20070812 Ver 1_Public Comments_20080502 (2645)

PARKER POE ADAMS & BERNSTEIN LLP
Thomas N. Griffin, III
Partner
Telephone: [phone]
Direct Fax: [phone]
tomgri ffin@parkerpoe. com
Attorneys and Counselors at Law
May 1, 2008
VIA FEDERAL EXPRESS and E-MAIL
Mr. John Dorney
401 Development Unit Supervisor
North Carolina Division of Water Quality
Wetlands and Stormwater Branch
2321 Crabtree Boulevard
Raleigh, North Carolina 27604
Three Wachovia Center
Suite 3000
401 South Tryon Street
Charlotte, NC 28202-1935
Telephone [phone]
Fax [phone]
www.parkerpoe.com
ag, @ 9 M 9 U?
MAY 2 2008
NR WATER QUAU?
DE
LANDS AND STORMWATER BRANCH
V&T
Re: Comments by Stanly County to Section 401 Water Quality Certification
Alcoa Power Generating, Inc. FERC Relicensing Project No. P-2197-0000
DWQ Project Number 2007-0812
Dear Mr. Dorney:
I represent Stanly County, North Carolina (the "County") with respect to matters arising
out of the request by Alcoa Power Generating, Inc. ("APGI") for a water quality certification
under Section 401 of the Federal Clean Water Act. As you know, APGI is seeking a new 50-
year license from the Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC") to operate its Yadkin
Hydropower Project (FERC No. P-2197) located on the Yadkin River in North Carolina (the
"Project"). The Project includes the Narrows Dam (the "Dam") on Badin Lake. The Lake, in
turn, is a significant, 5,300-acre water body located along Stanly County's northeastern boundary
that serves as a primary drinking water source and is one of the best fishing and swimming lakes
in North Carolina. The County is vitally interested in the Lake's condition, and is writing to urge
the Division of Water Quality ("DWQ") either to deny APGI's request for a Section 401
certification or ensure that any such certification adequately addresses documented water quality
issues.
This is DWQ's second consideration of APGI's application for a Section 401
certification. The County challenged the first certification (issued on November 16, 2007)
through a contested case proceeding, believing strongly that DWQ did not properly identify and
consider water quality concerns and/or impacts that will arise from hydropower operations.
During that contested case, the evidence confirmed that the County's fears were well-founded.
We are now writing to highlight that evidence, express our dismay at DWQ's view of its
jurisdiction and present you with an expert report (from one of the country's best known water
quality experts) demonstrating that there are serious water quality issues in Badin Lake that fall
CHARLESTON, SC
COLUMBIA, SC
MYRTLE BEACH, SC
RALEIGH, NC
SPARTANBURG,SC
PPAB 1426636v2
Mr. John Dorney
May 1, 2008
Page 2
directly within your Section 401 jurisdiction, no matter how it is defined. We ask that DWQ
review the available information carefully and exercise its power to protect Badin Lake and its
users.
DWQ Has Voluntarily and Inappropriately Limited its Own Section 401 Jurisdiction to the
Point Where It Cannot Adequately Protect Water Quality as Mandated by the Clean
Water Act
We have previously provided you with you a detailed letter, dated November 9, 2007,
which described several water quality issues impacting the Lake. To place those issues officially
in the "record" for this second consideration of APGI's application, I have enclosed another copy
of the County's earlier letter. The issues in that letter related primarily to the presence of
significantly contaminated sediments at several locations in the Lake, and we described how
those conditions would directly impact water quality within your jurisdiction. The
contamination, in turn, was documented in several reports from different sources and
consultants. We were surprised and disappointed to learn in the contested case that these
conditions were not evaluated and that DWQ did not read the reports that we brought to its
attention. We were just as surprised to learn that DWQ does not intend to read the reports,
inquire further of APGI or otherwise evaluate the issues that we raised. We are at a loss to
understand how DWQ, whose primary mission is the protection of the water quality of this State,
can take such a limited view of its responsibilities that it will not consider the matters in our
previous comments in any material way.
I raise the issue of DWQ's responsibility because we apparently have diametrically
opposed views of Section 401 jurisdiction. In DWQ's view, a clear, detrimental water quality
condition can exist in the Lake and DWQ will not attempt to address it under the Section 401
program unless we can demonstrate that the actual operation of the Dam affects that condition in
some fashion. Thus, the presence of confirmed, severe levels of polyaromatic hydrocarbons in
Lake sediments cannot even be considered in the Section 401 review because they were not
initially caused by Dam operations and/or we did not show DWQ by expert evidence that Dam
operations would cause those sediments to impact water quality. We submit that this view is
inappropriate for two primary reasons, among others.'
First, as you have acknowledged, the concept of "water quality" is quite broad, and
encompasses many factors beyond "just" numerical levels. In Badin Lake, these factors include
fishing, recreation, biological integrity and several other aspects of the "best usage" of the water.
Certainly, conditions such as those that we highlighted can impact these factors directly; you
stated as much in your recent testimony.
' In the second part of this letter, we present an expert report demonstrating that DWQ was wrong in its refusal to
consider the conditions presented by the County. Even under DWQ's limited view of Section 401 jurisdiction, the
conditions presented by Stanly County, as well as numerous other serious water quality concerns, are indeed present
in the Lake and affected by Dam operations, and therefore should be considered as part of the Section 401 review.
PPAB 1426636v2
Mr. John Dorney
May 1, 2008
Page 3
Second, and importantly, DWQ can and should extend its Section 401 jurisdiction to all
water quality issues that exist in the Lake and that relate in any reasonable fashion to the
presence of the Project, including the impoundment of water by the Project's dams, the operation
of the dams, stream flows, water levels, the use of the Lake for recreation and the like. The
broad reach of DWQ's jurisdiction was confirmed by the United States Supreme Court in PUD
No. 1 of Jefferson Count v. Washington Dep't of Ecology, 511 U.S. 700 (1994). In PUD, the
applicant for a FERC license argued, as does APGI in this case, that a Section 401 certification
can consider only those impacts related to an actual discharge from a dam/project (the discharge
from the end of a tailrace, in that case). The Supreme Court explicitly rejected this limited view,
holding instead that:
Section 401(d) thus allows the State to impose "other limitations"
on the project in general to assure compliance with various
provisions of the Clean Water Act and with "any other appropriate
requirement of State law." ... Section 401(d) is most reasonably
read as authorizing additional conditions and limitations on the
activity as a whole once the threshold condition, the existence of a
discharge, is satisfied.
Id. at 711-12 (emphasis added). The petitioner in PUD also argued that the State could not force
it to operate its dam in a manner consistent with a designated "use," but the Supreme Court
rejected that position, as well. The Court in fact confirmed that a state can impose, for example,
minimum flow requirements to protect uses such as drinking water, recreation, navigation or, in
that case, a fishery. Id. at 719.
Through its decision in PUD, the Supreme Court has confirmed that DWQ should not
limit its review to only those conditions actually caused or somehow affected by the operation of
the Dam itself. The Section 401 process is DWQ's chance to impose conditions on the "project
in general" and "the activity as a whole" to ensure that State law is being met, including the State
law related to the protection of best uses of the Lake. Certainly the Lake itself, which would not
exist but for the Dam, is part of the "project in general," whether or not APGI operates the Dam
in any particular fashion. Certainly, as well, under this broad authority DWQ may recognize that
contaminated sediments are present, and then require that APGI address them so that the
"activity as a whole" meets water quality standards. Again, DWQ appears to have recognized
that the issues raised by the County do indeed constitute adverse impacts to water quality. Now
is the opportunity for DWQ to require investigations and impose conditions necessary to ensure
that those water quality impacts are addressed and that the best uses of the Lake are protected.
DWQ's authority to view the "project in general" is very broad in a FERC context
precisely because the rights and powers conferred by FERC on APGI are so comprehensive. As
I understand it, the FERC license empowers (and in fact requires) APGI to control the entire lake
PPAB 1426636x2
Mr. John Dorney
May 1, 2008
Page 4
system, including uses of the Lake and the control of the waterways. The "activity as a whole"
therefore must necessarily include the same kinds of uses that are included in North Carolina's
water quality standards, such as recreation, fishing and the like. In other words, once the
"discharge" from the Dam invokes Section 401 jurisdiction, DWQ may legitimately impose
appropriate conditions on all aspects of APGI's activities authorized by the FERC license,
including the maintenance of the Lake. See PUD, 511 U.S. at 724-25; S.D. Warren Co. v. Maine
Bd. of Envt'1 Protection, 126 S.Ct. 1833, 1848 (2006) (holding that a discharge from a dam is a
"discharge" that meets the threshold requirement for Section 401 jurisdiction). DWQ's failure to
do so is a missed opportunity to protect the State's interests before APGI receives a new 50-year
FERC license.
Moreover, as we discussed, beyond DWQ's authority to impose conditions in a Section
401 certification (which must then be accepted by FERC), there are not likely any other State
agencies who can impose dam and lake system operating conditions on APGI as a FERC
licensee. So if DWQ chooses not to protect the Lake, then who will? Who will ensure that the
Lake is operated over the next 50 years in a fashion to protect water quality? If DWQ elects to
unnecessarily restrict its jurisdiction under Section 401, the State will essentially abdicate its
independent role as the arbiter of water quality matters in a FERC project and leave North
Carolina's citizens unprotected. This is just as effective a "waiver" of the State's authority as
letting the one-year period in Section 401(a) expire. We urge DWQ not to take this restrictive
position.
DWQ's self-limitation is not mitigated by the agency's participation in the Relicensing
Settlement Agreement ("RSA") process. First, as a practical matter, the RSA negotiations are
just that - negotiations. They seek compromises and tradeoffs that may or may not represent the
best conditions that could reasonably be imposed to protect water quality. DWQ cannot know
whether this is the case in the APGI application because, except for very limited circumstances,
DWQ apparently did not independently evaluate the RSA conditions that were adopted
wholesale into the Section 401 certification.2 It seems that DWQ did not take full advantage of
the reservation of its rights in the final RSA document.3 Second, and more importantly, the next
2 The danger of relying on the RSA materials without independent review in the Section 401 process is highlighted
by the report entitled Normandeau and Associates, Inc., Yadkin Project, FERC No. 2197 NC, Yadkin Water Quality
Monitoring Report, Final Study Report (2005). In that report, the consultant apparently selected detection limits for
its tests that exceeded the state water quality standards. It would be possible, therefore, for constituents to exist in
the water above the state standard but below the chosen detection limit, and the test would still give the water a
clean bill of health because the results would be "non-detect." These analyses cannot be relied upon to conclude
that water quality standards were met, and DWQ should have required lower detection limits or further analyses.
3 The RSA is arguably somewhat confusing on Section 401 jurisdiction. It states clearly that the State retains its
Section 401 jurisdiction, but also imposes obligations on its signatories (including DENR) to not challenge
substantive matters in the Section 401 process. The RSA also states that "[e]xecution of this Settlement Agreement
by the State of North Carolina or any agency thereof expresses or implies no representation that the requirements of
this Settlement Agreement ensure compliance with State water quality standards and other appropriate requirements
PPAB 1426636v2
Mr. John Dorney
May 1, 2008
Page 5
section of this letter demonstrates that there are numerous, serious water quality concerns that
were not addressed in either the RSA or the Section 401 process. By relying almost entirely on
the RSA and not evaluating its own materials and research concerning the Lake, DWQ is
exercising its authority without an independent basis for knowing whether it has adequately
protected the citizens of the State concerning the quality of the waters at issue; furthermore,
DWQ is truly missing a seldom available opportunity to improve and protect water quality.
Finally, we question DWQ's internal process, applied here, in apparently deciding to
programmatically limit its Section 401 jurisdiction in all FERC projects. As we understand the
situation, DWQ decided that, in FERC projects, it would not consider water quality issues that
derived from "watershed effects" unless those effects could be hurt or helped in some fashion by
operating the dam at issue. This decision was made internally by DENR personnel, was not
subject to rulemaking or guidance and was apparently not based on any legal opinion or
interpretations. Concerning the Project, it seems that DWQ decided that some conditions that
derive from or relate to the "watershed" (such as the sedimentation issues raised by the City of
Salisbury or the shoreline management plan) were subject to Section 401, while others (such as
the presence of contaminated sediments or the potential for impacted fish populations) were not.
In the latter case, it appears that DWQ conducted no truly material analysis or review, even of
the basic data, in reaching its conclusion.
We submit that DWQ's jurisdictional decision is inappropriate for at least two reasons.
First, (on a project-specific basis) absent some level of evaluation, and absent some level of
guidance or rulemaking, DWQ's decisions with regard to "watershed effects" can only be ad hoc
and arbitrary. They certainly appeared to be so in this case. Second (from a State's interest
standpoint), "watershed effects" (however this term is defined) can be notoriously difficult to
control in any uniform manner, and can take years before any improvement is noticed in the
receiving water bodies. During that time, the water body remains impacted and water quality
can deteriorate. In a FERC context, the Section 401 certification offers DWQ a real chance to
improve water quality by imposing conditions on "the project in general" that implement
"appropriate requirements of State law," including among other things the best usage and
biological integrity of the State's waters. We ask that DWQ invoke the full extent of its
jurisdiction under Section 401, review all water quality conditions in the Lake through the
Section 401 certification and avoid the line-drawing and arbitrariness that inevitably derives
from proceeding in the absence of formal rules or guidance and leaves the public unaware and
unprotected.
of State law." In the contested case, however, we learned that, for the most part, DWQ did indeed simply adopt
RSA provisions wholesale for the Section 401 certification and did not conduct truly substantive independent
analysis of the appropriateness of many of the balances struck in the settlement negotiations.
PPAB 1426636v2
Mr. John Dorney
May 1, 2008
Page 6
Serious Water Quality Issues In the Lake Are Raised By DWQ's Own Investigations,
Reports Generated In The RSA Process And In The Reports Referenced By Stanly County,
Yet None Of Them Were Considered by DWQ
Since the County's original comments, it has become clear that the contaminated
sediments noted by the County are but one of numerous water quality issues in Badin Lake. It
has also become clear that these issues were identified by DWQ itself, and were studied to some
extent in the RSA process. Finally, there is no doubt that the conditions are either created by
Dam operations or are affected by those operations. Given these conditions, we believe that
DWQ must require through the Section 401 certification that APGI take action to improve these
water quality issues and protect the Lake.
To assist the County in presenting the specific water quality issues in the Lake, we
retained Dr. John Rodgers of Clemson University. Dr. Rodgers is a renowned expert on
precisely the matters now before DWQ, and his enclosed 67-page curriculum vitae details his
vast knowledge of water quality matters. He is particularly knowledgeable on water quality
issues resulting from or related to hydropower dam operations, and currently advises clients and
state governments on such matters (including Section 401 issues). Dr. Rodgers reviewed several
reports related to water quality issues in the Lake, including many authored by DWQ itself, and
prepared a report for your review. I have enclosed a copy of his report with this letter.
The report is comprehensive and speaks for itself. In brief, Dr. Rodgers concludes that
testing and evaluation over the past several years, including during the RSA process, revealed
numerous issues, and he highlights the "top ten" that he discovered. These include sediment
release and transport impacting ecological resources, the presence of lyngbya wollei (an invasive
and toxic algal species), releases of suspended solids, poor dissolved oxygen profiles, releases of
toxic elements, the impact of Dam operations on eutrophying nutrients, bioconcentration and
other effects of toxic compounds in downstream biota, general water quality for spawning and
support of aquatic life, the impact of strong seasonal stratification in the Lake and water quality
issues coupled with drought planning. Even with this many serious items, Dr. Rodgers was
careful to note that his list of water quality concerns is not exhaustive. Clearly there are issues in
the Lake that DWQ did not, but should, address in its review of APGI's Section 401 certification
application.
Importantly, Dr. Rodgers also highlights how Dam operations can and do affect the water
quality issues that he has highlighted, and he cites numerous scholarly references to substantiate
his conclusions. He notes, for example, that fined-grained sediments can readily be transported
in river systems, including those with dams, and that "movement of contaminants downstream
from a reservoir through dam operations is common." He points out, among other things, that
contaminants may be mobilized and transported so as to pose risks to humans and downstream
biota, that sediments can become suspended in the water body, that redox conditions in the
reservoir can lead to the release of certain elements and contaminants and that water releases
PPAB 1426636v2
Mr. John Dorney
May 1, 2008
Page 7
from the Dam are important in controlling adverse water quality conditions that are present in
and downstream of the Dam.4 He also highlights that there are practical ways to address some of
these issues such as, again, by regulating water levels and releases. Clearly, additional review
and consideration is warranted, but for now Dr. Rodgers concludes his review of water quality
conditions by noting that the Dam's operations can adversely impact water quality and
exacerbate existing conditions, and through proper regulation, may help to avoid and solve
problems. Therefore, even using DWQ's restricted view of its Section 401 jurisdiction, all of
these conditions fall squarely within your purview and should be evaluated and addressed in the
Section 401 process.
It appears that these problems were nevertheless not addressed in any substantive way in
the former Section 401 certification. We therefore do not believe that DWQ can or should
reissue the certification on its previous terms. Importantly, we also believe that the certification
must be revisited for even those conditions that were putatively addressed in the former Section
401 certification. The dissolved oxygen issues provide a prime example. DWQ acknowledged
in the contested case that discharges from the Dam are now violating and will continue to violate
water quality standards for dissolved oxygen. While the past Section 401 certification included a
timeline for equipment upgrades, those upgrades extend years into the future and are not certain
to bring the discharges into compliance. Based on the current information that we have, it also
seems that DWQ did not consider other options, such as regulating water releases or
implementing other techniques to address dissolved oxygen or the effects of low dissolved
oxygen discharges. In the meantime, while we wait for future equipment upgrades, the water
quality in the Lake will continue to be degraded and harm will come to the environment. While
we understand that DWQ balances these considerations and decides whether they can be
mitigated, where such obvious adverse effects go untreated for potentially years, we submit that
the Dam activity will continue to degrade the existing uses of the Lake and waterway. In this
circumstance, DWQ's regulations dictate that the Section 401 certification should not be granted.
15A NCAC 02H .0506. Dissolved oxygen is just one of the many serious issues identified by
Dr. Rodgers that are currently resulting from Dam operations.
If DWQ disagrees with this logic and issues a Section 401 certification despite the
degradation of water quality resulting from the Dam's operation, the agency must still impose
conditions to address the matters noted by Dr. Rodgers. In turn, to properly understand those
conditions and how they can be mitigated or affected by Dam operations, DWQ must undertake
further detailed evaluation of these matters. At the very least, DWQ should review the reports
that the County identified and coordinate with the State's own experts to determine how best to
proceed. In the contested case, DWQ described its process for evaluation of water quality
impacts as screening for initial impacts and then further investigating the nature and extent of the
issues. We agree with this approach, and ask that you implement it here.
4 In addition, Normandeau and Associates noted that sediment fate and transport can be affected by Dam operations.
See Sediment Fate and Transport Report (Draft) by Normandeau Associates, Inc. and PB Power (December 2004).
PPAB 1426636v2
Mr. John Dorney
May 1, 2008
Page 8
Reports for Review
To assist DWQ in its review, we have included with these comments a number of reports
highlighting water quality impacts. For certain DWQ reports, in lieu of copies we have included
the website address where they can be accessed and downloaded. The reports are:
1. "Characterization of the Toxicity and Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Aquatic Sediments from Badin Lake" by The RETEC Group, Inc.,
Ithaca, NY (February 16, 2007)
2. RCRA Facility Investigation Report - Volume I of II and Volume II of II, ALCOA
Badin Works, Badin, NC (March 2001) by MFG, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA
3. Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basinwide Water Quality Plan (March 2003) (NCDENR
Report), available at
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/basinwide/yadkin/YadkinPD wq_dt management plan0103.ht
in.
4. Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin Basinwide Assessment Report Whole Effluent Toxicity
Program (2002-2006) (NCDENR Report), available at
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/esb/Basinwide/YadkinWET2007.pdf.
5. Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin Ambient Monitoring System Report (2002-2006)
(NCDENR Report), available at
http://h2o.enr. state.nc.us/esb/Basinwide/Yadkin07AMSRFinaIJune26.pdf.
6. Lake and Reservoir Assessments - Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin (2007) (NCDENR
Report), available at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/esb/Basinwide/YadkinLakes2006v7.pdf.
7. Badin Lake Swim/Picnic Area and Badin Boat Access Sediment Assessment, Stanley
County,NC by Environmental Services, Inc., Raleigh, NC
8. Fish Sampling Work Plan - Narrows Reservoir, Badin, NC by the URS Corporation,
Franklin, TN (December 2007)
9. Sediment Fate and Transport Report (Draft) by Normandeau Associates, Inc. and PB
Power (December 2004)
10. Wetland and Riparian Habitat Assessment (Draft) by Normandeau Associates, Inc.
(February 2005)
PPAB 1426636v2
Mr. John Dorney
May 1, 2008
Page 9
11. Invasive Exotic Plan Pest Species (Draft) by Normandeau Associates, Inc. (February
2005)
12. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species Survey (Draft) by Normandeau Associates,
Inc. (February 2005)
13. Transmission Line and Project Facility Habitat Assessment (Draft) by Normandeau
Associates, Inc. (February 2005)
14. Yadkin Reservoir Fish and Aquatic Habitat Assessment (Draft) by Normandeau
Associates, Inc. (March 2005)
15. Yadkin Tailwater Fish and Aquatic Biota Assessment (Draft) by Normandeau
Associates, Inc. (March 2005)
16. Regional Recreational Evaluation (Final Study Report) by ERM (April 2005)
17. Yadkin Reservoir Fish and Aquatic Habitat Assessment (Final) by Normandeau
Associates, Inc. (June 2005)
18. Yadkin Tailwater Fish and Aquatic Biota Assessment (Final) by Normandeau
Associates, Inc. (June 2005)
19. Wetland and Riparian Habitat Assessment (Final) by Normandeau Associates, Inc.
(June 2005)
20. Yadkin Water Quality Monitoring Report (Final) by Normandeau Associates, Inc.
(August 2005)
21. Recreational Use Assessment (Final) by ERM (October 2005)
22. Yadkin Habitat Fragmentation Study Maps (Final) by Normandeau Associates, Inc.
(May 2006)
23. Yadkin River Goldenrod Survey (Final) by Normandeau Associates, Inc. (September
2006)
Please review all of these materials carefully in your analysis of this matter. In addition
to the materials highlighted in our November 9, 2007 letter, we would suggest in particular that
DWQ review the 2005 Water Quality Monitoring Report by Normandeau and Associates, the
2004 Draft Sediment Fate and Transport Report also by Normandeau (we have only a draft of
this report) and DWQ's own 2007 report entitled Lake and Reservoir Assessments-Yadkin-Pee
PPAB 1426636v2
Mr. John Dorney
May 1, 2008
Page 10
Dee River Basin (April 2007).5 There are perhaps other reports that are or could be available
concerning matters important to DWQ's consideration of APGI's application, but the listed
materials provide a sufficient basis to conclude that the DWQ Section 401 program, in its
important role of protecting the State's waters, needs to perform its own, additional evaluation to
understand APGI's application. This work needs to extend beyond the understandings already
developed in the RSA process; the RSA addressed certain conditions, but did not result in
adequate solutions for the water quality issues in the Lake.
Conclusion
We have seen various references stating that the County challenged the former Section
401 certification because it did not have time to comment during the prior comment period. We
have also seen references to the County's challenge as being a proxy for addressing issues
related to the former Alcoa Badin Works facility in Badin, North Carolina. Neither of these is
the case. As you know, the County believes firmly that important water quality information was
not properly considered by DWQ, that the agency should have taken additional time to review
that information and that, by not doing so, the agency issued an inappropriate certification that
does not truly protect the Lake, which is an important County resource. Now, as the County has
become aware of additional water quality information and received expert advice on the Lake,
we are more convinced than ever that the Section 401 certification process is vitally important,
and that it represents a critical (and perhaps the only) opportunity for DWQ to impose conditions
and take steps to protect and improve the waterway.
DWQ has stated that it could rely on the reopener provisions in the Section 401
certification to adequately protect water quality as issues arise in the future. We strongly believe
that (i) DWQ should not rely on the reopener clause, because the water quality concerns are
apparent now and should be addressed now, and (ii) while we acknowledge that FERC must
include the reopener clause as a condition of a new FERC license, whether and how that
reopener would actually operate or be honored in the future is an open question. Certainly DWQ
has no experience with FERC on these matters, and we are not aware of cases that would provide
DWQ with material guidance. Again, we submit that DWQ should not risk water quality and
instead should evaluate the current conditions to make an appropriate Section 401 decision now,
not in the future.
Finally, we understand that DWQ may be concerned that it should rush to reissue a
certification by May 9, 2008 to avoid an argument that it has waived its right to issue a Section
401 certification within the one-year period prescribed by Section 401(a), 33 U.S.C. § 1341(a).
We agree that DWQ should not allow the certification to be waived. Under the applicable facts
5 Interestingly, the 2007 DWQ Lake and Reservoir Assessment Report noted the presence of lyngbya wollei in
Badin Lake, while the 2005 Normandeau report on invasive species did not. This suggests that water quality
decreased over those two years as conditions in the Lake become more hospitable to toxic algae.
PPAB 1426636v2
Mr. John Dorney
May 1, 2008
Page 11
here, we believe that DWQ is obliged to deny the certification as unsupported by APGI's current
application and available information and materials, and to require that APGI resubmit an
appropriate application that properly presents and addresses all the water quality problems
present in Badin Lake. There is ample information demonstrating that the current and ongoing
operation of the Dam does and will violate water quality standards, and as yet there is
insufficient evidence or information that the Dam operations can be performed in such a way as
to mitigate and remedy those violations. DWQ's rules thus support, and indeed require, that the
application be denied at this time. Having denied the application, DWQ will have "acted" within
the statutory timeframe, and preserved its right to receive a new application from APGI and, if
warranted, to eventually issue a timely certification that FERC would be required to incorporate
in a new license for the Project. This approach is both supported by the overwhelming evidence
of water quality issues and serves the State's interests in having an enforceable voice in the
FERC proceedings.
We ask that you consider these comments and enclosed materials carefully, and that you
deny the issuance of a Section 401 certification until these water quality issues are resolved.
Thank you for the opportunity to comment on APGI's Section 401 application. Please do
not hesitate to contact me if you should have any questions about the County's position.
Very truly yours,
a."--
Thom.'a1r. Griffin, III
TNG:cmh
Enclosures
cc: Donald W. Laton, Esq. (w/Enclosures) (via Federal Express and E-Mail)
David R. Poe, Esq. (w/Enclosures) (via Federal Express and E-Mail)
Craig A. Bromby, Esq. (w/Enclosures) (via Federal Express and E-Mail)
Charles D. Case, Esq. (w/Enclosures) (via Federal Express and E-Mail)
PPAB 1426636v2
Review of Data and Proposals
Regarding Water Quality in Badin
Lake, NC - Risks and Dam or
Hydropower Operations, Prepared by
John H. Rodgers, Jr., Ph.D. for Stanly
County, North Carolina
2
REVIEW OF DATA AND PROPOSALS REGARDING WATER QUALITY IN
BADIN LAKE, NC - RISKS AND DAM OR HYDROPOWER OPERATIONS
A Report Prepared for
Stanly County
By
John H. Rodgers, Jr., Ph.D.
102 Santee Trail
Clemson, SC 29631
and
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
Clemson University
Clemson, SC 29634
April 29, 2008
I. Introduction
I have been asked to assist Stanly County, North Carolina in evaluating water
quality issues arising from the proposed Federal Energy Regulatory Commission
("FERC") relicensing of the hydropower dam on Badin Lake in Stanly County (and
related facilities) . In particular, I have been asked to present my views on the proposed
issuance of a "Section 401 water quality certification" (the "Section 401 certification") to
Alcoa Power Generating, Inc. ("APGI") pursuant to the Federal Clean Water Act. I am
thoroughly familiar with water quality conditions and how they can be created or
affected, positively or negatively, by hydropower dam operations. I have prepared this
report to provide a brief overview, based on my experience, of my conclusions at this
time.
The report is divided into two parts. First, it identifies and briefly discusses
significant water quality issues arising from or affected by dam operations associated
with hydropower production from the Badin Lake (Narrows Lake) project managed by
APGI. These issues were not considered and surely not resolved in the relicensing
settlement agreement (RSA) process or the Section 401 certification process. They
warrant far more investigation.
Second, it presents a scientific review of some of the documents that were or
should have been utilized in the Section 401 certification process. In particular, the
report identifies issues raised by those documents, and presents reasons why they
highlight conditions that should be carefully considered before deciding whether and on
what terms a Section 401 certification would be issued for this project. In a few cases,
the report describes why the conclusions reached by certain of the documents are not
reliable with respect to evaluating actual water quality and the effect of dam operations.
