WQ0002332_Final Permit_19940815

State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Management
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
August 15, 1994
Mr. Bob Quincy, Vice President
Lakewood Truckers Paradise
Route 2, Box 169
Halifax, North Carolina 27839
IT 19;VA
LT.
41*
A&
C)EHNR
Subject: Permit No. WQ0002332
Lakewood Truckers Paradise
Wastewater Treatment
Wastewater Spray Irrigation
Halifax County
Dear Mr. Quincy;
In accordance with your application received April 26, 1994, we are forwarding herewith Permit
No. WQ0002332 dated August 15, 1994, to Lakewood Truckers Paradise for the continued operation of
the subject wastewater treatment and spray irrigation facilities.
This permit shall be effective from the date of issuance until July 31, 1999, and shall be subject to
the conditions and limitations as specified therein. Please pay particular attention to the monitoring
requirements in this permit. Failure to establish an adequate system for collecting and maintaining the
required operational information will result in future compliance problems. Issuance of this permit hereby
voids Permit No. WQ0002332 issued February 2, 1990.
If any parts, requirements, or limitations contained in this permit are unacceptable, you have the
right to request an adjudicatory hearing upon written request within thirty (30) days following receipt of
this permit. This request must be in the form of a written petition, conforming to Chapter 150B of the
North Carolina General Statutes, and fled with the Office of Administrative Hearings, P.O. Drawer
27447, Raleigh, NC 27611-7447. Unless such demands are made this permit shall be final and binding.
If you need additional information concerning this matter, please contact Mr. John Seymour at
[phone].
Sincerely,
f
A. Press Howard, Jr., P.E.
cc: Halifax County Health Department
Raleigh Regional Office, Water Quality
Raleigh Regional Office, Groundwater
Groundwater Section, Jack Floyd
Training and Certification Unit
Facilities Assessment Unit
P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post -consumer paper

NORTH CAROLINA
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT, HEALTH AND NATURAL RESOURCES
RALEIGH
SPRAY IRRIGATION SYSTEM PERMIT
In accordance with the provisions of Article 21 of Chapter 143, General Statutes of North Carolina as
amended, and other applicable Laws, Rules, and Regulations
PERMISSION IS HEREBY GRANTED TO
Lakewood Truckers Paradise
Halifax County
• C ITI
continued operation of a 15,000 GPD spray irrigation treatment and disposal facility consisting of a 1,200
gallon oillwater separator, a 2,000 gallon septic tank/pump tank with dual 40 GPM pumps and high water
alarm, an approximate 920,000 gallon capacity lagoon, a 4,000 gallon chlorine contact chamber (with a
chamber hosing a hypochlorinator tank with a metering pump), an irrigation pump tank with a 154 GPM
and high water alarm, a 376,750 square foot zoned irrigation field, and all associated piping, valves,
controls, meters, and appurtenances to serve Lakewood Truckers Paradise with no discharge of wastes to
the surface waters, pursuant to the application received April 26, 1994, and in conformity with the project
plan, specifications, and other supporting data subsequently filed and approved by the Department of
Environment, Health and Natural Resources and considered a part of this permit.
This permit shall be effective from the date of issuance until July 31, 1999, and shall be subject to
the following specified conditions and limitations:
I. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS
1. The spray irrigation facilities shall be effectively maintained and operated at all times so that
there is no discharge to the surface waters, nor any contamination of ground waters which
will render them unsatisfactory for normal use. In the event that the facilities fail to
perform satisfactorily, including the creation of nuisance conditions or failure of the
irrigation area to adequately assimilate the wastewater, the Permittee shall take immediate
corrective actions including those actions that may be required by the Division of
Environmental Management, such as the construction of additional or replacement
wastewater treatment and disposal facilities.
2. The issuance of this permit shall not relieve the Permittee of the responsibility for damages
to surface or groundwaters resulting from the operation of this facility.
3. The residuals generated from these treatment facilities must be disposed in accordance with
General Statute 143-215.1 and in a manner approved by the North Carolina Division of
Environmental Management.
4. Diversion or bypassing of the untreated wastewater from the treatment facilities is
prohibited.

