NC0089621_Potassium Aquatic Life Values Study Report_20181202

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POTASSIUM AQUATIC LIFE VALUES
STUDY REPORT
Project no. 1690000122
Version Final
Date December 2, 2018
Prepared by Rick Lockwood and Liza Heise
Checked by Robin Richards
Ramboll
201 Summit View Drive
Suite 300
Brentwood, TN 37027
USA
T [phone]
F [phone]
www.ramboll.com

Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
CONTENTS
1.
Introduction
1
1.1
General
1
1.2
Problem Definition
2
1.3
Study Design
3
2.
Study Plan
5
2.1
'Site" and 'Occur at the Site" Definition
5
2.2
Aquatic Life Value Development
6
2.2.1
Literature Review
6
2.2.2
Supplemental Toxicity Testing
6
2.2.3
Species -Specific Procedures
9
3.
Results and criteria Derivation
10
3.1
Literature Review
10
3.2
Toxicity Test Results
10
3.2.1
Acute Test Results
11
3.3
Potassium -Hardness Relationship
11
3.4
In -Stream Aquatic Life Value Calculations for WLHS
15
3.4.1
Final In -Stream Warm Low Hardness Surface Water of North
Carolina (WLHS) Aquatic Life Values
15
3.5
Other Considerations
16
4.
Report References
17
S.
Potassium Toxicity References
19
REFERENCE TABLES
Reference Table 1: Acute Potassium Toxicity Test Results for Lampsiiis siiiquoidea and Lampsiiis radiata
Reference Table 2: Supporting Analytical Data
Reference Table 3: Chronic Potassium Toxicity Database
Reference Table 4: Acute to Chronic Ratio Calculation
Reference Table 5: Calculation of Warm Low Hardness Surface waters of North Carolina (WLHS) Acute
Potassium Aquatic Life Values

Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
APPENDICES
Appendix 1
Acceptable Aquatic Acute Toxicity Database for Potassium Warm Low Hardness
Surface water of North Carolina Aquatic Life Value Derivation
Appendix 2
Freshwater Potassium Aquatic Toxicity Database Literature Search Results
Appendix 3
Review of Potassium - Hardness Toxicity Relationship for Freshwater Mussels

Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
1. INTRODUCTION
1.1 General
Ramboll conducted a review of potassium limits in the context of a proposed new direct discharge
of treated effluent subject to authorization as per North Carolina Department of Environmental
Quality (NCDEQ) NPDES permitting regulations. Specifically, in issuing a NPDES Permit, the state
assures that the discharge does not have a reasonable potential to cause or contribute to the
exceedance of in -stream criteria that protects the designated uses of the receiving stream. The
state, to assure protection of the designated use of the receiving stream, may develop water
quality -based effluent limits (WQBELs) that would be enforceable in the NPDES Permit. WQBELs
are developed considering a numeric in -stream criterion to protect designated use, stream design
flow appropriate for the criterion, and statistical translation to a continuously discharging
effluent. EPA, in developing the water quality -based toxics control approaches and
methodologies, derives in -stream numerical aquatic life criteria (i.e., National Recommended
Water Quality Criteria) based on a concentration (magnitude) for a set exposure (duration) that
should not be exceeded more than once every 3 years. In -stream criteria are not considered to
protect all aquatic life under all possible conditions at all times, but are considered to protect
95% of aquatic life, whether acute or chronic exposure at a frequency of once per three years'
(equates to less than 95% of the time). These EPA approaches and methodologies are referenced
in North Carolina regulations2.
National Recommended Water Quality Criteria can be re -developed when an aquatic ecosystem
need more or less protection for a constituent using site -specific water quality criteria (or
criterion) methods presented in the USEPA 1985 "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National
Water Quality Criteria for Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" (EPA Guidelines) and
the EPA "Water Quality Standards Handbook." These guidelines outline development of in -stream
site -specific acute and in -stream site -specific chronic aquatic life criteriai. Elements of the EPA
Guidelines have been updated (in 1994) and subsequently codified in 40 CFR 132 Appendix A
(regulation applicable to the Great Lakes).
As part of a water quality standards program, states present water quality criteria both as
narrative standards and numeric criteria for specific chemicals (typically similar to the National
Recommended Water Quality Criteria). In addition, some states present approaches for
interpreting a narrative criterion as a numeric assessment (e.g., using Whole Effluent Toxicity
testing) and some states present approaches to developing aquatic life criteria for a chemical if a
National Recommended Water Quality Criteria did not exist.
North Carolina presents in 15 NCAC Subchapter 02B three approaches to defining acute aquatic
toxicity for a chemical:
USEPA, 1985, "Guidelines for Deriving Numerical National Water Quality Criteria for the Protection of Aquatic Organisms and Their Uses" PB85-
227049.
Posthuma, Leo, GW Sutter, TP Traas, 2002, "Species Sensitivity Distributions in Ecotoxicology," CRC Press.
2 15A NCAC 2B.0202(1)(a); 15A NCAC 2B.0211(11)(b); 15A NCAC 2B.0220(9)(d). Ramboll acknowledges that NCDEQ Division of Water
Resources uses a duration component for metals found at 15A NCAC 2B.0211(11) and uses a frequency component of >10% with 90%
confidence.
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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
• Acute Approach 1. One-half (1/2) of the Final Acute Value (FAV) determined using the EPA
Guidelines;
• Acute Approach 2. If a value cannot be determined using Acute Approach 1, then apply one-
third of lowest available' LC50; or
• Acute Approach 3. Conduct case -by -case statistical analyses of a dose -response curve3.
In 15 NCAC Subchapter 2B, North Carolina presents its approaches to interpreting the narrative
chronic aquatic toxicity as follows:
• Chronic Approach 1. Direct measurements of chronic toxicity4
• Chronic Approach 2a. Apply acute -to -chronic ratio (ACR) for lowest LC505,
• Chronic Approach 2b. If an ACR is not available, then 0.01 of the lowest LC50, or
• Chronic Approach 2c. 0.05 of the lowest LC50 if half-life of chemical less than 96-hr6.
The following sections walk through the steps required to validate data that will be used in acute
and chronic databases. From these databases, a Final Acute Value (FAV), ACR, and chronic value
can be calculated as described below. Ramboll utilized the approach and methodologies
presented in the EPA Guidelines and North Carolina regulations in estimating protective
potassium concentrations for acute data (North Carolina Acute Approach 1) and the North
Carolina chronic direct measurement.
1.2 Problem Definition
Potassium has been identified as a constituent of concern for mussels based on results of
analytical evaluation of the proposed Novozymes effluent. Freshwater mussels (family
Unionidae) have a demonstrated sensitivity to potassium below that of other regularly tested
freshwater taxa. Of the roughly 300 known species, only Lampsiiis siiiquoidea (the Fatmucket)
has a robust potassium acute toxicity data base in a range of water quality conditions that is
representative of where this species is found, generally the Mississippi River basin. The data base
for long-term sublethal (growth or reproduction) effects to mussels is very limited.
Numeric in -stream site -specific aquatic life values for potassium have previously been developed
using accepted and recognized methodology under the oversight of the Oklahoma Water
Resource Board (CP Kelco, 2016). Similarly, Ramboll proposes implementing the aquatic life
values for potassium, as presented in this study, into potassium benchmarks utilizing the
statistical procedures to relate duration of monthly average and daily maximum benchmarks for
Novozymes. This Study Report details the methods used to generate the data and information to
confidently develop valid in -stream acute and chronic potassium aquatic life values. Ramboll is
proposing acute and chronic (benchmarks), per requirements established in State rules, based on
these methods.
3 15A NCAC 2B.0202(1)
4 Chronic toxicity to aquatic life means any harmful effect sustained by either resident aquatic populations or indicator species used as test
organisms in a controlled toxicity test due to long-term exposure (relative to the life cycle of the organism) or exposure during a substantial
portion of the duration of a sensitive period of the life cycle to a specific chemical substance or mixture of chemicals (as in an effluent). In the
absence of extended periods of exposure, early life stage or reproductive toxicity tests may be used to define chronic impacts. (15A NCAC
02B.0202(14).
6 LC50 is the concentration that is lethal to 50% of the test organisms. Acute to Chronic Ratio (15A NCAC 2B.0202(2) is the ratio of the LC50 for
a specific toxicant or an effluent to the chronic value for the same toxicant or effluent.
6 15A NCAC 2B.0202(15), 15A NCAC 2B.0208(a)(1)
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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
1.3 Study Design
To develop in -stream acute and chronic potassium aquatic life values for warm lower hardness
surface waters of North Carolina (WLHS), two regulatory processes were considered: 1) aquatic
life value development and 2) WLHS modification. Potassium is not a Clean Water Act priority
pollutant or toxic pollutant, it is not listed in the EPA National Recommended Water Quality
Criteria for non -priority pollutants or nonconventional pollutants and is not listed in 15A NCAC
213.0211. Further, North Carolina has no surface water quality standard, drinking water standard,
or ground water standard for potassium. Without any type of potassium standard already in
place, it may be appropriate to use the North Carolina regulations for developing aquatic life
values for potassium. As stated above, the regulation for defining acute water quality values,
follows the EPA process of adopting water quality values for the protection of beneficial use for
aquatic life, specifically, the EPA Guidelines. Chronic values are defined in 15A NCAC 213.0202
with procedures described in 15A NCAC 213.0208. The selected approach is dependent upon the
available validated data.
15A NCAC 2B presents approaches to developing site -specific regulatory criteria including mineral
criteria; however, these approaches are specific to heavy metals. NCDEQ regulations (15A NCAC
2B .0211 (11) (b)) reference the EPA Water Quality Standards Handbook; Second Edition, which
within Chapter 3 includes water quality criteria.7 The EPA methods apply to non -regulatory
aquatic life criteria as well. Since the EPA Guidelines and Water Quality Standards Handbook are
appropriate to develop criteria, they are applicable to developing aquatic life values. Chapter 3
of the Water Quality Standards Handbook presents the following for modifying water quality
criteria:
"In the early 1980s, EPA recognized that laboratory -derived water quality criteria might not
accurately reflect site -specific conditions and, in response, created three procedures to derive
site -specific criteria. This Handbook contains the details of these procedures, referenced
below.
The Recalculation Procedure is intended to take into account relevant differences between the
