07_Nine Elements Watershed Restoration Plan - DRAFT

Carolina Beach
Nine Elements
Watershed Restoration Plan
TOWN OF CAROLINA BEACH I North Carolina

Contributing Partners
Town of Carolina Beach
Cape Fear Council of Governments
North Carolina Coastal Federation
O� CpR0t��9 J Commented [KA1]: Insert correct logo
CA
p� _ North Carolina
Coastal Federation
ti0�_�\41P
EasternCarohnaCouncil Working Togetherfor a Healthy Coast
Acknowledgements
Ed Parvin Town of Carolina Beac
Brian Stanberry Town of Carolina Beach
Gigi Baggarley Town of Carolina Beach
Allen Serkin Cape Fear Council of Governments
Kerri Allen North Carolina Coastal Federation
Lauren Kolodij North Carolina Coastal Federation
Tracy Skrabal North Carolina Coastal Federation
Evan Hill University of North Carolina Wilmington

Table of Contents
Table of Contents
Guide to Nine Minimum Elements
1 Introduction
1.1 Plan Introduction
1.2 Plan Rationale
2 Watershed Characterization and Conditions
2.1 Watershed Locations
2.2 Natural Characteristics
2.3 Soils
2.4 Land Use
2.5 Water Quality
2.6 Impairment Sources
3 Runoff Volume Reduction
3.1 Stormwater Volume Reduction Calculation Methodolog
3.2 Runoff Volume Reduction Calculations
4 Goals and Management Measures
4.1 Goals, Objectives and Management Measures
5 Technical and Financial Assistance and Management Costs
6 Education and Outreach
6.1 Public Understandin
7 Implementation S.hedule
8 Interim Milestone
8.1 Short -Term (< 3 s)
8.2 Mid -Term (4 to 6 years)
8.3 Long -Term (7 to 10 years)
8.4 Longer -Term until plan is fully implemented (11-22 years)
9 Progress Criteria
10 Monitoring
References
2
4
5
5
8-7
8-7
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99
1214
15-14
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282-7
3939
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59-55
6157
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6662
6662
6762
6763
6863
6863
6964
7469
2

Acronyms and Definitions
Appendix A Regulatory Water Quality Standards
Water Quality Standards
Appendix B Potential Stormwater Incentive Strategies
Appendix C Green Street Stormwater Management Devices
7774
80-74
807-4
918-5
969G

EPA Nine Minimum Elements Section of Plan
1 Identification of causes of impairment and pollutant
sources or groups of similar sources that need to be
controlled to achieve needed load reductions, and
any other goals identified in the watershed plan.
2 An estimate ofthe load reductions expected from
management measures.
3 A description of the nonpoint source management
measures that will need to be implemented to
achieve load reductions, and a description of the
critical areas in which those measures will be needed
to implement this plan.
4 Estimate ofthe amounts of technical and financial
assistance needed, associated costs, and/orthe
sources and authorities that will be relied upon to
implement this plan.
5 An information and education component used to
enhance public understanding ofthe project and
encourage their early and continued participation in
selecting, designing, and implementing the nonpoint
source management measures that will be
implemented.
6 Schedule for implementing the nonpoint source
management measures identified in this plan that is
reasonably expeditious.
7 A description of interim measurable milestones for
determining whether nonpoint source management
measures or other control actions are being
implemented.
8 A set of criteria that can be used to determine
whether load reductions are being achieved over
time and substantial progress is being made toward
attaining water quality standards.
9 A monitoring component to evaluate the
effectiveness ofthe implementation efforts over
time, measured against the established criteria.

1 Introduction
1.1 PLAN INTRODUCTION
This Watershed Restoration Plan provides a voluntary management framework to address water quality
impairments in six Carolina Beach watersheds. The watersheds have experienced increased volumes of
stormwater runoff from land use activities. This increased runoff transports bacteria and other
pollutants causing surface water quality impairments. This plan includes strategies for restoring or
mimicking the natural, pre -development hydrology of the watersh rior to water quality impairment
Mimicking natural drainage processes can reduce runoff and n flooding and help restore water
quantity and quality requirements of receiving water bodies.
This restoration plan will be the beginning of a multi -year process to ment and maintain, manage,
and mitigate stormwater runoff pollution. This plan combines low-cost, ield strategies such as
community outreach initiatives and targeted retrofit projects aimed at reducing the impact of
impervious surface by mimicking natural hydrology to reduce floocg, protect water quality, and
provide the community with clean, usable waters. The non -regulatory Carolina Beach Watershed
Restoration Plan includes all Nine Minimum Elements of a watershed management plannlas
recommended by the EPA to qualify to be eligible to apply for federal 319 Grant funding opportunities.
The information provided in this plan enables the participating p s to easily source technical
information necessary to ap ly for other state and national ant op nities.
This plan seeks to:
1. Restore and maintain the water quality of six Carolina Beach Watersheds;
2. Reduce instances of localized flooding to improvg safety and protect property;
3. Identify and prioritize cost effective Low Impact Development and stormwater retrofit
techniques to address stormwater management.
The Carolina Beach watersheds have trem4ersheds,
s recreational and tourism value. Significant
recreational and habitat areas surround th including Carolina Beach State Park, MOTSU
Buffer Zone Natural Area, and surrounding beaches. The Cape Fear River borders these watersheds to
the west, Snows Cut and the Intracoastal Waterway borders to the north, and the Atlantic Ocean
borders to the east. In recent years, the increase in stormwater runoff following large rain events has
resulted in an increase in the frequency of water quality impairments, indicating that stormwater runoff
transports impairments downstream.
Improvements in water quality can be achieved by using stormwater reduction techniques that reduce
the volume of stormwater runoff thereby effectively treating stormwater runoff from existing and new
developments. This plan combines low-cost, high -yield strategies such as community outreach initiatives
and lot level retrofit projects aimed at reducing the impact of impervious surface by mimicking natural
hydrology to reduce flooding, protect water quality, and provide the community with clean, usable
waters. By focusing on techniques that reduce, slow, and treat stormwater runoff, the plan can mimic
the natural hydrology of the area before urban expansion and development. This document provides a
Commented [KA2]: Figures, tables etc. should all be
labeled the same format. Some are before the table,
figure etc. some below it. Needs to be consistent and all
` sourced, and have one font and size throughout.
Commented [EH3R2]: Figures have descriptions
above and tables have descriptions below.

framework for the restoration of Carolina Beach Watersheds' water quality, by reducing the volume of
stormwater runoff.

Carolina Beach Watersheds
N
1
3
2
4
5
6
0 0.25
0.5
1
Miles
Figure 1-1. Mop of Carolina Beach Watersheds with numerical identification.

1.2 PLAN RATIONALE
Conventional management approaches rely on peak flow storage and attempt to manage onsite
flooding by collecting and conveying stormwater from a site as quickly as possible. In this approach,
stormwater is often directed to curb and gutter systems, where the untreated runoff is conveyed to the
nearest receiving water. This approach can deter onsite, localized flooding but the downstream effects
result in an increase in the magnitude and frequency of flooding. Conventional efforts to manage runoff
throughout the coast have failed to prevent polluted stormwater from discharging contaminants into
waterways. Shellfish closures and swimming advisories are a result of increased surface runoff.
Restoration of water quality in tidal waters depends upon reducin volume of stormwater.
A stormwater volume reduction strategy recognizes that:
(1) Sources of fecal bacteria are widespread. Bacteria come from wildlife, pets, and other
warm-blooded animals. While this is a human health problem and such sources should be
removed, it is not feasible to reduce all sources significantly enough to improve degraded
water quality. IV
(2) Improving shellfish and swimming waters by treating runoff to levels that comply with water
quality standards for bacteria is not practical. While technology is available to treat
stormwater runoff, tying in an already developed urban area with a stormwater treatment
facility can be cost prohibitive to achieve sufficiently high removal rates necessary to meet
designated ter quality standards.
(3) Recontamina ion of trea a runoff %isfreely problematic. Even if it were cost effective to
treat runoff to remove bacteria, any "clean" runoff discharged back onto the landscape
would then become a vehicle to transport downstream bacteria, lessening the overall
benefits of treatment.
Additionally, conventional stormwater control systems are often designed to manage peak flow during a
singular major designed storm event, such as flood prone areas. These systems are often designed with
the intent that large amounts of stormwater is quickly moved downstream into the receiving waterways
slowing the impact of flooding in major storm events. Due to this, conventional stormwater control
systems can degrade natural stream systems by causing bank erosion. Control systems that focus on
larger storms are often overdesigned and do not address the management of runoff caused by smaller
storm events or water quality. The proactive use of Low Impact Development (LID) and stormwater
retrofits throughout an area can manage both small and larger storms by restoring an area's natural
hydrology.
2 Watershed Characterization and Conditions
The Carolina Beach watersheds are located within the Town of Carolina Beach and surrounding areas.
These watersheds span across 2,741.47 acres. Residential and commercial development over the past

decades has resulted in an increase in impervious surfaces throughout the watershed, which has
increased the amount of flooding and stormwater runoff that is transported to the Cape Fear River,
Intracoastal Waterway, Snows Cut and the Atlantic Ocean.
2.1 WATERSHED LOCATIONS
Carolina Beach watersheds are located in southern New Hanover County. The Carolina Beach
watersheds are surrounded by the Cape Fear River, Intracoastal Waterway, Snows Cut and the Atlantic
Ocean. There are three major watersheds within this area with their 12-digit HUCs: Everett Creek -
Carolina Beach Inlet 030203020501, Wrightsville Beach -Mason In 203020503, and Town of Kure
Beach -Cape Fear River 030300050704 (Table 2-1).
Table 2-1. Watershed 12-HUC codes (United States Geologic Surve
Watershed ID 12-HUC 12-HUC Formal Subwatershed Name
1 030203020501 Everett Creek -Carolina Beach Inlet
030203020503 Wrightsville Beach -Mason Inlet
2 030300050704 Town of Kure Beach -Cape Fear River
030203020501 Everett Creek -Carolina Beach Inlet
030203020503 Wrightsville Beach -Mason Inlet
3 030300050704 Town of Kure Beach -Cape Fear River
030203020501 Everett Creek -Carolina Beach Inlet
4 030300050704 Town of Kure Beach -Cape Fear River
5 030300050704 Town of Kure Beach -Cape Fear River
030203020501 Everett Creek -Carolina Beach Inlet
030203020503 Wrightsville Beach -Mason Inlet
6 030300050704 Town of Kure Beach -Cape Fear River
030203020503 Wrightsville Beach -Mason Inlet
2.2 NATURAL CHARACTERISTICS
The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP) of the Department of Environmental Quality
(DEQ) has identified areas that are of biodiversity significance. These are often areas where rare or
9

significant species and significant natural communities occur (Figure 2-1)1. The identified areas contain
both terrestrial and aquatic habitats. The boundaries of these areas are based on field surveys by
NCNHP staff and other professional biologists. The intent of the NCNHP data was to assist government
agencies and others in developing management strategies. DEQ targeted these conservation areas when
planning for restoration projects. As Figure 2-1 shows, the Carolina Beach watersheds contain two
natural areas, Carolina Beach State Park and the MOTSU Buffer Zone Natural Area. Water quality of
these watersheds affect these tidal areas, particularly aquatic and shoreline habitat. Identifying the
location of critical habitat areas is relevant for planning, and this information can be used to develop
projects that can positively enhance these areas, in turn Ile ding to
funding opportunities.
'North Carolina OneMap. (2013, July). Biodiversity/Wildlife habitat assessment. N.C. Natural Heritage Program, N.C. Department of
Environment and Natural Resources, N.C. OneMap. Retrieved from
http:Hdata.nco nemap.com/geoportal/cata log/search/resource/detai Is.page?u uid=%7BE85829D4-4D5F-4203-BCB3-
D5A6346E7BC3%7D
10

Natural Heritage Program Natural Areas
N
din°
awa,
Watersheds
Natural Heritage Program Natural Areas
CPFILower Cape Fear River Aquatic Habitat
Carolina Beach State Park
Cc ast Guard Loran Station Natural Area
MOTSU Buffer Zone Natural Area
0 0.25 0.5 1 Miles Masonboro Island
�igure 2-1. Map of important natural community areas (Natural Heritage Program, 2019).1 Commented [EWH4]: No aquatic veg added. Mariko
said data is not accurate.
11

2.3 SOILS
Carolina Beach Watersheds are predominated by Group A hydrologic soil per the United States
Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service (NRCS) data collected from Web Soil
Survey (Figure 2-2). However, Group D hydrologic soil group predominates within the Town of Carolina
Beach. Soil Group A/D occurs primarily within low lying areas, such as tidal creeks and marshes. Four
hydrologic groups (HSG; Groups: A, B, C, D) exist with progressively decreased infiltration potential
characteristics; soils classified under Group A have the highest infiltration potential and are often the
quickest draining soils, while soils classified under Group D have the lowest infiltration potential. It is
possible to have a soil type that has characteristics from two hydrologic groups; for example, a soil can
be designated as Group A/D, which means it has characteristics of both Group A and Group D (wetland
type conditions). This is because of the changing nature of the soils when they are fully saturated by
water. Once a hydraulic threshold is reached, the soil type converts to another hydrologic group
because of the change of the available water capacity of the soil. I ese instances, if a soil needs to be
characterized by one soil group, the lowest infiltration rating shou a used as this represents the likely
infiltration performance in these areas during significant rain events. NRCS soil surveys are ideal for
watershed scale analysis and determining runoff v ume rates. These data are used to calculate the
runoff volume rates in this plan.
HIGH
LOW
A B C9 — k
INFILTRATION RATE
The following is the NRCS summary description for each soil group2:
• Group A soils are sands, loamy sands, or sandy loams. These soils have high infiltration rates
even when thoroughly saturated. These soils consist of deep, well to excessively drained sands
or gravels and have a high rate of water transmission.
2NaturaI Resources Conservation Service. (n.d.). Updated Hydrologic Soil Group. United States Department of Agriculture
Natural Resource Conservation Service.
12

• Group B soils are silt loams or loams. These soils have moderate infiltration rates when
thoroughly saturated and consist of moderately deep to deep, moderately well to well drained
soils with moderately fine to moderately coarse textures.
• Group C soils are sandy clay loams. These soils have low infiltration rates when thoroughly
saturated and consist of soils with a horizon that impedes downward movement of water and
possess moderately fine to fine texture.
• Group D soils are clay loams, silty clay loams, sandy clays, silty clays, or clay. These soils have the
highest runoff potential. These soils have very low infiltrati tes when thoroughly saturated
and consist of clay soils with a high swelling potential, s ' a permanent high-water table,
soils with a claypan or clay layer at or near the surfa hallow soils over nearly impervious
material.
Soil survey data can be used when trying to determ' ch areas have the most ideal combined
characteristics for retrofit projects. HSG, as with aracteristic, should always be tested through
field surveys to determine the extent of characteri t a project site. The partne4to
'previous
experiences installing retrofits along the coast have sh n that a simple handheld tool samples to
assess soils may not be sufficient and i ay be necessary to take a deeper sample ak through a
confining layer of Group D soil covering Group A soils. Refer to A endix A for the list of soils and their
associated HSG.
13

Hydrologic Soil Group (HSG)
Figure 2-2. Hydrologic soil group map of Carolina Beach watershedssl (Data Source: Natural Resources Conservation Commented [T5]: Source?
Service, 2017).
14

2.4 LAND USE
The Carolina Beach watersheds encompass parts of the following municipalities (Figure 2-3):
• New Hanover County
• The Town of Carolina Beach
• The Town of Kure Beach
15

Municipal Boundaries
N
Watersheds
Municipality
Town otCarolina Beach
0 0.25 0.5 1 Town otKure Beach
Miles
Figure 2-3. Political boundaries map of Carolina BeachApe K49 -e" & «^re �Watershedsj (Data Source: North Carolina Commented [T6]: Source?
OneMap, 2019).
16

The Carolina Beach Watersheds are located in southern New Hanover County. Only one watershed is
shared with another municipality, the Town of Kure Beach. Watersheds 1-5 have the Town of Carolina
Beach as the only municipality within them but are shared with Carolina Beach State Park (CBSP) and
Military Ocean Terminal Sunny Point (MOTSU).
The Carolina Beach area has been inhabited for centuries, with the earliest known inhabitants being the
Tuscarora Indians. In the early 1700s, these Native Americans were forcefully expelled from the region
shortly after the arrival of English Settlers. As Wilmington grew into a strategically located port town,
Carolina Beach remained largely undeveloped during the following century. When civil war broke out in
1861, Carolina Beach consisted of only 72 residents. As the war progressed the significance of Carolina
Beach increased as the Cape Fear River became an important route for delivering supplies to the
Confederate southern states. After the civil war ended, interest in the rich history, beaches, and
abundant fishing of the area made Carolina Beach a popular destinatio&. By the 1890's Carolina Beach
had a ferry service, hotel, 10-pin bowling alley, grocery store, and train. Carolina Beach experienced
more substantial growth in the early 1900's as the iconic boardwalk was built and services for tourists
were greatly expanded. In 1946 Carolina Beach opened its first fishing pier. Soon after a steel swing
bridge was constructed to allow for easier access to the beach town. The town experienced a period of
slow growth in the 1970s and 1980s b erienced a significant surge of developmen uring the
1990s, a trend which continues today.
NL
Understanding the past and present land uses of the watersheds enhances this plan's ability to address
education and outreach a o tailor stormwater reduction techniques that address community needs.
For example, a watershe is predominately residential would benefit from stormwater management
strategies and planning targeted for single lot, residential land uses.
Land uses within the Carolina Beach watersheds are varied, but are predominated by residential,
business/commercial, conservation (aims to preserve natural resource assets of the land and allows for
single family residential development), mixed use, and industrial. Residential represents the highest
percentage of land use in Carolina Beach, but conse tion land occupies a considerable amount of
acreage as well, as seen in table 2-2. Figu 4 provides a visual depiction of the land uses in Carolina
Beach. Land use data was not able t be obt d for the Town of Kure Beach, which is located in the
southern area of the rolina Bea atersheds.
17

Table 2-2. Simplified land use categories by acreages of the Carolina Beach Watersheds as of 2016 (Town of Carolina
Beach, 2019).
MI 64 -r"M 43
54 7 8
Note: These numbers include conservation areas that may have an HSG category of "water" because they are part
of a waterbody, wetland, or have intertidal (area that is covered by water during high tide and uncovered during
low tide) acreage that is designated as "water."As such, these totals w' from other acreages listed within this
plan, particularly with the acreage totals li Section 3 Runof Calculations
18
Commented [T7]: Source?

Land Use
0 025 0.5 1
Miles
Figure 2-4. Land usage categories of Carolina Beach Watersheds (Data Source: Town of Carolina Beach, 2O19)
19
Commented [T8]: Need to source all tables and
figures that are not original
Commented [EH9R8]: I made this, it is an original
figure.

