20231465 Ver 1_HB-0003 - Haywood County - Archaeology No Eligible Sites Present Form_20231027

Project Tracking No.
21-05-0007
NO NATIONAL REGISTER OF HISTORIC PLACES
oa ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES .
PRESENT FORM
g.a This form only pertains to ARCHAEOLOGICAL RESOURCES for this project.
- It is not valid for Historic Architecture and Landscapes. You must consult ......;fl
separately with the Historic Architecture and Landscapes Team.
PROJECT INFORMATION
Project No: HB-0003 County: Haywood
WBS No: 49623.1.1 Document: Federal CE
F.A. No: Funding: ❑ State ❑ Federal
Federal Permit Required? ® Yes ❑ No Permit Type: NWP 3 / NWT 14
Project Description: Replace Bridge 239 on I-40 over SR 1550 (Incinerator Road) in Haywood
County, North Carolina.The archaeological Area of Potential Effects (APE) for the project
encompasses approximately 35.62 acres along the north and south sides of I-40, east and west of
Incinerator Road (SR 1550), and measures approximately 3,093 feet (943 meters) east -west and
487 feet (148 m) north -south.
SUMMARY OF ARCHAEOLOGICAL FINDINGS
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) Archaeology Team has reviewed
the subject project and determined:
® There are no National Register listed ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES within the project's area
of potential effects. (Attach any notes or documents as needed.)
❑ No subsurface archaeological investigations were required for this project.
❑ Subsurface investigations did not reveal the presence of any archaeological resources.
Subsurface investigations did not reveal the presence of any archaeological resources
considered eligible for the National Register.
❑ All identified archaeological sites located within the APE have been considered and all
compliance for archaeological resources with Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act and GS 121-12(a) has been completed for this project.
Brief description of review activities, results of review, and conclusions:
Two previously unidentified archaeological resources (31HW666 and 31HW667) were identified
by the survey (Table 1). These are single occurrences of precontact (31HW667) or postcontact
(31 HW666) artifacts located on either side of Bowen Creek or Branch, a small tributary of the Pigeon
River west of Incinerator Road. Site 31HW666 is recommended not eligible for National Register
of Historic Places (NRHP) under all four criteria, and no further consideration of that resource is
recommended within the current APE. Site 31HW667 appears to have little potential to provide
substantial information on the prehistory of the area and is likely not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D or any other criterion, but is considered unassessed for NRHP eligibility due to the lack
of full delineation to the north. No additional consideration of this site is recommended within the
presently -defined APE, but in the event that the project APE is expanded to the north, further work
is recommended to determine the full extent of the site in that direction. A ca. 7.41-acre portion of
the APE located north of I-40 and east of Incinerator Road (SR 1550) encompassing two properties
could not be surveyed due to lack of landowner access (see Figure 13, below). Survey of those
properties is recommended once access permission can be obtained. For additional information,
2020 PROGRAMMATIC AGREEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY TEAM "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT" FORM
1 of 2

Project Tracking No.
�21-05-0007
please see the attached technical report provided by our consulting firm, TRC Environmental
Corporation.
(This project falls within a North Carolina County in which the following federally recognized tribes
have expressed an interest: Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma, Eastern Band of Cherokee Indians, the
United Keetoowah Band of Cherokee Indians, Catawba Indian Nation, and the Muscogee (Creek)
Nation. We recommend that you ensure that this documentation is forwarded to these tribes using
the process described in the current NCDOT Tribal Protocol and PA Procedures Manual)
SUPPORT DOCUMENTATION
See attached: ® Map(s) ® Previous Survey Info
Other:
Signed:
.r �
NCDOT ARCHAEOLOGIST
® Photos ❑Correspondence
3/4/2022
Date
2020 PROGRAMMATIC AGREEMENT ARCHAEOLOGY TEAM "NO NATIONAL REGISTER ELIGIBLE OR LISTED ARCHAEOLOGICAL SITES PRESENT" FORM
2 of 2

"OX
�� TrR C
INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND EVALUATION
FOR REPLACEMENT OF BRIDGE 239 ON I-40
OVER SR 1550 (INCINERATOR ROAD),
HAYWOOD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
NCDOT PA 21-05-0007
TIP HB-0003
TRC ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATION
March 2022

