20220621 Ver 1_DeepCreekAquaticSurveyReport-Final_040522_20220428

Aquatic Species Survey Report
Bridge Project No. BP4.R014
Replace Bridge #119 on SR 1003 (Moonlight Road) over Deep Creek
Halifax County, North Carolina
Bridge 119 over Deep Creek (facing upstream)
Prepared For:
NC Department of Transportation
Raleigh, North Carolina

Contact Person:

Jared Gray
Biological Surveys Group-Environmental Analysis Unit
North Carolina Department of Transportation
[e-mail]
1598 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1598

April 2022

Prepared by:

1 Glenwood Avenue, Suite 600
Raleigh, NC 27603
Contact Person:
Chris Sheats
[e-mail]
919-417-2732

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Waters Impacted.................................................................................................................. 1
2.1 303(d) Classification ......................................................................................................... 1
2.2 NPDES Discharges ............................................................................................................. 2
3.0 Target Federally Protected Species Description .................................................................. 2
3.1 Neuse River Waterdog (Necturus lewisi) ......................................................................... 2
3.1.1 Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 2
3.1.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements.................................................................... 2
3.2 Carolina Madtom (Noturus furiosus) ............................................................................... 3
3.2.1 Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 3
3.2.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements.................................................................... 3
3.3 Atlantic Pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni) .................................................................................. 3
3.3.1 Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 3
3.3.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements.................................................................... 4
3.4 Yellow Lance (Elliptio lanceolata) .................................................................................... 4
3.4.1 Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 4
3.4.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements.................................................................... 4
3.5 Tar River Spinymussel (Parvaspina steinstansana) .......................................................... 5
3.5.1 Species Characteristics .............................................................................................. 5
3.5.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements.................................................................... 5
4.0 Survey Efforts ....................................................................................................................... 5
4.1 Methodology .................................................................................................................... 5
4.1.1 Neuse River Waterdog Surveys ................................................................................ 5
4.1.2 Freshwater Mussel and Carolina Madtom Surveys .................................................. 6
5.0 Results .................................................................................................................................. 6
5.1.1 Neuse River Waterdog .............................................................................................. 6
5.1.2 Freshwater Mussel and Carolina Madtom ............................................................... 7
6.0 Discussion/Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 7
7.0 Literature Cited .................................................................................................................... 9

Appendix A. Figures:
Figure 1: Project Vicinity & Survey Locations
Figure 2: NCNHP Element Occurrences
Figure 3: NPDES Discharges

Bridge Project No. BP4.R014 Deep Creek Aquatic Survey Report April 2022
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes a bridge replacement on
Moonlight Road (SR 1003) over Deep Creek (Bridge #119) (Figure 1). According to the USFWS
Information for Planning and Consultation (IPaC) GIS planning tool (IPaC Access date: February
8, 2022), the species included in the table are listed aquatic species that could be affected by
the project (Table 1).
Table 1. IPaC species identified within project area.
Scientific Name Common Name Abbreviation Status
Necturus lewisi Neuse River Waterdog NRWD Threatened
Noturus furiosus Carolina Madtom CMT Endangered
Fusconaia masoni Atlantic Pigtoe APT Threatened
Elliptio lanceolata Yellow Lance YL Threatened
Elliptio steinstansana Tar River Spinymussel TRSM Endangered
According to the NC Natural Heritage Program database (NCNHP, Access date: March 8, 2022)
the nearest element occurrence (EO) information for all impacted aquatic species are included
in the table (Table 2, Figure 2).
Table 2. NCNHP Element Occurrence information for impacted species.
Species EO # Waterbody Name Distance
Away (r.m.)
Survey Year Upstream or
Downstream
NRWD 8794 Fishing Creek 34.9 1980, 2014 Downstream
CMT 11561 Fishing Creek 37.2 1963, 2017 Downstream
APT 19338 Fishing Creek 29.2 1982, 2019 Downstream
YL 34945 Swift Creek 40.4 2004 Downstream
TRSM 21438 Tar River 30.6 1963, 2001 Downstream
SEPI was contracted by the NCDOT Biological Surveys Group to conduct surveys as part of the
federal permitting process that requires an evaluation of potential project-related impacts to
federally protected species.
2.0 WATERS IMPACTED
Deep Creek is in the Lower Fishing Creek sub-basin of the Tar-Pamlico River Basin (U.S.
Geological Survey [USGS] Hydrological Unit Code 03020102). Deep Creek flows into the Tar
River near Tarboro approximately 22 river miles downstream.
2.1 303(d) Classification
The N.C. Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) 2020 Final 303(d) list was reviewed to
better understand water quality upstream of the study area. Deep Creek is not listed as an