2.5 WATER QUALITY
North Carolina uses various methods to measure water quality. This plan uses three: the state's water
classification system, which is reported on the 303(d) and 305(b) list, shellfishing water classifications,
and the swimming usage tier scale system (refer to Appendix B for detailed guide of water quality
�Iassificationsl). Water quality monitoring station locations can be seen in Figure 2-5.
The 303(d) and 305(b) lists are released by the EPA and reports if waters are meeting their designated
usage. If the water quality standards are being met for the assigned usage, the water body is assigned a
supporting status. If the area's water quality falls below the assigne sage water quality standards, the
water body is designated as impaired.
The shellfishing water classifications were created and are manage by the NC Shellfish Sanitation
Program within the NC Division of Marine Fisheries. These classificati show which areas are open or
closed to shellfishing based on the amount of fecal coliform present in ater.
The tier scale effects the prioritization of sampling and the minimum water y in swimming waters
with Tier 1 being the highest priority and are locations that are us daily. Tier 2 sites are not used as
heavily and see the most use on the we end, and Tier 3 sites are used less frequently (refer to Table 2-
3). These tiers coincide with sampling requirements and maximum observation of bacteria. There are 8
N.C. Ri
Water:
mity to the Carolina Beach
20
Commented [f10]: Source or reference for Tier
System
Commented [EH71R70]: I don't think a source is
needed since we're just stating the three systems
Commented [T12]: This section needs a bit of work.
We have 3 WQ classification systems in NC represented
here... The impaired waters (303D) the recreational
waters- Tier system (for safe swimming waters -
oceanfront?) and the water quality classfifications and
uses standards (SA, SB, SC). There is also the shellfish
standards maps in this section, separate monitoring but
related to the WQ classifications systems. All of these
should be more clearly presented including responsible
agency and source of data presented. The maps/graphs
each need to be explained with regard to their
significance to Carolina Beach Water Quality status.
Commented [EH13R12]: WQ classification and 303D
are one of the same. 303D just reports if they're
meeting standards, I think it is better mentioned as one
of the same.
Commented [T14]: Source info

Water Quality Monitoring Stations
N
3uQ
. GYl
//yyam� 4
4iLJ
CI..J
90C3
• N.C. Shellfish Sanitation Water Quality Monitoring Station
OWatersheds
N.C. Recreational Water Quality Program
• Tier I
• Tier 11
0 0.25 0.5 1 • Tier III
Miles
Figure 2-5. Water quality monitoring stations in close proximity to the Carolina Beach Watershedsj (Data Source: Commented [T15]: source
Shellfish Sanitation, 2019, North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, 2019).
21

Table 2-3. Bacteriological Water Quality Standards for North Carolina Quick Guide. Refer to Appendix B for a
complete guide to water quality tandards� (15A NCAC 18A .3400, 2004). Commented [T16]: source
Bacteriological Water Quality Standards for North Carolina
Quick Guide
Shellfishing
For waters to be approved as a Class SA area of harve:wignificant
ect consumption, the
following criteria must be met:
(1) the shoreline survey has indicated that there sources of
contamination;
(2) the area is not so contaminated with fecal coliform that consumption of the
shellfish might be hazardous;
(3) the area is not so contaminatedKehazardous;and
onuclides or industrial wastes that
consumption of the shellfish might
(4) the median fecal coliform Most Probable (MPN) or the geometric mean
MPN of water shall not exceed 14 per 100 milliliters, and the 90th percentile shall
not exceed 43 per 100 milliliters (per five tube decimal dilution) in those portions of
areas most probably exposed to fecal contamination during most unfavorable
hydrographic conditions.
Swimming
("swimming season"AN1—tobeY
The following standards apply to coawaters:
• Tier I
"A swimming area used daily during the swimming season, including any public access
swimming area and any other swimming area where people use the water for primary
contact, including all oceanfront beaches"
eometric mean of at least five samples in 30 days that results in 35 enterococci per
of water OR a single sample of 104 enterococci in a 100-ml sample
• Tier
"A swi area u n average of three days a week during the swimming
season"
Single sample enterococci in a 100-ml sample
• Tier III
"A swimming area used an average of four days a month during the swimming
season"
Two consecutive samples of 500 enterococci in each 100-ml sample
22

Stormwater runoff results in high bacterial counts. Persistently high counts have degraded water quality.
Shellfish closures and swimming advisories are indicators of poor water quality from bacteria
contamination. Table 2-4 is a summary of the water quality for all the watersheds, Figure 2-6 depicts the
shellfish closure boundaries, and Figure 2-7 shows the status assessment and designated use of waters.
Table 2-4. Current water quality summary of Carolina Beach Watersheds (United States Environmental Protection
Agency, 2016; Shellfish Sanitation, 1947,Shellfish Sanitation, 1955).
23
Commented rr17]: source and year of source info?
Commented [EH18R17]: Add shellfish sanitiation

Shellfishing Water Classifications
= Watersheds
f,
Classification
- Approved
e`°�'
- CSHA- Prohlblted
Conditionally Approved - Open
Figure 2-6. Prohibited and approved shellfishing waters (Data Source: North Carolina Department of Environmental
Quality Online GIS, 2018).
24

The North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality classifies all coastal waters of Carolina Beach
as being either class SC, SB, or SA waters, as seen in figure 2-7. The water quality standards of class SA
are designed to maintain pollutant levels for safe commercial shellfishing purposes. This class also
designates waters that may be used for activities involving extended body contact with water on a
frequent basis. Class SA water has the supplemental classification of High Quality Water (HQW) due to
excellent biological and physical/chemical characteristics. This supplemental classification is intended
give extra protections to valuable freshwater and marine ecosystems. The water quality standards for
class SB water allow for activities that involve extended exposure and contact to the water, such as
swimming. Class SC water is the lowest classification for saltwater a 7onments and permits for only
seconc
body c
wading, where
25
Commented [T19]: Need to explain the significance
of Figure
Commented [T20R19]: Figure 3-2 results with regard
to Carolina Beach...
Commented [EH21R19]: There is no figure 3-2. I
have now mentioned figure 2-7

Water Quality
p
Impairments:
Pathogens
ishellfishings and
N
recreation
Impairments:
Nickel
-Arsenic
-Copper
0
aeecc
d
m,h
a
Watersheds
e
Status
d
- Impaired
- Not Rated
- Supporting
Class
SA,HQW
SB
0 025 .5
1
SC
files
Figure 2-7. Water Classifications of Carolina Beach Watersheds and impairment status (Data Source: United States
Environmental Protection Agency, 2016)
26

Records from the N.C. Division of Water Resources and Shellfish Sanitation Section of the N.C. Division
of Marine Fisheries show that increased pathogenic loading in the creeks corresponds to water quality
impairments within the watersheds. However, these impairments are not recognized on the 303(d) or
305(b) list, likely due to the low classification of the waters surrounding Carolina Beach and the dynamic
hydrologic regime created by the Carolina Beach Inlet. It is the view of the North Carolina Coastal
Federation that any reduction in bacterial pollution will result in waters that are safer for recreation and
an environment that is relatively healthier for marine life. Partners and stakeholders agree that
reduction of stormwater volume is the most beneficial and cost-effective way to eliminate bacteriologic
pollutants. The following is a list of waterbodies in the region curren#Kon the s the 2016 305(b):
Table 2-5. Waterbodies in the region currently on the 2016305'b'�isff States Environmental Protection Commented [EWH22]: Used 305(b) since it has more
Agency, 2016). data
Assessment Description
Unit Number
'AlwAcres I Year Placed on Cause
305(b)
303(d) is unavailable for some reason
Commented [T23]: source
18-(71)b From a line across the river between Lilliput 7856.70 2008 Arsenic;
t Commented [EH24R23]: already there
Creek and Snows Cut to a line across the Copper;
river from Walden Creek to the Basin Nickel am
18-87-31b North of ICWW
2012 Pathogens
27

2.6 IMPAIRMENT SOURCES
The primary source of surface water pollution and impairments to traditional uses being addressed
through this restoration plan will be stormwater runoff, which carries pollutants such as bacteria. The
Carolina Beach watersheds also have concentrations of heavy metals (copper, nickel, arsenic) that
exceed the amount allotted for their water classifications. The heavy metals are likely transported to
these watersheds from industrial activities upriver.
2.6.1 Nonpoint Sources
Stormwater runoff containing high levels of bacteria is the primary cause of water quality impairment in
coastal Intense urbanization in the watersheds of the creeks has hardened the natural landscape,
limiting its assimilative capacity to infiltrate and store rainfall instead of soaking into the ground and
being taken up by vegetation, a much larger proportion of rain now quickly runs over the surface of the
urban landscape and transports bacteria into the creeks.
The consequences of untreated stormwater runoff are shellfish and swimming water closures, and other
impairments to ecosystem health and traditional uses of these waters. The difficulty in preventing
violations of bacteria standards for coastal waters caused by stormwater runoff is compounded by the
unique challenges related to coastal hydrology and bacteria pollution. These are:
1. The two bacteria used as indicators of water quality, fecal ' orm and enterococcus, naturally
occur across the terrestrial landscape. These bacteria are fou the feces of all warm-blooded
animals, such as birds, deer, raccoons and domestic pets. Altho prudent measures should be
taken to reduce the sources of bacteria, these efforts alone will not result in satisfactory
improvements in coastal water quality due to unnatural levels of stormwater being discharged.
2. Treating stormwater runoff to remove bacteria pollution before it flows into shellfishing and
swimming waters is impractical. Although some technology exists for decreasing bacteria levels
runoff, it is not able to reduce levels to ensure water quality necessary to allow shellfish
h and swimming, and protect ecosystem health.
3. Treate off can easily be re-contal inated. Due to the ubiquitous nature of bacteria within
the landsc pe, treated runoff, once discharged back on the landscape, will simply pick up more
bacteria. The result is ineffective and costly treatment.
A more practical and successful approach is to reduce the amount (volume) of stormwater entering our
waterways. Since stormwater runoff can convey a number of pollutants from a variety of causes and
sources, a there is no singular distinct outflow point. Typical nonpoint sources within urbanized
watersheds include pets, wildlife, and drainage ditches and street drains connected to surface water
outfall systems.
Within the Carolina Beach area, there are no domesticated farm animals within the watershed, making
domestic cats, dogs, birds and wildlife the most likely contributors to non -point animal pollution.
28

There are numerous docks and boat ramps within the Carolina Beach watersheds (Figure 2-8). Issues
concerning nonpoint source pollution from dockages stem from boat cleaners, litter, and fuel discharge.
(Note: Marinas are defined by state regulations as having more than 10 boat slips) (see Appendix C for
definition of each dockage). Dockage sites are monitored by Shellfish Sanitation, which publishes its
report every three years for Area B-4 and B-5.
29

Non -Point Sources: Dockage
NI
•
• Dockage
Miles -Sig
0 0.25 0.5 1 E] Watersheds
Figure 2-8. Potential non -point dockage sources. See Appendix C for definition of dock Opel (Data Source: Shellfish Commented [T25]: source
Sanitation, 2019).
30

There are various connected drainage systems that enable direct conveyance of stormwater to the
waterbodies of the watershed (Figure 2-9). These access points include curb and gutters, connected
ditches, connected swales, and drain/pipe systems that quickly transport stormwater runoff. In total,
there are 27 sites within the watersheds. Monitoring of these sites is currently conducted by Shellfish
Sanitation and the findings are released every three years in the reports for Area B-4 and B-5.
Disconnecting connected conveyance systems are some of the most effective measures to reduce the
volume of stormwater runoff reaching waterways.
31

Non -Point Sources: Stormwater
N
CJ ,
J
0 y.
C)
jz
J Stormwater
0 0.25 0.5 1 Watersheds
Miles
Figure 2-9. Potential non -point Stormwater access point sources. See Appendix C for definition of conveyance type Commented [T26]: source
(Data Source: Shellfish Sanitation, 2019).
32

There are 11 subdivisions that are potential sources of non -point source pollution (Figure 2-10).
Pollutants from subdivisions have the potential to be concentrated due to the number of residences in a
small area and significant hydrology alteration. Subdivisions can often be a source of concentrated loads
of pollution from fertilizer nutrients, pesticides, yard debris, and bacteria from domestic pets.
Subdivisions often use conventional stormwater management such as downspouts to impervious
surfaces and connected conveyance systems. Monitoring is currently conducted by Shellfish Sanitation
and the findings are released every three years in the reports for Area B-4 and B-5.
33

Non -Point Sources: Subdivisions
r
N
•
i�
C)
U
�j
Watersheds
Subdivisions
# of Homes
0-10
0 11-15
• 16-34
• 35 - 68
0 0.25 0.5 1 • 69 - 92
Miles
Figure 2-10. Potential non -point subdivision sources (Data Source: Shellfish Sanitation, 2019).
34
Commented [EWH27]: Is it useful/needed for the
subdivisions to be named? They're packed pretty close
together

2.6.2 Point Sources
Point sources of pollution, unlike the diffuse non -point sources, are any single identifiable source of
pollution from which pollutants are discharged, such as a pipe or ditch. They can pollute the water, but
their effects can often be lessened or eliminated through management strategies. There are 89 state
stormwater permits, two National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Stormwater Permits
(Table 2-6), and three NPDES No Exposure Certifications in the Carolina Beach watersheds.
Carolina Lake has the potential to intermittently increase bacterial pollution within the Cape Fear River.
Watershed 5 drains to Carolina Lake, and during periods of heavy rain the lake is drained to control
stormwater flooding. The water is pumped to Hennicker's Ditch, which drains into the Cape Fear River.
35

Stormwater Permits
N
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
• • NPDES - No Exposure Certification
•
C NPDES - Stormwater Permits
• NC Stormwater Permits
0.25 1 Watersheds
Miles
Figure 2-11. State and nationally permitted stormwater permits (Stormwater Permitting Program, 2019).
36

Table 2-6. NPDES sites (North Carolina Division of Water Resources, 2014).
2.6.3 Additional Sources
There is one Brown Field in Carolina
Carolina Beach, North Carolina 2842
primarily used to store generators. Soil testing below a concrete pad in the washdown area has
identified soil contamination on theproperty. 11
There is one Resource Conservation and Rec ery Act (RCRA) site within the Carolina Beach
Watersheds, the CVS P armacy located at 901 Dow Road, Carolina Beach, North Carolina 28428. The
facility is classified as a Large Quality Generator of hazardous waste,Aeaning it produces more than
1,000 kilograms of hazardous waste or 1 kilogram of acutely hazardous waste per month.
Commented [EWH28]: httys://edocs.deg.nc.eoc Wa t
eManaaemenUO/edoc/722704/Carolina%20Beach 2014
%20NOVEMBER%2010 PHASE%20I-
OCR.ydf?searchid=8648c53a-6d2c-4df9-8b2b-
30116fb9ld21
There are no known CERCLA sites or mining sites. There are multiple Underground Storage Tanks (UST)
found in Carolina Beach and can be seen in Table 3-5. There have been 27 UST that have had incidents in
the past thirty years within the watersheds, as seen inable 2-8.
Table 2-7. Underground storage tanks in Carolina Beach (North Carolina Division of Waste Management, 2019).
808 SOUTH LAKE BOULEVARD,
SCOTCHMA
00-0-0000021146
CAROLINA BEACH, NC 28428
Current
354 CANAL DRIVE, CAROLINA
SCOTCH MAN 3127
00-0-0000021379
BEACH, NC 28428
Current
111 CARL WINNER STREET,
ISLANDER KWIK MART
' 00-0-0000028645
CAROLINA BEACH, NC 28428
Current
701 FORT FISHER BLVD N(LIFT
TOWN OF KURE BEACH
00-0-0000032762
STAT), KURE BEACH, NC 28449
Current
TOWN OF CAROLINA BEACH
- MAINTENANCE
404AND 406 DOW ROAD,
Temporarily
FACILITY
00-0-0000040128
CAROLINA BEACH, NC 28428
Closed
37

Table 2-8. Underground storage tanks incidents in Carolina Beach (North Carolina Division of Waste Management
2019).
Scotchman #3127 - Kerosene
Release
W I-8123 __p
DOW ROAD- 404 CAROLINA BEACH
GENERATOR m
WI-7980
TOWN OF CAROLINA BEACH
GARAGE 73
W I-7904
PARK PLACE "
WI-7682
CAROLINA BCH LIFT STATION UST
WI-7599
SCOTCH MAN # 127
WI-7631
CAROLINA BEACH ST�
WI-7593
HERB'S BP SERVICE
WI-7165
MCINTOSH PROPERTY (M�
WI-7172
NOLAN, BETTY PROPERTY i
WI-1913
CAROLINA BEACH AMOC�
WI-1698
SCOTCH MAN # 127 _
WI-1663
ISLANDER KWIK MART 11-M
WI-1673
HINES, CLINTON PROPERTY-
WI-1814
SCOTCH MAN # 22 =
WI-1755
PARADISE INN IN
WI-1257
CITY OF WILM INGTON-NESBITT.3
COURTS
WI-1211
MONTY'S NORTH
WI-1887
r
MONTY'S SOUTH
WI-1035
CAROLINA BEACH STATE PAR
MARINA
WI-860
CAROLINA BEACH TOWN HALL
(FORMER)
WI-7837
ISLANDER KWIK MART 11
WI-818
CAROLINA BEACH YACHT BA
WI-817
PAUL'S SUNOCO
WI-815
CAROLINA BEACH -
WI-836
Risk
Date Occurred
IM
1/17/2019
43022
L
1/27/2016
32959
N/A
7/3/2013
32772
L
4/30/2012
32695
L
2/10/2011
32726
H
12/21/2010
32690
L
4/7/2008
32322
H
3/14/2006
32302
L
2/3/2006
22558
L
6/2/2000
20092
N/A
10/14/1998
19728
L
3/16/1998
19818
N/A
12/23/1997
21386
H
2/13/1997
20714
L
10/4/1996
14150
L
5/31/1995
12897
L
7/19/1994
22247
L
3/10/1993
9675
L
1/15/1993
5904
L
7/23/1990
5796
L
5/30/1990
5614
L
5/10/1990
5602
N/A
5/7/1990
5570
H
5/1/1990
5690
H
2/13/1990
38

