will (1) identify microbial cultures as well as biogeochemistry, which generate desirable enzymatic activity for 1,4-dioxane biodegradation; (2) assess biodegradation by methane oxidizing bacteria in coupled anaerobic -aerobic zones; (3) and evaluate branched hydrocarbons as stimulants for the in situ cometabolic biodegradation of 1,4-dioxane and its associated co -contaminants (DoD SERDP 2013c, a and f). ❖ Photocatalysis has been shown to remove 1,4-dioxane in aqueous solutions. Laboratory studies documented that the surface plasmon resonance of gold nanoparticles on titanium dioxide (Au — TiO2) promotes the photocatalytic degradation of 1,4-dioxane (Min and others 2009; Vescovi and others 2010). ❖ Other in -well combined treatment technologies being assessed include air sparging; soil vapor extraction (SVE); and dynamic subsurface groundwater circulation (Odah and others 2005). ❖ SVE is known to remove some 1,4-dioxane, but substantial residual contamination is usually left behind because of 1,4-dioxane's high solubility, which leads to preferential partitioning into pore water rather than vapor. The DoD SERDP is conducting a project to evaluate and demonstrate the efficacy of enhanced or extreme SVE, which uses a combination of increased air flow, sweeping with drier air, increased temperature, decreased infiltration and more focused vapor extraction to enhance 1,4-dioxane remediation in soils (DoD SERDP 2013a). Where can I find more information about 1,4-dioxane? ❖ Asano, M., Kishimoto, N., Shimada, H., and Y. Ono. 2012. "Degradation of 1,4-Dioxane Using Ozone Oxidation with UV Irradiation (Ozone/UV) Treatment." Journal of Environmental Science and Engineering. Volume A (1). Pages 371 to 279. ❖ Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR). 2012. "Toxicological Profile for 1,4-Dioxane." www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tpl 87.pdf ❖ American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH). 2011. "2011 Threshold Limit Values (TLVs) for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents Biological Exposure Indices." Cincinnati, Ohio. ❖ California Department of Public Health (CDPH). 2011. "1,4-Dioxane." Drinking Water Systems. www.cdoh.ca.gov/certlic/drinkingwater/Pages/1,4- dioxane.aspx ❖ Clean Air Act Amendments of 1990 (CAA). 1990. "Hazardous Air Pollutants". 42 USC § 7412. ❖ Colorado Department of Public Health and the Environment (CDPHE). 2012. "Notice of Public Rulemaking Hearing before the Colorado Water Quality Control Commission." Regulation No. 31 and No. 41. www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/Upload/NoticeOfRulem aking/ProposedRuleAttach20l 2-00387. PDF ❖ Ferro, A.M., Kennedy, J., and J.C. LaRue. 2013. "Phytoremediation of 1,4-Dioxane-Containing Recovered Groundwater." International Journal of Phytoremediation. Volume 15. Pages 911 to 923. ❖ Giavini, E., Vismara, C., and M.L Broccia. 1985. "Teratogenesis Study of Dioxane in Rats." Toxicology Letters. Volume 26 (1). Pages. 85 to 88. Where can I find more information about 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ Graedel, T.E. 1986. Atmospheric Chemical Compounds. New York, NY: Academic Press. ❖ Hazardous Substances Data Bank (HSDB). 2011. 1,4-Dioxane." http://toxnet.nim.nih.gov/cqi-bin/ sis/htmlgen?HSDB ❖ HazDat. 2007. "1,4-Dioxane." HazDat Database: ATSDR's Hazardous Substance Release and Health Effects Database. Atlanta, GA: Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry. ❖ Howard, P.H. 1990. Handbook of Environmental Fate and Exposure Data for Organic Chemicals. Lewis Publishers, Inc., Chelsea, MI. Pages 216 to 221. ❖ Kadokami, K, Koga, M. and A. Otsuki. 