sensitivities of the aquatic organisms in the national dataset and the sensitivities of
organisms that occur at the site (See Appendix L, pp. 90-97).
The Water -Effect Ratio Procedure (called the Indicator Species Procedure in USEPA, 1983a;
1984f) provided for the use of a water -effect ratio (WER) that is intended to take into
account relevant differences between the toxicities of the chemical in laboratory dilution
water and in site water (see Appendix L.).
The Resident Species Procedure intended to take into account both kinds of differences
simultaneously (see Section 3.7.6)."
The options for modifying aquatic life values are not specific to a chemical or a waterbody but do
require generation and validation of data and clarity in presenting inputs into the process of
modifying the values. Although development of an in -stream WLHS potassium standard does not
fall entirely within one of the three categories noted above, Ramboll has incorporated elements of
each of the three categories.
We have used the EPA Guidelines as the primary guidance in combination with the EPA 1994
Water Quality Standards Handbook in developing an acute potassium aquatic life value as
EPA-823-B-94-005; August 1994 with some additional new information (June 2007)
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described below. The resident species procedure was then applied to modify the acute aquatic
life value specific to the warm -water rivers found in the subject region of North Carolina.
Previous testing with mussel species, Lampiiiis siiiquoidea (Fatmucket mussel) (Environ, 2012)
demonstrated a relationship between potassium toxicity and hardness where the hardness of the
water utilized in the mussel testing was 100 mg/L CaCO3 or greater. The summer low -flow
hardness of the proposed receiving streams in North Carolina have median values of
approximately 33 CaCO3 (USFWS, 2017). Hence, additional aquatic toxicity testing was
performed to determine if a relationship between potassium toxicity and water quality
characteristics could be confirmed at a lower hardness. Details of the path followed to develop in -
stream acute and chronic potassium aquatic life values for WLHS are presented in the following
sections.
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2. STUDY PLAN
The study plan for developing in -stream WLHS acute and chronic potassium aquatic life criteria
entailed a stepwise process presented in the following sections:
• Step 1. 'Site" and 'Occur at the Site" Definition
• Step 2. Criteria Development
• Literature Review
• Review Process
• Data Gap Analysis
• Supplemental Toxicity Testing
• Testing Design
Testing Execution
• Step 3. Criteria Derivation
2.1 "Site" and "Occur at the Site" Definition
Chapter 3 of the Water Quality Standards Handbook provides guidance on defining the site as an
area. Depending on the application, a site can be defined as a state, region, watershed or
waterbody segment. For the purposes of this study, Ramboll focused on WLHS, and the in -
stream river segment chronic potassium aquatic life value is applicable to the Tar River at
Louisburg (Station #01100000) or Cedar Creek (just south of the Franklin County POTW
discharge).
The term "resident species" or "occur at the site" is defined by EPA as the following:
The phrase "occur at the site" includes the species, genera, families, orders, classes, and
phyla that:
a. Are usually present at the site.
b. Are present at the site only seasonally due to migration.
c. Are present intermittently because they periodically return to or extend their
ranges into the site.
d. Were present at the site in the past, are not currently present at the site due to
degraded conditions and are expected to return to the site when conditions
improve.
e. Are present in nearby bodies of water, are not currently present at the site due to
degraded conditions and are expected to be present at the site when conditions
improve.
The process of defining if a species occurs at the site was necessary as we suspected that two
particular species (Ceriodaphnia rigaudi, C. rigaudi) and the Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus
mykiss) included in the potassium dataset did not occur in this region of North Carolina. An
assessment of in -stream temperature indicated the proposed receiving streams consistently
maintained temperatures that would not support Rainbow trout. The distribution of C. rigaudi in
North Carolina is uncommon. This species is known to predominately prefer ponds or lakes and
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climates consistent with sub -tropic like conditions. As such, it was not appropriate to consider C.
rigaudi or Rainbow trout data in the in -stream WLHS potassium criteria development.
Although the EPA Guidelines indicate that acceptable data for a fish in the family Salmonidae be
included in the calculation of criteria, this was deemed inappropriate for the proposed receiving
stream segments because fish in the family Salmonidae do not reside in the proposed receiving
streams. Therefore, to maintain the eight family MDRs, a fish species (the common carp,
Cyprinus carpio) that was known to occur in the proposed rivers was substituted.
2.2 Aquatic Life Value Development
2.2.1 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.2.1.1 Review Process
The first step of developing in -stream potassium aquatic life criteria for WLHS was to review the
published literature on the aquatic toxicity of potassium and validate the data, primarily based on
the EPA Guidelines. However, 40 CFR 132 Appendix A (Methodologies for Development of Aquatic
Life Criteria and Values) and MDEQ 1996 were also consulted as these references provide much
more rigorous guidelines for determining data validity. The initial literature search was
conducted in 2017, a second literature search was conducted in August 2018 to ensure all valid
literature was obtained and included in the analysis.
2.2.1.2 Data Gap Analysis
The next step of developing in -stream potassium aquatic life criteria for WLHS was to determine
if there were information gaps in the acceptable dataset to appropriately statistically analyze the
data. As per the EPA Guidelines, aquatic life criteria can be calculated using the eight minimum
data requirements method. Additionally, if it is determined that water quality characteristics
(e.g., hardness and alkalinity) affect toxicity, then a regression -based approach can be taken to
calculate the aquatic life criteria. Ramboll determined that the data gaps for in -stream potassium
criteria applicable to proposed receiving stream included acute data for a mussel in a low -
hardness water, and representative species indigenous (resident) to the area.
The in -stream modification process for WLHS and associated toxicity test design included
addressing the data gaps by investigating the relationship between potassium acute toxicity and
hardness using regression analysis on a low -hardness water, and utilizing an indigenous test
species.
2.2.2 SUPPLEMENTAL TOXICITY TESTING
While the existing acceptable database for potassium toxicity shows acute test results for waters
with a variety of hardness and alkalinity values, the data do not exhibit toxicity test results for a
mussel species in a low -hardness water and/or alkalinity. Thus, the existing data provide insight
to differences in sensitivity among test species to potassium and not differences in toxic response
of any single species to potassium due to changes in hardness and/or alkalinity. Additional
toxicity test results were required to investigate a relationship between potassium toxicity and
waters with low -hardness.
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2.2.2.1 Testing Design
Supplemental toxicity testing in support of an in -stream potassium value for WLHS included
acute toxicity testing with mussel species exposed to a low -hardness water. Based on the
existing acute acceptable database, and organism availability, supplemental toxicity tests were
conducted with Fatmucket and Lampsilis radiata (Eastern Lampmussel). Eastern Lampmussel was
selected as a representative indigenous (resident) test species.
Although Fatmucket were not indigenous to the proposed receiving streams, other species of the
genus Lampsilis were. Furthermore, this species is artificially propagated in quantities needed for
this study; has documented performance in toxicity tests meeting test acceptability criteria; and
is considered an acceptable surrogate for other mussel species. Imlay (1973) utilized Fatmucket
in addition to other mussel species in potassium toxicity tests. His study showed similar
responses between all mussel species tested. Therefore, Fatmucket was considered an
appropriate surrogate species to represent most mussel species found in moderately hard water
rivers.
2.2.2.2 Test Execution
2.2.2.2.1 GENERAL
Potassium, in the form of potassium chloride (KCI), was added to test waters to establish
potassium test concentrations. Reagent -grade or better (98% or higher) provided the potassium
source for all tests. All potassium stock solutions were prepared in the test water to be used in
the respective acute toxicity tests and diluted with the test water appropriate to the toxicity test
to be conducted. Since potassium is stable in water and concentration correlate well to
conductivity, solution conductivity values were confirmed by measuring conductivity daily during
the testing. Actual potassium concentrations were measured only in newly prepared toxicity test