FAST FARE # 72 WI-800 5131 L 6/1/1989
3 Runoff Volume Reduction
Rather than focusing on reducing sources of pollutants from stormwater runoff, the proven
management techniques used in this plan focus on reducing the overall volume of stormwater runoff to
limit the conveyance from the land into coastal waters. Low -impact development (LID) and stormwater
reduction techniques can achieve this goal by replicating the natural hydrology and increasing
infiltration of water into soils. LID practices are a form of land planning and engineering that primarily
focus on mimicking natural hydrology of the area to limit stormwater runoff. For already developed
locations stormwater reduction techniques can reduce the amount of stormwater entering waterways.
The result of implementing stormwater control practices is that less bacteria and pollutants are
transported off the land and into water systems. The primary issue to be addressed through the
stormwater runoff volume reduction methodology is the reduction of fecal coliform contamination
caused by urban development within the watershed (Table 3-1).
Table 3-1. Identifying and linking concerns, ses and indica
n-point source bacteria
nsported by stormwater
toff
lume of stormwater runoff
e to impervious surfaces
mom
• Fecal coliform cannot exceed GM of
14/100 ml
Volume of water
ZEDUCTION CALCULATION METHODOLOGY
The process of calculating store)water runoff volume reduction goals has been standardized utilizing
instructions developed by the North Carolina Coastal Federation, a non-profit organization dedicated to
preserving and protecting North Carolina's coast, and WithersRavenel, a civil and environmental
engineering firm. This methodology is described in a Watershed Restoration Planning Guidebook that
can be found at www.nccoast.org.
The year 1993 was selected as the baseline year due to there being excellent aerial images available that
provide high enough resolution to conduct a land use classification with good accuracy. It was also the
earliest year that aerial imagery that was georeferenced was readily available that covered the entire
area. Since Carolina Beach was largely developed before the baseline year and has had shellfishing
closures since the 1940s, a hypothetical sere scenario of 100% of wooded land use was added as a '
demonstration of the changes in hydrography between pre -development conditions and current
development conditions. It is important to keep in mind that the estimate �0o reducing the volume of I /
39
Commented [f29]: Per our conversation about this
with Todd, you were going to prepare a second
scenario, including a hydrograph and data (following
Table 3-3 and Table 3-4) using this hypothetical scenario
of 100%wooded land use. This will be much more
educational/ instructive, given the nature of these
watersheds and urban nature of CB in the 1993 aerials.
Commented [EH30R29]: This was addressed in the
section below and is in the hydrograph. I didn't include
it in the tables but discussed it in text. I have marked it
below.

runoff is not expected to be precisely accurate, but rather provide a ballpark goal for the amount of
runoff that needs to be eliminated to see improvements in water quality to a designated goal. Further
review and evaluation of water quality as management measures are implemented will provide the
opportunity to further refine and adjust volume reduction targets as the plan is carried out.
Utilizing this 1993 aerial imagery for the baseline year, land characterization was conducted by
delineating parcel information, development (wooded, open land, impervious), and soil characteristics
(HSG) for each land use scenario. The delineated land use parcels were then analyzed to estimate the
average percent impervious, wooded, and open land coverage. Su tions were calculated of overall
percent coverage based on land use and soil. From this informati , e runoff curve number is
calculated then runoff depth is calculated for the 1-year, 24-hour depth of precipitation using formulas
developed by the United States Department of Agriculture Natural Resource Conservation Service
(USDA NRCS) in the TR-55 Manual. A runoff curve number (commonly refe red to as CN) is a numeric
parameter derived from combining the effects of soil, watershed charact s, and land use.
The following curve numbers were utilized:
Land Use Classification
Impervious Am M 98 CN 98 CN 98 CN 98 CN
Open Space 39 CN 61 CN 74 CN 80 CN
Woods 30 CN 55 CN 70 CN 77 CN
106, At
The following designations were utilized to categorize land use:
Areas with distinctive impervious coverage from paved parking lots, roofs,
driveways, curbs, etc.
Grassy areas where there is 75% or more grassy space such as from lawns,
parks, golf courses, cemeteries, fields, pastures, etc.
Forested areas with thorough coverage, these areas are often protected from
grazing, and forest litter and brush adequately cover the soil.
The resulting value is then multiplied by the area of the watershed, which will give the total estimated
stormwater runoff volume anticipated in response to the prescribed depth of rainfall over a 24-hour
period. The volume difference between the baseline year and the analyzed year is calculated to
determine the estimated volume of stormwater runoff that needs to be reduced to replicate pre -
impairment conditions.
NOAA precipitation frequency models state that a 1-year, 24-hour storm results of 4.06 inches of
precipitation and the results for a 2-year, 24-hour storm is 4.92 inches (Table 3-2). The 1-year, 24-hour
40

storm and 2-year, 24-hour storm estimations are used because it has been established as the maximum
storm parameter possible to protect shellfishing waters (Class SA) in North Carolina by DEQ. The 2-year,
24-hour storm event depth of precipitation will also be necessary as part of developing hydrographs of
the data.
Table 3-2. NOAA precipitation frequency table for Carolina Beach Watersheds (National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration, 2017).
PRECIPITATION FREQUENCY ESTIMATES (Time/years) IN INCHES
0.542
0.646
0.752
0.836
0.943
1.02
1.11
1.19
1.3
1.39
® 0.866
1.03
1.2
1.34
1.5
1.63
1.76
1.89
2.06
2.19
® 1.08
1.3
1.52
1.69
1.9
2.07
2.22
2.38
2.59
2.75
® 1.49
1.79
2.16
2.45
2.82
3.11
3.41
3.71
4.12
4.46
® 1.85
2.25
2.77
3.19
3.76
4.21
4.69
5.2
5.91
6.5
2.2
2.69
3.41
4.01
4.86
5.58
6.36
7.22
8.47
9.55
2.34
2.86
3.64
4.32
5.31
6.17
7.11
8.16
9.74
11.1
2.95
3.61
4.61
5.47
6.74
7.86
9.1
10.5
12.6
14.4
® 3.46
4.24
5.44
6.5
8.06
9.46
11
12.8
15.5
17.9
® 4.06
4.92
6.38
7.65
9.6
11.3
13.3
15.6
19.1
22.2
4.67
5.65
7.25
8.64
10.7
12.6
14.7
17.1
20.7
23.9
4.9
5.92
7.55
8.95
11.1
12.9
14.9
17.2
20.8
24.1
5.13
6.2
7.85
9.26
11.4
13.2
15.2
17.4
20.9
24.2
5.81
7
8.8 JL0.3AL2.]&14.4
16.4
18.6
21.8
24.5
3.2 RUNOFF VOLUME REDUCTION CALCULATIONS
The volume reduction results represent base numbers of volumetric changes between the years based
on land use changes. These volumetric reduction goals do not take into consideration more complex
nuances, such as changes in stormwater regulation or minor or major stormwater reduction and retrofit
projects. This subtly is addressed through the goals and objectives discussed in the following section,
where an inventory of stormwater reduction measures throughout the watersheds should be taken and
volumetric credit should be accounted for towards meeting the volume goals. These general reduction
volumetric goals represent an overarching and consistent pattern throughout the watersheds of land
use changes resulting in an increase in stormwater runoff and an increase in the number of closures.
41

�he final numeric total stormwater runoff reduction volume goal is 11,121,962 gallons. This is the target
goal that management and restoration plans seek to achieve (Table 3-4). If the town seeks to reduce
stormwater runoff to the level of mimicking the hydrology of the watersheds being 100% wooded, then
volume reduction goal is 26,084,894 gallons. , - Commented [EH31]: 100%wooded
Table 3-3. Land use change from 1993 to 2016.
50
760
328
0.70
27
8
121
725
292
0.51
28
7
+71
-35
-36
-0.19
+1
-1
■
. +176
-221
+7
42

Table 3-4. Volume reduction goals
2,029.05
192.83
2,527.25
226.97 + 34.14
2741.47
34.14 acre-feet
11,121,962 GAL per 1-Yr, 24-hr storm
4,436 gal/ac
43

RUNOFF (CFS)
N N W
to O O to O
8 8 8 8 8 8
b O O o O O o
v
I � I
n
N
n �
o �
Q �
� o
W
rF
rU
I� 70
N
O i
C r =
i Q
i 0
CD
o
o !y
N � �T
O 0 J
Q Ln
N
Q
N
ID
5
ID
A
Y1
Figure 3-1. Hydrograph of the Carolina Beach Watersheds
44
Commented [EWH32]: rotated sideways since lines
merge together when put landscape

4 Goals and Management Measures Commented [r33]: Start here for Town
review/edit/adds 11/19
The Carolina Beach Watershed partners seek to utilize various stormwater reduction techniques to
reduce the volume of stormwater runoff reaching coastal waters. The target volume reduction goal is
11,121,962 gallons or 34.13 acre-feet during a 1-year, 24-hour event to reach 1993 water quality
conditions. Volume reduction will be achieved by:
(1) Tallying the volume that is currently being collected by existing stormwater retrofit (current
projects are not included in the reduction estimate);
(2) Installing new targeted stormwater reduction projectsatersheds;
(3) Engaging the community in plan implementation.
4.1 GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND MANAGEMENT MEASURES Commented [f34]:Town toreview this section
The goal of this plan will be accomplished by combining cost-effective, high -yield strategies such as
active groundwater management strategies as well as lot level and street -we retrofit projects that
reduce the impact of impervious surface by mimicking natural hydrlogyto reduce flooding, protect
water quality, and provide the community with clean, usable waters. Over time, reductions in the
volume of stormwater runoff will be achieved through implementation of this plan and will result in
measurable water quality improvements. This restoration plan uses the innovative approach of reducing
runoff volumes within the region's watersheds to reduce"Iexisting water quality impairments and restore
water quality. As with other plans that incorporate this volume reduction philosophy, this plan
emphasizes five restoration objectives to accomplish its goals (Table 4-1).
Table 4-1. The primary goal of the water4W management plan and the objectives.
Formatted: Highlight
New development and redevelopment does not create additional water quality impairments.
Stormwater reduction techniques are applied on public properties.
The volume of stormwater runoff is reduced from existing private land uses.
Conduct periodic monitoring and review to ensure the goals and objectives of the plan are being met.
The community is educated about stormwater pollution and volume reduction needs and engaged in
accomplishing the plan objectives.
4.1.1 Objective 1 Commented [f35]: Town to review all objectives and
------------------------------------------------ add/edit; draft includes text from Pine Knoll Shores PKS
This objective aims to ensure that new development and redevelopment do not produce additional plan.
water quality impairments to the watershed.
45

The Town Staff and Council The newly appeintpd T,.WR of Careling aoR,.h ct(4rF %A.9Ato.
c„h,.,...,mittee r, 24194 will_ review existing town codes and ordinances to determine
impediments to low impact stormwater designs for new development and redevelopment.
The findings will be presented to the Town with any suggested amendments and discussion
The Town will determine the need for amendments to the current ,a -locally adopted,
stormwater management program to supplement gaps in the states stormwater program
and the Town's needs. Some gaps identified thus far include:
Smaller projects not covered under the State's Stormwater Program
Oversight of installation and maintenance of State permitted systems
No
46

4.1.2 Objective 2
- Commented [r36]: Town of CB to review/add/edit
Obj 2
The volume of stormwater runoff being transported over land to waterways needs to be reduced to
restore water quality. The goal is to reduce the volume of stormwater conveyed to levels that occurred
prior to the baseline year of 1993. By focusing one of the objectives on efforts at public lands and
conveyance systems, the Town can demonstrate commitment to improving watershed health to the
community.
Identify feasibility of potential stormwater reduction measures at town streets,
buildings, public beach accesses, parking lots, drainage systems, and other public
properties. Prioritize retrofits at public buildings and properties that can serve as
demonstration sites of stormwater retrofits.
Utilize town rights -of -ways to maximize stormwater reduction measures.
Evaluate existing stormwater systems on public properties for potential volume
reduction enhancements, and iffeasible, retrofit them to achieve volume reduction.
Secure funds for retrofits at public properties.
Incorporate, where practical, Green Street Designs (see Appendix) or similar low -impact
design strategies into future capital improvements of the town.
Pursue strategy with state agencies to incorporate retrofits to state properties. Pursue
strategies with N.C. Department of Transportation (DOT) to incorporate retrofits into
the Carolina Beach highway/ roadway44 -9 drainage system and that any new
road upgrades or maintenance plans include plans for reducing runoff. Pursue additional
strategies within Carolina Beach State Park to incorporate retrofits/restoration protects
into annual narks r lannine to reduce polluted runoff and protect existine uses within the
park.
147`
47

4.1.3 Objective 3
- Commented [r37]: Town of CB to review/add/edit
Obi 3
This objective is intended to address existing stormwater runoff from private land use by identifying and J
promoting cost effective strategies private residences and businesses can incorporate.
Identify retrofit sites with private partners, prioritizing sites by potential for volume
reduction cost -benefit; such as sites identified as exceptional because of the physical and
natural characteristics, accessibility, cost, public outreach opportunity, and current land
uses.
Work with governmental agencies and NGCs to secure grants to provide funding to install
lot -level, low-cost retrofits that disconnect impervious surfaces and enhance stormwater
infiltration.
Seek funding for stormwater retrofit projects that have been identified.
Provide landowners incentives to disconnect impervious surfaces or minimize stormwater
runoff from their property.
Explore opportunities with N.C. Soil and Water Conservation's Community Conservation
- Assistance Program (CCAP).
48

4.1.4 Objective Commented [r38]: Town of CB to review/add/edit
-------------------------------------------------
Accomplishing the actions in this plan requires monitoring of performance of the plan and projects that
are implemented. Progress made in achieving water quality improvements will be measured. This plan
will be adapted as necessary based upon the results of this monitoring.
Monitor Shellfish Sanitation Sanitary Report data as reports are produced (reports available
every 3 years).
Review the plan everythree years to evaluate findings from water quality data and the status
of implementation. Conduct scheduled assessment ofthe plan and progress made to date with
the project team.
Maintain a simple inventory of retrofits and monitor performance of stormwater reduction
retrofits that have been installed within the watersheds.
Document the volume of stormwater reduced by each retrofit by utilizing the Runoff Reduction
Calculator Tool or Watershed EZ, or similar volume reduction calculation tools.
Coordinate with academic partners, such as UNC-IMS, ECU, Duke University, and NCSU, to
conduct periodic monitoring of water quality.
Explore opportunities to utilize community members to conduct citizen science -based
monitoring of stormwater reduction retrofits and inventory already installed retrofits.
■
49

4.1.5 Objective 5
Community education will be a necessary component to achieving the primary goal of this plan.
Education of all members of the community including residents, property owners, developers and
others can help ensure understanding of the issues and need for action.
;e property owners, businesses, and K-12
agement. For example, facilitatefag the
t education guide for homeowners created by
i websites, inclusion in water bills, etc.
anners, engineers, developers, landscapers and
volume of stormwater within the town.
�ssionals, including: North Carolina Coastal
.,a PI-IkP W..,,,,..Sity M .FiRe L .beFater-y Carolina
!ntal Quality, New Hanover County Stormwater
ives.
I place emphasis on highlighting the town's
50
Commented [T39]: Town of CB to review/add/edit
Obj 5

4.1.6 Management Strategies
Reducing the volume of runoff by approximately 11,121,962 gallons from a 1-year, 24-hour storm event
will require management strategies that enhance the ability of the landscape to infiltrate stormwater.
The non -regulatory "natured based" management strategies within this section seek to identify
potential retrofit opportunities based on the information compiled during the development of this
restoration plan. The number one priority is to find ways to make the landscape infiltrate as much
stormwater as practical.
Conventional Stormwater Control Measures (SCM) listed in the Table 4-2 are ranked based upon their
effectiveness in lowering fecal coliform bacteria in impaired coastal wafers. Approximate construction
and annual costs of these measures are listed as well.
Table 4-2. Conventional SCM Performance for Bacteria Reduction on HSG Type 'A' Soil a
Practice
Removal of Bacteria
%Annual RO
Eliminated (ETI) d
Approximate Annual
Cost Per -Acre Treated
($/Ac/Yr)
Rainwater Harvesting `
Good - Excellent
<100%
Bioretention w/I WS b
Excellent
85%
$700 - $870
Silva Cell
Excellent
8506
Infiltrati
Excellent
4%
$330 - $450
Permeable Pavement, Infiltrating b
Excellent
84%
Green Roof
Good
60%
Dis ed Impervious Surface
Good
58%
Level der -Filter Strip
Poor
54%
$500 - $1,150
Wet G wale
Poor
36%
$360 - $420
Stormwater Wetland
Good
34%
$225 - $350
Dry Grass Swale
Poor
22%
$360 - $420
Wet Pond
Fair
21%
$460 - $560
Sand Filter, Open
Good
9%
$2,500 - $2,600
Dry Pond
Poor
8%
$460 - $560
a Values for practices designed per DEMLR Minimum Design Criteria (15A NCAC 2H .1000) unless stated otherwise.
b Design variants available w/performance estimated by Hyper Tool.
All designs are custom w/performance estimated by Rainwater Harvesting Tool.
51

d From DEMLR Stormwater Control Measure Credit Document and as calculated by DWR SNAP Tool v 4.1.
In addition to these individual on -site SCM measures, the Town is also pursuing active management of
groundwater levels in low-lying public areas and neighborhoods with seasonally high groundwater tables._ It has _ - Commented [T40]: Add work by consultants and final
developed an ^f^°^RiRap• deSigR fOF ,^ active pumping system that will lower water tables levels within a report
fiveCarolina Beach Lake to benefit the hk4rk residential area of town that ",^ ChFQRiG experiences flooding within Commented [f41]: This comes from PKS plan, leaving
that basin. The system is designed to draw down the water tablelevel -_prior to significant rainfall events, and to in in case this is an option for CB
'^f°,m tFatetreat that pumped water within the town's ^^" ^^ ^^ . Fid gFeeRsretention ponds in MOTSU
territory, away from residenial properties. This FAaRagemeRt system s designed W iFnPFGYe the ability of these
nnn nnn t., 117 .,,,0lo,,., gallORS OR a 1 ye@r 24_h961F StOFPA o ..t
Air
Specific project selection to install SCMs will be based on field assessments that include site feasibility, site specific
�oils� proximity of project to impaired waters and project costs. Figure 4=1&4 shows the location of more than _ _ Commented [f42]: Need to replace with Town of CB
XXXIAG potential sites where SCM can be used. These sites have been evaluated based upon the soil type where Map/lists
they are located, the type of retrofit they will require, their existing fecal coliform loading rates, and their
proximity to shellfish growing waters. Table 1G-3 provides an individual list ofthese sites, including some of the
evaluation criteria that will be used in their selection.
Figure 4-1. Map of Potential �CMs.I , _ - Commented [f43]: NCCF to drop in updated map and
spreadsheet for CB
Geospatially Identified Areas of Stormwater Management Potential
•i3Ma
• SWPotential5ites 12 15
F_ Watersheds • 17
6
Public Property ; 9 • 01p,•
STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA 00
58
TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES • 57 -
•
�' S -
4 •2425
s
31 0 .2
yy 6 : 2
100934 • 928 Ob
• • el 59
2 3J
�3, •
9 i 1012 08 3536 32 27 � � •
•8 11 103
0
65
•'2�70. 37 64 • i 9
15 • •63 ,
•
• 17 038
8 •96
19 • : 93
8 n r
16 * • 51 • 92 90�
• 2 42. 1♦40 72 T1 79 83 4
5�5 6 6 78�3• y6•754* 81 j 4. 7 • 677.
. 5
2122 4850
• • �149 • 45
2 2023 ••
• 5 ••
52
\
Commented [EWH44]: Needs to be replaced with CB
strats
Commented [EWH48]: Needs to be replaced with CB
strats
Commented [EWH45]: Need to be updated
I
I
'I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