INTENSIVE ARCHAEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND EVALUATION
FOR REPLACEMENT OF BRIDGE 239 ON I-40
OVER SR 1550 (INCINERATOR ROAD),
HAYWOOD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
NCDOT PA 21-05-0007
TIP HB-0003
Submitted to:
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
HUMAN ENVIRONMENT SECTION
1598 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1598
Lo
TRC ENVIRONMENTAL CORPORATION
705 Dogwood Road
Asheville, North Carolina 28806
Authored by:
Michael Nelson
March 2022

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CONTENTS
FIGURES .........................
TABLES ..........................
..........................................
......................................... in
INTRODUCTION........................................................................................................................................ I
BACKGROUND RESEARCH.....................................................................................................................4
Previous Archaeological Surveys and Previously Identified Sites ..................................................... 4
Structures............................................................................................................................................4
Cemeteries........................................................................................................................................... 4
HistoricalMap Review....................................................................................................................... 4
Soils..................................................................................................................................................... 5
FIELDWORKRESULTS............................................................................................................................. 5
31HW666..........................................................................................................................................16
31HW667..........................................................................................................................................19
SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS ..........................
M791a11091►lei MEN 1011�
APPENDIX 1: Artifact Catalog
................................ 21
i

FIGURES
1. Location of the Bridge 239 (TIP HB-0003) APE for archaeology in southwestern North Carolina.. 2
2.
Location of the Bridge 239 (TIP HB-0003) APE for archaeology in Haywood County .................... 3
3.
The Bridge 239 Project APE as shown on the 1894 Asheville USGS 1:125,000-scale topographic
map......................................................................................................................................................
6
4.
The Bridge 239 Project APE as shown on the 1905 Waynesville and its Vicinity within Radius
Twenty-five Miles map.......................................................................................................................
7
5.
The Bridge 239 Project APE as shown on the 1922 Haywood County soils map ..............................
8
6.
The Bridge 239 Project APE as shown on the 1935 Canton (right) and Clyde (left) USGS
1:24,000-scale planimetric maps.........................................................................................................
9
7.
The Bridge 239 Project APE as shown on the 1967 Canton (right) and Clyde (left) USGS
1:24,000-scale topographic maps......................................................................................................10
8.
Representative view of open residential yards (foreground) and open pastures (background) north
of 1-40 with the APE, facing east......................................................................................................11
9.
Artificial slope along the edge of the landfill, south of 1-40, facing west .........................................
I I
10.
Eroded road cut and disturbed area in southeastern corner of the APE, facing east.........................12
11.
Wooded terrace along Bowen (Branch) Creek south of I-40 and west of Incinerator Road, facing
northeast............................................................................................................................................12
12.
Location of newly documented archaeological sites within the Bridge 239 (TIP HB-0003) APE ...
14
13.
Shovel tests, archaeological sites, and unsurveyed areas within the Bridge 239 (TIP HB-0003)
APE...................................................................................................................................................15
14.
Map of 31HW666 and 31HW667.....................................................................................................17
15.
Shovel testing at 31HW666, facing northeast...................................................................................18
16.
Shovel Test 2 at 31HW666...............................................................................................................18
17.
Site 31HW667, facing southeast.......................................................................................................20
18.
Shovel Test 9 at 31HW667...............................................................................................................20
ii

TABLES
1. Archaeological Sites within the Bridge 239 (TIP HB-0003) APE...........
2. Previously Recorded Sites within One Mile of the Bridge 239 APE.......
3. Archaeological Sites Discovered by the Bridge 239 Survey ...................
4. Archaeological Sites within the Bridge 239 (TIP HB-0003) APE ..........
..........1
.......... 4
.......................................13
....................................... 21
iii

