Bu. Co. Swannanoa River

-
Division of Water Quality
Biological Assessment Unit
September 19, 2003
MEMORANDUM
To: Jimmie Overton
Through: Trish Finn MacPherson
-
From: David Lenat CMS.
Subject: 303d resamples, August 2003
Background
Before a site can be placed on the 303d list of impaired streams based on benthic macroinvertebrate
ratings, it must receive either two consecutive samples with a Fair rating or one sample with a Poor rating.
Basinwide sampling in 2002 generated a number of new Fair ratings, which then required a resample in
2003 to determine if they should be placed on the 303d list.
Study Sites
Stream
Subbasin
Last Bioclass
2003 Bioclass
N Fk Catawba R, SR/1561
CTB 30
Fair
Good
McGalliard Cr, SR 1538
CTB 31
Fair
Fair
Middle Little R, SR 1153
CTB 32
Fair
Good -Fair
Muddy Fk, SR 1313
CTB 32
Fair
Good -Fair
Indian Cr, SR 1177
CTB 35
Fair
Good -Fair
Swannanoa R, SR 2500
FRB 02
Fair
Fair
Swannanoa R, SR 2416
FRB 02
Fair
Good -Fair
Cane Cr, SR 1006
FRB 02
Fair
Fair
Results and Discussion
1. North Fork Catawba R, SR 1561. This site showed a marked decline in water quality from Good in
1997 to Fair in 2002. The decline was attributed to the low flow conditions in 2002, which magnified
the effects of an upstream discharger. Sampling in August 2003 again produced a Good
macroinvertebrate rating. Conductivity was 400 µmhos/cm when the site rated as Fair in 2002, but it
was 120-133 µmhos/cm for the Good ratings in 1997 and 2003. This pattern suggests that water
quality problems may reoccur during future summer droughts. Further investigations of this
discharger (Baxter Healthcare) might be warranted, especially more detailed toxicity studies.
2. McGalliard Creek, SR 1538. Themacroinvertebrate rating of McGalliard Creek declined from Good -
Fair in 1992 and 1997 to Fair in 2002; the fish rating also declined from Good in 1997 to Fair in 2002.
There are no permitted dischargers in this catchment, but the stream receives urban runoff from the
town of Valdese. Macro invertebrate sampling in August 2003 verified the Fair rating, although this
site is borderline between Fair and Good -Fair ratings. The addition of only one more EPT taxa in
2003 would have produced a Good -Fair rating based on mountain criteria. Furthermore, the
macroinvertebrate fauna included some intolerant taxa: Eccoptura xanthenes (Abundant), Acroneuria
abnormis (Common), and Pteronarcys (Rare). Several small -stream species (Eccoptura xanthenes,
Diplectrona modesta, and Stenonema pudicum) were present at this site, suggesting that the fauna
may be limited by the size of the catchment as well as by any urban runoff effects. It is not
recommended that this stream be placed on the 303d list based on benthic macroinverterbate data.
3. Middle Little River, SR 1153. The Middle Little River declined from a Good or Good -Fair
macroinvertebrate rating in prior years (1992, 1997) to a Fair rating in 2002. This decline had been
attributed to low flow in 2002, as some intolerant taxa (especially Brachycentrus nigrosoma) were
present in all samples. As expected, this site recovered to Good -Fair under higher flows in 2003.
The Middle Little River still has some habitat problems (Mean Habitat Score = 46), but seems to have

good water quality. Fish collections further upstream (SR 1153) produced an Excellent rating for
Middle Fork Little River in 2002.
4. Muddy Fork, SR 1313. Muddy Fork is located in an area heavily grazed by cattle, with poor riparian
buffer zones. There is also an upstream discharge from Schneider Mills (0.8 MGD). Changes in
bioclassification at Muddy Fork were similar to those observed at North Fork Catawba River: High
EPT taxa richness and low conductivity during periods of high to normal flow (1997, 2003), low EPT
taxa richness and high conductivity during a period of low flow (2002). Specific conductance when
the Fair rating was recorded was 116 µmhos/cm, but specific conductance for the Good -Fair ratings
was 56-62 µmhos/cm. This pattern suggests a discharger effect at a time of low dilution, although we
cannot rule out some impact from the surrounding cattle operations. Although the stream "recovered"
in 2003, this water quality problem is expected to reoccur during future drought periods. Consistent
water quality problems were indicated by the scarcity of Plecoptera in all three collections.
