Subtask2_1_InventoryTypesAndSourcesOfFlooding

Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk
Resiliency Types and Sources of
Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Prepared for the North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality by AECOM and
ESP Associates
November 2023
2.1- 2.2 2.5 3.5 3.6 3.7 3.9 3.10 4.5
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Table of Contents
Definitions ..................................................................................................................... vii
Acronyms .......................................................................................................................viii
1 Introduction ............................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Purpose ........................................................................................................................................ 1
1.2 Types and Sources of Flooding ................................................................................................... 1
1.2.1 Primary Sources of Flooding ....................................................................................... 2
1.2.2 Other Sources of Flooding ........................................................................................... 2
1.3 Flood Modeling ............................................................................................................................ 3
1.4 Dataset Classifications ................................................................................................................ 4
1.5 Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring ..................................................................................................... 6
1.6 Dataset Event Frequencies ......................................................................................................... 6
1.7 Risk Analysis ................................................................................................................................ 8
2 Summary Sheets ......................................................................................................... 9
2.1 Hazards and Engineering Studies Datasets ............................................................................... 9
2.1.1 North Carolina Floodplain Mapping Regulatory Modeling ...................................... 13
2.1.2 North Carolina Floodplain Mapping Advisory Modeling .......................................... 15
2.1.3 NCEM: Multi-Frequency Floodplain Raster Mapping Datasets ................................ 17
2.1.4 NCEM: NC Floodplain Mapping’s Enterprise “Flood” Database (FRIS Flood
Database) ................................................................................................................... 18
2.1.5 NCDWR, NC Climate Office, USACE, and USGS: Water Resources Information,
Storage, Analysis, and Retrieval System ................................................................... 20
2.1.6 Various Local Governments: Models Developed by Local Governments ................ 22
2.1.7 USACE, NCSU, UNC, and NCDEQ: Models Developed by Other Agencies ................ 24
2.1.8 NC Floodplain Mapping Program: Flood Warning and Inundation Datasets
FIMAN and FIMAN-T Libraries .................................................................................... 25
2.1.9 The National Water Model ......................................................................................... 27
2.1.10 World Climate Research Programme: Future Climate Data and Model –
CMIP6 ......................................................................................................................... 28
2.1.11 SE Climate Adaptation Science Center and NCSU: Downscaled Future
Climate Data and Model – GCM ................................................................................. 30
2.1.12 IPCC: Future Climate Data and Model ....................................................................... 32
2.1.13 NCDOT: 2D Modeling from Other Agencies ............................................................... 33
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2.1.14 NCDOT: Roadway Inundation Tool ........................................................................... 35
2.1.15 FEMA: Regulatory Hydrologic, Hydraulic, and Coastal Modeling ............................ 36
2.1.16 USACE: South Atlantic Coastal Study ....................................................................... 38
2.1.17 NOAA: Gauge Data ..................................................................................................... 39
2.1.18 NASA: Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability of EOS .................................... 41
2.1.19 European Space Agency: Flood Event Satellite Aerial Imagery ............................... 42
2.1.20 USGS: Flood Event Satellite Aerial Imagery (Landsat and Sentinel 1 and 2)........... 44
2.1.21 NOAA: Storm Aerial Imagery ..................................................................................... 45
2.1.22 European Commission Joint Research Centre, JRC Global Surface Water ............. 46
2.1.23 Multiple: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Models ................................ 48
2.1.24 The Nature Conservancy: Historical Events (Hurricanes Matthew and
Florence) .................................................................................................................... 49
2.1.25 USGS: Stream Gauge Data ......................................................................................... 51
2.1.26 NCEM and NCDOT: Stream Gauge Data .................................................................... 52
2.1.27 FEMA: High Water Marks ............................................................................................ 53
2.1.28 USGS: High Water Marks ............................................................................................ 55
2.1.29 NCEM: High Water Marks ........................................................................................... 57
2.1.30 NOAA: Meteorological Data ....................................................................................... 58
2.1.31 NCSU and MESOWEST: Rain Gauge .......................................................................... 59
2.1.32 State Climate Office of NC: Climate Voyager ............................................................ 61
2.1.33 NCSU Climate Office: Meteorological Data ............................................................... 62