waters for the acute tests.
"Range -finding" toxicity tests were not necessary due to the availability of acute potassium
toxicity data. Potassium test concentrations were established in a dilution series (minimum of
five exposures) utilizing test concentrations of 10, 20, 40, 70, and 100 mg/L nominal potassium
to provide appropriate dose/response curves. Test design was attempted to set dilution series
increments to bracket the midpoint of mortality responses. This was done to avoid "all or
nothing" dose/response curves and develop more meaningful dose/response data. In acute
toxicity tests, every effort was made to generate dose/response data that have between 10
percent and 100 percent mortality (average of replicates) in three exposure concentrations.
Alkalinity and hardness were measured in test dilution waters and potassium was measured in all
test solutions as detailed in this section.
All toxicity testing followed the test methods with key test features as outlined below. All toxicity
tests were supported by analytical analyses, water quality assessments (i.e., pH, conductivity,
dissolved oxygen, temperature), and documentation of test water hardness and alkalinity for
each batch of dilution water prepared. Methodologies for documentation of water quality
parameters (pH, conductivity, hardness, ammonia, etc.) followed standard methodologies (i.e.,
USEPA, Standard Methods) as outlined in the laboratory SOP manual (available upon request).
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2.2.2.2.2 TEST DILUTION WATER
Laboratory reconstituted dilution water was prepared at two different hardness values, 25 and 75
mg/L CaCO3. The dilution waters were prepared as described below and used in acute toxicity
tests. The following water quality parameters were documented for each batch of dilution water
used in all toxicity tests:
Total hardness
• Total alkalinity
• Total Residual Chlorine (TRC)
The low-water hardness water generally followed the recipe of standard reconstituted
USEPA/ASTM dilution waters (USEPA, 2002a, ASTM E729). The following reagent grade salts
were added to de -ionized water to prepare the reconstituted waters listed below:
• Standard USEPA/ASTM waters - NaHCO3, MgSO4, CaSO4, KCI
De -ionized water was obtained from municipal potable water that was passed through a U.S.
Filter, Inc. (or similar) initial deionization unit equipped with five water purifying cartridges
(ultrafiltration membrane, carbon cartridge, mixed bed ion exchange, mixed bed ion polisher,
and organic scavenger). The base water for the laboratory water is tested annually to ensure it's
free of toxics. Results of the annual testing are kept on file.
2.2.2.2.3 ACUTE TESTING
Laboratory acute toxicity test protocols followed the most recent edition of ASTM (2007) and
adhered to the laboratory SOP manual. Ramboll's SOP -specified acute toxicity testing methods
are available upon request. Only tests meeting data quality requirements specified by the EPA
Guidelines, USEPA (2000, 2002a) and ASTM were used in derivation of potassium aquatic value
(i.e., only data from acute tests with 90 percent or higher control survival will be used).
Fatmucket and Eastern Lampmussel acute tests were 96-hour static daily -renewal toxicity tests.
Test durations and protocols were as follows:
• Lampsiiis siiiquoidea and Lampsiiis radiata - 96 hr test following ASTM (2006) protocol.
Mortality was the test endpoint, with mortality assessed as detailed below in the species -specific
test protocols. Water quality parameters (hardness, alkalinity, pH, dissolved oxygen,
conductivity, and temperature) were documented in accordance with specific test protocols.
2.2.2.2.4 TEST ORGANISMS
Test organism sources, culturing, and maintenance procedures adhered to American Society for
Testing and Materials (ASTM) and USEPA protocols, and laboratory Standard Operating
Procedures (SOP). Key elements of the organism culturing and handling program are
summarized below.
Fatmucket were obtained from Missouri State University and Eastern Lampmussel were obtained
from Virginia Department of Game and Inland Fisheries for toxicity testing in Ramboll's aquatic
toxicity testing laboratory. Organisms of known age were received via next -day delivery, in
culture water similar to USEPA very soft water. Upon receipt, the temperate, pH, and dissolved
oxygen content of the water were documented. Mussels are not fed at test initiation and are
placed in designated culture and holding rooms at test temperature until the time of test
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initiation. Since potassium chloride is the toxicant used for routine mussel reference toxicant
testing at Ramboll, results were compared to the established data base for determination of
organism heath status.
2.2.3 SPECIES -SPECIFIC PROCEDURES
2.2.3.1 Acute test
Mussel toxicity tests were ASTM (2006) 96 hour static, daily -renewal toxicity tests conducted
under a 16:8 light:dark photoperiod at a test temperature of 25 °C. Test organisms age was
juvenile and less than 5 days post transformation at test initiation. Organisms were not fed
during acute toxicity tests. Four replicates of 5 organisms each were exposed to nominal
potassium concentrations of 0, 10, 20, 40, 70, and 100 mg/L. Water quality parameters (pH,
dissolved oxygen, conductivity, and temperature) were documented in all newly prepared and
24-hour-old test and control water exposures for the duration of the tests at test initiation, daily
renewal, and test termination. Test water temperatures were 25 +/-1 °C and pH was between
6.0-9.0 s.u.
2.2.3.2 QA/QC
The following QA/QC measures were implemented to ensure the validity of potassium analytical
results, and other supporting analyses:
• Use of only high -purity (greater than 98%) potassium chloride to establish potassium test
concentrations. Certification of analysis can be provided upon request.
• Obtaining from the manufacturer, a list of impurities in the potassium chloride used to
establish test concentrations.
• Use of a certified laboratory, and state and NELAC certified laboratory for all potassium
analyses.
• Use of a standardized sample identification and sample labeling system to ensure proper and
consistent sample identification (i.e., organism tested, test date, 'anew" or aged test solution,
etc.).
• Review of laboratory QA/QC data (method blanks, internal spike recoveries, etc.) to ensure
that all sample analyses are within specified control boundaries.
• Sample shipment under proper chain -of -custody.
• Daily calibration of laboratory meters (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity) used to measure
water quality conditions in toxicity tests. All meter calibration and related QA/QC
methodologies followed the approved toxicity testing SOPs. Any corrective measures were
implemented and documented.
• Test water hardness and alkalinity was assessed following procedures outlined in toxicity
testing SOPs. These protocols follow established EPA and ASTM methods, utilize
commercially -prepared reagents, and their accuracy is routinely evaluated using commercially
prepared standards.
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3. RESULTS AND CRITERIA DERIVATION
3.1 Literature Review
A literature search for potassium freshwater toxicity data was conducted in 2017 and again in
August 2018 to ensure all valid literature was obtained and included in the analysis. The same
data validity requirements, which are detailed in the EPA Guidelines and 15A NCAC 2B, were
applied to any data resulting from the updated literature search. The August 2018 literature
search revealed a recent publication (accepted for publication Wang et al, 7/30/2018,
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry) in which two chronic toxicity tests were conducted with
Fatmucket exposed to potassium chloride. The testing was conducted in 2013. In this chronic
study, Fatmucket were exposed to potassium concentrations with and without refugia substrate
(sand). The controls in both exposures met test acceptability criteria, however, the results of the
tests vary considerably.
Chronic (28-Day) Fatmucket data (Wang et al, 7/30/2018)
Test Regime ChV Biomass •
(NCDEQ Regulatory (mg/L)
Definition) (mg/L)
Water -only 32.0 23.0
Refugia substrate (sand) 6.9 8.7
NOTES:
ChV - geometric mean between the NOEC and LOEC.
Testing was conducted at hardness 100 mg/L CaCO3.
In the Wang study, there is discussion of biofouling of the substrate, indicating toxicity other than
that of potassium is evident. Because of the biofouling, the general trend would suggest that the
water -only exposure yields a more valid test. After Ramboll's review of the paper, it was
determined that the water -only test was valid and should therefore be added to the acceptable
chronic database.
It should be noted that both tests were conducted under general guidance of ASTM E2455-06
(2013) which are under development and have not been subjected to extensive interlaboratory
testing and review. Also, the ASTM guidance does not include refugia substrate in the method.
3.2 Toxicity Test Results
Acute aquatic toxicity testing with potassium, as described above in Section 2, was conducted in
August 2017. Acute test results are summarized and discussed below in terms of average
measured potassium and hardness concentrations. A summary of the testing results, including
95 percent confidence intervals, is presented on Reference Table 1. Acute test results for
Fatmucket showed a greater acute sensitivity to potassium at in a low hardness water than