Table 4-3 List of Potential $CMsL , - Commented [f46]: Ask Lauren about fecal loadings
distance measurements
O Clearedorh,gM1 impervioussurtam present
1 CURB/GUTTOPIPE
A CURB/GUT TO PIPE MEDIUM 323.6162]46
A NRB/GUTTOPIPE MEDIUM o
25omedownspou6drainingdir lytodrivevey,lowvegetation
3 High impervious s Hrf near stormvmter conveyance
A NRB/GUTTOPIPE MEDIUM 283.634 A
A NRB/GUTTOPIPE MEDIUM 485.6908202
45edimentrunoHfromunpaveddirtlo4nearstormwatermnveyance
A NRB/GUTTOPIPE MEDIUM 454.]920946
5 High impervioussurfam, near storm Wrconveyance
A NRB/GUTTOPIPE MEDIUM 158.]355]6
6 Dense imperious and open spacearea
A CURB/GUT TO PIPE MEDIUM 638.363231I
] Reduction in v —tion
A REII TO PIPE LOW 360.2211
8 Reductim in--tim
9 Near storm Wr co —an-
A CURB/GUT TO PIPE LOW 0
A /GUTTO PIPE LOW 0
14 COM MUNNY STORMWATER PONDS DRAIN TO SOUND HERE, NEAR STORNI—TER CIX4VEYANCE
15 Drain present
A OTHER -SEE COMMENTS LOW 0
A E COMMENTS LOW 158.6596664
1G Drain present
A OTHER -SEE COMMENTS LOW 3-33-
17 Cleared or high impervi— Iff—present
A OTHE MMENTS LOW 306.3810345
18 Bmt Ramp
19 Riparian a upland vegetation serving a upland buffer being mowed
ZD Ditch/swale con ne to drainage pipe near mnal
21 Near stormy -conveyance
R DRAINS HIGHWAY TO CANAL, NEARSTORMWATER CONVEYANCE
23 Ditch/symlemnn2 to drain age pipe n earcanal
24 Den-iR, a ious and mmpacteJdiUp.rkingsurface
A OTHER -SEE COMMENTS LOW 45].6549639
A OTHER -SEE COMMENTS LOW 280.5969862
A DITCH/SWALE TO P IPE MEDIUM 80.ffi]65831
A DITGA/SWALE TO PIPE MEDIUM o
A DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE MEDIUM 0
A ITOi/SWALETOPIPE MEDIUM 65.01 A5931
A CURB/GUT TO PIPE LOW 1101.464159
25 Riparian or upland vegetation serving a upland buffer b awed
NRWGUT TO PIPE LOW 1192.15116
2G Largeopen spamatwaztewater
A CURB/GUT TO PIPE LOW 1193.383979
27 Dense imperious area
linow CURB/GUT TO PIPE LOW 8]3.9]15735
280p span median
A CURB/GUT TO PIPE LOW ]OS%044]OS
29 Dense imperious arm
MAIL NRB/GUT TO PIPE LOW 640.1804496
30 Dense imperiousarm
A CURB/GUT TO PIPE LOW 649.3669935
31 Dense impervioussurfamareaz
32 Dense imceriousarm
A RB/GUT TO PIPE LOW 2]1.4405999
A CURB/GUT TO PIPE LOW 346.922 ,
34 TWO EIG HT INCH PIPES DRAT N TO MAR I NA BAS IN, NEAR STORMWATER CONVEYANCE A CURB/GUT TO PIPE
36 Near rtor conveyance
A CURB/GIR TO PIPE
3] Bmt Ramp 14M0i/SWALE
TO PIPE
38 Swaleconnectedtodrainage pipe nearcanal
A DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE
39 Somedownspoutsdrainingdirealytdriveway,som synth -a
A DITGH/SWALE TO PIPE
40 Swale connected to drainage pipe
A DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE
41 Swaleconnmmd to drainage pipe nmrcanal
A DITCH/SWALETOPIPE
42 Swaleconnected to drainage pipe nmrcanal
A DITCH/SWAIETOPIPE
435wale connectedtodrainage pipe
A DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE
44 Nearstormwaterconveyance
A DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE
45Ditch/swale connectedtodrainage pipe nearcanal
A HITOi/SWALETOPIPE
46 Ditch/swaleconn"'dt.drainage pipe n-- nal
A DITCH/SWALETOPIPE
47Ditch/swale connected to drainage pipe nearcanal Ilk qw
A DITGH/SWALETOPIPE
48 Near rtormwater conveyance
W DITCH/SWALETOPIPE
49 Ditch/swale connected to drainage pipe nearcanal
A DITGH/SWALE TO PIPE
50 DRAINS HIGHWAYTO CANAL, NEAR STORMWATER CONVEYANCE
A DITGH/SWALE TO PIPE
51 Some downspouts draining dir—yt driveway, some homes with low ve—ion
—
RR/GUT-. Drain present
A CURB/GIR TO PIPE
53 Drain present
A CURB/GUT TO PIPE
54 Bm[RamP
A CURB/GUT TO PIPE
SS Near stormwater conveyance, cleared area, boat marina
W NRB/GUTTOPIPE
56 Near stormvmier conveyance
A CURB/GUT TO PIPE
57 High impervious surface, near stormwater conveyance
D OTHER -SEE COMMENT
59 Largecleared openspaces A OTHER -SEE COMMENTS LOW 6189664925
TA Impervious publicparking with inclined drive A OTHER -SEE MM COENTS LOW 6015009836
61 Dense imperious and open space area A OTHER -SEE COMMENTS LOW 605%49111]
62 Dense imperiousarm, curb systems in parking lot A OTHER -SEE COMMENTS LOW 658.4]82]84
63 Neargolfcourse,cleared area. A CHEAT PIPE LOW 26.336]6232
64 Nearrtormwetercm—nce A CURB/GUT TO PIPE LOW 0
67 Neargolfcourse A DITCH/S—TETOPIPE LOW 4TM.6534554
68 Neargolfcourse A DITCH/SWALETOPIPE LOW 345.]8]0]56
69 Near golf course. -II transitional buffer haz been dmred A DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE LOW 508.5354987
53

71Clewed or high impervious surface present
A
DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE
LOW 214.120274E
72 High Impervious surface, new stormwater conveyance
A
DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE
LOW 431.722296S
73 Cleared or high impervious surface present
A
DITCH/SWALE TO PI PE
LOW 561.7982202
74 Cleared or high impervious surface present _
A
DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE
LOW 190.5622877
75Cleared or high impervious surface present
A
DITCH/SWALE TO PI PE
LOW 236.8D49742
76 Large cleared open spaces
A
DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE
LOW 295.5959763
77 Cleared or high impervious surface present
A
DITCH/SWALE TO PI PE
LOW 241529DO54
78 Urge cleared open spaces
A
DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE
LOW 667.9810928
79 Cleared or high impervious surface present
A
DITCH/SWALE TO PI PE
LOW 118,7890801 ry
BID Low vegetative corer in area, near stormwater conveyance
A
DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE
MEDIUM 0
81 Dense imperious area
A
DITCH/SWALE TO PIPE
MEDIUM 227.5168654 I
82Lowvegetative cover in area, near stormwater conveyance
A
DITCHfSWALE IDlS)
MEDIUM 0
83Cleared or high impervious surface present
A
DITCH/SWALE IDlS)
MEDIUM 127.4101636
84 Dense impervlousand compacted dirt parking surface
A
DITCH/SWALE ID/Sl
MEDIUM 213,6705911 14
85 Low vegetative corer in area, near stormwater conveyance
A
DITCH/SWALE ID/SI
MEDIUM 0 Ih,
86 Cleared or high impervious surface coverage with limited vegeation
A
DITGVSWALE (D/S)
MEDIUM 227A527109 I�4
87 Dense imperious area
A
DITCH/SWALE ID/51
MEDIUM 166.8156324 I,l
88uplandtraleitlonalbu@erhasbeen cleared
A
DITCH/SWALE C/S)
MEDIUM 11.5864003 1,1
89 uDlandtraroitlanalbuHerhasbeen cleared
A
CURB/GUT TO PIPE
MEDIUM 0 Ii
90 an,marsh upland vegetation buffer
A
CURB/GUT TO PIPE
MEDIUM 118.5663303 lit'
911mprove vegetation coverage of region, high impervious surface
A
CURB/GUT TO PIPE
MEDIUM 83.14527095 Iti
92 Cleared or high impervious surface present
A
OTHER -SEE COMMENTS
MEDIUM 85.10226264
93 DRAINS Mi SW RUNS DOWN ROAD AND DISCHARGES TO MARSH, NEAR STORMWATER CONVEY
A
OTHER -SEE COMMENTS
MEDIUM 0 i1
94 Cleared or high impervious surface present
A
OTHER -SEE COMMENTS
MEDIUM 193.4983196 i
95 Dense Imperious area
A
OTHER -SEE COMMENTS
MEDIUM 204.1399519 II
96 Near stormwater conveyance
A
CURB/GUT TO PIPE
MEDIUM 0 j IV
97 Boat Ramp
A
CURB/GUT TO PIPE
LOW 0
98 Dense impervious parking surface
A
CURB/GUT TO PIPE
LOW 139.9136213 III I
99 Her stormwaterconveyance
A
CURB/GUT TO PIPE
LOW 0
100 Dense impenausarea
A
CURB/GUT TO PIPE
LOW 71.4118397
101 Dense impervious rooftop area
A
CURB/GUTTO PIPE
LOW 639.0198573
102 Urge open space at waste water
A
CURB/GUT TO PIPE
LOW 640.2272382 I
103 Dense imperious area, long inclined driveway
A
CURB/GUT TO PIPE
LOW 701.0196709
1 ,
1 1 h
4
Table 4-3-List of potentli for T Wn of C
a B
Nae
i h
� f
r Blueprint, 2018 - a
_0BJ ECTID.
L
a
n
bares,
rkin
s
�1622 5
- - - -
- - - - - - -
- - - - - - -
- - - - -
CAROLINA
------
-- --
LAKE
------------------------
strip ,
BEACH
& 3 BLK
PARK
signs.
OWN OF
CH
BLV
4.014266
-77.9004975
P.34
Pain -
---
-
- - - - -
- --4005---------------------
- - - - -
- - - - -
- - -
garden,
pervious
CAROL _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_LAKE
pavement
BEACH
LL BLK T 1 2 3 CAR
PARK
for _demo
BCH
TOWN OF
BLV
4.02998293
77.89 224164
.39
C_AR_OLIN_A_
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
_C_AP_E _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
_ _ _ _ _
Resin
BEACH
-LTS 4/5 BLK 64 CAR
FEAR
-
barre
TOWN OF
BCH
BLV
4.03436665
77.8962881
.28
08
----
-------
-------
-----
lant
CAROLINA
CAPE
elevation
BEACH
FEAR
-
_ _
5
in swat
TOWN OF
64 16 CAR BCH
BLV
4.03455219
77.8968668
.14
--------_mil i
------ - - - -'r
54
lCommented [f47]: From CFR Blueprint. To be
I,
Formatted
Formatted
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r�
Formatted Table
Formatted
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yi
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Formatted

6
lant
elevation
mLwale
CAROLINA
BEACH
TOWN OF
T BLK 64 CAR BCH
oz
- - - -
CAPE
FEAR
BLV
- - - - - - -
4.0346759
- - - - - - -
- _ _ _ _ _
77.89651223
- - - - -
_ _ _ _ _
.93
7
arkin
swat
C_AR_OLIN_A_
BEACH--
TOWN OF
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
--------
fT BLK 64 CAR BCH
_C_AP_E _ --
FEAR
BLV
_ _ _ _ _ --
-----
4.0346759
------
77.89 551223
-----
2.93
ore
--,-
elevation
in swales,
CAROLINA
BEACH
TOWN OF
,LT58-9 & 14-18
---------
BLK135 CAROLINA
- --
DOW
RD
-------
4.0362812
------ -
7.906509
- - - - -
.95
BEACH
9
Curb cuts,
CAROLINA
BEACH
TOWN OF
CAROLINA BEACH
1.1 21 N
LAKE
PARK
BLV
34.04484703
980917
6.95
swales
tree
TOWN -HALL
0
,Rain
garden,
demo
sin
CAR_OLIN_A_
BEACH
TOWN OF
----------
CAROLINA BEACH
1121 IN
LAKE ______________
PARK
BLV
4.04484703
77.89980917
_____
TOWN H -HALL TRACT
oak
AMP
Cistern
,CAROLINA
BEACH
TOWN OF
CAROLINA BEACH
1a z1 N
LAKE
PARK
BLV
4.0448
-
77.89980917
6.95,
TOWN HALL TRACT
,Gutters to_
C TE _
FEDERAL POINT
STATE PARK
710NN
DOW
RD
34,04 552992
77.9 9974659
95.96
swal
el
3
,Rain -
barrel, --
din
demo
sin
- -
C_tJ STATE
OF
- - - - --
- - - --ag
- - - -
4.0475299
- - - - -
-
77.90974659
- -
95.9
wales --
bum rsuidi
from
----
,NC STATEOINT
JFL
---
710 Naway
DOW4
RD
-----
4.0475299
-----
77.90 774659
---
295.9
river
7
um er
,NC STATE
OF
FEDERAL POINT
STATE PARK
71_0 IN ---------------------
DOW
RD,
34.0475299Z
-
77.90974659
295.96A
,Rain -
barrel
cistern
demo
si n
- - - - -
NEW
CNN BD OF
- - - - - - - -
,BLOCK 82 CAROLINA
- - -
4 005
FOURTH
- - - - -
4.03114413
- - - - -
-
77.9001576
- - -
2.02
EDUCATION
BEACH
ST
3
am - - -
garden,
,NEW HAN
-CNTYBD_QF
ALOCK 82_CAROLINA_
4 00 5
_FOURTH_
- - - - - - -
4.03114413
_-- - - - - -
77.9001576
- - - - -
.0
EDUCATION
BEACH
ST
pervious
55
Formatted
Formatted
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rani

pavement,
99n--
- - - --
-- - - - - --
- --
- - - --
- - - --
- - -
um er
LS&
TRACT U S H WY 421
SUNNY POINT
BUFFER AREA CAPE
406 SS
DOW
RD
3.9960456
77.9205709
948.3
FE*
ntiltration
basin si
US
TR_AC_T_U _S H_W_Y_42_1
SUNNY POINT
BUFFER AREA CAPE
406 SS
DOW
RD
.33.9960456,
-
77.9205709
948.3
FE*
oswal
US
,TRACT U S H WY 421
SUNNY POINT
BUFFER AREA CAPE
4
DOW
RD
23.996 4456
~7.9205709
948.3
FE*
,Rain
barrel
sin
US
_ TRACT _U _S H_W_Y_42_1_
SUNNY POINT
BUFFER AREA CAPE
_ _ _ _
406Sbioswale,
DOW4
_ _ _ _ _ _ _
3.996045
_N77.92O570
_____
948.3
FE*
Pam
garden,
si
US
TRACTS H W Y 421
SUNNY POINT
BUFFER AREA CAPE
4
DOW
R
3.9
4
77.9205709
l 948.3
FE*
6
arkin
sw�le
curb cuts
TRACT S HWY 421
SUNNY POINT
BUFFER AREA CAP
4065
DOW
R 33.9960456
G _ _ _ _
77.9205709
_ _ _ _ _
948.3
FE
7
,Parking --------
swal
SA
,TRACTU SHWY 421
SUN NY POINT
BUFFER AREA CAPE
4
- - - -
-DOW ---------------------
RD.
- - - - - - -
3.996045
- - - - - - -
77.9205709
- - - - -
948.3
FE*
10
R� ain
garden,
demosi n
LS&
,BLOCKS 141 143 PT
116118140
CAROLINA CH
0
DOW
RD
LO310354
77.9076616
2.4
Rain
garden,
demo siga
LS&
,BLOCKS141143
116 11B 140
CAROL A BEACH
$O15
DOW
RD
2LQIL03542
-
77.9076616
2.4
shoreline,
USA AR
CORPS 4"'!,SCUT
ENGINEER
- - - - - - - - -
CAROLINA BEACH
ANNIE
- - - - -
DR,
- - - - - - -
4.0556750
- - - - - - -
77.89 55869
- - - - -
9.2
riparian
buffer
9
um er
,USA ARMY
------
CORPSOF
ENGINEERS,CAROLINA
---- - - - - --
$NOWSCUT
BEACH
- --
ANNIE
DR,
-------
34.05567506.77.8965869.
-------
-----
9.2
5
Pam
barrel
swal
POSTAL
SERVICE
POW ROAD
241X188.51X201.3
,1000 N
DOW
RD
4.04915873
-
77.90245969
_ _
Formatted
... [141]
Formatted
[145]
...
'
Formatted
146
Formatted
... [148]
'
Formatted
... [142]
FormattedF
[143]
---- - - - -J'
Formatted
.[144]
---- - - - - -
Formatted
...[147]
Formatted
... [149]
--- - - - - -- --
Formatted
... [153]
_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _\ -
Formatted
[154]
\
Formatted
... [151]
---- - - - - -,
�
Formatted
... [156]
Formatted
... [150]
Formatted
... [152]
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... [155]
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... [157]
`
Formatted
[ .. 161 ]
i
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[162]
---------I' ',
Formatted
.[164]
d, o
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[158]
d '
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... [159]
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... [160]
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[163]
Formatted
[165]
--------,'
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[167]
Formatted
[169]
.....[170
-- - - - - --
Formatted
...[172]
Formatted
.. [166]
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... [168]
Formatted
[171 ]
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... [173]
- - - -
Formatted
... [177]
Formatted
[ .. 175 ]
Formatted
---------
i
Formatted
r..[180]
Formatted
[174]
Formatted
... [176]
Formatted
[1 99]
Formatted
... [181]
Formatted
[185]
56
Formatted
... [183]
Formatted
... [186]
Formatted
[188]
Formatted
[1 22]
Formatted
... [184]
Formatted
[1 77]
Formatted
[189]
Formatted
... [193]
Formatted
... [194]
Formatted
[191 ]
Formatted

Figure 4-1. Map of Potential SCMs for Town of Carolina Beach.
Table 4-4: Attributes collected for each potential SC_M location identified in Table 4-3-2 for Carolina
Beach _________________________\_-
, - (Formatted: Highlight
(Commented [f49]:Ask Lauren
\ Formatted: Highlight
Identification number affiliated with number on map. This point represents a point or
area that has been identified as potentially having stormwater concerns. A point does
not necessarily mean that a site does have stormwater issues.
Summary description of area issue. Issue was identified by Shellfish Sanitation or via
remote sensing. Shellfish Sanitation has ground truthed issue, remote sensed areas have
not been confirmed via ground truthing yet.
Acronym ofthe soil species per USDA Soil Survey mapping.
57