2.1.34 USGS: Stage-Discharge Rating Curves ...................................................................... 63
2.1.35 USGS: Rain Gauge ...................................................................................................... 65
2.1.36 CoCoRAS: Rain Gauge ................................................................................................ 66
2.1.37 NOAA, NASA, etc.: Radar Such as Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor Quantitative
Precipitation Estimate ............................................................................................... 67
2.1.38 NOAA: Precipitation Frequency Grids ....................................................................... 69
2.1.39 Greater Raleigh Region: TomorrowNow ................................................................... 71
2.1.40 Public: Citizen Science (Social Media) ...................................................................... 72
2.1.41 Charlotte’s Emerald System: Stormwater Complaints ............................................ 74
2.1.42 Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of South
Carolina: Incidents and Fatalities ............................................................................. 75
2.1.43 NCDOT: NCDOT Stormwater Asset Inventories, Policies, and Maintenance
Plans ........................................................................................................................... 77
2.1.44 Local Governments: Large Municipality (Population>100k) Stormwater Asset
Inventories, Policies, Capital Improvement Plan, and Maintenance Plans ............ 79
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2.1.45 Local Governments: Small Municipality (Population<100k) Municipal
Stormwater Asset Inventories, Policies, and CIP Maintenance Plans ..................... 80
2.1.46 NOAA: Flash Flood ..................................................................................................... 82
2.1.47 Unidentified: Debris Jam ........................................................................................... 83
2.1.48 UNC: King Tides Project ............................................................................................. 84
2.1.49 Coastal Emergency Risks Assessment: Hurricane Surge Forecast .......................... 85
2.1.50 NOAA: Sea Level Rise ................................................................................................. 87
2.1.51 NOAA: Potential Storm Surge .................................................................................... 89
2.1.52 NOAA: Event-Specific Storm Surge ........................................................................... 90
2.1.53 Deltares: Global Flood Maps ..................................................................................... 92
2.1.54 USGS: Coastal Change Hazards Portal ..................................................................... 93
2.1.55 NCFS, NASA, NCSU, Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation and
Google: Wildfire ......................................................................................................... 95
2.1.56 Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation: Historical and Future
Drought ...................................................................................................................... 96
2.1.57 National Drought Mitigation Center: Real-Time Drought ........................................ 97
2.1.58 NASA: Meteor ............................................................................................................. 98
2.1.59 USGS: Earthquake ................................................................................................... 100
2.1.60 NCGS: Landslide ...................................................................................................... 101
2.1.61 Climate Reports (Multiple) ...................................................................................... 102
2.2 Foundational Datasets ............................................................................................................ 103
2.2.1 USGS: Coastal National Elevation Database (CoNED) ........................................... 104
2.2.2 USGS 3D Elevation Program .................................................................................... 105
2.2.3 NCEM: Terrain Data.................................................................................................. 107
2.2.4 NOAA: Coastal Topographic LiDAR ......................................................................... 108
2.2.5 NCEM and NCDOT: Survey Data .............................................................................. 109
2.2.6 NCDOT: Transportation ........................................................................................... 110
2.2.7 NC CGIA: Political Boundaries ................................................................................. 111
2.2.8 Local Governments: Zoning .................................................................................... 112
2.2.9 NOAA: Bathymetry ................................................................................................... 114
2.2.10 USACE: Bathymetry ................................................................................................. 115
2.2.11 USGS: Hydrography ................................................................................................. 116
2.3 Natural Environment Datasets ............................................................................................... 117
2.3.1 MRLC: Existing Land Cover and Pervious Cover NLCD ........................................... 119
2.3.2 MRLC: Cropland Data Layer ..................................................................................... 121
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2.3.3 NOAA: Coastal Change Analysis Program ............................................................... 122
2.3.4 ESA, ESRI, USGS, NOAA: Global Future Land Use ................................................... 124
2.3.5 NCSU: Natural Infrastructure GIS Layers ................................................................ 125
2.3.6 USDA and NRCS: Soils.............................................................................................. 126
2.3.7 NCDEQ: River Restoration or Diversions ................................................................. 127
2.3.8 EPA: EnviroAtlas ....................................................................................................... 128