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iv

INTRODUCTION
TRC Environmental Corporation (TRC) conducted an intensive archaeological survey and evaluation for
the proposed replacement of Bridge 239 on Interstate 40 (I-40) over SR 1550 (Incinerator Road) in
Haywood County, North Carolina (TIP HB-0003, PA 21-05-0007). The fieldwork was completed in
December 2021, under the direction of Michael Nelson (Figures 1 and 2). The archaeological Area of
Potential Effects (APE) for the project encompasses approximately 35.62 acres along the north and south
sides of I-40, east and west of Incinerator Road (SR 1550), and measures approximately 3,093 feet (943
meters) east -west and 487 feet (148 m) north -south (Halvorsen 2021) There are no federal- or state-
owned lands (apart from the existing NCDOT rights -of -way) within the APE.
A review of site files from resources provided by the Office of State Archaeology (OSA) indicated that
there has been no prior survey and there are no previously identified sites within or directly adjacent to
the APE; although a few sites have been documented in the general vicinity of the APE.
Two previously unidentified archaeological resources (31HW666 and 31HW667) were identified by the
survey (Table 1). These are single occurrences of precontact (31HW667) or postcontact (31HW666)
artifacts located on either side of Bowen Creek or Branch, a small tributary of the Pigeon River west of
Incinerator Road. Site 31HW666 is recommended not eligible for National Register of Historic Places
(NRHP) under all four criteria, and no further consideration of that resource is recommended within the
current APE. Site 31HW667 appears to have little potential to provide substantial information on the
prehistory of the area and is likely not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D or any other criterion, but
is considered unassessed for NRHP eligibility due to the lack of full delineation to the north. No
additional consideration of this site is recommended within the presently -defined APE, but in the event
that the project APE is expanded to the north, further work is recommended to determine the full extent of
the site in that direction.
A ca. 7.41-acre portion of the APE located north of I-40 and east of Incinerator Road (SR 1550)
encompassing two properties could not be surveyed due to lack of landowner access (see Figure 13,
below). Survey of those properties is recommended once access permission can be obtained.
Table 1. Archaeological Sites within the Bridge 239 (TIP HB-0003) APE.
Site Component NRHP Eligibility Recommendation
31HW666 Postcontact: mid-19'to early 20th century Not eligible
31HW667 Precontact: nondiaanostic lithic Unassessed*
* No additional investigations recommended within APE as presently defined.

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Figure 1. Location of the Bridge 239 (TIP HB-0003) APE for archaeology in southwestern North Carolina.
2

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Figure 2. Location of the Bridge 239 (TIP HB-0003) APE for archaeology in Haywood County.
3

BACKGROUND RESEARCH
Previous Archaeological Surveys and Previously Identified Sites
A map review and site files search were conducted by Scott Halvorsen of NCDOT utilizing on-line
resources provided by the Office of State Archaeology (OSA) on July 6, 2021 (Halvorsen 2021) and were
updated by TRC remotely in December 2021. That research confirmed that there had been no systematic
surveys within the APE, although the University of North Carolina Chapel Hill's 1960s Cherokee Project
documented several sites nearby, and a number of recent utility or road surveys have been conducted
south of the APE near the town of Canton.
As shown in Table 2, six sites (31HW57, 31HW59-61, 31HW169 and 31HW170) have been previously
identified within one mile of the Project APE. All six sites are low -density precontact surface scatters
located in plowed farm fields and were recorded in the early 1960s by archaeologists affiliated with the
UNC-Cherokee Project. Three of the sites (31HW57, 31HW59, and 31HW60) contain non -diagnostic
ceramic and lithic artifacts, and three sites (31HW61, 31HW169, and 31HW170) contain just lithic
artifacts. The lithic artifacts from four of the sites (31HW57, 31HW59, 31HW169, and 31HW170)
include probable Archaic style projectile point/knives. None of the sites has been assessed for NRHP
eligibility.
Table 2. Previously Recorded Sites within One Mile of the HB-0003 Bridge 239 APE.
Site
Component(s)
NRHP Status
Reference(s)*
31HW57
........ ...... .........
Precontact: unknown ceramic/lithic
_.................................. ...
Unassessed
....................................... ....................
Keel, Egloff and Sensenig 1964
............... ...............
31HW59
........ .........
Precontact: unknown ceramic/lithic
......... ....
Unassessed
... ...................... ....................
Keel, Egloff and Sensenig 1964
......... ...............
31HW60
........ .........
Precontact: unknown ceramic/lithic
...
Unassessed
_ ......... .................... ....................
Keel Egloff, and Sensenig 1964
......... ...............
31HW61
........ .........
Precontact: unknown lithic
Unassessed
........................ ......................
Keel, Egloff and Sensenig 1964
31HW169
Precontact: unknown lithic
Unassessed
Egloff, Sensenig: and Crawford 1964
...............
31HW170
Precontact: unknown lithic
Unassessed
Egloff, Sensenig, and Crawford 1964
*References in italics are site forms
Structures
There are no recorded historic structures located within or adjacent to the Project APE for archaeology,
two resources are within a one -mile radius of the APE. These include the old Thickety Church
(HW0511), which is no longer standing but was located well to the northwest of the APE near the
intersection of Incinerator and Thickety roads. The other is the Patton Farm (HW0005), a mid- to late 19'h
century farmhouse, which has been listed in the NRHP and is located approximately one mile south of the
APE. Neither has the potential to have associated archaeological deposits within the APE.
Cemeteries
No cemeteries are depicted on historic maps or otherwise known within or adjacent to the APE.
Historical Map Review
Topographic maps and other historic period maps and documents were examined for information on
previous occupations or structure locations and on natural or cultural variables that might have affected
site locations.
The Project APE and the nearby Pigeon River drainage are outside the areas of intensive late prehistoric
to contact period (i.e., A.D. 1500 to 1750) Native American settlements located to the west and east, but
4