5. Indian Creek, SR 1177. Indian Creek has been sampled many times, either at SR 1252 or at
SR1177. EPT taxa richness at SR 1252 had varied from 24-29 (Full Scale samples) from 1986 to
1997, producing ratings of either Good -Fair or Good. The site was moved upstream to SR 1177 in
2002, in an attempt to find a stream segment with adequate flow. The decline from Good in 1997 to
Fair in August 2002 was attributed to drought impacts, and the stream still had not recovered in
February 2003. The SR 1177 site also has poorer habitat than the SR 1252 site, with the former site
lacking any riffle areas. An EPT collection in September 2003 resulted in 17 EPT taxa (equivalent to
about 20 taxa with a Full Scale sample) and a Good -Fair rating.
6. Swannanoa R, SR 2500. The Swannanoa River at SR 2500 is downstream of Black Mountain. This
catchment is heavily developed, including the downtown business district. A Fair rating was obtained
at this site in 2002, and the same rating was again recorded in August 2003. The macroinvertebrate
bioclassification from the 2003 sample was very close to a Good -Fair rating, and the rating would
have been Good -Fair with an change of +1 EPT taxon or +8 in EPT abundance. However, this site
has been consistently rated as Fair in all three collections (1987, 2002, and 2003), and the 2002
samples showed a sharp contrast between this site and a site on the North Fork Swannanoa River.
Although the SR 2500 site has a good riffle area under the bridge, this stream segment is very sandy
with a low habitat score (51-57).
7. Swannanoa R, SR 2416. Habitat quality is much better in this segment of the Swannanoa River near
Warren Wilson College. This portion of the river is stocked with rainbow trout. The SR 2416 site was
Fair in both 1987 and 2002, but improved to Good -Fair in 2003. A nearby fish collection site (SR
2435 received a Good rating in 2002. Although the benthic macroinverterbate rating improved in
2003, the change was very small. Consistent water quality problems were indicated by a number of
.pattern in the macroinvertebrate data:
-Philopotamids rare or absent,
-Stoneflies generally sparse (one abundant taxon in 2003),
-Toxic-indicator Chironomidae (esp. Cricotopus spp.) abundant in all samples.
This area needs to be carefully monitored as development increases in the Black
Mountain/Swannanoa area.
8. Cane Cr, SR 1006. Cane Creek received a Good -Fair rating in 1992 and 1997, but the 2002
collection (Fair) indicated a sharp decline in water quality. This site again received a Fair
macroinvertebrate rating in August 2003. This catchment includes both the expanding Asheville
urban area and agricultural land use.
Conclusions
Continuing water quality problems were documented to _ Cane Creek (French Broad 02), the
headwaters of the Swannanoa River below Black Mountain (French Broad 02), and McGalliard Creek
(Catawba 31). In McGalliard Creek, however, there was evidence that the size of the catchment and low -
flow may also contribute to low macroinvertebrate diversity.

Two sites improved from Fair in 2002 to Good -Fair or Good in 2003, but the evidence suggests that
problems are related to upstream dischargers and may reoccur during future drought conditions. Further
investigations are warranted for these dischargers, especially toxicity studies.
cc: Michelle Woolfolk, Planning
Darlene Kucken, Planning
Matt Matthews, Aquatic Tox
Kevin Bowden, Aquatic Tox
Rex Gleason, Mooresville RO
Steve Mauney, Winston-Salem RO
Forrest Westall, Asheville RO

Division of Water Quality
Biological Assessment Unit
January 24, 2003
MEMORANDUM
To: Jimmie Overton
Through: Trish Finn MacPherson
From: David Lenat
Subject: Swannanoa River Survey, August 2002, French Broad Subbasin 02
Background
As part of normal basinwide sampling, the Biological Assessment Unit has only sampled 1 site on the
Swannanoa River. In 2002, however, the Asheville Regional Office asked us to expand the number of sites
in this catchment to assist with on -going restoration work. A technical subcommittee that was established to
prioritize projects for conservation and restoration in the Swannanoa River watershed will use these data.