Eastern Lampmussel. The Eastern Lampmussel, indigenous to the North Carolina streams, is
considered a low -hardness mussel and is much more tolerant of the lower hardness than
Fatmucket. In the two tests conducted, the Eastern Lampmussel was about 1.5 percent more
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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
tolerant to potassium than Fatmucket in the 25 mg/L CaCO3 hardness water and was
approximately twice as tolerant to potassium than Fatmucket in the 75 mg/L CaCO3 hardness
water.
3.2.1 ACUTE TEST RESULTS
Test acceptability criteria (i.e. control survival) were met for all acute tests. The 96-hour LC50
results for the testing were calculated based on measured values and are presented on Reference
Table 1. Water quality parameters (i.e., pH, temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity)
remained within acceptable limits for all tests. Supporting analytical analysis values measured at
the beginning of each test are presented on Reference Table 2. Since analytical measurements
(e.g., hardness, alkalinity, and potassium) were collected once at the beginning of the test,
individual analytical measurements were compared to nominal concentrations. Individual
analytical measurements were generally within 20% of the nominal test concentrations for each
test treatment.
The measured 96-hour LC50 results at hardness 25 were 37.2 mg/L for Eastern Lampmussel and
22.4 for Fatmucket. The measured 96-hour LC50 results at hardness 75 were 60.8 mg/L for
Eastern Lampmussel and 28.1 for Fatmucket. Because these data are valid, they were used in
the in -stream WLHS for North Carolina potassium benchmark development.
3.3 Potassium -Hardness Relationship
Freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) have a demonstrated sensitivity to potassium below that
of other regularly tested freshwater taxa. Of the roughly 300 known species, only Lampsilis
siliquoidea (the Fatmucket) has a robust potassium acute toxicity database in a range of water
quality conditions that is representative of where this species is found, the Mississippi River
basin. The database for long-term sublethal (growth or reproduction) effects to mussels is very
limited.
In 2017, Ramboll conducted acute testing with mussels to address the key data gaps related to
the toxicity of potassium to mussels for very soft water conditions (similar to those observed for
the Cedar Creek and Tar River). A further gap in the potassium toxicity database is a lack of
data for any Atlantic Slope (which includes the Tar/Pamlico river watershed in North Carolina)
mussel species. The testing results met the following objectives.
Generate acute potassium toxicity test data (over a range of potassium concentrations)
for two mussel species.
o Lampsilis radiata (Eastern Lampmussel) was selected as a representative Atlantic
Slope indigenous WLHS test species.
o Lampsilis siliquoidea (Fatmucket) mussel was selected as the second species as it
is the most commonly tested species in North America and has a robust
database.
• Generate data at a nominal hardness of 25 mg/L and 75 mg/L to:
o Test at the floor hardness of 25 mg/L presented in North Carolina regulations for
hardness -based metal criteria.
o Test at 75 mg/L hardness to serve as another comparison point between the two
species and further expand the dataset of potassium toxicity in low to moderate
hardness (<100 mg/L) waters.
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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
o Re-evaluate the predicted toxicity results based on the established
hardness/potassium toxicity relationship for the Fatmucket mussel in waters with
hardness from 100 to 400 mg/L as CaCO3 and determine if the relationship is
appropriate for Atlantic Slope mussels such as the Eastern Lampmussel.
The results of the acute testing with the Eastern Lampmussel and Fatmucket in reduced hardness
waters indicated that mussel species of the Atlantic Slope assemblage are more tolerant of
potassium than common species in the Mississippi River drainage at equivalent hardness
concentrations (Appendix 3).
Based on the Ramboll testing in 2017 (discussed in Appendix 3) and the results of previous acute
testing (Environ, 2012), Ramboll recognized the relationship between potassium toxicity to
Fatmucket mussels and hardness. In the Environ, 2012 testing, linear regression showed a high
degree of predictability (determination) between potassium concentration and hardness (R2 =
0.78) combined with a slope showing a 20% increase in the potassium LC50 concentration. From
these data, a potassium -hardness toxicity relationship was developed for the Fatmucket mussel
in waters with hardness from 100 to 400 mg/L as CaCO3 (Environ, 2012).
This relationship is defined as: LC50 (mg/L of potassium) = 0.1609(hardness)+26.872.
The relationship is used in a stepwise approach as presented below:
•.2018
ChV
and Biomass
1. Hardness
2.Test Endpoint (EC20 or
3. Ratio of Test
4. Multiply known
5.Test Endpoint
Value (mg/L
LC50) values (mg/L
Endpoint (EC20
Test Endpoint
(EC20 or LC50)
CaCO3)
potassium) at hardness
or LC50) values
(EC20 or LC50)
values (mg/L
in Step 1 as generated
values by ratio
potassium) at
from calculation
untested
hardness
25
0.1609 25 + 26.872 = 31
32.0 * 0.72
(Wang et al 2018
100
0.1609(100) + 26.872 = 43
31/43 = 0.72
23.0
ChV*ratio from
ste 3
25
0.1609 25 + 26.872 = 31
23.0* 0.72
(Wang et al 2018
100
0.1609(100) + 26.872 = 43
31/43 = 0.72
biomass
16.5
EC20*ratio from
ste 3
Though Ramboll recognizes the slope (adjustment factor), the assumption that toxicity behavior
outside of the tested hardness range is consistent was unknown. To confirm that the slope is
consistent below a hardness of 100 mg/L CaCO3, confirmatory testing of species adapted to low
hardness conditions was necessary. Because the potassium -hardness toxicity relationship
equation was not proven on low hardness waters, extrapolation to a hardness of 25 mg/L CaCO3
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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
utilizing the Fatmucket relationship between 100 mg/L and 400 mg/L CaCO3 hardness was
inappropriate.
Examples of the hardness/potassium toxicity relationship are presented below:
When the above equation is applied to the result of the Fatmucket hardness 75 mg/L CaCO3 data
point going to a lower hardness of 25 mg/L CaCO3 (data presented in Reference Table 1), the
result is:
Potassium -Hardness Relationship Calculation (using Reference
Table 1 Fatmucket
Hardness 75 mg/L •
1. Hardness
2.Test Endpoint (LC50)
3. Ratio of Test
4. Multiply known
5.Test Endpoint
Value (mg/L
values (mg/L potassium)
Endpoint
Test Endpoint
(LC50) value
CaCO3)
at hardness in Step 1 as
(LC50) values
(LC50) value
(mg/L
generated from
by ratio
potassium) at
calculation
untested
hardness
25
0.1609 25 + 26.872 = 31
31/38.9 = 0.7969
28.1 * 0.7969
22.4
75
0.1609 75 + 26.872 = 38.9
The value used in Step 4 is the Reference Table 1 Fatmucket 75 mg/L CaCO3 hardness result (28.1 mg/L
potassium).
In the measured data from Reference Table 1, the Fatmucket 96-hr LC50 value at hardness of 25
mg/L CaCO3 was 22.4 mg/L potassium. The result (Step 5) of the calculation immediately above
demonstrated the potassium concentration matches the test result of the measured Fatmucket at
a hardness of 25 mg/L CaCO3 (Reference Table 1).
For another example, starting with the geomean, of the Appendix 1 Fatmucket hardness 400
mg/L CaCO3 (geomean of 107, 95, 78, 72, 84 mg/L potassium) and applying the calculation for a
hardness 25 mg/L CaCO3, the result is:
•.tassium-Hardness
Relationship Calculation
(using Appendix
1 Fatmucket Hardness 400
CaCO3
Geomean)
1. Hardness
2.Test Endpoint (LC50) values
3. Ratio of Test
4. Multiply known 5.Test Endpoint
Value
(mg/L potassium) at
Endpoint
Test Endpoint (LC50) value
(mg/L
hardness in Step 1 as
(LC50) values
(LC50) value (mg/L potassium)
CaCO3)
generated from calculation
by ratio at untested
hardness
25
0.1609 25 + 26.872 = 31
31/91.3 = 0.3395
86 * 0.7969 29.2
400
0.1609 400 + 26.872 = 91.3
The value used in Step 4 is the geomean of the Appendix 1 Fatmucket 400 mg/L CaCO3 hardness (86 mg/L
potassium).
When the Appendix 1 Fatmucket hardness 400 mg/L CaCO3 geomean result (86 mg/L potassium)
is used in the hardness equation, the calculation at hardness 25 mg/L CaCO3 result is 29.2 mg/L
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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
potassium (Step 5). The calculated result in the table immediately above, although not exact, is
similar to the measured result from Reference Table 1 96-hr LC50 value at hardness of 25 mg/L
CaCO3 which is 22.4 mg/L potassium.
These examples and the results from testing with low hardness waters (Appendix 3) indicate the
potassium -hardness equation is valid for Fatmucket in waters ranging from hardness
concentrations of 25 to 400 mg/L CaCO3.
The potassium -hardness relationship, derived using acute testing, is also appropriate for use with
the chronic testing with Fatmucket as per the EPA Guidelines, Section VII. C. Note$. The EPA
Guidelines recognize the relationship between certain water quality characteristics (i.e. hardness)
and toxicity for metals and the best fit relationship is through acute toxicity. Application of
hardness derived acute relationships for metals is applied to chronic criteria noting the equation
slope for chronic criteria is either identical to or slightly less than the acute equation slope for