are within an area that was ceded to the United States by the Cherokee Nation in 1798 (Royce 1884). The
earliest examined map is an 1894 USGS Asheville quadrangle (1:125,000-scale topographic quadrangle)
that is relatively imprecise and shows Thickety Creek (actually Bowen Creek or Branch) running through
the APE; no roads or structures are depicted within the APE (Figure 3). A subsequent map, Waynesville
and its Vicinity within Radius Twenty-five Miles (issued by the Waynesville Factory Site and Electric
Power Company in 1905 as a promotional tool to encourage development in the Waynesville region) also
documents what appears to be Bowen (Branch) Creek and Thickety Creek (both unlabeled), but no
structures or roads within the APE (Figure 4). The 1922 soil map of Haywood County (Jumey et al. 1920)
(Figure 5) shows Bowen Creek running north -south through the APE and a road running northwest -
southeast through the west half of the APE, but no structures within the APE. The 1935 Canton and Clyde
planimetric quadrangles (the first 1:24,000 scale USGS map of the area) depict Bowen (Branch) Creek
running south through the APE as well as a small road just to the west that leads to a structure just south
of the APE (Figure 6), which would presumably be located within the disturbed area of the current
landfill south of I-40. The subsequent 1967 Canton and Clyde USGS maps depict the current road
configuration of I-40, Incinerator Road, and Bowen (Branch) Creek within the Project APE (Figure 7) but
show no structures or other improvements.
Soils
There are eight soil types present within the APE (USDA NRCS 2022). The predominant soil type
documented is Udorthents-Urban land complex (UhE), which is found along the north and south sides of
I-40 and in the south-central portion of the APE, east and west of Incinerator Road. These are disturbed
soils in which the natural characteristics have been altered. Soils belonging to the Cullowhee-Nikwasi
complex, 0-20% slopes (CxA), are present at sites 31HW666 and 31HW667 in the northern part of the
APE as well as in the southeastern corner of the APE. These soils are found on floodplains and are
frequently flooded somewhat poorly drained soils derived from loamy alluvium over sandy and gravelly
alluvium. Two soil types present in the northeastern section of the APE in small quantities include
Hayesville clay loam, 8-15% slopes, eroded (HaC2), which are well -drained soils derived from residuum
weathered from hornblende gneiss and/or amphibolite found on ridges, and Fannin loam, 30-50% slopes,
eroded (FnE2), which are soils affected by soil creep in the upper solum over residuum weathered from
mica schist and/or micaceous gneiss and/or other micaceous metamorphic rock found on mountain slopes
and ridges. Pockets of Evard-Cowee complex soils (15-30% slopes [EwD] and 30-50% slopes [EwE]),
which are well -drained residuum weathered from biotite gneiss and/or amphibolite that is affected by soil
creep in the upper solum found on slopes and ridges, and Saunook loam basin soils (2-8% slopes [ScB]
and 8-15% slopes [SdC]), which are well -drained colluvium derived from igneous and metamorphic rock
found along coves and drainages (USDA NRCS 2022).
FIELDWORK RESULTS
The APE covers approximately 35 acres adjacent to both the north and south sides of I-40, east and west of
Incinerator Road (SR 1550), and encompasses individual private landholdings, state-owned NCDOT
property and an active landfill property owned by Blue Ridge Paper Products. The APE is surrounded by a
large amount of heavy disturbance associated with landfill activities on the south side of I-40 and
residential properties north of I-40. Bowen Creek, a small tributary of the Pigeon River, flows north -south,
west of and parallel to Incinerator Road through the project APE. Most of the project area is within
residential yards and open pastures north of I-40, with small pockets of secondary overgrowth and
disturbed, altered landscapes south of I-40 (Figures 8-11).

