20071352 Ver 1_Application_20070808

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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA ~P~~rY
DEPAR'TIVIENT OF TRANSPORTATION e,
MICHAEL F. EASLEY LYNDO TIPPETT
GOVERNOR SECRETARY
~, August 1, 2007
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Field Office
~- PO Box 1890
~ Wilmington, NC 28402-1890 O ~ ~ V
ATTENTION: Mr. Richard Spencer v
NCDOT Coordinator, Division 8
Dear Sir:
SUBJECT: Application for Section 404 Nationwide Permit 23. Replacement of
Bridge No. 257 on SR 2824 (Pinehill Rd.) over Vestal Creek, Randolph
County, North Carolina. Federal Aid Project No. BRZ-2824(4), State
Project No. 8.2573901, WBS Element 33588.1.1, TIP No. B-4245.
Please see the enclosed Programmatic Categorical Exclusion (PCE), Natural Resources
Technical Report (NRTR), permit drawings, and design plans for the subject project. The North
Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes to replace Bridge No. 257 on SR
2824 (Pinehill Rd.) over Vestal Creek (throughout the documents, the stream has been referred to
as Richland Creek). Vestal Creek flows into Richland Creek south of the project area in
Randolph County. The existing 53-foot 3-span bridge was constructed in 1952 and received a
sufficiency rating of 18.5 out of a possible 100 for a new structure. Based on this rating, the
bridge is considered functionally obsolete and structurally deficient. The project proposes to
demolish the existing bridge and replace with a three span, pre-stressed concrete girder structure.
An off-site traffic detour will be utilized. The new bridge will be approximately 94 feet long
with 33 feet of roadway width. The new alignment of the bridge will be east of and parallel to
the existing location, and will span Vestal Creek.
IMPACTS TO WATERS OF THE UNITED STATES
General Description: The project is located in sub basin 03-06-09 of the Cape Fear River Basin
in Randolph County. This area is part of Hydrologic Cataloging Unit 03030003. The project
area is located within the Central Piedmont ecoregion of North Carolina.
MAILING ADDRESS: LOCATION:
NC DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION TELEPHONE: [phone] Of 2728 CAPITAL BLVD. SUITE 240
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 919-715-1335 RALEIGH NC 27604
NATURAL ENVIRONMENT UNIT
1598 MAIL SERVICE CENTER FAX: [phone]
RALEIGH NC 27699-1598
WEBSITE: WWW.NCDOT.ORG

Vestal Creek is the only stream located within the project study area and has been assigned
Stream Index Number 17-44-4 by the North Carolina Division of Water Quality (DWQ). The
stream enters the study area as awell-defined perennial stream. Vestal Creek is described as
having moderate flow, with a substrate consisting of gravel, cobble, and boulders, and flowing
southeastward towards Richland Creek and eventually into the Deep River. Upstream from SR
2824 (Pine Hill Rd.), Vestal Creek is split into two channels, the southernmost ranges between 2
and 6 feet wide, while the northernmost channel is between 8 and 10 feet wide. Cattle have
caused severe erosion to the banks in this stretch of the stream. Because of the eroding banks,
trees have fallen over the stream. Heavy scouring is present along the outside of the meander
bends and large alluvial deposits are present on the inside of the bends. Below Bridge No. 257,
Vestal Creek ranges between 8 and 10 feet wide, with sloping banks generally 2.5 - 4.0 feet high.
Downstream of the bridge, the channel is not so heavily eroded, however sedimentation is heavy
and water clarity is poor. The stretch of stream in the project study area has been assigned a Best
Usage Classification of C. There are no wetlands associated with this bridge replacement
project.
No portion of Vestal Creek, its tributaries, or other surface waters within 1.0 mile of the project
are listed on the North Carolina Division of Water Quality's (NCDWQ) 2006 Fina1303(d) List
of Impaired Waters.
Neither High Quality Waters (HQW), Water Supplies (WS-I or WS-II), nor Outstanding
Resource Waters (ORW) occur within 1.0 mile of the project area.
Permanent Impacts: There will be l O linear feet of permanent impacts to Vestal Creek associated
with the construction of a lateral v-ditch during this project. The ditch will be built and tied into
the northeastern bank of Vestal Creek, rip-rap will be placed in the channel. The new bridge will
span the creek avoiding any additional impacts to the stream.
Temporary Impacts: There are no anticipated temporary impacts to surface waters or wetlands
associated with this project.
Bridge Demolition: The existing structure has a reinforced timber deck on timber piles. The
existing bridge will be removed without dropping components into Vestal Creek. There are no
existing bents in Vestal Creek. All guidelines for Bridge Demolition and Removal will be
followed in addition to Best Management Practices for the Protection of Surface Waters.
Utility Impacts: There are no anticipated utility impacts associated with this project.
FEDERALLY PROTECTED SPECIES
Plants and animals with federal classifications of Endangered (E), Threatened (T), Proposed
Endangered (PE), and Proposed Threatened (PT) are protected under provisions of Section 7 and
Section 9 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended. The United States Fish and
Wildlife Service (USFWS) lists two Federally Protected species, as of May 10, 2007, for
Randolph County. Table 1 lists the species and their federal status.
B-4245 Permit Application
2

Table 1. Federally Protected Species in Randolph County, NC
Scientific Biological Habitat
Common Name Name Federal Status Conclusion Present
Cape Fear shiner Notropis E No Effect No
mekistocholas
Schweinitz's Helianthus E No Effect Yes
sunflower schweinitzii
A Cape Fear shiner survey was conducted for this project on July 1 1, 2002 by NCDOT biologists
Neil Medlin, John Alderman, and Heather Montague and NC Wildlife Resources Commission
biologist Brian Watson to determine if the Cape Fear shiner was present in this section of the
stream. The survey was conducted by pulling a seine through the water above and below the
current bridge. Given the results of the survey, distance of the project location from the area of
Richland Creek considered to be occupied, instream habitat degradation downstream of the
crossing, and no Cape Fear shiners being documented during an investigation approximately two
miles downstream, it can be concluded that this project will not effect the Cape Fear shiner.
A Biological Conclusion of "No Effect" was issued for Schweinitz's sunflower. A survey for
Schweinitz's sunflower was conducted by NCDOT biologists, Jim Mason and Erica McLamb on
September 27, 2006. The survey took a total of 1.5 man-hours to complete and resulted in 100
percent coverage. Potential habitat did exist within the study area; however, no individuals were
observed during the survey. A Natural Heritage Program database search in March of 2007
revealed no populations of this species within one mile of the project area. It can be concluded
that this project will not effect this species.
AVOIDANCE, MINIMIZATION and MITIGATION
The NCDOT is committed to incorporating all reasonable and practicable design features to
avoid and minimize jurisdictional impacts, and to provide full compensatory mitigation of all
remaining, unavoidable jurisdictional impacts. Avoidance measures were taken during the
planning and NEPA compliance stages; minimization measures were incorporated as part of the
project design.
According to the Clean Water Act (CWA) §404(b)(1) guidelines, NCDOT must avoid, minimize,
and mitigate, in sequential order, impacts to waters of the US. The following is a list of the
project's avoidance/minimization activities proposed or completed by NCDOT:
Avoidance/Minimization: Avoidance examines all appropriate and practicable possibilities of
averting impacts to "Waters of the US". The NCDOT is committed to incorporating all
reasonable and practicable design features to avoid and minimize jurisdictional impacts and to
minimize impacts as part of the project design.
• Temporary construction impacts due to erosion and sedimentation will be minimized through
implementation of stringent erosion control methods and use of Best Management Practices
(BMPs).
B-4245 Permit Application

• Best Management Practices for Protection of Surface Waters and Bridge Demolition and
Removal will be implemented during the entirety of this project.
• During construction, traffic will utilize an off-site detour.
• No bents will be placed in Vestal Creek.
Compensatory atg ion: No mitigation is proposed for this bridge replacement project due to
the minimal amount of impacts.
SCHEDULE
The project calls for a let date of February 19, 2008 and a review date of January 1, 2008. This
project has a date of availability of April 2, 2008. It is expected that the contractor will begin
construction shortly after that date.
REGULATORY APPROVALS
Section 404 Permit: It is anticipated that the permanent impacts to surface waters from tying in a
lateral v-ditch to Vestal Creek will be authorized under a Section 404 Nationwide Permit 23. We
are therefore requesting the issuance of a Nationwide Permit 23 for the anticipated impacts
sustained during the construction.
Section 401 Permit: We anticipate Section 401 General Water Quality Certification (WQC) 3632
will be applicable to this project. All general conditions of this WQC will be met. Therefore,
written concurrence from the NCDWQ is not required. In accordance with 15A NCAC 2H .0500
and 15A NCAC 2B .0200 we are providing two copies of this application to the North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality, as notification.
A copy of this permit application will be posted on the NCDOT website at:
http://www.ncdot.org/doh/preconstruct/pe/neu/permit.html. If you have any questions or need
additional information, please contact Ashley Cox at 919-715-5534 or [e-mail].
Sincerely,
~,
Gregory J..Thorpe, Ph.D.
Environmental Management Director, PDEA
Cc w/attachment
Mr. John Hennessy, NCDWQ (2 copies)
Mr. Travis Wilson, NCWRC w/o attachment
Mr. Gary Jordan, USFWS Mr. Jay Bennett, P.E., Roadway Design
Dr. David Chang, P.E., Hydraulics Mr. Majed Alghandour, P. E., Programming and TIP
Mr. Mark Staley, Roadside Environmental Mr. Art McMillan, P.E., Highway Design
Mr. Greg Perfetti, P.E., Structure Design Mr. Scott McLendon, USACE, Wilmington
Mr. Victor Barbour, Project Services Unit Mr. Terry Harris, P.E., PDEA
Mr. Tim Johnson, P.E, Division 8 Engineer
Mr. Art King, Division 8 Environmental Officer
B-4245 Permit Application
4