Bridge Project No. BP4.R014 Deep Creek Aquatic Survey Report April 2022
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impaired stream. There are no streams upstream of the study area listed on the NCDEQ 2020
303(d) list of impaired streams (NCDEQ, 2021a).
2.2 NPDES Discharges
There are no active permit discharges within the study area. The closest active permitted
NPDES discharge is approximately 8.2 river miles away in Canal Creek (NCDEQ, 2021b); Air Boss
Rubber Compounding (NPDES Permit # NCG050379) (Figure 3).
3.0 TARGET FEDERALLY PROTECTED SPECIES DESCRIPTION
3.1 Neuse River Waterdog (Necturus lewisi)
3.1.1 Species Characteristics
The NRWD is a fully aquatic salamander that ranges in size from six to nine inches in length,
with a maximum record length of 11 inches. It has a stocky, cylindrical body, small limbs,
smooth skin, and a flattened, elongate head with a square ended nose. The tail is keeled on
both the top and bottom. It has four toes on each foot and is a rusty brown color on the dorsal
side and dull brown or slate colored on the ventral side. Both sides are strongly spotted, but
the ventral side tends to have fewer and smaller dark bluish to black spots. They have a dark
line running through the eye. Adults are neotenous and retain three bushy, dark red external
gills. Male and females are similar in appearance and can be distinguished by differences in the
cloaca (Amphibiaweb 2019; Brimley, 1924; Conant and Collins, 1998).
NRWD become sexually mature at approximately five to six years and breeding typically occurs
in the spring. The male deposits a spermatophore that is picked up by the female and used to
fertilize between 30 and 50 eggs that are attached to the underside of flat rocks or other large
objects. The female guards them until they hatch in June or July (Conant and Collins, 1998).
3.1.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The NRWD is found only in the Neuse and Tar River basins of North Carolina, inhabiting rivers
and larger streams, where it prefers leaf beds in quiet waters. This species needs high levels of
dissolved oxygen and good water quality. The NRWD is generally found in backwaters off the
main current, in areas with sandy or muddy substrate. Adults construct retreats on the
downstream side of rocks or in the stream bank where they remain during the day. This species
is active during the night, leaving these retreats to feed. The NRWD is carnivorous, feeding on
invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion. It is most active during winter months even when
temperatures are below freezing. During summer months, it will burrow into deep leaf beds
and is rarely found. Inactivity in the summer may be an adaptation to avoid fish predators,
which are more active at these times. In addition, the NRWD produces a defensive, toxic skin
secretion that is assumed to be distasteful to predators (AmphibiaWeb 2019; Conant and
Collins, 1998).

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3.2 Carolina Madtom (Noturus furiosus)
3.2.1 Species Characteristics
The Carolina Madtom is a freshwater fish reaching up to five inches in length. The body is short
and chunky with a distinct pattern of three dark saddles starting at the dorsal fin and ending at
the caudal fin. These dark saddles connect a wide, black stripe along the side which extends
from the snout to the base of the tail (Menhinick 1991). The adipose fin is connected to the
caudal fin and has a dark blotch that ends slightly below the fins edge. The belly is not
speckled, and crescent shaped brown bands are present at the edge of the caudal fin. Its
pectoral spines have serrated projections along both margins (USFWS 2018a).
Carolina Madtom feeds on larval midges, mayflies, caddisflies, dragon flies and beetles. They
are most active during dawn and dusk. Individuals reach reproductive maturity by 2 years and
spawn from May to July in moderate to slow flowing areas, often using mussel shells, woody
debris and trash as cover. Females produce up to 300 eggs per breeding season and the male
guards the nest until eggs are hatched (Burr et al. 1989).
3.2.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Carolina Madtom is endemic to the Tar and Neuse River basins in North Carolina, and
currently exists in fragmented populations. Habitats consist of sand, gravel and detritus
bottoms with free-flowing conditions (USFWS 2018a). This species tends to avoid large areas of
submerged plants, however specimens have been found in small patches of vegetation. During
warm months, adults occupy areas with a swift current and a maximum depth of about one
meter. Juveniles inhabit shallow riffles and runs with slower currents.
3.3 Atlantic Pigtoe (Fusconaia masoni)
3.3.1 Species Characteristics
The Atlantic Pigtoe is a freshwater mussel reaching up to 60mm in length. This species is
characterized by having a sub-rhomboidal shaped shell with a distinct posterior ridge. The
umbo is elevated well above the dorsal margin and the beak cavity is shallow. The
periostracum is yellow to dark brown and has a parchment- like texture (Bogan 2002, Bogan
and Alderman 2008). Pseudocardinal and lateral teeth are well developed except for the
anterior pseudocardinal tooth in the right valve, while the interdental tooth is absent in the left
valve (USFWS 2018b).
The Atlantic Pigtoe is a tachytictic breeder and gravid females have been found from late June
to early July (Fuller 1973). Fish hosts for this species include Bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus),
Shield Darter (Percina peltata), Longnose Dace (Rhinichthys cataractae), Rosefin Shiner
(Lythrurus ardens) and Creek Chub (Semotilus atromaculatus); (Watters and O’Dee 1997, Wolf
and Emrick 2011).