various metal species. This is evident in the National Ambient Water Quality Criteria - Aquatic
Life Criteria Table Appendix B (USEPA, 2018) and 15A NCAC 02B.0211 Table A. In the two
aforementioned tables, the slope for Chromium III, Lead, Nickel, and Zinc are the same for the
acute and chronic calculations, while the slope for Cadmium is slightly less in the chronic
calculation than in the acute calculation. The difference in the acute and chronic equations is
evident in the intercept values which represent the general acute to chronic ratio for these
metals.
When the potassium -hardness toxicity relationship is applied to the species mean acute value (44
mg/L potassium, Reference Table 4) for Fatmucket at a hardness of 100 mg/L CaCO3, the result
was 31.2 mg/L potassium at a hardness of 25 mg/L CaCO3. Although this value is slightly higher
than that observed in the acute testing (Reference Table 1 - 22.4 mg/L potassium), it is within
the expected range of Fatmucket testing and was on -target for the predicted result (Appendix 3).
Subsequently applying the potassium -hardness relationship to the chronic Wang et al 2018 data,
the chronic value was adjusted to 23.0 mg/L potassium and the Biomass EC20 was adjusted to
16.5 mg/L potassium, as shown in the calculation above and again presented in the table below.
Chronic (28-Day) Water -Only Fatmucket data (Wang et al, 7/30/2018)
Water Hardness ChV Regulatory Definition) Biomass EC20 (mg/L)
100 mg/L CaCO3 32.0 23.0
25 mg/L CaCO3 23.0 16.5
NOTES:
ChV - geometric mean between the NOEC and LOEC.
s EPA Guidelines Section VII. C. Note: Because the best documented relationship is that between hardness and acute toxicity of metals in fresh
water and a log -log relationship fits these data, geometric means and natural logarithms of both toxicity and water quality are used in the rest of
this section. For relationships based on other water quality characteristics, such as pH, temperature, or salinity, no transformation or a different
transformation might fit the data better, and appropriate changes will be necessary throughout this section. It is probably preferable, but not
necessary, to use the same transformation that was used with the acute values in Section V.
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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
In addition to the previous mussel testing (Environ, 2012), three other species were tested to
determine if there was a potassium -hardness relationship. Conversely, acute tests with C. dubia,
C. tentans, and A promelas showed a poor degree of determination (maximum R2 = 0.37, 0.07,
and 0.22, respectively) combined with slopes showing an increase of 20% to 17% increase in the
potassium LC50 concentration. Although a useful relationship between hardness and potassium
toxicity was seen with only the mussel Fatmucket, a meaningful slope and relationship (R2 > 70)
for at least two species is required to statistically define the potassium toxicity and hardness
relationship suitable for incorporation into criteria development (EPA Guidelines, Section V.A).
A strong relationship between potassium toxicity and hardness was observed for only the mussel,
and the two species requirement was not met. Criteria development that incorporated hardness
or alkalinity water quality conditions was not further pursued. However, because a potassium -
hardness relationship has been established for mussel species and mussels have been deemed an
important species in the proposed receiving waters, it is appropriate to use the potassium -
hardness relationship for calculating the criterion with respect to mussels, according to the EPA
Guidelines.
Refer to Appendix 3 for a more detailed description of the acute toxicity testing conducted at
Ramboll in 2017 with Fatmucket and Eastern Lampmussel, as well as observations for the
potassium -hardness relationship.
3.4 In -Stream Aquatic Life Value Calculations for WLHS
Appendix 1 presents the acceptable acute potassium toxicity database that was used to develop
the acute value for WLHS as per the EPA Guidelines. In Appendix 2, all studies reporting
potassium data are represented, however some studies were deemed unacceptable for use in
aquatic life value derivation. The acceptable acute potassium toxicity database includes data for
16 species and meets the eight family requirements. Since Salmonids are likely not residents due
to the temperatures of the proposed receiving streams, the common carp (C. carpio) was
substituted for the Salmonid family data point. The common carp has been documented to be
found in the proposed receiving streams. The Ceriodaphnia species, C. rigaudi in North Carolina
is rare as it prefers a tropical climate. Also, this species is known to predominately prefer larger
static waterbodies, such as ponds or lakes. Because the two aforementioned species are not
known to reside in the proposed WLHS, they have been removed from the acceptable acute
potassium database. Therefore, the in -stream acute value is applicable to waters where
Salmonids and C. rigaudi are not resident.
3.4.1 FINAL IN -STREAM WARM LOW HARDNESS SURFACE WATER OF NORTH CAROLINA
(WLHS) AQUATIC LIFE VALUES
The in -stream WLHS acute aquatic and chronic aquatic life values for potassium were calculated
based on the findings of the literature review, results of aquatic toxicity testing, the procedures
outlined the EPA Guidelines, and 15A NCAC 2B.0208. The potassium in -stream WLHS acute
concentration calculations are presented in Reference Table 5. The chronic concentration was a
direct measurement using the data from Wang et al 2018 and adjusted for lower hardness of 25
mg/L CaCO3 using the potassium -hardness relationship discussed in Section 3.3 and Appendix 3.
Both values are presented below:
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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
• Acute concentration = 17.14 mg/L (1/2 of the FAV determined using the EPA Guidelines)
• Chronic concentration = 16.5 mg/L (15A NCAC 2B .0208— direct measurement (Wang et al
2018 EC20))
The Wang et al 2018 EC20 value was used in lieu of the geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC
adjusted to a hardness of 25 mg/L CaCO3. Should the geometric mean of the NOEC and LOEC be
used, the result would be greater than the acute concentration. According to EPA Guidance
(Section XII, B), if the criterion is not consistent with sound scientific evidence, another criterion
should be derived. Because the traditional ChV for Fatmucket at a hardness of 25 mg/L CaCO3
results in a value greater than the acute criterion (23.0 mg/L potassium vs 17.14 mg/L
potassium) it makes sound scientific sense to use an alternative to the ChV, hence use of the
EC20. Using the Biomass EC20 value is not only scientifically sound, but also it is a direct
measurement of chronic toxicity.
The in -stream WLHS acute value and in -stream chronic value for potassium are applicable for the
proposed receiving waterbodies selected by Novozymes in Franklin County, North Carolina.
3.5 Other Considerations
Should there not have been enough appropriate data via direct measurement to develop
benchmark potassium values for WLHS of North Carolina, chronic values could have been
achieved through the application of an Acute -to -Chronic Ratio (ACR) using Approach 2a noted in
Section 1.1 above.
Reference Table 3 presents results from the previous chronic toxicity testing conducted at
Ramboll (Environ, 2012) along with the Wang et al 2018 data which were used to develop an
ACR as per NCDEQ guidelines. The ACR values and Final ACR value applied in derivation of the
chronic aquatic life value are presented in Reference Table 4. Chronic testing for the
Ceriodaphnia dubia (C. dubia) and Pimephales promelas (fathead minnow), and Fatmucket was
performed at the average hardness of 100 mg/L CaCO3. Previous testing indicated a minimal
relationship between hardness and potassium toxicity for C. dubia and fathead minnow,
furthermore, 100 mg/L CaCO3 is a common hardness for tests included in databases and often
results are adjusted to hardness 100 mg/L. Results from acute toxicity tests conducted at the
same hardness and alkalinity were paired with the results from the chronic tests to calculate
species specific ACR. The final ACR (FACR) was calculated as the geometric mean of the
individual species ACR (Reference Table 4).
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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
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Communication Used) (Publ in Part As 2406), 1968.
Pickering, Q.H., J.M. Lazorchak, and K.L. Winks, Subchronic Sensitivity of One-, Four-, and Seven -
Day -Old Fathead Minnow (Pimephales promelas) Larvae to Five Toxicants, Environ.Toxicol.Chem.
15(3):353-359, 1996.
Przytocka-Jusiak, M., Growth and Survival of Chlorella vulgaris in high Concentrations of Nitrogen,
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Purcell III, T.W., The Effects of Atrazine and Nitrate, Alone and in Combination, on a Natural
Phytoplankton Population of the Potomac River, Ph.D.Thesis, Univ.of Maryland, College Park,
MD:133 p.(1988) / Diss.Abstr.Int.B Sci.Eng. 49(8):3080, 1989.
Rao, V.N.R., and G. Ragothaman, Studies on Amphora coffeaeformis II. Inorganic and Organic
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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
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23/23

Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
REFERENCE TABLES

Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
Reference Table 1. Acute Potassium Toxicity Test Results for Lampsilis siliquoidea and Lampsilis
radiata (8/16/17)
Measured
F-0
Test Species or
Hardness
(mg/L as
Measured
96 hr LCSO
95%
Conf. Int.
Lampsilis radiata (Eastern Lampmussel)
25
37.2
29.3 - 36.5
Lampsilis radiata (Eastern Lampmussel)
75
60.8
56.7 - 65.2
Lampsilis siloquoides (Fatmucket)
25
22.4
19.8 - 25.3
Lampsilis siloquoides (Fatmucket)
75
28.1
24.9 - 31.8
Reference Table 2. Supporting Analytical Results for Dilution Waters for Acute Potassium Toxicity
Tests Lampsilis siliquoidea and Lampsilis radiata (8/16/17)
Parameter
Hardness
Nominal 25 mgi�
Hardness
Water
24.8
Nominal 75 mg/L
Hardness
Water
75.2
Units
mg/L CaCO3
Alkalinity
22.3
39.0
mg/L
TRC
< 0.02
< 0.02
mg/L
Calcium
6.28
20.1
mg/L
Magnesium
1.61
4.80
mg/L
Potassium
< 1.0
1.72
mg/L
Sodium
6.09
4.61
mg/L
Chloride
2.64
6.93
mg/L
Sulfate
12.7
40.7
mg/L

v
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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
Reference Table 4. Acute to Chronic Ratio Calculation
r
Acutil
Genus spec es SMAV
"4��ro n i
_qmry
"r
Data Reference
(mg/L)
Ceriodaphnia dubia 365
(mg/L)
164
2.22
ENVIRON 2012 unpublished
Pimephales promelas 453
232
1.95
ENVIRON 2012 unpublished
Lampsilis siloquoidea 44
32
1.38
Wang et al 2018
FACR =
1 1.81

Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
Reference Table S. Calculation of Warm Low Hardness Surface waters of North
Carolina (WLHS) Acute Potassium Aquatic Life Values
Applicable to the proposed Novoz mes North Carolina
receivinq
streams
GENUS SPECIES
RANK
•:
ROOT
Chironomus tentans
16
0.9412
0.9701
2,769
7.746
60.005
Hydroptila angusta
15
0.8824
0.9393
2,313
7.356
54.105
Cricotopus trifasciatus
14
0.8235
0.9075
1,565
7.167
51.366
Lepomis macrochirus
13
0.7647
0.8745
1,296
6.250
39.062
Pimephales promelas
12
0.7059
0.8402
518
6.201
38.446
Physella acuta
11
0.6471
0.8044
493
6.080
36.966
Cyprinus carpio
10
0.5882
0.7670
437
5.911
34.938
Ceriodaphnia dubia
9
0.5294
0.7276
369
5.429
29.478
Musculium transversum
8
0.4706
0.6860
228
5.389
29.042
Daphnia magna
7
0.4118
0.6417
219
5.147
26.497
Hyalella azteca
6
0.3529
0.5941
172
4.043
16.346
Lampsilis siloquoidea
5
0.2941
0.5423
57
4.043
16.346
Lampsilis radiata
4
0.2353
0.4851
48
3.871
14.986
Megalonaissas nervosa
3
0.1765
0.4201
47
3.850
14.824
Utterbackia imbecillis
2
0.1176
0.3430
45
3.807
14.491
Lasmi ona com lanata
1
0.0588
0.2425
34
3.526
12.435
Sum of 4 lowest Ps 0.5882
Sum of the 4 lowest square roots of Ps
1.4907
Square of the sum of the square roots of Ps
2.222
Sum of the four lowest natural logs of the GMAVs
15.05
Sum of the squared natural logs of the GMAVs
56.74
FAV CALCULATION IS AS FOLLOWS:
SZ =
0.077
0.03
SZ =
2.36
S =
1.5366
L =
3.1909
A =
3.5345
FAV =
34.28
Acute Concentration =
17.14
NOTES:
1. 1.Used only KCI, KSO4 data
2. Cyprinus carpio substituted for Salmonid data requirement.
3. Lampsilis radiata is shown as a separate mussel/data
entry, because
it is a representative
indigenous
species and responds differently to potassium than L. siliquoidea (Appendix
3).

Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
APPENDIX 1
ACCEPTABLE AQUATIC ACUTE TOXICITY DATABASE FOR POTASSIUM
WARM LOW HARDNESS SURFACE WATER OF NORTH CAROLINA AQUATIC
LIFE VALUE DERIVATION

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Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
APPENDIX 2
FRESHWATER POTASSIUM AQUATIC TOXICITY DATABASE LITERATURE
SEARCH RESULTS

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2 .4 D O N r,

Ramboll - Potassium Aquatic Life Values
APPENDIX 3
REVIEW OF POTASSIUM - HARDNESS TOXICITY RELATIONSHIP FOR
FRESHWATER MUSSELS