5. The following buffers shall be maintained:
a) 400 feet between wetted area and any residence or places of public assembly under
separate ownership,
b) 150 feet between wetted area and property lines,
c) 100 feet between wetted area and wells,
d) 100 feet between wetted area and drainageways or surface water bodies,
e) 50 feet between wetted area and public right of ways,
f) 100 feet between wastewater treatment units and wells, and
g) 50 feet between wastewater treatment units and property lines.
Some of the buffers specified above may not have been included in previous permits for
this waste treatment and disposal system. These buffers are not intended to prohibit or
prevent modifications, which are required by the Division, to improve performance of the
existing treatment facility. These buffers do, however, apply to modifications of the
treatment and disposal facilities which are for the purpose of increasing the flow that is
tributary to the facility. These buffers do apply to any expansion or modification of the
spray irrigation areas and apply in instances in which the sale of property would cause any
of the buffers now complied with, for the treatment and disposal facilities, to be violated.
The applicant is advised that any modifications to the existing facilities will require a permit
modification.
6. A freeboard of at least two (2) feet shall be maintained in the lagoon at all times.
H. -OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE REQUIREMENTS
1. The facilities shall be properly maintained and operated at all times.
2. Upon classification of the facility by the Certification Commission, the Permittee shall
employ a certified wastewater treatment plant operator to be in responsible charge (ORC) of
the wastewater treatment facilities. The operator must hold a certificate of the type and
grade at least equivalent to or greater than the classification assigned to the wastewater
treatment facilities by the Certification Commission. The Permittee must also employ a
certified back-up operator of the appropriate type and grade to comply with the conditions
of Title 15A, Chapter 8A, .0202. The ORC of the facility must visit each Class I facility at
least weekly and each Class 11, III, and IV facility at least daily, excluding weekends and
holidays, and must properly manage and document daily operation and maintenance of the
facility and must comply with all other conditions of Title 15A, Chapter 8A, .0202.
3. A suitable vegetative cover of woodlands shall be maintained over the spray field(s).
4. Irrigation shall not be performed during inclement weather or when the ground is in a
condition that will cause runoff.
5. Adequate measures shall be taken to prevent wastewater runoff from the spray field.
6. The facilities shall be effectively maintained and operated as a non -discharge system to
prevent the discharge of any wastewater resulting from the operation of this facility.
7. The application rate shall not exceed 91 inches per year at an instantaneous application rate
not to allow runoff or disruptions of the suitable vegetative cover.
8. No type of wastewater other than that from Lakewood Truckers Paradise shall be sprayed
onto the irrigation area.
9. No traffic or equipment shall be allowed on the disposal area except while installation
occurs or while normal maintenance is being performed.

10. Public access to the land application sites shall be controlled during active site use. Such
controls may include the posting of signs showing the activities being conducted at each
site.
III, MONITORING AND REPORTING REOLIIREMENTS
1. Any monitoring (including groundwater, surface water, soil or plant tissue analyses)
deemed necessary by the Division of Environmental Management to insure surface and
ground water protection will be established and an acceptable sampling reporting schedule
shall be followed.
2. Adequate records shall be maintained by the Permittee tracking the amount of wastewater
disposed. These records shall include, but are not necessarily limited to, the following
information:
a) date of irrigation,
b) volume of wastewater irrigated,
c) field irrigated,
d) length of time field is irrigated,
e) continuous weekly, monthly, and year-to-date hydraulic (inches/acre) loadings for each
field,
f) weather conditions, and
g) maintenance of cover crops.