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3.3.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Atlantic Pigtoe is endemic to the southern Atlantic Slope and is found from the Ogeechee
River Basin in Georgia to the James River Basin in Virginia. In North Carolina, this species is
known from the Catawba, Pee Dee, Cape Fear, Neuse, Tar-Pamlico and Roanoke River basins
(Johnson 1970, Bogan 2002). This species can be found in medium to large streams with clean,
swift waters and a stable gravel or sand and gravel substrate. Individuals are often found on
the downstream edge of riffle areas.
3.4 Yellow Lance (Elliptio lanceolata)
3.4.1 Species Characteristics
The Yellow Lance is characterized by having shells twice as long as they are tall, with elongate
shells reaching up to 86mm in length. A bright yellow and waxy periostracum without rays is
present, however older individuals may have a brownish color at the posterior end. The
posterior ridge is round and curves dorsally towards the posterior end. The periostracum has
brown growth rings. Two long lateral teeth are present on the left valve and one is present on
the right, while two pseudocardinal teeth are present on each valve. The nacre is normally an
iridescent blue color shifting to white or salmon on the anterior region (USFWS 2017).
Historically many species were synonymized with Yellow Lance (E. lanceolata) as a part of the
lanceolate Elliptio complex, but in 2009 the Yellow Lance was recognized as its own species
(Bogan et al. 2009). The Yellow Lance is a short-term brooder that spawns in the spring. Lab
studies found that White Shiners (Luxilus albeolus) and Pinewoods Shiners (Lythrurus
matutinus) are acceptable host fish for this species, while other members of the minnow family
are also believed to serve in this role. Like other mussels, the Yellow Lance is a filter feeder that
has a diet consisting of phytoplankton, zooplankton, bacteria, detritus and dissolved organic
matter. (Haag 2012).
3.4.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
Historically, this species was found from the Patuxent River Basin in Maryland to the Neuse
River Basin in North Carolina, ranging from the foothills of the Appalachian Mountains through
the Piedmont and Coastal Plain. In the last 10 years, individuals have only been found in the
Patuxent, Rappahannock, York, Chowan, Tar, and Neuse River basins (USFWS 2017).
Yellow Lance can be found in clean rivers or streams with moderate flows and high dissolved
oxygen concentrations. Individuals are often found buried in coarse to medium sand, however
they have also been found in gravel substrates. Individuals tend to aggregate to sand substrates
downstream of stable sand and gravel bars.