MEMO
Project no. 1690000122
From Rick Lockwood, Liza Heise, and Robin Richards, REM
REVIEW OF POTASSIUM - HARDNESS TOXICITY RELATIONSHIP
FOR FRESHWATER MUSSELS
INTRODUCTION
Freshwater mussels (family Unionidae) have a demonstrated sensitivity to
potassium below that of other regularly tested freshwater taxa. Of the roughly
300 known species, only Lampsiiis siiiquoidea (the Fatmucket) has a robust
potassium acute toxicity database in a range of water quality conditions that is
representative of where this species is found, the Mississippi River basin. The
database for long-term sublethal (growth or reproduction) effects to mussels is
very limited.
In 2017, Ramboll conducted testing with mussels to address the key data gaps
related to the toxicity of potassium to mussels for very soft water conditions
(similar to those observed for the Cedar Creek and Tar River). A further gap in
the potassium toxicity database is a lack of data for any Atlantic Slope (which
includes the Tar/Pamlico river watershed in North Carolina) mussel species. The
testing results met the following objectives.
1) Generate acute potassium toxicity test data (over a range of potassium
concentrations) for two mussel species.
a) A mussel species indigenous to the Atlantic Slope. Related to availability
and culture suitability. Lampsiiis radiata (Eastern Lampmussel) was
selected as a representative Atlantic Slope indigenous test species.
b) For comparative purposes, the second species selected was Lampsiiis
siiiquoidea (Fatmucket) mussel. The most commonly tested species in
North America.
2) Generate data at a nominal hardness of 25 mg/L and 75 mg/L to:
a) Test at the floor hardness of 25 mg/L presented in North Carolina
regulations for hardness -based metal criteria.
WATER
Ramboll
201 Summit View Drive
Suite 300
Brentwood, TN 37027
USA
T [phone]
F [phone]
www.ramboll.com
1/4

b) Test at 75 mg/L hardness to serve as another comparison point between the two species and
further expand the dataset of potassium toxicity in low to moderate hardness (<100 mg/L)
waters.
c) Re-evaluate the predicted toxicity results based on the established hardness/potassium toxicity
relationship for the Fatmucket mussel in waters with hardness from 100 to 400 mg/L as CaCO3,
and determine if the relationship is appropriate for Atlantic Slope mussels such as the Eastern
Lampmussel.
The results of the acute testing with the Eastern Lampmussel and Fatmucket in reduced hardness
waters indicated that mussel species of the Atlantic Slope assemblage are more tolerant of potassium
than common species in the Mississippi River drainage at equivalent hardness concentrations. Applying
this finding to derivation of chronic (sublethal) potassium limits is the focus of this memo.
ACUTE TOXICITY RESULTS FOR 25 MG/L AND 75 MG/L HARDNESS WATERS
The main observations and conclusions from the toxicity testing conducted in August 2017 are as
follows:
• The Eastern Lampmussel is less sensitive (as indicated by LC50) to potassium than the Fatmucket
mussel at both the 25 mg/L and 75 mg/L hardness (as CaCO3) levels.
25 mg/L Hardness Results
— Eastern Lampmussel measured LC50: 37.2 mg/L K
— Fatmucket measured LC50: 22.4 mg/L K
0 75 mg/L Hardness Results
— Eastern Lampmussel measured LC50: 60.8 mg/L K
— Fatmucket measured LC50: 28.1 mg/L K
For the Eastern Lampmussel, actual LC50 values were higher than predicted values'.
For the Fatmucket mussel, actual LC50 values were equal or lower than predicted values.
• For both species, the 95 percent Confidence Intervals around the measured LC50 values are small,
for example the single test percent span confidence interval compared to the LC50 values range
from 14 to 32 (calculation not shown). These results indicate good quality data and a high level of
certainty associated with the measured LC50 values.
The predicted LC50 values based on the Fatmucket derived models for a hardness 25 mg/L as CaCO3
are 31mg/L K for the Ramboll model and 30 mg/L K for the Wang model. The Eastern Lamp mussel
demonstrated 20 - 23 percent less sensitivity to K compared to model predictions at hardness 25. The
predicted LC50 values based on the Fatmucket derived models for a hardness 75 mg/L as CaCO3 are 40
mg/L K for the Ramboll model and 38 mg/L K for the Wang model. The Eastern Lamp mussel
demonstrated 52 - 60 percent less sensitivity to K compared to model predictions at hardness 75.
MUSSEL CHRONIC TOXICITY DATA
A recent publication (accepted for publication Wang et al, 7/30/2018) details two chronic toxicity tests
conducted with mussels exposed to potassium chloride. It should be noted that both tests were
A hardness/potassium toxicity relationship was developed for the Fatmucket mussel in waters with hardness from 100 to 400 mg/L
as CaCO3. This relationship is defined as: LC50 (mg/L of potassium) = 0.1609(hardness)+26.872. Wang 2017 developed a similar
function LC50 (mg/L of potassium) = 0.146(hardness)+26.7
2/4

conducted under general guidance of ASTM E2455-06 (2013) which are under development and have
not been subjected to extensive interlaboratory testing and review. Both were conducted by USGS in
2013 (Wang et al, 2018), and used Fatmucket mussels. The results are summarized below:
• A 28-day study (2013) conducted in hardness 100 laboratory water with no refugia substrate (no -
sand or water only) and,
• A 28-day study (2013) conducted in hardness 100 laboratory water with refugia substrate (sand).
The significant difference between the two side by side tests introduces a large degree of uncertainty for
interpretation. The control performance for both tests (with and without sand) differs by less than 1
percent indicating that the sand substrate compounded the potassium toxicity in these exposures. This
would suggest that the water only results are more valid with fewer uncontrolled variables in the study,
and the results from the sand substrate test should not be used solely as the basis for determining the
chronic toxicity of potassium to mussels.
• ACR calculations are based on the corresponding Fatmucket hardness 100 database 96-hour LC50 =
44 mg/L K.
The chronic values (ChV) and EC20 values for the water only 28-day test at hardness 100 without sand
are:
• Biomass ChV = 32 mg/L K (ACR = 1.38)
• Biomass EC20 = 23 mg/L K (ACR = 1.91)
These results can be adjusted to hardness of 25 mg/L using same equation as for in footnote 1 above:
ACR calculations are based on the corresponding Fatmucket hardness 25 adjustment of the database
96-hour LC50 = 31.7 mg/L K
The adjusted chronic values (ChV) or EC20 values for the water only 28-day test at hardness 25 without
sand are:
• Biomass ChV = 23.1 mg/L K (ACR = 1.37)
• Biomass EC20 = 16.6 mg/L K (ACR = 1.91)
Chronic Criteria Derivations and Use of Indigenous Species and Ambient Site
Conditions
The hardness based acute sensitivity to potassium demonstrated by the indigenous Eastern Lampmussel
is significantly less than for surrogate mussel species in the data base. Therefore, it is appropriate to
assume that chronic tolerance will also be greater, especially since ambient potassium levels in Atlantic
slope streams are comparable to streams supporting mussels in other parts of the US where hardness is
greater. Furthermore, there is precedent for using resident or locally indigenous species for deriving
water quality criteria.
Given the level of uncertainty for the present database of chronic potassium toxicity to mussels, use of
the water only 28-day biomass results is considered the best available data for development of a
chronic potassium criteria for surface waters in Franklin County, NC. However, because of the
3/4

uncertainty of the chronic toxicity database, multiple options for derivation are appropriate and
defensible.
1) NCDEQ regulatory definition (15A NCAC 2B.202(15)) - Direct use of hardness adjusted ChV (23.1
mg/LK) or EC20 value (16.6 mg/L K).
2) Indigenous mussel acute at site hardness and average of 3 representative ACR's (fathead minnow,
C. dubia, and 28-day Fatmucket water only result) - Eastern Lampmussel LC50 of 37.2 mg/L K /
ACR of 1.815 = 20.5 mg/LZ K.
Z Using the chronic geometric mean of the Fatmucket NOEC and LOEC in the ACR calculation would yield results greater than the
acute concentration. Therefore, the value of 16.6 mg/L K is recommended as the chronic concentration.
4/4