The technical committee, in conjunction with ARO staff, selected sites for macroinvertebrate sampling.
Prior DWQ surveys in the Swannanoa River catchment include:
Survey of North Fork Swannanoa River above and below Gravestone Quarry, 1977-78 (Report B-
7901017). This survey found some reduction in macroinvertebrate abundance below the quarry. All
sites were influenced by other factors, including upstream reservoir construction (Burnett Reservoir)
and gravel mining. Sites above and below the quarry were given a Fair rating.
Swannanoa River fish kill, March 1988 (Report B-880406). A spill at the Sayles Biltmore Bleachery
caused severe water quality problems in the lower Swannanoa River.
Reclassification of the Swannanoa River (C4C-trout), October 1987 (Report B-880406). This report
included data from five sites on the Swannanoa River and six tributaries: Sweeten Creek, Christian
Creek, Bull Creek, Bee Tree Creek, North Fork Swannanoa River, and Flat Creek. Data from these
river sites will be used in this memo to evaluate long-term changes in water quality. Good water
quality was found only at Bull Creek, although it is assumed that Bee Tree Creek above the reservoir
also had good water quality. The latter area was evaluated as Excellent in 1986. The Executive
summary stated:
"Benthic macroinvertebrate results from the Swannanoa River generally indicated a Fair or a low
Good -Fair rating. These data suggested that water quality, and trout viability, should be highest at the
Warren Wilson and Swannanoa locations. Water quality progressively declines from Swannanoa to
Biltmore, with the poorest water quality at the two downstream locations."
Biomonitoring of Ross Creek, January 1999 (Report B-990125). This survey included samples from a
control site on upper Christian Creek. This largely forested catchment received a Good rating based
on a seasonally corrected EPT taxa richness of 25 and a seasonally corrected biotic index of 3.5.
Ross Creek was given a Good -Fair rating in the headwaters, and a Poor rating along Tunnel Road.
Sampling of Swannanoa Creek tributaries, December 1999 (Report B-991222). Flat Creek was given
a Good -Fair rating, while the other streams were too small for a bioclassification. However, these
results clearly indicated that streams in urban areas had worse water quality than streams in
residential areas.
DWQ Fish CommunitV Sampling, 1997 and 2002, Warren Wilson College (SR 2345). Fish samples
were collected as part of normal basinwide collection in both 1997 and 2002. Fish collections assign a
higher rating to this site on the Swannanoa river than the macroinvertebrate collections. In 2002, the
fish community was rated Good, in 1997 it had been rated Good -Fair (NCIBI = 48 and 40,
respectively). This 8-point increase resulted from greater diversities of cyprinids (due to the addition of
the silver shiner, mirror shiner, and blacknose dace) and intolerant species (due to the addition of the
silver shiner and rainbow trout) and a slightly greater percentage of insectivores in 2002 than in 1997.
The dominant species in 1997 was the central stoneroller; in 2002 the dominant species were the
central stoneroller and the saffron shiner.

Site Locations (all sites in Buncombe County, French Broad subbasin 02), Table 1.
North Fork Swannanoa River, Old US 70 (NF SR). This site is downstream of the Grovestone Quarry,
but the surrounding area also includes forest, urban and residential land use. Burnett Reservoir is
,upstream of this site, and it may control flow in this portion of the North Fork Swannanoa River. There
was favorable fish and invertebrate habitat at this site, including some deep pools. Many small fish were
observed during the macroinvertebrate collections, and the abundant periphyton growth suggested
some enrichment. A prior collection from this site (October 1987) produced a Fair rating.