1990. "Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometric Determination of Traces of Hydrophilic and Volatile Organic Compounds in Water after Preconcentration with Activated Carbon." Analytical Sciences. Volume 6(6). Pages 843 to 849. ❖ Kiker, J.H., Connolly, J.B., Murray, W.A., Pearson, S.C.; Reed, S.E., and R.J. Robert. 2010. "Ex -Situ Wellhead Treatment of 1,4-Dioxane Using Fenton's Reagent." Proceedings of the Annual International Conference on Soils, Sediments, Water and Energy. Volume 15, Article 18. ❖ Mahendra, S., Grostern, A. and L. Alvarez -Cohen. 2013. "The Impact of Chlorinated Solvent Co - Contaminants on the Biodegradation Kinetics of 1,4-Dioxane." Chemosphere. Volume 91 (1). Pages 88 to 92. ❖ Massachusetts Department of Environmental Protection (Mass DEP). 2012. "Standards and Guidelines for Contaminants in Massachusetts Drinking Waters." www.mass.gov/dep/water/dwstand.pdf ❖ Min, B.K., Heo, J.E., Youn, N.K., Joo, O.S., Lee, H., Kim, J.H., and H.S. Kim. 2009. "Tuning of the Photocatalytic 1,4-Dioxane Degradation with Surface Plasmon Resonance of Gold Nanoparticles on Titania." Catalysis Communications. Volume 10 (5). Pages 712 to 715. ❖ Mohr, T.K.G. 2001. "1,4-Dioxane and Other Solvent Stabilizers White Paper." Santa Clara Valley Water District of California. San Jose, California. ❖ National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH). 2010. "Dioxane." NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards. www.cdc.gov/niosh/npq/npqd0237.htmi ❖ New Hampshire Department of Environmental Services (NH DES). 2011 "Change in Reporting Limit for 1,4-Dioxane." http://des.nh.gov/organization/divisions/waste/hwr b/sss/hwrp/documents/report-limits 14dioxane. pdf ❖ Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA). 2013. "Dioxane." Chemical Sampling Information. www.osha.gov/dts/chemicalsampling/ data/CH 237200.html ❖ Odah, M.M., Powell, R., and D.J. Riddle. 2005. "ART In -Well Technology Proves Effective in Treating 1,4-Dioxane Contamination." Remediation Journal. Volume 15 (3), Pages 51 to 64. ❖ U.S. Department of Defense (DoD). Strategic Environmental Research and Development Program (SERDP). 2012. "Oxygen ase-Catalyzed Biodegradation of Emerging Water Contaminants: 1,4-Dioxane and N-Nitrosodimethylamine." ER- 1417. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/ Environmental-Restoration/Contam inated- Groundwater/Emerging-Issues/ER-1417/ER-1417 ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013a. "1,4-Dioxane Remediation by Extreme Soil Vapor Extraction (XSVE)." ER- 201326. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/ Environmental-Restoration/Contaminated-Ground water/Emerging-Issues/ER-201326/ER-201326 ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013b. "Development of a Passive Flux Meter Approach to Quantifying 1,4-Dioxane Mass Flux." ER-2304. www.serdp.org/Program- Areas/Environ mental-Restoration/Contam inated- Groundwater/Emerging-Issues/ER-2304/ER-2304/ ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013c. "Evaluation of Branched Hydrocarbons as Stimulants for In Situ Cometabolic Biodegradation of 1,4-Dioxane and Its Associated Co -Contaminants." ER-2303. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental- Restoration/Contam i nated-Groundwater/ Emerging-Issues/ER-2303/ER-2303 ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013d. "Facilitated Transport Enabled In Situ Chemical Oxidation of 1,4- Dioxane-Contaminated Groundwater." ER-2302. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental- Restoration/Contam i nated-Groundwater/ Emerging-Issues/ER-2302/ER-2302/(language)/ eng-US ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013e. "In Situ Biodegradation of 1,4-Dioxane: Effects of Metals and Chlorinated Solvent Co -Contaminants." ER-2300. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental- Restoration/Contam i nated-Groundwater/ Emerging-Issues/ER-2300/ER-2300 Where can I find more information about 1,4-dioxane? (continued) ❖ DoD SERDP. 2013f. "In Situ Bioremediation of 1,4-Dioxane by Methane Oxidizing Bacteria in Coupled Anaerobic -Aerobic Zones." ER-2306. www.serdp.org/Program-Areas/Environmental- Restoration/Contaminated-Groundwater/ Emerging- Issues/ER-2306/ER-2306 ❖ U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). 2011. "Report on Carcinogens, Twelfth Edition." Public Health Service, National Toxicology Program. 12t" Edition. http://ntp.niehs.nih.gov/ntp/roc/twelfth/rocl2.pdf ❖ U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 1996a. "Method 8260B: Volatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)." www.epa.gov/osw/ hazard/testmethods/sw846/pdfs/8260b.pdf ❖ EPA. 1996b. "Solvents Study." EPA 530-R-96- 017. ❖ EPA. 2001a. "Brownfields Technology Primer: Selecting and Using Phytoremediation for Site Cleanup." EPA 542-R-01-006. www.brownfieldstsc.orq/pdfs/phytorem primer.pdf ❖ EPA. 2001 b. "Method 1624." Code of Federal Regulations. Code of Federal Regulations. 40 CFR Part 136. Pages 274 to 287. ❖ EPA. 2003. "Method 8015D: Nonhalogenated Organics Using GC/FID." SW-846. www.epa.gov/ osw/hazard/testmethods/pdfs/8015d r4.pdf ❖ EPA. 2006. "Treatment Technologies for 1,4-Dioxane: Fundamentals and Field Applications." EPA 542-R-06-009. www.epa.gov/tio/download/remed/542r06009.pdf ❖ EPA. 2007. "Method 8270D: Semivolatile Organic Compounds by Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS)." ❖ EPA. 2008. "Method 522: Determination of 1,4-Dioxane in Drinking Water By Solid Phase Extraction (SPE) and Gas Chromatography/Mass Spectrometry (GC/MS) with Selected Ion Monitoring (SIM)." EPA/600/R-08/101. ❖ EPA. 2009. "Drinking Water Contaminant Candidate List 3 - Final." Federal Register Notice. www.federalregister.gov/articles/2009/10/08/E9- 24287/drinking-water-contaminant-candidate-list- 3-final ❖ EPA. 2011. "Reportable Quantities of Hazardous Substances Designated Pursuant to Section 311 of the Clean Water Act. Code of Federal Regulations." 40 CFR 302.4. www.gpo.gov/fdsVs/pkq/CFR-2011-title40- vol28/pdf/CFR-2011-title40-vo128-sec302-4. pdf ❖ EPA. 2012. "2012 Edition of Drinking Water Standards and Health Advisories." water. epa.gov/action/advisories/d ri nki ng/upload/d wstandards2012. pdf ❖ EPA. 2013a. "1,4-Dioxane." www.clu-in.org/conta minantfocus/default.focus/sec/1,4-Dioxane/ cat/Overview/ ❖ EPA. 2013b. "1,4-Dioxane (1,4-Diethyleneoxide)." Technology Transfer Network Air Toxics Website. www.epa.gov/ttnatwOl/hlthef/dioxane.html ❖ EPA. 2013c. Regional Screening Level (RSL) Summary Table. www.epa.gov/reg3hwmd/risk/human/rb- concentration table/Generic Tables/index.htm ❖ EPA. Integrated Risk Information System (IRIS). 2013. "1,4-Dioxane (CASRN 123-91-1)." www.epa.gov/iris/subst/0326.htm ❖ U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA). 2006. "Food Additives Permitted for Direct Addition to Food for Human Consumption; Glycerides and Polyglycides." Code of Federal Regulations. 21 CFR 172.736. ❖ Vescovi, T., Coleman, H., and R. Amal. 2010. "The Effect of pH on UV -Based Advanced Oxidation Technologies - 1,4-Dioxane Degradation." Journal of Hazardous Materials. Volume 182. Pages 75 to 79. Additional information on 1,4-dioxane can be found at www.cluin.org/contaminantfocus/default.focus/sec/1,4-Dioxane/cat/Overview Contact Information If you have any questions or comments on this fact sheet, please contact: Mary Cooke, FFRRO, by phone at (703) 603-8712 or by email at cooke.maryt(o)epa.gov.