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HomeMy WebLinkAboutStream Determination Request - Merritt Properties Wake County NC Sage Project No. 2023.086 North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality Division of Water Resources 512 North Salisbury Street 1617 Mail Service Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1617 919.707.9000 Date Received___ DWR Use Only: Project # Buffer Determination Request Form Property Owner Information 1. Owner Information 1a. Name(s) on Recorded Deed See attached (multiple AA forms) 1b. Responsible Party (for LLC) 1c. Mailing Address 1d. Telephone Number 1e. Email Address Address of Property: 6200 Emily Lane, Wake Forest, NC Project Description (attach plan if available): Proposed residential development. Consultant/Agent Information 4. Agent/Consultant Information 4a. Name, Company Cory Darnell, Sage Ecological Services 4b. Mailing address 3707 Swift Drive, Raleigh, NC 27607 4c. Telephone no. 336.749.0226 4d. Email address cdarnell@sageecological.com 5. Project and Site Information 5a. Name of project Merritt Property 5b. County Wake 5c. Nearest Named Stream Harris Creek 5d. River Basin Neuse 6. Has anyone from DWR visited the site? Y / N Staff Name Date of Visit? Attach a map of the site indicating project boundaries on the USGS 1:24,000 Topo and/or NRCS Soil Survey. Please return form to: Joe Myers 1628 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1628 Email: DEQ.RRO.Buffer.Requests@ncdenr.gov Please contact the Raleigh Regional Office at (919) 791-4247 if you have any questions. Table 1. Property Owners 1 PIN Owner Subject Property Address Acreage Zoning 1768328863 Betty R. Gunz Texwest LLC 1224 Rolesville Rd Wake Forest, NC 27587-6956 18.02 RL 1768236815 William Rogers Merritt Roxey M. & Wesley C. Wilkins 6200 Emily Ln Wake Forest, NC 27587-6829 98.24 RL 1758928330 Liles Family LLC 0 Louisburg Rd Wake Forest, NC 27587-0000 79.28 RL Featur e K Feature J Feature A Feature D Pond 1 Feature BFeature C Sage Ecological Services, Inc.Office: 919-335-6757Cell: 919-559-1537 Figure 1 WAKE FRANKLINDURHAM CHATHAM JOHNSTON LEE Map Location Merritt Properties Sage Project # 2023.086 USGS TopoMapserver 2023Rolesville, NC QuadranglePrepared by: P. BeachJuly 19, 2023 USGS Topo Map ³ Project Study Area 1 inch = 1,000 feet 0 2,0001,000 Feet Featur e K Feature J Feature A Feature D Feature L Feature I Feature H Feature B Feature E Feature G Sage Ecological Services, Inc.Office: 919-335-6757Cell: 919-559-1537 Figure 2 WAKE FRANKLINDURHAM CHATHAM JOHNSTON LEE Map Location Merritt Properties Sage Project # 2023.086 Wake County NC Soil Survey 1970Sheet # 22, 23, 31, & 32Prepared by: P. BeachJuly 19, 2023 NRCS Soils Map ³ Project Study Area 1 inch = 1,000 feet 0 2,0001,000 Feet Rolesville Rd E Y o u n g S t Emily Ln U p c h u r c h L n C a t l e t t F a r m R d H e s w a ll C t R e d f o r d P l a c e D r A s h g r e e n C t Peaslake Ct Castle Combe Dr Sage Ecological Services, Inc.Office: 919-335-6757Cell: 919-559-1537 Figure 3 GRANVILLE FRANKLIN ORANGE DURHAM NASHWAKECHATHAM JOHNSTON LEE HARNETT Map Location Merritt Properties Sage Project # 2023.086 Prepared by: C. DarnellOctober 20, 2023 Preliminary Jurisdictional Determination &Approved Jurisdictional Determination