Swannanoa River, SR 2500 (SR 1). This site is downstream of the town of Black Mountain and receives
runoff from upstream urban and residential land uses. This segment of the Swannanoa River is very
sandy, reflecting both land use and local geology; rubble substrate was found only at the bridge. A
periphyton sample collected at this site was mostly Amphithrix. Even though it is a blue-green alga, the
presence of this genus does not indicate any water quality problems (Mark Vander Borgh, personal
communication). Many small fish were observed during macro i nverte brate collections. A prior
collection from this site (October 1987) produced a Fair rating.

Swannanoa River, SR 2436 (SR 2). This site is located below the small community of Swannanoa. The
river in this area generally parallels US 70, an area of intensive commercial land use. Due to changes in
local geology, this site is much rockier than SR 1, but sediment has filled in the pools. There were
heavy periphyton growths observed during collections in both 1987 and 2002. Periphyton samples
collected in August 2002 were a mixture of diatoms, green algae and blue green algae. The species in
this mixture were generally tolerant of a wide range of environmental conditions (Mark Vander Borgh,
personal communication).
Swannanoa River, SR 2416 (SR 3). This site is located adjacent to Warren Wilson College. Like SR2,
periphyton growths were very abundant in both 1987 and 2002, indicating some enrichment. Overall
habitat was similar to that observed at SR 2.

Swannanoa River at end of Azalea Road near NC 181, in Azalea Park (SR 4). Portions of this stream
segment have been channelized, producing a narrow and uniform stream channel. The segment of the
river upstream of the park is very sandy, but a good riffle area was found at our sample location. An old
dam is located just upstream (see picture below), but this structure does not impound water.
Swannanoa River, NC 25 (SR 5). This downstream site is located in Biltmore Village; it is regularly
sampled as part of basinwide collections. Although there were good rubble riffles, most of the pools
have been filled in by sediment, producing a relatively uniform habitat. The Swannanoa River in
Biltmore has a very narrow riparian zone (less than 6 meters wide).
Methods
Benthic macroinvertebrates were collected at 3 sites using the Division of Water Quality's standard
qualitative (Full scale) sampling procedure. This method includes 10 composite samples: two kick -net
samples, three bank sweeps, two rock or log washes, one sand sample, one leafpack sample, and visual

collections from large rocks and logs. The purpose of these collections is to inventory the aquatic fauna and
produce an indication of relative abundance for each taxon. Organisms were classified as Rare (1-2
specimens), Common (3-9 specimens), or Abundant (>10 specimens).
Several data -analysis summaries (metrics) can be produced from standard qualitative samples to detect
water quality problems. These metrics are based on the idea that unstressed streams and rivers have many
invertebrate taxa and are dominated by intolerant species. Conversely, polluted streams have fewer
numbers of invertebrate taxa and are dominated by tolerant species. The diversity of the invertebrate fauna
is evaluated using taxa richness counts; the tolerance of the stream community is evaluated using a biotic
index.
EPT taxa richness (EPT S) is used with DWQ criteria to assign water quality ratings (bioclassifications).
"EPT" is an abbreviation for Ephemeroptera + Plecoptera + Trichoptera, insect groups that are generally
intolerant of many kinds of pollution. Higher EPT taxa richness values usually indicate better water quality.
Water quality ratings also are based on the relative tolerance of the macroinvertebrate community as
summarized by the North Carolina Biotic Index (NCBI). Both tolerance values for individual species and the
final biotic index values have a range of 0-10, with higher numbers indicating more tolerant species or more
polluted conditions. Water quality ratings assigned with the biotic index numbers were combined with EPT
taxa richness ratings to produce a final bioclassification, using criteria for Mountain streams.
EPT abundance (EPT N) and total taxa richness calculations also are used to help examine between -
site differences in water quality. When the EPT taxa richness rating and the biotic index differ by one
bioclassification, the EPT abundance value was used to produce the final site rating.