2.3.9 Unidentified: Snowmelt .......................................................................................... 130
2.3.10 Unidentified: Avalanche .......................................................................................... 131
2.3.11 Unidentified: Ice Jam .............................................................................................. 133
2.3.12 Duke University: Pocosins ....................................................................................... 134
2.3.13 USGS: Groundwater Levels ..................................................................................... 135
2.3.14 NCDEQ: Monitoring Network and Studies .............................................................. 136
2.3.15 Land Subsidence: Vertical Land Motion and Horizontal Velocity Data for US
Atlantic Coast ........................................................................................................... 138
2.3.16 USGS: Karst Features and Sinkholes ...................................................................... 139
2.3.17 Carolina Bays ........................................................................................................... 141
2.3.18 US Fish and Wildlife: Wetland Restoration ............................................................. 142
2.3.19 N.C. Wildlife Resources: Threatened and Endangered Species ............................. 143
2.3.20 NCDEQ: Livestock .................................................................................................... 145
2.3.21 Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of South
Carolina and United States Department of Agriculture: Crops ............................. 146
2.4 Built Environment ................................................................................................................... 147
2.4.1 NC Risk Database, Oak Ridge Lab, and Microsoft BING: Building Footprints........ 149
2.4.2 NCEM: Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (NCEM) ..................................... 150
2.4.3 NCEM: Dam Breach Modeling of High and Intermediate Hazard Dams ................ 152
2.4.4 USACE: Dam Inventory ............................................................................................ 153
2.4.5 NC Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (CGIA): Parcel Data ............. 155
2.4.6 Local Governments: Sewer Overflow ...................................................................... 156
2.4.7 EPA and NCDEQ: Storage Tanks, WWTP, Power Plants, Factories,
Contaminated Areas/Brownfields, etc. ................................................................... 157
2.4.8 NCDOT: Loss of Service (Traffic Count) ................................................................... 159
2.4.9 Duke Energy: Duke Energy Studies ......................................................................... 160
2.4.10 Duke Energy: Duke Energy Lake Regulations ......................................................... 162
2.4.11 NCDEQ: National Dam and Levee Inventory Databases......................................... 163
2.4.12 Deltares: Global Water Availability ......................................................................... 165
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2.4.13 National Aquatic Barrier Inventory and Prioritization Tool ................................... 166
2.4.14 USDA Census of Agriculture .................................................................................... 168
2.4.15 NCDEQ: Mining ......................................................................................................... 169
2.5 Demographic Datasets ............................................................................................................ 170
2.5.1 US Census: Population Datasets ............................................................................. 171
2.5.2 CDC: CDC Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and Dr. Susan Cutter SoVI ................... 172
2.5.3 CEQ: Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool (CEJST) ............................... 173
2.5.4 HUD/CPD: Low to Moderate Income ....................................................................... 174
2.5.5 NC State Historic Preservation Office, National Registry of Historic Places:
Cultural Resources ................................................................................................... 176
2.5.6 FEMA: National Risk Index (NRI) .............................................................................. 177
2.5.7 EPA: EPA EJSCREEN ................................................................................................. 178
2.5.8 Local Governments: Elected/Community Officials ................................................ 180
2.5.9 United States Census Bureau: Commuter Information (US Census,
Onthemap) ............................................................................................................... 181
2.5.10 The Land Conservancy, Riverkeepers, etc.: Non-Profits ........................................ 182
2.6 Mitigation Support Datasets ................................................................................................... 183
2.6.1 FEMA: Insurance Data (NFIP Policies and Repetitive Loss Properties) .................. 184
2.6.2 NCEM and NCDOT: Existing Mitigation Studies in Neuse, Tar-Pamlico, Cape
Fear, Cashie River and Lumber ............................................................................... 186
2.6.3 DPS and NCORR: Existing Mitigation Plans, Including HMPs, RRPs ....................... 188
2.6.4 Federal (FEMA), State, and Local: Policy Data ........................................................ 189
2.6.5 FEMA: Historical Flooding Support Information (e.g., IA and PA Claims, SBA
and HMGP Applications) .......................................................................................... 191
2.6.6 FEMA: Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant Program ................................................ 193
2.6.7 Peer State Program Review ..................................................................................... 194
2.6.8 Local Governments: Other Policy Information Related to Flood Risk
Mitigation and Resilience ........................................................................................ 195
2.6.9 Local Governments: Elevation Certificates ............................................................ 196
2.6.10 FEMA: CRS Communities ......................................................................................... 197