Water quality in reservoirs, tailwaters and receiving systems is required to meet
Class C water quality standards for NC surface waters. This water should be suitable for
aquatic life propagation and maintenance of biological integrity, wildlife, secondary
recreation and agriculture. Water in Baden Lake must also meet Class B standards,
which includes primary recreation. Finally, the water must meet Class WS-IV standards
for domestic water supply, which basically means a source of water supply for drinking,
culinary, or food-processing purposes for those users where a more protective WS-I, WS-
II or WS-III classification is not feasible and any other best usage specified for Class C
waters. In considering these standards and uses, a primary concern relates to dam
operations that have the potential to, and likely do, adversely impact downstream water
quality, exacerbate existing, historic water quality problems and/or affect water quality
upstream of the dam. Those problems are both abiotic as well as biotic. The importance
of the connection between hydropower operations, the FERC process and the watershed
is recognized and addressed in the document Yadkin Project, FERC No. 2197 NC,
Wetland and Riparian Habitat Assessment Final Study Report by Normandeau and
Associates, Inc. (2005a). Several of the problems arising from dam operations were also
noted in the report by Normandeau and Associates, Inc. (2005b), Yadkin Project, FERC
2
No. 2197 NC, Yadkin Water Quality Monitoring Report, Final Study Report (2005).
Other problems and concerns were identified in other cited reports (see attached
References). A few (but certainly not all) of these problems are presented below. These
water quality problems, and the dam operations that can and do affect them, were
not addressed or resolved in the FERC relicensing process or the Section 401 review
(RSA; Deposition of John R. Dorney - April 14, 2008).
II. Materials reviewed
I have included an extensive bibliography of reference materials that support the
conclusions presented herein. With respect to water quality conditions existing in or
around Badin Lake, I reviewed in particular the following materials, many of which were
available either through the RSA process or from the North Carolina Division of Water
Quality's ("DWQ's") own research and investigation of Badin Lake and the surrounding
watershed. I understand that most of these materials were available to DWQ in the
Section 401 process, but it does not appear from the Section 401 certification that they
were reviewed by DWQ in any detail:
1. "Characterization of the Toxicity and Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic
Hydrocarbons in Aquatic Sediments from Badin Lake" by The RETEC Group, Inc.,
Ithaca, NY (February 16, 2007)
2. RCRA Facility Investigation Report - Volume I of II and Volume II of II, ALCOA
Badin Works, Badin, NC (March 2001) by MFG, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA
3. Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basinwide Water Quality Plan (March 2003) (NCDENR
Report)
4. Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin Basinwide Assessment Report Whole Effluent Toxicity
Program (2002-2006) (NCDENR Report)
5. Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin Ambient Monitoring System Report (2002-2006)
(NCDENR Report)
6. Lake and Reservoir Assessments - Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin (2007) (NCDENR
Report)
7. Badin Lake Swim/Picnic Area and Badin Boat Access Sediment Assessment, Stanley
County,NC by Environmental Services, Inc., Raleigh, NC
8. Fish Sampling Work Plan - Narrows Reservoir, Badin, NC by the URS Corporation,
Franklin, TN (December 2007)
9. Sediment Fate and Transport Report (Draft) by Normandeau Associates, Inc. and PB
Power (December 2004)
10. Wetland and Riparian Habitat Assessment (Draft) by Normandeau Associates, Inc.
(February 2005)
11. Invasive Exotic Plan Pest Species (Draft) by Normandeau Associates, Inc. (February
2005)
12. Rare, Threatened and Endangered Species Survey (Draft) by Normandeau Associates,
Inc. (February 2005)
13. Transmission Line and Project Facility Habitat Assessment (Draft) by Normandeau
Associates, Inc. (February 2005)
14. Yadkin Reservoir Fish and Aquatic Habitat Assessment (Draft) by Normandeau
Associates, Inc. (March 2005)
15. Yadkin Tailwater Fish and Aquatic Biota Assessment (Draft) by Normandeau
Associates, Inc. (March 2005)
16. Regional Recreational Evaluation (Final Study Report) by ERM (April 2005)
17. Yadkin Reservoir Fish and Aquatic Habitat Assessment (Final) by Normandeau
Associates, Inc. (June 2005)
18. Yadkin Tailwater Fish and Aquatic Biota Assessment (Final) by Normandeau
Associates, Inc. (June 2005)
19. Wetland and Riparian Habitat Assessment (Final) by Normandeau Associates, Inc.
(June 2005)
20. Yadkin Water Quality Monitoring Report (Final) by Normandeau Associates, Inc.
(August 2005)
21. Recreational Use Assessment (Final) by ERM (October 2005)
22. Yadkin Habitat Fragmentation Study Maps (Final) by Normandeau Associates, Inc.
(May 2006)
23. Yadkin River Goldenrod Survey (Final) by Normandeau Associates, Inc. (September
2006)
III. Significant Water Quality Issues (not an exhaustive list)
As noted, this report presents only a brief review of the more significant of the
numerous water quality matters at issue (or that should have been at issue) in the RSA
and the Section 401 certification review. Additional review and analysis would be
necessary to evaluate theses matters properly. There is, however, substantial
4
documentation of (i) the presence of actual, adverse water quality conditions, and (ii) the
fact that these adverse conditions are and can be caused or affected by dam operations.
Among the most serious of these matters are as follows:
1. Sediment release and transport impacting ecological resources (e.g. ammonia
released from anoxic sediments - p.76 Normandeau and Associates, Inc.
(2005b))
The evaluation prepared by Normandeau and Associates, Inc. (2005b; p.76)
pointed to releases of potentially toxic levels of ammonia during dam operation. The
ammonia arises from the anoxic sediments upstream, and timing of releases as well as the
magnitude of releases exacerbates this problem. The criticality of timing releases and
recognition of strong stratification in this reservoir were not included in the relicensing or
Section 401 certification processes. Also unacknowledged, numerous other toxic
elements (e.g. mercury, iron, manganese) and compounds (e.g. PCBs, cyanide
complexes, PAHs) are likely mobilized during periods of stratification by dam operations
and transported downstream (Owens et al. 2005). Owens and coauthors (2005) pointed
out that fine grained sediments can be readily transported in rivers, even those interrupted
by dams. These fine sediments have a relatively large surface area for sorption of
hydrophobic or relatively water insoluble chemicals, such as PCBs and PAHs. Therefore,
movement of contaminants downstream from a reservoir through dam operations is
common. For this specific situation, contaminants of interest in a sediment study
(Review of RCRA Facility Investigation Report - Volume I of 11 and Volume II of lI,
ALCOA Badin Works, Badin, NC (March 2001) by MFG, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA)
conducted in Badin Lake included cyanide (ground water and soil - free cyanide and Fe
cyanide complexes, hexacyanoferrate complexes, ferro-ferric cyanides), arsenic,
benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)fluoranthene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene,
indeno(1,2,3-ed)pyrene, benzene and trichloro ethylene. Sediment data were collected
from Badin Lake (p.100) and the analyte concentrations were compared with industrial
soil BBC's. Although this comparison was deemed conservative, it is based on solely
human contact and in fact understates the potential for ecological harm. For this reason it
is a common practice to also consider potential ecological effects by initially comparing
the analyte concentrations with screening values for sediments (e.g. NOAA). Based upon
the NOAA Sediment Screening values (used to indicate such potential adverse ecological
effects), arsenic, PCBs, benzo(a)pyrene as well as several other organic compounds in
Badin Lake exceeded concentrations indicating the need for additional investigation to
evaluate fully the probable ecological harm (Tables 4-58, 4-59). Total PAH
concentrations in sediments from Badin Lake (Table 3-1, "Characterization of the
Toxicity and Bioavailability of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aquatic Sediments
from Badin Lake" by The RETEC Group, Inc., Ithaca, NY (February 16, 2007); 475 -
1,390 mg/kg) exceeded NOAA Sediment Screening Values for ecological effects.
Concentrations of individual organic analytes were also well in excess of NOAA
Sediment Screening Values for ecological effects (Table 4-1, The RETEC Group, Inc.,
Ithaca, NY (February 16, 2007). In addition to the ecological harm, analyte
concentrations in sediments such as benzo(a)pyrene (a potent carcinogenic PAH) pose a
probable risk for swimmers in Badin Lake.
Clearly, several contaminants in Badin Lake may be mobilized and transported by
dam operations posing risks to humans and biota downstream. These contaminants can
be mobilized in the hypolimnion or bottom waters of the lake and move downstream
through the dam in solution (e.g. ammonia, sulfides) or as suspended solids or
particulates (e.g. PCBs, mercury, etc.). Some of these problems are pointed out in the
Normandeau and Associates, Inc. Report (2005b).
The draft study report on sediment fate and transport (Normandeau Associates,
Inc. and PB Power 2004) clearly states that this reservoir (Badin Lake) is located in
proximity to highly erodable soils. Even though the reservoir serves as a significant
sediment trap (-90%), a fraction of the millions of tons transported each year is passed
along through the outlet structures. The report focuses solely on the volume of sediment
or solids transported through structures. On p. iv of the report, the authors clearly state
that dam operations influence sediment transport and that turbidity levels are often
greater than water quality standards. Importantly, this report is focused solely on the
quantity of sediments transported, not the quality (or load of associated toxic materials).
2. Spread and impact of an invasive species (i.e. Lyngbya wollei)
The invasive algal species, Lyngbya wollei, has colonized Badin Lake sediments
and will likely spread throughout this reservoir. The scientific literature on Lyngbya
wollei is replete with information regarding potential adverse effects that this noxious
filamentous cyanobacterium can cause (e.g. see literature cited below). These adverse
effects include impeding navigation, clogging water intakes, producing taste and odor
problems in water and fish, altering ecosystem structure and extirpating sensitive aquatic
species. Lyngbya has the ability to produce dermatitis toxins (e.g. Aplysiatoxins
[Mynderse et al., 1977; Osborne et al. 2001; Briand et al., 2003]; Lyngbyatoxin - A
[Cardellina et al. 1979; Stafford et al. 1992; Osborne et al. 2001]; lipopolysaccharides
[Carmichael 1994]), neurotoxins and paralytic shell fish poisons (PSPs) (e.g. Saxitoxins
[Carmichael et al. 1997b; Yin et al. 1997], Ichthyotoxin [Mastin et al. 2002], Antillatoxin
[Collins 1978; Berman et al. 1999] and Invertebrate toxins [Snell 1980; Camancho &
Thacker 2006]. This is a serious and growing problem that can be exacerbated or
mitigated by dam operations that should not be ignored. Ignored, this problem can grow
to impede hydropower operations. Indeed, the US Army Corps of Engineers has
conducted research indicating the potential adverse effects of this species on hydropower
production and the effects of dam operations on the growth and spread of this species
(e.g. Doyle and Smart 1998). Seasonally, Lyngbya wollei forms floating mats that can be
entrained and transported downstream through the dam spreading the problem. By
fluctuating water depth through dam operation during the growing season, growth of this
noxious alga can be reduced.
3. Release of suspended solids impacting drinking water and human health -
e.g. benzo-a-pyrene
Several reports or sources listed sediment release from the hydroelectric operation
as a concern. That concern should include both quantity and quality of sediments from
Badin Lake. It is probable that the smaller and lighter (lower specific gravity) particulates
are suspended and discharged or released downstream. The smaller diameter particulates
and the organic particulates sorb and transport disproportionately large amounts of PAHs,
PCBs and other relatively water insoluble compounds. Clearly, operation of the dam for
hydropower production can influence the transport and loading of these toxic materials
downstream (Owens et al. 2005). As noted above, hydrophobic or relatively water
insoluble toxic chemicals sorb readily to small particulates which are transported
downstream through dam operations. Data contained in the study "Kadin Lake
Swim/Picnic Area and Badin Boat Access Sediment Assessment, Stanly County, North
Carolina" by Environmental Services, Inc., Raleigh, NC, indicate the potential for
adverse effects of sediments both upstream and downstream. Although somewhat limited
in scope, the results from this study indicate significant contamination in the sediments at
the Badin Lake Swim/Picnic Area and the Badin Boat Access site relative to the
reference site. Importantly, arsenic, PCBs (Arochlor 1242), and SVOCs
(benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene) were measured at concentrations that can
pose significant human health risks. Several analytes such as arsenic in sediments at the
study site exceeded concentrations that indicate potential for adverse ecological effects to
biota. Further, analytes (concentrations and distribution) such as fluoranthene and
anthracene indicate an ongoing source. The lack of detection of selenium in any sediment
sample is both perplexing and troubling. Selenium is a common element found in
sediments and is essential for plant and animal life. Although selenium may be present at
a relatively low concentration, it should be detectable by any reasonably sensitive
analytical technique. The study authors recommend a more comprehensive study.
Although reservoirs are inherently sediment traps, these sediments can be transported
from reservoirs during turnover or destratification and dam operations should be
cognizant of that situation. During periodic intense rainfall events, particulates are
suspended in reservoirs in the southeast. Sediments and solids are also suspended
temporarily during the phenomenon known as turnover when the water temperature in the
reservoir is relatively uniform. These are specific occasions when sediments can be
transported downstream through dam operations. These are also opportunities to
minimize potential impacts of these sediments on downstream areas. There was no
apparent consideration of this information in the relicensing or Section 401 certification
processes.
4. Dissolved oxygen profiles downstream and oxygen demanding sediments
Several sources and reports cited oxygen profiles downstream as intensely
influenced by dam operations. Indeed, plans were proposed to implement physical means
of oxygen entrainment from the atmosphere as water is released during hydropower
production as part of the relicensing agreement (RSA). This is analogous to putting a
7
bandaid on skin cancer. As noted in specific reviews of documents below, the sediments
contained in Badin Lake are exceptional in terms of their organic carbon content and their
oxygen consumption (sediment oxygen demand) based upon all available data. Since
oxygen is sparingly soluble in water, the oxygen supplied must exceed the oxygen
demand of the sediment released in order to achieve a net gain in oxygen concentration
downstream. There are no measurements of the oxygen demand exerted by the sediments
released downstream during hydropower operations. Nor are there measurements of
benthic invertebrates downstream. Operation of the dam and releases of hypolimnetic
waters can obviously impact the downstream biota through altering oxygen
concentrations and availability. There is no assurance that the proposed "fix" for the
dissolved oxygen conditions in the downstream areas will actually bring the discharged
water into compliance with water quality criteria (what is the schedule for compliance?,
what are the consequences for noncompliance?, etc.).
5. Impact of dam operations on release of toxic elements and compounds
downstream - sulfides, iron, ammonia, phosphorus, mercury, PAHs and
possibly arsenic, cadmium, lead, selenium, copper and zinc
Control of biogeochemical cycling, speciation and stability of a variety of
potentially toxic elements associated with sediment in Badin Lake is strongly influenced
by oxidation-reduction (redox) conditions in the reservoir. Due to stratification or
layering and deoxygenation of water in the lake (which is in part controlled by dam
operations as well as apparent contaminated sediments), potentially toxic elements such
as nitrogen (as ammonia), sulfur (as sulfides) and mercury that normally partition to
sediments are released. Redox conditions in the reservoirs, in turn, can be affected
significantly by dam operations (e.g. through drawdown of the hypolimnion, storage of
water, etc.). Although releases of ammonia and mercury were identified in reports as
problematic or potentially problematic, there was no evidence that the other issues (e.g.
phosphorus or sulfide release, or the impact on PAHs and metals) were even considered.
Currently, extant data do not permit accurate appraisal of the potential risks from these
sources.
6. Impact of dam operations on eutrophying nutrients in the lake and releases
downstream (e.g. phosphorus, iron)
Dam operations have obvious effects on upstream pool levels. In turn, dam
operations and pool levels influence the development of stratification and the level of the
hypolimnion. The hypolimnion permits the sediments to remain anaerobic for extended
periods of time. During the period of development of anaerobic sediments, elements that
can contribute to eutrophication, such as phosphorus and iron, are mobilized and released
downstream through the dam. These are relatively well known biogeochemical processes
that occur in aquatic systems and should have been considered in the relicensing and
Section 401 certification processes (RSA).
8
7. Bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and potential biomagnification of toxic
elements and compounds in biota downstream (as well as in the lake) with
adverse impacts on ecological resources as well as human health.
Elements, such as mercury, and compounds, such as PCBs, have the propensity
for exceptional bioconcentration, bioaccumulation, and biomagnification. As indicated
above and in the text below, the mobility and bioavailability of these materials can be
exacerbated by dam operations. Although a potential problem was recognized upstream
in the reservoir (see review of fish tissue study below), there was no similar proposal to
examine the downstream areas that are subject to exposures through dam operations. The
magnitude and extent of this problem remains unknown at this time.
8. General water quality for fish spawning and support of aquatic life
downstream (e.g. temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen, etc.)
The estimated average hydraulic retention time of water in Badin Lake is about
two days. If that estimate is accurate the hypolimnetic and sediment oxygen demand must
be exceptionally large. Dissolved oxygen depleted waters are frequently released during
hydropower generation and dissolved oxygen downstream is often at or below state
standards. Problems with low dissolved oxygen in tailrace and discharge of nutrients and
algae are frequently cited in reports (Normandeau and Associates 2005b) as are
accumulations of sediments, nutrients and algae in areas downstream. These are
conditions that cause adverse effects on fisheries downstream and can be alleviated by
dam operations. In fact, the draft report on fish and aquatic biota (Normandeau
Associates, Inc. 2005) noted a decline in mussels and fish in tail waters below the dam on
Badin Lake (as did the report on the Yadkin tailwater fish and aquatic biota assessment
(2005)). These issues were not adequately addressed in the relicensing or Section 401
processes. The potential for proposed modifications of equipment to resolve these
problems is unknown and unspecified. The compliance deadline and penalties for water
quality violations should have been specified.
I also note that the report on wetland and riparian habitat assessment
(Normandeau Associates, Inc. 2005) specifically stated that reservoir operations such as
timing and magnitude of drawdown could adversely impact both upstream and
downstream vegetation (especially Justicia americana).
9. Strong seasonal stratification and lack of fluctuating water levels in Badin
Lake exacerbates water quality problems downstream and upstream.
The Normendeau Report (Normandeau and Associates 2005b) identified
development of strong seasonal stratification in Badin Lake over five years of sampling.
Interestingly, only three to four stations in Badin Lake were sampled with limited
sampling of the downstream areas. The lack of fluctuation in water levels in Badin Lake
probably contributes significantly to observed water quality problems. The hypolimnetic
release for hydropower production contains toxic concentrations of ammonia and likely
9
sulfide as well as other elements and compounds that adversely affect downstream
aquatic life. Clearly, sediment contamination and oxygen demand are contributing factors
that could have been addressed in the Section 401 certification.
10. Water quantity is coupled with quality and drought plans should be coupled
with water quality issues.
Drought planning to improve or maintain water quality downstream of the Badin
Lake hydropower facility is clearly inadequate for relicensing. The factors presented in
items 1-9 (above) have not been considered or included in this process. Thus, this
important water resource for the State of North Carolina has not been adequately
protected. Not only have important water quality issues not been considered, ongoing
problems have not been resolved. And "risk balancing" or risk management has not been
accomplished in the relicensing or Section 401 certification processes.
Clearly, dam operation for hydropower production can 1) adversely impact water
quality both upstream and downstream from the dam; 2) exacerbate existing problems
and situations; 3) help to avoid problems both upstream and downstream; and 4) help to
solve problems both upstream and downstream. The relicensing and Section 401
processes are an opportunity to address issues in this important water resource for the
State of North Carolina.
IV. Technical Review of Selected Reports
This section of the report contains scientific reviews of several documents that
were available to DWQ during the FERC relicensing and Section 401 certification
processes or should have been evaluated during the process deliberations. The list of
documents was not intended to be exhaustive, but was intended to represent strategic
information that could and should have been considered by the agency in deciding
whether to issue a Section 401 certification as well as the conditional terms. Observations
offered here are relative to water quality conditions that can be impacted (both positively
and negatively) by dam operations on Badin Lake for hydropower production.
Review of "Characterization of the Toxicity and Bioavailability of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aquatic Sediments from Badin Lake" by The RETEC
Group, Inc., Ithaca, NY (February 16, 2007)
The stated objective of this report was to assess the bioavailability of polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediments of Badin Lake, North Carolina, adjacent to
the Alcoa Badin Works (aluminum smelter). The two goals of this project were: 1) to
determine if the PAHs in the sediments are bioavailable and toxic to benthic aquatic
organisms, and 2) to evaluate whether the measurement of PAHs in sediment pore water
using solid phase microextraction (SPME) or rapidly released PAHs in sediment using
supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) could be used to predict PAH bioavailability and
toxicity.
10
This project and study design are fundamentally flawed in terms of achieving the
stated goals and objective. The scientific support for this conclusion is presented below.
Although samples of sediments were collected from 22 sites in Badin Lake only
12 were analyzed as planned (Badin Lake = about 5,350 acres with about 115 miles of
shoreline). Water characteristics were also measured in situ during the sediment
sampling event. The sediment samples from a site were homogenized and subsequently
analyzed for a series of PAHs as well as cyanide species. Based on results from the
chemical analyses, some sediment samples (12) were selected for laboratory toxicity
testing. The homogenization of the sediments and subsequent reporting of no or low
concentrations of low molecular weight PAHs is troublesome (but not surprising). The
most bioavailable and acutely toxic fraction of the PAHs that may have been in the
sediments had ample opportunity to volatilize during the homogenization procedure.
Thus, these samples would not be representative of the potential sediment toxicity in the
reservoir (i.e. in situ). In spite of this irregularity in sampling, total PAH concentrations in
sediments from Badin Lake (Table 3-1; 475 - 1,390 mg/kg) exceeded NOAA Sediment
Screening Values for ecological effects. Concentrations of individual organic analytes
were also well in excess of NOAA Sediment Screening Values for ecological effects
(Table 4-1).
In order to assess the toxicity of sediments, laboratory toxicity testing was
conducted with sediment samples from Badin Lake. Survival and growth of Chironomus
tentans (a midge) and Hyalella azteca (an amphipod) were measured in 10-day and 28-
day exposures, respectively. The sediment samples were characterized (e.g. particle size,
organic matter content, etc.) since these are factors that can strongly influence the
outcome of laboratory toxicity testing. At least one sample of the sediments that was
tested had 1,690 mg/kg of PAHs. Other sediment samples had exceptional concentrations
of "organic carbon" (ie. > 2-3 %); however these high concentrations of organic carbon
were dismissed as pyrogenic. No adverse effects on the sensitive sediment test organisms
(C. tentans and H. azteca) were reported in this study. The information provided in this
report would cause one to expect massive toxicity (i.e. adverse effects on test animals).
The reported results would cause one to question the conduct of the study.
The details provided in the body of the report as well as the appendix contain
more troubling information regarding the conduct of the study. First, the sediment
toxicity tests were conducted as flow-through or renewal; that is, the water overlying the
sediments in these tests was renewed either continuously or daily. If the test organisms
did not burrow into the sediments, they could avoid exposure to the PAHs contained in
those sediments. Thus, they would not be affected by those PAHs. Careful researchers
would have noted this avoidance reaction, and the testing laboratory (US Army Corps of
Engineers, Vicksburg, MS) did so in this case (p.4-5). This means that these test
invertebrates were committing ecological "suicide" by failing to burrow in the sediments
to avoid exposure to both PAHs and predators. The failure to find effects in such a
situation is not reassuring or convincing.
The pH of the laboratory water used in renewal of these tests was -7.7 - 8.4 and
dissolved oxygen was > 8 mg/L based on the appended data. Using dissimilar water in
these sediment toxicity tests and decoupling the sediment from its overlying water can
yield results that have no predictive value in terms of translation to the field site. The
field data (Table 2-2) indicated that the in situ water pH was 6.1-6.9; this is a significant
difference (more than an order of magnitude difference in hydrogen ion concentration)
and surely altered the potential to observe toxicity in these sediments. To make matters
worse, the researchers apparently aerated the tests constantly throughout the exposure
period to maintain sufficient oxygen for survival of the test animals. The fact that
aeration was required is not surprising given the reported organic matter (>6%) in some
samples collected for PAH analysis. However, the aeration would serve to further mask
or confound the ability of these tests to detect effects of PAHs. It is likely that PAHs
released to water from the sediments would be readily volatile and the potential exposure
duration of the test animals in the test chambers would be greatly decreased by this
aeration. Sediment oxygen demand, a necessary piece of information to more fully
evaluate this situation, was missing from the report.
The results from the laboratory toxicity testing would have been more convincing
if the tests had been conducted as static tests or as static renewal tests using water
collected from the site without aeration (Appendix B, p.2). Further, the researchers
amended sediments (producing positive controls with known or anticipated toxicity) that
would have convinced a reviewer that these tests as conducted have some ability to detect
toxic sediments. However, the results that were obtained (lack of toxicity of amended
sediments) were not explained. The fact that no toxicity was observed in some of the
reference toxicity tests in which we would expect to observe significant toxicity would
cause one to suspect these test results and certainly question their utility. Given the way
that these laboratory toxicity tests were conducted, complete mortality of benthic
biota in the reservoir could actually be occurring at these sites, and we would not
know.
I would not argue that the tests were not conducted according to "accepted"
protocols (e.g. ASTM, US EPA), but those protocols have sufficient flexibility to produce
results in the laboratory that will not accurately reflect the field situation or conditions.
For example, survival of 40-50% of test animals in some replicates was averaged in with
other replicates with greater survival without comment or other supporting data. Growth
of surviving midges was compared on an individual basis to controls in this report, rather
than comparison of aggregate growth giving a false sense of lack of effects (if you
survived your growth was not affected). The growth data contained in this report simply
indicate that if the midges (C. tentans) survived, they grew, not that there were no effects
on growth. There are no scientific data to support the notion offered by the authors of this
report: "This characterization of toxicity and bioavailability of PAHs in aquatic
sediments from Badin Lake indicate that the PAHs present in the sediment samples do
not represent a significant source of toxicity to benthic aquatic organisms." Indeed, the
authors have provided data in their report indicating clear risks of adverse effects and that
a more thorough and careful evaluation should have been conducted. Total PAH 34
concentration at Station BL06 exceeded the NOAA sediment screening standard
12
indicating the potential to cause adverse effects in situ. This situation could be better
resolved by sampling and measuring the benthic invertebrates from stations in the
reservoir and sorting through the factors that could contribute to false negative results in
the laboratory toxicity tests.
Due to the lack of toxicity measured in these tests and other confounding factors,
the second objective of this study could not be adequately addressed.
Review of RCRA Facility Investigation Report - Volume I of II and Volume II of II,
ALCOA Badin Works, Badin, NC (March 2001) by MFG, Inc., Pittsburgh, PA
Contaminants of interest in this study included cyanide (ground water and soil -
free cyanide and Fe cyanide complexes, hexacyanoferrate complexes, ferro-ferric
cyanides), arsenic, benzo(a)anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)fluoranthene,
dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-ed)pyrene, benzene and trichloroethylene.
Sediment data were collected from Badin Lake (p.100) and the analyte concentrations
were compared with industrial soil RBC's. Although this comparison was deemed
conservative, it is based on solely human contact. It is a common practice to also consider
potential ecological effects by initially comparing the analyte concentrations with
screening values for sediments (e.g. NOAA). Analyte concentrations in sediments such
as benzo(a)pyrene (a potent carcinogenic PAH) pose a probable risk for swimmers in
Badin Lake. Based upon the NOAA Sediment Screening values (used to indicate
potential adverse ecological effects), arsenic, PCBs, benzo(a)pyrene as well as several
other organic compounds exceeded concentrations indicating the need for additional
investigation (Table 4-58, 4-59). For example, concentrations of fluoranthene reported
(0.063-360 mg/kg ) exceed known toxic concentrations in sediments for benthic
invertebrates (e.g. Stewart and Thompson 1995).
Review of "Kadin Lake Swim/Picnic Area and Badin Boat Access Sediment
Assessment, Stanly County, North Carolina" by Environmental Services, Inc.,
Raleigh, NC
This study was conducted by ESI to measure sediment concentrations of several
elements and compounds in Badin Lake associated with industrial activity. Seven stations
were selected in Badin Lake for study. Sediment samples were collected from the Badin
Lake Swim/Picnic Area and the Badin Boat Access site in Stanly County, North
Carolina. Four stations were located within the Badin Lake Swim/Picnic Area, and two
stations were located near the boat ramp in the Badin Boat Access site. One station was
located in a cove approximately 2.75 miles northeast of the other sampling stations and
was designated as a reference site. Based on the information provided in the Report,
sampling of sediments appeared to be appropriate with triplicate samples collected to
provide precision information. Equipment blanks were also collected prior to sampling
and after sampling, although these equipment blank data do not provide a significant
measure of accuracy contrary to the indication in the Report (p.4). The equipment blanks
simply indicate that the equipment was appropriately cleaned prior to collecting the
samples. The sediment samples were collected from the sediment surface (sediment-
13
water interface) using a petite ponar sampler. Sediment samples were homogenized at the
surface (in the boat) potentially resulting in the loss of volatile contaminants.