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3.5 Tar River Spinymussel (Parvaspina steinstansana)
3.5.1 Species Characteristics
Young individuals are often a shiny yellowish-brown color with greenish rays streaking outward
from the hinge area, while older individuals tend to have a brown color and rays are absent
from the shell. Short spines reaching a maximum length of 5mm are on the anterior region of
the shell and curve ventrally. Spines can be in one or two rows with up to six spines on each
valve that are symmetrical to the other valve. Shells are thicker toward the anterior end while
the posterior end is thinner, and the nacre usually fades from pink to bluish white (Johnson and
Clarke 1983, USFWS 2014).
This species is a tachytictic breeder with gravid females occurring from April to August (Widlak
1987). Fish host for this species include Bluehead Chub (Nocomis leptocephalus), Pinewoods
Shiner (Lythrurus matutinus), Satinfin Shiner (Cyprinella analostana) and White Shiner (Luxilus
albeolus); (Eads and Levine 2008). Like other mussel species, these individuals are filter feeders
and forage by siphoning and filtering small food particles that are suspended in the water.
3.5.2 Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Tar River Spinymussel is endemic to the Tar and Neuse River basins in North Carolina, and
is currently only found in Edgecombe, Franklin, Halifax, Johnston, Nash, Pitt, and Warren
Counties. This species lives in fast flowing streams with silt-free unconsolidated beds composed
of coarse sand and gravel.
4.0 SURVEY EFFORTS
Freshwater mussel surveys were conducted by Chris Sheats (ES Permit # 22-ES00558, 22-
SFC00249), Tori Fowler, and Joseph McIver on September 7, 2021. Backpack electrofishing
surveys were conducted by Chris Sheats, Tori Fowler, and Joseph McIver on September 15,
2021. NRWD surveys were conducted by Chris Sheats and Tori Fowler from January 17-21,
2022.
4.1 Methodology
4.1.1 Neuse River Waterdog Surveys
Ten traps (Traps 1-10) were set to soak for four consecutive nights. Three traps (Traps 1-3)
were deployed upstream of the bridge, one (Trap 4) at the bridge, and six (Traps 5-10) were set
downstream of the bridge (Figure 1). Traps were checked daily during the soaking period. Trap
sites were selected based on best available habitat conditions and were baited with a
combination of chicken livers and chicken hotdogs. Traps were checked daily and rebaited as
needed, and all species observed were recorded.

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4.1.2 Freshwater Mussel and Carolina Madtom Surveys
Freshwater mussel surveys were completed by a three-person survey team using bathyscopes,
visual and tactile survey methods. The NRWD and Carolina Madtom were also looked for under
woody debris and in bottles and cans. Backpack electrofishing surveys targeting the Carolina
Madtom were completed by a 3-person survey team. The survey reach extended from 400
meters downstream of the bridge to 100 meters upstream of the bridge.
5.0 RESULTS
5.1.1 Neuse River Waterdog
The NRWD was not found during the trapping survey efforts. Species observed in the traps
include Pirate Perch, Eastern Mudminnow, Mud Sunfish, a one crayfish species (Table 3).

Table 3. Neuse River Waterdog Survey Results.
Trap # Day 1 (1/18/22) Day 2 (1/19/22) Day 3 (1/20/22) Day 4 (1/21/22)
1 2 Eastern Mudminnow
(Umbra pygmaea)
6 Eastern Mudminnow
(Umbra pygmaea),
2 Pirate Perch
(Aphredoderus sayanus),

3 Eastern
Mudminnow
(Umbra pygmaea),
1 Crayfish sp.
2 Eastern
Mudminnow
(Umbra
pygmaea)
2 1 Eastern Mudminnow
(Umbra pygmaea) ~ ~ ~
3 ~ ~
1 Pirate Perch
(Aphredoderus
sayanus)

~
4 ~ ~ ~ ~
5 ~ ~ ~ ~
6 ~ ~ ~ ~
7 ~ ~ ~ ~
8 ~ ~ ~ ~
9
1 Flier
(Centrarchus
macropterus)
~ ~
1 Eastern
Mudminnow
(Umbra
pygmaea)
10 ~ ~ ~
1 Mud Sunfish
(Acantharchus
pomotis)

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5.1.2 Freshwater Mussel and Carolina Madtom
No freshwater mussels, clams, or snails were observed during survey efforts (Table 2). During
fish surveys, eight species of fish were observed during 1462 seconds of backpack electrofishing
(Table 4).
Table 4. Freshwater Mussel Survey Results.
Survey 210907.1cms (6 person-hours total time)
Freshwater Mussels Catch Per Unit Effort (CPUE)
None observed

Table 5. Fish Survey Results.
Scientific Name Common Name # Live Abundance
Acantharchus pomotis Mud Sunfish 5 Common
Centrarchus macropterus Flier 4 Common
Esox americanus Redfin Pickerel 7 Common
Umbra pygmaea Eastern Mudminnow 10 Abundant
Gambusia affinis Mosquitofish 30+ Abundant
Lepomis gulosus Warmouth 2 Uncommon
Enneacanthus gloriosus Bluespotted Sunfish 2 Uncommon
Etheostoma fusiforme Swamp Darter 1 Uncommon