Figures
Figure 1-1: Distribution of Resources that Identify Sources of Flooding ................................................... 1
Figure 1-2: Resources that Identify Sources of Flooding ............................................................................ 5
Figure 1-3: Dataset Classification ................................................................................................................ 5
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Figure 1-4: Dataset Event Frequencies ........................................................................................................ 7
Figure 1-5: Variables That Quantify Risk ...................................................................................................... 8

Tables
Table 1-1: Comparison of 1D, 2D, and 3D Modeling .................................................................................... 3
Table 1-2: Resources That Identify Sources of Flooding ............................................................................ 5
Table 1-3: Dataset Classification ................................................................................................................. 5
Table 1-4: Dataset Event Frequencies ......................................................................................................... 7
Table 2-1: Hazard and Engineering Studies Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring ............................................... 9
Table 2-2: Foundational Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring .......................................................................... 103
Table 2-3: Natural Environment Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring ............................................................. 117
Table 2-4: Built-Environment Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring .................................................................. 147
Table 2-5: Demographics Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring ........................................................................ 170
Table 2-6: Mitigation Support Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring ................................................................. 183

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Definitions
A comprehensive list of definitions applicable to multiple Flood Resiliency Blueprint documents is
provided in a separate document.

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Acronyms
1D – One-dimensional
2D – Two-dimensional
3D – Three-dimensional
AI – Artificial Intelligence
API – Application Programming Interface
BCA – Benefit-Cost Analysis
Blueprint – North Carolina Flood Resiliency
Blueprint
CDC – Centers for Disease Control and
Protection
CEJST – Climate and Economic Justice
Screening Tool
CEQ – Council on Environmental Quality
CERA – Coastal Emergency Risks Assessment
CGIA – Center for Geographic Information and
Analysis
CIP – Capital Improvement Plan
CMRA – Climate Mapping for Resilience and
Adaptation
CoCoRAS – Community Collaborative Rain,
Hail, and Snow Network
CoNED – Coastal National Elevation Database
CPD – Continuing Professional Development
CRS – Community Rating System
DOT – U.S. Department of Transportation
DPS – Department of Public Safety
EAL – Expected Annual Loss
EDH – Elevation Derived Hydrography
EOS – Earth Observing System
EPA – Environmental Protection Agency
ESA – European Space Agency
ESRI – Environmental Systems Research
Institute, Inc.
FEMA – Federal Emergency Management
Agency
FFE – First Floor Elevation
FIMAN – Flood Inundation Mapping and Alert
Network
FINS – Flood Information Notification System
FIRM – Flood Insurance Rate Map
FMA – Flood Mitigation Assistance
FRIS – Flood Risk Information System
FY – Fiscal Year
GCM – Global Climate Model
GIS – geographic information system
GPS – global positioning system
GW – groundwater flooding
H&H – Hydrologic and Hydraulic
HEC – Hydrologic Engineering Center
HMGP – Hazard Mitigation Grant Program
HUD – U.S Department of Housing and Urban
Development
IA – Individual Assistance
IPCC – Intergovernmental Panel on Climate
Change
LANCE – Land, Atmosphere Near real-time
Capability of earth observing system
LiDAR – Light Detection and Ranging
LIP – Local Intense Precipitation
LMI – Low and Moderate Income-
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LOMR – Letter of Map Revision
ML – Machine Learning
MODIS – Moderate Resolution Imaging
Spectroradiometer
MRLC – Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics
N/A – not applicable
NASA – National Aeronautics and Space
Administration
NC – North Carolina
NCDEQ – North Carolina Department of
Environmental Quality
NCDOT – North Carolina Department
Transportation
NCDWR – North Carolina Department of Water
Resources
NCEM – North Carolina Emergency
Management
NCFS – North Carolina Forest Service
NCGS – North Carolina Geological Survey
NCSU – North Carolina State University
NFIP – National Flood Insurance Policy
NLCD –
NOAA – National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration
NRCS – Natural Resources Conservation
Service
NRI – National Risk Index
NWM – National Water Model
PA – Public Assistance
PAC – Percent Annual Chance
PMF – Probable Maximum Flood
PMP – Probable Maximum Precipitation
RAS – River Analysis System
RRP – Regional Response Plan
SACS – South Atlantic Coastal Study
SBA – Small Business Administration
SE – Southeast
SFHA – Special Flood Hazard Area
SVI – Social Vulnerability Index
TBD – to be determined
TLC – The Land Conservancy
UK – United Kingdom
UNC – University of North Carolina
US – United States
USACE – United States Army Corps of
Engineers
USDA – United States Department of
Agriculture
USGS – United States Geological Survey
WRISARS – Water Resources Information,
Storage, Analysis, and Retrieval System
WSEL – Water Surface Elevation
WWTP – Wastewater Treatment Plant