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Property Owners
Parcel
Number Names Addresses
1 Edwin Buckner 3138 Old NC HWY 13
Asheboro, NC 27205
2 Neil Branson 1913 Brook Drive
Asheboro, NC 27205
3 & 4 James Sides 1587 Pine Hill Road
Asheboro, NC 27205
NC DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
DI4TSION OF HIGHWAYS
RA~'VDOLPH COUNTY
WBS - 33588.3.1 (B-4245)
SHEET 3 CF 6 4/20/2007

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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTA'
MICHAEL F. EASLEY
GOVERNOR
MEMORANDUM TO: Mr. Calvin W. Leggett, PE, Manager
Program Development Branch
~ '/ "
FROM: /~ Gregory J. Thorpe, PhD ~~w
` Environmental Management Director, PDEA
SUBJECT: Programmatic Categorical Exclusion Approval for
Randolph County, Replace Bridge No. 257 on SR 2824, over Richland Creek,
Federal Aid Project No. BRZ-2824(4), State Project No. 8.2573901,
T.I.P. No. B-4245
Attached are four copies of the subject report, including 2 copies for your files and I copy for
distribution to FHWA. No significant adverse environmental effects are expected as a result of the
project; therefore, no other distribution of the report is necessar)~.
December 8, 2003
RECEIVED
DEC ! ~ 2003
DIVISION OF hiGMNIlY3
FICE OF NATUAAI ENVAiONMENT
LYNDO TIPPETT ~ `
SECRETARY
Attachment
cc/attar State Highway Engineer -Design
State Roadway Design Engineer (2 copies)
State Bridge Design Engineer (2 copies)
Mr. Victor Barbour
State Hydraulics Engineer
State Geotechnical Engineer (2 copies)
Mr. Charles W. Brown (3 copies)
Mr. C. B. Goode, Jr. (3 copies)
Mr. S. D. DeWitt
Mr. Don G. Lee
Mr. Troy A. Peoples (2 copies)
Mr. J. B. Williamson, Jr.
Mr. Mike Bruff
Mr. William H. Williams, Jr.
Mr. Tom Norman
Division Engineer, Mr. Bill Rosser , PE (3 copies)
Mr. C. O. Wiggins, Jr.
Mr. Doug Lane
Mr. W. T. Goodwin, Jr.
N. C. State Publications Clearinghouse (10 copies)
MAILING ADDRESS:
NC DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS
1548 MAIL SERVICE CENTER
RALEIGH NC 27699-1548
TELEPHONE: [phone]
FAX: [phone]
WEBSITE: WWW.NCDOTORG
LOCATION:
TRANSPORTATION BUILDING
1 SOUTH WILMINGTON STREET
RALEIGH NC

CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION ACTION CLASSIFICATION FORM
TIP Project No. B-4245
State Project No. _ 8.2573901
Federal Project No. BRZ-282414)
A. Project Description:
NCDOT will replace Bridge No.257 on SR 2824, over Richland Creek, in
Randolph County. Replacement will be at approximately the same location with a
new bridge 80 feet in length and 30 feet in width. The new bridge will have a 24
foot travelway. The offset of the bridge will be 3 feet on each side.
The approach paved roadway will be 24 feet in width. Turf shoulders will be
6 feet in width. Shoulder width will be increased by at least 3 feet where guardrail
is warranted. Traffic will be detoured over existing secondary roads.
B. Purpose and Need: Replace obsolete bridge.
C. Proposed Improvements:
Circle one or more of the following Type II improvements which apply to the
project:
1. Modernization of a highway by resurfacing, restoration, rehabilitation,
reconstruction, adding shoulders, or adding auxiliary lanes (e.g.,
parking, weaving, turning, climbing).
a. Restoring, Resurfacing, Rehabilitating, and Reconstructing
pavement (3R and 4R improvements)
b. Widening roadway and shoulders without adding through lanes
c. Modernizing gore treatments
d. Constructing lane improvements (merge, auxiliary, and turn
lanes)
e. Adding shoulder drains
f. Replacing and rehabilitating culverts, inlets, and drainage
pipes, including safety treatments
g. Providing driveway pipes
h. Performing minor bridge widening (less than one through lane)
2. Highway safety or traffic operations improvement projects including
the installation of ramp metering control devices and lighting.
a. Installing ramp metering devices
b. Installing lights
c. Adding or upgrading guardrail

d. Installing safety barriers including Jersey type barriers and pier I
protection
e. Installing or replacing impact attenuators
f. Upgrading medians including adding or upgrading median
barriers
g. Improving intersections including relocation and%or realignment
h. Making minor roadway realignment
i. Channelizing traffic
j. Performing clear zone safety improvements including removing
hazards and flattening slopes
k. Implementing traffic aid systems, signals, and motorist aid
I. Installing bridge safety hardware including bridge rail retrofit
O3. Bridge rehabilitation, reconstruction, or replacement or the
construction of grade separation to replace existing at-grade railroad
crossings.
a. Rehabilitating, reconstructing, or replacing bridge approach
slabs
b. Rehabilitating or replacing bridge decks
c. Rehabilitating bridges including painting (no red lead paint),
scour repair, fender systems, and minor structural
improvements
Od. Replacing a bridge (structure and/or fill)
4. Transportation corridor fringe parking facilities.
5. Construction of new truck weigh stations or rest areas.
6. Approvals for disposal of excess right-of-way or for joint or limited
use of right-of-way, where the proposed use does not have significant
adverse impacts.
7. Approvals for changes in access control.
8. Construction of new bus storage and maintenance facilities in areas
used predominantly for industrial or transportation purposes where
such construction is not inconsistent with existing zoning and located
on or near a street with adequate capacity to handle anticipated bus
and support vehicle traffic.
9. Rehabilitation or reconstruction of existing rail and bus buildings and
ancillary facilities where only minor amounts of additional land are
required and there is not a substantial increase in the number of
users.
10. Construction of bus transfer facilities (an open area consisting of
passenger shelters, boarding areas, kiosks and related street
improvements) when located in a commercial area or other high
2

activity center in which there is adequate street capacity for projected
bus traffic.
11. Construction of rail storage and maintenance facilities in areas used
predominantly for industrial or transportation purposes where such
construction is not inconsistent with existing zoning and where there
is no significant noise impact on the surrounding community.
12. Acquisition of land for hardship or protective purposes, advance land
acquisition loans under section 31b1 of the UMT Act. Hardship and
protective buying will be permitted only for a particular parcel or a
limited number of parcels. These types of land acquisition qualify for a
CE only where the acquisition will not limit the evaluation of
alternatives, including shifts in alignment for planned construction
projects, which may be required in the NEPA process. No project
development on such land may proceed until the NEPA process has
been completed.
D. Special Proiect Information
Estimated Costs:
Total Construction Cost 5450,000
Right-of-Way and Utilities 36,000
Total Project Cost 5486,000
Estimated Traffic:
Current - 700 VPD
Year 2025 - 1,600 VPD
Proposed Typical Roadway Section:
The approach paved roadway will be 24 feet in width. Turf shoulders will be
6 feet in width. Shoulder width will be increased by at least 3 feet where guardrail
is warranted.
Design Speed:
The design speed will be 40 mph. A design exception is
anticipated due to vertical and horizontal alignment.
Functional Classification:
SR 2824 is classified as a Rural Local facility in the Statewide Functional
Classification System.

r
Division Office Comments:
The Division Engineer supports road closure and replacement at the existing
location.
E. Threshold Criteria
The following evaluation of threshold criteria must be completed for Type II
actions.
ECOLOGICAL
(1) Will the project have a substantial impact on any
unique or important natural resource?
(2) Does the project involve any habitat where federally
listed endangered or threatened species may occur?
(3) Will the project affect anadromous fish?
(4) If the project involves wetlands, is the amount of
permanent and/or temporary wetland taking less than
one-tenth 11 /10) acre and have all practicable measures
to avoid and minimize wetland takings been evaluated?
(5) Will the project require use of U. S. Forest Service lands?
(6) Will the quality of adjacent water resources be adversely
impacted by proposed construction activities?
(7) Does the project involve waters classified as Outstanding
Resource Waters IORW) and/or High Quality Waters (HQW)?
(81 Will the project require fill in waters of the United States
in any of the designated mountain trout counties?
(9) Does the project involve any known underground storage
tanks (UST's) or hazardous materials sites?
PERMITS AND COORDINATION
(10) If the project is located within a CAMA county, will the
project significantly affect the coastal zone and/or any
"Area of Environmental Concern" (AEC)?
YES NO
^-
^x
^x
-^
^-
^x
^-
^-
^ X
YES NO
^ X
4