h) Chlorine residual (by colormetric method) on a monthly basis
3. The effluent from the subject facilities shall be monitored by the Permittee at the point prior
to irrigation every February, June, and September for the following parameters:
Fecal Coliform
pH
NH3 as N
4. Three copies of all operation and disposal records (as specified in condition 1112), and all
effluent monitoring data (as specified in condition Iii 3) and any other data as may be
required shall be submitted on or before the last day of the following month to the
following address:
NC Division of Environmental Management
Water Quality Section
Facility Assessment Unit
PO Box 29535
Raleigh, NC 27626-0535
5. Noncompliance Notification:
The Permittee shall report by telephone to the Raleigh Regional Office, telephone number
919/ 571-4700 as soon as possible, but in no case more than 24 hours or on the next
working day following the occurrence or first knowledge of the occurrence of any of the
following:
a. Any occurrence at the wastewater treatment facility which results in the treatment of
significant amounts of wastes which are abnormal in quantity or characteristic, such as
the dumping of the contents of a sludge digester, the known passage of a slug of
hazardous substance through the facility, or any other unusual circumstances;
3

b. Any process unit failure, due to known or unknown reasons, that renders the facility
incapable of adequate wastewater treatment, such as mechanical or electrical failures of
pumps, aerators, compressors, etc.;
c. Any failure of a pumping station, sewer line, or treatment facility resulting in a by-pass
directly to receiving waters without treatment of all or any portion of the influent to
such station or facility; or
d. Any time that self-monitoring information indicates that the facility has gone out of
compliance with its permit limitations.
Persons reporting such occurrences by telephone shall also file a written report in Ietter
form within 15 days following first knowledge of the occurrence. This report must outline
the actions taken or proposed to be taken to ensure that the problem does not recur.
IV. GROUNDWATER REQUIREMENTS
1. The three (3) existing monitor wells (MW -1, MW -2, MW -3) depicted on the attached site
map (Attachment A) shall be sampled every February, June, and September for the
following parameters:
NO3 Total Ammonia
NO2 TDS
TOC pH
Water Level Chloride
Fecal Coliform
Volatile Organic Compounds - In September only (by Method 1 or 2 below)
Method 1: Method 6230D (Capillary - Column), "Standard Methods For The
Examination of Water and Wastewater", 17th ed., 1989
Method 2: Method 502.2 "Methods For The Determination Of Organic Compounds
In Drinking Water", U.S. EPA -600/4-88/039
The measurement of water levels must be made prior to sampling for the remaining
parameters. The depth to water in each well shall be measured from the surveyed point on
the top of the casing.
The measuring points (top of well casing) of all monitoring wells shall be surveyed to
provide the relative elevation of the measuring point for each monitoring well.
If TOC concentrations greater than 10 mg/1 are detected in any downgradient monitoring
well, additional sampling and analysis must be conducted to identify the individual
constituents comprising this TOC concentration. If the TOC concentration as measured in
the background monitor well exceeds 10 mg/l, this concentration will be taken to represent
the naturally occurring TOC concentration. Any exceedances of this naturally occurring
TOC concentration in the downgradient wells shall be subject to the additional sampling
and analysis as described above.
If any volatile organic compounds are detected by method 6230D, or the equivalent method
502.2, then EPA methods 604 and 611 must also be run to detect other organic compounds
which may be present. The results of all analyses specified in the monitoring requirements,
including 604 and 611 if required, must be submitted simultaneously.
4

The results of the sampling and analysis shall be sent to the Groundwater Section, Permits
and Compliance Unit, P.O. Box 29535 Raleigh, N.C. 27626-0535 on Form GW -59
[Compliance Monitoring Report Form] every March, July, and October.
2. Any additional groundwater quality monitoring, as deemed necessary by the Division, shall
be provided.
3. The COMPLIANCE BOUNDARY for the disposal system is specified by regulations in
15A NCAC 2L, Groundwater Classifications and Standards. The Compliance Boundary
for the disposal system constructed prior to December 31, 1983 is established at either (1)
500 feet from the waste disposal area, or (2) at the property boundary, whichever is closest
to the waste disposal area. An exceedance of Groundwater Quality Standards at or beyond
the Compliance Boundary is subject to immediate remediation action in addition to the
penalty provisions applicable under General Statute 143-215.6A(a)(1).
In accordance with 15A NCAC 2L, a REVIEW BOUNDARY is established around the
disposal systems midway between the Compliance Boundary and the perimeter of the
waste disposal area. Any exceedance of standards at the Review Boundary shall require
remediation action on the part of the permittee.
V . INSPECTIONS
1. Adequate inspection, maintenance, and cleaning shall be provided by the Permittee to
insure proper operation of the subject facilities.
2. The Permittee or his designee shall inspect the wastewater treatment and disposal facilities
to prevent malfunctions and deterioration, operator errors and discharges which may cause
or lead to the release of wastes to the environment, a threat to human health, or a nuisance.