Sediment samples were analyzed for arsenic, barium, cadmium, chromium, iron,
lead, selenium, cyanide (amenable, total and weak acid dissociable), fluoride, mercury,
polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) (Aroclors 1242, 1248, 1254, and 1260), and
semivolatile organic compounds (SVOCs) (acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene,
benzo(a) anthracene, benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(b)fluoranthene, benzo(g,h,i)perylene,
benzo(k)fluoranthene, chrysene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorine,
indene(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, naphthalene, phenanthrene and pyrene). Analytes were
apparently measured in sediments on a dry weight basis (based upon information in
Table 1 of the Report).
Although limited, the results from this study indicate significant contamination in
the sediments at the Badin Lake Swim/Picnic Area and the Badin Boat Access site
relative to the reference site. Importantly, arsenic, PCBs (Arochlor 1242), and SVOCs
(benzo(b)fluoranthene and benzo(a)pyrene) were measured at concentrations that can
pose significant human health risks. Several analytes such as arsenic in sediments at the
study site exceeded concentrations that indicate potential for adverse ecological effects to
biota. Further, analytes (concentrations and distribution) such as fluoranthene and
anthracene indicate an ongoing source. The lack of detection of selenium in any sediment
sample is perplexing and troubling. Selenium is a common element found in sediments
and is essential for plant and animal life. Although selenium may be present at a
relatively low concentration, it should be detectable by any reasonably sensitive
analytical technique (e.g. ICP). The study authors recommend a more comprehensive
study.
Review of "Fish Sampling Work Plan - Narrows Reservoir, Badin, North Carolina"
by URS Corporation, Franklin, TN (December 14, 2007)
The stated purposes or objectives of this proposal for fish tissue "monitoring" are
to:
1) Determine if PCB and dioxin congeners detected in sediments in the Narrows
Cove have been released and subsequently have accumulated in fish collected
adjacent to the Narrows Cove;
2) Determine if PCB Aroclors are detected in fish tissue samples; and
3) Determine if the concentrations of PCB and dioxin congeners and PCB
Aroclors detected in fish tissue samples collected adjacent to the Narrows
Cove are comparable to background levels detected in tissues collected from
an upgradient area not influenced by the site.
The first part of this review relates to the fundamental design of the study and the
second part focuses on specific items contained or not contained in this proposal.
The concept underpinning the first objective is fundamentally flawed. PCB and
dioxin congeners vary widely in their fate properties. For example, the PCBs and dioxins
14
that are found in the sediments would likely differ significantly from those found in the
fish adjacent to those sediments. The PCB and dioxin congeners that mobilize from the
sediments and subsequently bioaccumulate in fish will be a function of the molecular
weight and degree chlorination of the bioavailable fraction of PCBs in the sediment and
incoming to the reservoir if there is an ongoing source. Further, this phenomenon will
not be uniform across the congeners. So, the objective to seek PCB and dioxin congeners
in the fish tissue that have been previously detected in the sediments will need very
careful analysis. It would not be unusual for chemicals in the sediments to differ
significantly from chemicals found in the fish. Fish may have been exposed for two to
three years while sediments likely have been in contact with these materials for decades.
Basically, one would not expect the fish to act like the sediments in accumulating PCBs
and other hydrophobic chemicals. The sediments will not "respond" to PCB or dioxin
congeners as fish will. To what sediment data will the analytes in the fish tissue be
compared? No synoptic analysis of sediments was included in this proposal. What levels
of analytes will be considered (> detection)? Is this a quest for a "fingerprint" or
detection? Or is this a question of human health or ecological condition? These are all
important and worthy objectives, but the actual objective being pursued in this study is
unclear.
The second objective, to determine concentrations of PCB Arochlors in fish
tissue, will permit a conclusion regarding the presence and amount of individual Aroclors
in fish filets. Based upon fundamental scientific principles and previous studies, these
results and conclusions will likely not link directly to environmental measurements
(sediment concentrations). If the PCBs in sediments originated from disposal of
electrical equipment from the site, they are likely not uniformly distributed. Numerous
sediment samples could have been collected and a field triage analysis performed using
immunoassay to screen the samples in the field. Then the study would produce a more
complete picture of the sediment PCB contamination (or lack of contamination).
As posited in the study proposal, the comparison of concentrations of analytes in
fish tissue from two sampling locations is intriguing, but the value of the proposed study
is questionable and diconcerting. Three possibilities can be anticipated: 1) no analytes are
detected in fish tissue from either sampling location, 2) relatively high levels of analytes
are found in fish tissue samples from both sampling sites, and 3) one site has higher
concentrations of analytes than are found the fish tissue from the other site. The results
from this sampling and analysis are not likely to be straight forward; instead, they will
likely be mixed and confounded. Regardless, what conclusion can possibly be drawn
from this sort of comparison? If the fish contain PCBs or dioxin congeners, where did
they come from and how do we fix it? If the fish do not contain PCBs or dioxin
congeners, why not? The purpose of this study is not clear. Is it related to human health
or intended to allay the concerns of fish consumers? Or is the study related to
environmental condition and the potential for adverse ecological effects? The study, as
presented or proposed, does not adequately or convincingly answer either question.
Other specific concerns with this proposal include: the authors state (p. 2-3) that
lipid analysis methods will be identified in Section 5, but I could not find the method in
15
section 5, or anywhere else in the proposal. Matrix "spikes" and internal standards are
crucial in these analyses. Are they proposed for all analytes? Why were filets selected for
analysis? Analysis of fish filets is of limited value for ecological risk assessment and will
like produce lower concentrations or numbers than analysis of whole fish. Will the data
be provided as concentrations of analytes or lipid normalized concentrations or both? The
selection and implementation of a lipid analysis method could strongly influence the
outcome of this study.
Badin Lake is over 5,000 acres. The study will have to be carefully designed to
obtain representative samples to provide any information of consequence to draw any
meaningful conclusions regarding human health or ecological risks. For example, it
would be important to retain and share split samples so results can be confirmed. This
report proposes to gather data on fish tissue burdens of analytes of concern (e.g. PCBs).
The study outlined in this report could benefit from explicit statement of objectives and
establishing a robust experimental design with analytical detection limits to address both
human health and ecological concerns.
Review of : Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basinwide Water Quality Plan (March 2003),
Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin Basinwide Assessment Report Whole Effluent Toxicity
Program (2002-2006), Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin Ambient Monitoring System
Report (2002-2006), Lake and Reservoir Assessments - Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin
(2007) (NCDENR Reports)
Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basinwide Water Quality Plan (March 2003)
Information contained in this report indicates that the NC Department of
Environment and Natural Resources requires or utilizes extensive (essentially watershed
level) studies on instream flow and water quality in the relicensing process. Concerns
that were documented and require additional follow-up included the fish kills
experienced in Badin Lake and poor water quality conditions (particularly in 2000 and
2001). The fish kills identified involved striped bass, bream and catfish. The presence of
small sores and emaciation of some of these fish were reported. A study was initiated to
address these concerns by IDWQ. Nutrient enrichment was also cited in this report as a
concern (p.197). Food supply for predatory fish, elevated water temperatures and
dissolved oxygen were also of concern and indicated impairment of water quality. DWQ
committed to working with Yadkin Division of APGI to improve water quality in Badin
Lake during the hydropower relicensing process. No information was provided regarding
activities or accomplishments.
Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin Basinwide Assessment Report Whole Effluent Toxicity
Program (2002-2006)
Alcoa has 5 NPDES permits into Badin Lake or Little Mountain Creek listed in
this report. Only 2 NPDES permit violations were reported during the period of this
16
report (2002 - 2006). The source and magnitude of those violations were not contained in
this report.
Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin Ambient Monitoring System Report (2002-2006)
This report contains generic information about the watershed and emphasizes
numerous water quality concerns. These water quality concerns or exceedences of water
quality criteria can be readily connected to hydropower and dam operation as noted
above in this report. They include turbidity, metals, dissolved oxygen, pH and
chlorophyll a.
Lake and Reservoir Assessments - Yadkin-Pee Dee River Basin (2007)
This report noted that Badin Lake dissolved oxygen and pH values lake-wide that
were less than state water quality standards. This report also noted that water column
chlorophyll a. values did not exceed the state water quality standard, but that benthic mats
were apparent. The noxious alga, Lyngbya wollei, was identified at several sites in Badin
Lake. Just as excessive growths of planktonic algae (i.e. chlorophyll a) can cause
significant disruption of water resource usages, so can blooms of benthic, mat-forming
algae, such as Lyngbya wollei. Lyngbya has caused problems ranging from eroding
property values, and production and release of taste-and-odor compounds, to avoidance
behavior by some fish species (Speziale and Dyck 1992; Doyle and Smart 1998; Mastin
et al. 2002; Cowell and Dawes 2004). Lyngbya produces several toxins that can adversely
affect human health as well as the health of organisms living in or depending on the
reservoir (Mastin et al. 2002). The filamentous cyanobacterium (blue-green alga),
Lyngbya, forms dense benthic and surface mats with cells protected by an external sheath
comprised of polysaccharides, peptidoglycans and minerals such as calcium carbonate
(Speziale et al.1991; Speziale and Dyck 1992; Doyle and Smart 1998). Lyngbya can
thrive at extreme temperatures ranging from melt-water lakes and streams to hot springs
(Graham and Wilcox 2000). This alga also contains photosynthetic accessory pigments
(i.e. phycobilins) that permit growth in low light conditions (i.e. < 2% incident
photosynthetically active radiation). Lyngbya can grow in waters with low nitrogen
concentrations (< 0.07 mg N03-N / L) due to its ability to fix atmospheric nitrogen
(Cowell and Dawes 2004). Mats of L. wollei can achieve a biomass of 1.0-1.5 kg dry
weight/m2 (4047-6070 kg/acre) weight with - 40-100% of this biomass existing as
benthic mats (Beer et al. 1986; Speziale et al. 1988 and 1991; Cowell and Botts 1994;
Doyle and Smart 1998). Lyngbya is a sentinel species in that it indicates water quality
issues. Lyngbya can also clog water intakes and interfere with activities such as
hydropower production.
V. Summary and Recommendations (Professional Opinions)
1. The available data regarding environmental conditions and water quality in Badin
Lake, and the potential influence of dam or hydropower operations on that water,
sediment and biota, are limited. However, the data that are available clearly indicate that
Badin Lake and downstream areas have significant environmental problems (both human
17
health and ecological) that are and will continue to be affected by dam operations and
should in any event be addressed in the Section 401 certification process.
2. Data provided by Alcoa and its consultants, as well as data collected by
consultants for Stanly County, clearly indicate an ongoing source of contaminants in
Badin Lake and release of contaminants downstream that should be investigated further.
3. Due to the paucity of data available and the nature of those data, it is not possible
at this time to accurately gauge the extent and magnitude of the problem(s) in Badin Lake
or in the downstream area. Strategic, well designed studies need to be conducted so these
water resources can achieve the designated uses that are impaired by water quality.
4. Careful, well-designed and comprehensive studies should be executed, initially to
determine the nature, extent and magnitude of the problem(s) in Badin Lake and the
immediate watershed (as well as the downstream area). At present, it is clear that there
are problems (e.g. Lyngbya wollei, toxic materials) that are affected by and could be
exacerbated by dam or hydropower operations. However, this situation is more complex
than a single consideration, and the ramifications of dam or hydropower operations on the
environmental conditions in the reservoir need to be fully considered. Decisions
regarding water quality and impacts of dam or hydropower operations need to be the
carefully considered and informed decisions that the Clean Water Act requires.
5. Clearly, the Section 401 certification decision has not considered these concerns
and problems.
18
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23
November 9, 2007 Comment Letter
from Stanly County, North Carolina to
DWQ Re: AGPI's Request for a Section
401 Water Quality Certification
PARKER POE ADAMS & BERN5PEIN LLP
Thomas N. Griffin, III
Partner
Telephone: [phone]
Direct Fax: [phone]
Lomgriffin@parkerp oe. com
Atiornrys and Counselors at Law
November 9, 2007
VIA EMAIL AND CERTIFIED MAIL
Mr. John Dorney
401 Development Unit Supervisor
North Carolina Department
of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
Mail Service Center 1650
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1650
john,[e-mail]
Three Wachovia Center
Suite 3000
401 South Tryon Street
Charlotte, NC 28202-1935
Telephone [phone]
Fax [phone]
www.parkerpoe.com
Re: Comments by Stanly County to Section 401 Water Quality Certification
Alcoa Power Generating, Inc. FERC Relicensing Project No. P-2197-0000
Dear Mr. Dorney:
Thank you for allowing Stanly County (the "County") the opportunity to submit
comments on Alcoa Power Generating, Inc.'s ("APGI") request for a Section 401 water quality
certification related to its Federal Energy Regulatory Commission ("FERC") relicensing
application. For the reasons outlined below, the County strongly urges the Division of Water
Quality ("DWQ") to take additional time (as permitted under the applicable rules) to gather and
consider important environmental information related to the potential impact on water quality
from APGI's proposed operation of the dam system. Among other things, critical information is
now being gathered, and current data should be assimilated, to understand fully the potential
impact that the proposed activities may have on Badin Lake (the "Lake") and related water
bodies.
The Lake is an approximately 5,000 acre lake that, as part of the Yadkin Pee Dee basin,
serves as a primary drinking water source and is one of the best (and most frequently used)
fishing and swimming lakes in North Carolina. The Lake is bordered by the former Alcoa Badin
Works facility (the "Plant"), which conducted aluminum smelting operations from
approximately 1915 until mid-2007, and both the Lake and the Plant are located in Stanly
County. During the Plant's operations, wastes containing cyanide complexes and potentially
other materials were disposed of at the Plant property. There is no doubt that historic operations
at the Plant have contaminated the Plant property and have potentially impacted the Lake. See
RCRA Facility Investigation Report ("RFI"), Alcoa Badin Works, Badin, North Carolina,
CHARLESTON, SC
COLUMBIA, SC
MYRTLE BEACH, SC
RALEIGH, NC
SPARTANBURG,SC
CLT 10851044
Mr. John Dorney
November 9, 2007
Page 2
prepared by MFG, Inc. (March 2001). These comments focus on the extent to which DWQ has
and should consider the potential that, in light of the current and historical environmental
conditions, APGI's proposed operation of the dam and Lake system has impacted or may
seriously impact water quality, including the biological integrity of the Lake.
The Relicensing Application
As you know, APGI, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Alcoa, Inc. ("Alcoa"), is in the
process of relicensing its Yadkin Hydroelectric Project (FERC No. P-2197) located on the
Yadkin River in North Carolina (the "Project"). APGI is seeking a renewal of its 1958 license
for a 50-year term, the maximum time period permitted by law.1
As part of the FERC relicensing process, APGI applied for a Section 401 water quality
certification from DWQ. Although we have not had an opportunity to review the information
that APGI submitted to DWQ, the County believes that APGI has not provided DWQ with
environmental information about how the Plant's operations may have affected the Lake. The
County has attempted to assemble and supply such information to DENR's Solid Waste Division
and has had several conversations with those officials regarding newly discovered waste sites.
However, we are not aware that any of this information has been shared with DWQ for purposes
of the 401 review. Accordingly, we believe that DWQ has not had the opportunity to evaluate
how the continued operation of the dam system may affect or exacerbate any conditions,
including whether any conditions would render the Lake in violation of the applicable water
quality standards.
For this reason, and the reasons presented below, the County respectfully requests that
DWQ (i) extend its review of APGI's application pursuant to 15A N.C.A.C. 2H.0507(a)(5), and
(ii) seek and evaluate additional information concerning the interaction of environmental
conditions from the Plant and the operation of the Lake and dam systems prior to issuance of any
water quality certification.
When FERC issued Alcoa the original license in 1958, Alcoa employed over 900 local residents at the Plant and
the electricity generated from the Lake was supposed to be used to power the smelting operations at the Plant. The
situation now is decidedly different -- Alcoa announced the closure of the Plant on or about July 30, 2007, and by
spring 2008, no local residents will be employed by the Plant and the Plant will not require any power to operate.
Rather, Alcoa's request to renew its license is based purely on revenues from the sale of Project electricity (more
than $40 million/year in gross revenues, according to Alcoa's estimates) derived from Alcoa's free use of the
public's waters. The County submits that Alcoa's current relicensing proposal provides little or no benefit to the
citizens of the State of North Carolina that would justify or offset adverse Project impacts to water quality.
CLT 1085104v4
Mr. John Dorney
November 9, 2007
Page 3
The Section 401 Certification
Section 401 of the Clean Water Act (the "CWA") essentially requires that states issue a
"Section 401 water quality certification" for all projects that may involve a discharge to waters
of the United States and that require a Federal permit (including a FERC license). See 33 U.S.C.
§1341(a). The Section 401 certification basically verifies that a given project will not degrade
waters of the State or otherwise violate water quality standards. See id. Section 313 of the
CWA, in turn, provides the states with authority to enact water quality standards. See 33 U.S.C.
§1313(a). Finally, the North Carolina Environmental Management Commission has delegated to
the Director of DWQ the authority to issue water quality certifications on behalf of the State of
North Carolina. See 33 U.S.C. § 1341; N.C. Gen. Stat. § 143B-282(1)(u); 15A N.C.A.C. 02H.
0500.
Factors To Be Considered In A Section 401 Certification Determination
In evaluating a Section 401 certification, DWQ must first determine that the proposed
activity does not remove or degrade the existing uses of the surface water and that water quality
standards are met. 15A N.C.A.C. 2H .0506(a) and (b). Following this finding, DWQ must
determine that the proposed activity:
(1) has no practical alternative under the criteria outlined in [the rules];
(2) will minimize adverse impacts to the surface waters based on consideration of
existing topography, vegetation, fish and wildlife resources, and hydrological
conditions under the criteria outlined in [the rules];
(3) does not result in the degradation of groundwater or surface waters;
(4) does not result in cumulative impacts, based upon past or reasonably anticipated
future impacts, that cause or will cause a violation of downstream water quality
standards through the use of on-site stormwater control measures; and
(5) provides for replacement of existing uses through mitigation as described [in the
rules].
See id, at 0506(b). In addition, DWQ's practice, appropriately, is to use the Section 404(b)(1)
guidelines to assist it in evaluating the issuance of a Section 401 water quality certification for
FERC licenses. See Internal DWQ Guidance, "Stream Mitigation for FERC-related 401
Certifications" (January 9, 2007); 33 U.S.C. §1344(b)(1). The United States Environmental
Protection Agency ("EPA") issued such guidelines at 40 C.F.R. 230 et seq.
The Section 404(b)(1) guidelines focus on, among other things, the avoidance and
minimization of impacts to waters, and highlight the paramount importance of water quality
CLT 1085104x4
Mr. John Dorney
November 9, 2007
Page 4
standards. They state, for example, that no discharge of dredged or fill material shall be
permitted if it "causes or contributes, after consideration of disposal site dilution and dispersion,
to violations of any applicable state water quality standard." 40 CFR § 230.10(b)(1 ).z They also
prohibit the proposed activity if it "cause[s] or contribute[s] to significant degradation of the
waters of the United States." 40 CFR § 230.10(c). "[E]ffects contributing to significant
degradation considered individually or collectively include: (1) [s]ignificantly adverse effects of
the discharge of pollutants on human health or welfare, including but not limited to effects on
municipal water supplies, plankton, fish, shellfish, wildlife, and special aquatic sites; (2)
[s]ignificantly adverse effects of the discharge or pollutants on life stages of aquatic life and
other wildlife dependent on aquatic ecosystems, including the transfer, concentration, and spread
of pollutants or their byproducts outside of the disposal site through biological, physical, and
chemicals processes.... " Id.
The guidelines explain that the evaluation of the effects of each proposed activity must
include, among other things, an analysis of: contaminant determinations (determination of the
degree to which the material proposed for discharge will introduce, relocate, or increase
contaminants) and aquatic ecosystem and organism determinations (determination of the nature
and degree of the effect that the proposed discharge will have on the structure and function of the
aquatic ecosystem and organisms). See 40 CFR § 230.11(d) and (e). For example, the impacts
of the proposed activity on fish, crustaceans, mollusks and other aquatic organisms in the food
web must be considered. See 40 CFR § 230.31(a). The regulatory authority must in particular
consider whether the requested activity "affect[s] the populations of fish, crustaceans, mollusks
and other food web organisms through the release of contaminants which adversely affect adults,
juveniles, larvae, or eggs ...." Id. at § 230.31(b).
The use of the Section 404(b)(1) guidelines as guidance, and their emphasis on potential
biological/ecological impacts, also makes sense in light of North Carolina's own water quality
standards. Badin Lake is classified as a Class WS-IV water with a Class B designation. Under
North Carolina's water quality standards, the "best usage" of Class WS-IV waters means "a
source of water supply for drinking, culinary, or food-processing purposes for those users where
a more protective WS-I, WS-II or WS-III classification is not feasible and any other best usage
specified for Class C waters." 15A N.C.A.C. 2B .0216(1). The "best usage" of Class C waters,
in turn, provides that "[t]he waters shall be suitable for aquatic life propagation and maintenance
of biological integrity ... [and] sources of water pollution which preclude any of these uses on
either a short-term or long-term basis shall be considered to be violating a water quality
standard." 15A N.C.A.C. 2B .0211(2) (emphasis added). Finally, "biological integrity" is "the
ability of an aquatic ecosystem to support and maintain a balanced and indigenous community of
z As you know, the guidelines focus on the discharge of dredged and fill material, which is governed by Section 404
of the CWA. However, their careful evaluation and explanation of how activities can affect aquatic systems, and
their description of the important aspects of those systems, provides valuable guidance for understanding impacts to
water quality in other circumstances, such as those presented here.
CLT 1085104x4
Mr. John Dorney
November 9, 2007
Page 5
organisms having species composition, diversity, population densities and functional
organization similar to that of reference conditions." Id. at .0202(l 1)?
We note that ecological factors are decidedly relevant in the evaluation of a request for a
401 certification. When imposing conditions on section 401 certificates, states may take into
account a wide range of factors associated with the impact of a proposed use on water quality.
Specifically, in S.D. Warren Co. v. Maine Bd. of Envt'l Prot., 126 S.Ct. 1843 (2006), the U.S.
Supreme Court held that, in making 401 certifications, states may take into account the effect
of a proposed use on the chemical composition of the surrounding water and its effect on a
species' habitat or reproductive health and on recreational use. Id at 1853. The Court's
reasoning was based in the idea that the impact of the changes caused by dams on water
quality is a part of the business of states, and that the Clean Water Act's system is designed with
those state concerns in mind. Id. Similarly, in PUD No. 1 of Jefferson County v. Washington
Dep't of Ecology, 511 U.S. 700 (1994), the Supreme Court addressed the broad power of states
in this context, noting that states may "place any conditions on a 401 certificate that are
necessary to assure that the applicant will comply with effluent limitations, water quality
standards.... and with `any other appropriate requirement of state law."' Id. at 712.
There is no doubt, therefore, that DWQ should carefully review all environmental
information that relates to potential impacts to biological integrity and ecosystems. For the
APGI project, it is precisely this type of water quality information that DWQ must evaluate
before it can issue a thoughtful decision on the proposed Section 401 certification.
The 401 Certification Must Be Delayed To Provide Time For DENR To Evaluate
New And Important Biolo;Qical And Water Quality Information
The County's review of available information has revealed sources of existing
environmental information that demonstrate the very real possibility that environmental
conditions exist in the Lake system that may be affected by operation of the dams. That existing
information is described in the next section of these comments. This section addresses critical
information that is now being developed that should be considered in the Section 401 review.
That information consists of a new study that will bear directly on whether and how
environmental conditions could impact biological integrity, including important and sensitive
species. The new study will be directly relevant to your decision-making process.
Some consideration of the project's impacts on sensitive species is included in the April
22, 2007 Relicensing Settlement Agreement ("RSA") between APGI and various parties
(including the North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources ("DENR")).
The RSA imposes certain obligations on APGI for the "protection, mitigation and enhancement
of ecological, environmental, recreational and cultural resources affected by the Project under a
' The other affected waters are designated as Class WS-IV, except for a certain portion of Little Mountain Creek,
which has a Class C designation.
CLT 1085104v4
Mr. John Dorney
November 9, 2007
Page 6
New License." Id. at Section 1.1. For example, one of the proposed license articles in the RSA
requires APGI to develop and implement an approved Raze, Threatened and Endangered Species
Management Plan. See Section 3.6.1. The Plan is required to address the impact of the Project
operations on the bald eagle (Haliaeetus leucocephalus), as well as two other plant species. See
id. Our concern is that this study schedule, to which the County did not agree, will be too late to
allow a proper water quality determination under Section 401, and to allow the imposition of
appropriate conditions in the final certification.
The bald eagle provides a prime example.4 Bald eagles are primarily fish eaters. They
generally can catch fish 6-12 inches under the surface, and they often select dead or floating fish.
See http://www.carolinaraptoreenter.org/b_eagle.php. Usually, they catch fish that have come
through the turbines at a dam; these fish are dazed, dead, or injured and make easy prey for the
eagles. This phenomenon has been noted at the Badin Dam (Narrows Dam) in particular. See
http://www.ncnatural.com/NCUSFS/Uwharrie. In general, bald eagles consume approximately
1-2 pounds of fish per day. See http://www/greatriverroad.com/Eagies/eagieSciFacts.htm.
These facts are important for two reasons. First, there is no doubt that the operation of
the dam system can have a critical impact on how the bald eagle gathers its primary food, given
that dams are a favorite hunting ground. Indeed, one source suggests that the Badin Dam
provides a prime location to view the bald eagle for just that reason. See
http://www.ncnatural.comNCUSFS/Uwharrie.
Second, and critically, planning is now underway to gather vital information about the
Plant's potential impact on fish populations, the same fish that will be affected by the dams and
eaten by the bald eagles. This information is forthcoming, but not yet available. Approximately
two years after the County raised environmental and health concerns about the conditions of the
Lake to Alcoa, and after a recent meeting with DENR to require Alcoa to perform additional
studies of the Lake impacts, Alcoa has apparently agreed to perform a "fish study" of the
potential environmental impacts to the Lake from the Plant's operations. The County
understands that the design and parameters for this "fish study" will be available by November
16, 2007. Once the work plan is approved, Alcoa will presumably conduct the work outlined in
the work plan and make this information available to the EPA, the North Carolina Department of
a Although it was recently "delisted" under the Endangered Species Act, the bald eagle is still a critically important
and protected species. For example, the bald eagle remains protected by the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act,
which prohibits the taking of bald eagles within the United States. See 16 U.S.C. 668. Under that Act, "taking" also
prohibits "disturbance," a term that was defined by the Fish and Wildlife Service in June 2007 to mean "to agitate or
bother a bald or golden eagle to a degree that causes, or is likely to cause, based on the best scientific information
available, (1) injury to an eagle, (2) a decrease in its productivity, by substantially interfering with normal breeding,
feeding, or sheltering behavior, or (3) nest abandonment, by substantially interfering with normal breeding, feeding,
or sheltering behavior." 50 C.F.R. 22.3. The term "disturb" is also broad enough to include adverse habitat
modification. 72 Fed. Reg. 31133 (June 5, 2007); Contoski v, Scarlett, 2006 WL 2331180 at * 3 (D. Minn. Aug. 10,
2006). Therefore, although the bald eagle is delisted, the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act provides analogous
protection to that afforded under the Endangered Species Act.
CLT 1085104v4
Mr. John Dorney
November 9, 2007
Page 7
Environment and Natural Resources ("DENR") and other interested parties. The "fish study" is
vital to understanding the potential impact of managing the Lake system on species, including
the bald eagle, given that fish movement and management may depend on whether and how fish
populations are impacted by the contamination conditions.
The County submits that DWQ must consider the results of the new fish study in its
evaluation of water quality and its consideration of appropriate conditions for a Section 401
certification. In fact, while evaluating DWQ's decision on certain stormwater permits and how
those permits might affect the Carolina Heelsplitter (an endangered species), a North Carolina
Administrative Law Judge recently held that DENR's:
legal obligation to protect biological integrity necessarily includes the
protection of the most sensitive species within a watershed. Therefore, in
the Goose Creek watershed, biological integrity encompasses the ability of
the watershed to maintain the federally endangered Carolina Heelsplitter
population.
North Carolina Wildlife Fed'n et al. v. North Carolina Dep't of Env't & Natural Res., Div. of
Water Quality, 05 EHR 2055 and 06 EHR 0164 at 27-28 (consolidated cases)(March 7, 2002).
Preservation of biological integrity would certainly include protection of the bald eagle and other
species, and the study is therefore essential to evaluating whether the Project will affect water
quality standards.