(1 1) Does the project involve Coastal Barrier Resources Act
resources?
(12) Will a U. S. Coast Guard permit be required?
(13) Will the project result in the modification of any existing
regulatory floodway?
(14) Will the project require any stream relocations or channel
changes?
SOCIAL, ECONOMIC, AND CULTURAL RESOURCES
(15) Will the project induce substantial impacts to planned
growth or land use for the area?
(16) Will the project require the relocation of any family or
business?
(17) Will the project have a disproportionately high and adverse
human health and environmental effect on any minority or
low-income population?
(18) If the project involves the acquisition of right of way, is the
amount of right of way acquisition considered minor?
(19) Will the project involve any changes in access control?
(20) Will the project substantially alter the usefulness
and/or land use of adjacent property?
(21) Will the project have an adverse effect on permanent
local traffic patterns or community cohesiveness?
122) Is the project included in an approved thoroughfare plan
and/ or Transportation Improvement Program (and is,
therefore, in conformance with the Clean Air Act of 1990)?
(23) Is the project anticipated to cause an increase in traffic
volumes?
(24) Will traffic be maintained during construction using existing
roads, staged construction, or on-site detours?
^-
^x
^x
^-
YES NO
^-
^-
^-
-^
^-
^~
^-
x^
^-
~^
5

(25) If the project is a bridge replacement project, will the bridge '
be replaced at its existing location (along the existing facility) X ^
and will all construction proposed in association with the
bridge replacement project be contained on the existing facility?
(26) Is there substantial controversy on social, economic and
environmental grounds concerning aspects of the action? ~ X
(27) Is the project consistent with all Federal, State, and local laws ^
relating to the environmental aspects of the project? X
(28) Will the project have an "effect" on structures/properties
eligible for or listed on the National Register of Historic Places? ^ X
(29) Will the project affect any archaeological remains which are ^ X
important to history or pre-history?
(30) Will the project require the use of Section 4(f) resources
(public parks, recreation lands, wildlife and waterfowl refuges,
historic sites or historic bridges, as defined in Section 4(f)
of the U. S. Department of Transportation Act of 1966)? ^ X
(31) Will the project result in any conversion of assisted public
recreation sites or facilities to non-recreation uses, as defined
by Section 61f) of the Land and Water Conservation Act ^ X
of 1965, as amended?
(32) Will the project involve construction in, across, or adjacent
to a river designated as a component of or proposed for
inclusion in the natural Wild and Scenic Rivers? ^ X
F. Additional Documentation Required for Unfavorable Responses in Part E
None.
6

G. CE Approval
TIP Project No. B-4245
State Project No. _ 8.2573901
federal Project Na BRZ-2824(4)
Proiect Description:
NCDOT will replace Bridge No.257 on SR 2824, over Richland Creek, in
Randolph County. Replacement will be at approximately the same location with a
-new bridge 80 feet in length and 30 feet in width. The :new bridge will have a 24
foot travelway. The offset of the bridge will be 3 feet on each side. Traffic will be
detoured over existing secondary roads.
Cateoorical Exclusion Action Classification: (Check one)
X TYPE II(A)
TYPE II1B)
Approved:
/ ~?!v o3 (,c.
a e Assistant Manager
Project Development and Environmental Analysis Branch
,~~ ~-~? Q
Date l/(J Project Planning Unit Head
Project Development and Environmental Analysis Branch
/-/P- ~3 ~" ~ ~ iz~
Date Project Planning Engineer
Project Development .and Environmental An ysis -Branch
For Type II(B) projects only:
Not Re wired
Date Division Administrator
Federal Highway Administration
7

ENVIRONMENTAL CObIIVIITMENTS:
Randolph County
Bridge No. 257 on SR 2824
over Richland Creek
Federal Aid Project No. BRZ-2824(4)
State Project No. 8.2573901
T.I.P. No. B-4245
1. Roadway Design Unit, Structure Design Unit, Project Development & Environmental
Analysis Branch (Permits), Resident Engineer:
Bridge Demolition•
The existing bridge has an asphalt wearing surface, and the remainder of the bridge, both
superstructure and substructure, is composed of timber and steel. The asphalt surface will be
removed prior to demolition. The remainder of the bridge will be removed without dropping into
Waters of the U.S. During construction, Best Management Practices for Bridge Demolition and
Removal will be followed.
B-4245 PCE Document Greensheet, Page 1 of 7 , November 2003