Benthic macroinvertebrates also were collected at 3 sites using DWQ's EPT sampling procedure. This
type of collection is intended to quickly assess between -station differences in water quality. Four composite
samples were taken at each site: 1 kick, 1 sweep, 1 leafpack and visual collections. Only intolerant "EPT"
groups (Ephemeroptera, Plecoptera, Trichoptera) were collected and identified. For this collection
technique, bioclassifications were assigned based solely on EPT taxa richness using DWQ criteria for
Mountain streams. EPT abundance and EPT biotic index values were used to compare sites, but cannot be
used with these limited collections to produce site ratings.
Results and Discussion (Table 1, Appendix 1)
North Fork Swannanoa River, Old US 70 (NF SR). Prior samples from this site (October 1987) indicated
low EPT taxa richness (12) and abundance (Fair bioclassification). The water was very turbid at this time
with a strong oil smell. This site improved to Good -Fair in August 2002, based on an EPT taxa richness of
22. This improvement may reflect better management of runoff from Grovestone Quarry, as well as
reduced nonpoint source runoff during the drought conditions of 2002.
The North Fork had the best habitat of all sites in the Swannanoa River catchment sampled in August
2002, although taxa richness was lower than prior samples from high quality tributaries, including Bull
Creek (27), Upper Bee Tree Creek (36), and upper Christian Creek (25). Intolerant Philopotamidae were
abundant in the North Fork Swannanoa River, but there were no abundant stonefly taxa.
Swannanoa River, SR 2500 (SR 1). Samples from both 1987 and 2002 produced an EPT taxa richness of
19 and a Fair bioclassification, suggesting no long term change in water quality. This Fair rating may have
been influenced by the very sandy substrate found in this portion of the Swannanoa River. One fairly
intolerant mayfly (Baetisca) was abundant at the Black Mountain site, but not collected elsewhere during
the 2002 survey.
Swannanoa River, SR 2436 (SR 2). This portion of the river is very rocky, perhaps due to the presence of
large bedrock areas. The very abundant periphyton community indicated some enrichment, but a slight
increase in EPT taxa richness relative to SR 1 produced a Good -Fair rating. A Good -Fair rating also was
obtained from this site in 1987. However, we observed fewer Baetidae and Hydropsychidae than
expected for an enriched mountain river, and some toxicity is suggested by the total lack of stoneflies.
Between 1987 and 2002, there was a decline in the abundance of some intolerant or facultative species,
including Chimarra and Isonychia.

Table 1. Taxa richness (by group) and summary parameters, Swannanoa River, August 2002, Buncombe County.
Site:
NF SR
SR 1
SR 2
SR 3
SR 4
SR 5
Parameter Method:
EPT
Full
EPT
Full
EPT
Full
Ephemeroptera
12
9
12
12
13
14
Plecoptera
2
1
0
2
0
0
Trichoptera
8
9
10
10
8
12
Coleoptera
3
3
7
Odonata
5
6
5
Megaloptera
1
3
2
Diptera: Chironomidae
20
23
15
Misc. Diptera
4
3
3
Oligochaeta
5
3
1
Crustacea
1
2
2
Mollusca
2
6
8
Other
2
0
3
Total Taxa Richness
-
62
-
75
-
73
10-sample EPT Richness'
25
19
25
24
24
26
4-sample EPT Richness
22
-
22
-
21
-
EPT Abundance
71
65
74
93
103
125
EPT Biotic index
4.0
4.2
4.8
4.6
4.4
4.7
Biotic Index
-
5.4
-
5.9
-
5.8
Bioclassification
G-F
Fair
G-F
Fair
G-F
G-F
Width
6
8
11
15
9
15
Depth
Average
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
Maximum
1.5
1.2
1.2
1.5
1.2
0.8
Canopy
50
80
50
60
20
25
Aufwuchs
Abundant
Abundant
Abundant
Abundant
Abundant
Abundant
Bank Erosion
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Mod -Severe
Substrate (%)
Boulder
35
0
25
25
20
30
Rubble
35
10
50
45
40
30
Gravel
20
25
15
15
15
15
Sand
10
65
10
15
20
25
Silt
0
0
0
0
5
0
Water Chemistry
Temperature (°C)
21
20
23
24
22
21
Dissolved Oxygen (mg/1)
8.4
8.1
8.7
7.3
7.9
6.6
Specific Conductance
66
59
70
62
68
78
pH
7.2
7.0
7.5
7.0
7.3
7.0
Habitat Score (0-100)
81
51
63
61
58
58
'Predicted from 4-sample EPT collections
by multiplying by 1.15
Swannanoa River, SR 2416 (SR 3). This site is adjacent to Warren Wilson College and this portion of the
river is heavily used for recreation, including a kayak slalom course. Looking only at EPT taxa, there are
relatively few differences between the Swannanoa and Warren Wilson sites, although tolerant
Hydropsychidae (Symphitopsyche sparna) and Baetidae (Baetis flavistriga) were more abundant at SR 3.