It also goes without saying that the fish study, and information related to biological
integrity in general, is critical to understanding potential impacts on the human population. The
water quality standards applicable to the Lake require, among other things, protection of uses for
fish consumption and for primary recreational activities involving human body contact with
water on a frequent basis. Given the potential for environmental impacts in the Lake, certainly
these uses could be seriously impacted by operation of the dam system. Indeed, DENR itself
argued in its February 22, 2007 Notice of Intervention and Alternative Motion to Intervene, filed
in APGI's FERC license renewal process, that "[t]he operation of this project may change the
quantity and quality of fish habitat in the river, alter the chemical and physical properties of the
river, affect the recreational opportunities in the river, affect submerged lands to which the State
retains title, etc." DENR Notice at 4. Based on DENR's own beliefs on the potential impact of
the dam, it should certainly wait to review all available information, including the upcoming
"fish study."
In sum, the County submits that the Section 401 certification process must be extended to
permit a review of all environmental information. The outstanding fish study is "information
necessary to the Director's decision" that is "unavailable," thus justifying a delay in the process
beyond the 60 day decision-making requirement. 15A N.C.A.C. 2H .0507(a)(5).
CLT 10851044
Mr. John Domey
November 9, 2007
Page 8
The 401 Certification Also Must Be Delayed To Provide Time For DENR To
Evaluate Existing Information Concerning Potential Contamination Of The Lake
And Its Organisms, And To Evaluate The Need To Gather New Water Quality Data
Moreover, the process must also evaluate other current environmental information that
(we believe) has yet to be considered. As discussed in more detail below, we do not believe that
DWQ has been presented with environmental impacts that the contamination at the Plant and
Lake may have on water quality standards, including the protection of the biological integrity of
the Lake and the safety of the waters for the best uses of the Lake. Again, the potential for
adverse impacts to the Lake and water system from the dam operation, and the appropriate
conditions in a water quality certification, cannot be properly evaluated until this information is
reviewed.
We have provided below a brief summary of the information collected to date, and
presented to DENR in other contexts, that demonstrate potential impacts to the Lake and its
ecosystems. As you will see, the information both identifies current impacts and highlights the
need for additional studies.
A. The Screening Site Investigation of the Alcoa Badin Landfill by the Superfund
Division of DENR in 1991 included an assessment of the aboveground waste pile for the
disposal of spent potliners, furnace bricks and construction debris. Although the investigation
identified only elevated levels of acetone in soil and groundwater, the report noted that the foot
of the landfill ended in an area of seeping water. This water apparently flowed along the path of
an intermittent creek leading to the Lake. The report further explained that the Lake is an
"excellent fishery" for both sport and commercial fishing and "one of the best and heaviest used"
in North Carolina. The Lake reportedly supported approximately 398.26 pounds per acre of fish
and, as of 1980, approximately 69,408 pounds of fish were harvested and consumed per year.
The County estimates that the volume of fish from the Lake consumed by humans has
dramatically increased since the 1980 figures.
B. The March 2001 RCRA Facility Investigation Report ("RFI") prepared by MFG,
Inc. for Alcoa provides the sampling data related to environmental impacts to sediment and
surface waters at the Lake. Specifically, the RFI identified the following contaminants in the
sediment in the areas of the Boat Launch and Swimming Cove in the Lake above the EPA
Region III Industrial Soil Risk-Based Concentration: benzo(a)pyrene, benzo(a)anthracene,
benzo(a)flouranthene, dibenzo(a,h)anthracene, indeno(1,2,3-cd)pyrene, Aroclor 1242 and 1260,
and arsenic.5 See RFI at 100 and Table 4-58. No contaminants were detected in surface water
5 Alcoa concluded that the concentration of arsenic in the sediments in these areas is not a constituent of concern
because the detected levels were below the levels Alcoa determined to be "background" at the Plant. The County
CLT 1085104v4
Mr. John Dorney
November 9, 2007
Page 9
above the North Carolina 2B standards. The RFI also concluded that benzo(a)pyrene was
detected in the Swimming Cove area sediments at concentrations higher than the screening
values for human health. See RFI at 101 and Table 4-59. Despite the elevated levels of
contaminants in sediments, Alcoa concluded that the impacted sediments would yield acceptable
results regarding human health risk exposure in the swimming area, and (for areas of shallow
impacts in the Boat Launch area) Alcoa basically concluded that the time of contact would be
brief because of the rocky floor bottom and the water washing off sediment. Even if Alcoa is
correct, however, the County submits that potential human exposure is only one piece of a large,
vital puzzle. We are not aware of any review of the information in light of the overall
ecosystem, whether other components of the ecosystem are impacted, and how the operation of
the darn and water system might affect the distribution of those impacts through movement of
organisms or otherwise.6
Moreover, in this time of severe drought, sediments that were at one time at depth are
now undoubtedly much closer to the surface. Other sediments may have migrated to deeper
areas that have not been sampled or otherwise studied. Understanding exposure scenarios related
to the current condition of sediments contaminated by the Plant's operations is critical to
management of the Lake system and the maintenance of water quality/biological integrity.
Finally, the sampling data utilized in the RFI was collected in 1996 and 1997, over ten
years ago. The possible presence of additional impacts to the Lake system since that time must
also be evaluated. The County understands, for example, that Alcoa has been unable to meet the
parameters of its NPDES permit (N00004308) for the Plant. Indeed, DENR recently granted
Alcoa an extension of time (ranging from 18 to 36 months) for Alcoa to meet the discharge
standards in its current NPDES permit for the following parameters: chlorine, cyanide and
fluoride. Accordingly, it appears that the Plant continues to discharge pollutants to the Lake in
excess of its NPDES permit, including for parameters that - based on 10-year old sampling data
- exceed industrial standards in the Lake.
C. The recent Characterization of the Toxicity and Bioavailability of Polycyclic
Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Aquatic Sediments from Badin Lake, prepared by Retec (February
2007) assessed the Bioavailability and toxicity of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons ("PAHs")
in the sediments of the Lake adjacent to the Plant. The report identified PAHs in sediment that
ranged from 0.23 ppm to 1,690 ppm, and stated that the carbon identified in the samples was
consistent with the emissions from a smelter and carbon plant, and the use of coal at the smelter.
does not know how DENR views either this conclusion or the appropriate standards against which to measure the
results.
6 The RFI also identified elevated levels of contaminants in groundwater that the County believes may lead to
adverse impacts on the Lake water quality. Indeed, the five (5) groundwater monitoring wells located downgradient
from the Plant and near the Lake all identified elevated levels of contaminants. The following contaminants were
identified above the applicable North Carolina 2L standards: total cyanide (MW-16, MW-25 and MW-25A);
fluoride (MW-16, MW-25, MW-25A and MW-26) and trichloroethene (MW-16). See RFI at Table 4-59.
CLT 1085104v4
Mr. John Dorney
November 9, 2007
Page 10
The report concluded that the samples collected did not exceed the concentrations at which
benthic aquatic invertebrate would be expected to have reduced survival, and that the toxicity
and bioavailability of PAHs in sediment did not represent a significant source of toxicity to
benthic aquatic organisms. We are not aware of DENR's reaction to this study, and whether
DWQ has considered its bases and agrees with its conclusions. We do note, however, that the
report apparently did not include any sampling or analysis of the potential impacts to the fish
population in the Lake and/or on individuals (including children) who frequently swim and
conduct other water activities in the Lake.
D. There are numerous other Sources of Information that we believe would contain
information relevant to evaluating environmental and water quality impacts to the Lake system
deriving from the Plant. For example, among others, APGI's compliance history with its
NPDES permit (No. N00081947), water quality reports for the Plant, monitoring data for the
Plant, the impaired water status of Little Mountain Creek (which is part of the proposed Yadkin
Hydroelectric Project), litigation records from a suit initiated by Alcoa with respect to insurance
coverage for environmental contamination at the Plant, and the Toxic Release Inventory Reports
for the Plant.
The County's position is well known: Alcoa's record of waste contamination at the
Plant, and its minimal and delayed responses to address such contamination, are directly relevant
to the issue of whether Alcoa (and its wholly-owned subsidiary APGI) would be a fit
environmental steward for the Yadkin Project and would conduct its operations without negative
impacts to the water quality standards of the Lake.? The County intends to press its position in
the FERC proceedings, and to ask FERC to assert its full authority to mitigate and improve
environmental conditions at the Project, including Badin Lake.
For the current purposes, it is apparent that there is a lack of a comprehensive (or current)
environmental assessment of the environmental impacts to the Lake from the Plant's historic
operations, and that the absence of complete and adequate information directly impacts DWQ's
Section 401 certification decision. Indeed, the County's view is that, while the situation at the
Plant may have improved (due largely to the shutdown of the facility), the documents already
show an inextricable link between prior operations at the Plant and impacts to the Lake's water
quality that would dictate that the Section 401 certification be conditioned to assure protection of
water quality and biological integrity. Those conditions cannot be properly understood until all
information is considered. Importantly, they also cannot be evaluated until additional
information is gathered concerning impacts to the Lake and the resulting consequences for Lake
management. See 15 A N.C.A.C. 2H .0502(c) and (d) (allowing DWQ to request additional
information and conduct investigations necessary for the proper consideration of the application).
7 Indeed, it appears that significant remedial work remains to be performed at the Plant, Alcoa disclosed in a lawsuit
against its insurance company in Washington State that the estimated cleanup costs at the Plant would be $50
million. However, to date, it appears that Alcoa has spent only $8 million to investigate and implement remedial
measures at the Plant.
CLT 1085104v4
Mr. John Dorney
November 9, 2007
Page 11
Conclusion
In sum, the County believes it is premature for DWQ to issue a Section 401 water quality
certification based on the current information it has been provided and without fully evaluating
the environmental impacts to the Lake from the Plant's historic operations, including information
from the impending "fish study." Indeed, DENR must review this information to determine if
the identified impacts to the Lake, its aquatic life and/or related species and ecosystems will be
exacerbated by the operation of the dam system APGI is proposing to operate for another 50
years. We would therefore submit that DENR should deny certification at this time or otherwise
hold APGI's application in abeyance, pursuant to 15A N.C.A.C. 2H .0507(a)(5), to allow DENR
additional time to receive and review information necessary to its decision.
The County therefore respectfully requests that DWQ not grant the 401 water quality
certification, and that the process continue as necessary to consider the past and impending
environmental studies and to gather adequate new information related to the agency's decision.
Thank you again for your attention to this matter. Please feel free to contact me if you
have any questions or require any additional information from the County along these lines.
Very truly yours,
Tho Griffin, III
Attorne for Stanly County
TNG/cmh
cc: Mr. Jerry D. Myers, County Manager, Stanly County (via email only)
JMyers@co. stanly. nc. us
Tom Reeder, Chief, Division of Water Quality (via email only)
[e-mail]
Paul Rawls, Division of Water Quality (via email only)
paul.rawls@ncmail. net
David. R. Poe, Esq., LeBoeuf, Lamb, Greene & MacRae LLP (via email only)
Counsel for APGI
[e-mail]
CLT 1085104A
Curriculum Vitae for John H. Rodgers,
Jr., Ph.D.
3/2008
CURRICULUM VITAE
John H. Rodgers, Jr.
BIRTHRATE: February 1, 1950
BIRTHPLACE: Dillon County, South Carolina, U.S.A.
SSN: Available on request
MARITAL DATA: Wife's maiden name - Martha W. Robeson
Children - Daniel Joseph
(Born January 16, 1978)
Frank Clifford
(Born July 7, 1985)
HOME ADDRESS: 102 Santee Trail
Clemson, SC 29631
Telephone: [phone]
PRESENT Professor
POSITION: Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
Clemson University
Co-Director
Clemson Environmental Institute
Clemson University
Director
Ecotoxicology Program
Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
Clemson University
PRESENT Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
ADDRESS: PO Box 340317
261 Lehotsky Hall
Clemson University
Clemson, SC 29634-0317
Telephone: [phone]
Fax: [phone]
Cell-phone: [phone]
E-mail: jrodger(a").clemson.edu
Rodgers-1
EDUCATION: Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State
University, Blacksburg, VA,
Ph.D. Degree, Botany, Aquatic Ecology, 1977.
Clemson University, Clemson, SC,
M.S. Degree, Botany, Plant Ecology, 1974.
Clemson University, Clemson, SC,
B.S. Degree, Botany, 1972.
PROFESSIONAL Clemson University (1998-present):
EXPERIENCE:
Professor, Department of Forestry and Natural Resources
Co-Director, Clemson Environmental Institute
Director, Ecotoxicology Program
2003 - Present.
Director, Clemson Institute of Environmental Toxicology
Chair, Department of Environmental Toxicology
Professor, Department of Environmental Toxicology
Co - Director, Clemson Environmental Institute
1998 - 2003.
University of Mississippi:
(Department of Biology)
Professor, Department of Biology,
1989 - 1998.
Director, Ecotoxicology Program,
1995 - 1998.
Adjunct Research Professor, Research Institute for
Pharmaceutical Sciences,
1989 - 1998.
Director, Biological Field Station,
1990 - 1995.
Director, Center for Water and Wetland Resources,
1993 - 1995.
Associate Director, Biological Field Station,
1989 - 1990.
University of North Texas:
(Division of Environmental Sciences,
Department of Biological Sciences)
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Director, Water Research Field Station,
1987 - 1989.
Associate Professor, Department of Biological Sciences,
1985 - 1989.
Associate Director, Institute of Applied Sciences,
1982 - 1988.
Assistant Professor, Department of Biological Sciences,
1982 - 1985.
Research Scientist II, Institute of Applied Sciences,
1979-1981.
East Tennessee State University:
(Department of Environmental Sciences,
Aquatic Ecology Section)
Assistant Professor, 1978 - 1979.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute
and State University:
(Biology Department, Center for
Environmental Studies)
Postdoctoral Research Associate, 1977 - 1978.
Research Assistant- Energy Research and
Development Administration, 1975 - 1977.
Clemson University (1972-1974):
(Botany Department)
Research Assistant - Water Resources Research
Institute, 1972 - 1974.
Laboratory Teaching Assistant - Plant Physiology,
Plant Ecology, Biological Oceanology, Botany, 1972 -1974.
MILITARY U.S. Air Force Reserve, Second Lieutenant,
SERVICE: 1972 - 1975.
U.S. Air Force Reserve, First Lieutenant,
1975 - 1978.
U.S. Air Force Reserve, Captain,
1978 - 1984.
U.S. Air Force (Active Duty),
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June 1 - August 29, 1976.
U.S. Air Force, Honorable Discharge, 1984.
Pilot Certificate - 34 hours, Single engine aircraft.
RESEARCH
SUPPORT:
Clemson University (1972-1974):
Research Assistantship, Water Resources Institute, Project No. B-053-SC ($42,000),
1972 - 1974. Impact of Thermal Effluent from a Nuclear Power Plant on Reservoir
Productivity.
Thesis Parts Award, USAEC, The E.I. DuPont de Nemours & Co., Savannah River
Laboratory (Thermal Effects Laboratory), Aiken, S.C., 1973-1975. Effects of Elevated
Temperatures on Periphyton Productivity in Lotic Aquatic Ecosystems.
Savannah River Laboratory, Research Assistantship, Research Contract USAEC
Funding ($50,000), 1973-1975. Impacts of Ash from Coal Combustion on Swamp
Receiving Systems.
Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University:
Research Assistantship, Research Contract, American Electric Power Corporation
Funding ($93,000), 1974-1975. Thermal Tolerances and Electivities of Fish Adjacent to
a Coal-Fired Power Plant.
Research Assistantship, Research Contract, Energy Research and Development
Administration Funding ($112,000),1975 - 1976. Structural and Functional Responses
of Aquatic Communities to Power Generation.
Research Assistantship, Research Contract, Energy Research and Development
Administration Funding ($132,000),1976 - 1977. Responses of Aquatic Communities to
Perturbations Associated with Power Generation.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Water Resources Research Institute
Funding ($68,000), 1977 - 1979. Environmental Tolerances of Corbicula fluminea from
the New River, Virginia.
East Tennessee State University:
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, ETSU Research Development Committee
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Funding ($3,270), 1978 - 1979. Primary Production and Nutrient Dynamics in the
Watauga River, Tennessee.
Oak Ridge Associated Universities Travel Contract, 1978 - 1979. Impacts of Power
Production on Aquatic Ecosystems of Savannah River Laboratory.
University of North Texas:
Co-Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Chemical Manufacturers' Association
Funding ($80,000), 1979 - 1980. Modeling the Fate of Chemicals in Aquatic
Environments.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, NTSU Faculty Research Grant Funding
($4,000), 1979 -1980. Biotransformation of Xenobiotics in Aquatic Systems.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, International Paper Company Funding
($149,530), 1980 - 1981. Impacts of Paper Mill Effluent on Aquatic Ecosystems.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Victor Equipment Company Funding
($5,000), 1980. Optimization of Packaged Waste Treatment System for Metal Removal.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, International Paper Company Funding
($171,830),1980 -1981. Investigation of Pre- and Post-Operational Effects of a Paper
Mill on Aquatic Systems.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, NTSU Faculty Research Grant Funding
($4,620), 1980 - 1981. Predicting Bioconcentration of Chemicals by Aquatic Organisms.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Chemical Manufacturers' Association
Funding ($30,000), 1981. Validation of Chemical Fate Models for Aquatic Ecosystems.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Funding ($305,866), 1981 - 1983. Development of a Decision Support System for
Integrated Management of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, NTSU Faculty Research Grant Funding
($3,600), 1981-1982. Fate and Effects of the Herbicide, Endothall, in Aquatic Systems.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Chemical Manufacturers' Association
Funding ($59,985), 1981 - 1982. Studies of Fate and Effects of Chemicals in Aquatic
Ecosystems.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, International Paper Company Funding
($113,000), 1982. Effects of Paper Mill Effluent on Aquatic Ecosystems.
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Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding
($24,500), 1982. Ecosystem Study of Pat Mayse Lake, A Southwestern Reservoir.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, International Paper Company Funding
($348,926), 1982 - 1985. Further Studies of Effects of Paper Mill Effluent on Aquatic
Ecosystems.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, NTSU Faculty Research Grant Funding
($3,500), 1982 - 1983. Proximate Oxygen Demand of Aquatic Plants.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Funding ($199,500), 1982 - 1983. Validation of Decision Support Systems for Integrated
Management of Nuisance Aquatic Vegetation.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, American Petroleum Institute ($83,809),
1981 - 1982. Bioavailability of Petroleum-Derived Chemicals in Aquatic Ecosystems.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding
($25,000), 1983. Further Studies: Pat Mayse Lake, A Southwestern Reservoir.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding
($1,000), 1983. Remote Sensing of Aquatic Vegetation in Pat Mayse Lake.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Development Company Funding
($17,000), 1983. Impact of Petroleum Compounds on Aquatic Organisms.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, NTSU Faculty Research Grant Funding
($4,500), 1983 - 1984. Threshold Responses of Aquatic Vegetation to Herbicides.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Development Company Funding
($29,758),1984. Inter-Laboratory Comparison of Bioassays Using Freshwater and
Marine Organisms.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding
($20,000), 1984. Water Quality Monitoring and Aquatic Vegetation in Pat Mayse Lake.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Pennwalt Corporation Funding ($11,500),
1984. Comparative Study of Two Aquatic Herbicides.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Oil and Chemical Company Funding
($14,000). Aquatic Toxicology Studies for the Petrochemical Industry.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Dallas County Utility and Reclamation District
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Funding ($12,000), 1984 - 1985. Eutrophication Potential in an Impoundment Receiving
Wastewater.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Development Company Funding
($31,797), 1985. Development of Data on Proper Selection of Bioassay Species.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Texas Instruments, Inc. Funding
(approximately $12,000, equipment), 1985. Development of Expert Systems for Water
Quality Management.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding
($24,500), 1985. Development of a Water Quality Model and Lake Management
Strategy for Pat Mayse Lake.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Foundation Award, Shell Research Foundation
($15,000), 1985. The Response of Marine and Freshwater Species to Xenobiotics.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, NTSU Faculty Research Grant Funding
($2,700), 1986 - 1987. Experimental Analysis of Bioassay Methods.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding
($168,693), 1986 - 1987. Ecological Analysis of the Lake Ray Roberts Project Site.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding,
($68,000), 1986 - 1987. Coupling an Environmental Fate and Effects Model for 2, 4-D
and Water Hyacinth.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Research Foundation Funding
($15,000), 1986. Osmoregulation in Marine Bioassay Species.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, American Petroleum Institute Funding
($8,000), 1986. Evaluation of Marine Bioassay Species.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, American Petroleum Institute and U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Funding ($10,000), 1986. A Workshop on Culture and
Life History of Mysidopsis sp.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Research Foundation Funding
($20,000), 1987. Sediment Organic Carbon Content in Aquatic Systems of the U.S.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding
($24,500), 1987 - 1988. Endothall Fate and Effects on Myriophyllum spicatum in Pat
Mayse Lake, Texas.
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Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract Hoechst-Roussel Agri-Vet (Hoechst-
Celanese) Co. Funding ($185,000), 1987 - 1988. Development of Mesocosms and
Water Research Field Station.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, City of Dallas Funding ($319,964), 1987 -
1989. Ecological Survey and Study of the Trinity River, Texas.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Hoechst-Roussel Agri-Vet (Hoechst-
Celanese) Co. Funding ($325,000), 1988 - 1989. Fate and Effects of Tralomethrin in
Mesocosms.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Hoechst Roussel Agri Vet (Hoechst--
Celanese) Co. Funding ($185,000), 1988 - 1989. Further Development of Mesocosms
and Water Research Field Station.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding
($24,500), 1988 - 1989. Further Development of a Water Quality Model and Lake
Management Strategy for Pat Mayse Lake.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding
($24,550), 1988 - 1989. Research on SONAR in Pat Mayse Lake.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding
($107,000), 1988-1989. Water Research Field Station-Coupling a Herbicide Fate and
Effects Model.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Pennwalt Corporation ($2,000), 1988-1989.
Degradation of Endothall by Chlorine.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Mobay Corporation ($852,000), 1988-
1990. Fate and Effects of Cyfluthrin in Mesocosms.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Development Corporation ($55,000)
1989-1990. Bioavailability of Sediment-sorbed Chemicals to Freshwater Organisms.
University of Mississippi:
Principal Investigator, Research Contract U.S. Army Corps of Engineers - Tulsa District
Funding ($24,500), 1988-1989. Limnology and Aquatic Botany of Pat Mayse Lake,
Texas.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Development Company Funding
($50,000), 1989-1990. Evaluation of Sediment Toxicity Testing Procedures.
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Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract Soil Conservation Service Funding
($50,000), 1990-1991. Wetlands for Interception and Processing of Pesticides in
Agricultural Runoff.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract Tennessee Valley Authority Funding
($171,410), 1990-1991. Analysis of Aquatic Herbicides in Lake Guntersville, Alabama
for the Aquatic Plant Management Program.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Ciba Giegy Corporation Funding ($31,000),
1990. Effects of Atrazine on Aquatic Vascular Plants.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Dow-Elanco Corporation Funding
($40,000), 1990. Analysis of Fluridone in Florida Aquatic Plant Management Programs.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency - Gulf
of Mexico Program ($17,565) 1990-1991. Assistance with the Citizen's Advisory Group
of the Gulf of Mexico Program.
Co-principal Investigator, CHP International, Inc. (U.S. Peace Corps) Funding
($22,000), 1990. Aquaculture Training Sessions for Volunteers for Africa.
Co-principal Investigator, University of Mississippi Funding ($1,000), 1989-1990. Water
Systems for an Aquatic Toxicology Laboratory.
Principal Investigator, Internal Equipment Funding, University of Mississippi Associates
Funding ($25,000), 1990-1991. Aquisition of an Ion Chromatograph/High Performance
Liquid Chromatograph.
Principal Investigator, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station
Funding ($250,000), 1990-1993. Development of Controlled Release Herbicides for
Aquatic Use.
Principal Investigator, American Petroleum Institute Funding, ($250,000), 1990 -1992.
Reference Toxicants and Reference Sediments for Sediment Toxicity Testing.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Tennessee Valley Authority Funding
($168,000), 1991-1992. Aquatic Herbicides in Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama -
National Demonstration Project.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Department of the Army, Vicksburg
District, Corps of Engineers Funding ($96,036), 1991-1992. Monitoring Water Quality at
Arkabutla, Enid, Grenada, and Sardis Lakes.
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Principal Investigator Research Contract ABC Laboratories Inc. and Zoecon
,
Corporation Funding ($10,000), 1991. Outdoor Microcosm Study of an Insect Growth
Regulator.
Co-principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Development Company Funding
($192,000), 1991-1993. Development of a Model Stream Facility and Evaluation of the
Environmental Safety of a Surfactant.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station
Funding ($25,000), 1991-1992. Evaluation of New Herbicide Delivery System for
Control of Aquatic Plants.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station
Funding ($64,000), 1992-1993. Evaluation of New Herbicide Delivery Systems for
Control of Aquatic Plants.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, American Petroleum Institute Funding
($100,000), 1992-1993. New Sediment Bioassays and Reference Sediments. Principal
Investigator, Mississippi State Department Of Wildlife, Fisheries, and Parks Funding
($6,000), 1991-1993. Cooperative Agreement for Assistance with Walleye Culture.
Co-Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Funding
($100,848), 1992-1993. Monitoring of Water Quality at Arkabutla, Sardis, Enid, and
Grenada Lakes.
Principal Investigator, Mississippi State Department of Wildlife, Fisheries and Parks
Funding ($3,000), 1992-1993. Cooperative Agreement for Assistance with Walleye
Culture.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract,
Funding ($30,000), 1992-1994. Mobility ai
Contaminants.
U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station
d Bioavailability of Sediment Associated
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station
Funding ($25,000), 1992-1993. Effects of Food Quantity on Fathead Minnow Survival,
Growth and Reproduction.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Eastman Kodak and the Silver Coalition
Funding ($53,183), 1992-1994. Evaluations of the Bioavailability and Toxicity of Silver in
Sediments.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Development Company Funding
($150,000), 1992-1993. Ecological Evaluation of a Non-ionic Surfactant in Model
Stream Mesocosms.
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Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Development Company Funding
($30,342), 1993-1994. Assistance with Development and Construction of Constructed
Wetlands for Tertiary Treatment of Refinery Effluent.
Principal Investigator, U.S. Department of Agriculture/ Cooperative State Research
Service Funding ($1,377,400), 1994-1995. Center for Water and Wetland Resources
(Year 4).
Co-Principal Investigator, Research Contract, International Paper Company Funding
($99,631), 1994-1995. Extensive Ecological and Toxicological Evaluation of the
Arkansas River at Pine Bluff, AR.
Co-Principal Investigator, Research Contract, International Paper Company Funding
($99,631), 1994-1995. Extensive Ecological and Toxicological Evaluation of the Yazoo
River near Vicksburg, MS.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Development Company Funding
($150,000), 1994-1995. Ecological Evaluation of a Homologus Non-ionic Surfactant in
Model Stream Mesocosms.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Shell Development Company Funding
($144,242), 1994-1996. Evaluation of Constructed Wetlands for Tertiary Treatment of
Refinery Effluent.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Texaco, Inc. Funding ($20,000), 1995-1996.
Evaluation of a Constructed Wetland for Removal of Ammonia from a Refinery Effluent.
Principal Investigator, Research Contract, Texaco, Inc. Funding ($20,000), 1995-1996.
Evaluation of a Constructed Wetland for Removal of Trace Metals from a Refinery
Effluent.
Clemson University (1998-present):
Principal Investigator, Assistance with Design and Construction of a Wetland for
Wastewater Treatment Sponsored by Shell Oil Products from 4/1/98 to 4/1/00
($10,000).
Principal Investigator, Evaluation of the Tombigbee River. Sponsored by Weyerhauser,
Inc. 1/98 - 1/02 ($22,000).
Principal Investigator, Constructed Wetland for Wastewater Treatment at IP's Mansfield,
LA Facility, Sponsored by International Paper Company 8/98 - 12/00 ($18,250).
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Principal Investigator, Investigations of Pesticide Toxicity, Sponsored by Applied
Biochemists, Inc. 1/00 - 1/01 ($10,000).
Principal Investigator, Wetlands for Wastewater Treatment at Savannah River Site
Sponsored by DOE thru SCUREF (SC Universities Research and Education
Foundation) from 1/14/99 to 2/28/00 ($28,088).
Principal Investigator, A-01 Outfall Constructed Wetlands Sponsored by DOE thru
Westinghouse Savannah River thru SCUREF from 7/11/99 to 9/30/00 ($624,730).
Principal Investigator, Design and Construction of a Wetland for Effluent Treatment.
Sponsored by International Paper Company 6/00 - 7/01 ($25,000).
Principal Investigator, Evaluation of Foam Products. Flexible Products, Inc Funding from
9/99 - 1/01 (15,000).
Principal Investigator, US Department of Interior Funding ($43,106), 2002-2004.
Renovating Water for Conservation and Reuse.
Co-Principal investigator, US Department of Agriculture Funding ($539,677), 2002-
2004. Adhesion-Specific Nanoparticles for Removal of Campylobacter jejuni from
Poultry.