The Permittee shall keep an inspection log or summary including at least the date and time
of inspection, observations made, and any maintenance, repairs, or corrective actions taken
by the Permittee. This log of inspections shall be maintained by the Permittee for a period
of three years from the date of the inspection and shall be made available upon request to
the Division of Environmental Management or other permitting authority.
3. Any duly authorized officer, employee, or representative of the Division of Environmental
Management may, upon presentation of credentials, enter and inspect any property,
premises or place on or related to the disposal site or facility at any reasonable time for the
purpose of determining compliance with this permit, may inspect or copy any records that
must be maintained under the terms and conditions of this permit, and may obtain samples
of groundwater, surface water, or leachate.
4. Oil drained from engine crankcases or degreasing solvents waste shall not be discharged
into the disposal system.
V1. GENERAL CONDITIONS
1. This permit shall become voidable unless the facilities are constructed in accordance with
the conditions of this permit, the approved plans and specifications, and other supporting
data.
2. This permit is effective only with respect to the nature and volume of wastes described in
the application and other supporting data.
3. This permit is not transferable. In the event there is a desire for the facilities to change
ownership, or there is a name change of the Permittee, a formal permit request must be
submitted to the Division of Environmental Management accompanied by an application
fee, documentation from the parties involved, and other supporting materials as may be

appropriate. The approval of this request will be considered on its merits and may or may
not be approved.
4. Failure to abide by the conditions and limitations contained in this permit may subject the
Permittee to an enforcement action by the Division of Environmental Management in
accordance with North Carolina General Statute 143-215.6(a) to 143-215.6(c).
5. The issuance of this permit does not preclude the Permittee from complying with any and
all statutes, rules, regulations, or ordinances which may be imposed by other government
agencies (local, state, and federal) which have jurisdiction.
6. A set of approved pians and specifications for the subject project must be retained by the
Permittee for the life of the project.
7. The annual administering and compliance fee must be paid by the Permittee within thirty
(30) days after being billed by the Division. Failure to pay the fee accordingly may cause
the Division to initiate action to revoke this permit as specified by 15A NCAC 2H .0205
(c)(4)•
8. The Permittee, at least six (6) months prior to the expiration of this permit, shall request its
extension. Upon receipt of the request, the Commission will review the adequacy of the
facilities described therein, and if warranted, will extend the permit for such period of time
and under such conditions and limitations as it may deem appropriate.
9. Issuance of this permit hereby voids Permit No.WQ0002332 issued February 2, 1990.
Permit issued this the 15th day of August, 1994
NORTH CAROLINA ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION
0f� . jyr
(I C1-1- "(4LAL
A. Preston 11oward, Jr., PI., Director
Division of nvironmental Management
By Authority of the Environmental Management Commission
Permit Number WQ0002332

1
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4 �
ITEM
(1)
(2)
(3)
RATING SCALE FOR CLASSIFICATION OF FACILITIES
Name of Plant:L: a 1C"& rl 0144e5 PM V -r bI -=_
Owner or Contact Person: nir, a6 Q A j 14 C i
Mailing Address: 7,o _C- 27939
County: Ha Telephone:
NPDES Permit No. NC -00 Nondisc. Per, No. W(a 2-33 a _
Issue Date: Expiration Date:
Existing Facility„ t� _ - New Facility
Rated By: Yegmcg,- Dater
Reviewed (Train. & Cert.) Reg. Office
Reviewed (Train. & Cert.) Central Office
ORC
Plant Class: (circle one) L%
POINTS
Industrial Pretreatment Units and/or
2
Industrial Pretreatment Program
(see definition No. 33)
4
DESIGN FLOW OF PLANT 1N GPD
8
{not applicable to non -contaminated cooling waters, sludge
handling facilities for water purification plants, totally
(4) PRIMARY TREATMENT UNITS
closed cycle systems (del, No. 11), and fadlities
(a) Septic Tank (see definition no. 43) ..............
consisting only of Item (4) (d) or Items (4) (d) and {11) (
0 -- 20,000 ..........................
5
20,001 - 50,000 ..........................
2
50,001 - 100,000 ..........................
3
100,D01 — 250,000 ..........................
4
250,001 -• 500,000 ..........................