The Swannanoa collection was limited to EPT taxa, but the Warren Wilson collection included the entire
invertebrate community. Tolerant chironomids were dominant at SR 3, and intolerant EPT taxa were rare
or absent. The additional data suggested that toxicity is a problem in this segment of the river, as toxic -
tolerant midges (esp. Cricotopus bicinctus and Cricotopus annulatorgroup) were abundant in 2002. C.
bicinctus also was abundant at this site in 1987. A Fair rating was assigned to this site in both 1987 and
2002, although a between -year change in the biotic index (5.1 45.9) suggested declining water quality.
Although the bioclassification has changed from Good -Fair at Swannanoa to Fair at Warren Wilson
College, there were relatively small between -site changes. Ten -sample EPT taxa richness declined by
only one taxon, and the EPT biotic index was lower at the Warren Wilson site.

Fish collections from this site in 1997 and 2002 produced higher bioclassifications (Good -Fair and Good)
than did the macroinvertebrate data (Fair). These data suggest that the fish community may show the
strongest response to any habitat improvements in this part of the river.
Swannanoa River at end of Azalea Road near NC 181, in Azalea Park (SR 4). Only an EPT sample was
collected at this site, producing a Good -Fair rating. However, there were few significant differences
between the invertebrate fauna at SR 3 and SR 4, although field notes did not indicate large numbers of
Chironomidae at the latter site. The Azalea area was heavily sampled in January 1993, as part of a
methods test. Seasonally corrected EPT taxa richness and biotic index values consistently indicated a
Good -Fair rating for this portion of the river.
Swannanoa River, NC 25 (SR 5). The Biltmore site is the most sampled location for the Swannanoa
River, with eight samples from 1985 to 2002. This site improved from Fair or Poor in the 1980's to Good -
Fair in the 1990's. No significant improvement has been noted since 1992, with relatively stable EPT taxa
richness (26-28) and biotic index (5.4-5.7). This site included some riverine fauna in 2002, possibly due to
the proximity of the French Broad River: Heterocloeon petersi and Stenonema mediopunctatum. In spite
of the Good -Fair rating, water quality problems were indicated by the lack of Serratella (in spite of good
Podostemum habitat), Philopotamidae, and Plecoptera.
Conclusions
Most of the Swannanoa River sites continued to have macroinvertebrate bioclassifications of low Good -
Fair or high Fair. In 2002, Good -Fair ratings were assigned to sites at Swannanoa, Azalea and Biltmore, but
Fair ratings were given to sites at Black Mountain and Warren Wilson College. Fish sampling at Warren
Wilson College, however, produced a Good -Fair rating in 1997 and a Good rating in 2002. The
macroinverteb rate fauna was dominated by tolerant and facultative species, and the most intolerant group
(Plecoptera) was rare or absent at all sites on the Swannanoa River. Severe habitat problems were noted
only at Black Mountain, although this partially reflects local geology. Most river sites had poor riparian buffer
zones, very few pools, embedded substrate, and a relatively uniform "run" habitat. Habitat problems,
however, were much less significant than water quality problems, with toxicity clearly indicated in the middle
portion of the river. Restoration efforts aimed only at habitat improvement can be expected to have limited
benefits to the macro invertebrate fauna. Urban and residential runoff appear to be the most likely causes of
these problems, although this study cannot demonstrate a causal link between the invertebrate community
and land use. The higher ratings produced by fish collections, however, suggest that this portion of the
aquatic community may respond more positively to habitat improvements.