Studied Detour Route
~~~t"
~; ~ NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTAT]ON
'' , DiV1S)ON OF HIGHWAYS
,< ~j PROJECT DEVEwPMENT g

~
a~ rn-µ?
ENVIRON1~fENTAL ANAL1'S1S BRANCH
RANDOLPH COUNT'
REPLACE BRIDLE No.257 on SR 2SZ4
O VER RICHMOND CREEL:
B-4245
Fi;ure 1

• SfMto~
r'
ti~
~~ awr.I~
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
MICHAEL F. EASLEY
GOVERNOR
November 1, 2002
Memorandum To: Dennis Pipkin, Project Manager
Bridge Replacement Unit
From: Neil Medlin, Protected Species Group
LYNDO TIPPETT
SECRETARY
Subject: Cape Fear Shiner Survey and Freshwater Mussel Survey Report for
the Replacement of Bridge No. 257, on SR 2824 Over Vestal
Creek, Randolph County, TIP No. B-4245.
The proposed action calls for the replacement of bridge No. 257 over Vestal
Creek in Randolph County. The current 53 foot 3-span bridge is to be replaced with a
new bridge in the existing location. Traffic will be detoured off-site during project
construction.
Vestal Creek immediately above the SR 2824 bridge flows through a wooded area
but is bordered by active pasture below the crossing. Cattle have free access to the stream
below the bridge. As a result, there is greater siltation and bank erosion for several
hundred yards downstream. Vestal Creek is one of the headwater streams for Richland
Creek. A fisheries survey to address Cape Fear shiner concerns was conducted in Vestal
Creek in the project azea as well as a general freshwater mussel survey.
Cape Fear Shiner
The Cape Feaz shiner (Notropis mekistocholas) is a federally protected species
listed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service for Randolph County. The Cape Feaz shiner
is a small, moderately stocky minnow. Its body is flushed with a pale silvery yellow, and
a black band runs along its sides (Snelson 1971). The fins aze yellowish and somewhat
pointed. The upper lip is black and the lower lip has a black baz along its mazgin.
Cape Feaz shiner habitat occurs iri streams with gravel, cobble, or boulder
substrates. It is most often observed inhabiting slow pools, riffles, and slow runs
associated with water willow beds. Juveniles can be found inhabiting slackwater, among
lazge rock outcrops and in flooded side channels and pools. The Cape Fear shiner is
MAILING ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: [phone] LOCATION:
NC DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FAX: [phone] TRANSPORTATION BUILDING
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 1 SOUTH VIALMINGTON STREET
1548 MAIL SERVICE CENTER WEBSITE: WWW.DOH.DOT.STATE.NC.US RALEIGH NC
RALEIGH NC 27699-1548

thought to feed on bottom detritus, diatoms, and other periphytes. Captive specimens
feed readily on plant and animal material.
The Cape Fear shiner is limited to three populations in North Carolina. The
strongest population of the Cape Fear shiner'is in Chatham and Lee Counties in the Deep
River from the Locksville dam upstream to the Rocky River and Bear Creek. Another
population is located above the Rocky River Hydroelectric Dam in Chatham County, and
the third population is found in the Deep River system in Randolph and Moore Counties.
Biological Conclusion: No Effect
A fisheries survey was conducted at the project site on July 11, 2002 by NC DOT
biologists Neil Medlin, John Alderman. and Heather Montague and NC Wildlife
Resources Commission biologist Brian Watson to determine if the Cape Fear shiner was
present in this section of the stream. The survey was conducted by pulling a seine through
water above and below the current bridge. The SR 2824 bridge crossing over Vestal
Creek is over 12 river mile upstream of the portion of Richland Creek considered
occupied by the Cape Fear shiner. No Cape Fear shiners were documented at the project
site. The fish species that were collected during the fisheries survey and those that were
observed during the mussel survey on July 30, 2002 are summarized in the table below.
Species Collected Relative Abundance
Highfin shiner, Notropis altipinnis Abundant
Rosyside dace, Clinostomus funduloides Common
Creek chub, Semotilus atromaculatus Rare
Redbreast sunfish, Lepomis auritus Rare
Additional Species Observed on July 30, 2002
Tessellated darter, Etheostoma olmstedi Common
In order to reduce any further instream habitat degradation to Vestal Creek
the following environmental recommendations should be implemented:
• Best Management Practices for bridge removal will be implemented so that no
component of Bridge No. 257 will be dropped into waters of the United States during
construction.
• High Quality Waters -Soil and Erosion Control Measures will be installed at the
project site and maintained throughout project construction
• Project construction should take place during the dry season
Given the results of the fish survey, the distance of the project location from the
area of Richland Creek considered to be occupied, the instream habitat degradation
downstream of the SR 2824 crossing, and no Cape Fear shiners being documented during
a fish survey at another road crossing approximately two miles downstream, it can be
concluded that the replacement of Bridge No. 257 will not affect the Caere Fear shiner.

Freshwater Mussels
No Federally listed Threatened or Endangered mussel species are listed for the
Cape Fear River Basin in Randolph County. A general mussel survey was conducted at
the project site on July 30, 2002 by NCDOT biologists Jeff Burleson; Neil Medlin, Matt
Haney, Sharon Snider, Ashley Oliver, and Tom Dickinson. Tactile and visual survey
methods were employed for several hundred meters above and below the bridge. In 6
person hours of survey time, 71 Elliptio mussels (Elliptio complanta complex) and 11
Villosa vaughaniana (Carolina creekshell) were collected. V. vaughaniana is listed as a
Federal Species of Concern, and was listed as Endangered in North Carolina effect July 1,
2002. In addition to V. vaughaniana, three specimens of Villosa delumbis (state listed as
Significantly Rare by the Natural Heritage Program) were collected. All of the snails
observed in the project area belonged to the genus Campeloma.
The recommendations intended to prevent further instream habitat degradation in
Vestal Creek, will also help to protect the mussel community in the vicinity of the SR
2824 bridge replacement project.
cc: V. Charles Bruton, Ph.D., Assistant Branch Manager
Bill Goodwin, P.E., Bridge Replacement Unit Head
Rachelle Beauregard, Permit Specialist
Central Piedmont Nongame Aquatic Biologist, NC WRC

Memorandum
Date: Apri121, 2003
To: Brett Feulner, NC Department of Transportation
From: George Lankford, Earth Tech
Reference: Bridge Group 2005 - Schweinitz's Sunflower Survey
Bridge Number 257 over Vestal Creek in Randolph County B( 42451
Earth Tech has conducted a survey for the Schweinitz's sunflower (Helianthus schweinitzii) for
the above referenced bridge project. Potential habitat for this federally listed endangered species
was initial identified during a field survey of the project area in July 2001. Habitat is found in
open habitats such as clearings and along the edges. of upland woods on moderately weathered
clayey or rocky soils that derived from mafic rock.
The Schweinitz's sunflower is a rhizomatous perennial herb with a single stem from a cluster of
carrot-like tuberous roots and branching only above mid-stem. It grows from 3 to 6 ft (1 to 2 m).
The leaves are opposite on the lower stem, changing to alternate above. The pubescence of the
underside of the leaves is distinctive and is one of the best characters to distinguish Schweinitz's
sunflower from its relatives. Schweinitz's sunflower blooms have comparatively small heads of
all yellow flowers. Flowering occurs in late September through frost.
On 8 July 2001 Earth Tech biologists conducted a natural resource survey of Bridge Number 257
(B-4245) over Vestal Creek in Randolph County. Because of the unresolved conclusion for the
occurrence of Schweinitz's sunflower at the site, on 26 September 2001 a second site visit at
B-4242 was conducted to search for Schweinitz's sunflower. No individual of Schweinitz's
sunflower were observed within the project limits and the nearby area. The adjoining terrestrial
communities do not include any of the natural community types associated with this species.
Soils of the area are of marginal quality to support this species. According to NHP records one
occurrence of this species is approximately 1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of the project site. A
biological conclusion of nOt Ilkel~ t0 adVel'Sel~ effect was determined because no
individuals were found at these sites.
The surveys were conducted by investigating the roadside and adjacent powerline right-of--way
across the project site. Potential habitat with open characteristics was present .but no individuals
were found. Vegetation was weedy, and appeared to be periodically maintained in this weedy
state. The most common plants observed in the right-of--way were small woodland sunflower
(Helianthus microcephalus), .Jerusalem artichoke (Helianthus tuberosus), goldenrod (Solidago
altissima), wingstem (Verbesina sp.), and blackberry (Rubus sp.).

~-
f
United States Department of the Interior
OCT ~ 0 ~
FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE
Ralcigh Field Office
Post Office Box 33726
Raleigh, NotYh Carolitu 27696-3726
October 8, 2003
Gregory J. Thorpe, Ph.D.
North Carolina Department of Transportation
Project Development and Environmental Analysis
1548 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1548
Dear Dr. Thorpe:
This letter is in response to your letter of September 30, 2003 which provided the U.S. Fish and
Wildlife Service (Service) with the biological conclusion of the North Carolina Department of
Transportation (NCDOT) that the replacement of Bridge No. 257 on SR 2824 over Richmond
Creek in Randolph County (TIP No. B-4245) may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect the
federally endangered Schweinitz's sunflower (Helianthus schweinitzii). These comments are
provided in accordance with section 7 of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, as
amended (16 U.S.C. 1531-1543).
According to the information you submitted, a plant survey was conducted at the project site on
September 26, 2001. The survey covered the roadside and adjacent power line right-of--way. No
specimens of Schweinitz's sunflower were observed.
Based on the negative survey results, the Service concurs with your conclusion that the proposed
bridge replacement may affect, but is not likely to adversely affect Schweinitz's sunflower. Note
however, the Service generally provides concurrence for negative survey results that are no more
than two years old. This survey is now slightly older than two years. We recommend that
another survey be conducted within two years of project construction to verify that the species
has not recently colonized the project area.
We believe that the requirements of section 7 (a)(2) of the ESA have been satisfied for now. We
remind you that obligations under section 7 consultation must be reconsidered if: (1) new
information reveals impacts of this identified action that may affect listed species or critical
habitat in a manner not previously considered in this review; (2) this action is subsequently
modified in a manner that was not considered in this review; or (3) a new species is listed or
critical habitat determined that maybe affected by this identified action.
For future requests for concurrence, the Service recommends that you provide the following
additional information in order to better assess potential effects: site location map, plan view

showing area of impact, and biographical information on surveyors.
The Service appreciates the opportunity to review this project. If you have any questions
regarding our response, please contact Mr. Gary Jordan at [phone] (Ext. 32).
Sincerely,
~~~
~~~
Garland B. Pardue, Ph.D.
Ecological Services Supervisor
cc: .Richard Spencer, USACE, Wilmington, NC
David Franklin, USACE, Wilmington, NC
Beth Barnes, NCDWQ, Raleigh, NC
Travis Wilson, NCWRC, Creedmore, NC
Chris Militscher, USEPA, Raleigh, NC

Natural Resources Technical Report
Proposed Bridge Replacement
SR 2824, Bridge No. 257 over Vestal Creek
Randolph County
TIP No. B-4245
State Project No. 8.2573901
FAP No. BRZ-2824(4)
Prepared for:
North Carolina Department of Transportation
Division of Highways
Project Development and Environmental Analysis Branch
Issued by:
Earth Tech, Inc.
701 Corporate Center Drive, Suite 475
Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
Earth Tech Project No. 46164
November 2001

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Natural Resources Technical Report
Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION .................................................................................................................. PAGE
1.0 INTRODUCTION ....................................................................................................1