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1 Introduction
1.1 Purpose
Subtask 2.1 – Inventory types and sources of flooding that create negative impacts (e.g., flooded
infrastructure, structural damage, human safety, acute environmental impacts), along with
frequencies/spatial extent.
Subtask 2.2 – Document resources that can be used to identify and quantify: existing risk, future risk,
and measures of risk; people and infrastructure; ecosystem; spatial/frequency, data used to assign
risk; programs that assess risk.
The purpose of this document is to identify and evaluate datasets in North Carolina that could be
available for use in projects performed as part of the North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
(Blueprint). These datasets contain the critical components of a successful flood resiliency effort such
as probability of hazard occurrence, risk assessments, estimated damages enabling the evaluation of
the effectiveness of mitigation, and resiliency projects.
1.2 Types and Sources of Flooding
There are many types and sources of flooding that create negative impacts to human safety,
structures, infrastructure, and the environment. These sources of flooding may occur independently,
but often occur concurrently with each other. The specific sources included in this report have been
categorized and illustrated in Figure 1-1 below.

Figure 1-1: Distribution of Resources that Identify Sources of Flooding

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1.2.1 Primary Sources of Flooding
Fluvial (Riverine) Flooding occurs when stream and rivers exceed the capacity of their natural or
constructed channels to accommodate water flow, and therefore, water overflows the banks, spilling
out into adjacent low-lying, dry land.
Pluvial (Rain) Flooding occurs when a rainfall event creates a flood independent of an overflowing
water body.
Urban and Stormwater Flooding occurs when excess rainfall in an urban area is greater than can be
conveyed away from the developed area by the urban drainage system.
Flash Flooding is characterized by a rapid rise in water, high velocities, and a large amount of debris.
Rainfall intensity and duration, as well as the steepness of watershed and stream gradients, are major
factors in flash flooding. The differentiator in this type of flooding is the speed of onset as opposed to
origin of flood water.
Dam and Levee Flooding occurs when a dam or levee fails to contain floodwater. The failure can
result from floodwater overtopping the dam or levee as well as if the dam or levee experience a
structural failure, or breach, resulting in a release of floodwater.
Coastal Flooding is caused by water from the ocean coming on land either as tides, storm surge, sea
level rise, or wave action.
1.2.2 Other Sources of Flooding
Frozen forms of water may contribute to or result in flooding when large amounts of snow and ice
melt quickly due to warm temperatures, rain, or other factors, resulting in a sudden increase in water
flow in waterways, or when still-frozen water, in the form of avalanches or ice, disrupt fluvial flow.
Groundwater Flooding occurs when the water table in an area rises above the ground surface.
Overland ponding occurs when water accumulates on low-lying areas, resulting in the formation of
ponds or standing water. This can happen during heavy rainfall events, when drainage systems are
overwhelmed and water cannot be carried away quickly enough, or when there are obstructions or
barriers that prevent water from flowing away from an area.
Agricultural Flooding occurs when agricultural areas experience excess water due to heavy rainfall,
poor drainage, or other factors. In this case, agriculture is not the source of—but rather the asset
affected by—flooding.
Mining Flooding occurs when water accumulates in mining operations such as open pits,
underground mines, and tailings dams. This can occur due to a range of factors, including heavy
rainfall, equipment failures, and human error. As with agricultural flooding, mine facilities are the
assets affected. In addition, mines can be the source of flooding in instances where tailings dams
experience a breach or overtop, or when a mine blowout occurs.
Natural Disasters. Natural disaster flooding refers to flooding that occurs as a result of natural events
such as hurricanes, typhoons, wildfires, ice jams, meteor impacts, etc., but are not caused by
precipitation.
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1.3 Flood Modeling
The current trend in modeling is moving away from one-dimensional (1D) modeling and focusing on
two-dimensional (2D) modeling for better accuracy and greater product availability. One-dimensional
modeling is characterized by more confined flow, generally in one direction, and with data and results
available at cross sections. 2D modeling is characterized by unconfined flow in multiple directions and
has data and results available at each individual mesh or grid cell. 2D modeling allows analysis of
pluvial flooding and are often referred to as pluvial models when used for this purpose, although 2D
models can and are also are used to analysis combined fluvial and pluvial flooding. As technology
improves and higher quality is demanded in the future, another transition may occur from 2D to
three-dimensional (3D) modeling.
The hydraulic models typically referenced by the data sources are often based on peak flows or time-
series of flows that are developed by hydrologic modeling. Traditional hydrologic modeling has
typically been based on either statistical analysis of stream gage flow data or by watershed modeling.
Statistical analysis of gage records, by way of frequency analysis gage flow records, can provide
estimates of the flood quartiles, flow duration curves, or low-flow quartiles at gaged locations. These
hydrologic estimates can be transferred spatially to other locations by a variety of means, including
drainage area transposition, flow correlation relations, or by regional regression analysis.
Watershed modeling typical involves numeric simulation of hydrologic processes such as
precipitation losses, transformation of excess precipitation to runoff, estimation of baseflow
component of streamflow, and the hydrologic routing of runoff through the watershed. More complex
watershed modeling also includes the interaction between groundwater recharge/discharge and
streamflow. Recently, in conjunction with the trend toward 2D methods in hydraulic modeling, the
use of ‘rain-on-grid’ hydrologic approach has become more prevalent. The rain-on-grid approach uses
traditional watershed modeling techniques to determine excess precipitation, then uses 2D hydraulic
methods to route the excess precipitation across the watershed into the stream channels. The
watershed modeling approach, including the inclusion of modeling the surface water/groundwater
interactions and the merging of traditional excess precipitation modeling with 2D hydraulic methods
in the rain-on-grid approach, can result in a model, if properly calibrated and validated, that can be
used to simulate a variety of existing and hypothetical conditions. Table 1-1 below summarizes the
benefits and limitations of each type of modeling.
Table 1-1: Comparison of 1D, 2D, and 3D Modeling
Limitations Benefits
1D Model only represents the cross sections placed along the
stream at key topographic transitions and features. Assumes
linear changes between two cross sections. Not as useful in
coastal applications.
Model can be easy to process and provide quick
estimates, especially for simple, well-defined areas.
Requires less terrain data and storage. Often easier to
calibrate.
2D Process and data intensive, the technology is changing,
standards are not well defined, and a detailed model is
effort intensive.
Can model complex geometries, flow obstructions,
and variations as well as compute additional factors
such as transverse momentum.
3D Often not feasible, especially in large scale application
because they require high-quality input data, intensive
computation power, and may be overly complex.
Most realistic representation of hydraulic systems,
capable of simulating complex flow patterns,
phenomena, and turbulence in all three dimensions.