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Figure 6. The Bridge 239 Project APE as shown on the 1935 Canton (right) and Clyde (left) USGS
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9

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Figure 7. The Bridge 239 Project APE as shown on the 1967 Canton (right) and Clyde (left) USGS
1:24,000-scale topographic maps.
10

Figure 8. Representative view of open residential yards (foreground) and open pastures
(background) north of I-40 with the APE, facing east.
Figure 9. Artificial slope along the edge of the landfill, south of I-40, facing west.
11

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a'
Figure 10. Eroded road cut and disturbed area in southeastern corner of the APE, facing east.
Figure 11. Wooded terrace along Bowen Creek south of I-40 and west of Incinerator Road,
facing northeast.
12

The archaeological fieldwork was conducted from December 13-15, 2021 under the direction of Michael
Nelson and required approximately eight person -days to complete. The fieldwork included systematic
pedestrian reconnaissance of the entire APE and systematic shovel testing at 15-m intervals across all
parts of the APE except for those properties that were inaccessible due to landowner permission,
wetlands, and areas of greater than 15% slope and with visible and severe disturbance. Supplemental
shovel tests were excavated at 7.5-m intervals to delineate cultural finds. Shovel tests measured at least 30
cm in diameter and were excavated to sterile subsoil or bedrock, or a minimum depth of 75 cm. A total of
64 shovel tests were excavated as part of the survey.
The survey identified two previously unrecorded archaeological resources (31HW666 and 31HW667)
within the Project APE (Table 3; Figures 12 and 13).
Table 3. Archaeological Sites Discovered by the Bridge 239 Survev.
Shovel Tests Artifacts NRHP
Site # Component(s) Total Pre Hist Cer Lith Hist Total Recommendation
31HW666 Postcontact: mid- 19t''to early 7 0 1 0 0 1 1 Not Eligible
20 century
31HW667 Precontact: nondiagnostic
lithic
* No additional investigations recommended within APE as presently defined.
Unassessed*
A ca. 7.41-acre portion of the APE located north of I-40 and east of Incinerator Road (SR 1550)
encompassing two properties could not be surveyed due to lack of landowner access (Figure 13). Survey
of those properties is recommended once access permission can be obtained.
13

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Figure 12. Location of newly documented archaeological sites within the Bridge 239 (TIP HB-0003) APE.
14

Figure 13. Shovel tests, archaeological sites, and unsurveyed areas within the Bridge 239 (TIP HB-
0003) APE.
15