Hydrologic soil group: Group A, B, C, and D; with A having the highest infiltration rate
and D having the lowest.
In decimal degrees, works in Google Maps.
In decimal degrees, works in Google Maps.
Identified nearest street to navigate to area.
Description affiliated with the nearest parcel.
General owner affiliated with the area.
General use affiliated with the area.
Identification code associated with the Conveyance type, System Size, Fecal C.
Concentration, Fecal C. Load, and Distance columns; by Shellfish Sanitation.
Conveyance type as identified by Shellfish Sanitation.
General size of stormwater system as identified by Shellfish Sanitation. This data field
serves as an indicator of the size of the area drained by the conveyance being evaluated.
If a pipe diameter can be determined, then the following criteria will be used to
determine system size:
• Low = <_ 18 inches
• Medium = 19-35 inches
• High =>_ 36 inches
General concentration amount of fecal coliform as identified by Shellfish Sanitation. This
data field serves as an indicator of the potential peak bacteria concentration discharged
by the conveyance being evaluated. It is a subjective measure based on your experience,
although some relative guidelines are provided:
• Low = Drains a small area or an area with low -impact land uses; good buffers; little
to no potential inputs; good filtering prior to discharge
• Medium = Drains a larger area or an area with mixed impact land -uses; some
buffers; some potential inputs, none major; little filtering prior to discharge
• High = Drains a large area or an area with predominantly high impact land -uses;
little to no buffer; numerous potential sources or major sources; little to no filtering
prior to discharge
General load amount offecal coliform as identified by Shellfish Sanitation. This data field
is a composite of the "System Size' and "FC Concentration' fields, and indicates the
relative contribution of this particular stormwater conveyance to the total bacterial load
58

within the growing area. Average the values determined for "System Size' and "FC
Concentration" to determine this value.
The distance in meters to the Shellfish Growing Code that has been identified as being
closest. For example, a 0 indicates that the ID point is directly on the SGA Code. A 80
indicates that the ID point on the map is within 80 m of a Stormwater Conveyance issue
that was identified by Shellfish Sanitation.
able 4-4. Illustration of stormwater management strategies that can be installed by the Town of Carolina Beach to , _ Commented EWH57 : update for CB strategy
-
----------------------- - - - - -- I ] P
reduce runoff volumes from specific properties. These sites contribute large amounts of stormwater runoff in
their current �onditionl. - Commented [f50]: Need to edit for CB
Curb/gutter to pipe and high impervious area. HWY 58 via Arborvitae to canal. Explore creating
infiltration area.
Swale connected to drainage pipe nearYaupon Road and Hester Woods. Actively manage groundwater
levels to increase capacity of swale to infiltrate stormwater.
Drain present at Acorn Street. Increase infiltration by:
• Installing swales
• Disconnecting downspouts
• Diverting runoff from driveways into grass
• Installing pervious concret in cul-de-sac center
• Installing pervious asphalt bottom to the first seam of each driveway on the court
• Connecting two municipal drains under asphalt with porous pipe
CCCC golf course redesign to increase infiltration to include:
• Use of Level Spreader at outlet
• Enlarging collection area
• Moving discharge back to alternative section of pipe
• Reshaping collection area to allow for longer residence timel-ining bottom of infiltration basin
with sand to encourage further filtration
5 Technical and Financial Assistance and Management Costs '
In accordance with the EPA minimum measures guidelines, tT-he Town expects to implement the -plan in -
short term (<3 years) mid-term (years 4-6) and long-term (years 7�1qj. three yeaF ineFements eF a 22
yeaF peFied.. It takes the Town about three years to identify, plan, fund, design, permit and then build a
suite of SCMs that can infiltrate somewhere between 300,000 gallons and 1 million gallons of runoff
59
Commented [f52]: Need to develop strategy with
Town of CB
Formatted: Highlight
r
mmented [f53]: This framework is required but
e actions and guidelines need to be edited/ developed
CB.
Formatted: Highlight

from a one-year, 24-hour storm. The Town projects that the total cost of these measures for each three-
year period will run between $300,000 to $2 million, depending on site conditions, complexity of design , - Formatted: Not Highlight
and other factors that influence final cost figures. The Town will actively seek outside financial support
to help pay for these measures, and understands that at a minimum, it must be prepared to cover
matching cost requirements for outside grants. These matching requirements can be as high as 50
percent of project costs. As the Town becomes more proficient in installing these measures, it will seek
to do as much of the work itself using its own town public works and administrative employees. The
costs of this in-house labor and equipment are included in the cost estimates outlined above to
implement this plan. Aar
Presently, technical needs for all projects include the need for engineering services, skilled construction
expertise for technically difficult projects, surveying needs, and assistanNastormwater
.ring grants and
loans. Town officials have engaged in continuing education to learn mo
management, including design, operation and maintenance requiremenal technical needs
include the development of project partnerships with state agen,�ies, lotions, or academia
professionals who can provide expertise. The Maintenance Schedule column of Table 5-1 should be
taken into consideration as part of the technical considerations of the plan as maintenance requires
forethought to ensure funding and technical skills are available for the duration of the life cycle of the
projects. Table 5-1 should be taken into consideration when determining maintenance costs of each
project. Other various project based needs include receiving advanced knowledge of groundwater
conditions. A partnership with East Carolina University has already resulted in the installation and
monitoring of groundwater wells throughout the Town. The Town will continue to rely on Shellfish
Sanitation and the UNC Institute of Marine Sciences for water quality and fisheries data and studies it
will need to determine if the plan is successful
& IL I%k *,%.;%
Table 5-1. Approximate cost per Wit of various stormwater retrofit techniques.
$15-$60 per cubic yard
$.02 per cubic yard
$5-$25 perftz
$.30-$.60 per ftz
$6-$24 per ftz
$.06-$.21 per ftz
$.02-$.15 perftz
$.03-$.08 perftz
3 Cost average approximation derived from:
Green Values stormwater Calculator. (2016). Center for Neighborhood Technology. Retrieved from
http://greenvalues.cnt.org/national/cost_detail.php
60

Permeable pavement $5-$12 per ftz
$.01-$.22 per ftz
Planter Boxes $.55-$24 per ftz
$.04-$1 per ftz
$5-16 per ftz
$.30-$.60 per ftz
Rainwater harvesting $200/rain barrel
$0
$1,000/1400-gal cistern
$0
$10,000/10,000-gal cistern
$0
Reroute downspout $9/downspout
$0
Tree Box Filter $70-$600 per ftz
$3-$14 per ftz
$100-400 each
$20 each
Vegetated Filter Strips $.03-$3.33
$.07 perft2
Note: Estimations from Green Values National Stormwater Management Calculator' based on national averages
6 Education and Outreach i
6.1 PUBLIC UNDERSTANDING
The targeted audience of education and outreach for the community, which include residents of the
watershed, business owners and K-12 students. Partnerships with public schools are an effective means
of engaging the community and iplementineducation and outreach objectives. The area has a
mixture of renters and homeowners residing within its boundaries. Residents, whether renting or
homeowners, can be encouraged to understand how their homes a4properties contribute to the
water quantity and quality of the watersheds. This information can potentially be disseminated to
residents through the following techniques, further research and collaboration with environmental
educators should be considered before beginning an outreach project:
• Distribution{} of the Smart Yards informational booklet developed by the North Carolina Coastal
Federation. The Smart Yards booklet can be mailed directlyto all residents or can be made
available at public buildings like the Town Hall, linked to Town websites, included as information
sheet in public utility bills and/or otlici it/email communications.
• Presentations on residential solutions at public town meetings on a regular basis and through
utilization of social media outreach.
• Encourage residents to attend or participate in project demonstrations and installation at public
buildings to learn how to install retrofits.
• Install educational signs about stormwater runoff at public areas.
• Outreach to subdivision homeowner's associations to encourage Stormwater and water quality
education and disconnecting impervious surfaces.
61
t- - - Formatted: Normal, Line spacing: single
Formatted: Font: 12 pt, Font color: Auto
, JCommented [r54]: Town of CB needs to
review/add/edit

6.1.1 Businesses, Developers, and Commercial Land Owners
There are many businesses and commercial landowners within the area. Commercial areas account for
some of the largest continuous, non -disconnected areas of impervious surfaces. Businesses could be
encouraged to participate in retrofits at public and commercial properties. Education and outreach to
businesses, developers, real estate agents, landscapers, and commercial landowners can focus on the
disconnection of impervious surfaces, capital improvements, and LID techniques for new development.
Various methods could be used to educate the business community; examples include:
• Encourage businesses to host _Smart Yards or other stormwater information for distribution to
the community.
• Meet with businesses to encourage participation and discuss potential retrofits that align with
their capital improvement plans. Ir
• Conduct meeting for businesses and commercial 41-land owners to educate them on
stormwater issues and to promote LID techniques.
• Encourage businesses, developers, and others to attend Low Impact Development for Water
Quality Protection Workshop, hosted by NC Coastal Reserve, or similar workshops that educate
attendees on stormwater management solutions.
• Invite businesses to participate or sponsor events, such as stormwater retrofit installations, to
encourage comm y involvement and cooperation.
• Encourage those who are interested in retrofits that increase green space and permeable
surfaces. Retrofits can vary from small-scale solutions like planting shade trees, installing box
planters or installing rain gardens to large-scale solutions like converting retention ponds into
constructed wetlands.
• Encourage businesses with large parking lots to remove curbed medians and replace them with
rain gardens, swales, or permeable pavement.
• Encourage businesses to install signs of their retrofit accomplishments. Create a recognition
award for those who install retrofits.
6.1.2 K-12 Studen
Water quality education for students is not only beneficial for the long-term integrity of the watershed
but for North Carolina. Education and outreach to students can focus on stormwater, water quality, and
non-structural retrofit lessons that students can relay to their families or strategies they can implement
at their homes. Students can be encouraged to understand their role within the watersheds.
Collaboration with environmental educators should be considered before beginning an outreach plan:
• Development of age appropriate lessons associated with demonstration sites in the watershed.
62

• Encourage class participation in the installation of rain gardens, downspout disconnection, and
other retrofit techniques as service projects or field trips.
• Present an article in the school's newsletter for parents to encourage family discussion.
7 Implementation Schedule Commented [KA55]: Make sure all actions in sections
- - - - - - - - - - below match up, now that formatting has changed. I
Carolina Beach will work with partners to implement the goals, objectives, actions and management tried to correctly re -label all tables/figures, but please
review carefully. Also, I noticed some Tables are labeled
strategies Identified In this watershed restoration plan. with a dah (4-2) while some are with a period (4.2).
Either one is fine, just make sure they match up.
The following Table 7.1 provides an overview of the general impI entation schedule that will be
pursued from Year 1 through Year Q. ------------------------ "" Commented
.
Table 7-1. Overview of General Implementation �cheduI4 - Commented [f57]: Included from PKS plan. Needs to
be edited determined with Town of CB
Year 1
Year 1-2
Annually
Year 1, Annually
63

for annual grant applications for implementation. See milestones section for
detailed timeline.
2-2 Utilize town right-of-ways to maximize stormwater reduction measures. This
is a priority of the town and builds on a commitment to reduce roadside runoff.
Secure funding Year 1, implement phase 1 project year 2, monitor and promote
year3, secure additional funding year until feasible ROWS in town are retrofitted
throughout the duration of the planning period.
2-3 Evaluate existing stormwater systems on public properties for potential
volume reduction enhancements, and if feasible, retrofit them to achieve volume
reduction. This evaluation will be discussed at project team meetings
with specific plans for enhancements determined.
2-4 Secure funds for retrofits at public properties. Annually apply for funding to
install retrofits from sources such as 319 and CWMTF.
2-5 Incorporate, where practical, Green Street Designs or similar low -impact
design strategies into future capital improvements of the town. This will be
matched with annual Capital Improvement Planning and utilized when feasible.
2-6 Pursue strategy with state agencies to incorporate retrofits at state properties.
Pursue strategies with N.C. Department of Transportation (DOT) to incorporate
retrofits into any new road upgrades or
maintenance plans include plans for reducing runoff. The Town will build the
existing relationship with N.C. DOT to identify and pursue funding and support for
retrofits in the linear system.
3-1 Identify retrofit sites with private partners, prioritizing sites by potential for
volume reduction cost -benefit; such as sites identified as exceptional because of
the physical and natural characteristics, accessibility, cost, public outreach
opportunity, and current land uses. This will begin with the reconvening of the
project team to determine a specific list of priority sites that will be targeted for
phase I funding during Year 1. Remaining projects will be reviewed annually for
grant applications for implementation.
3-2 Work with governmental agencies and NGOs to secure grants to provide
funding to install lot -level, low-cost retrofits that disconnect impervious surfaces
and enhance stormwater infiltration. Grant applications will be identified
annually. Bringing in project partners will help strengthen application interest.
3-3 Seek funding for stormwater retrofit projects that have been identified.
Annually identify funding to install retrofits from sources such as 319 and CWMTF.
3-4 Provide landowners incentives to disconnect impervious surfaces or minimize
stormwater runoff from their property. This will begin with education and
outreach during the first quarter of plan implementation. Project partners will help
identify the potential for incentives to disconnect during second and third quarter.

3-5 Explore opportunities with N.C. Soil and Water Conservation's Community
Conservation Assistance Program (CCAP). The project team will match up potential
private landowner or public site retrofit projects with this annual cost share
program to attempt to fund small scale retrofits.
4-1 Monitor Shellfish Sanitation Sanitary Report data as reports are produced. The
Town will review the Shellfish Sanitation Reports as they are produced every 3
years.
4-2 Review the plan every three years to evaluate findings from water quality data
and the status of implementation. Conduct scheduled assessment ofthe plan and
progress made to date with the project team. This will take place at project team
level and include town council and members of the public. This will occur every 3
years beginning in 2022.
4-3 Maintain a simple inventory of retrofits and monitor performance of
stormwater reduction retrofits that have been installed within the watersheds.
The Town will keep an ongoing inventory of retrofits as they are installed.
4-4 Document the volume of stormwater reduced by each retrofit by utilizing the
Runoff Reduction Calculator Tool or Watershed EZ, or similar volume reduction
calculation tools. Documentation will be prepared utilizing tools and outreach on
the reduction will take place immediately following the implementation of
individual projects by the Town and Coastal Federation
4-5 Coordinate with academic partners, such as UNC-IMS, ECU, Duke
University, and NCSU, to conduct periodic monitoring of water quality. The Town
will actively coordinate with academic partners to identify opportunities
monitoring.
4-6 Explore opportunities to utilize community members to conduct citizen
science -based monitoring of stormwater reduction retrofits and inventory already
installed retrofits. The project team will identify the potential for citizen —science
monitoring as part of the grant application process that will occur about every 1-2
years.
5-1 Collaborate with partners to educate and engage property owners,
businesses, and K-12 students and their families on stormwater management. For
example, facilitating the circulation of Smart Yard, a stormwater retrofit education
guide for homeowners by N.C. Coastal Federation. An annual community
education and engagement strategy will be developed and implemented via the
Town and community partners. This strategy will be developed year one cf Plan
implementation discussed annually.
5-2 Facilitate technical training opportunities for planners, engineers, developers,
landscapers and local government staff on techniques to reduce volume of
stormwater within the town. The Town will work with project team to determine

Year 2, 4, 6, 8, 10 1
14a 1s 2n 2-
Year2,4,6,8,10,QL
1416192022
Site specific stormwater retrofit selection will be based on additional field assessments that include
determination of site feasibility, site specific soils, proximity of project to impail
waters, engineering
considerations, and project costs. Implementation of a strate ill involve lowing steps and
timeline.
0111h-
First 6 months— year one - review site for feasibility, rank priority based on soils, impaired waters,
infiltration potential, general engineering considerations, projected costs, approving partners and level
of difficulty (see Section 5)
Year one — apply for funding for prioritized sites rn accordance with RFP schedule.
t
Years one- two —funding secured, begin outreach and design phase of project
Years two - three — construct, monitor, engage community and promote success
Years f - n- Repeat mans ement strategy funding and implementation steps - Formatted: Font: Not Italic, Underline
Formatted: Font: Not Italic, Underline
8 Interim estones
Milestoble accomplishments utilized to track positive changes and success of the plan.
It is recommended that milestones are evaluated during the annual plan review to assess the status of
the Plan milestones, and determine the cause and the appropriate steps that can be taken to address
any shortcomings or unforeseen circumstances. The milestones for restoring water quality through
volume reduction of surface runoff are:
8.1 SHORT-TERM (< 3 YEARS)
• Reduce at least 600,000 gallons of stormwater runoff that occurs during a one-year, 24-hour
�torml event through the implementation of stormwater reduction techniques that have already , - Commented rr58]: This is included from PKS plan.
been identified and prioritized by the Town (Objective 2 and 3). Needs to be developed with Town of CB for this plan.
66

• Review development ordinances and revise as needed to ensure that new development and
redevelopment does not create additional water quality impairments (Objective 1; Actions 1-1
to 1-3).
• Identify potential new stormwater reduction measures that can be installed during years 4 to 6
years of the plan will reduce stormwater runoff by another 400,000 gallons for the design storm
(Action 2-1).
• Ensure, when/where practical, Green Street Designs or similar low -impact design strategies are
regularly incorporated into future capital improvements (Action 2-5).
• Review Shellfish Sanitation triannual report and evaluating the plan for any needed changes.
(Actions 4-1 and 4-2). AARL
• Develop a simplified inventory of retrofits that have already b\5).
n 4-3).
• Create and maintain an educated and en a ed community (G
8.2 MID-TERM (4 TO6 YEARS)
• Reduce at least 400,000 gallons of stormwater runoff that occurs during a one-year, 24-hour
storm event through the implementation of stormwater reduction techniques (Objectives 2 and
3).
• Identify potential new stormwater reduction measures that Sanbe installed during years 7 to 10
years of the plan will reduce stormwater runoff by another 350,000 gallons for the design storm
(Action 2-1).
• Ensure ongoing actions, such as Action 5-2, cont e to be supported (Objective 5).
• Review Shellfish Sanitation triannual report aad evaluate the plan for any needed changes
(Actions 4-1 and 4-2).
8.3 LONG-TERM (7 TO 10 YEARS)
• Reduce at least 350,000 gallons of stormwater runoff that occurs during a one-year, 24-hour
storm event through the implementation of stormwater reduction techniques (Objectives 2 and
3).
• Identify potential new stormwater reduction measures that can be installed during long term
years of the plan to reduce stormwater runoff by another 300,000 gallons for the design storm
(Action 2-1).
• Review Shellfish Sanitation triannual reports and evaluating the plan at year 25 and year 30
(Actions 4-1 and 4-2).
• Accomplish all actionable Actions in Objectives 1-5
67