The lower portion of the Swannanoa River (Biltmore) has improved over time, progressing from Poor or
Fair in the 1980s to Good -Fair in the 1990s. The middle section of the river, however, still has a Fair rating,
and the increase in biotic index values suggested a decline in water quality over time. Additional data
(especially at higher flows) will be needed to confirm this trend.
cc: Laurie Moorhead, Forrest Westall, Asheville Regional Office
Andrea Leslie, Watershed Assessment and Restoration Project,
NC Division of Water Quality, 46 Haywood Street, Suite 252, Asheville, NC 28801
Michael Miller, Swannanoa Watershed Coordinator, Riverl-ink, 170 Lyman St,
Asheville NC 28801
Michelle Woolfolk, Darlene Kucken, Planning

Appendix 1. Taxa list and relative abundance, Swannanoa River, 08/02, Buncombe County
N FK SR
SR 1
SR 2
SR 3
SR 4
Taxon
US 70
Black Mtn
Swannanoa
Warren Wilson
Azalea
EPHEMEROPTERA
ACENTRELLA SP
R
ACENTRELLA FEMORELLA
R
BAETIS ANOKA
C
A
BAETIS DUBIUS/BIMACULATUS
C
C
BAETIS FLAVISTRIGA
A
R
BAETIS INTERCALARIS
C
R
A
C
A
BAETIS PLUTO
R
C
R
C
C
BAETIS PROPINQUUS
R
C
C
BAETISCA SPP
A
EPEORUS RUBIDUS
R
EURYLOPHELLA SPP
R
HEPTAGENIA MARGINALIS
C
A
HETEROCLOEON SP
R
HETEROCLOEON PETERS[
ISONYCHIA SPP
C
R
R
C
PROCLOEON SPP
R
R
R
STENONEMA ITHACA
A
A
A
A
STENONEMA PUDICUM
A
C
R
STENONEMA MEDIOPUNCTATUM
STENONEMA MODESTUM
A
A
C
C
A
SERRATELLA DEFICIENS
C
C
C
R
STENACRON PALLIDUM
C
R
C
C
A
TRICORYTHODES SPP
R
R
R
PLECOPTERA
ACRONEURIAABNORMIS
C
R
R
PARAGNETINA IMMARGINATA
C
TALLAPERLA SPP
R
TRICHOPTERA
CERACLEA ANCYLUS
C
CHEUMATOPSYCHE SPP
C
A
A
A
A
CHIMARRA SPP
A
R
HYDROPSYCHE BETTENI
R
C
C
C
C
HYDROPSYCHE SCALARIS
R
HYDROPSYCHE VENULARIS
C
HYDROPTILA SPP
C
LEUCOTRICHIA PICTIPES
A
A
LYPE DIVERSA
R
MICRASEMA WATAGA
R
MYSTACIDES SEPULCHRALUS
NEOPHYLAX OLIGIUS
R
R
NEURECLIPSIS SPP
OECETIS PERSIMILLIS
R
R
C
R
POLYCENTROPUS SPP
C
R
C
R
PYCNOPSYCHE SPP
C
R
SYMPHITOPSYCHE BRONTA
R
C
SYMPHITOPSYCHE MOROSA
R
SYMPHITOPSYCHE SPARNA
R
C
C
A
A
TRIAENODES IGNITUS
C
R
R
C
R
TRIAENODES MARGINATUS
COLEOPTERA
ANCYRONYX VARIEGATUS A
DINEUTES SPP
GYRINUS SPP