1.1 Project Description ........................................................................................... 1
1.2 Methodology .....................................................................................................1
1.3 Terminology and Definitions ............................................
................................ 2
1.4 Qualifications of the Principal Investigators .................................................... 2
2.0 PHYSICAL RESOURCES ...................................................................................... 3
2.1 Regional Characteristics ................................................................................... 3
2.2 Soils .................................................................................................................. 3
2.3 Water Resources ............................................................................................... 4
2.3.1 Physical Characteristics of Surface Waters .......................................... 4
2.3.2 Best Usage Classification ..................................................................... 5
2.3.3 Water Quality ....................................................................................... 5
2.3.3.1 General Watershed Characteristics ........................................... 5
2.3.3.2 Basin-wide Assessment Report ................................................ 5
2.3.3.3 Point Source Discharge Permits ............................................... 6
2.3.4 Summary of Anticipated Impacts ......................................................... 6
3.0 BIOTIC RESOURCES ............................................................................................ 6
3.1 Terrestrial Communities ................................................................................... 7
3.1.1 Disturbed Roadside Community .......................................................... 7
3.1.2 Pasture .................................................................................................. 7
3.1.3 Hardwood Forest .................................................................................. 8
3.1.4 Riparian Buffer Community ................................................................. 8
3.1.5 Powerline Right-of--Way Community ................................................... 9
3.2 Aquatic Communities ....................................................................................... 9
3.3 Summary of Anticipated Impacts ..................................................................... 9
3.3.1 Terrestrial Communities ..................................................................... 10
3.3.2 Aquatic Communities ......................................................................... 10
4.0 JURISDICTIONAL TOPICS ............................................................................... 11
4.1 Waters of the United States ............................................................................ 11
4.1.1 Characteristics of Wetlands and Surface Waters ................................ 11
4.1.2 Bridge Demolition .............................................................................. 11
4.1.3 Summary of Anticipated Impacts ....................................................... 12
4.1.4 Permits ................................................................................................ 13
4.1.5 Avoidance, Minimization, Mitigation ................................................ 13
4.2 Rare and Protected Species ............................................................................. 14
4.2.1 Species Under Federal Protection ....................................................... 14
4.2.2 Federal Species of Concern and State Status ...................................... 16
11
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Natural Resources Technical Report
Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
5.0 REFERENCES .......................................................................................................18
TABLES .
Table 1. Estimated Area of Impact to Terrestrial Communities ..................................... 10
Table 2. Species Under Federal Protection in Randolph County ................................... 14
Table 3. Federal Species of Concern in Randolph County .............................................. 16
FIGURES'(To be added~later
Figure 1 -Vicinity Map .......................................................................................................?
Figure 2 -Natural Communities ......................................................................................... 3
Note: Highlighted text denotes items not included in this draft that ~vil1`be added later by
NCDOT personnel once alignments are developed.
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Natural Resources Technical Report
Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
1.0 INTRODUCTION
This Natural Resources Technical Report is submitted to the North Carolina Department
of Transportation (NCDOT) preliminary to the preparation of a Categorical Exclusion
(CE) for the proposed project. The purpose of this technical report is to inventory,
catalog, and describe the various natural resources likely to be impacted by the proposed
action. The report also attempts to identify and estimate the likely consequences of the
anticipated impacts to these resources. These descriptions and estimates are relevant only
in the context of the preliminary design concepts. It may become necessary to conduct
additional field investigations should design parameters and criteria change.
1.1 Project Description
The proposed project involves the replacement of Bridge No. 257 on SR 2824, which
spans Vestal Creek. The project is located in southeastern Randolph County about 2 miles
(3.24 kilometers [km]) southeast of Asheboro, North Carolina (Figure' 1).
Alternate l
(Insert description of Alternate here)
Alternate 2
(Insert description of Alternate. here)
1.2 Methodology
Published information and resources were collected prior to the field investigation.
Information sources used to prepare this report include the following:
• United States Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle map (Asheboro, 1994)
• United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) National Wetlands Inventory
(NWI) Map (Asheboro, 1994)
• NCDOT aerial photograph of project area (1:1200)
• Draft maps and descriptions of the soils in the project area (Randolph Soil Survey
Office, Natural Resources Conservation Service [NRCS])
• North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR)
basin-wide assessment information (NCDENR, 1999)
• USFWS list of protected and candidate species
• North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NHP) files of rare species and unique
habitats
Water resource information was obtained from publications posted on the World Wide
Web by NCDENR Division of Water Quality. Information concerning the occurrence of
federally protected species in the study area was obtained from the USFWS list of
protected and candidate species (page last updated March 2001, last accessed August 21
1
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Natural Resources Technical Report
Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
2001), posted on the World Wide Web by the Ecological Services branch of the USFWS
office in North Carolina. Information concerning species under state protection was
obtained from the NHP database of rare species and unique habitats. NHP files were
reviewed for documented sightings of species on state or federal lists and locations of
significant natural areas.
A general field survey was conducted along the proposed project route by Earth Tech
biologists on July 10, 2001. Water resources were identified and their physical
characteristics were recorded. For the purposes of this study, a brief habitat assessment
was performed within the project area of Vestal Creek. Plant communities and their
associated wildlife were identified using a variety of observation techniques, including
active searching, visual observations, and identifying characteristic signs of wildlife
(sounds, tracks, scats, and burrows). Terrestrial community classifications generally
follow Schafale and Weakley (1990) where appropriate and plant taxonomy follows
Radford et al. (1968). Vertebrate taxonomy follows Rohde et al. (1994), Conant et al.
(1998), the American Ornithologists' Union (2001), Thorpe and Covich (1991), and
Webster et al. (1985). Vegetative communities were mapped using aerial photography of
the project site. Predictions regarding wildlife community composition involved general
qualitative habitat assessment based on existing vegetative communities.
Jurisdictional wetlands, if present, were delineated and evaluated based on criteria
established in the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual (USAGE,
1987). Wetlands were classified based on Cowardin et al. (1979).
1.3 Terminology and Definitions
For the purposes of this report, the following terms are used for describing the limits of
natural resources investigations. "Study corridor" and "project area" denote an area with a
width of 75 to 100 feet (22.9 to 30.5 m) along the full length of the project alignment.
The "project vicinity" is an area extending 0.5 mile (0.8 km) on all sides of the project
area, and "project region" is an area equivalent in size to the area represented by a 7.5-
minute USGS quadrangle map (about 61.8 sq miles or 163.3 sq km). When referring to
stream banks, "left bank" and "right bank" are relative to an observer facing downstream.
1.4 Qualifications of the Principal Investigators
Investigator: George Lankford
Education M.S., Botany, North Carolina State University
Experience Staff Biologist, Earth Tech < 2 years
Expertise Licensed soil scientist, wetland delineation
Investigator: Heather Wallace
Education B.S., Ecology, Appalachian State University
Experience Staff Biologist, Earth Tech- < 1 year
Expertise Natural resources surveys, zoology
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Natural Resources Technical Report
Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
2.0 PHYSICAL RESOURCES
Soil and water resources that occur in the project area are discussed with respect to
possible environmental concerns.
2.1 Regional Characteristics
The project area lies in the central portion of North Carolina within the Piedmont
physiographic province. Elevations in the project area range from 570 to 640 feet (171-
192 m) (National Geodetic Vertical Datum, 1929). The topography of the project vicinity
is generally flat, but steep slopes rise from the floodplain on the western side of the creek.
The proposed project is in a rural area in Randolph County approximately 2 miles (3.24
km) southeast of Asheboro, NC. Randolph County's major economic resources are
forestry and agriculture. The population of Randolph County in 2000 was 130,454 (North
Carolina Office of State Budget, Planning and Management 2001).
2.2 Soils
Information about soils in the project area was taken from draft maps and descriptions
provided by the Randolph County Soil Survey Office (USDA 2001). The provisional
map units in the project area are Chewacla loam with 0-2% slopes, frequently flooded,
and various types of Georgeville loam (due to the poor quality of the field maps, it is
impossible to determine the exact map unit).
• Chewacla loams (ChA) with 0-2% slopes are mapped along the banks of Vestal
Creek within the project area. This soil is frequently flooded, has moderate
permeability, and is somewhat poorly drained. This soil is typically found in flood
plain areas throughout the Piedmont, Coastal Plain, and Sandhills. The seasonal high
water table is 0.5 to 1.5 feet (0.15-0.45m) below the surface. When frequently
flooded it is classified as a hydric soil by the NRCS.
• Georgeville loams are generally found within the Piedmont Slate Belt region. These
very deep soils are well drained and have moderate permeability. They are found
along the periphery of the Chewacla loams throughout the project area. The water
table remains 6 feet (1.8 m) below the surface. These soils are never flooded.
Site index is a measure of soil quality and productivity. The index is the average height,
in feet, that dominant and co-dominant trees of a given species attain in a specified
number of years (typically 50). The site index applies to fully stocked, even-aged,
unmanaged stands. Site index information is not available for Randolph county soils at
this time, however site index information for these soils in Stanly County are as follows:
• Chewacla loams have a site index of 100 for tulip poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), 97
for sweet gum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and 96 for loblolly pine (Pinus taeda).
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3

Natural Resources Technical Report
Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
• Georgeville loams have a site index of 81 for loblolly pine, 70 for scarlet oak