9 Progress Criteria
13
To ensure that the plan is meeting the needs of the watershed and community, the management plan
�houldLbe evaluated every three years when Shellfish Sani its new Sanitary Survey for the
Town. The Town will track progress on plan implementation y main ining an inventory of SCMs it
installs, a cumulative total of reductions in stormwater runoff achieved by the projects it installs, and by
reviewing the status of shellfish closures (acres of permanently closed waters, and number of days each
year temporary closures of waters occur. In addition, the town will aintain a INdat
mergency
pumping operations to keep records on gallons pumped, costs ping, and pumping
results in automatic closures of shellfish waters.
Table 9-1. Evaluation ofJtCn f Car Beach W >elnagement Plan.
Utilize Watershed EZ, Runoff Reduction Calculator, or similar
tool to determine a volumetric total of projects installed.
Conduct full assessment of plan with suggestions on ways to
enhance or redirect the plan
Update community on successes to increase commitment,
motivation, and morale. Publish report on watershed health.
Recognize past, current and future projects for the year.
Ultimately, the success of this plan will be determined by whether impairments of shellfish waters are
reduced, and whether recreational water quality is maintained at healthy levels. This will be determined
Commented [f59]: From PKS plan Needs to be
developed with Town of CB for this Plan.
by the Sanitary Survey that is completed by Shellfish Sanitation every three years, and the extent of
permanent and temporary shellfish harvest closures that are required. it is
„Fejee ed that it
will
kp Commented [T60]: source
Commented [EH61R60]: I believe this needs to be
_These updated once the plan is decided.
68

reductions in the volume of stormwater runoff will occur incrementally with SCM projects, that will each
take about three years to plan, design, fund and construct. The Town will work in short (<3 years), mid-
term (years 4-6), and long-t#ee term (years 7-10)yeaF increments, and has set volume reduction goals
for each of thesef t"^' ear time periods.
As the volume of stormwater is reduced, the Town expects to see two outcomes in terms of impaired
water quality. The extent of permanent closures in shellfish waters surrounded Carolina Beach will begin
to shrink.
4 t"^q ^ ""^^ gallon Feductien goal that is aehie- ^ '. In addition, , the number of temporary closures
should go down as the number of days that the Town is forced to pump stormwater due to emergency
The g ...JwateF m tL.at the T....•....lans to install should ..It
conditions is reduced. �^•� ,^,^^^�^^t �••�t^^� ^mot ^� Commented [T62]: PKS, not CB. See above
in this FP_d-_16P_d need to di56haFge finnFlivatpFq• Commented [f63R62]: From PKS plan...
10 Monitoring
Shellfish Sanitation and Recreational Water Quality sections of the
i\tabloer
heries (DMF) is
responsible for monitoring the bacteria levels in coastal waters and hlose waters to
shellfishing and issue swimming advisories when bacterial levels are three years
Shellfish Sanitation staff groundtruth the entire shoreline of shellfish growing areas to document
current and potential pollution sources. The data collected by Shellfish Sanitation is publicly available
and is a source of historical and present-day information regarding water quality of an area. These up-
to-date surveys and monitoring station data will be the pry source of.information. Monitoring will
be conducted by using the indicators listed in Section S - - f Commented [f64]: Confirm by CB?
Table 10-1. The primary water quality indicators and ho easure the indicators (Shellfish Sanitation, 2016).
Primary Indicators
Reduce stormwater runoff volume to restore water quality
Fecal Col iform
Comparing numerical historical data and
Shellfish
Yearly; reports
modern measurements of fecal coliform
Sanitation
released every 3
for changes in impairment frequencies
years.
and quantity of bacteria per sample.
Stormwater Runoff
Applying stormwater reduction
Partners
Upon completion
Volume
techniques and determining how much
of projects.
stormwater is reduced by the techniques;
these measures should attempt to reduce
current stormwater runoff volume to the
levels of the baseline year.
Table 10-2 provides a list of existing water monitoring stations in the area of Carolina Beach, identified
through N.C. Shellfish Sanitation.
69

Table 10-2. Water quality monitoring stations (Shellfish Sanitation, 2019).
Old Bridge
N.C. Shellfish
Sanitation
Marker#161
N.C. Shellfish
Sanitation
Marker#159
N.C. Shellfish
Sanitation
Marker#157
7� N.C. Shellfish
Sanitation
400 Yards East of Marker #15
N.C. Shellfish
Sanitation
70

Water Quality Monitoring Stations
NI
4
• N.C. Shellfish Sanitation Water Quality Monitoring Station
kO.25 0.5 1 Miles Watersheds
Figure 10-1. Location of monitoring stations within the area as registered through Shellfish Sanitation's �ystemj Commented [T65]: source
(Data Source: Shellfish Sanitation, 2019).
71

Within the Carolina Beach watersheds, Table 10-3 presents data for shellfish monitoring stations
exceeding fecal coliform levels of Class SA (GM >14/100 mlLS-specifically, fecal coliform group not to
exceed a median MF of 14/100 ml and not more than 10 percent of the samples shall exceed an MF
count of 43/100 ml in those areas most probably exposed to fecal contamination during the most
unfavorable hydrographic and pollution conditions- See; Appendix B). The data indicates significant
variability a W-in frequency over the course of the last two decades. Understanding how often water
quality stations have exceeded a single sample reading of 14/100 ml aid in the development of
milestones and assist in the monitoring of progress.
Table 10-3. Frequency of shellfish sanitation stations exceeding 141100 ml of fecal coliform (Shellfish Sanitation,
1999, Shellfish Sanitation, 2002, Shellfish Sanitation, 2006,Shellfish Sanitation, 2010, Shellfish Sanitation, 2013;
Shellfish Sanitation, 2016).
Percent of samples station exceeded 14/100 ml out of 30 samples _
B-5 #4
B-5 #5
37%
60%
23%
20%
47%
27%
13%
30%
13%
17%
20%
17% 17%
30%
3%
10% 20%
23%
1117
23%
17%
10%
10%
1791
13%
20%
B-5 #30 17%
20%
13% 13%
30%
>50% of samples exceed SA 25-49% of samples exceed SA 10-24% of samples exceed SA <10% of samples
exceed SA
standard standards standards
� standards
Note: These numbers repregffift single s@Wle in whichIM00ml was exceeded.
72

Within the Carolina Beach watersheds, Table 10-4 presents data from shellfish monitoring stations
exceeding fecal coliform levels above `he -- Id net ^-xceed a geemetFie mean Af 43/100 ml (MF count;
Appendix B). This is part of Class SA standards for water quality in which Lfecal coliform group not to
exceed a median MF of 14/100 ml and not more than 10 percent ofthe samples shall exceed an MF
count of 43/100 ml in those areas most probably exposed to fecal contamination during the most
unfavorable hydrographic and pollution conditions. The data indicates lower exceedences and less
variability in frequency over the course of the last two decades, but an overall increase in exceedences
during the 2011-2016 monitoring timeframe over all previous sampling timeframes except for4 1993-
Table 10-4. Frequency of shellfish sanitation stations exceed' 3%100 ml o coliform (Shellfish Sanitation,
1999, Shellfish Sanitation, 2002, Shellfish Sanitation, 2006,- ish Sanitation, hellfish Sanitation, 2013,
Shellfish Sanitation, 2016).
Rlrercent of samples station exceeded 43/100 ml out of 30 samples
B-5 #4 10%
3% 3%
7% 3%
B-5 #5 17%
7% 3%
3% 3%
B-5 #6 10%
3% 0%
3% 3%
B-5 #7 7%
3% 3%
0% 0%
B-5 #30 3%
0% 3%
3% 0%
% of samples exceed
ff
25-49% of samples exceed
10-24% of samples exceed
7
43/100 ml
43/100 ml
43/100 ml
Note: These numbers represent a single sample in w 43/
1 was �xceede4
X
NN
7%
<10% of samples
exceed 43/100
ml
73
Commented [T66]: Two different color yellows for
10-24%