WOTUS Sketch Map ³ Project Study Area AJD Boundary Wetland - Potential Wetland WOTUS Perennial Stream - Potential Non-Wetland WOTUS Intermittent Stream - Potential Non-Wetland WOTUSIsolated Wetland - Potential Non-Wetland WOTUS Data Point Stream Data Point Contours 1 inch = 1,000 feet0 2,0001,000 Feet Please note: Areas located outside of theApproved Jurisdictional Determinatoin (AJD)review area are subject to a PreliminaryJurisdictional Determination (PJD). NOTE: Features depicted herein must be field verified bythe USACE and/or NCDWR, or its delegated authoritybefore being valid. Location, shape, and size of depictedfeatures on the evaluated site are approximate and shouldbe surveyed by a licensed NC surveyor for final siteplanning. Potential WetlandWOTUSWetland WA+/- 1.44 AcSF-01 Potential WetlandWOTUSWetland WD2+/- 0.34 Ac Potential Non-WetlandWOTUSStream SE+/- 151 LF Potential Non-WetlandWOTUSStream SD+/- 1,530 LF Potential Non-WetlandWOTUSStream SJ+/- 799 LFPotential WetlandWOTUSWetland WJ+/- 0.48 Ac Potential Non-WetlandWOTUSStream SA+/- 1,436 LF Potential WetlandWOTUSWetland WK+/- 0.01 AcPotential WetlandWOTUSWetland WK2+/- 0.06 Ac Potential WetlandWOTUSWetland WK3+/- 0.07 Ac Potential WetlandWOTUSWetland WK4+/- 0.14 Ac DP-02 DP-01 SF-02 DP-04 DP-05 DP-03 SF-04 SF-05 SF-06 SF-07 Potential Non-Wetland WOTUS (AJD)Wetland WG(Isolated)+/- 0.04 Ac DP-13 DP-12 SF-11 Potential WetlandWOTUSWetland WC+/-0.04 Ac Potential Wetland WOTUSWetland WD+/- 0.56 AcDP-14 SF-08 SF-09 DP-08 Potential Non-WetlandWOTUSStream SC+/- 282 LF Potential WetlandWOTUSWetland WL+/- 0.10 Ac Potential WetlandWOTUSWetland WD1+/- 0.25 Ac DP-07 DP-06 SF-10 SF-03 DP-12 DP-13 Stream SD(Cont'd) Potential Non-WetlandWOTUSStream SL+/- 625 LFPotential Non-WetlandWOTUSStream SK+/- 1,448 LF SITE PHOTOS Photo 1: Typical view of perennial stream, Stream SA (Harris Creek), facing south. Photo 2: Typical view of intermittent stream, Stream SK, facing north. Photo 3: Typical view of Wetland WC adjacent to Stream SC, facing north. Photo 4: Typical view of the uplands on site, facing northeast. Date:35.8958 County:-78.4647 21.5 Rolesville Subtotal = 11 Absent SCORE020201 0 10101000101010 Subtotal = 6.5 Absent SCORE01001.5 100.5013 Subtotal =4 Weak SCORE222210100.5 00.5 00.5 00.5 00 Stream ID:SF-01 Total Points: Stream is at least intermittent if ≥ 19 or perennial if ≥ 30 Weak Moderate Strong 1a. Continuous bed and bank 1 2 3 Evaluator:IW, CD Wake 2. Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 1 2 33. In-Channel structure: ex. riffle-pool, step-pool, ripple- pool sequence 1 2 3 4. Particle size of stream substrate 1 2 35. Active/relic floodplain 1 2 36. Depositional bars or benches 1 2 37. Recent alluvial deposits 1 2 38. Headcuts 1 2 39. Grade controls 0.5 1 1.510. Natural valley 0.5 1 1.511. Second or greater order channel No = 0 Yes = 3 a artificial ditches are not rated; see discussions in manual. Weak Moderate Strong12. Presence of Baseflow 1 2 313. Iron oxidizing bacteria 1 2 314. Leaflitter 1 0.5 015. Sediment on plants or debris 0.5 1 1.516. Organic debris lines or piles 0.5 1 1.517. Soil-based evidence of high water table?No = 0 Absent Moderate Strong18. Fibrous roots in streambed 3 1 019. Rooted upland plants in streambed 3 1 020. Macrobenthos (note diversity and abundance)0 2 321. Aquatic Mollusks 0 2 322. Fish 0 1 1.523. Crayfish 0 1 1.5 Velocity:Clarity: 24. Amphibians 0 1 1.525. Algae 0 1 1.526. Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0.75; OBL=1.5 Other=0 Sketch: 9/25/2023 Project/Site: Stream Determination: Yes = 3 Notes: Merritt Property A. Geomorphology B. Hydrology Latitude: Longitude: Intermittent Other: e.g. Quad Name : C. Biology 0 Bank Height (feet)Bankfull Width (feet)Water Depth (inches)Channel Substrate Date:35.8990 County:-78.4600 37 Rolesville Subtotal = 22 Absent SCORE030303 0 30202010001013 Subtotal = 8 Absent SCORE02001.5 101013 Subtotal =7 Weak SCORE222212100.5 00.5 00.5 10.5 00 Stream ID:SF-02 Total Points: Stream is at least intermittent if ≥ 19 or perennial if ≥ 30 Weak Moderate Strong 1a. Continuous bed and bank 1 2 3 Evaluator:IW, CD Wake 2. Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 1 2 33. In-Channel structure: ex. riffle-pool, step-pool, ripple- pool sequence 1 2 3 4. Particle size of stream substrate 1 2 35. Active/relic floodplain 1 2 36. Depositional bars or benches 1 2 37. Recent alluvial deposits 1 2 38. Headcuts 1 2 39. Grade controls 0.5 1 1.510. Natural valley 0.5 1 1.511. Second or greater order channel No = 0 Yes = 3 a artificial ditches are not rated; see discussions in manual. Weak Moderate Strong12. Presence of Baseflow 1 2 313. Iron oxidizing bacteria 1 2 314. Leaflitter 1 0.5 015. Sediment on plants or debris 0.5 1 1.516. Organic debris lines or piles 0.5 1 1.517. Soil-based evidence of high water table?No = 0 Absent Moderate Strong18. Fibrous roots in streambed 3 1 019. Rooted upland plants in streambed 3 1 020. Macrobenthos (note diversity and abundance)0 2 321. Aquatic Mollusks 0 2 322. Fish 0 1 1.523. Crayfish 0 1 1.5 Velocity:Clarity: 24. Amphibians 0 1 1.525. Algae 0 1 1.526. Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0.75; OBL=1.5 Other=0 Sketch: 9/25/2023 Project/Site: Stream Determination: Yes = 3 Notes: Merritt Property A. Geomorphology B. Hydrology Latitude: Longitude: Perennial Other: e.g. Quad Name : C. Biology 0 Bank Height (feet)Bankfull Width (feet)Water Depth (inches)Channel Substrate Date:35.8958 County:-78.4554 30 Rolesville Subtotal = 16 Absent SCORE030202 0 20102010101010 Subtotal = 8 Absent SCORE01011.5 101013 Subtotal =6 Weak SCORE222211100.5 00.5 00.5 10.5 00 Stream ID:SF-03 Total Points: Stream is at least intermittent if ≥ 19 or perennial if ≥ 30 Weak Moderate Strong 1a. Continuous bed and bank 1 2 3 Evaluator:IW, CD Wake 2. Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 1 2 33. In-Channel structure: ex. riffle-pool, step-pool, ripple- pool sequence 1 2 3 4. Particle size of stream substrate 1 2 35. Active/relic floodplain 1 2 36. Depositional bars or benches 1 2 37. Recent alluvial deposits 1 2 38. Headcuts 1 2 39. Grade controls 0.5 1 1.510. Natural valley 0.5 1 1.511. Second or greater order channel No = 0 Yes = 3 a artificial ditches are not rated; see discussions in manual. Weak Moderate Strong12. Presence of Baseflow 1 2 313. Iron oxidizing bacteria 1 2 314. Leaflitter 1 0.5 015. Sediment on plants or debris 0.5 1 1.516. Organic debris lines or piles 0.5 1 1.517. Soil-based evidence of high water table?No = 0 Absent Moderate Strong18. Fibrous roots in streambed 3 1 019. Rooted upland plants in streambed 3 1 020. Macrobenthos (note diversity and abundance)0 2 321. Aquatic Mollusks 0 2 322. Fish 0 1 1.523. Crayfish 0 1 1.5 Velocity:Clarity: 24. Amphibians 0 1 1.525. Algae 0 1 1.526. Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0.75; OBL=1.5 Other=0 Sketch: 9/25/2023 Project/Site: Stream Determination: Yes = 3 Notes: Merritt Property A. Geomorphology B. Hydrology Latitude: Longitude: Perennial Other: e.g. Quad Name : C. Biology 0 Bank Height (feet)Bankfull Width (feet)Water Depth (inches)Channel Substrate Date:35.9000 County:-78.4548 25 Rolesville Subtotal = 13 Absent SCORE020202 0 10101010101010 Subtotal = 7 Absent SCORE00011.5 101013 Subtotal =5 Weak SCORE222210100.5 00.5 00.5 10.5 00 Stream ID:SF-04 Total Points: Stream is at least intermittent if ≥ 19 or perennial if ≥ 30 Weak Moderate Strong 1a. Continuous bed and bank 1 2 3 Evaluator:IW, CD Wake 2. Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 1 2 33. In-Channel structure: ex. riffle-pool, step-pool, ripple- pool sequence 1 2 3 4. Particle size of stream substrate 1 2 35. Active/relic floodplain 1 2 36. Depositional bars or benches 1 2 37. Recent alluvial deposits 1 2 38. Headcuts 1 2 39. Grade controls 0.5 1 1.510. Natural valley 0.5 1 1.511. Second or greater order channel No = 0 Yes = 3 a artificial ditches are not rated; see discussions in manual. Weak Moderate Strong12. Presence of Baseflow 1 2 313. Iron oxidizing bacteria 1 2 314. Leaflitter 1 0.5 015. Sediment on plants or debris 0.5 1 1.516. Organic debris lines or piles 0.5 1 1.517. Soil-based evidence of high water table?No = 0 Absent Moderate Strong18. Fibrous roots in streambed 3 1 019. Rooted upland plants in streambed 3 1 020. Macrobenthos (note diversity and abundance)0 2 321. Aquatic Mollusks 0 2 322. Fish 0 1 1.523. Crayfish 0 1 1.5 Velocity:Clarity: 24. Amphibians 0 1 1.525. Algae 0 1 1.526. Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0.75; OBL=1.5 Other=0 Sketch: 9/25/2023 Project/Site: Stream Determination: Yes = 3 Notes: Merritt Property A. Geomorphology B. Hydrology Latitude: Longitude: Intermittent Other: e.g. Quad Name : C. Biology 0 Bank Height (feet)Bankfull Width (feet)Water Depth (inches)Channel Substrate July 27, 2023 7 Ephemeral 5 0 2 2 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt N/A N/A 1-3' 4-6' N/A 10YR 4/4 Merritt Properties 35.8987 -78.4497 SF05 July 27, 2023 6 Ephemeral 4 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt N/A N/A 1-2' 4-6' N/A 10YR 4/4 Merritt Properties 35.8992 -78.4498 SF06 July 27, 2023 6 Ephemeral 4 0 2 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0.5 0.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Silt N/A N/A 1-2' 4-6' N/A 10YR 4/4 Merritt Properties 35.8989 -78.4484 SF07 Date:35.9016 County:-78.4540 13.5 Rolesville Subtotal = 9 Absent SCORE010101 0 10101010001010 Subtotal = 2.5 Absent SCORE00001.5 100.5010 Subtotal =2 Weak SCORE212110100.5 00.5 00.5 00.5 00 Sketch: 9/25/2023 Project/Site: Stream Determination: Yes = 3 Notes: Merritt Property A. Geomorphology B. Hydrology Latitude: Longitude: Ephemeral Other: e.g. Quad Name : C. Biology 0 Bank Height (feet)Bankfull Width (feet)Water Depth (inches)Channel SubstrateVelocity:Clarity: 24. Amphibians 0 1 1.525. Algae 0 1 1.526. Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0.75; OBL=1.5 Other=0 21. Aquatic Mollusks 0 2 322. Fish 0 1 1.523. Crayfish 0 1 1.5 18. Fibrous roots in streambed 3 1 019. Rooted upland plants in streambed 3 1 020. Macrobenthos (note diversity and abundance)0 2 3 16. Organic debris lines or piles 0.5 1 1.517. Soil-based evidence of high water table?No = 0 Absent Moderate Strong 13. Iron oxidizing bacteria 1 2 314. Leaflitter 1 0.5 015. Sediment on plants or debris 0.5 1 1.5 11. Second or greater order channel No = 0 Yes = 3 a artificial ditches are not rated; see discussions in manual. Weak Moderate Strong12. Presence of Baseflow 1 2 3 8. Headcuts 1 2 39. Grade controls 0.5 1 1.510. Natural valley 0.5 1 1.5 5. Active/relic floodplain 1 2 36. Depositional bars or benches 1 2 37. Recent alluvial deposits 1 2 3 2. Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 1 2 33. In-Channel structure: ex. riffle-pool, step-pool, ripple- pool sequence 1 2 3 4. Particle size of stream substrate 1 2 3 Stream ID:SF-08 Total Points: Stream is at least intermittent if ≥ 19 or perennial if ≥ 30 Weak Moderate Strong 1a. Continuous bed and bank 1 2 3 Evaluator:IW, CD Wake Date:35.9048 County:-78.4536 24 Rolesville Subtotal = 12 Absent SCORE 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Subtotal = 7 Absent SCORE 0 0 0 1 1.5 1 0 1 0 1 3 Subtotal =5 Weak SCORE 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5 1 0.5 0 0 Stream ID:SF-09 Total Points: Stream is at least intermittent if ≥ 19 or perennial if ≥ 30 Weak Moderate Strong 1a. Continuous bed and bank 1 2 3 Evaluator:IW, CD Wake 2. Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 1 2 3 3. In-Channel structure: ex. riffle-pool, step-pool, ripple- pool sequence 1 2 3 4. Particle size of stream substrate 1 2 3 5. Active/relic floodplain 1 2 3 6. Depositional bars or benches 1 2 3 7. Recent alluvial deposits 1 2 3 8. Headcuts 1 2 3 9. Grade controls 0.5 1 1.5 10. Natural valley 0.5 1 1.5 11. Second or greater order channel No = 0 Yes = 3 a artificial ditches are not rated; see discussions in manual. Weak Moderate Strong 12. Presence of Baseflow 1 2 3 13. Iron oxidizing bacteria 1 2 3 14. Leaflitter 1 0.5 0 15. Sediment on plants or debris 0.5 1 1.5 16. Organic debris lines or piles 0.5 1 1.5 17. Soil-based evidence of high water table?No = 0 Absent Moderate Strong 18. Fibrous roots in streambed 3 1 0 19. Rooted upland plants in streambed 3 1 0 20. Macrobenthos (note diversity and abundance)0 2 3 21. Aquatic Mollusks 0 2 3 22. Fish 0 1 1.5 23. Crayfish 0 1 1.5 Velocity: Clarity: 24. Amphibians 0 1 1.5 25. Algae 0 1 1.5 26. Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0.75; OBL=1.5 Other=0 Sketch: 9/25/2023 Project/Site: Stream Determination: Yes = 3 Notes: Merritt Property A. Geomorphology B. Hydrology Latitude: Longitude: Intermittent Other: e.g. Quad Name : C. Biology 0 Bank Height (feet) Bankfull Width (feet) Water Depth (inches) Channel Substrate Date:35.9051 County:-78.4508 32 Rolesville Subtotal = 17 Absent SCORE 0 3 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 0 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 2 0 1 0 Subtotal = 8 Absent SCORE 0 2 0 1 1.5 1 0 0 0 1 3 Subtotal =7 Weak SCORE 2 2 2 2 1 2 1 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5 1 0.5 0 0 Stream ID:SF-10 Total Points: Stream is at least intermittent if ≥ 19 or perennial if ≥ 30 Weak Moderate Strong 1a. Continuous bed and bank 1 2 3 Evaluator:IW, CD Wake 2. Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 1 2 3 3. In-Channel structure: ex. riffle-pool, step-pool, ripple- pool sequence 1 2 3 4. Particle size of stream substrate 1 2 3 5. Active/relic floodplain 1 2 3 6. Depositional bars or benches 1 2 3 7. Recent alluvial deposits 1 2 3 8. Headcuts 1 2 3 9. Grade controls 0.5 1 1.5 10. Natural valley 0.5 1 1.5 11. Second or greater order channel No = 0 Yes = 3 a artificial ditches are not rated; see discussions in manual. Weak Moderate Strong 12. Presence of Baseflow 1 2 3 13. Iron oxidizing bacteria 1 2 3 14. Leaflitter 1 0.5 0 15. Sediment on plants or debris 0.5 1 1.5 16. Organic debris lines or piles 0.5 1 1.5 17. Soil-based evidence of high water table?No = 0 Absent Moderate Strong 18. Fibrous roots in streambed 3 1 0 19. Rooted upland plants in streambed 3 1 0 20. Macrobenthos (note diversity and abundance)0 2 3 21. Aquatic Mollusks 0 2 3 22. Fish 0 1 1.5 23. Crayfish 0 1 1.5 Velocity: Clarity: 24. Amphibians 0 1 1.5 25. Algae 0 1 1.5 26. Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0.75; OBL=1.5 Other=0 Sketch: 9/25/2023 Project/Site: Stream Determination: Yes = 3 Notes: Merritt Property A. Geomorphology B. Hydrology Latitude: Longitude: Perennial Other: e.g. Quad Name : C. Biology 0 Bank Height (feet) Bankfull Width (feet) Water Depth (inches) Channel Substrate Date:35.9048 County:-78.4483 25 Rolesville Subtotal = 13 Absent SCORE 0 2 0 2 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 1 0 Subtotal = 7 Absent SCORE 0 1 0 1 1.5 1 0 0 0 1 3 Subtotal =5 Weak SCORE 2 2 2 2 1 0 1 0 0.5 0 0.5 0 0.5 1 0.5 0 0 Stream ID:SF-11 Total Points: Stream is at least intermittent if ≥ 19 or perennial if ≥ 30 Weak Moderate Strong 1a. Continuous bed and bank 1 2 3 Evaluator:IW, CD Wake 2. Sinuosity of channel along thalweg 1 2 3 3. In-Channel structure: ex. riffle-pool, step-pool, ripple- pool sequence 1 2 3 4. Particle size of stream substrate 1 2 3 5. Active/relic floodplain 1 2 3 6. Depositional bars or benches 1 2 3 7. Recent alluvial deposits 1 2 3 8. Headcuts 1 2 3 9. Grade controls 0.5 1 1.5 10. Natural valley 0.5 1 1.5 11. Second or greater order channel No = 0 Yes = 3 a artificial ditches are not rated; see discussions in manual. Weak Moderate Strong 12. Presence of Baseflow 1 2 3 13. Iron oxidizing bacteria 1 2 3 14. Leaflitter 1 0.5 0 15. Sediment on plants or debris 0.5 1 1.5 16. Organic debris lines or piles 0.5 1 1.5 17. Soil-based evidence of high water table?No = 0 Absent Moderate Strong 18. Fibrous roots in streambed 3 1 0 19. Rooted upland plants in streambed 3 1 0 20. Macrobenthos (note diversity and abundance)0 2 3 21. Aquatic Mollusks 0 2 3 22. Fish 0 1 1.5 23. Crayfish 0 1 1.5 Velocity: Clarity: 24. Amphibians 0 1 1.5 25. Algae 0 1 1.5 26. Wetland plants in streambed FACW=0.75; OBL=1.5 Other=0 Sketch: 9/25/2023 Project/Site: Stream Determination: Yes = 3 Notes: Merritt Property A. Geomorphology B. Hydrology Latitude: Longitude: Intermittent Other: e.g. Quad Name : C. Biology 0 Bank Height (feet) Bankfull Width (feet) Water Depth (inches) Channel Substrate