Principal Investigator, Duke Energy Corporation Funding ($54,473). 2001. Evaluation of
the Oconee Nuclear Station Conventional Waste Treatment System.
Principal Investigator, Chevron Texaco Inc. Funding ($24,000), 2001-present.
Evaluation of Best Management Practices for Stormwater and Other Contaminated
Waste Streams.
Principal Investigator, US Department of Energy Funding ($26,024). 2001-2003. A01
Constructed Wetland Treatment Facility Redox Probe Maintenance and Consultation for
the Savannah River Site (from WSRC through SCUREF).
Principal Investigator, U.S. Department of Interior Funding ($43,106). 2002-2003.
Renovating Water for Conservation and Reuse.
Principal Investigator, Sustainable Universities Initiative ($7,000). 2002-2003. A
Constructed Wetland Treatment System: A Green and Sustainable Solution to Prevent
Water Pollution on Campus.
Principal Investigator, Duke Energy Corporation in Cooperation with Progress Energy
Funding ($187,000). 2003-2004. Treatment of Mercury, Selenium and Other Targeted
Constituents in FGD Wastewater: A Constructed Wetland Pilot Study.
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Principal Investigator, Chevron Corporation Funding ($33,600). 2003-2004,. Panama
Storm Water Treatment Wetland.
Principal Investigator, Griffin Corporation Funding ($20,0000). 2002-2003. Response of
Aluminum from Boat Pontoons to Komeen Exposures in Lake Murray, SC Water (with
Sediments and Hydrilla.
Principal Investigator, Alabama Power Company Funding ($75,000). 2004-2006.
Development of Strategies for Controlling Nuisiance Growths of Lyngbya in Alabama
Power Company Reservoirs.
Principal Investigator, Department of Energy Funding ($125,000) 2004-2005. Designing
constructed wetlands to treat gas storage produced waters.
Principal Investigator, Duke Energy Corporation in Cooperation with Progress Energy
Funding ($105,000). 2004-2005. Continuing Studies of Treatment of Mercury, Selenium
and Other Targeted Constituents in FGD Wastewater Using a Constructed Wetland
Treatment System.
Principal Investigator, U.S. Department of Energy Funding ($300,000) 2005-2008.
Innovative Techniques for Remediation of Nontraditional Waters for Reuse in Coal-Fired
Power Plants.
Principal Investigator, Duke Energy Corporation and ENTRIX Funding ($100,000) 2006-
2007. Further Evaluations of Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems for Flue Gas
Desulfurization Waters.
Co-Principal Investigator, Chevron-Texaco Funding ($50,000) 2006-2007. Evaluation of
Boron Biogeochemistry in Constructed Wetlands.
Co-Principal Investigator, Monsanto Company Funding ($300,000) 2006-2008. Potential
Effects of Glyphosate Formulations on Amphibians.
Principal Investigator, Florida Department of Environmental Protection Funding
($60,000) Effects of Invasive Algae in Crystal River, FL and Potential Control Strategies
to Protect the Florida Manatee.
Co-Principal Investigator, Chevron-Texaco Funding ($50,000) Specifically Designed
Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems for Produced Water in Chad.
Principal Investigator, Duke Energy Corporation and ENTRIX Funding ($30,000) 2007-
2008. Additional Evaluations of Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems for Flue Gas
Desulfurization Waters.
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Co-Principal Investigator, Clemson University Funding ($50,000) 2006-2008. Evaluation
of Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems for Parking Lot Stormwater (with Dr. Rockie
English).
Principal Investigator, Applied Biochemists, Inc. Funding ($36,000) 2006. Approaches
for Mitigation of Risks from Harmful Algal Blooms.
HONORS AND AWARDS:
Phi Sigma Doctoral Research Award, April, 1977.
Sigma Xi Doctoral Research Award, May, 1978.
Who's Who in the South and Southwest, 1979.
Personalities of the South, 1981.
International Who's Who, 1981.
Directory of Distinguished Americans, 1981.
Men of Achievement (International Biographical Center), 1981.
Phi Kappa Phi Honor Society, 1982.
Gordon Research Conference Travel Award, 1982.
NTSU President's Award to the Institute of Applied Sciences, 1985.
Mortar Board NTSU "Top Prof"Teaching Award, 1985.
Elected to NTSU Graduate Faculty, 1987.
Co-author - Best Student Paper (Burton Suedel and Phil Clifford), published in 1992 in
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Certificate of Appreciation, 1993 Mississippi Region 7 Science and Engineering Fair.
1993.
Designated "Distinguished Southerner" by Editors Of Southern Living. Article on Water
Watchdogs In April, 1994 edition of Southern Living.
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Co-author - Best Student Paper (Arthur Dunn), Mid-South Aquatic Plant Management
Society. Birmingham, AL. 1994.
Certificate of Appreciation, Environmental Biology Review Panel, U.S. EPA, January,
1995.
President, Oxford Exchange Club - Prevention of Child Abuse, 1996-1998.
Board of Directors, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1989-1991;
1995-2001. Executive Committee 1997-2000. Vice President 1998-1999. President
1999-2000.
Member, Expert Advisory Committee, Canadian Network of Toxicology Centres.
Environment Canada and Health and Welfare, 1992-2000.
Chair, Expert Advisory Committee, Canadian Network of Toxicology Centres,
Environment Canada and Health and Welfare, 1996-1999.
Who's Who Among America's Teachers, 7t" ed. 2002. p. 400.
Certificate of Appreciation for Outstanding Service to the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, 2003.
RESEARCH AND
TEACHING
INTERESTS:
Teaching Interests:
I have taught General Botany, General Biology Environmental Biology, Assessment of
Water Quality, Water Quality Management, Environmental Analysis, Aquatic Toxicology,
Limnology, Microbial Ecology, Radioisotopes, and Research Techniques, Aquatic
Botany, Aquatic Microbiology, Sediment Toxicology, and Analysis of Biological Data,
Ecological Risk assessment, Plant Physiology, and Water Chemistry. My teaching
interests also include: Plant Ecology, Wetland Ecology, and Phycology.
Research Interests:
Effects of heated effluents and other perturbations on primary productivity of vascular
and non-vascular plants in terrestrial and aquatic systems.
In situ measurements of assimilatory sulfate reduction by periphytic organisms (algae,
bacteria, and fungi), sulfur content and cycling in aquatic systems.
Physical models of aquatic systems as tools for the study of acute and chronic effects of
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industrial and power plant effluents on structural and functional aspects of aquatic
microbial communities with emphasis on photosynthesis and sulfate assimilation.
Production, decomposition and role in nutrient cycling of aquatic macrophytes.
Impact of ash from industrial and power production processes on receiving systems and
indigenous biota.
Decomposition and role of autochthonous and allochthonous detritus in aquatic and
terrestrial systems with emphasis on the influences of macro-invertebrates, bacteria and
fungi.
Invasion rates, population dynamics and elemental accumulation of the Asiatic Clam
(Corbicula fluminea).
Extracellular products and other organic compounds as regulating factors of structural
and functional aspects of aquatic microbial communities.
Benthic metabolism and physical and biological sediment characterization (using
SCUBA-implemented techniques) as an index of eutrophication rates.
Electron transport system activity of benthic microflora as a pollution monitoring tool.
Serum enzymes of fish as an indicator of the quality and quantity of mixed effluents and
their effects on receiving systems.
Ecosystem responses to stress in aquatic systems; Ecological risk assessment.
Relationships between carbon quantity and quality in ecosystems.
Responses of microbes (algae, bacteria, and fungi) to magnetic fields.
Ecological impacts associated with pulp and paper mills.
Biology and ecology of Taxodium distichum (Bald cypress) swamps in the Southwest.
Development of models for integrated control of nuisance aquatic vegetation and
aquatic ecosystem management.
Microcosms and mesocosms as tools for ecological and environmental research.
Reservoir limnology and eutrophication.
Secondary aquatic plant products and biocontrol of aquatic plants.
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Bioavailability of xenobiotic chemicals (e.g. pesticides) to aquatic organisms.
Sediments as sources and sinks for contaminants in aquatic ecosystems.
Population biology and physiological ecology of aquatic plants.
Artificial Intelligence in ecological problem solving.
Constructed wetlands for rehabilitation and wastewater treatment.
Metal speciation and bioavailability.
ORGANIZATIONS:
American Society of Limnology and Oceanography, Ecological Society of America,
American Water Resources Association, North American Benthological Society, Water
Pollution Control Federation, Phi Sigma Society Alpha Psi (VPI&SU) Chapter, Sigma Xi
(VPI&SU) Chapter, American Institute of Biological Sciences, American Association for
Advancement of Science, Phi Kappa Phi (NTSU) Chapter, Aquatic Plant Management
Society, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
OTHER
PROFESSIONAL
ACTIVITIES:
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist Microbiology Department, Clemson University, 1973-1975.
Investigator on Facilities Use Agreement #15 at Savannah River Laboratory in
conjunction with Clemson University and VPI & SU, 1973-1975.
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist to American Electric Power Service Corporation, Canton,
Ohio, 1974 - 1975.
Investigator on Facilities Use Agreement #28 at Savannah River Laboratory in
conjunction with University of Texas, School of Public Health and VPI&SU, 1975 - 1979.
Consulting Microbial Ecologist to Bioengineering Research and Development Group,
Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1977.
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist to Virginia State Water Control Board, Richmond, 1977.
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Invited lecturer in Plant Ecology and Environmental Biology, Botany Department,
Clemson University, 1977.
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist to Center for Environmental Studies VPI&SU, 1978 - 1979.
Participant in Savannah River National Environmental Research Park meeting on
Aquatic Research, Aiken, S.C., 1978.
Grant Proposal Review for the Division of Environmental Biology of the National
Science Foundation, 1978 - 1987.
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist to Tennessee Eastman Company, Kingsport, Tennessee,
1978 - 1979.
ETSU Research Development Committee Presidential Appointment 1978 - 1979.
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist to Victor Equipment Company, Denton, Texas, 1980 -
1983.
Review of publications for American Society for Testing and Materials
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist to Environmental Biology Group, Oak Ridge National
Laboratory, Oak Ridge, Tennessee, 1980.
Gordon Research Conference Participant (Environmental Sciences - Water), 1980.
Participant in Workshop on the role of aquatic microcosms in evaluating ecosystem
effects of chemicals under the Toxic Substances Control Act (USEPA sponsored),
1980.
NTSU representative to Texas Systems of Natural Laboratories. (Presidential
Appointment), 1981 - 1986.
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist to Environmental Systems Branch, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, 1981.
School of Community Service Computing Services Advisory Council (Dean's
Appointment), 1981-1986.
NTSU Biosafety Committee (Presidential Appointment), 1980 - 1987.
Peer Review of Research Program for Environmental Systems Branch of the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency (with H.T. Odum), 1981.
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Participant in Workshop on Modeling the Fate of Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment
(USEPA sponsored), Pellston, MI, 1981.
Co-chaired session on Microcosm Testing in Aquatic Toxicology at the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry's Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 1981.
Elected to Editorial Board of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 1981- 1983.
Research advisor to the Ecosystem Branch of the U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency, Las Vegas, 1982.
Gordon Research Conference Participant (Environmental Sciences-Water), 1982.
President, Sigma Xi, NTSU Club, 1982-1983.
Chair, Employment Service Committee of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, 1982 - 1984.
Review of manuscripts for Ecological Society of America, 1981 - present.
College of Arts and Sciences Committee on Interdisciplinary Research (Dean's
Appointment), 1983.
Department of Biological Sciences Radiation Safety Officer, 1983 - 1987.
Participant, Workshop on Bioavailability of Chemicals from Dredged Materials (U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers sponsored) Vicksburg, Mississippi, 1984.
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist to the City of Reno, Nevada, 1983 - Mitigation of Impacts
of Population Growth and Development on Lake Tahoe, Truckee River and Pyramid
Lake.
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist to the Las Colinas Development, 1983 - Impacts of
Development on the Trinity River and Watershed.
School of Community Services Committee on Resources and Nontraditional Education
(Dean's Appointment), 1983 -1984.
Peer review of research programs of the Naragansett Bay, R.I., U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Research Laboratory (elected chairman of the review team), 1984.
North Texas State University Committee on Science and Technology (Presidential
Appointment), 1984.
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President, J.K. G. Silvey Society, North Texas State University, 1983 - 1984.
Invited Attendee, Society of Petroleum Industry Biologists, Annual Meeting, Houston,
Texas, 1984.
Chair of the Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
St. Louis, Missouri, Nov. 10-14, 1985.
Participant - Workshop on the Bioavailability of Sorbed Chemicals (U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency and American Petroleum Institute sponsored) Florissant, Colorado,
1984.
Faculty Committee Member, Cooperative Education Program of the Institute of Applied
Sciences, 1984.
Faculty Representative for the Sciences, elected to NTSU Faculty Senate, 1986.
Served as Chairman of Placement Committee of Aquatic Plant Management Society,
1987.
Peer review of research programs of the Gulf Breeze, FL., U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency Research Laboratory (with H. Bergman and K. Solomon), 1987.
Consulting aquatic ecologist to the City of Dallas (Water Utilities), Algal Workshop,
1987.
Consulting aquatic toxicologist to the American Petroleum Institute, Bioavailability of
Chemicals Sorbed to Sediments, 1987.
Consulting aquatic ecologist to the Association of Central Oklahoma Governments, Use
Attainability Study of Crutcho Creek and the North Canadian River, 1987.
Chair, Professional Opportunities Committee (Placement) of the Aquatic Plant
Management Society, 1987.
Co-chair (with L. Goodman), Workshop on Mysid Culture and Testing, at the Eighth
Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
Pensacola, FL, 1987.
Co-chair, sessions on Perspectives of Water Quality-Based Permitting and Field
Validation of Laboratory Results, at the Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Pensacola, FL, 1987.
Appointed to the South Carolina Aquatic Plant Management Commission, 1987.
Rodgers-20
Presented short courses on Aquatic Plant Management in Texas, 1987.
Presented seminars at short courses on Aquatic Plant Management in Florida, Ft.
Lauderdale and Orlando, FL, 1987.
Advisor on American Petroleum Institute Study of Bioavailability of Sediment Bound
Chemicals (with P. Chapman and C. Missimer), 1987 - 1988.
Participated in a Workshop on Mesocosm Research Sponsored by USEPA, Duluth, MN,
1987.
Promotion review team member for P.R. Parrish, Environmental Research Laboratory,
Gulf Breeze, FL, 1987.
Chair, session on Sediment Criteria Development and Testing at the South Central
Chapter Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Houston,
TX, 1987.
Scientific Advisory Group, Proctor and Gamble Corporation, Cincinnati, Ohio, 1988,
Scientific Advisory Group, Botanical Research Institute of Texas (BRIT). Fort Worth,
TX, 1988.
Adjunct Faculty, University of Guelph. Guelph, Ontario, Canada, 1988-1990.
Invited participant, North American Benthological Society Annual Meeting. Blacksburg,
VA, May 22, 1990.
Invited participant, Association of Southeastern Biologists Special Workshop on
Teaching the Limnology Laboratory. Baltimore, MD, April 20, 1990.
Invited participant, Aquatic Plant Management Meeting. Mobile, AL, July 16, 1990.
Chair, Education Committee of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
1989-1991.
Chair, Professional Opportunities Committee of the Aquatic Plant Management Society,
1989-1991.
Chair, Discussion session on Wetlands Toxicology At the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry Annual Meeting. Washington, D.C., November 12, 1990.
Member, Aquatic Effects Dialogue Group of the Conservation Foundation, 1989-1991.
Rodgers-21
Member, Advisory Group to the World Wildlife Fund, 1989-1991.
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist and Toxicologist to Proctor and Gamble Company.
Cincinnati, OH, 1989-1991.
Served on a discussion panel on the Future of Aquatic Plant Management with
emphasis on regulatory issues regarding herbicides at the 25th Annual Meeting of the
Aquatic Plant Control Research Program - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Orlando, FL,
November 26-30, 1990.
Served on a discussion panel on the Future of Aquatic Plant Management with
Emphasis on Simulation Technology and Modeling at the 25th Annual Meeting of the
Aquatic Plant Control Research Program - U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Orlando, FL.
November 26-30, 1990.
Consulting Aquatic Toxicologist, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Ecorisk
Program evaluation. 1990-1991.
Consulting Aquatic Toxicologist, International Paper Company. 1990-1991.
Consulting Aquatic Toxicologist, State of Mississippi. 1990-1991.
Consulting Aquatic Toxicologist, Environment Canada, Health and Welfare Canada -
Canadian Network of Toxicology Centers, Expert Advisory Committee. 1991- 2001.
Consulting Aquatic Toxicologist, Ecorisk Forum on the Rocky Mountain Arsenal Refuge
Technical Expert Advisory Panel. 1991-1992.
Consulting Biologist and Ecotoxicologist, Arkansas Department of Higher Education and
Arkansas State University Ph.D. Program Development. 1991- 1998.
Invited participant, Tiered Testing Issues for Freshwater and Marine Sediments,
sponsored by U.S. EPA Office of Water and Office of Research and Development.
Washington, D.C., September 16-18, 1992.
Invited speaker, Workshop on the Bioavailability and Toxicity of Copper, sponsored by
the University of Florida, Center for Aquatic Plants. Gainesville, FL, September 2-3,
1992.
Peer reviewer for U.S. EPA, Framework for Ecological Assessment, Risk Assessment
Forum. Washington, D.C., 1992 (EPA/130/R-92/001 - February 1992).
Invited speaker, 4th Annual Meeting of the Soil and Water Conservation Society.
Rodgers-22
Baltimore, MD, August 9-12, 1992.
Participant, U.S. EPA Workshop on Bioaccumulation of Hydrophobic Chemicals.
Washington, D.C., June,1992.
Invited lecturer and participant, Young Scholars Program, NSF funded. Oxford, MS,
1992.
Counselor for summer interns with the Minorities Science Program, University of
Mississippi funded. Oxford, MS, 1992.
Peer Review, Biology Peer Review Panel, U.S. EPA. Knoxville, TN, January, 1993.
Conference Co-organizer, First International Conference on Transport, Fate, and
Effects of Silver in the Environment. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, August 8-10,
1993.
Chair, Exhibits Committee, 14th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry. Houston, TX, November, 1993.
Consulting Aquatic Ecologist and Toxicologist to Weyerhaeuser Corporation. Columbus,
MS, 1994 - 1999.
Member, Student Scholarship Committee, Mid-South Aquatic Plant Mangement Society.
1994 - 1997.
OSHA Safety Course. Norco, LA, 1994. Joint Agency Task Force Member, Guntersville
Project. Guntersville, AL, April, 1994.
Featured speaker, Seminar on Pollution Prevention for Silver Imaging Systems. Lake
Buena Vista, FL. May, 1994.
Conference Organizer, Second International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects
of Silver in the Environment. University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI, September 11-14,
1994.
Chair - Subcommittee, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences (NIEHS) -
Superfund Hazardous Substances Basic Research Program. Research Triangle Park,
NC, October 16-19, 1994.
Discussion Panel Participant, 2nd International Conference on Environmental Fate and
Effects Of Bleached Pulp Mill Effluents. Vancouver, B.C., Canada, November, 1994.
Genetic Toxicology Course (Audit). Oxford, MS, 1995.
Rodgers-23
Board of Directors, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry (elected), 1995.
Participant, U.S. EPA Environmental Biology Review Panel. Fort Worth, TX, January,
1995.
Participant, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Workshop on
Wetlands. Butte, MT, August, 1995.
Conference Organizer, Third International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects of
Silver in the Environment. Washington, D.C., August, 1995.
Featured Speaker, 1995 Scholars Conference, University of Mississippi. Oxford, MS,
October, 1995.
Participant, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry Workshop on Whole-
Effluent Toxicology. Pellston, MI, October, 1995.
Invited Participant, Round Table Discussion of Surfactant Toxicity in Aquatic Systems.
Thornton, England, May, 1996.
Keynote Speaker, Mid-South Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
(inaugural meeting). Memphis, TN, May, 1996.
Invited Speaker on Endocrine Disruption, Seminar on Emerging Water Issues,
International Paper Company. Memphis, TN, June, 1996.
Instructor, Short Course on Constructed Wetlands, U.S. Army Waterways Experiment
Station. Berkeley, CA. July, 1996.
Short Course on Constructed Wetland Design and Monitoring. Houston, TX, July, 1996.
Conference Organizer, Fourth International Conference on Transport, Fate and Effects
of Silver in the Environment. Madison, WI, August, 1996.
Friends of Lake Keowee (FOLKS), Board of Directors (elected) and Member of the
Technical Committee, 2003-present.
Bob C. Campbell Geology Museum, Clemson University, Board of Directors Member,
2003-present.
Associate Editor, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health Part B : Critical
Reviews. 1999-2006.
Rodgers-24
Chair, Science Advisory Panel for the California Environmental Protection Agency -
Aquatic Pesticides Committee, 2002-present.
Member, Science Advisory Panel, USDA Jimmy Carter Plant Materials Center,
Americus, GA. 2003-present.
Member, Science Advisory Panel for the USEPA/ SETAC Whole Effluent Toxicity
Testing Committee, 1998-2004.
Member, Science Advisory Panel for Proposal and Research Review, Water
Environment Federation, 2001-present.
Member, Science Advisory Panel for the National Council for Air and Stream
Improvement - Long Term Receiving Water Studies, 1999-present.
Member, Board of Directors - Aquatic Plant Management Society, (elected) 2003-2006.
Co-editor (with Dr. J.W. Castle), Special Issue of Environmental Geoscience on
Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems
BOOKS, BOOK
CHAPTERS,AND
MONOGRAPHS
M.Sc. Thesis: Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1974. Thermal Effects on Primary Productivity of
Phytoplankton, Periphyton, and Macrophytes in Lake Keowee, S.C. Botany
Department, Clemson University. 88 pp.
Bi- weekly in situ determinations of Carbon-14 assimilation rates were made using
SCUBA and chambers in a reservoir receiving thermal effluent from a nuclear power
plant. Emphasis was placed upon relative contributions of each group of plants to the
overall lake productivity and statistical correlations of productivity with water
temperatures (1972-1974).
Ph.D. Dissertation: Rodgers, J.H., Jr.1977. Aufwuchs Communities of Lotic Systems:
Nontaxonomic Structure and Function. Biology Department and Center for
Environmental Studies, VPI&SU. 336 pp.
Six model streams were constructed to assess effects of typical industrial and municipal
effluents on primary productivity, assimilatory sulfate reduction and structural aspects of
assemblages of attached microorganisms. Net microbial productivity of aufwuchs and
Rodgers-25
primary productivity were estimated by assimilatory (S35) sulfate reduction and carbon-
14 fixation, respectively, with heterotrophic productivity being the difference.
Concurrent laboratory studies verified the efficacy of these procedures. The ability of
methods to discern perturbations was tested. Direct correlations between structural
measurements and functions were ascertained by regression analysis. Field
investigations of aufwuchs communities were inconclusive due to variability and the
heterogeneous distribution of aufwuchs communities (1974 - 1977).
Guthrie, R.K., D.S. Cherry, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1974. The Impact of Ash Basin
Effluent on Biota in the Drainage System. Proc. Seventh Mid-Atlantic Industrial Waste
Conference: pp. 17-43. Drexel University, Philadelphia, Pa.
Dickson, K.L., J. Cairns, Jr., J.R. Clark and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1978. Evaluating
Pollution Stress on Ecosystems. In: K.C. Flynn and W.T. Mason (eds.) The Freshwater
Potomac - Aquatic Communities and Environmental Stress. The Interstate Commission
on the Potomas River Basin, Rockville, Maryland. pp. 80 - 83.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., D.S. Cherry, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1979. Invasion,
Population Dynamics and Elemental Accumulation of Corbicula fluminea in the New
River at Glen Lyn, Virginia. In: Proc. First International Corbicula Symposium J.C.
Britton (ed.). Texas Christian University Research Foundation Publishers, Fort Worth,
TX, pp. 99-110.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1979. A Review and Analysis of
Some Methods Used to Measure Functional Aspects of Periphyton. In: R.L. Weitzel
(ed.) Methods and Measurements ofPeriphyton Communities:Review. American
Society for Testing and Materials, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania (ASTM STP 690), pp.
142-167.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., D.S. Cherry, R.L. Graney, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1980.
Comparison of Heavy Metal Interactions in Acute and Artificial Stream Bioassay
Techniques for the Asiatic Clam (Corbicula fluminea). In: J.G. Eaton, P.R. Parish, and
A.C. Hendricks (eds.) Aquatic Toxicology. American Society for Testing and Materials,
Philadelphia, PA. (ASTM STP 707), pp. 266-280.
Cherry, D.S., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., R.L. Graney, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1980. Dynamics and
Control of the Asiatic Clam in the New River, Virginia. Bulletin 123, Virginia Water
Resources Research Center. Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University,
Blackburg, VA. 72 pp.
Dillon, C.R. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1980. Thermal Effects on Primary Productivity of
Phytoplankton. Periphyton. and Macrophytes in Lake Keowee. S.C. Technical Report
No. 81, Clemson University Water Resources Research Institute, Clemson, S.C. 115
PP.
Rodgers-26
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., J.R. Clark, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1980. Nontaxonomic
analyses of structure and function of aufwuchs communities in lotic microcosms. In:
J.P. Geisy, Jr. (ed.). Microcosms in Ecological Research. USDOE (CONF-781101) pp.
625-643.
Lee, C.M., H. Bergman, W. Wood, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1982. Workshop Summary
and Conclusions. In: K.L. Dickson, A.W. Maki and J. Cairns, Jr. (eds.) Modeling the
Fate of Chemicals in the Aquatic Environment, Ann Arbor: Ann Arbor Science Publ.
pp. 397-407.
Cairns, J., Jr., A.L. Buikema, Jr., D.S. Cherry, E.E. Herricks, R.A. Matthews, B.R.
Neiderlahner, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and W.H. Van der Schalie. 1982. Biological Monitoring
in Water Pollution. Pergamon Press: New York. 116 pp.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., M.E. McKevitt, D.O. Hammerland, K.L. Dickson and J. Cairns, Jr.
1983. Primary production and decomposition of submergent and emergent aquatic
plants of two Appalachian rivers. In: T.D. Fontaine III and S.M. Bartell (eds.) Dynamics
of Lotic Ecosystems. Ann Arbor Science Publ. pp. 298-301.
Staples, C.A., K.L. Dickson, F.Y. Saleh, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1983. A microcosm
study of lindane and naphthalene partitioning for model validation. In: W. Bishop, R.D.
Caldwell, and B.B. Heidolph (eds.) Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment. STP
802 ASTM Publications, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 26-41.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. K.L. Dickson, and M.J. Defoer. 1983. Bioconcentration of lindane
and naphthalene in bluegills (Lepomis macrochirus). In: W. Bishop, R.D. Cardwell, and
B.B. Heidolph (eds.) Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment. STP 802. ASTM
Publications, Philadelphia, PA. pp. 300-311.
Saleh, F.Y., K.L. Dickson, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1984. Transport Processes of
Naphthalene in the Aquatic Environment. In: L. Pawlowski, A.J. Verdier, and W.J. Lacy
(eds.) Chemistry for Environmental Protection. Elsevier Publisher. pp. 119-131.
Vance, B.D. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1984. General Botany, 2nd Ed. Hunter Textbooks,
Inc., Winston - Salem, NC. 93 pp.
Staples, C.A., K.L. Dickson, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and F.Y. Saleh. 1985. A Model for
Predicting the Influence of Suspended Sediments on Bioavailability of Neutral Organics
in the Water Compartment. In: R.D. Cardwell, R.C. Bahner and R.E. Purdy (eds.)
Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment. ASTM STP 845, ASTM Philadelphia, PA.
pp. 417-428.
Dickson, K.L. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1985. Assessing the Hazards of Effluents in the
Rodgers-27
Aquatic Environment. In: H. Bergman, A. Maki and R. Kimerle (eds.) Assessing the
Hazards of Effluents to Aquatic Life. Pergamon Press.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.L. Dickson, F.Y. Saleh, and C.A. Staples. 1987. Bioavailability of
Sediment-bound Chemicals to Aquatic Organisms; Some Theory, Evidence and
Research Needs. In: K.L. Dickson, A.W. Maki and W.A. Brungs (eds.) Fate and Effects
of Sediment-Bound Chemicals in Aquatic Systems. Pergamon: Elmsford, N.Y. pp. 245-
266.
Anderson, J., W. Birge, J. Gentile, J. Lake, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and R. Swartz. 1987.
Biological Effects, Bioaccumulation, and Ecotoxicology of Sediment-associated
Chemicals. In: K.L. Dickson, A.W. Maki, and W.A. Brungs (eds.) Fate and Effects of
Sediment-Bound Chemicals in Aquatic Systems. Pergamon: Elmsford, N.Y. pp. 267-
296.