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1.4 Dataset Classifications
Within the development of the Flood Resiliency Blueprint, all data sources are classified as follows:
Hazards and Engineering Study Datasets: One of the primary steps in the study process is
identification of the flood hazard. Essential elements of the dataset include hydrologic, hydraulic, and
coastal modeling that can be used as-is or enhanced to be used in scenario analyses. This dataset type
also includes elements involved with determination of future flooding, including climatological
modeling. Each model type discussed should be evaluated as to specific applicability to Blueprint.
Even a well-calibrated model will not always hold up and provide realistic outputs a short distance
downstream/for a lower reach, especially if there is influence from incoming tributaries.
Model evaluation and what is “good enough” often depends on who developed the model and what
their organizational mission is, as well as the specific questions/goals for which each model was
developed. Candidate models are evaluated/compared to one another using criteria that link back to
the goals of the Blueprint, and speak to 1) their capability to address the array of hazards, impacts,
mitigation strategies of interest; and 2) accuracy (under what conditions/where/at what level of
granularity?), which may reflect how the model was calibrated and validated, and over what time
scales/event sizes/locations.
Foundational Datasets: Foundational data elements are the building block datasets that are
necessary to construct, enhance, or provide essential context to other flood-risk related data. These
include datasets such as topography, bathymetry, and base map elements.
Natural Environment Datasets: Natural environment datasets include geospatial data that can assist
in the model development and alternative analyses. These may include wetlands delineations, soils
data, existing and future land use data, and other natural environmental datasets that will support
the study.
Built Environment Datasets: Current and future built-environment datasets are used to identify built
assets that may be vulnerable to, and negatively impacted by, flood hazards. Often, building
structures are a primary focus; however, impacts can include infrastructure, agricultural areas, natural
resources, indirect economic impacts, or anything else that could be negatively impacted by flooding.
Built-environment datasets also include critical infrastructure resources and facilities, such as
emergency services, healthcare, communications, and water and wastewater infrastructure.
Demographic Datasets: Demographic datasets include information that can assist in model
development and alternative analyses. Demographic datasets that depict the socioeconomic make-
up of hazard areas are essential to understanding natural hazard impacts on local population, and
how to optimally prepare for, and respond to, these impacts. More resources covering these topics
will be explored in subtask 2.14.
Mitigation Support Datasets: Mitigation Support datasets aid in the determination of flood risks
within the region, as well as datasets that help to inform the mitigation strategies required to lessen
those flood risks. Relevant mitigation support datasets include National Flood Insurance Policy (NFIP)
data, repetitive and severe repetitive loss data, elevation certificates, hazard mitigation plans, capital
improvement plans (CIPs), comprehensive plans, transportation plans, and resiliency plans. These
datasets will help with determination of flood risk in the basin, as well as avoiding duplicative effort,
and building on data collected from previous outreach efforts and existing engineering analyses.
These data can be mined for current planned mitigation strategies, actions, and projects, as well as
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areas of interest to stakeholders. These strategies will be reviewed and included for consideration in
the study as applicable.
A total of 129 resources that consider sources of flooding were identified and classified by source of
flooding (Table 1-2 and Figure 1-2) and dataset classification (Table 1-3 and Figure 1-3).