5
500,001 --1,000,000 ..........................
a
1,000,001 -- 2,000,000 ......... . .. . . .......
10
2,000,001 (and up) - rale 1 point additional for each
2
200,ODO gpd capacity up to�a
maximum of 30 . .1
Design Flow (gpd) :
PRELIMINARY UNITS (see definition no, 32)
(a) Bar Screens ................................ 1
or
(b) Mechanical Screens, Static Screens or
Comminuting Devices ........................ 2
(c) Grit Removal ............................... 1
or
(d) Mechanical or Aerated Grit Removal ........... 2
(e) Flow Measuring Device ....................... (9
or
(f) Instrumented Flow Measurement .............. 2
(g) Preaera[ion................................ 2
(h) Influent Flow,Equalizalion ........... . .......
2
O Grease or Oil Separators - Gravity ..........67
Mechanical ..........
3
Dissolved Air Flotation.
8
G) Prechlorinalion ................y .:...........
5
(4) PRIMARY TREATMENT UNITS
a
(a) Septic Tank (see definition no. 43) ..............
(b) Imhoff Tank ........ . ...... . ..................
5
(c) Primary Clarifiers ............................
5
(d) Settling Ponds or Settling Tanks for inorganic
Non-toxic Materials (sludge handling facilities
for water purification plants, sand, gravel,
stone, and other mining operations except
recreational activities such as gem or gold
mining) .....................................
2
Grade
lI III IV Total Paints z2
(5) SECONDARY TREATMENT UNITS
(a) CiarbonaCeDUs Stage
(i)Aeration - High Purity Oxygen System .... .
Diffused Air System ...........
Mechanical Air System (fixed,
floating or rotor) .. - - ...... • .. .
Separate Sludge Reaeration .. - .
(ii) Trickling Filter
High Rate . ................ .
Standard Rate ...............
Packed Tower ...............
(iii) Biological Aerated Filter or Aerated
Biological Filter ... • ....... . . ........ .
(iv) Aerated Lagoons ..................... .
(v) Rotating Biological Contactors .... - - . - - -
(vi) Sand Filters -
intermittent biological , ... .
recirculating biological .... .
(vu) Stabilization Lagoons ............... . .. .
(viii)Clarifier ..............................
(ix) Single stage system for combined
carbonaceous removal of 11301) and
nitrogenous removal by nitrification
(see del. No. 12) (Points for this item
have to be in addition to items (5) (a)
0i through (5) (a) (viii) ... ..... .
(x) Nulrienl additions to enhance 1300
removal .............. - .
(xi) Biological Culture (`Super Bugs") addition
to enhance organic compound removal .... .
(b) Nitrogenous Stage
(i) Aeralion - High Purity Oxygen System .....
Diffused Air System ...........
Mechanical Air System (fixed,
floating, or rotor) ...... ......
Separate Sludge Reaeration .....
(ii) Trickling Filter
High Rale ..............
Standard Rate ............
Packed Tower ............
(iii) Biological Aerated Filter or Aerated
Biological Filter . ................... .
(iv) Rotating Biological CDnlaCIQrS ............
(v) Sand Filter -
intermittent biological ........
recirculating biological ........
(v i) Clarifier . .............................. .
20
10
B
3
7
5
5
10
10
10
2
3
5
8
5
5
20
10
8
3
7
5
5
10
10
2
3
5

,) rEF+T'A'2Y OR ADVANCED TREATMENT UNIT t
(10) CHEMICAL ADDITION SYSTEM (S) (See definition No. 9)
{a) Activated Carbons Beds -(not
applicable to chemical additions rated as item
without Carbon regeneration ...... . ......... 5
(3) �). (5) (a) (xi), (6) (a), (6) (b), (7) (b), (1) (e),
with carbon regeneration . . .................. 15
(9)(a), (9) (b), or {9) (c) 5 points each: List:
(b) powdered or Granular Activated Carbon Feed -
5
without carbon regeneration ................. 5
-
with carbon regeneration ..................... 15
5
(c) Air Stripping ......................... 5
5
(d) Denitrification Process (separate process) ..... i o
(e) Electrodialysis .............................. 5
(11) MISCELLANEOUS UNITS
(f) Foam Separation ............................. 5
(a) Holding Ponds, Holing Tanks or Settling Ponds
(Q} ion Exchange ................................ 5
for Organic or Toxic Materials Including wastes
h Land Application of Treated Effluent O
from mining operations containing nitrogen and/or
(see definition no. 22b) (not applicable for
phosphorous compounds in amounts significantly
sand, gravel, stone and other similar mining
greater than is common for domestic wastewater .......... 4
operations)
(b) Effluent Flow Equalization (not applicable to storage
(i) on agriculturally managed sites (See del. basins which are inherent in land application systems). 2
No. 4) ......... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 10 basins
(c) Stage Discharge (not applicable to storage -
(ii) by high rate }nliftralion an non -agriculturally
inherent in land application systems ...............