Rodgers, J.H. Jr., P.A. Clifford and R.M. Stewart. 1991. Enhancement of HERBICIDE,
the Aquatic Herbicide Fate and Effects Model. In: Proceedings, 25th Annual Meeting,
Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. Misc. Paper A-91-3. pp. 279-282. U.S. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, MS.
Rodgers, J.H. Jr. 1991. Herbicide Registration for Aquatic Use: A Look to the Future. In:
Proceedings, 25th Annual Meeting, Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. Misc.
Paper A-91-3. pp. 245-248. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, MS.
Graney, R.L., J.H. Kennedy and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. (eds.). 1993. Aquatic Mesocosm
Studies in Ecological Risk Assessment. Lewis Publishers, Baca Raton, FL. 723 pp.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., A.W. Dunn and A.B. Jones. 1993. Triclopyr Concentrations in
Eurasian Watermilfoil: Uptake Under Differing Exposure Scenarios. In: Proceedings,
28th Annual Meeting, Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. Misc. Paper A-94-2. pp.
249-259. U.S. Army Waterways Experiment Station, Baltimore, MD. November 15-18,
1993.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and A.W. Dunn. 1994. TVA - Guntersville Reservoir Herbicide
Monitoring Survey 1991-1992. A Report to the Tennessee Valley Authority and U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers Joint Agency Program. 116 p.
Solomon, K., D. Bright, P. Hodson, K.-J. Lehtinen, B. McKague and J. Rodgers, Jr.
1999. Evaluation of ecological risks associated with the use of chlorine dioxide for the
bleaching of pulp. Report prepared for the Alliance for Environmental Technology. 86
PP.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and J.F. Thomas. 2004. Evaluations of the Fate and Effects of Pulp
Rodgers-28
and Paper Mill Effluents from a Watershed Multistressor Perspective: Progress to Date
and Future Opportunities. In: Pulp and Paper Mill Effluent Environmental Fate and
Effects. D. L. Borton, T. J. Hall, R.P. Fisher, and J.F. Thomas (eds.). DEStech
Publications, Lancaster, PA. pp.135-146.
PAPERS AND
PUBLICATIONS:
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., G.L. Powell, and J.F. Geldard. 1973. Triple-label Liquid Scintillation
Radioassay: Possible or Impossible? Seventh Annual Regional Meeting (Oct. 5)
Wilmington, N.C. 43 pp.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and R.S. Harvey. 1976. The Effect of Current on Periphyton
Productivity Determined Using Carbon-14. Water Res. Bull. 12(6): 1109-1118.
Cherry, D.S., R.K. Guthrie, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1976.
Responses of Mosquito Fish (Gambusia affinis) to Ash Effluent and Thermal Stress.
Trans. Am. Fish Soc. 105(6):686-694.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., D.S. Cherry, J.R. Clark, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1977. The
Invasion of Asiatic Clam, Corbicula manilensis (Philippi), in the New River, Virginia. The
Nautilus 91(2):43-46.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., D.S. Cherry, and R.K. Guthrie. 1978. Cycling of Elements in
Duckweed (Lemna perpusilla Torrey) of an Ash Settling Basin and Swamp Drainage
System. Water Research 12:765-770.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1978. A Chamber for In Situ
Measurement of Primary Productivity and Other Functional Processes of Periphyton in
Lotic Systems. Arch. Hydrobiol. 84(3):389-398.
Clark, J.R., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1980. Using Artificial
Streams to Evaluate Perturbation Effects on Aufwuchs Structure and Function. Water
Res. Bull. 16(1):100-104.
Graney, R.L., D.S. Cherry, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and J. Cairns. 1982. The Influence of
Thermal Discharges and Substrate Composition on the Population Structure and
Distribution of the Asiatic Clam, Corbicula fluminea, in the New River, Virginia. The
Nautilus 94(4):130-135.
Matthews, R.A., A.L. Buikema, J. Cairns, Jr. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1982. Biological
Rodgers-29
Monitoring Part IIA Receiving System Functional Methods, Relationships and Indices.
Water Res. 16:129-139.
Saleh, F.Y., K.L. Dickson, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1982. Fate of Lindane in the Aquatic
Environment: Rate Constants of Physical and Chemical Processes. Environ. Toxicol.
Chem. 1:289-297.
Dickson, K.L. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1982. Assessing the Hazards of Effluents in the
Aquatic Environment. In: H.L. Bergman, R.A. Kimerle and A.W. Maki (eds.)
Environmental Hazard Assessment of Effluents. New York: Pergamon Press.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.L. Dickson, F.Y. Saleh, and C.A. Staples. 1983. Use of
Microcosms to Study Transport, Transformation and Fate of Organics in Aquatic
Systems. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 2:155-167.
Reinert, K.H. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1984. Influence of Sediment Types on the Sorption
of Endothall. Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology. 32:557-564.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.H. Reinert, and M.L. Hinman. 1984. Water Quality Monitoring in
Conjunction with the Pat Mayse Lake Aquatic Plant Management Program. In:
Proceedings, 18th Annual Meeting, Aquatic Plant Control Research Program.
November 14-17, 1983. Raleigh, NC. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Misc. Paper A-84-
4. pp. 17-24.
Reinert, K.H., S. Stewart, M.L. Hinman, J.H.Rodgers, Jr., and T.J. Leslie. 1985. Release
of Endothall from AQUATHOL GRANULAR AQUATIC HERBICIDE. Water Research
19:805-808.
Reinert, K.H., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., M.L. Hinman, and T.J. Leslie. 1985.
Compartmentalization and Persistance of Endothall in Experimental Pools.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 10:86-96.
Reinert, K.H., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., T.J. Leslie, and M.L. Hinman. 1986. Static Shake-
Flask Biotransformation of Endothall. Water Research. 20:255-258.
Reinert, K.H. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1984
Using and Aquatic Herbicide (Endothall).
5:449-461.
Validation Trial of Predictive Fate Models
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
Saleh, F.Y., K.L. Dickson, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and C.A. Staples. 1985. Fate of
Naphthalene in the Aquatic Environment. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 6:
449-461.
Jop, K.M., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., P.B. Dorn and K.L. Dickson. 1985. Use of Hexavalent
Rodgers-30
Chromium as a Reference Toxicant in Aquatic Toxicity Tests. In Tim Poston and R.
Purdy (eds.) Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate ASTM STP 921, American
Society for Testing and Materials, pp. 390-403.
Dorn, P.B., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., K.M. Jop, J.C. Raia and K.L. Dickson. 1987. Hexavalent
Chromium as a Reference Toxicant in Effluent Toxicity Tests. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 6:435-444.
Reinert, K.H., P.M. Rocchio, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1986. Parameterization of Predictive
Fate Models: A Case Study. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 6:99-104.
Jop, K.M., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. E.E. Price, and K.L. Dickson. 1986. Renewal Device for
Test Solutions in Daphnia Toxicity Tests. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 36: 95-100.
Hall, W.S., K.L. Dickson, F.Y. Saleh, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., D. Wilcox and A. Entazami.
1986. Effects of Suspended Solids on the Acute Toxicity of Zinc to Daphnia magna and
Pimephales promelas. Water Res. Bull. 22(6):913-920.
Jop, K.M., T.F. Parkerton, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and P.B. Dorn. 1987.
Comparative Toxicity and Speciation of Two Hexavalent Chromium Salts in Acute
Toxicity Tests. Environ. Toxicol. and Chem. 6:697-703.
Hall, W.S., K.L. Dickson, F.Y. Saleh and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1986. Effects of Suspended
Solids on the Bioavailability of Chlordane To Daphnia magna. Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 15:529-534.
Fisher, F.M., K.L. Dickson, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., K. Anderson and J. Slocomb. 1988. A
Statistical Approach to Assess Factors Affecting Water Chemistry Using Monitoring
Data. Wat. Res. Bull. 24:1017-1026.
Dorn, P.B. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr., 1990. Variability associated with identification of toxics
in NPDES effluent toxicity tests. Environ. Toxicol. and Chem. 8: 893-902.
Reinert, K.H. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1987. Fate and persistence of aquatic herbicides.
Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 98:61-98.
Reinert, K.H., M.L. Hinman, and J. H. Rodgers, Jr. 1988. Fate of Endothall During the
Pat Mayse Lake (Texas) Aquatic Plant Management Program. Archives of
Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 17:195-199.
Davis, T.M., B.D. Vance, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1988. Productivity Responses of
Periphyton and Phytoplankton to Bleach-kraft Mill Effluent. Aquatic Toxicology 12:83-
106.
Rodgers-31
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., P.A. Clifford, and R. M.Stewart. 1988. Development of A Coupled
Herbicide Fate and Target Plant Species Effects Model (FATE). Proceedings, 22nd
Annual Meeting, Aquatic Plant Control Research Program.
Parkerton, T.F., S.M. Stewart, K.L. Dickson, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and F.Y. Saleh. 1988.
Evaluation of the Indicator Species Procedure for Deriving Site-Specific Water Quality
Criteria for Zinc. Aquatic Toxicol and Hazard Assess.: 10th Vol, ASTM STP 971.
Philadelphia. pp. 423-435.
Cassidy, K. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1988. Response of Hydrilla (Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.)
Royle) to Diquat and a Model of Uptake Under Nonequilibrium Conditions. Environ.
Toxicol. Chem. 8:133-140.
Price, E.E., M.J. Donahue, K.L. Dickson and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1990. Effects of Elevated
Calcium Concentration on Na-K-ATPase Activity in Two Euryhaline Species,
Cyprinodon variegatus and Mysidopsis bahia. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 44:121-
128.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and A.W. Dunn. 1992. Developing Design Guidelines for Constructed
Wetlands to Remove Pesticides from Agricultural Runoff. Ecol. Engineering 1:83-95.
Suedel, B.C. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1991. Variability of Bottom Sediment Characteristics
of the Continental United States. Water Res. Bull. 27:101-109.
Suedel, B.C., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and P.A. Clifford. 1993. Bioavailability of Fluoranthene in
Freshwater Sediment Toxicity Tests. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:155-165.
Meyer, C.L., B.C. Suedel, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and P.B. Dorn. 1993. Bioavailability of
Sediment-sorbed Chlorinated Ethers. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 12:493-505.
Suedel, B.C. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1994. Development of Formulated Reference
Sediments for Freshwater and Estuarine Sediment Testing. Environ. Toxicol. Chem.
13(7):1163-1175.
Suedel, B.C. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1994. Responses of Hyalella azteca and
Chironomus tentans to Particle Size Distribution and Organic Matter Content of
Formulated and Natural Freshwater Sediments. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 13(10):1639-
1648.
Suedel, B.C., E. Deaver and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1995. Experimental Factors That May
Affect Toxicity of Aqueous and Sediment-Bound Copper to Freshwater Organisms.
Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 30(1):40-46.
Suedel, B.C., E. Deaver and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1995. Formulated Sediment as a
Rodgers-32
Reference and Dilution Sediment in Definitive Toxicity Tests. Arch. Environ. Contam.
Toxicol. 30(1):47-52.
Kline, E.R., R.A. Figueroa, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and P.B. Dorn. 1996. Effects of a Nonionic
Surfactant (C14.15 AE-7) on Fish Survival, Growth and Reproduction in the Laboratory
and in Outdoor Stream Mesocosms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15(6):997-1002.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., N.O. Crossland, E.R. Kline, W.B. Gillespie, Jr., R.A. Figueroa and
P.B. Dorn. 1996. Design and Construction of Model Stream Ecosystems. Ecotoxicol.
and Environ. Safety 33:30-37.
Suedel, B.C., E. Deaver and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1996. Environmental Factors That May
Affect Toxicity of Aqueous and Sediment-Bound Copper to Freshwater Organisms.
Arch. Environ. Contam. and Toxicol. 30:40-46.
Suedel, B.C. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1996. Toxicity of Fluoranthene to Daphnia magna,
Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans and Stylaria lacustris in Water-Only and Whole
Sediment Exposures. Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol. 57:132-138.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., E. Deaver, B.C. Suedel and P.L. Rogers. 1997. Comparative
Aqueous Toxicity of Silver Compounds: Laboratory Studies With Freshwater Species.
Bull. Environ. Contam. and Toxicol. 58 (6): 851-858.
Hawkins, W.B., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., W.B. Gillespie, Jr., A.W. Dunn, P.B. Dorn and M.L.
Cano.1997. Design and Construction of Wetlands for Aqueous Transfers and
Transformations of Selected Metals. Ecotoxicol. And Environ. Safety 36: 238-248.
Gillespie, W.B., Jr., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and N.O. Crossland. 1996. Effects of a Nonionic
Surfactant (C14-15 AE-7) on Aquatic Invertebrates in Outdoor Stream Mesocosms.
Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 15(8): 1412-1422.
Gillespie, W.B., Jr., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and P.B. Dorn. 1997. Responses of Aquatic
Invertebrates to a C9_11 Linear Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactant in Outdoor Stream
Mesocosms. AquaticToxicol. 37: 221-236.
Gillespie, W.B., Jr., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and P.B. Dorn. 1996. Responses of Aquatic
Invertebrates to a Linear Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactant in Stream Mesocosms.
Ecotoxicol. 41: 215-221.
Dorn, P.B., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., W.B. Gillespie, Jr., R.E. Lizotte, Jr. and A. W. Dunn. 1997.
The effects of a C12-13 linear alcohol ethoxylate surfactant on periphyton,
macrophytes, invertebrates and fish in stream mesocosms. Environmental Toxicology
and Chemistry 16(8): 1634-1645.
Rodgers-33
Harrelson, R.A., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., W.B. Gillespie, Jr., A.W. Dunn, P.B. Dorn and M.L.
Cano. 1997. Responses of fish exposed to a C9-11 linear alcohol ethoxylate nonionic
surfactant in stream mesocosms. Ecotoxicology 6: 321-333.
Hawkins, W.B., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., W.B. Gillespie, Jr., A.W. Dunn, P.B. Dorn and M.L.
Cano. 1997. Desgn and construction of wetlands for aqueous transfers and
transformations of selected metals. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 36: 238-
248.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., E. Deaver, B.C. Suedel and P.L. Rogers. 1997. Comparative
aqueous toxicity of silver compounds: Laboratory studies with freshwater species.
Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 58(6) 851-858.
Chapman, P.M., B. Anderson, S. Carr, V. Engles, R. Green, J. Hameedi, M. Harmon, P.
Haverland, J. Hyland, C. Ingersoll, E. Long, J. Rodgers, Jr., M. Salazar, P.K. Sibley,
P.J. Smith, R.C. Smith, B. Thompson and H. Windom. 1997. General guidelines for
using the Sediment Quality Triad. Marine Pollution Bulletin 34(6): 368-372.
Moore, M.T., D.B. Huggett, W.B. Gillespie, Jr., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and C.M. Cooper.
1998. Comparative toxicology of chlordane, chlorpyrifos, and aldicarb to four aquatic
testing organisms. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 34: 152-
157.
Gillespie, W.B., Jr., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and P.B. Dorn. 1998. Responses of aquatic
invertebrates to linear alcohol ethoxylate surfactant in stream mesocosms.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 41: 215-221.
Solomon, K., D. Bright, P. Hudson, K.-J Lehtinen, B. McKague and J. H. Rodgers. 1999.
Evaluation of ecological risks associated with the use of chlorine dioxide for the
bleaching of pulp. Report prepared for the Alliance for Environmental Technology. 86pp.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1999. Editorial-Opportunities and challenges for SETAC in the next
century. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18(11): 2401-2402.
Moore, M.T., D.B. Huggett, G.M. Huddleston III, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and C.M. Cooper.
1999. Herbicide effects on Typha latifolia (Linneaus) germination and root and shoot
development. Chemosphere. 38 (15): 3637-3647.
Lizotte, R.W., Jr., D.C.L. Wong, P.B. Dorn, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1999. Effects of a
homologous series of linear alcohol ethoxylate surfactants on fathead minnow early life
stages. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology 37: 536-541.
Huggett, D.B., Gillespie, Jr. and J. H. Rodgers, Jr. 1999. Copper bioavailability in
Steilacoom Lake sediments. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology
Rodgers-34
36: 120-123.
Gillespie, W.B., Jr. W.B. Hawkins, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., M.L. Cano and P.B. Dorn. 1999.
Transfers and transformations of zinc in flow-through wetland microcosms.
Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 43: 126-132.
Goodfellow, W.L., L.W. Ausley, D.T. Burton, D.L. Denton, P.B. Dorn, D.R. Grothe, M.A.
Heber, T.J. Norberg-King and J. H. Rodgers, Jr. 2000. Major ion toxicity in effluents: A
review with permitting recommendations. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry
19(1): 175-182.
Gillespie, W.B., Jr., W.B. Hawkins, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., M.L. Cano, and P.B. Dorn. 2000.
Transfers and transformations of zinc in constructed wetlands: Mitigation of a refinery
effluent. Ecological Engineering 14: 279-292.
Mastin, B.J. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2000. Toxicity and bioavailability of copper herbicides
(Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus, and copper sulfate) to freshwater animals. Arch. Environ.
Contam. Toxicol. 39: 445-451.
D'Surney, S.J., L.P. Eddy, D.P. Felder, J.H. Rodgers,Jr., and T.L. Deardorff. 2000.
Assessment of the Impact of a Bleached Kraft Mill Effluent on a South-Central USA
River. Environmental Toxicology 15(1): 28-39.
Huddleston, III, G.M., W.B. Gillespie, Jr., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2000. Using
Constructed Wetlands to Treat Biochemical Oxygen Demand and Ammonia Associated
with a Refinery Effluent. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 45: 188-193.
Moore, M.T., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., C.M. Cooper and S. Smith, Jr. 2000. Constructed
wetland for mitigation of atrazine-associated agricultural runoff. Environmental Pollution
110: 393 - 399.
Lehman, R. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2000. It's not that easy being green. Water,
Environment and Technology (March, 2000) 54-59.
Moore, M.T., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., S. Smith, Jr. and C.M. Cooper. 2001. Mitigation of
metolachlor-associated agricultural runoff using constructed wetlands in Mississippi,
USA. Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment 84: 169 - 176.
Mastin, B.J., R. M. Sherrard, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and Y.T. Shah. 2001. Hybrid cavitation/
constructed wetland reactors for treatment of chlorinated and non-chlorinated organics.
Chemical Engineering Tech 24(8): 97A-105A.
Winfield, L.E., D'Surney, S.J., and Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2001. The response of terrestrial
plants to short-term hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) exposure. In
Rodgers-35
Proceedings, Conference on Sustainability of Wetlands and Water Resources. Center
for Water and Wetland Resources at the Univ. of MS Biology Field Station. University,
MS.
Mastin, B.J., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and T.L. Deardorff. 2002. Risk evaluation of
cyanobacteria-dominated algal blooms in a North Louisiana reservoir. J Aquat Ecosyst
Stress Recov. 9: 103-114.
Sherrard, R.M. C.L. Murray-Gulde, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and Y.T. Shah. 2002.
Comparative toxicity of chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos: Ceriodaphnia dubia and
Pimephales promelas. Environ. Toxicol. 17(6): 503-512.
Lizotte, R., P. Dorn, R.W. Steireide, D.C.L. Wong,and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2002.
Ecological effects of an anionic C12-15 alkylethoxy sulfate surfactant in outdoor stream
mesocosms. Environ. Toxicol. Chem. 21(12): 2742-2751.
Moore, M.T., R. Schulz, C.M. Cooper, S, Smith, Jr. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2002.
Mitigation of chloropyrifos runoff using constructed wetlands. Chemosphere 46: 827-
835.
Murray-Gulde, C.L., J.E. Heatley, A.L. Schwartzman and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2002.
Algicidal effectiveness of Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus and copper sulfate and margins of
safety associated with their use. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol 43(1): 19-27.
Murray-Guide, C.L., J.E. Heatley, T. Karanfil and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2003. Performance
of a hybrid reverse osmosis - constructed wetland treatment system for brackish
produced water. Water Research 37: 705-713.
Murray-Gulde, CL, Heatley JE, Karanfil T, Rodgers JH, Jr. 2003. Performance of a
Hybrid Reverse Osmosis-Constructed Wetland Treatment System for Brackish
Produced Water. Water Research 37:705-713.
Sherrard, R.M., C.L. Murray-Gulde, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and Y.T. Shah. 2003.
Comparative toxicology of Chlorothalonil: Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales
promelas. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 56: 327-333.
Winfield, L.E., Rodgers, J.H., Jr., and D'Surney, S.J. 2004. The responses of terrestrial
plants to short (<12 days) and long term (2,4, and 6 weeks) hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-
1,3,5-triazine (RDX) exposure: Part I: Growth and development effects. Ecotoxicology
13: 335-347.
Sherrard, R.M., J.S. Bearr, C.L. Murray-Gulde, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and Y.T. Shah. 2004.
Feasfibility of Constructed Wetlands for Removing Chlorothalonil and Chlorpyrifos from
Aqueous Mixtures. Environmental Pollution 127: 385-394.
Rodgers-36
Huddleston, G.M., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., C.L. Murray-Guide and F. D. Mooney. 2005.
Designing constructed wetlands for mitigating risks from flue gas desulfurization
wastewater. Proceedings of the Georgia Water Resources Conference, April 25-27.
Univ. of Georgia, K.J. Hatcher (ed.) Institute of Ecology, The University of Georgia,
Athens, GA.
Murray-Gulde, C. L, Bearr, J. and Rodgers, Jr., J.H. 2005. Evaluation of a constructed
wetland designed to decrease copper concentrations in a wastestream. Ecotoxicology
and Environmental Safety 61:60-73.
Murray-Gulde, G.M. Huddleston III, K.V. Garber and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2005.
Contributions of Schoenoplectus californicus in a constructed wetland system receiving
copper contaminated wastewater. Water, Air and Soil Pollution 163: 355-378.
J.H. Rodgers, Jr., G.M. Huddleston III, C.L. Murray-Guide and F. D. Mooney. 2005.
Designing constructed wetlands for mitigating risks from flue gas desulfurization
wastewater. Proceedings of the International Water Conference, October, 2005.
Orlando, FL. 7pp.
Castle, J. W., Evan H. Cross, L. E. Kanagy, J. H. Rodgers, and B. M. Johnson. 2006.
Management of produced waters from underground gas storage. GasTIPS. 12(4):11-13.
Kanagy, L.E., B.M. Johnson, J.W. Castle, and J.H. Rodgers Jr. 2007. Design and
performance of a pilot-scale constructed wetland treatment system for natural gas
storage produced water. Bioresource Technology (In press).
Castle, J.W. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2008. Constructed wetlands treatment systems:
Renovation of impaired waters for beneficial reuse. (Introduction: Special Issue 1)
Environmental Geosciences 15(1): iv.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and J.W. Castle. 2008. Constructed wetland systems for efficient and
effective treatment of contaminated waters for reuse. Environmental Geosciences 15
(1): 1-8.
Huddleston, G.M., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2008. Design of a constructed wetland system
for treatment of copper-contaminated wastewater. Environmental Geosciences 15(1): 9-
19.
Murray- Guide, C., William Bridges and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2008. Evaluating performance
of a constructed wetland treatment system designed to decrease bioavailable copper in
a waste stream. Environmental Geosciences 15 (1): 21-38.
Tedrow, O.R., B. M. Duke, W. Chao, L. Jolley, W. Frazier, and J H. Rodgers, Jr. (In
Rodgers-37
review) Laboratory and field responses of Lyngbya sp. following exposures to copper-
containing algaecides. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management.
Eggert, D.A, J. H. Rodgers, Jr., G. M. Huddleston, and C. E. Hensman. (In review)
Performance of Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems for Flue Gas
Desulfurization (FGD) Waters. Environmental Geosciences.
Johnson, B M., M.M. Chao, O.R. Tedrow, A.D. McQueen, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. (In
review). Responses of Lepomis macrochirus, Pimephales promelas, Hyalella azteca,
Ceriodaphnia dubia, and Daphnia magna to Exposures of Algimycin° PWF and Copper
Sulfate Pentahydrate. Journal of Aquatic Plant Management.
Johnson, B. M., L. E. Kanagy, J. H. Rodgers Jr., J. W. Castle. (In review). Feasibility of
a pilot-scale hybrid constructed wetland treatment system for simulated natural gas
storage produced waters. Environmental Geoscience.
Rodgers, J. H., and B. M. Johnson. 2007. Technical Fact Sheet on Lyngbya (Blue-
Green Alga) Submitted to US Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, MS.
Kenagy, L.E., B.M. Johnson, J.W. Castle and J. H. Rodgers, Jr. (in prep.) Pilot scale
constructed wetland treatment systems for simulated natural gas storage produced
waters: comparison of hydrosoil conditions and performance.
PUBLISHED
ABSTRACTS AND
PRESENTATIONS:
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., and C.R. Dillon. 1974. A Comparative Study of the Primary
Productivity of Limnetic Phytoplankton, Periphyton, and Benthic Macrophytes in Lake
Keowee, S.C. S.C. Academy of Science (March 28-30) Coker College. Hartsville, S.C.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., C.R. Dillon, and R.S. Harvey 1974. A Preliminary report on the
Effects of Temperature Elevation and Current on Periphyton Production in Natural and
Artificial Streams. S.C. Academy of Science (March 29-30) Coker College. Hartsville,
S. C.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and C.R. Dillon. 1974. Thermal Effects on Primary Productivity of
Rodgers-38
Limnetic Phytoplankton, Periphyton, and Benthic Macrophytes. Assoc. Southeastern
Biol. Bull. 21:78.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., C.R. Dillon, and R.S. Harvey. 1974. Effects of Current and
Temperature Elevation on Periphyton Production in Natural and Artificial Streams.
Assoc. Southeastern Biol. Bull. 21:79.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., D.S. Cherry, and R.K. Guthrie. 1975. Ash Basin Effluent Impact on
the Aquatic Flora of a Stream and Swamp Drainage System. Assoc. Southeastern Biol.
Bull. 22:76.
Kuhn, D.L., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and W.H. Yongue, Jr. 1975. The Production and Effects of
Extracellular Products on Freshwater Microbial Communities. Assoc. Southeastern Biol.
Bull. 22:61.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.L. Dickson and J. Cairns, Jr. 1976. Laboratory and Field Studies of
Sulfur-35 Sulfate Assimilation by Periphytic Organisms. Assoc. Southeastern Biol.Bull.
25:30.
Clark, J.R. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1976. Laboratory studies of Peltoperla maria Nymph
Feeding Rates and Efficiency. (Pelcoptera: Peltoperlidae). Assoc. Southeastern Biol.
Bull. 25:30.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.L. Dickson, and J.Cairns, Jr. 1976. Primary Production and
Degradation rates of Submergent and Emergent Macrophytes of the New River, Glen
Lyn, Va. Assoc. Southeastern Biol. Bull. 23:91.
Clark, J.R., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and K.L. Dickson. 1976. Relative Sensitivities of Methods
Used to Evaluate the Effects of Perturbation on Periphyton Communities. Assoc.
Southeastern Biol. Bull. 23:50.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., J.R. Clark, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1977. Primary Production
and Decomposition of Submergent and Emergent Aquatic Vascular Plants of the New
River, Glen Lyn, Virginia. North Am. Benthological Soc. (April 6-8) Roanoke, VA. p. 26.
Clark, J.R., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1977. Analyses of
Aufwuchs Communities. Assoc. Southeastern Biol. Bull. 24:81.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., J.R. Clark, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1977. Functional
Responses of Aufwuchs Communities to Perturbations in Artificial Streams. 40th Annual
Meeting Am. Soc. Limnol. Oceanogr. (June 20-23) East Lansing, Mich.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., D.S. Cherry, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1978. Influence of
Thermal Effluent on Population dynamics of Asiatic Clam (Corbicula manilensis) in the
Rodgers-39
New River, Virginia (Mollusca: Bivalvia).Assoc. Southeastern Biol. Bull. 25:48.
Clark, J.R., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1978. A Benthic
Diatometer for Use in Large Rivers. North Am. Benthological Soc. (May 10-12)
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada, p.9.
Graney, R.L., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., D.S. Cherry, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1978.
Heavy Metal Accumulation by the Asiatic Clam (Corbicula manilensis) from Field
Collections and Laboratory Bioassays. VA. Academy of Science, VPI&SU, Blacksburg,
VA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., D.S. Cherry, R.L. Graney, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1978.
Comparison of Elemental Accumulation by the Asiatic Clam (Corbicula fluminea) from
Thermal Influenced River Water and Laboratory Bioassays. American Society for
Testing and Materials Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology. (Oct. 16-17) New Orleans,
LA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., J.R. Clark, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1978. Nontaxonomic
Analyses of Structure and Function of Aufwuchs Communities in Lotic Microcosms.
SREL Symposium "Microcosms in Ecological Research." (Nov. 8-11, 1978) Augusta,
GA.
Dal Santo, D. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1979. Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus) Blood
Enzymes as Indicators of Exposure to Sublethal Concentrations of Cadmium. Assoc.