Table 1-2: Resources That Identify Sources
of Flooding
Source of Flooding Amount
Fluvial (Riverine) Flooding 61
Pluvial (Rain) Flooding 32
Urban and Stormwater Flooding 45
Dam and Levee Flooding 7
Flash Flooding 7
Coastal Flooding 17
Frozen Sources 3
Groundwater Flooding 5
Overland Ponding 7
Agriculture and Mining Flooding 5
Natural Disaster 6
Non-Flooding Source 26
All Flooding Sources 1

Figure 1-2: Resources that Identify Sources of Flooding
Table 1-3: Dataset Classification
Dataset Classification Amount
Hazards and Engineering Studies 62
Foundational 11
Natural Environment 21
Built Environment 15
Demographic 10
Mitigation Support 10

Figure 1-3: Dataset Classification

Fluvial
(Riverine)
Flooding
Pluvial
(Rain)
Flooding
Urban & Stormwater
Flooding
Dam &
Levee
Flooding
Flash
Flooding
Coastal
Flooding
Frozen
Sources
Groundwater
Flooding
Overland
Ponding
Agriculture &
Mining Flooding
Natural
Disasters
Non-Flooding
Source All
Flooding
Source of Flooding
Hazards and
Engineering Studies
Foundational
Natural
Environment
Built
Environment
Demographic
Mitigation Support
Dataset Classifications
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1.5 Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring
A gap analysis was performed by scoring each dataset’s applicability to use in the Blueprint. The
scores will be used to identify the most essential datasets for use in the Blueprint. Note that the
scoring is not an overall reflection of the value of the dataset, because the dataset may have higher
values for other purposes outside of the Blueprint. The highest score is a ten, and the lowest a one.
Some datasets receive a “TBD” (to be determined) instead of a score to mark that these datasets
require further investigation. Scores were assigned for the gaps in Geospatial, Database, Specification
and Quantity, Temporal, and Engineering Modeling as defined below.
Geospatial Gaps occur when the dataset needed for the engineering study inputs or mitigation
alternative analyses does not cover the study area sufficiently for a complete and accurate analysis.
Database Gaps may exist with databases such as missing feature class attributes. In many locally
obtained datasets the data will be compiled from various sources and may have different classes and
formats that will need to be normalized. Additionally, some datasets may be more comprehensive
than others with respect to attributes such as first floor elevations (FFEs) or foundation types. This will
create a completeness gap that may require additional data collection or a consistent methodological
solution to be developed.
Specification and Quality Gaps are found where the current data are unsuitable for use because they
do not meet current standards for any given product. This can be common in geospatial data, or
where the datasets were produced to an older specification that no longer meets current criteria or
guidelines.
Temporal Gaps may exist where temporal changes in natural and manmade features are no longer
reflected in the data available. This is common in areas of significant and constant change such as
areas experiencing rapid growth or depopulation. For such areas, the more recent datasets are likely
to be the most effective, but these datasets will need to be reviewed and potentially revised or
augmented.
Engineering Modeling Gaps – Viable flood mitigation alternatives typically involve hydrological,
hydraulic, and coastal modeling and analysis. Any models used in analysis for the Blueprint will need
to be reviewed for accuracy and completeness. Areas where additional modeling and mapping are
required will need to be identified, and models developed. Data collected such as high water marks,
Individual Assistance applications, Federal Emergency Management Agency’s (FEMA’s) Coordinated
Needs Management Strategy data, NFIP claims, and local stakeholder feedback can be useful in
determining where modeling gaps exist or where new modeling may need to be performed.
The results of the dataset gap analysis scoring are presented in Tables 5 through 10, found in the
beginning of subsequent sections that contain the dataset summary sheets for the respective dataset
types.
1.6 Dataset Event Frequencies
Part of risk quantification involves determining the frequency of a hazard event. Each source was
analyzed for which frequencies could be extracted as the following Percent Annual Exceedance
Chance (PAC): 20 percent, 10 percent, 4 percent, 2 percent, 1 percent, 1 percent Minus and 1 percent
Plus (standard error approach used in FEMA Risk Maps), 0.5 percent, 0.2 percent, 0.1 percent,
Historical Event, Probable Maximum Precipitation (PMP), Probable Maximum Flood (PMF), Real Time,
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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Forecasted, and/or other PAC. These are noted in the summary sheets, but also illustrated in Table 1-4
and Figure 1-4.