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Management North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality.
North Carolina Division of Water Resources. (2014, May7). NPDES wastewater permitting and compliance program: List of
active general permits. Division of Water Resources, N.C. Department of Environmental and Natural Resources.
Retrieved from http:Hportal.ncDEQ.org/web/wq/swp/ps/npdes
North Carolina Division of Water Resources. (2014, October 1). NPDES wastewater permitting and compliance program: List of
facilities currently on moratorium. Division of Water Resources, N.C. Department of Environmental and Natural
Resources. Retrieved from http:Hportal.ncDEQ.org/web/wq/swp/ps/npdes
North Carolina Division of Water Resources. (2014a, December 1). Stormwater per ing program: Active NPDES Stormwater
permit list. Division of Water Resources, N.C. Department cf Environm d Natural Resources. Retrieved from
httP:Hportal.ncDEQ.org/web/ir/stormwater
North Carolina Division of Water Resources. (2014b, December 1). Stormwater permitting program: Active state Stormwater
permit list. Division of Water Resources, N.C. Department of Environmental and Natural Resources. Retrieved from
httP:Hportal.ncDEQ.org/web/ir/stormwater IL
North Carolina Division of Water Resources. (2015, January5). NPDES wastewater permitting and compliance program: List of
active individual permits. Division of Water Resources, N.C. Departmen#oEnvironmentaland Natural Resources.
Retrieved from http:Hportal.ncDEQ.org/web/wq/swp) npdes
North Carolina OneMap. (2019). NCDOT City Boundaries. North Carolina Department of Transportation. R rieved from
httPs://www.noonemap.gov/datasets/NCDOT::ncdot-city-boundaries
North Carolina OneMap. (n.d.). Elevation/DEM20ft_DEM: ImageServer. N.C. Floo Mapping Program, N.C. Department of
Transportation, N.C. OneMap. Retrieved from
httP:Hservices.nconemap.com/arcgis/rest/services/Elevation/DEM20 DE geServer
Shellfish Sanitation. (1947). Report of sanitary and bacteriological su eys, Myrtle a Sound area, area B-5, 1947 [PDF file].
Shellfish Sanitation and Recreational Water Quality Section, Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina Department
of Environment and Natural Resour
Shellfish Sanitation. (1955). Report of sanitary and ba ica%sus, of Cape Fear area, area B-4, 1955 [PDF file]. Shellfish
Sanitation and Recreational Water Quality Section, Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina Department of
Environment and Natural Resources.
Shellfish Sanitation. (1999). Report of sanitary %nolog.,cal surveys, Myrtle Grove Sound area, area B-5,1993-1999 [PDF
file]. Shellfish Sanitation and Recreatiulity Section, Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Shellfish Sanitation. (2002). Report of sanitary and bacteriological surveys, Myrtle Grove Sound area, area B-5,1997-2002 [PDF
file]. Shellfish Sanitation and Recreational Water Quality Section, Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Shellfish Sanitation. (2006). Report of sanitary and bacteriological surveys, Myrtle Grove Sound area, area B-5, 2001-2006 [PDF
file]. Shellfish Sanitation and Recreational Water Quality Section, Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Shellfish Sanitation. (2010). Report of sanitary and bacteriological surveys, Myrtle Grove Sound area, area B-5, 2005-2009 [PDF
file]. Shellfish Sanitation and Recreational Water Quality Section, Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
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Shellfish Sanitation. (2013). Report of sanitary and bacteriological surveys, Myrtle Grove Sound area, area B-5, 2008-2013 [PDF
file]. Shellfish Sanitation and Recreational Water Quality Section, Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Shellfish Sanitation. (2016). Report of sanitary and bacteriological surveys, Myrtle Grove Sound area, area B-5, 2011-2016 [PDF
file]. Shellfish Sanitation and Recreational Water Quality Section, Division of Marine Fisheries, North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
Stormwater Permitting Program. (2019). Active Stormwater Permits Maps. Stormwater Permitting Program, North Carolina
Division of Energy. Mineral and Land Resources, North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality. Retrieved from
https.11ncden r.maps. orcgis. com/a ppslweba p pviewer/index. html?id=93bl73a969fd4790bd49256df37360f4
Town of Carolina Beach. (2019). Municipal Boundaries. Town of Carolina Beach Government, Planning and Zoning Department.
United States Geologic Survey. (n.d.). The Watershed Boundary Dataset. Retrieved from https:Hwater.usgs.gov/GIS/huc.htmi
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2019). WATERS GeoViewer. Office of Water, United States Environmental
Protection Agency. Retrieved from http://watersgeo.epa.gov/mwm/Appendix
United States Environmental Protection Agency. (2016). North Carolina Assessment Data fo Office of Water, United
States Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from
https:Hofmpub.epa.gov/watersIO/attains_state.control?p_state=NC c1e=2016
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North Carolina OneMap, 2014)
Acronyms and Definitions
303(d) List
A list of waterbodies in each state that are too polluted or degraded to meet water quality
standards. States are required to update their lists everytwo years.
319 Grant
A grant program, named after Section 319 of the Clean Water Act, funded by EPA and
administered by INC DEQto study and find solutions to impaired water.
APPROVED AREA
An area determined suitable forthe harvest of shell fi for direct market purposes.
BIORETENTION
Also, known as rain gardens, these provide onsite retention of stormwater using
AREAS
vegetated depressions engineered to collect, store, and infiltrate runoff.
BMP
Best Management Practice of stormwater anagement; also, commonly referred to as
Stormwater Control Measure (SCM) ort mwater Infiltration Practice (SIP).
CAFO
Confined Animal Feeding Operation
CATCHMENT
A geographic unit within a sub watershed made up of a sin fiver, stream, or branch
that contributes to a larger watershed.
CFU
Colony Forming Unit, used to measure fecal coliform bacteria concentrations.
CONDITIONALLY
This management strategy by North Carolina Shellfish Sanitation, refers hellfish-
APPROVED
growing waters that are closed to harvest because of high bacteria concentrations but can
CLOSED
be opened temporarily, usually during periods of drought, when bacteria levels are low
enough to make the shellfish safe to eat.
CONDITIONALLY
This management strategy by North Carolina Shellfish Sanitation, refers to shellfish
APPROVED OPEN
growing areas that are open to harvest but are temporarily closed after periods of
moderate or heavy rain.
CWA
Clean Water Act
DCM
North Carolina Division of Coastal Management
DEGRADED
General description of surface waters that have elevated pollution levels, could include
WATERS
high bacteria levels, pathogens, sediment, low dissolved oxygen, and/or high nutrient
levels. This is not a legal description "of impairment (see impaired waters definition).
DEQ
North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality
DESIGNATED USE
A Clean Water Act term referring to the use, such as swimming, shellfish harvesting or
aquatic life support, that a waterbody has been designated with by the state. The
waterbody may not actually be able to support its designated use.
DOT
Department of Transportation
EPA
Environmental Protection Agency
EXISTING USE
A Clean Water Act term referring to all current uses and any use the waterbody has
supported since November 28, 1975.
FDA
U.S. Food and Drug Administration
FECAL COLIFORM
These bacteria are found in the intestines of warm-blooded animals. They are not
normally harmful to humans, but if found in a waterbody they could indicate the presence
of harmful bacteria. Because they are easyto detect in the environment, these bacteria
have been used for decades to determine the suitability of shellfish -growing waters.
FLOW
The volume of water, often measured in cubic feet per second (cfs), flowing in a stream or
through a stormwater conveyance system.
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GIS
Geographic Information Systems
GROWING
Waters that support or could support shellfish life.
WATERS
HUC
Hydrologic Unit Code
HYDROGRAPH
A graph showing changes in the discharge of a surface water river, stream or creek over a
period of time.
HYDROLOGIC
The cycle by which water evaporates from oceans and other bodies of water, accumulates
CYCLE
as water vapor in clouds, and returns to the oceans and other bodies of water as
precipitation or groundwater. Also, known as the water cycle.
HYDROLOGY
The science dealing with the waters of the earth, their distribution on the surface and
underground, and the cycle involving evaporation, precipitation, flow to the seas, etc.
IMPAIRED
This Clean Water Act term refers to waters that no longer meet their designated uses.
WATERS
That would include conditionally approved and conditionally closed waters and any water
where swimming advisories are being issued. These waters have been listed as impaired
on the state's 303(d) list for EPA.
IMPERVIOUS
A hard surface area, such as a parking lot or rooftop, that preven or retards water from
COVER
entering the soil, thus causing water to run off the surface in gr uantities and at an
increased rate offlow.
INTERTIDAL
Area of land that is submerged during high tide and exposed at low tide.
LAND USE
The management and modification of natulal environment or wilderness into built
environment such as settlements and semi -natural habitats such as arable fields,
pastures, and managed woods.
LID
Low Impact Development refers to management strategies that attempt to mimic
conditions to reduce the flow of stormwater. To be successful, they should be integrated
into all phases of urban planning and design from the individual residential lot level to the
entire watershed.
LULC
Land use/land cover
MAXIMUM
This term appears in many state and federal pollution regulations. It generally refers to
EXTENT
pollution controls that are technologically available and capable of being done after taking
PRACTICABLE
into consideration cost and logistics.
MS4
Municipal separate storm sewer systems
NEPA
National Environmental Policy Act
NOAA
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
NPDES
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
Nonpoint Source
Nonpoint So a iffused sources of pollution, where there is no singular distinct outflow
(NPS)
point.
NRCS
Natural Resources Conservation Service
NSSP
National Shellfish Sanitation Program
Point Source
A singular, identifiable discharge source of pollution.
RETROFITTING
Structural stormwater management measures for preexisting development designed to
help reduce the effect of impervious areas, minimize channel erosion, reduce pollutant
loads, promote conditions for improve aquatic habitat, and correct past efforts that no
longer represent the best science or technology.
ROW
Right of Way
RUNOFF CURVE
A runoff curve number is a numeric parameter derived from combining the effects of soil,
watershed characteristics, and land use.
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SA This is a state salt water classification intended for shellfish harvesting. These are waters
that should also support aquatic life, both primary and secondary recreation (activities
with frequent or prolonged skin contact), and shellfishing for market purposes. It is one of
the highest water classifications in the state.
SB This is a state salt water classification intended for swimming.
SC This is a state salt water classification intended for fish propagation and incidental
swimming. The waters are safe for swimming but have a higher risk of pollution and
human illness than SB waters.
SCM
Stormwater Control Measure, also more commonly known as a Best Management
Practice (BMP) of stormwater management; also, commonly referred to as Stormwater
Infiltration Practice (SIP)
Shellfish
"Shellfish" as referenced in this document means molluscan shellfish, oysters and clams.
SHELLFISH
Shellfish Sanitation and Recreational a uality Section, N.C. Division of Marine
SANITATION
Fisheries, N.C. DEQ.
SIP
Stormwater Infiltration Practice, also more commonly known as a Best Management
Practice (BMP) of stormwater management; also, commonly referred to as Stormwater
Control Measure (SCM).
STORMWATER
Water from rain tha ws over the land surface, picking up pollutants that are on the
ground.
SUBWATERSHED
A geographic unit within a watershed made up of individual minor rivers, streams, or
branches that contribute to a larger watershed.
TMDL Total maximum daily load, tie maximum amount of a pollutant that can be found in a
waterbody and still meet federal Clean Water Act standards.
USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
WATERSHED All areas that drain to a waterbody, whether that be a lake, mouth of a river, or ocean.
WQS IMOPPOOWater quality standards
WWTP Wastewater Treatment Plant
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Appendix A Regulatory Water Quality Standards
When implementing projects consideration should be given to Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA). Some
projects may require CAMA permits, consideration ofthe should be given when developing a timeline for project
completion.
Congress enacted the federal Clean Water Act (CWA) (33 U.S.C. §1251 et seq. (1972)) to establish regulations on
water quality standards for waters with a purpose of protecting surface waters for drinking, fishing and recreation.
The EPA set water quality standards for many contaminants in surfac aters as well as established pollution
control programs. The CWA establishes use designations that mandate that waters maintain their designated
usage. In North Carolina, the Department of Environmental Quality Division of Water Resources is responsible for
delegating water quality designations. When waters do not meet this, they are listed on the 303(d) lists.
North Carolina first adopted formal coastal stormwater management rules in 1988. These rules proved inadequate
to stop the continued spread of bacteria pollution in coastal waterways. The failure of these rules was recognized
in 2008 by the N.C. Environmental Management Commission when more robust rules were adopted. The new
rules increased the amount of stormwater that must be controlled in all 20 coastal counties, especially within one-
half mile of Class SA waters (North Carolina's Surface Water Classification designation for commercial shellfishing
waters and one of the highest designations given). By using Class SA waters as a standard, a management plan can
focus on achieving the highest water quality thaNregularl monitored.
WATER QUALITY STANDA
Further information regardin d) LisL
egones":
"The term "303(d) list" or "list" is short for a state's list of impaired and threatened waters (e.g. stream/river
segments, lakes). States are required to submit their list for EPA approval every two years. For each water
on the list, the state identifies the pollutant causing the impairment when known. In addition, the state
assigns a priority for development of Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDL) based on the severity of the
pollution and the sensitivity of the uses to be made of the waters, among other factors (40 C.F.R.
§130.7(b)(4)).
In general, once a water body has been added to a state's list of impaired waters it stays there until the
state develops a TMDL and EPA approves it. EPA reporting guidance provides a way to keep track of a state's
water bodies, from listing as impaired to meeting water quality standards. This tracking system contains a
running account of all the state's water bodies and categorizes each based on the attainment status. For
example, once a TMDL is developed, a water body is no longer on the 303(d) list, but it is still tracked until
the water is fully restored."
Table 1. EPA 303(d) List Integrated Report Categories
" Environmental Protection Agency. Retrieved from https://www.epa.gov/tmdl/program-overview-303d-listing
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Meets tested standards for clean waters. All designated uses are supported, no use is
threatened. J
Category 2 Waters of concern. Available data and/or information indicate that some, but not all,
designated uses are supported.
Category 3 Insufficient data. There is insufficient available data and/or information to make a use
support determination.
Category 4 Polluted waters that do not require a TMDL. Available data and/or information
indicate that at least one designated use is not being supported or is threatened, but a
TMDL is not needed.
Category 4a Has a TMDL. A State developed TMDL has been approved by EPA or a TMDL has been
established by EPA for any segment -pollutant combination.
Category 4b Has a pollution control program. Other required control measures are expected to
result in the attainment of an applicable water quality standard in a reasonable period
of time.
Category 4c Is impaired by a non -pollutant. The non -attainment of any applicable water quality
standard for the segment is the result of pollution and is not caused by a pollutant.
Category5 Polluted waters that require a _. Available data and/or information indicate that at
least one designated use is not being supported or is threatened, and a TMDL is
needed.
DWR PRIMARY SURFACE WATER CLASSIFICATIONS
All surface waters in North Carolina are assigned a primary classifiNbyth. Division of Water Resources
(DWR). All waters must at least meet the standards for Class C (fishable / swimmable) waters. The other primary
classifications provide additional levels of protection for primary water contct recreation (Class B) and drinking
water (Water Supply Classes I through V). To find the classification of a water body you can either use the BIMS
database or co driene Weaver of the Classifications & Standards/Rules Review Branch. To view the
regulatory differences between the currently implemented classifications for freshwaters, click here for the
freshwater classifications table. To view the regulatory differences between the currently implemented
classifications for tidal salt waters, click here for the tidal saTttwater classifications table.
Table 2. North Carolina surface water classificationp Full descriptions available on DEQ Website.
SA ' Commercial Shellfishing
SB Primary Recreation in tidal salt water
SC ■ Aquatic Life, Secondary Recreation, and Fishing in tidal salt water
SWL M Coastal wetlands
HQW -M High Quality Waters
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ORW
Outstanding Resource Waters
MM
NSW moolliM
Nutrient Sensitive Waters
CA
Critical Area
UWL I
Unique Wetland
+, @, #, *
Special Designations (variable based on river basin)
Class C
Waters protected for uses such as secondary recreation, fishing,Adlife,fissumption, aquatic life including
propagation, survival and maintenance of biological integrity, and agriculture. Secondary recreation includes
wading, boating, and other uses involving human body contact with water where suc tivities take place in an
infrequent, unorganized, or incidental manner.
Class B
Waters protected for all Class C uses in addition to primary recreation. Primary recreational a ies include
swimming, skin diving, water skiing, and similar uses involving human body contact with water where such
activities take place in an organized manner or on a frequent basis.
Water Supply I (WS-1)
Waters protected for all Class C uses plus waters used as sources of water supply for drinking, culinary, or food
processing purposes for those users desiring maximum protection for their watef"supplies. WS-1 waters are those
within natural and undeveloped watersheds in public ownership. All WS-1 waters are HOW by supplemental
classification. More information: Water Supply Watershed Protection Program Homepage
Water Supply II (WS-11)
Waters used as sources of water supply for drinking, culinary, or food processing purposes where a WS-1
classification is not feasible. These waters are also protected for Class C uses. WS-11 waters are generally in
predominantly undeveloped watersheds. All WS-11 watersawe HOW by supplemental classification. More
information: Water Supply Watershed ProteAWrogram Home a e
Water Supply III (WS-III)
Waters used as sources of water supply for drinking, culinary, or food processing purposes where a more
protective WS-1 or II classification is not feasible. These waters are also protected for Class C uses. WS-111 waters are
generally in low to moderatel deve ed watersheds. More information: Water Supply Watershed Protection
Program Homepage
Water Supply IV (WS-IV)
Waters used as sources of water supply for drinking, culinary, or food processing purposes where a WS-1, 11 or III
classification is not feasible. These waters are also protected for Class C uses. WS-IV waters are generally in
moderately to highly developed watersheds or Protected Areas. More information: Water Supply Watershed
Protection Program Homepage
Water Supply V (WS-V)
Waters protected as water supplies which are generally upstream and draining to Class WS-IV waters or waters
used by industry to supply their employees with drinking water or as waters formerly used as water supply. These
waters are also protected for Class C uses. More information: Water Supply Watershed Protection Program
Homepage
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Class WL
Freshwater Wetlands are a subset of all wetlands, which in turn are waters that support vegetation that is adapted
to life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes, bogs, and similar areas. These
waters are protected for storm and flood water storage, aquatic life, wildlife, hydrologic functions, filtration and
shoreline protection.
Class SC
All tidal salt waters protected for secondary recreation such as fishing, boating, and other activities involving
minimal skin contact; aquatic life propagation and survival; and wildlife.
Class SB
Tidal salt waters protected for all SC uses in addition to primary 4eanmary recreational activities include
swimming, skin diving, water skiing, and similar uses involving htact with water where such
activities take place in an organized manner or on a frequent ba
Class SA
Tidal salt waters that are used for commercial shellfishing or es and are also protected for all
Class SC and Class SB uses. All SA waters are also HQW b mental classification.
Class SWL
These are salt waters that meet the definition of coast ands as defined by the Di �sion of Coastal
Management and which are located landward of the mea water I' wetlands contiguous to estuarine
waters as defined by the Division of Coasta nagement.
DWR SUPPLEMENTAL CLASSIFICATIONS ME
Supplemental classifications are sometimes a by a prima sifications to provide additional
protection to waters with spe ' s or values.
Future Water Supply (FW
Supplemental classifica r waters ded as a future source of d culinary, or food processing
purposes. FWS would be applied to one a primary water supply classifications (WS-I, WS-II, WS-III, or WS-IV).
Currently no water bodies in the state c designation.
High Quality Waters (HOW)
Supplemental classification intended to protect wa rated excellent based on biological and
physical/chemical characteristics through Division monit or special studies, primary nursery areas designated
bythe Marine Fisheries Commission, and otheVional nurseryareas designated by the Marine Fisheries
Commission.
The following wa a HQW by de on:
• W
• WS-I I,
• SA (commercial shellfishing),
• ORW,
Primary nursery areas (PNA) or other functional nursery areas designated by the Marine Fisheries Commission, or
Waters for which DWR has received a petition for reclassification to either WS-I or WS-II.
Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW)
All outstanding resource waters are a subset of High Quality Waters. This supplemental classification is intended to
protect unique and special waters having excellent water quality and being of exceptional state or national
ecological or recreational significance. To qualify, waters must be rated Excellent by DWR and have one of the
following outstanding resource values:
• Outstanding fish habitat and fisheries,
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• Unusually high level of water -based recreation or potential for such kind of recreation,
• Some special designation such as North Carolina Natural and Scenic River or National Wildlife
Refuge,
• Important component of state or national park or forest, or
• Special ecological or scientific significance (rare or endangered species habitat, research or
educational areas).
For more details, refer to the Biological Assessment Branch homoaage.
Nutrient Sensitive Waters (NSW)
Supplemental classification intended for waters needing additional nutrient management due to being subject to
excessive growth of microscopic or macroscopic vegetation.
Swamp Waters (Sw) 4t
Supplemental classification intended to recognize those waters which have low velocities and other natural
characteristics which are different from adjacent streams.
Trout Waters (Tr)
Supplemental classification intended to protect freshw ers which have cond\designation.
tain and allow
for trout propagation and survival of stocked trout on a year-round basis. Thithe same as the
NC Wildlife Resources Commission's Desig Public Mountain Trout Wate
Unique Wetland (UWL)
Supplemental classification for wetlands of exceptional state or national ecological significance. These wetlands
may include wetlands that h e been documented to the satisfaction of the Environmental Management
Commission as habitat es forthe conservation of state or federally listed threatened or endangered species.
Table 3. North Carolina waijWafity classification and standards.
Tidal salt waters that are used for commercial shellfishing or marketing purposes and are also
protected for all Class SC and Class SB uses. All SA waters are also HQW by supplemental
classification.
The following water quality standards apply to surface waters that are used for shellfishing for
market purposes and are classified SA. Water quality standards applicable to Class SC waters as
described in Rule .0220 of this Section also apply to Class SA waters.
(1) Best Usage of Waters. Shellfishing for market purposes and any other usage specified by
the "SB" or "SC" classification;
(2) Conditions Related to Best Usage. Waters shall meet the current sanitary and
bacteriological standards as adopted by the Commission for Health Services and shall be
suitable for shellfish culture; any source of water pollution which precludes any of these
uses, including their functioning as PNAs, on either a short-term or a long-term basis shall
be considered to be violating a water quality standard;
(3) Quality Standards applicable to Class SA Waters:
a. Floating solids; settleable solids; sludge deposits: none attributable to sewage,
industrial wastes or other wastes;
b. Sewage: none;
84

c. Industrial wastes, or other wastes: none which are not effectively treated to the
satisfaction of the Commission in accordance with the requirements ofthe Division of
Health Services;
d. Organisms of coliform group: fecal coliform group not to exceed a median MF of
14/100 ml and not more than 10 percent of the samples shall exceed an MF count of
43/100 ml in those areas most probably exposed to fecal contamination during the
most unfavorable hydrographic and pollution conditions.
Tidal salt waters protected for all SC uses in addition to primary recreation. Primary recreational
activities include swimming, skin diving, water skiing, and similar uses involving human body
contact with water where such activities take place in an organized manner or on a frequent
basis.
The following water quality standards apply to surface waters that are used for primary
recreation, including frequent or organized swimming, and are classified SB. Water quality
standards applicable to Class SC waters are described in Rule .0220 of this Section also apply to
SB waters.
1. Best Usage of Waters. Primary recreation and any other usage specified by the "SC"
classification;
2. Conditions Related to Best Usage. The waters shall meet accepted sanitary standards of
water qualityfor outdoor bathing places as specified in Item ofthis Rule and will be of
sufficient size and depth for primary recreation purposes; any source of water pollution
which precludes any of these uses, including their functioning as PNAs, on either a short-
term or a long-term basis shall be considered to be violating a water quality standard;
3. Quality Standards applicable to Class SB waters:
a. Floating solids; settleable solids; sludge deposits: none attributable to sewage,
industrial wastes or other wastes;
b. Sewage; industrial wastes; or other wastes: none which are not effectively treated to
the satisfaction of the Commission; in determining the degree oftreatment required
for such waters discharged into waters which are to be used for bathing, the
Commission shall take into consideration quantity and quality of the sewage and other
wastes involved and the proximity of such discharges to the waters in this class;
discharges in the immediate vicinity of bathing areas may not be allowed if the Director
determines that the waste cannot be treated to ensure the protection of primary
recreation;
c. Organisms of coliform group: fecal coliforms not to exceed a geometric mean of
200/100 ml (MF count) based on at least five consecutive samples examined during
any 30-day period and not to exceed 400/100 ml in more than 20 percent of the
samples examined during such period.
All tidal salt waters protected for secondary recreation such as fishing, boating, and other
activities involving minimal skin contact; aquatic life propagation and survival; and wildlife.
The water quality standards for all tidal salt waters are the basic standards applicable to Class
SC waters. Additional and more stringent standards applicable to other specific tidal salt water
classifications are specified in Rules .0221 and .0222 of this Section.
1. Best Usage of Waters. Aquatic life propagation and maintenance of biological integrity
(including fishing, fish and functioning PNAs), wildlife, secondary recreation, and any other
usage except primary recreation or shellfishing for market purposes.
85

2. Conditions Related to Best Usage. The waters shall be suitable for aquatic life propagation
and maintenance of biological integrity, wildlife, and secondary recreation; Any source of
water pollution which precludes any ofthese uses, including their functioning as PNAs, on
either a short-term or a long-term basis shall be considered to be violating a water quality
standard.
3. Quality standards applicable to all tidal salt waters:
a. Chlorophyll a (corrected): not greaterthan 40 ug/I in sounds, estuaries, and other waters
subject to growths of macroscopic or microscopic vegetation; the Commission or its
designee may prohibit or limit any discharge of waste into surface waters if, in the opinion
of the Director, the surface waters experience or the discharge would result in growths of
microscopic or macroscopic vegetation such that the standards established pursuant to this
Rule would be violated or the intended best usage of the waters would be impaired;
b. Dissolved oxygen: not less than 5.0 mg/I, except that swamp waters, poorly flushed tidally
influenced streams or embayment, or estuarine bottom waters may have lower values if
caused by natural conditions;
c. Floating solids; settleable solids; sludge deposits: only such amounts attributable to sewage,
industrial wastes or other wastes, as shall not make the waters unsafe or unsuitable for
aquatic life and wildlife, or impair the waters for any designated uses;
d. Gases, total dissolved: not greater than 110 percent of saturation;
e. Organisms of coliform group: fecal coliforms not to exceed geometric mean of 200/100 ml
(MF count) based upon at least five consecutive samples examined during any 30 day
period; not to exceed 400/100 ml in more than 20 percent of the samples examined
during such period; violations of the fecal coliform standard are expected during rainfall
events and, in some cases, this violation is expected to be caused by uncontrollable
nonpoint source pollution; all coliform concentrations are to be analyzed using the MF
technique unless high turbidity or other adverse conditions necessitate the tube dilution
method; in case of controversy over results the MPN 5-tube dilution method shall be used
as the reference method;
f. Oils; deleterious substances; colored or other wastes: only such amounts as shall not render
the waters injurious to public health, secondary recreation or to aquatic life and wildlife or
adversely affect the palatability offish, aesthetic quality or impairthe waters for any
designated uses; for the purpose of implementing this Rule, oils, deleterious substances,
colored or other wastes shall include but not be limited to substances that cause a film or
sheen upon or discoloration of the surface of the water or adjoining shorelines pursuant to
40 CFR 110.4(a)-(b);
g. pH: shall be normal for the waters in the area, which generally shall range between 6.8 and
8.5 except that swamp waters may have a pH as low as 4.3 if it is the result of natural
conditions;
h. Phenolic compounds: only such levels as shall not result in fish -flesh tainting or impairment
of other best usage;
i. Radioactive substances: (i) Combined radium-226 and radium-228: The maximum average
annual activity level (based on at least four samples, collected quarterly) for combined
radium-226, and radium-228 shall not exceed five picoCuries per liter; (ii) Alpha Emitters.
The average annual gross alpha particle activity (including radium-226, but excluding radon
and uranium) shall not exceed 15 picoCuries per liter; (iii) Beta Emitters. The maximum
average annual activity level (based on at least four samples, collected quarterly) for
86