managed sites (includes rotary distributors
(d) Pumps._......—_ - AN
and similar fixed nozzle systems) ........... 4
e Stand -By Power 5u 1 3
(ii) by subsurface disposal (includes low pressure
(f) Thermal pollution ConL•o1 Device:._ ............................ 3
pipe systems and gravity systems except at
plants consisting of septic lank and nitrifica-
tion lines only) ............................ 4
TOTAL POINTS 2- C7_
nMfcroscreens............ . .................. 5
{j) phosphorus Remoaal by Biological Processes
CLASSIFICATION
(See del_ No. 26) ............................ 20
�-
(k) polishing Ponds - without aeration ....... 2
Class € L__ _ 5 - 25 Points
with aeration .......... 5lass
I! _ . �,. 26- 50 Points
(I) post Aeration - cascade ... _ .. 0
Class 51- 65 Points
diffused or mechanical ... 5
Class fV. ..._.. _ 66- Up Points
(m) Reverse Osmosis ............................... 5
(n) Sand or Mixed -Media Fillers - low rate ........... 2
Facilities having a rating or one through four points, Indusive,
high rate .......... 5
do not require a certified operator. Classification of all other
(o) Treatment processes for removal of metal or
facilities requires a comparable grade operator In responsible
cyanide.................................... 15
charge.
gyp) Treatment processes for remove€ of toxic
materials other than metal or Cyanide ......... 15
Facilities having an activated sludge process will be assigned
a minimum classification of Class 11.
SLUDGE TREATMENT
Facilities having treatment processes for the removal of metal
(a) Sludge Digestion Tank - Heated ...............
10 or cyanide will be assigned a minimum classification of Class It.
Aerobic...............
5
Unheated .............
3 Facilities having treatment processes for the biological removal
5
(b) Sludge Stabilization (chemic:] or thermal) .......
of phosphorus will be assigned a minimum classification of Class
(c) Sludge Drying Beds - Gravity... _ ........
2 III.
Vacuum Assisled .......
5
(d) Sludge Elutrialion .............................
5 In-ptant processes and related control equipment which are an
(e) Sludge Conditioner (chemical or thermal) ........
5 integral part of industrial production shall not be considered waste
(f) Sludge Thickener (gravity) ......................
5 treatment. Likewise, discharges of wastewater from residences
{g) Dissolved Air Flotation Unit
having a design flow of 1,000 gpd or less, shall not be subject to
(not applicable to a unit rales as (3) () .........
8 rating.
(h) Sludge Gas Utilization (including gas storage) ....
2
(i) Sludge Bolding Tank - Aerated ................
5 ADDITIONAL COMMENTS_
Non-aerated ............
2
(j Sludge Incinerator - (not including activated
carbon regeneration) ..
10
(k) Vacuum Filler, Centrifuge or Filter Press or other
similar dewalering devices ....................
10
(B) SLUDGE DISPOSAL (including incinerated ash)
(a) Lagoons .........................................
2
(b) Land Application (surface and subsurface)
(see definition 22a)
-where the facility holds the land app. permit ...
10
-by contracting to a land applicitlion operator who
holds the land application per6l ................
2
-land app%alion of sludge by a contractor who does
not hold the permit for the wastewater treatment
facility where the sludge -is generated .........
10
(c) Landfilled {burial) ............................
5
(9) DISINFECTION
(a) Chlorination .............. ........... .
(b) Dechlorination ........................
5
(c) Ozone ..............................
5
(d) Radiation ..........................
5