31HW666
Component(s):
Postcontact: mid-19t' to early 20t' century
Site Dimensions:
15 m E-W X 15 m N-S
UTMs (NAD 83):
E330184 N3935927
Landform:
Terrace
Elevation:
ca. 2,617 ft AMSL
Soil Type(s):
Cullowhee-Nikwasi complex, 0-2% slopes, (CxA)
Recommendation:
Not Eligible (all four NRHP criteria)
Description. Site 31HW666 is represented by a fragment of whiteware recovered from a shovel test
located in a residential yard on the west terrace of Bowen Creek, west of Incinerator Road on the north
side of 1-40 (Figures 14 and 15; see Figures 12 and 13). The site measures approximately 15 m north -
south by 15 m east -west and is bounded by consecutive negative shovel tests to the south and west, by a
single negative shovel test and the sloped road bank of 1-40 to the north, and by the lower eroded terrace
and Bowen (Branch) Creek to the east.
The soils at 31HW666 are mapped as Cullowhee-Nikwasi complex, 0-20% slopes (CxA), which are
frequently flooded somewhat poorly drained soils derived from loamy alluvium over sandy and gravelly
alluvium found on floodplains (USDA NRCS 2022). A typical soil profile present at the site consists of
an Ap horizon (plowzone) of brown (7.5YR 4/3) sandy loam to depths of 29-40 cmbs atop a brown
(7.5YR 4/4) coarse sand or sandy clay B horizon to depths of 47-75 cmbs at which point cobbles were
encountered (Figure 16).
The single positive shovel test produced a single undecorated whiteware sherd (ca. 1820 to present) from
the plowzone along with fragments of plastic (which were not collected). Six additional shovel tests
(including transect and delineation tests situated within 30 m) were excavated across the residential yard
between the house and the creek but produced no additional artifacts. There is an extant modern house
west of the site and it is possible the artifact is associated with that occupation. None of the early maps
examined indicate a structure located in the vicinity of 31HW666.
Summary and Recommendations. Site 31HW666 is represented by a single postcontact whiteware sherd
recovered from a shovel test at the edge of a residential yard on the upper terrace of Bowen (Branch)
Creek, west of Incinerator Road and north of 1-40 (Figure 16; see Figure 13). The site lacks evidence of
substantial artifact concentrations, intact artifact deposits, and cultural features, and is bounded by
negative shovel tests,l-40, and landscape features. Site 31HW666 has little potential to provide
substantial information on the postcontact history of the area and is recommended not eligible for the
NRHP under Criterion D; it also appears to lack the characteristics necessary for eligibility under the
other NRHP criteria. No further work is recommended.
16

Figure 14. Map of 31HW666 and 31HW667.
17

7�
t
YY i
Figure 15. Shovel testing at 31HW666, facing northeast.
Figure 16. Shovel Test 2 at 31HW666.

MI \:�l N
Component(s): Precontact: nondiagnostic lithic
Site Dimensions: 15 m E-W X 15 m N-S
UTMs (NAD 83): E330206 N3935946
Landform: Terrace
Elevation: ca. 2,620 ft ANMSL
Soil Type(s): Cullowhee-Nikwasi complex, 0-2% slopes, (CxA)
Recommendation: Unassessed (no further work recommended within APE)
Description. Site 31HW667 is represented by two small nondiagnostic precontact lithic artifacts that were
recovered along a small terrace of Bowen (Branch) Creek along the west road bank of Incinerator Road
on the north side of 1-40 (Figure 17; see Figures 13 and 14). Bowen Creek is approximately 15 m to the
west of the site. The site includes a single positive shovel test along the edge of the APE and measures
approximately 15 m north -south by 15 m east -west; it is bounded by consecutive negative shovel tests to
the south and west, by the sloped road bank to the east, and by the edge of the APE to the north. It is
possible that the site extends north outside the APE.
The soil type at 31HW667 is mapped as Cullowhee-Nikwasi complex, 0-20% slopes (CxA), which are
frequently flooded somewhat poorly drained soils derived from loamy alluvium over sandy and gravelly
alluvium found on floodplains (USDA NRCS 2022). Shovel tests at 31HW667 encountered a basic
plowzone over B horizon profile except for those at the western edge of the site, closest to the Incinerator
Road bank, which had an approximately 45 cm thick level of historic colluvium atop the plowzone. The
basic profile consisted of a 25-40 cm thick A horizon of dark brown (7.5YR 3/2) silty clay loam atop
brown (7.5YR 5/4) clay to approximate depths of 60-80 cmbs (Figure 18).
Eight shovel tests (including all transect and delineation tests situated within 30 m) were excavated across
the terrace along the east side of the creek. Just one of the shovel tests produced two nondiagnostic pieces
of unmodified lithic debitage, one chert and one quartzite, which were recovered from the A horizon
(beneath roadside fill) at a depth of 45-60 cmbs.
Summary and Recommendations. Site 31HW667 is a precontact lithic site represented by two pieces of
nondiagnostic debitage (one chert and one quartzite) found on a small terrace east of Bowen (Branch)
Creek along Incinerator Road. The site lacks evidence of substantial artifact concentrations, intact artifact
deposits, and cultural features. Site 31HW667 appears to have little potential to provide substantial
information on the prehistory of the area and is likely not eligible for the NRHP under Criterion D or any
other criterion, but is considered unassessed for NRHP eligibility due to the lack of full delineation to the
north. No additional consideration of this site is recommended within the presently -defined APE, but in
the event that the project APE is expanded to the north, further work is recommended to determine the
full extent of the site in that direction.
19