(Quercus coccinea), 69 for white oak (Quercus alba), and 67 for both longleaf pine
(Pinus palustris) and southern red oak (Quercus falcata).
2.3 Water Resources
This section contains information concerning water resources likely to be impacted by the
proposed project. Water resources assessments include the physical characteristics likely
to be impacted by the proposed project (determined by field survey), best usage
classifications, and water quality aspects of the water resources. Probable impacts to
surface waters are also discussed, as well as means to minimize impacts.
2.3.1 Physical Characteristics of Surface Waters
The project is located in the Cape Fear River basin (CPF09 sub-basin, HUC 03030003).
Vestal Creek originates about 2.5 miles (4.0 km) north of the project area. About 1 mile
(1.6 km) upstream of the project, Vestal Creek has been dammed to form a pond. Just
upstream from the project area, the stream flows through a narrow valley and then passes
under SR 2824 (Pine Hill Road). Downstream from the project area, Vestal Creek flows
into Richland Creek and eventually the Deep River.
Upstream from Pine Hill Road, Vestal Creek is split into two channels. The
southernmost channel is 2-6 feet (0.6-1.8m) wide, while the northernmost channel is 8-10
feet (2.4-3.0 m) wide. The island formed in the middle of the channel is about 60 feet
(18.2 m) wide. The channel splits about 250 feet (75.6 m) upstream from the bridge and
converges about 70 feet (21.2 m) upstream from the bridge. Cattle have caused severe
erosion to the banks in this portion of the stream, and recent flooding has deposited large
amounts of debris in the riparian vegetation and on top of the banks. Because of the
eroding banks, trees have fallen over across the stream. Heavy scouring is present along
the outside of the meander bends and large alluvial deposits are found on the inside of the
bends.
Downstream from the bridge, the channel of Vestal Creek is not so heavily eroded. Cattle
do not have access to the stream in this area, however some erosion is present.
Vegetation is sparse along the banks of the creek throughout the length of the project
area. The banks are generally 2.5-4.0 feet (0.8-1.2 m) high, and the channel remains 8-10
(2.4-3.0 m) feet wide.
Sedimentation is heavy in Vestal Creek, and water clarity is poor. The substrate consists
of boulders, cobble and gravel. Both the bedform and sinuosity of the stream are poor.
On the day of the site visit the water flow was moderate.
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Natural Resources Technical Report
Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
2.3.2 Best Usage Classification
Surface waters in North Carolina are assigned a classification by the DWQ that is
designed to maintain, protect, and enhance water quality within the state. Vestal Creek
[Index # 17-22-4] is classified as a Class C water body (NCDENR, 2001). Class C water
resources are waters protected for aquatic life propagation and survival, fishing, wildlife,
secondary recreation, and agriculture. Secondary recreation includes wading, boating, and
other uses involving human body contact with water where such activities take place in
an infrequent, unorganized, or incidental manner. There are no restrictions on watershed
development activities.
No waters classified as High Quality Water (HQW), Water Supplies (WS-I or WS-
II) or Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW) occur within 1.0 miles (1.6 km) of the
project study area.
2.3.3 Water Quality
This section describes the quality of the water resources within the project area. Potential
impacts to water quality from point and non-point sources are evaluated. Water quality
assessments are based upon published resource information and field study observations.
2.3.3.1 General Watershed Characteristics
The project area is in a somewhat forested, moderately agricultural watershed. Pastures,
agricultural fields and residential homes are located in the area immediately adjacent to
the project area. Poor agricultural practices, cattle, and continued residential
development are potential threats to the water quality of this stream.
2.3.3.2 Basin-wide Assessment Report
Basin-wide water quality assessments are conducted by the Environmental Sciences
Branch, Water Quality Section of the DWQ. The program has established monitoring
stations for sampling selected benthic macroinvertebrates, which are known to have
varying levels of tolerance to water pollution. An index of water quality can be derived
from the number of taxa present and the ratio of tolerant to intolerant taxa. Streams can
then be given a bioclassification ranging from Poor to Excellent.
There are no monitoring stations on Vestal Creek. The closest monitoring station is
located about 10 miles (16.2 km) downstream from the project site on Richland Creek
where it passes under SR 2873. It was sampled in the summer of 1993 and classified as
Good. When the same location was sampled again in the summer of 1998 the rating
climbed to Excellent.
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Natural Resources Technical Report
Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
2.3.3.3 Point Source Discharge Permits
Point source discharges in North Carolina are permitted through the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program administered by the DWQ. All
dischargers are required to obtain a permit to discharge. There are no permits issued to
discharge into Vestal Creek as of July 2001 (NCDENR 2001).
2.3.4 Summary of Anticipated Impacts
Any action that affects water quality can adversely affect aquatic organisms. Temporary
impacts during the construction phases may result in long-term impacts to the aquatic
community. In general, replacing an existing structure in the same location with an off-
site detour is the preferred environmental approach. Bridge replacement at a new location
results in more severe impacts, and physical impacts are incurred at the point of bridge
replacement.
Project construction may result in the following impacts to surface water resources:
• Increased sediment loading and siltation as a consequence of watershed vegetation
removal, erosion, and/or construction.
• Decreased light penetration/water clarity from increased sedimentation.
• Changes in water temperature with vegetation removal.
• Changes in the amount of available organic matter with vegetation removal.
• Increased concentration of toxic compounds from highway runoff, construction
activities and construction equipment, and spills from construction equipment.
• Alteration of water levels and flows as a result of interruptions and/or additions to
surface and groundwater flow from construction.
Construction impacts may not be restricted to the communities in which the construction
activity occurs, but may also affect downstream communities. Efforts will be made to
ensure that no sediment leaves the construction site. NCDOT's Best Management
Practices for the Protection of Surface Waters will be implemented, as applicable, during
the construction phase of the project to ensure that no sediment leaves the construction
site.
3.0 BIOTIC RESOURCES
Terrestrial and aquatic communities are included in the description of biotic resources.
Living systems described in the following sections include communities of associated
plants and animals. These descriptions refer to the dominant flora and fauna in each
community and the relationships of these biotic components. Descriptions of the
terrestrial systems are presented in the context of plant community classifications. These
classifications follow Schafale and Weakley (1990) where possible. They are also cross-
referenced to The Nature Conservancy International Classification of Ecological
Communities: Terrestrial Vegetation of the Southeastern United States (Weakley et al.,
November 2001
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Natural Resources Technical Report
Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
1998), which has recently been adopted as the standard land cover classification by the
Federal Geographic Data Committee. Representative animal species that are likely to
occur in these habitats (based on published range distributions) are also cited. Scientific
nomenclature and common names (when applicable) are used for the plant and animal
species described. Subsequent references to the same species are by the common name
only.
3.1 Terrestrial Communities
Five terrestrial communities were identified within the project area: a disturbed roadside
community, a pasture, a hardwood forest, riparian buffer, and a powerline right-of--way
(Figure 2). Dominant faunal components associated with these terrestrial areas will be
discussed in each community description. Many species are adapted to the entire range of
habitats found along the project alignment, but may not be mentioned separately in each
community description.
3.1.1 Disturbed Roadside Community
This community covers the area along the road shoulders in the project area. The
dominant species of this area include fescue grass (Festuca sp.), Bahia grass (Paspalum
notatum), English plantain (Plantago lanceolata), Bermuda grass (Cynodon dactylon),
and beard grass (Saccharum sp.). Other species include red clover (Trifolium pratense),
ragweed (Ambrosia artemisiifolia), goldenrod (Solidago sp.), selfheal (Prunella vulgaris),
and wild carrot (Daucus carota).
The animal species present in these disturbed habitats are opportunistic and capable of
surviving on a variety of resources, ranging from vegetation to both living and dead
faunal components. American crow (Corvus brachyrynchos), European starling (Sturnus
vulgaris), and American robin (Turdus migratorius) are common birds that use these
habitats. The area may also be used by the Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana),
various species of mice (Peromyscus sp.), eastern garter snake (Thamnophis sirtalis), and
southern toad (Bufo terrestris).
3.1.2 Pasture
Pastures are located on the west side of SR 2824 at opposite ends of the project area. On
the day of the site visit no livestock were observed in these pastures but it appears that the
pasture at the northern end of the project area is used for horses while the other pasture is
used for cattle. Dominant species in this community include fescue grass, Bahia grass,
wild carrot and bracted plantain (Plantago aristata).
The animal species that frequent this area are similar to those found in the maintained
roadside community but may also include eastern bluebird (Sialia sialia), eastern
kingbird (Tyrannus tyrannus), indigo bunting (Passerina cyanea), red-tailed hawk (Buteo
November 2001
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jamaicencis), red fox (Vulpes vulpes), white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) and
meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus).
3.1.3 Hardwood Forest
This community occurs along the banks of Vesta] Creek. Dominant canopy species
include sweet gum, mockernut hickory (Carya alba), southern red oak, and black walnut
(Juglans nigra). Other tree species include hickory (Carya sp.), American beech (Fagus
grandifolia), white oak, and American ash (Fraxinus americana). The understory is very
open, and is dominated by flowering dogwood (Corpus florida). No herbaceous layer
exists due to recent grazing. This community probably represents a marginal example of
a Piedmont/Mountain Bottomland Forest as described by Schafale and Weakley (1990).
The TNC classification is most likely I.B.2.N.e.060 Liquidambar styraciflua (Ater
rubrum) Seasonally Flooded Forest Alliance.
On the day of the site visit Earth Tech biologists observed the following bird species in
this community: northern cardinal (Cardinalis cardinalis), red-eyed vireo (Vireo
olivaceous), eastern towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus), Carolina chickadee (Parus
atricapillus), Carolina wren (Thryothorus ludovicianus), downy woodpecker (Picoides
pubescens), Acadian flycatcher (Empidonax virescens), Louisiana waterthrush (Seiurus
motacilla), summer tanager (Piranga rubra), scarlet tanager (Piranga olivacea), belted
kingfisher (Megaceryle alcyon), ruby-throated hummingbird (Archilochus colubris),
yellow-billed cuckoo (Coccyzus erythropthalmus), and northern parula (Parula
americana).
Raccoon (Procyon lotor) tracks were found under the bridge on the day of the site visit,
and scat was also found on rocks near the stream. Other mammal species expected in this
area include white-tailed deer, Virginia opossum (Didelphis virginiana), white-footed
mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), gray squirrel (Sciurus carolinensis), and eastern mole
(Scalopus aquaticus). Amphibians and reptiles may include northern dusky salamanders
(Desmognathus fuscus fuscus), eastern box turtle (Terrapene Carolina), and copperhead
(Agkistrodon contortrix).
3.1.4 Riparian Buffer Community