strontium-90 shall not exceed eight picoCuries per liter; nor shall the average annual gross
beta particle activity (excluding potassium-40 and other naturally occurring radio -nuclides)
exceed 50 picoCuries per liter; nor shall the maximum average annual activity level for
tritium exceed 20,000 picoCuries per liter;
j. Salinity: changes in salinity due to hydrological modifications shall not result in removal of
the functions of a PNA; projects that are determined bythe Director to result in
modifications of salinity such that functions of a PNA are impaired will be required to
employ water management practices to mitigate salinity impacts;
k. Temperature: shall not be increased above the natural water temperature by more than 0.8
degrees C (1.44 degrees F) during the months of June, July, and August nor more than 2.2
degrees C (3.96 degrees F) during other months and in no cases to exceed 32 degrees C
(89.6 degrees F) due to the discharge of heated liquids;
I. Turbidity: the turbidity in the receiving water shall not exceed 25 NTU; if turbidity exceeds
this level due to natural background conditions, the existing turbidity level shall not be
increased. Compliance with this turbidity standard can be met when land management
activities employ Best Management Practices (BMPs) [as defined by Rule .0202(6) of this
Section] recommended by the Designated Nonpoint Source Agency (as defined by Rule
.0202 of this Section). BMPs must be in full compliance with all specifications governing the
proper design, installation, operation and maintenance of such BMPs;
m. Toxic substances: numerical water quality standards (maximum permissible levels) to
protect aquatic life applicable to all tidal saltwaters: (i) Arsenic, total recoverable: 50 ug/I;
(ii) Cadmium: 5.0 ug/I; attainment of these water quality standards in surface waters shall
be based on measurement of total recoverable metals concentrations unless appropriate
studies have been conducted to translate total recoverable metals to a toxic form. Studies
used to determine the toxic form or translators must be designed according to the "Water
Quality Standards Handbook Second Edition" published by the Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA 823-B-94-005a) or "The Metals Translator: Guidance For Calculating a Total
Recoverable Permit Limit From a Dissolved Criterion" published bythe Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA 823-B-96-007) which are hereby incorporated by reference
including any subsequent amendments. The Director shall consider conformance to EPA
guidance as well as the presence of environmental conditions that limit the applicability of
translators in approving the use of metal translators. (iii) Chromium, total: 20 ug/I; (iv)
Cyanide: 1.0 ug/I; (v) Mercury: 0.025 ug/I; (vi) Lead, total recoverable: 25 ug/I; collection of
data on sources, transport and fate of lead shall be required as part of the toxicity reduction
evaluation for dischargers that are out of compliance with whole effluent toxicitytesting
requirements and the concentration of lead in the effluent is concomitantly determined to
exceed an instream level of 3.1 ug/I from the discharge; (vii) Nickel: 8.3 ug/I; attainment of
these water quality standards in surface waters shall be based on measurement of total
recoverable metals concentrations unless appropriate studies have been conducted to
translate total recoverable metals to a toxic form. Studies used to determine the toxic form
or translators must be designed according to the "Water Quality Standards Handbook
Second Edition" published by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 823-B-94-005a) or
"The Metals Translator: Guidance For Calculating a Total Recoverable Permit Limit From a
Dissolved Criterion" published bythe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 823-B-96-007)
which are hereby incorporated by reference including any subsequent amendments. The
Director shall consider conformance to EPA guidance as well as the presence of
87

environmental conditions that limit the applicability of translators in approving the use of
metal translators. (viii) Pesticides: (A) Aldrin: 0.003 ug/I; (B) Chlordane: 0.004 ug/I; (C) DDT:
0.001 ug/I; (D) Demeton: 0.1 ug/I; (E) Dieldrin: 0.002 ug/I; (F) Endosulfan: 0.009 ug/I; (G)
Endrin: 0.002 ug/I; (H) Guthion: 0.01 ug/I; (1) Heptachlor: 0.004 ug/I; (1) Lindane: 0.004 ug/I;
(K) Methoxychlor: 0.03 ug/I; (L) Mirex: 0.001 ug/I; (M) Parathion: 0.178 ug/I; (N) Toxaphene:
0.0002 ug/I. (ix) Polycholorinated biphenyls: 0.001 ug/I; (x) Selenium: 71 ug/I; (xi) Trialkyltin
compounds: 0.002 ug/I expressed as tributyltin.
4. Action Levels for Toxic Substances: if the Action Levels for any of the substances listed
in this Subparagraph (which are generally not bioaccumulative and have variable toxicity to
aquatic life because of chemical form, solubility, stream characteristics or associated waste
characteristics) are determined by the waste load allocation to be exceeded in a receiving water
by a discharge under the specified low flow criterion for toxic substances (Rule .0206 in this
Section), the discharger shall be required to monitor the chemical or biological effects of the
discharge; efforts shall be made by all dischargers to reduce or eliminate these substances from
their effluents. Those substances for which Action Levels are listed in this Subparagraph may be
limited as appropriate in the NPDES permit if sufficient information (to be determined for
metals by measurements of that portion of the dissolved instream concentration of the Action
Level parameter attributable to a specific NPDES permitted discharge) exists to indicate that any
of those substances may be a causative factor resulting in toxicity of the effluent. NPDES permit
limits may be based on translation of the toxic form to total recoverable metals. Studies used to
determine the toxic form or translators must be designed according to: "Water Quality
Standards Handbook Second Edition" published bythe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA
823-B-94-005a) or "The Metals Translator: Guidance For Calculating a Total Recoverable Permit
Limit From a Dissolved Criterion" published bythe Environmental Protection Agency (EPA 823-
B-96-007) which are hereby incorporated by reference including any subsequent amendments
The Director shall consider conformance to EPA guidance as well as the presence of
environmental conditions that limit the applicability of translators in approving the use of metal
translators. (a) Copper: 3 ug/I; (b) Silver: 0.1 ug/I; (c) Zinc: 86 ug/I.
NN
Shellfish Sanitation Classifications
Table 4. Classifications VMAby Shellfish Sanitation for shellfish harvesting waters.
ese areas area ways open to shellfish harvesting and close only after rare heavy rainfall
events such as hurricanes. The median fecal coliform Most Probable Number (MPN) or
geometric mean MPN of water shall not exceed 14 per 100 milliliters, and the estimated 90th
percentile shall not exceed an MPN of 43 per 100 mL for a five -tube decimal dilution test.
Sanitary Survey indicates an area can meet approved area criteria for a reasonable period of
time, and the pollutant event is known and predictable and can be managed with a plan.
These areas are open to harvest much of the year, but are immediately closed after certain
sized rainfall events.
88

Sanitary Survey indicates an area can meet approved area criteria during dry periods of time,
and the pollutant event is known and predictable and can be managed with a plan. This
growing area classification allows harvest when fecal coliform bacteria levels are lower than
the state standard in areas that otherwise might be closed to harvesting. These areas are
regularly monitored to determine if temporary openings are possible.
Sanitary Survey is not routinely conducted because previous sampling data did not meet
criteria for Approval or Conditional Approved. Area may also be closed as a matter of
regulation due to the presence of point source discharges or high concentrations of boats
with heads.
Recreational Water Quality Standar s
"Tier I swimming area" means a swimming area used daily during the swimming season, including
91 any public access swimming area and any other swimming area where people use the waterfor
primary contact, including all oceanfront beaches.
1. The enterococcus level in a Tier I swimming area shall not exceed either:
A geometric mean of 35 enterococci per 100 milliliter of water, that includes a
minimum of at least five samples collected within 30 days; or
A single sample of 104 enterococci per 100 milliliters of water.
Tier I Swimming areas:
(1) A swimming advisory shall be issued by the Division when samples of water from a swimming
area exceeds a geometric mean of 35 enterococci per 100 milliliters during the swimming season.
(2) A swimming alert shall be issued by the Division when a single sample of water from a
swimming area exceeds 104 enterococci per 100 milliliters and does not exceed 500 enterococci
per 100 milliliters during the swimming season.
(3) A swimming advisory shall be issued bythe Division when a sample of waterfrom a swimming
area exceeds a single sample of 500 enterococci per 100 milliliters during the swimming season.
(4) A swimming advisory shall be issued bythe Division when at least two of three concurrent
water samples collected at a swimming area exceeds 104 enterococci per 100 milliliters during the
swimming season.
A Tier I swimming area advisory shall be rescinded when two consecutive weekly water samples
and the geometric mean meet the bacteriological limits in Rule 18A .3402(a) of this Section. A
swimming alert shall be rescinded within 24 hours of compliance with Rule 18A .3402(a)(2) of this
"Tier II swimming area" means a swimming area used an average of three days a week during the
swimming season.
The enterococcus level in a Tier II swimming area shall not exceed a single sample of 276
enterococci per 100 milliliters of water.
Tier II swimming areas:
(1) A swimming alert shall be issued by the Division when a single sample of water from a
swimming area exceeds 276 enterococci per 100 milliliters and does not exceed 500 enterococci
per 100 milliliters during the swimming season.
89

2) A swimming advisory shall be issued by the Division when a single sample of water from a
swimming area exceeds 500 enterococci per 100 milliliters during the swimming season.
\ Tier II or Tier III swimming area advisory or alert shall be rescinded after water samples meet the
)acteriological standard in Rule 18A .3402(b) or (c) of this Section.
Tier III swimming area" means a swimming area used an average of four days a month during the
swimming season.
Jer III swimming area with a water sample result of 500 enterococci per 100 milliliters or higher
)n the first sample shall be resampled the following day. If the laboratory results of the second
,ample exceed 500 enterococci per 100 milliliters a swimming advisory shall be issued by the
Avision.
\ Tier II or Tier III swimming area advisory or alert shall be rescinded after water samples meet the
)acteriological standard in Rule 18A .3402(b) or (c) of this Section.
\pril 1 through October 31 of each year.
-he enterococcus level in a Tier III swimming area shall not exceed two consecutive samples of 500
enterococci per 100 milliliters of water.
Jovember 1 through March 31 of each year.
90

Appendix B Potential Stormwater Incentive Strategies
The following is an outline of potential stormwater incentive strategies that municipalities could consider to
encourage early LID implementation.
Begin by reviewing the town's codes and ordinances utilizing the following worksheet:
https://www.scd hec.gov/Homea nd E nvi ronment/docs/ModelOrd ina nces/Codesa ndOrdi na nces Worksheet. pdf
Incentive Categories 'A
The EPA has identified five basic incentive categories that can be utilized to encourage the reduction of
stormwater':
Require a stormwater fee that is based on impervious surface area. If property owners
reduce need for service by reducing impervious area and the volume of runoff discharged
from the property, the municipality reduces the fee.
Offered to developers during the process of applying for development permits. Examples
include: zoning upgrades, expedited permitting, reduced stormwater requirements and
increases in floor area ratios
Provide direct funding to property owners and/or community groups for implementing a
range of green infrastructure projects and practices.
Provide funding, tax credits or reimbursements to property owners who install specific
practices. Often focused on practices needed in certain areas or neighborhoods
Provide marketing opportunities and public outreach for exemplary projects. May include
monetary awards. Emphasize LID projects on website, at Council meetings and in utility
mailers.
5 Managing Wet Weather with Green Infrastructure Municipal Handbook: Incentive Mechanism.
2009. US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-833-F-09-001. Retrieved from
https://www.e�a.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/gi_munichandbook incentives O.pdf
91

Basic Strategies
The following is a compiled list of basic strategies and descriptions (summarized or quoted directly from Slo
County6 and EPA'; see Reference):
Reducing parking is both a LID technique for reducing impervious surfaces as well to
encourage more projects.
Create a LID review team that is familiar with and dedicated to LID projects.
Allow greater residential densities with the implementation of LID techniques.
A credit is given when rooftop runoff is disconnected and then direction to a vegetated
area where it can either infiltrate into the soil or filter over it. The credit is typically
obtained by grading the site to promote overland filtering or by providing bioretention
areas on single family residential lots.
This credit may be granted when impervious areas are disconnected from the stormwater
control system via overland flow filtration/ infiltration (i.e., pervious) zones. These
pervious areas are incorporated into the site design to receive runoff small impervious
areas (e.g., driveways, small parking lots, etc.). This can be achieved by grading the site to
promote overland vegetative filtering or by providing infiltration or "rain garden' areas.
This credit is targeted toward large lot residential developments that implement several
Better Site Design practices to reduce stormwater discharges from the development. This
credit may be granted when a group of environmental site design techniques are applied
to low and very low -density residential development (e.g., 1 dwelling unit per 2 acres
[du/ac] or lower). The credit can eliminate the need for structural stormwater controls to
treat water quality volume requirements. The project must have a total impervious cover
(including streets) of less than 15% ofthe total area. utilize grass channels to convey
runoff versus curb and gutter, etc.
Allow redevelopment projects from being exempt from local stormwater permitting
requirements if they can:
• reduce the total impervious cover by 40%from existing conditions
• Where site conditions prevent reduction in stormwater practices, implement
controls for at least 40% of the site's impervious area, or Where a combination of
6 Slo County. n.d. List of Potential Municipal LID Incentive Programs. Retrieved from
http://www.slocounty. ca.gov/Assets/PW/stormwater/Potential+LID+Incentives.pdf
Managing Wet Weather with Green Infrastructure Municipal Handbook: Incentive Mechanism.
2009. US Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-833-F-09-001. Retrieved from
httos://www.e�a.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/gi_munichandbook incentives O.pdf
92

impervious area reduction and implementation of stormwater practices is used
for redevelopment projects, the combination of impervious area reduction and
area controlled by stormwater management practices is equal to or exceeds 40%.
Provide priority status to LID projects with decreased time between receipt and review.
Add one square foot of additional floor area for each square foot of green roof, if green
roof covers at least 50% of roof area and at least 30% of the garden contains plants.
Require a certain number of LID points and provide points when using approved LID IMP
practices.
A credit may be granted when areas of managed open space, typically reserved for
passive recreation or agricultural practices, are conserved on a site. Underthis credit, a
designer would be able to subtract conservation areas from total site area when
computing water quality volume requirements.
Municipal entities that enforce building and inspection standards can also modify these
standards in ways that acknowledge LID. In this subsection, we list sources of information
on modifying building and inspection codes to make them more LID friendly. The list
includes sources specific to Oregon and the Pacific Northwest, as well as from outside the
region.
http://www.econw.com/media/ap files/ECONorthwest_Publication_LI D-Clacka mas-
County-Case-Study_2009.pdf
Credit may be granted when undisturbed, natural areas are conserved on a site, thereby
retaining their pre -development hydrologic and water quality characteristics. Under this
credit, a designer would be able to subtract conservation areas from total site area when
computing water quality volume requirements.
Reduce or waive property taxes on a LID project for a given number of years.
Projects that infiltrate 100 percent of stormwater receive up to 50% reduction in the
stormwater utility fee
This credit may be granted when stormwater runoff is effectively treated by a stream
buffer or other vegetated buffer. Effective treatment constitutes treating runoff as
overland sheet flow through an appropriately vegetated and forested buffer. Under the
proposed credit, a designer would be able to subtract areas draining via overland flow to
the buffer from total site area when computing water quality volume requirements.
Reduce stormwater treatment volume requirements as a ratio of the number of
acceptably sized trees planted on the project
93

This credit may be granted when vegetated (grass) channels are used for water quality
treatment. Site designers will be able to subtract the areas draining to a grass channel and
the channel area itselffrom total site area when computing water quality volume
requirements.
• Municipal sponsored public workshops on how to build rain gardens and emphasizing
the increase in property value and curb appeal of LID landscaping
• Municipal sponsored public workshops on how to make your own rain barrels
• Municipal public education and outreach on how to conserve water and save money
using rain barrels, rainwater harvesting water tanks, cisterns, and rain chains
• Municipal sponsored contests with giveaways using rain barrels, rain harvesting water
tanks, cisterns, and rain chains
• Municipal sponsored gardening workshops promoting the value of rainwater
harvesting, rain gardens, etc.
Communication about grant opportunities, partnerships, awards, competitions, and
regulations via email, newsletter, website, etc. directed directly at business owners and
commercial land owners to encourage participation and encourage a vested interest in
the community
Examples of LID -friendly Regulatory Language
"Several cities and counties list LI D-friendly stormwate nces on thei eb sites. A recent Google search of
"LID regulation" found the following LID ordinances:
• City of Sammamish, Washington: Ordinance 02008-236 Low Impact Development Regulations. An
ordinance of the City of Sammamish, Washington, amending the City of Sammamish Municipal Code to
create a Low Impact Development Chapter, and amending certain other Chapters of the City of
Sammamish Municipal code to ensure consistency with the Low Impact Development Chapter.
http://www.ci.sammamish.wa.us/ordinTpes.aspx?ID=107 (accessed January 5, 2009).
• Fauquier C Virginia: A zoning ordinance text amendment to Sections 5-006.5, 12-610 and 15-300
related to uti n of Low Impact Development techniques with site development.
http://www.fau uiercounty.gov/government/departments/BOS/past agendas/02-14-08/lid_ord.htm
(accessed January 5, 2009).
• Township of Lower Makefield, Pennsylvania: Ordinance No. 364. An ordinance ofthe Township of Lower
Makefield, Bucks County, Pennsylvania, amending the Lower Makefield Township Codified Zoning
Ordinance of 1996, as amended, to provide for Low Impact Development Standards.
http://www.Imt.org/LID`/`20-`/`20ZONING`/`2Ov`/`2O6`/`20 4 pdf (accessed January 5, 2009)."$
• Vermont utilizes a suite of stormwater regulations http://acipe.org/files/2012/04/LID For VT Towns.pdf
s ECONorthwest. 2009. Low Impact Development at the local level: Developer's experiences and city and county
support. Retrieved from http://www.econw.com/media/ap_files/ECONorthwest_Publication_LID-Clackamas-
County-Case-Study_2009.pdf
94

Discussion of challenges faced by developers and how municipalities can maximize the effectiveness of stormwater
programs:
http://www.econw.com/media/ap_files/ECONorthwest Publication _LID-Clackamas-County-Case-Study_2009.pdf
List of Cost savings from installed LID stormwater controls:
http://www.econw.com/media/ap files/ECONorthwest Publication LID -Clackamas -County -Case -Study 2009.pdf
http://www. dep.wv.gov/W WE/Programs/stormwater/MS4/guidance/factsheets/Documents/Incorporating%20ESD%
20into%20Municipal%20 S W %20Programs.pdf
Referent
r I
Slo County. n.d. List of Potential Municipal LID Incentive Programs. Retrieved
Managing Wet Weather with Green Infrastructure Municipal Handbook: Incentive Mechan 009. US
Environmental Protection Agency, EPA-833-F-09-001. Retrieved from
https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-10/documents/gi munichandbook incentives O.pdf
Doll, A., and G. Lindsey. 1999. Credits Bring Economic Incentives for Onsite Stormwater Management. Watershed
and Wet Weather Technical Bulletin, January 1999, Water Environment Federation.
http://stormwaterfinance.urbancenter.iupui.edu/PDFs/LindseVDoll.pdr"
., .14
ECONorthwest. 2009. Low Impact Development at the local level: Developer's experiences and city and county
support. Retrieved from http://www.econw.com/media/ap files/ECONorthwest Publication LID-
Cla mas-County-Case Stud ,2009.pdf
95

Appendix C Green Street Stormwater Management
Devices
Green Street Stormwater Management Devices
The purpose of this appendix is to provide example designs of typical stormwater runoff
reduction practices that can be used within the public right of way. The measures shown are
examples of the techniques and processes encouraged with the watershed management plan.
These details are intended to serve as the starting point for stormwater retrofits alongside
active roadways. These details outline the major design elements of curbside stormwater
management facilities. Roadside safety, pedestrian safety, maintenance, gutter spread and
other factors must still be evaluated prior to implementation. Additionally, existing utilities or
environmental conditions may make it necessary to modify or revise the standard designs to fit
each individual BMP location. Curbside stormwater management may not be feasible in all
locations.
96

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3. UTILITY LINES MA1 NEE NEED TO BE SLEEVED OOR RELOCATED.
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6. SOD OR TRIPLE SHREDDED MULCH SHALL BE A MINIMUM
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7. TOP OF L BE MINIMUM 4' BELOW THE CONCRETE APRON.
8. UNDERDRAIN LANDSCAPING
IMPERMEABLE L LINER ATO BE USED ON CASE BY CASE BASIS, AT DESIGN ENGINEER'S DISCRETION.
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