Southeastern Biol. Bull. 26:54.
Wallace, L.J.D. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1979. Periphyton Electron Transport System as
an Indicator of Perturbation in the Watauga River, Tennessee. Assoc. Southeastern
Biol. 26:54.
Molloy, B.K. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1979. Periphyton Respiration in the Watauga River,
Tennessee: Impact of Industrial and Municipal Effluents. Assoc. Southeastern Biol.
Bull. 26:55.
Graney, R.L., D.S. Cherry, and J. Cairns, Jr. 1979. Behavioral and Lethal Responses of
the Asiatic Clam (Corbicula fluminea) to Cu, Zn, Cu-Zn, and K exposures. Assoc.
Southeastern Biol. Bull. 26:89.
Dickson, K.L., F.Y. Saleh, and J.H., Rodgers, Jr., 1980. Determining Specific Chemical
Waste Load Allocations to Aquatic Receiving Systems. 53rd Annual Conference of the
Water Pollution Control Federation. (Sept. 28 - Oct.3) Las Vegas, NV.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., M.E. McKevitt, D.O. Hammerland, K.L. Dickson, and J. Cairns, Jr.
1980. Primary Production and Decomposition of Submergent and Emergent Aquatic
Rodgers-40
Plants of Two Appalachian Rivers. Symposium on Dynamics of Lotic Ecosystems.
Savannah River Ecology Laboratory (Oct. 19-22) Augusta, GA.
Saleh, F.Y., K.L. Dickson, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1980. Fate of Lindane in the Aquatic
Environment: Rate Constants of Physical and Chemical Processes. Annual Meeting of
the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (Nov. 23-25) Arlington, VA.
Staples, C.A., K.L. Dickson, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and F.Y. Saleh. 1981. A Microcosm Study
of Lindane and Napthalene Partitioning for Model Validation. Presented at the 6th
Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology. (Oct. 13-14) Kansas, City, MO.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.L. Dickson, F.Y. Saleh, and C.A. Staples. 1981. Use of
Microcosms to Study Transport, Transformation, and Fate of Organics in Aquatic
Systems. Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
(Nov. 22-25) Arlington, VA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., 1982. Comparison of Biotransformation Rates to Biodegradation
Rates and Mineralization to C02. 82nd Annual Meeting of the American Society for
Microbiology, (March 7-12), Atlanta, GA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.L. Dickson, and T.J. Leslie. 1982 . Relationships of
Biotransformation and Ultimate Biodegradation of Organics in Aquatic Conference on
Environmental Sciences - Water. (June 28- July 2) New Hampton, N.H.
Saleh, F.Y., K.L. Dickson, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1982. Physical and Chemical Transport
Processes for Napthalene and Lindane in the Aquatic Environment. Annual Meeting of
the American Chemical Society, Division, of Environmental Chemistry. (Vol. 22, No.l).
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.L. Dickson, F.Y. Saleh, C.S. Staples, and T.J. Leslie. 1982.
Biodegradation and Biotransformation in the Hazard Evaluation Process. Third Annual
Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 14-17)
Washington, D.C.
Leslie, T.J., M. Page, K.H. Reinert, C.K. Moses, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., K.L. Dickson, and
M.L. Hinman. 1983. Biotransformation of Organic Chemicals - Factors Important in Test
Design. 83rd Annual Meeting of The American Society for Microbiology. (March 6-9)
New Orleans, LA.
Reinert, K.H., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1983. Influence of Sediment Types on the Sorption
of Endothall. Texas Water Pollution Control Federation. (May 25-27) Fort Worth, TX.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1983. Overview of Systems Analysis in Environmental Impact
Assessment, Fate and Effects of Radioactive Materials, Demonstration of Computer
Based Decision Systems. Federal Energy Institute. (September 12-13) Cuernavaca,
Rodgers-41
Morelos, Mexico.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.H. Reinert, and M.L. Hinman. 1983. Water quality Monitoring in
conjunction with the Pat Mayse Lake Aquatic Plant Management Program. Presented at
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 18th Annual Aquatic Plant Control and Research
Meeting. (November 14-17) Raleigh, NC.
Reinert, K.H., M.L. Hinman, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and K.L. Dickson. 1984. Need for
Feedback from Fate and Effects Studies of Herbicides in Integrated Aquatic Weed
Management. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Weed Science Society of
America. (February 8-10) Miami, FL.
Hinman, M.L., K.H. Reinert, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr., 1984. The Use of Laboratory Tests,
Microcosms, and Field Studies to Validate Environmental Fate Models. Presented at the
57th Annual conference of the Water Pollution Control Federation. (September 30-
October 4) New Orleans, LA.
Reinert, K.H., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1984. An Approach for Validating Predictive Fate
Models Using an Aquatic Herbicide, Endothall. Presented at the 5th Annual Meeting of
the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 4-7) Arlington, VA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., K.L. Dickson, F. Saleh, D. Wilcox, C. Staples, and S. Hall. 1984.
Assessing the Role of Suspended Solids in Regulating the Bioavailability of Chemicals.
Presented at the 5th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. (November 4-7) Arlington, VA.
Dorn, P.B., J.C. Raia, A.B. Greak, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., K.M. Jop, K.L. Dickson, and P.M.
Rocchio. 1984. The Use of Potassium Dichromate as a Reference Toxicant in Effluent
Bioassay Evaluations. Presented at the 5th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 4-7) Arlington, VA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., and K.H. Reinert. 1984. Effects of Endothall Used to Control
Eurasian Watermilfoil in Pat Mayse Lake, Texas. Presented at the Annual Meeting of
the Florida Aquatic Plant Management Society. (October 23-25) Plant City, FL.
Reinert, K.H., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1984. Fate of Endothall Used to Control Eurasian
Watermilfoil in Pat Mayse Lake, Texas. Presented at the annual Meeting of the Florida
Aquatic Plant Management Society. (October 23-25) Plant City, FL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., and P.A. Clifford. 1984. Pat Mayse Lake, Texas, Aquatic Plant
Management Program: Continuing Studies. Presented at the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers 19th annual Aquatic Plant Control and Research Meeting. (November 14-17)
Raleigh, NC.
Rodgers-42
Leslie, T.J., K.L. Dickson, and J.H.Rodgers, Jr. 1984. Effects of Suspended Solids on
the Biotransformation Rate Kinetics of Anthracene in River Water. Sixth International
Biodeterioration Symposium. (August 6-10) Washington, D.C.
Jop, K.M., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., P.B. Dorn, and K.L. Dickson. 1985. Use of Hexavalent
Chromium as a Reference Toxicant in Toxicity Testing. Presented at the Ninth
Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology and Environmental Fate. American Society for
Testing and Materals Meeting. (April 14-16) Philadelphia, PA.
Dorn, P.B., K.M. Jop, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and K.L. Dickson. 1985. Difficulties in Using
Screening Bioassays for Effluent Toxicity Testing. Presented at the 6t" Annual Meeting
of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. St. Louis, MO.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., P.A. Clifford, K.H. Reinert, and M.L. Hinman. 1985. Management of
Myriophyllum spicatum using Endothall: The Pat Mayse Lake Experience. Presented at
the 25th Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Management Society. Vancouver, British
Columbia, Canada.
Reinert, K.H., P.M. Rocchio, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1985. Parameterization of Predictive
Fate Models: A Case Study. Presented at the 6th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, St. Louis, MO.
Parkerton, T.F., S.S. Stewart, K.L. Dickson, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and F.Y Saleh. 1986.
Evaluation of the Indicator Species Procedure for Deriving Site Specific Water Quality
Criteria for Zinc. American Society for Testing and Materials -Tenth Symposium on
Aquatic Toxicology and Hazard Assessment. (May 1986) New Orleans, LA.
Rodgers, J.H., T.F. Parkerton, E.E. Price, P.B. Dorn, and K.L. Dickson. 1986. Is Your
Wastewater Really Toxic? - Assessing Sources of Variability in Bioassays. Presented
at the 59th Annual Conference of The Water Pollution Control Federation. (October
1986) Los Angeles, CA.
Parkerton, T.F., S.M. Stewart, K.L. Dickson, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and F.Y. Saleh. 1986.
Application of Acute Toxicity Data for Deriving Site Specific Water Quality Criteria for
Zinc in Three Texas Waters. Presented at the 59th Annual Conference of the Water
Pollution Control Federation. (October 1986) Los Angeles, CA.
Price, E.E., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., K.L. Dickson, P.B. Dorn, and K. Jop. 1986. Influence of
Ion Composition and Ionic Strength on Observed Effluent Toxicity. Presented at the
59th Annual Conference of the Water Pollution Control Federation. (October 1986) Los
Angeles, CA.
Clifford, P.A., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1986. Regrowth of Myriophyllum spicatum L.
Rodgers-43
Harvested to Several Depths in a Texas reservoir. Presented at the 26th Annual
Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Management Society, Inc. (July 13-16) Sarasota, FL.
Rocchio, P.M., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1986. The Relative Effectiveness of 2,4-D and
Endothall on Myriophyllum heterophyllum. Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the
Aquatic Plant Management Society, Inc. (July 13-16) Sarasota, FL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., D.L. Robinson, C.L. Missimer, and J.F. Hall. 1986. Proximate
Oxygen Demand of Three Aquatic Macrophytes: Use in Management of Aquatic
Systems. Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Management
Society, Inc. (July 13-16) Sarasota, FL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., and P.B. Dorn. 1986. Variability Associated With Identification of
Toxics in NPEDS Effluent Bioassays. Presented at the 7th Annual Meeting of the
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 2-5) Alexandria, VA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., 1986. Efforts Toward Development of an Aquatic Plant Management
Concept for Pat Mayse Lake, Texas. 21St Annual Meeting Aquatic Plant Control
Research Program of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (Nov, 17-21) Mobile, AL.
Price, E.E., K.L. Dickson, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1986. Effects of Excessive Calcium
Concentration on (Na+ + K+) ATPase Activity of Two Euryhaline species, Cvorinondon
variegatus and Mysidopsis bahia. Presented at the 7th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 2-5) Alexandria, VA.
Rocchio, P.M., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1987. The Fate and Effects of Diquat and 2,4-D
Amine in Laboratory Aquatic Systems. Eighth Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (Nov. 9-12) Pensacola, FL.
Parkerton, T.F., S.M. Stewart, K.L. Dickson, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and F.Y Saleh. 1987.
Derivation of Site Specific Criteria for Zinc: Implications for Wasteload Allocation. 8th
Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (Nov. 9-12)
Pensacola, FL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., and P.A. Clifford. 1987. A Coupled Herbicide Fate and Target
Species' Effects Model. 22nd Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Control Research
Program of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (Nov. 16-19) Portland, OR.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1987. Management of Aquatic Plants in Texas Reservoirs. Southwest
Regional Meeting of the North American Lake Management Society (July 27-28) Austin,
TX.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1987. Aquatic Plants as Sentinels of Environmental Health. 26tn
Annual Meeting of the Society of Toxicology (Feb. 24-27) Washington, D.C.
Rodgers-44
Hall, J.F. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1987. Use of Environmental Fate Information in
Selection of Herbicides for Aquatic Plant Management. 27th Annual Meeting of the
Aquatic Plant Management Society. (July 12-15) Savannah, GA.
Cassidy, K.M. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1987. Relationship Between Tissue Burden and
Response of Hydrilla to Diquat. 27th Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Management
Society. (July 12-15) Savannah, GA. (Fourth Place in APMS Student Paper Contest).
Rocchio, P.M., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1987. Comparative Study of the Fate and Effects
of Diquat and 2,4-D. 27th Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Management Society.
(July 12-15) Savannah, GA. (Second Place in APMS Student Paper Contest).
Clifford, P.A. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1987. Application and Validation of the COE-WES
HARVEST Model in Pat Mayse Lake. 27th Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant
Management Society. (July 12-15) Savannah, GA.
Hall, J.F., T.F. Parkerton, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and K.L. Dickson. 1987. Strategies for the
Development of Sediment Quality Criteria: An Overview. South Central Chapter
Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (May 6, 1987)
Houston, TX.
Dickson, K.L., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., T.M. Davis, M.E. McKevitt, D.P. Wilcox, and K.A.
Anderson. 1987. Use of In Situ Primary Productivity and Color Bioassays to Assess
Papermill Impacts. American Society of Limnology and Oceanography Annual Meeting.
(January 15) Madison, WI.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., J.H. Kennedy, J.F. Hall and B.C. Suedel. 1988. Test Methods for
Sediment Toxicity Using Freshwater organisms. The Coastal Society - Eleventh
International Conference. (October 22-26) Boston, MA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and P.A. Clifford. 1988. Validation of a Coupled Herbicide Fate and
Effects Model: HERBICIDE. 23rd Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Control Research
Program of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (Nov, 16-17) West Palm Beach, FL.
Suedel, B.C. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1988. Sediment Characteristics as Potential
Normalization Factors for the Bioavailability of Neutral Organic Compounds Sorbed to
Sediments. Poster presented at the Ninth Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November, 1988) Arlington, VA.
Suedel, B.C. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1989. Sediment Quality Mediation of the Toxicity of
Neutral Organic Compounds. Poster presented at the American Society for Testing and
Materials, 13th Symposium on Aquatic Toxicology and Risk Assessment. (April 1989)
Atlanta, GA.
Rodgers-45
Suedel, B.C., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and P.A. Clifford. 1989. Use of Organic Carbon as a
Normalization Factor for the Bioavailability of Neutral Organic Compounds Sorbed to
Sediments. Poster presented at the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (October, 1989) Toronto, Canada.
Suedel, B.C. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1990. Sediment Characteristics That May Influence
Aquatic Plant Distributions in the United States. Platform presentation at the 30th Annual
Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Management Society. (July 17) Mobile, AL.
Suedel, B.C., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and P.A. Clifford. 1990. Bioavailability of Fluoranthene in
Freshwater Sediment Toxicity Tests. Platform presentation at the Eleventh Annual
Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November, 1990)
Arlington, VA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and P.A. Clifford. 1990. Effective use of Sonar-SRP in marginal
treatments for control of Myriophyllum spicatum. Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting
of the Aquatic Plant Management Society, Inc. (July 15-18) Mobile, AL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1990. Research on Aquatic Plant Effects on Water Quality and Fish.
Presented at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Aquatic Plant Management
Society, Inc. (October 24-26) Eufaula, AL.
Hall, J.F. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1990. Characterization of Toxicants in Contaminated
Sediments. Presented at the Eleventh Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 11-15) Arlington, VA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and J. Ackerman. 1990. Regulatory Issues and Future Data
Requirements for Herbicide Registration for Aquatic Use. Presented at the 25th Annual
Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers.
(November 26-30) Orlando, FL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1990. Chemical Control Simulation for Aquatic Plant Management.
Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Control Research Program.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. (November 26-30) Orlando, FL.
Suedel, B.C. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1991. Fluoranthene Partitioning and Toxicity to
Hyalella azteca in Freshwater Sediments. Presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November, 1991) Seattle, WA.
Giddings, J., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., R. Graney, T. La Point, R. Meyerhoff, S. Orenstein, and
L. Touart. 1991. Conclusions of the SETAC Workshop on Microcosms for Ecological
Assessment of Pesticides. Presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society for
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November, 1991) Seattle, WA.
Rodgers-46
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and A.W. Dunn. 1991. Developing Guidelines for Constructed
Wetlands to Remove Pesticides from Agricultural Runoff. Presented at the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency Symposium and Workshop on Developing Wetlands
for the Use of Created and Natural Wetlands in Controlling Rural Nonpoint Source
Pollution. (June 10-12) Arlington, VA.
Gendusa, T.C., T.L. Beitinger and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1991. Toxicity of Fluoranthene from
Aqueous and Sediment Sources to Pimephales promelas and Ictalurus punctatus.
Presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. (November 3-7) Seattle, WA.
Robison, R.H., A.W. Dunn and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1991. Partitioning and Persistence of
Aquatic Herbicides in Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama. Presented a the 12th Annual
Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. November 3-7,
1991, Seattle, WA.
Dunn, A.W. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1991. Partitioning and Persistence of Aquatic
Herbicides In Guntersville Reservoir, Alabama. Presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of
the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 3-7) Seattle, WA.
Witt, W.T. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1991. Effects of Sediment Associated Hexavalent and
Trivalent Chromium on Daphnia magna, Hyalella azteca, Chironomus tentans, and
Stylaria lacustris. Presented at the 12th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental
Toxicoloty and Chemistry. (November 3-7) Seattle, WA.
Brown, S.S., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., G.R. Gaston, A.P. McAllister, B.C. Suedel, A.W. Dunn
and J.D. Mahony. 1992. Effects of Sediment-associated Copper on Stream Invertebrate
Assemblages: Sediment Characteristics, Toxicity and Macrobenthos. Presented at the
13th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
(November 8-12) Cincinnati, OH.
Suedel, B.C. and John H. Rodgers, Jr. 1992. Development of Formulated Reference
Sediments for Freshwater and Estuarine Sediment Toxicity Testing. Presented at the
13th Annual Meeting of the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
(November 8-12) Cincinnati, OH.
Dunn, A.W., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., E. Burns and A.L. Bates. 1992. Fate and Persistence of
Herbicides in Guntersville Reservoir, AL. Presented at the 13th Annual Meeting of the
Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 8-12) Cincinnati, OH.
Burres, R.E. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1992. Measuring Responses of Myriophyllum
spicatum to Fluoridone. Presented at the 13th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. November 8-12, 1992, Cincinnati, OH.
Rodgers-47
Fader, P.G., K. Pigot, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1992. Cytoplasmic Ion Release From
Aquatic Plants as an Indicator of Membrane Injury. Presented at the 13th Annual
Meeting of the Society for Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 8-12)
Cincinnati, OH.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1992, Studies for Calibrating Fate/Effects Algorithms in HERBICIDE
Version 2.0. Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the U.S. Army Engineers
Waterways Experiment Station, Aquatic Plant Control Research Program. (November
16-19) Bellevue, WA.
Giddings, J.M. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1992. Large Outdoor Microcosms for Ecological
Assessment of Pesticides. Presented at the Second Symposium on Environmental
Toxicology and Risk Assessment: Aquatic Plant and Terrestrial, American Society for
Testing and Materials. (April 26-29) Pittsburg, PA.
Crossland, N.O., P.G. Fader, E.R. Kline, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and H.G. Walker. 1992.
Development of Model Streams Designed for Risk Assessments in Lotic Ecosystems.
Presented at the Second Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk
Assessment: Aquatic Plant and Terrestrial, American Society for Testing and Materials.
(April 26-29) Pittsburg, PA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and A.W. Dunn. 1992. Utilization of Copper Based Herbicides in
Aquatic Plant Management in Guntersville Reservoir. Presented at the 11th Annual
Meeting of the Mid-South Aquatic Plant Management Society. (September 30-October
2) Guntersville, AL.
Dunn, A.W. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1992. Partitioning and Persistence of Herbicides in
the 1991 Guntersville Aquatic Plant Management Program. Presented at the 11th
Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Aquatic Plant Management Society. (September 30-
October 2) Guntersville, AL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and A.W. Dunn. 1992. Using Constructed Wetlands for Pesticide
Retention and Processing. Presented at the 9th Annual Meeting of the Soil and Water
Conservation Society. (August 9-12) Baltimore, MD.
Crossland, N.O, P.G. Fader, E.R. Kline, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and H.G. Walker. 1992.
Model Streams Designed for Risk Assessments in Lotic Systems. Presented at the 13th
Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November
8-12) Cincinnati, OH.
Gillespie, B., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., N.O. Crossland and H.G. Walker. 1992. Evaluation of
Parameters Used for Measuring Responses of Macroinvertebrate Assemblages in
Model Streams. Presented at the 13th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental
Rodgers-48
Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 8-12) Cincinnati, OH.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1992. Herbicide Residue Studies. Presented at the 1992 Review
Meeting of the Joint Agency, Guntersville Project. (April 22-23) Guntersville, AL.
Suedel, B.C. and John H. Rodgers, Jr. 1992. Formulated Reference Sediments for
Freshwater and Estuarine Sediment Toxicity Testing. Presented at the American
Society for Testing and Materials Sediment Toxicology Subcommittee Meeting
(E47.03). (November 7) Cincinnati, OH.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., N.O. Crossland, P.B. Dorn, S.T. Dubey and L.K. Kravetz. 1993. The
Ecological Effects of a Nonionic Surfactant in Stream Mesocosms. Platform Presented
at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
(November 1993) Houston, TX.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., N.O. Crossland, E.R. Kline, W.B. Gillespie, Jr., R.A. Figueroa and
P. B. Dorn. 1993. Design and Use of Model Stream Mesocosms for Aquatic Safety
Assessments of Surfactants. Presented at the International Workshop on Environmental
Fate and Effects of Surfactants. (September 13-15) Veldhoven, The Netherlands.
Gillespie, W.B., Jr., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., N.O. Crossland and P.B. Dorn. 1993. The
Ecological Effects of a Nonionic Surfactant on Macroinvertebrates in Model Stream
Mesocosms. Poster Discussion presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November, 1993) Houston, TX.
Figueroa, R.A., E.R. Kline, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and P.B. Dorn. 1993. The Responses of
Fish Exposed to a Nonionic Surfactant in Stream Mesocosms. Poster Discussion
presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. (November, 1993) Houston, TX.
Deaver, E., B.C. Suedel and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1993. Copper Sulfate as a Reference
Toxicant for Use in Sediment Toxicity Tests. Poster Discussion presented at the14th
Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November,
1993) Houston, TX.
Suedel, B.C., E. Deaver and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1993. Reducing Uncertainty in Sediment
Toxicity Tests. Platform presentation at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. November, 1993, Houston, TX.
Rodgers, J.H. Jr., E. Deaver, B.C. Suedel and P.L. Rogers. 1993. A Tiered Research
Strategy for Evaluation of Silver Bioavailability in Aquatic Systems. Presented at the
First International Conference on the Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the
Environment. Madison, WI.
Rodgers-49
Suedel, B.C. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1993. Formulated Reference Sediments for
Freshwater and Estuarine Toxicity Testing. Presented at the American Society for
Testing and Materials Third Symposium on Environmental Toxicology and Risk
Assessment: Aquatic, Plant and Terrestrial. (April, 1993) Atlanta, GA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., E. Deaver and P. Rogers. 1994. Evaluation of the Bioavailability and
Toxicity of Silver in Sediment. Presented at the Second International Conference on
Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment. (September 11-14) Madison,
WI.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., P.L. Rogers, N. Kaul and E. Deaver. 1994. Silver Toxicity: Fact and
Fiction. Presented at the Third Pollution Prevention for Silver Imaging Systems
Seminar. National Association of Photographic Manufacturers. (May 11-14) Lake Buena
Vista, FL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., P.L. Rogers and E. Deaver. 1994. Responses of Aquatic
Invertebrates to Silver Compounds. Platform presentation at the 15th Annual Meeting of
the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (October 30 - November 3)
Denver, CO.
Figueroa, R.A., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., R.E. Lizotte and P.B. Dorn. 1994. Responses of Fish
Exposed to Nonionic Surfactants in Stream Mesocosms. Poster presented at the 15th
Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (October 30
- November 3) Denver, CO.
Gillespie, W.B., Jr., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and P.B. Dorn. 1994. Responses of Aquatic
Invertebrates to a Nonionic Surfactant in Laboratory and Model Stream Mesocosm
Exposure. Poster presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry. (October 30 - November 3) Denver, CO.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., P.B. Dorn, S.T. Dubey, W.B. Gillespie, Jr. and R.A. Figueroa. 1994.
Comparative Ecological Effects of Two Homologous Nonionic Surfactants in Stream
Mesocosms. Poster presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (October 30 - November 3) Denver, CO.
Dunn, A.W. and John H. Rodgers, Jr. 1994. Uptake of Triclopyr by Eurasian
Watermilfoil (Myriophyllum spicatum) Under Different Exposure Conditions. Poster
presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. (October 30 - November 3) Denver, CO.
Dorn, P.B., N.R. Vergel, W.B. Hawkins, A.W. Dunn and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1994. Design
of Pilot-scale Constructed Wetlands for Tertiary Treatment of Refinery Effluent. Poster
presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. (October 30 - November 3) Denver, CO.
Rodgers-50
Deaver, E. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1994. Evaluations of Bioavailable Copper in Amended
Wetland Sediments. Poster presented at the 15th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (October 30 - November 3) Denver, CO.
Deaver, E. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1994. Analysis of Copper in Aqueous Systems.
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Management Society. (July 10-
13) San Antonio, TX.
Deaver, E. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1994. Analysis of Copper in Aqueous Systems.
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the South Carolina Aquatic Plant Management
Society. (August, 1994) Columbia, SC.
Deaver, E. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1994. Analysis of Bioavailable Copper in Amended
Wetland Sediments. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Agronomy Society of
America. (November 12-17) Seattle, WA.
Deaver, E. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1994. Analysis of Copper in Aqueous Systems.
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Aquatic Plant Management Society.
(October, 1994) Birmingham, AL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1994. Current Research Activities at the University of Mississippi's
Biological Field Station and Center for Water and Wetland Resources. Presented to the
Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Aquatic Plant Management Society. (October, 1994)
Birmingham, AL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., W.B. Hawkins, A.W. Dunn and T.L. Deardorff. 1994. An Evaluation of
Potential Imparts of Bleached Kraft Mill Effluents on the Lower Sulphur River, Texas-
Arkansas. Presented at the Second International Conference on Environmental Fate
and Effects of Bleached Pulp Mill Effluents. (November 6-9) Vancouver, B.C.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1995. Use of Copper for Aquatic Plant Management. Presented at the
14th Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Aquatic Plant Management Society. (October 11-
13) Sheffield, AL.
Deaver, E. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1995. Measuring Bioavailable Copper Using Anodic
Stripping Voltammetry. Presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Aquatic
Plant Management Society. (October 11-13) Sheffield, AL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and A.W. Dunn. 1995. Constructed Wetlands Integratively Designed
for Transfer and Transformation of Copper, Lead and Zinc. Presented at the 14th
Annual Meeting of the Mid-South Aquatic Plant Management Society. (October 11-13)
Sheffield, AL.
Rodgers-51
Hawkins, W.B. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1995. Utilization of Scirpus californicus [(C.A.
Meyer) Steud.] in Constructed Wetlands. Presented at the 14th Annual Meeting of the
Mid-South Aquatic Plant Management Society. (October 11-13) Sheffield, AL.
Lizotte, R.E., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., P.B. Dorn, S.T. Dubey, W.B. Gillespie, Jr. and R.A.
Figueroa. 1995. Comparative Ecological Effects of Two Homologous Nonionic
Surfactants in Stream Mesocosms. Sigma Xi, The University of Mississippi Chapter and
Office of Research/Graduate/Undergraduate Student PosterSymposium.
Deaver, E. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1995. Investigations of Copper Speciation and
Bioavailability. Presented at the 16th Annual Meeting and Second World Congress of
the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 5-9) Vancouver,
B.C.
Hawkins, W.B., A.W. Dunn, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and P.B. Dorn. 1995. Pilot-scale
Constructed Wetlands for Tertiary Treatment of Refinery Effluent. Presented at the 16th
Annual Meeting and Second World Congress of the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 5-9) Vancouver, B.C.
Gillespie, W.B., Jr., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., P.B. Dorn and S.T. Dubey. 1995. Responses of
Aquatic Invertebrates to Three Homologous Nonionic Surfactants in Model Stream
Mesocosm Exposures. Presented at the 16th Annual Meeting and Second World
Congress of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 5-9)
Vancouver, B.C.
Dunn, A.W. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1995. Responses of a Submerged Aquatic Plant
and Periphyton to a Nonionic Surfactant in Model Stream Mesocosm Exposures.
Presented at the 16th Annual Meeting and Second World Congress of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 5-9) Vancouver, B.C.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., P.B. Dorn, W.B. Gillespie,Jr. and S.T. Dubey. 1995. Effects of Three
Homologous Nonionic Surfactants in Model Stream Mesocosm Exposures. Presented
at the 16th Annual Meeting and Second World Congress of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 5-9) Vancouver, B.C.
Lizotte, R.E., Jr., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., P.B. Dorn and S.T. Dubey. 1995. Effects of Three
Homologous Nonionic Surfactants on Fish in Stream Mesocosms. Presented at the 16th
Annual Meeting and Second World Congress of the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry. (November 5-9)Vancouver, B.C.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., E. Deaver and P.L. Rogers.1995. Partitioning and Effects of Silver in
Amended Freshwater Sediments. Presented at the Third International Conference on
Transport, Fate and Effects of Silver in the Environment. (August 6-9) Washington, D.C.
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Deardorff, T.L., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., D.P. Felder, and S.J. D'Surney. 1998. A multifaceted
investigation of the aquatic ecosystems near a bleached and unbleached kraft mill.
Presented at the Third International Symposium on Aquatic Impacts of Pulp and Paper
Mills, Nov. 1998. New Zealand.