, 4

SUMMARY AND RECOMMENDATIONS
TRC conducted an intensive archaeological survey and evaluation for the proposed replacement of Bridge
239 on I-40 over Incinerator Road (SR 1550) in Haywood County. The fieldwork was completed in
December 2021, under the direction of Michael Nelson. The archaeological APE for the Project
encompasses approximately 35.62 acres along the north and south sides of I-40, east and west of
Incinerator Road and north of the Pigeon River. The APE measures approximately 3,093 feet (943
meters) east -west and 487 feet (148 m) north -south (Halvorsen 2021)
Two previously unrecorded archaeological resources (31HW666 and 31HW667) were identified within
the APE. Both are single occurrences of precontact (31HW667) and postcontact (31HW666) artifacts
(Table 4). The sites are located on either side of Bowen Creek, a small tributary of the Pigeon River, west
of Incinerator Road. Site 31HW666 is recommended not eligible for NRHP under all four criteria, and no
further consideration of that resource is recommended. Site 31HW667 appears to have little potential to
provide substantial information on the prehistory of the area and is likely not eligible for the NRHP under
Criterion D or any other criterion, but is considered unassessed for NRHP eligibility due to the lack of full
delineation to the north. No additional consideration of this site is recommended within the presently -
defined APE, but in the event that the project APE is expanded to the north, further work is recommended
to determine the full extent of the site in that direction.
Table 4. Archaeological Sites within the Bridle 239 (TIP 1111-0003) APE.
Site Component NRHP Eligibility Recommendation
31HW666 Postcontact: mid 19t�' to early 20�' century Not eligible
........ ........ ......... ......... ......
31HW667 Precontact: nondiaanostic lithic Unassessed*
* No additional investigations recommended within APE as presently defined.
A ca. 7.41-acre portion of the APE located north of I-40 and east of Incinerator Road (SR 1550)
encompassing two properties could not be surveyed due to lack of landowner access (see Figure 13).
Survey of those properties is recommended once access permission can be obtained.
21

REFERENCES CITED
Halvorsen, Scott
2021 Archaeological Survey Required Form. AR21-05-0007, Replace Bridge 239 on I-40 over SR 1550
(Incinerator Rd) in Haywood County, NC (TIP HB-0003). North Carolina Department of Transportation,
Raleigh.
HPOWEB
2022 North Carolina State Historic Preservation Office GIS Web Service. Electronic document,
http://gis.ncdcr.gov/hpoweb/. Accessed January 2022.
Jones, S.A.
1905 Waynesville and its Vicinity within Radius Twenty Five Miles. The Waynesville Factory Site and
Electric Power Company, Waynesville, North Carolina. Accessed online at
hops://dc.lib.unc. educdmrefcollectionncmapsid9552.
Journey, R.C., W.D. Lee, S.F. Davidson, and W.A. Davis
1922 Soil Survey Map, Haywood County, North Carolina. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Washington,
D.C. Accessed online at hLtps:Hdc.lib.unc.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ncmaps/id/I 143.
Royce, C.C.
1884 Map of the Former Territorial Limits of the Cherokee "Nation of' Indians. Smithsonian Institution,
Washington, D.C.
United States Department of Agricultural (USDA) Natural Resources Conservation Service (MRCS) Web
2022 Soil Survey. Accessed February 2022, https://websoilsurvey.sc.egov.usda.aoy/AM/HomePage.htm.
United States Geological Survey (USGS)
1894 Asheville, N.C., 1:125,000-scale topographic map.
1935a Canton, N.C., 1:24,000-scale planimetric map.
1935b Clyde, N.C., 1:24,000-scale planimetric map.
1967a Canton, N.C., 1:24,000-scale topographic map.
1967b Clyde, N.C., 1:24,000-scale topographic map.
22

APPENDIX 1. ARTIFACT CATALOG

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