This community is located on the east side of SR 2824 and the south side of Vestal Creek.
It borders the hardwood forest community on the south side. This community has also
been affected by grazing, resulting in little to no herbaceous vegetation. Dominant tree
species include American sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), sweet gum, green ash
(Fraxinus pennsylvaicum), white oak, and tulip poplar (Liriodendrom tulipifera).
Ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana) is the dominant shrub and trumpet creeper (Campsis
radicans) is the dominant vine. This community is similar in part to the
Piedmont/Mountain Levee Forest community as described by Schafale and Weakley
(1990). The TNC equivalent is I.B.2.N.d.1 SO Platanus occidentalis - (Liquidambar
styraciflua, Liriodendrom tulipifera) Temporarily flooded forest alliance.
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The animals that utilize this community are similar to those found in the hardwood forest
community.
3.1.5 Powerline Right-of-Way Community
A powerline community occurs on the northwestern edge of the project area. This
community is regularly maintained and evidence of herbicide use was seen on the day of
the site visit. The dominant species of this community include Virginia pine (Pinus
virginiana), beard grass, greenbriar (Smilax rotundifolia), goldenrod, trailing lespedeza
(Lespedeza procambarus), and Japanese honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica).
The animals that utilize this community are similar to those found in the maintained
roadside and pasture communities. Other species may include common yellowthroat
(Geothlypis trichas), Carolina wren, eastern cottontail (Sylvilagus floridanus), and black
rat snake (Elaphe obsoleta obsoleta).
3.2 Aquatic Communities
Within the project area, Vestal Creek is amid-gradient, second-order stream. The bed
material consists of mostly of small boulders, cobbles, gravel, and a large amount of
sediment. On the day of the site visit, the water clarity was poor with much suspended
sediment. The riparian community is mostly deciduous trees and is described in Section
3.1.3. No aquatic vegetation was present in the stream.
Aquatic macroinvertebrate larvae found in Vestal Creek include mayfly (Ephemeroptera),
caddisfly (Hydropsychidae), and water penny (Coleoptera). Other aquatic or semi-aquatic
species include Asian clam (Corbicula sp.), crayfish (Cambaridae), water striders
(Gerridae), and various fish. Along the banks of Vestal Creek, crayfish burrows and
green frogs (Rana clamitans) were also observed.
According to Shari Bryant, Fisheries Biologist, and Judy Johnson, Nongame and
Endangered Species Biologist, both with the North Carolina Wildlife Resources
Commission, there is no fishery data for Vestal Creek. It likely supports a typical
Piedmont stream fishery including shiners, minnows, dace, and sunfish. No anadromous
fish are known to use this stream for spawning purposes. No protected fish or mussel
species are known to inhabit this stream.
3.3 Summary of Anticipated Impacts
Project construction will have various impacts to the previously described terrestrial and
aquatic communities. Any construction activities in or near these resources have the
potential to impact biological functions. This section quantifies and qualifies potential
impacts to the natural communities within the project area in terms of the area impacted
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and the plants and animals affected. Temporary and permanent impacts are considered
here along with recommendations to minimize or eliminate impacts.
3.3.1 Terrestrial Communities
Terrestrial communities in the project area will be impacted permanently by project
construction from clearing and paving. Estimated impacts are based on the length of the
alternate and the entire study corridor width. Table 1 describes the potential impacts to
terrestrial communities by habitat type. Because impacts are based on the entire study
corridor width, the actual loss of habitat will likely be less than the estimate.. Insert
Alternate dimensions here. Table 1 should<be completed following project design.
Table 1. Estimated Area of Impact to Terrestrial Communities
Area of Im act in Acres (Hectares)
Alternate 1 Alternate 2
Communit Tem orar Permanent Tem orar Permanent
Disturbed Roadside
Pasture
Hardwood Forest
Ri arian Buffer
Powerline Ri ht-of-Wa
TotalIm act
Destruction of natural communities along the project alignment will result in the loss of
foraging and breeding habitats for the various animal species that utilize the area. Animal
species will be displaced into surrounding communities. Adult birds, mammals, and some
reptiles are mobile enough to avoid mortality during construction. Young animals and
less mobile species, such as many amphibians, may suffer direct loss during construction.
The plants and animals that are found in the upland communities are generally common
throughout central North Carolina.
Impacts to terrestrial communities, particularly in locations having steep to moderate
slopes, can result in the aquatic community receiving heavy sediment loads as a
consequence of erosion. Construction impacts may not be restricted to the communities in
which the construction activity occurs, but may also affect downstream communities.
Efforts should be made to ensure that no sediment leaves the construction site.
3.3.2 Aquatic Communities
Impacts to aquatic communities include fluctuations in water temperatures as a result of
the loss of riparian vegetation. Shelter and food resources, both in the aquatic and
terrestrial portions of these organisms' life cycles, will be affected by losses in the
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terrestrial communities. The loss of aquatic plants and animals will affect terrestrial fauna
that rely on them as a food source.
Temporary and permanent impacts to aquatic organisms may result from increased
sedimentation. Aquatic invertebrates may drift downstream during construction and
recolonize the disturbed area once it has been stabilized. Sediments have the potential to
affect fish and other aquatic life in several ways, including the clogging and abrading of
gills and other respiratory surfaces, affecting the habitat by scouring and filling of pools
and riffles, altering water chemistry, and smothering different life stages. Increased
sedimentation may cause decreased light penetration through an increase in turbidity.
Wet concrete should not come into contact with surface water during bridge construction.
Potential adverse effects can be minimized through the implementation of NCDOT Best
Management Practices for Protection of Surface Waters.
4.0 JURISDICTIONAL TOPICS
This section provides inventories and impact analyses for two federal and state regulatory
issues: "Waters of the United States" and rare and protected species.
4.1 Waters of the United States
Wetlands and surface waters fall under the broad category of "Waters of the United
States" as defined in 33 CFR § 328.3 and in accordance with provisions of Section 404 of
the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C. 1344). These waters are regulated by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers (USAGE). Any action that proposes to dredge or place fill material
into surface waters or wetlands falls under these provisions.
4.1.1 Characteristics of Wetlands and Surface Waters
The Asheboro, NC NWI map shows no wetlands in the project vicinity. No jurisdictional
wetlands were observed within the project area during field activities. Vestal Creek
meets the definition of surface waters, and therefore is classified as a Water of the United
States. The channel of Vestal Creek is about 8-10 feet (2.4-3.0 m) wide within the project
area.
4.1.2 Bridge Demolition
Demolition and removal of a highway bridge over Waters of the United States requires a
permit from the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers if dropping components of the bridge into
the water is the only practical means of demolition. Effective 9/20/99, this permit is
included with the permit for bridge reconstruction. The permit application henceforth
will require disclosure of demolition methods and potential impacts to the body of water
in the planning document for the bridge reconstruction.
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Section 402-2 "Removal of Existing Structures" of NCDOT's Standard Specifications for
Roads and Structures stipulates that "excavated materials shall not be deposited....in
rivers, streams, or impoundments," and "the dropping of parts or components of
structures into any body of water will not be permitted unless there is no other practical
method of removal. The removal from the water of any part or component of a structure
shall be done so as to keep any resulting siltation to a minimum." To meet these
specifications, NCDOT shall adhere to Best Management Practices for the Protection of
Surface Waters, as supplemented with Best Management Practices for Bridge Demolition
and Removal.
In addition, all in-stream work shall be classified into one of three categories as follows:
Case 1) In-water work is limited to an absolute minimum, due to the presence of
Outstanding Resource Waters or threatened and/or endangered species, except for the
removal of the portion of the sub-structure below the water. The work is carefully
coordinated with the responsible agency to protect the Outstanding Resource Water or
T&E species.
Case 2) No work at all in the water during moratorium periods associated with fish
migration, spawning, and larval recruitment into nursery areas.
Case 3) No special restrictions other than those outlined in Best Management Practices
for Protection of Surface Waters and supplements added by the Bridge Demolition
document, dated 9/20/99.
Vestal Creek in the vicinity of the proposed project is a Class C water, therefore no
restrictions are imposed on watershed development activities. Furthermore, Vestal Creek
has not been identified as a special resource water, is not associated with fish migration,
spawning or larval recruitment, and does not contain any threatened or endangered
species. For these reasons, Case 3 applies to the proposed replacement of Bridge No. 257
over Vestal Creek. Should evidence of any protected fish or mussel species become
known, demolition and/or construction moratoriums might be imposed.
Add`information regarding superstructure. and fill here.
The streambed in the project area is nearly all bedrock and cobbles. However this stream
has high sediment loads. Therefore, conditions in the stream raise sediment concerns and
a turbidity curtain is recommended.
4.1.3 Summary of Anticipated Impacts
Project construction will have various impacts to the previously described terrestrial and
aquatic communities. Any construction activities in or near these resources have the
potential to impact biological functions. This section quantifies and qualifies potential
impacts to the natural communities within the project area in terms of the area impacted
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Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
and the plants and animals affected. Temporary and permanent impacts are considered
here along with recommendations to minimize or eliminate impacts.
No wetland areas were identified within the project area. Project construction cannot be
accomplished without infringing on the surface waters. Anticipated surface water impacts
fall under the jurisdiction of the USACE and the DWQ. Add information regarding
stream impacts here.
4.1.4 Permits
Impacts to jurisdictional surface waters are anticipated from the proposed project. Permits
and certifications from various state and federal agencies may be required prior to
construction activities.
Construction is likely to be authorized by Nationwide Permit (NWP) No. 23, as
promulgated under 61 FR 65874, 65916; December 13, 1996. This permit authorizes
activities undertaken, assisted, authorized, regulated, funded, or financed in whole or in
part, by another Federal agency or department where that agency or department has
determined that, pursuant to the Council on Environmental Quality Regulations for
Implementing the Procedural Provisions of the National Environmental Policy Act:
• the activity, work, or discharge is categorically excluded from environmental
documentation because it is included within a category of actions which
neither individually nor cumulatively have a significant effect on the human
environment; and
• the Office of the Chief Engineer has been furnished notice of the agency's or
department's application for the categorical exclusion and concurs with that
determination.
This project will also require a 401 Water Quality Certification or waiver thereof, from
the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) prior to issuance of the
NWP 23. Section 401 of the Clean Water Act requires that the state issue or deny water
certification for any federally permitted or licensed activity that results in a discharge into