Mastin, B.J. and Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1998. Toxicity and bioavailability of copper
herbicides (Clearigate®, Cutrine®-Plus, and copper sulfate) to freshwater animals. 19tH
Annual meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Nov., Charlotte,
NC. p.212.
Moore, M.T., W.B. Gillespie, Jr., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1998. Constructed wetlands to
mitigate agricultural pesticide runoff. 19th Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, Nov., Charlotte, NC. p.284.
Mastin, B.J. and Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1998. Characterization and assessment of Lyngbya-
dominated cyanobacteria "blooms" in the SB-1 Reservoir Springhill, Louisiana. Biology
Department University of Mississippi.
Maciorowski, A.F., Reinert, K., and Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1998. Ethics in Ecological Risk
Assessment: An Overview. publ. abstr. 19th annual meeting Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, Nov. Charlotte, NC.
Bohannon, A.L., Moore, M.T., Cooper, M., and Rodgers, J.H. Jr. 1998. Effects of
Chlorpyrifos on Macroinvertebrates in Constructed Wetlands. Publ. abstr. 19th annual
meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov. Charlotte, NC.
Dorn, P.B.,Tattersfield, L.J., Raney, K.H., and Rodgers, J.H. Jr. 1998. Development of
Effects Data for Alcohol Ethoxylate Surfactants using Stream Mesocosms. Publ. abstr.
19th annual meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov.
Charlotte, NC. p. 175.
Huggett, D.B., Muller, S.L., Bohannon, A.L., and Rodgers, J.H.Jr., Adams, D.L.,
Deardorff, T.L. 1998. Toxicity Assessment of Historically Contaminated Sediments.
Publ. abstr. 19th annual meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Nov. Charlotte, NC. p.209.
Mastin, B.J., and Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1998. Toxicity and Bioavailability of Chelated-
Copper Herbicides Clearigate®, Cutrine®-Plus and Copper Sulfate. Publ. abstr. 19th
annual meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov. Charlotte,
NC. p.212.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., Fisher, R.P., and Festa, J.L. 1998. Development of a North American
research strategy to assess potential reproductive effects of pulp mill effluents on fish-
focus on hormone-mediated effects and assessment. Publ. abstr. 19th annual meeting
Rodgers-53
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov. Charlotte, NC. p. 233
Gillespie, W.B. Jr., Rodgers, J.H., Jr., Cooper, C.M., and Smith S. 1998. Constructed
Wetlands to Mitigate Agricultural Pesticide Runoff. Pub[. abstr. 19th annual meeting
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov. Charlotte, NC. p. 284.
Huddleston, G.M. III, Gillespie, W.B., Jr., Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1998. Abatement of
Ammonia and Biochemical Oxygen Demand in a Petroleum Refinery Effluent Using
Constructed Wetlands. Publ. abstr. 19th annual meeting Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov. Charlotte, NC. p. 284.
Muller, S.L., Huggett, D.B., Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1998. Effects of Copper Sulfate on Typha
latifolia Seed Germination and Early Seedling Growth in Aqueous and Sediment
Exposures. Publ. abstr. 19th annual meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. Nov. Charlotte, NC. p. 287.
Moore, M.T., S. Smith, Jr., and C.M. Cooper. 1999. Comparative mitigation of
chlorpyrifos, atrazine, and meta chlor-associated runoff using constructed wetlands.
Presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. Philadelphia, PA, 14-18 November 1999. p.102.
Bohannon, A.L., M.T. Moore, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1999. Evaluation of bench-scale
constructed wetland microcosms for potential tertiary treatment of produced water from
a petroleum refinery. Presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Philadelphia, PA, 14-18 November 1999.
p..271.
Huddleston, G.M., A.L. Schwartzman, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1999. Risk mitigation of a
complex effluent using constructed wetlands. Presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of
the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Philadelphia, PA, 14-18
November 1999. p..272.
Mastin, B.J., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and T.L. Deardorff. 1999. Risk assessment of
cyanobacteria-dominated algal "blooms" in a north Louisiana reservoir. Presented at the
20th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Philadelphia, PA, 14-18 November 1999. p.284.
Huddleston, G.M., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., D.B. Huggett, M.T. Moore, and C.M. Cooper.
1999. Herbicide effects on Typha latifolia (Linnaeus) germination and root and shoot
development. Presented at the 20th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry. Philadelphia, PA, 14-18 November 1999. p. 158.
Schwartzman, A.L., B.J. Mastin, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 1999. The role of plants for
influencing redox potential in the root zone in different hydrosoils. Presented at the 20th
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Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Philadelphia, PA, 14-18 November 1999. p. 158.
Winfield, L.E., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., S.J. D'Surney and C.R. Lee. 1999. Phytotoxicity of
RDX Exposure (<12 days) to selected terrestrial plants. Presented at the 20th Annual
Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Philadelphia, PA,
14-18 November 1999. p.. 158.
Huddleston, G.M., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., B.J. Mastin, S.E. Woods and D. McHenry. 1999.
Macroinvertebrate survey of the Tenn-Tom Waterway in the vicinity of a pulp and paper
effluent discharge: Factors influencing rapid bioassessment interpretation. Presented at
the 20th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Philadelphia, PA, 14-18 November 1999. p. 245.
Rodgers, Jr., J.H. 1999. Risk assessment of herbicides for aquatic use. Presented at
the 18th Annual Meeting of the Midsouth Aquatic Plant Management Society. Gulf
Shores, AL, 20-22 October 1999.
Rodgers, Jr., J.H. 1999. Risk assessment of herbicides for aquatic use. (Keynote
Address) Presented at the Annual Meeting of the South Carolina Aquatic Plant
Management Society. Columbia, SC, 12-13 August 1999.
Rodgers, Jr., J.H. 1999. Environmental toxicology and ecotoxicology. Presented at a
workshop on Partners in Scientific Collaboration. Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak
Ridge, TN, 18-19 August 1999. Sponsored by AAAS, NSF, U.S. DOE and ORNL.
Huddleston, G.M., III, Mastin, B.J., Rodgers, J.H., Jr., Woock, S.E., McHenry, D. 1999.
Macroinverteb rate survey of the Tennessee-Tombigbee Waterway in the vicinity of a
pulp and paper effluent discharge: factors influencing rapid bioassessment
interpretation. Annual Meeting, Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.,
Philadelphia, PA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1999. Toxic effects of forest herbicides on aquatic organisms.
Presented at the Symposium Pesticides and the Forest Environment. April 13-15, 1999
Nacogdoches, Texas.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 1999. SETAC-US EPA. WET Initiatives: All WET and Nothing but
WET. Presented at Air and Waste Management Association Environmental Permitting
Symposium (February 17-19, 1999), Research Triangle Park, NC.
Winfield, L.E., Lee, C.R., Rodgers, J.H., Jr., and D'Surney, S.J. 1999. Effects of short-
term exposure to RDX amended mollisols in wild/cover plants. Poster presentation.
Annual Meeting Soc. of Toxicology. March 1999. New Orleans, LA.
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Winfield, L.E., D'Surney, S.J., Rodgers, J.H., Jr., and Lee, C.R. 1999. Phytotoxicity of
RDX exposure (<12 days) to selected terrestrial plants. Poster presentation. 20th Annual
Meeting of Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov 1999. Philadelphia,
PA.
Huddleston, G.M., Rodgers, J.H., Jr.,Huggett, D.B., Moore, M.T., and Cooper, C.M.
1999. Herbicide Effects on Typha latifolia (Linneaus) Germination and Root ant Shoot
Development. Publ. abstr. 20t annual meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. Nov. Philadelphia, PA.
Winfield, L.E., Rodgers, J.H. Jr., D'Surney, S.J., and Lee, C.R. 1999. Phytotoxicity of
RDX Exposure (<12 days) to Selected Terrestrial Plants. Publ. abstr. 20t annual
meeting Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov. Philadelphia, PA.
Ausley, L.W., D.T. Burton, D.L. Denton, P.B. Dorn, W.L. Goodfellow, Jr., J.R. Gully, T.J.
Norberg-King, J.H. Rodgers Jr., and W.T. Waller. 2000. Watershed Management:
Historical Perspective for the Future. Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, Nashville, TN. November 12-16, 2000 (Platform). p. 29.
Huddleston, III, G.M., A.L. Schwartzman, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2000. Constructed
Wetland Design for Decreasing Copper Bioavailability Associated with an Aqueous
Matrix. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Nashville, TN. November
12-16, 2000 (Poster). p. 283.
Mastin, B.J. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2000. Design and Performance of Constructed
Wetlands for Treatment of Petroleum in an Aqueous Matrix. Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, Nashville, TN. November 12-16, 2000 (Poster). p. 284.
Murray-Gulde, C.L., J.E. Heatley, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., J.E. Myers, and J.F. Hall. 2000.
Design of a Pilot-Scale Constructed Wetland Treatment System for Oilfield Produced
Waters. Carolina Regional of Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
Wilmington, NC. March 31-April 1, 2000 (Poster). p. 284.
Rodgers, Jr., J.H., M.T. Moore, C.M. Copper, and S. Smith, Jr. 2000. Constructed
Wetlands for Mitigation of Risks from Golf Course Runoff. Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, Nashville, TN. November 12-16, 2000 (Poster). p. 191.
Schwartzman, A.L., G.M. Huddleston, III, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2000. The Role of
Scirpus californicus (Giant Bulrush) in Constructed Wetlands for Remediation of
Copper-Contaminated Wastewater. Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry, Nashville, TN. November 12-16, 2000 (Poster). p.283.
Sherrard, R.M. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2000. Design of Constructed Wetland Anaerobic
Reactors for Treatment of Trichloroethylene and Perch loroethylene. Society of
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Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Nashville, TN. November 12-16, 2000
(Poster). p. 284.
Sherrard, R.M. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2000. Design of Constructed Wetland Anaerobic
Reactors for Treatment of Trichloroethylene. Carolina Regional Meeting of Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Wilmington, NC. March 31-April 1, 2000
(Poster).
Winfield, L., S. D'Surney, C. Lee, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2000. A Comparison of the
Responses of Agronomic and Wild/Cover Plants to RDX Amended Grenada and
Bowdry Soils. Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Nashville, TN.
November 12-16, 2000 (Poster). p. 236.
Winfield, L., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., C.Lee, S. D'Surney, and D. Brandon. 2000. The
Phytotoxicity and Bioaccumulation of RDX by Sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) Plants.
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Nashville, TN. November 12-16,
2000 (Poster). p. 236.
Rodgers JH Jr., and Myers JE. 2001. Treatment wetlands as sustainable technology for
water treatment: fundamentals. Presented at the 5th International Congress on Health,
Safety, and Environment (COSSMAP): Panama City, Panama; July 11-14, 2001.
Rodgers JH Jr. 2001. Treatment wetlands as sustainable technology for water
treatment: domestic wastewater. Presented at the 5th International Congress on Health,
Safety, and Environment (COSSMAP): Panama City, Panama; July 11-14, 2001.
Rodgers JH Jr. 2001. Treatment wetlands as sustainable technology for water
treatment: stormwater. Presented at the 5th International Congress on Health, Safety,
and Environment (COSSMAP): Panama City, Panama; July 11-14,2001.
Rodgers, JH Jr. 2001. Environmental research at Clemson University and opportunities
for collaboration. Presented at Universidad Catolica Santa Maria La Antigua, El
Dorado, Panama; July 13, 2001.
Mastin, B.J., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and Y.T. Shah. 2001. Hybrid cavitation/ constructed
wetland reactors for treatment of chlorinated and non-chlorinated organics. Chemical
Engineering Tech 24(8): 97A-105A.
Winfield, L.E., D'Surney, S.J. and Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2001. The response of terrestrial
plants to hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) exposures: Part 1- Short-term
(<12 days) exposures using cover plants. Submitted to J. of Ecotoxicology.
Winfield, L.E., Rodgers, J.H., Jr., and D'Surney, S.J. 2001. The response of terrestrial
Rodgers-57
plants to hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) exposures: Part II- Short-term
(<12 days) exposure using five crop plants. Submitted to J. of Ecotoxicology.
Windfield, L.E., D'Surney, S.J. and Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2001. The response of sunflower
(Helianthus annuus L.) plants long-term (2,4,and 6 weeks) Hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-
1,3,5-triazine (RDX) exposures: Part III-Growth responses of two life stages. Submitted
to J. of Ecotoxicology.
Windfield, L.E., Rodgers, J.H.,Jr., and D'Surney, S.J. 2001. The response of two life
stages of sunflower (Helianthus annuus L) plant to long-term (2,4,and 6 weeks) RDX
exposure: Part IV-Bioconcentration and phytotoxic responses. Submitted to J. of
Ecotoxicology.
Winfield, L.E., D'Surney, S.J., and Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2001. The response of terrestrial
plants to short-term hexahydro-1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazine (RDX) exposure. Accepted
for publication in Proceedings, Conference on Sustainability of Wetlands and Water
Resources. Center for Water and Wetland Resources at the Univ. of MS Biology Field
Station. University, MS.
Winfield, L., S. D'Surney and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2001. Development of a short-term
screening method to assess RDX Bioavailability and phytotoxicity. Presented at the
22nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 11-15
November 2001, Baltimore.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., L.W. Ausley, D. Burton, D.L. Denton, P.B. Dorn, W. L. Goodfellow, J.
Gully, T.J. Norberg-King, and W.T. Waller. 2001 TMDL's: After point sources, what can
we do next? Presented at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry. 11-15 November 2001, Baltimore. P. 59.
Johnson, A.R., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2001. Scaling in Ecotoxicity: theory, evidence and
research needs. Presented at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry. 11-15 November 2001, Baltimore. P. 84.
Mastin, B.J., G.M. Huddleston and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2001. Partitioning of copper to
Scirpus californicus organic matter: effects on toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Presented
at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
11-15 November 2001, Baltimore. P. 157.
Murray-Gulde,C.L., J.E. Heatley, A.L. Schwartzman and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2001.
Toxicity of Clearigate, Cutrine-Plus and Copper Sulfate to Raphidocelis subcapitata,
Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas. Presented at the 22nd Annual Meeting of
the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. 11-15 November 2001,
Baltimore. p. 206.
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Sherrard, R.M. C.L. Murray-Guide, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2001. Comparative toxicity of
chlorothalonil and chlorpyrifos: Ceriodaphnia dubia and Pimephales promelas.
Presented at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. 11-15 November 2001, Baltimore. P.338.
Mastin, B.J., Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2001. Design and performance of constructed wetlands
for treatment of stormwater. Constructed Wetlands for Water Quality Improvement,
Clemson University, Departments of Plant Pathology and Physiology, and Department
of Industrial Engineering.
Mastin, B.J. Rodgers, J.H.,Jr., Deardorff, T.L. 2001. Risk evaluation of cyanobacterial-
dominated algal blooms in a North Louisiana reservoir. Annual meeting Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Carolinas Chapter.
Mastin, B.J., Huddleston, G.M. III, Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2001. Partitioning of copper to
Scirpus californicus organic matter: Effects on toxicity to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Presented
at the 22nd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
11-15 November 2001, Baltimore.
Rodgers, J.H. Jr. 2001. Strategies for Risk Characterizations of Contaminated
Sediments. Invited speaker. Conference De Prestige Cirtox. Centre interuniversitaire
de recherche en toxicologie (CIRTOX). Universite de Montreal. May 31, 2001. (invited
plenary lecture)
Winfield, L.E., D.Surney, S.J. and Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2001. Development of a short-term
method to assess RDX bioavailability and phytotoxicity. Accepted for presentation
during 22nd Annual Meeting of Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Nov. 2001. Baltimore, MD.
Winfield, L.E., D'Surney, S.J., and Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2001. The growth response of
selected terrestrial plants to RDX exposure. Invited speaker for special symposium.
Annual Meeting of the American Phytopathology Society. Aug. 2001. Salt Lake City,
UT.
Murray-Gulde, C., Heatley, J.E., Karanfil, T., Rodgers, Jr., J.H. and Myers, J.E. (in
press). Performance of a Hybrid Reverse Osmosis-Constructed Wetland Treatment
System for Brackish Produced Water. Water Research
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2002. Case Study: A TMDL for copper. Presented at the 23rd Annual
Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov., 2002, Salt
Lake City, UT.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., J.E. Heatley, and C.L. Murray-Gulde. 2002. Toxicity of five copper-
containing algaecides to selected algae and animal species. Presented at the 23`
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Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov., 2002,
Salt Lake City, UT.
Murray-Guide, C.L., J. Bearr, J. Gallagher, J. Heatley, G.M. Huddleston III, and J.H.
Rodgers, Jr. 2002. Design and evaluation of a constructed wetland treatment sysem for
decreasing the concentration and bioavailability of copper in a wastestream. Presented
at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Nov., 2002, Salt Lake City, UT.
Mastin, B.J.and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2002. Discerning toxic fractions of crankcase oil and
diagnostic responses of freshwater testing organisms. Presented at the 23rd Annual
Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov., 2002, Salt
Lake City, UT.
Murray-Gulde, C.L., G.M. Huddleston III, and J. H. Rodgers, Jr. 2002. Comparison of a
microcosm-scale and full-scale constructed wetland treatment system designed to treat
a copper-contaminated wastewater. Presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the
Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov., 2002, Salt Lake City, UT.
Murray-Gulde, C.L. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2002. Contributions of Scirpus californicus in
a constructed wetland system receiving copper contaminated wastewater. Presented at
the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Nov., 2002, Salt Lake City, UT.
Gallagher, J.S., G.M. Huddleston III, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2002. Toxicity of lake
sediments to Hyalella azteca Sausure and Ceriodaphnia dubia Richard following
copper-herbicide applications. Presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov., 2002, Salt Lake City, UT.
Johnson, A.R. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2003. Scaling in ecotoxicology: theory, evidence
and research needs. Presented at the 7th International Conference on Aquatic
Ecosystem Health and Management Society, Sep., 2003. Lyon, France.
Huddleston, G.M., J.C. Arrington, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2003. Winter removal of BOD
and solids from an industrial effluent using constructed wetlands. Presented at the 24th
Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov., 2003,
Austin, TX.
Garber, K.V., J.S. Gallagher, J.H. Rodgers, Jr., and A.R. Johnson. 2003. Measuring and
modeling changes over time of fecal coliform densities in aquatic systems. Presented at
the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry.
Nov., 2003, Austin, TX.
Stag, C.L. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2003. Identification of toxic fractions of a formulated
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produced water and diagnostic responses of Ceriodaphnia dubia. Presented at the 24th
Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov., 2003,
Austin, TX.
Duke, B.M., and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2003. Comparative toxicity of a copper containing
algaecide to four algal species. Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry. Nov., 2003, Austin, TX.
Gallagher, J.S., K.V. Garber and J. H. Rodgers, Jr. 2003. Mitigating risks of domestic
wastewater using model constructed wetlands: Influence of HRT and loading.
Presented at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. Nov., 2003, Austin, TX.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2003. After the TMDL, what do we do? Presented at the TMDL Short
Course at the 24th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and
Chemistry. Nov., 2003, Austin, TX.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., C.L. Murray-Guide and G.M. Huddleston, III. 2003. Expanding
functional roles of vascular aquatic plants: Schoenoplectus californicus as an example.
Presented at the 43rd Annual Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Management Society, July,
2003. Portland, Maine.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2003. Role of Schoenoplectus californicus in constructed wetlands for
treatment of metals at Savannah River Site. Presented at the Annual Review Meeting
of the USDA/ARS Jimmy carter Plant Materials Center. June, 2003. Americus, GA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2003. Using copper containing algacides and herbicides in aquatic
systems. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Mid-West Aquatic Plant Management
Society. March, 2003. Columbus, OH.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and J. Thomas. 2003. Evaluation of the fate and effects of pulp and
paper mill effluents from a watershed multistressor perspective: Progress to date and
future opportunities. Presented at the 5th International Conference on the Fate and
Effects of Pulp and Paper Mill Effluents and the 7th International Water Association
Symposium on Forest industry Wastewaters. June, 2003. Seattle, WA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2003. Expanding functional roles for Schoenoplectus californicus in
constructed wetlands for treating metals. Presented (invited) at the Annual Meeting of
the South Carolina Aquatic Plant Management Society. August, 2003. Monks Corner,
Sc.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2003. Schoenoplectus californicus: Expanding role in constructed
wetlands for treating metals. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the MidSouth Aquatic
Plant Management Society. Oct. 2003. Auburn University, AL.
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Johnson, B.M., L.E. Ober, J.W. Castle, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2005. Treating Natural
Gas Storage Produced Waters Using Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems.
Presented at the International Symposium on Phytotechnology (U.S. EPA), March,
2005. Atlanta, GA.
Eggert, D., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., G.M. Huddleston III, C. Guide, and F.D. Mooney. 2005.
Design Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems for Flue Gas Desulfurzation
Wastewaters. Presented at the International Symposium on Phytotechnology (U.S.
EPA), March, 2005. Atlanta, GA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., R. Jones, M. Duke, S. Lankford and W. Anderson. 2005. Lyngbya
Growth and Control: We Are Working On It? Presented at the Annual Meeting of the
Aquatic Plant Management Society. July, 2005. San Antonio, TX.
Duke, B.M., O.R. Tedrow and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2005. Site-specific Management of
Problematic Algae Using a Copper-containing Algaecide. Presented at the Annual
Meeting of the Aquatic Plant Management Society. July, 2005. San Antonio, TX.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr., R. Jones, M. Duke, S. Lankford and W. Anderson. 2005. Lyngbya
Growth and Control: We Are Working On It? Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of
the South Carolina Aquatic Plant Management Society. August, 2005. Myrtle Beach,
SC.
Duke, B.M., O.R. Tedrow and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2005. Site-specific Management of
Problemattic Algae Using a Copper-containing Algaecide. Presented at the 27th Annual
Meeting of the South Carolina Aquatic Plant Management Society. August, 2005. Myrtle
Beach, SC.
Johnson, B.M., L.E. Ober, J.W. Castle, and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2005. Treating Natural
Gas Storage Produced Waters Using Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems.
Presented at the Annual Meeting of the American Association of Petroleum Geologists,
September, 2005. Morgantown, WV.
Rodgers, J.H., J.W. Castle, B.M. Johnson, and L.E. Ober. 2005. Progress of Design of
Hybrid Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems for Natural Gas Storage Produced
Waters. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Gas Storage Technology Consortium
(U.S. DOE), August, 2005, Pittsburg, PA.
Castle, J.W., J.H. Rodgers, Jr., B.M. Johnson, and L.E. Ober. 2005. A Demonstration-
Scale Hybrid Construction Wetland Treatment System for Gas Storage Produced
Waters. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Gas Storage Technology Consortium
(U.S. DOE), August, 2005, Pittsburg, PA.
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Deardorff, T.L. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2006. The efficacy of a constructed wetland for the
pulp and paper industry: From the laboratory to a full-scale trial. Presented at the 27th
Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Nov. 5-7,
2006, Montreal, CANADA. (ABSTRACTS p. 218).
Damiri, B.R. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2006. Responses of Typha latifolia to aqueous boron
exposures. Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental
Toxicology and Chemistry, Nov. 5-7, 2006, Montreal, CANADA. (ABSTRACTS p.243).
Eggert, D.A., W.C. Bridges and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2006. Ceriodaphnia dubia exposed to
mercuric nitrate: Assessment of sample size and statistical analysis for a 7d
static/renewal toxicity test. Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Nov. 5-7, 2006, Montreal, CANADA.
(ABSTRACTS p. 246).
Duke, B.M., O.R. Tedrow and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2006. Development of a planktonic algal
bioassay using site water and copper containing algaecides. Presented at the 27th
Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Nov. 5-7,
2006, Montreal, CANADA. (ABSTRACTS p. 245).
Kushner, L.R., J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and D.A. Eggert. 2006. Potential toxicity of aqueous
exposures of cadmium, chromium, lead and zinc to Ceriodaphnia dubia. Presented at
the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society of Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry,
Nov. 5-7, 2006, Montreal, CANADA. (ABSTRACTS p. 301).
Johnson, B.M., D.A. Eggert and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2006. Treatment of Arsenic, Mercury,
Nitrogen and Selenium in Flue Gas Desulfurization Water Using Pilot-Scale Constructed
Wetland treatment Systems. Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the Society of
Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, Nov. 5-7, 2006, Montreal, CANADA.
(ABSTRACTS p. 301).
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2007. Do algae spill their guts after treatment with algaecides?: A
test of the "leaky cell" hypothesis. Presented at the 8th Annual Meeting of the Northeast
Aquatic Plant Management Society, Jan.16-17, 2007. West Dover, Vermont.
Johnson, B.M. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2007. Responses of sentinel non-target species to
copper-containing algaecides. Presented at the 8th Annual Meeting of the Northeast
Aquatic Plant Management Society, Jan.16-17, 2007. West Dover, Vermont.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2007. Do algae spill their guts after treatment with algaecides?: A
test of the "leaky cell" hypothesis. Presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the South
Carolina Aquatic Plant Management Society, Aug. 16-18, 2006. Springmaid Beach, SC.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2006. Adaptive Water Resource Management and Harmful Algal
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Blooms. Presented at the Annual Meeting of the Texas Aquatic Plant Management
Society. Sep. 11-13, 2006. Jasper, TX.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2006. Selecting and managing plants for constructed wetland
treatment systems. Presented at the 30th Annual Meeting of the Florida Aquatic Plant
Management Society, Oct.30- Nov.2, 2006. St. Petersburg, FL.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. and J.W. Castle 2006. Demonstration-scale constructed wetland
system for treatment of produced waters from underground gas storage. Presented at
the Gas Storage Technology Consortium Technology Transfer Workshop, Oct. 4, 2006.
San Francisco, CA.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2007. Do algae spill their guts after treatment with an algaecide?; A
test of the "leaky cell" hypothesis. Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the MidWest
Aquatic Plant Management Society, March 3-5, 2007. Milwaukee, WI.
Johnson, B.M. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2007. Responses of sentinel non-target species to
copper-containing algaecides. Presented at the 27th Annual Meeting of the MidWest
Aquatic Plant Management Society, March 3-5, 2007. Milwaukee, WI.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2007. Toxicology of herbicides. Presented at the 26th Annual Meeting
of the Western Aquatic Plant Management Society, March 25-27, 2007. Coeur d'Alene,
ID.
Rodgers, J.H., Jr. 2006. Do algae spill their guts after treatment with an algaecide?; A
test of the "leaky cell" hypothesis. Presented at the 25th Annual Meeting of the
MidSouth Aquatic Plant Management Society, October 24-26, 2006. Orange Beach,
Alabama.
Dorman, L., J.W. Castle and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2007. Performance of a pilot-scale
constructed wetland for simulated ash basin water. Presented at the Clemson
Hydrogeology Symposium, April 17, 2007. Clemson, SC.
lannacone, M., J.W. Castle and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2007. Evaluation of equalization
basins as initial treatment for flue gas desulfurization waters. Presented at the Clemson
Hydrogeology Symposium, April 17, 2007. Clemson, SC.
Cross, E., J.W. Castle, G.M. Huddleston and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2007. Design and
construction, and acclimation of a demonstration-scale constructed wetland treatment
system for natural gas storage produced waters. Presented at the Clemson
Hydrogeology Symposium, April 17, 2007. Clemson, SC.
Bennett, D., J.W. Castle and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2007. Boron removal in constructed
wetland treatment systems for irrigation waters: A process study. Presented at the
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Clemson Hydrogeology Symposium, April 17, 2007. Clemson, SC.
Eggert, D.E., C. Hensman and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2007. Performance of Pilot-Scale
Constructed Wetland Treatment Systems for Flue Gas Desulfurization Waters.
Presented at the 68th Annual International water Conference, Oct. 21-25, 2007.
Orlando, FL.
C.Murray-Gulde, F.D. Mooney, G.M. Huddleston, III, J.H. Rodgers, Jr. and D. Eggert.
2007. Designing Constructed Wetlands for Mitigating Risks from Flue Gas
Desulfurization Wastewater. Presented at the 68th Annual International water
Conference, Oct. 21-25, 2007. Orlando, FL.
J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2008. Why Herbicides and Algaecides Kill Plants and Algae and Not
Fish. Presented at the 2008 Bassmaster Classic Conservation Workshop. Feb 23,
2008. Greenville, SC.
J.H. Rodgers, Jr., B.M. Johnson, V. Molina, and W. Bishop. 2008. Choosing an
Efficacious Algaecide: Development of a Decision Support System. Presented at the
28th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Aquatic Plant Management Society. Mar. 1-3, 2008.
Sandusky, OH.
Bishop, W. and J.H. Rodgers, Jr. 2008. Effective Control of Lyngbya wollei: Variance in
Response to Algaecides. Presented at the 28th Annual Meeting of the Midwest Aquatic
Plant Management Society. Mar. 1-3, 2008. Sandusky, OH.
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Environmental Reports Referenced in
Stanly County's Comment Letter (in
disc format)