Deep Creek habitat in the vicinity of the bridge consisted of a defined stream channel with
pools and runs. Sand, silt, and detritus were the dominant substrates. Stream width ranges
from 2-5 meters with an average depth of 1.5 meters. There is an American Beaver (Castor
canadensis) impoundment inundating the stream and floodplain approximately 100 meters
upstream of the bridge. Deep Creek has defined banks to approximately 200 meters
downstream to another American Beaver impoundment complex downstream. Surrounding
land-use consist of agriculture and rural communities.
6.0 DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS
The survey efforts resulted in no observations of Neuse River Waterdog, Carolina Madtom,
Atlantic Pigtoe, Yellow Lance, or Tar River Spiny Mussel individuals within Deep Creek. No
freshwater mussel species, clams, or snails were observed. Fish species observed include Mud
Sunfish, Flier, Redfin Pickerel, Eastern Mudminnow, Mosquitofish, Warmouth, Bluespotted
Sunfish, Pirate Perch, and Swamp Darter. Based on the distances to known occurrences of the
target species and the results of these surveys, the project may affect but will not adversely

Bridge Project No. BP4.R014 Deep Creek Aquatic Survey Report April 2022
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affect the target species. The survey efforts detailed in the report serve to update species
information within Deep Creek at this location.
Neuse River Waterdog
Recommended Biological Conclusion: May Affect, Not Likely to Adversely Affect
Habitat for the species was observed but no individuals were found.
Recommended Biological Conclusion for Proposed Critical Habitat: No Effect
Proposed critical habitat for Neuse River Waterdog is not located in the study area, suggesting
that the proposed project will have no effect on proposed critical habitat for this species.

Carolina Madtom
Recommended Biological Conclusion: May Affect, Not Likely to Adversely Affect
Habitat for the species was observed but no individuals were found during the survey efforts.
Recommended Biological Conclusion for Proposed Critical Habitat: No Effect
Proposed critical habitat for the Carolina Madtom is not located within the study area,
suggesting that the proposed project will have no effect on proposed critical habitat for this
species.

Atlantic Pigtoe
Recommended Biological Conclusion: May Affect, Not Likely to Adversely Affect
Habitat for the species was observed but no individuals were found during the survey efforts.
Recommended Biological Conclusion for Proposed Critical Habitat: No Effect
Proposed critical habitat for Atlantic Pigtoe is not located within the study area, suggesting that
the proposed project will have no effect on proposed critical habitat for this species.

Tar River Spinymussel
Recommended Biological Conclusion: May Affect, Not Likely to Adversely Affect
Habitat for the species was observed but no individuals were found during the survey efforts.
Recommended Biological Conclusion for Proposed Critical Habitat: No Effect
Proposed critical habitat for the Tar River Spinymussel is not located within the study area,
suggesting that the proposed project will have no effect on proposed critical habitat for this
species.

Yellow Lance
Recommended Biological Conclusion: May Affect, Not Likely to Adversely Affect
Habitat for the species was observed but no individuals were found during the survey efforts.
Recommended Biological Conclusion for Proposed Critical Habitat: No Effect
Proposed critical habitat for Yellow Lance is not located within the study area, suggesting that
the proposed project will have no effect on proposed critical habitat for this species.