HELICHUS SP R
MACRONYCHUS GLABRATUS C
OPTIOSERVUS SPP C
PELTODYTES SPP
PROMORESIA ELEGANS
SPERCHOPSIS TESSELLATUS R
STENELMIS SPP R
1
SR 5
Biltmore
R
R
C
A
C
A
R
R
R
A
C
A
A
C
A
C
A
A
A
C
R
C
C
R
C
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
C

Taxon
ODONATA
ARGIA SPP
BOYERIA VINOSA
CALOPTERYX SPP
-CORDULEGASTER SPP
ENALLAGMA SPP
GOMPHUS SPP
MACROMIA SPP
STYLOGOMPHUS ALBISTYLUS
MEGALOPTERA
CORYDALUS CORNUTUS
NIGRONIA SERRICORNIS
SIALIS SPP
DIPTERA: CHIRONOMIDAE
CRICOTOPUS BICINCTUS: C/O SP1
CRICOTOPUS VARIPES GR: C/O SP6
ORTHOCLADIUS (EUORTHOCLADIUS): C/O SP3
POLYPEDILUM ILLINOENSE
CHIRONOMUS SPP
ABLABESMYIA MALLOCHI
APSECTROTANYPUSJOHNSONI
BRILLIA SPP
CONCHAPELOPIA GROUP
CORYNONEURA SPP
CRYPTOCHIRONOMUS SPP
CRYPTOTENDIPES SPP
DICROTENDIPES NEOMODESTUS
TVETENIA BAVARICA GR (E SP1)
EUKIEFFERIELLA DEVONICA GR (E SP2)
LABRUNDINIA PILOSELLA
NATARSIA SPP
NILOTANYPUS SPP
POLYPEDILUM CONVICTUM
POLYPEDILUM FALLAX
POLYPEDILUM SCALAENUM
PARALAUTERBORN I ELLA NIGROHALTERALIS
PARAMETRI OCN EMUS LUNDBECKI
PROCLADIUS SPP
RHEOCRICOTOPUS ROBACKI
RHEOPELOPIA SP
RHEOTANYTARSUS SPP
STENOCHIRONOMUS SPP
TANYTARSUS SP2
TANYTARSUS SP6
THIENEMANIELLA SPP
TRIBELOS SPP
XENOCHIRONOMUS XENOLABIS
XYLOTOPUS PAR
MISC. DIPTERA
ANTOCHA SPP
CHRYSOPS SPP
DIXELLA INDIANA
SIMULIUM SPP
TIPULA SPP
OLIGOCHAETA
AULODRILUS PLURISETA
CAMBARINICOLA SP
ILYODRILUS TEMPLETONI
LIMNODRILUS SPP
LUMBRICULIDAE
NAIS SPP
SR 1
SR 3
SR 5
Black Mtn
Warren Wilson
Biltmore
C
A
A
C
A
C
R
R
A
A
C
R
R
A
A
C
A
A
R
C
R
R
A
C
C
_A
R
C
R
C
C
R
R
C
C
C
C
C
R
R
R
C
C
R
R
R
R
R
R
R
C
A
C
C
R
C
C
C
R
R
A
C
A
R
R
C
A
R
C
A
C
C
C
C
C
A
A
C
R
R
R A C
R
R
C C C
R R
R
R
C
R
A A C
R R

Taxon
CRUSTACEA
CAECIDOTEA SP (STREAMS)
CAMBARUS SPP
CRANGONYX SPP
MOLLUSCA
CORBICULA FLUMINEA
PISIDIUM SPP
SPHAERIUM SPP
ELIMIA SP
FERRISSIA SPP
FOSSARIA PARVA
HELISOMA ANCEPS
PHYSELLA SPP
PSEUDOSUCCINEA COLUMELLA
OTHER
CORIXIDAE
RANATRA SPP
DUGESIA TIGRINA
HELOBDELLA TRISERIALIS
HYDRACARINA
PLACOBDELLA PAPILLIFERA
PROSTOMA GRAECENS
SR 1 SR 3 SR 5
Black Mtn Warren Wilson Biltmore
C
R R
C A
C A A
C C
R
A A A
R
R
A A
C C
R
R
R
R C
R
C
C
C