Waters of the U.S. Final permit decision rests with the USACE.
4.1.5 Avoidance, Minimization, Mitigation
Because this project will likely be authorized under a Nationwide Permit, mitigation for
impacts to surface waters may or may not be required by the USACE. In accordance with
the Division of Water Quality Wetland Rules [ 15A NCAC 211 .0506 (h)] "Fill or
alteration of more than one acre of wetlands will require compensatory mitigation; and
fill or alteration of more than 150 linear feet of streams may require compensatory
mitigation." There are no wetland impacts associated with this project. There are
approximately 200 linear feet of Vestal Creek within the study area. If the final length of
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Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
stream impact is greater than 150 linear feet (45.6 m), compensatory mitigation may be
required.
4.2 Rare and Protected Species
Some populations of plants and animals are declining either as a result of natural forces
or their difficulty competing with humans for resources. Rare and protected species listed
for Randolph County, and any likely impacts to these species as a result of the proposed
project construction, are discussed in the following sections.
4.2.1 Species Under Federal Protection
Plants and animals with a federal classification of Endangered (E), Threatened (T),
Proposed Endangered (PE), and Proposed Threatened (PT) are protected under provisions
of Section 7 and Section 9 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended.
The USFWS lists 2 species under federal protection for Randolph County as of March
2001 (USFWS 2001). These species are listed in Table 2.
Table 2. Species Under Federal Protection in Randolph County
Scientific Name Common Name Federal Status
Vertebrates
Ca e Fear shiner Notro is mekistocholas E
Vascular Plants
Schweinitz's sunflower Helianthus schweinitzii E
Notes: E Endangered-A species that is threatened with extinction throughout all or a
significant portion of its range.
T Threatened-A species that is likely to become an endangered species within the
foreseeable future throu hout all or a si nificant onion of its ran e.
A brief description of the characteristics and habitat requirements of each species follows,
along with a conclusion regarding potential project impact.
Notropis mekistocholas (Cape Fear shiner)
Animal Family: Cyprinidae
Date Listed: 9-25-87
Endangered
The Cape Fear shiner is small, pale, silvery-yellow fish, rarely exceeding 2 inches (5 cm)
in length, with a black band running along its sides. The fins are yellowish and somewhat
pointed. The upper lip is black, and the lower lip bears a thin black bar along its margin.
The Cape Fear shiner, unlike most other members of the large genus Notropis, feeds
extensively on plant material, and its digestive tract is modified for this diet by having an
elongated, convoluted intestine.
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Vestal Creek, Randolph County, North Carolina
This fish prefers clean substrates. The species i; generally associated with gravel, cobble,
and boulder substrates and has been observed to inhabit slow pools, riffles, and slow runs.
In these habitats, the species is typically associated with schools of other related species,
but it is never the numerically dominant species. Juveniles are often found in slackwater,
among large rock outcrops in midstream, and in flooded side channels and pools.
Biological conclusion Unresolved
The substrate of Vestal Creek is marginally suitable for the Cape Fear Shiner, but
sediment loads are extremely high. A search of the NHP records found no occurrence of
this species within the project vicinity. The Cape Fear shiner has been documented in
Fork Creek in southeastern Randolph County, several miles to the south of the project
area. It is recommended that qualified fisheries biologists verify the absence of this
species within the project area with afollow-up investigation. The effect of this project
on the Cape Fear Shiner remains unresolved.
Helianthus schweinitzii (Schweinitz's sunf]ower) Endangered
Plant Family: Asteraceae
Date Listed: 5-7-91
Schweinitz's sunflower is a rhizomatous perennial herb that grows from 3 to 6 ft (1 to 2
m) tall from a cluster of carrot-like tuberous roots. Stems are usually solitary, branching
only at or above mid-stem. The stem is usually pubescent but can be nearly glabrous; it is
often purple. The lanceolate leaves are opposite on the lower stem, changing to alternate
above. They are variable in size, being generally larger on the lower stem, and gradually
reduced upwards. The pubescence of the underside of the leaves is distinctive and is one
of the best characters to distinguish Schweinitz's sunflower from its relatives. The upper
surface of the leaves is rough, with the broad-based spinose hairs directed toward the tip
of the leaf. From September to frost, Schweinitz's sunflower blooms with comparatively
small heads of yellow flowers.
The species occurs in clearings and edges of upland woods on moist to dryish clays, clay-
loams, or sandy clay-loams that often have high gravel content and are moderately
podzolized. Schweinitz's sunflower usually grows in open habitats not typical of the
current general landscape in the Piedmont of the Carolinas. Some of the associated
species, many of which are also rare, have affinities to glade and prairie habitats of the
Midwest. Other species are associated with fire-maintained sandhills and savannas of the
Atlantic Coastal Plain and piedmont. The habitat of this sunflower tends to be dominated
by members of the aster, pea, and grass families, an association emphasizing affinities of
the habitat to both longleaf pine-dominated sandhills and savannas of the southeastern
coastal plain and to glades, barrens, and prairies of the Midwest and Plains (Weakley and
Houk, 1992).
Biological Conclusion Unresolved
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No habitat for Schweinitz's sunflower occurs within the project area, and no individuals
of this species were observed. The adjoining terrestrial communities do not include any
of the natural community types associated with this species. Soils of the area are of
marginal quality to support this species. One occurrence of this species is approximately
1.5 miles (2.4 km) north of the project site. However, Schweinitz's sunflower blooms
late August to late October, and it would be appropriate to make an additional visit to the
site during this time to verify the absence of this species. The effect of the proposed
project on this species is currently unresolved.
4.2.2 Federal Species of Concern and State Status
Federal Species of Concern (FSC) are not legally protected under the Endangered Species
Act and are not subject to any of its provisions, including Section 7, until they are
formally proposed or listed as Threatened or Endangered. Table 3 includes FSC species
listed for Randolph County and their state classifications. Organisms which are listed as
Endangered (E), Threatened (T), or Special Concern (SC) on the North Carolina Natural
Heritage Program list of Rare Plant and Animal Species are afforded state protection
under the State Endangered Species Act and the North Carolina Plant Protection and
Conservation Act of 1979. However, the level of protection given to state-listed species
does not apply to NCDOT activities.
Table 3. Federal Species of Concern in Randolph County
Scientific Name Common Name State
Status Habitat
resent
Vertebrates
Carolina darter Etheostoma Collis lepidinion SR NO
Carolina redhorse Moxostoma sp. SR YES
Invertebrates
Atlantic pigtoe Fusconaia masoni T YES
Brook floater Alasmidonta varicosa T NO
Carolina creekshell Villosa vaughaniana SC YES
Pee Dee crayfish ostracod Dactyloctythere peedeensis none YES
Sources: Amoroso, ed., 1999; LeGrand and Hall, eds., 1999
Ke : T = Threatened, E = Endan ered, SC = S ecial Concern, C =Candidate, SR = Si nificantl Rare
No FSC species were observed during the site visit, and none are recorded at NHP as
occurring within 2 miles (3.2 km) of the project area. Habitat is present for the Carolina
redhorse, Atlantic pigtoe, and Carolina creekshell, however Earth Tech biologists did not
conduct searches for these species.
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According to information given on the NCWRC Nongame and Endangered Wildlife
Program's "North Carolina Freshwater Mussels" website (30 July 2001) the Carolina
creekshell does not currently exist in Vestal Creek. Furthermore Shari Bryant, fisheries
biologist with the NCWRC, stated that no protected fish or mussel species are known to
occur in this stream. Ms. Bryant forwarded a copy of Earth Tech's request for
information to NCWRC nongame and endangered species biologists, who will reply in
the event that any protected species information becomes available. Thorough searches
by qualified fisheries biologists are necessary to confirm or deny the presence of these
species within the project area.
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5.0 REFERENCES
American Ornithologists' Union. "The A.O.U. Check-list of North American Birds,
Seventh Edition." http://www.aou.org/aou/birdlist.html#tina (9 July 2001).
Amoroso, J.L., ed. 1999. Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare Plant Species of
North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and
Recreation, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources. Raleigh,
North Carolina.
Conant, Roger and Joseph T. Collins. 1998. A Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of
Eastern and Central North America. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston, New York.
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of Wetlands
and Deepwater Habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Office of
Biological Services, FWS/OBS-79/31. U.S. Department of the Interior, Washington, DC.
Environmental Laboratory. 1987. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation
Manual, Technical Report Y-87-1. U.S. Army Engineer Waterways Experiment Station,
Vicksburg, Mississippi.
LeGrand, H.E., Jr. and S.P. Hall, eds. 1999. Natural Heritage Program List of the Rare
Animal Species of North Carolina. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program, Division of
Parks and Recreation, North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural
Resources. Raleigh, North Carolina.
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR). 1999.
Basin-Wide Assessment Report of the Cape Fear River Basin. Environmental Sciences
Branch, Water Quality Section, Division of Water Quality, Raleigh, North Carolina.
NCDENR. "Permits Database on Mainframe Computer." Water Quality Section, Division
of Water Quality (25 June 2001).
NCDENR. "Water Quality Stream Classifications for Streams in North Carolina." Water
Quality Section. http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/wghome.html (25 June 2001).
North Carolina Office of State Budget, Planning, and Management. "State
Demographics." http://www.ospl.state.nc.us/demog/ (24 June 2001).
North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission, Nongame and Endangered Wildlife
Program. "North Carolina Freshwater Mussels"
htt~//www.ncwildlife.org/pg07_WildlifeSpeciesCon/pg7bla.htm (30 July 2001).
Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles and G.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of the Vascular Flora of the
Carolinas. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
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Rohde, F.C., R.B. Arndt, D.G. Lindquist, and J.F. Parnell. 1994. Freshwater Fishes of the
Carolinas, Virginia, Maryland, and Delaware. University of North Carolina Press,
Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
Schafale, M.P. and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the Natural Communities of
North Carolina, Third Approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage Program,
Division of Parks and Recreation, NCDENR, Raleigh, NC.
Thorpe, James H. and Alan P. Covich. 1991. Ecology and Classification of North
American Freshwater Invertebrates. Academic Press, Inc. San Diego, California.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service. "Endangered Species/ Section 7 Program in
North Carolina." North Carolina Ecological Services.
http://nc-es.fws.gov/es/countyfr.html (22 March 2001 and 21 August 2001).
Weakley A.S., K.D. Patterson, S. Landaal, M. Pyne and others, compilers. 1998.
International Classification of Ecological Communities: Terrestrial Vegetation of the
Southeastern United States. The Nature Conservancy, Southeast Regional Office,
Southern Conservation Science Department: Chapel Hill, NC.
Webster, W.D., J.F. Parnell, and W.C. Biggs, Jr. 1985. Mammals of the Carolinas,
Virginia, and Maryland. The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, North
Carolina.
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