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7.0 LITERATURE CITED
AmphibiaWeb. 2019. <http://amphibiaweb.org> University of California, Berkeley, CA, USA.
Accessed 10 Apr 2019. https://amphibiaweb.org/search/index.html
Beans, BE and Niles, L. 2003. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife of New Jersey. Rutgers
University Press. 303pp.
Bogan, AE. 2002. Workbook and Key to the Freshwater Bivalves of North Carolina. North
Carolina Freshwater Mussel Conservation Partnership, Raleigh, NC 101 pp, 10 color
plates.
Bogan, AE and Alderman, J. 2008. Workbook and key to the freshwater bivalves of South
Carolina. Revised Second Edition.
Bogan, A.E., J.Levine, and M.Raley. 2009. Determination of the systematic position and
relationships of the lanceolate Elliptio complex (Mollusca: Bivalvia: Unionidae) from six
river basins in Virginia. NC Museum of Natural Sciences, Raleigh, NC. 37pp.
Brimley, CS. 1924. The waterdogs (Necturus) of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell
Scientific Society 40: 166–168.
Burr, BM, Kuhajda, BR, Dimmick, WW, Grady, JM. 1989. Distribution, Biology, and Conservation
Status of the Carolina Madtom, Noturus furiosus, an Endemic North Carolina Catfish.
Brimleyana 15:57-86.
Conant, R and Collins, JT. 1998. A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and
Central North America. Third Edition, Expanded. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston,
Massachusetts.
Eads, C.B. and J.F. Levine. 2008. Carolina Heelsplitter (Lasmigona decorata) and Tar River
Spinymussel (Elliptio steinstansana) Conservation Research: July 2007-June 2008. Final
report submitted to the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. Raleigh, NC. 18
pp.
Fuller, SLH. 1973. Fusconaia masoni (Conrad 1834) (Bivalvia: Unionacea) in the Atlantic drainage
of the Southeastern United States. Malacological Review 6:105-117.
Haag, W. 2012. North American Freshwater Mussels: Natural History, Ecology, and
Conservation. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, NY.
Johnson, R.I. 1970. The systematics and zoogeography of the Unionidae (Mollusca: Bivalvia) of
the southern Atlantic Slope region. Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology
140(6):263-449.

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Johnson, R.I. and Clarke, A. H. 1983. A new spiny mussel, Elliptio (Canthyria) steinstansana
(Bivalvia: Unionidae), from the Tar River, North Carolina. Occasional Papers on Mollusks,
Museum of Comparative Zoology, Harvard University, 4(61): 289-298.
Menhinick, EF. 1991. The Freshwater Fishes of North Carolina. Raleigh, N.C.
North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ)a. Division of Water Resources.
2019. 2018 North Carolina Final 303(d) List. https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-
resources/planning/modeling-assessment/water-quality-data-assessment/integrated-
report-files
North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ)b. Online GIS NPDES Stormwater
Permits. Accessed March 23, 2020. https://data-
ncdenr.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/aec2efd41f844be499db8adef43f9fd3_0
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP). 2020. Natural Heritage Element
Occurrence. February 2020.
North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 2007. Carolina madtom species profile. Raleigh,
NC.https://www.ncwildlife.org/Portals/0/Conserving/documents/Carolina_madtom_fac
t_sheet_lo_res.pdf
Ortmann, A.E. 1919. A monograph of the naiades of Pennsylvania. Part III: Systematic account
of the genera and species. Memoirs of the Carnegie Museum 8(1):xvi–384, 21 pls.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2022. Information for Planning and Consultation (IPaC). Accessed
February 8, 2022. Online Linkage: https://ecos.fws.gov/ipac/
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2014. Tar River Spinymussel (Elliptio steinstansana) 5-Year
Review: Summary and Evaluation. Raleigh, NC.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017. Species status assessment report for the Yellow Lance
(Elliptio lanceolata). Version 1.2. March, 2017. Atlanta, GA.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2018a. Species status assessment report for the Carolina
Madtom (Noturus furiosus). Version 1.1. November 2018. Atlanta, GA.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2018b. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants;
Threatened Species Status With Section 4(d) Rule and Critical Habitat Designation for
Atlantic Pigtoe. 50 CFR 17: 83 FR 51570, 51570-51609 Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2018-
0046.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2019 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants;
Threatened Species Status With Section 4 (d) Rule for Neuse River Waterdog and

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Endangered Species Status for Carolina Madtom and Proposed Designation of Critical
Habitat. 50 CFR 17:84 FR 23644, 23644-23691 Docket No. FWS-R4-ES—2018-0092.
Watters, G.T. and S.H. O’Dee 1997. Identification of potential host: Elliptio fisheriana (Lea,
1838), Fusconaia masoni (Conrad, 1834), Fusconaia flava (Rafinesque, 1820), and
Pleurobema clava (Lamarck, 1819). Triannual Unionid Report No. 13:38.
Widlak, J.C. 1987. Recovery Plan for the Tar River spiny mussel (Elliptio (Canthyria)
steinstansana) Johnson and Clarke. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
Wolf, ED and Emrick V. 2011. Propagation and Culture of Species at Risk Atlantic Pigtoe.

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APPENDIX A
Figures

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April 2022