Table 1-4: Dataset Event
Frequencies
Source of Flooding Amount
20 PAC 7
10 PAC 15
4 PAC 15
2 PAC 15
1 PAC 18
1 PAC MINUS 9
1 PAC PLUS 9
0.5 PAC 7
0.2 PAC 15
0.1 PAC 7
Other 8
Historical Event 33
PMP 5
PMF 5
Real Time 19
Forecasted 15

Figure 1-4: Dataset Event Frequencies

0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
20

P
A
C
10

P
A
C
4
P
A
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2
P
A
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1
P
A
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1
P
A
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P
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5

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2

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1

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1.7 Risk Analysis
The ability to quantify risk for each source was analyzed. The sources are identified as capable of
quantifying existing risk, future risk, existing and future risk, or not able to quantify risk based on
variables derived from each source. For example, 25 sources that include hydrology variables could be
used as both “existing and future risk identifiers,” 11 sources covering hydrology could be used to
determine future risk, etc.

Figure 1-5: Variables That Quantify Risk

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2 Summary Sheets
2.1 Hazards and Engineering Studies Datasets
There are 62 datasets that have been identified, reviewed, and classified as Hazards and Engineering
Studies datasets for use in the Blueprint. Of the 62 total Hazards and Engineering Studies datasets,
17 are classified as essential and 45 are classified as supporting. The results of the dataset gap
analysis scoring, as well as the associated flooding types, are summarized in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1: Hazard and Engineering Studies Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring
Dataset
Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database
Specification
and Quality Temporal
Engineering
Methods
North Carolina Floodplain
Mapping Regulatory Modeling
F, P, U 8 8 8 6 6
North Carolina Floodplain
Mapping Advisory Modeling
F, P, U, OP 4 10 6 8 6
North Carolina Emergency
Management (NCEM): Multi-
Frequency Floodplain Raster
Mapping Datasets
F, P, U 6 10 6 6 6
NCEM: NC Floodplain
Mapping’s Enterprise “Flood”
Database (FRIS FLOOD
Database)
F, U 10 10 10 8 8
North Carolina Department of
Water Resources (NCDWR),
NC Climate Office, United
States Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE), and
United States Geological
Survey (USGS): Water
Resources Information,
Storage, Analysis, and
Retrieval System (WRISARS)
F TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Various Local Governments:
Models Developed by Local
Governments
F, U TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
USACE, North Carolina State
University (NCSU), and
NCDEQ: Models Developed by
Other Agencies
F TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
NC Floodplain Mapping
Program: Flood Warning and
Inundation Datasets (Flood
Inundation Mapping and
Alert Network (FIMAN]) and
FIMAN-T Libraries
F, U 4 10 8 8 6
The National Water Model F 8 8 6 10 8
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Dataset
Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database
Specification
and Quality Temporal
Engineering
Methods
(NWM)
World Climate Research
Programme: Future Climate
Data and Model – CMIP6
F, P, U 10 10 2 8 6
Southeast (SE) Climate
Adaptation Science Center
and NCSU: Downscaled
Future Climate Data and
Model – GCM
F, P, U 10 8 8 8 6
IPCC: Future Climate Data
and Model
F, P, U 10 8 6 8 6
NCDOT: 2D Modeling from
Other Agencies
F, P, U 4 4 6 6 8
NCDOT: Roadway Inundation
Tool
F, U 4 6 4 6 6
FEMA: Regulatory Hydrologic,
Hydraulic and Coastal
Modeling
C 6 8 8 6 8
USACE: South Atlantic
Coastal Study (SACS)
C 10 9 10 10 10
National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
(NOAA): Gauge Data
C 4 8 10 10 10
NASA: Land, Atmosphere
Near real-time Capability of
EOS (LANCE)
F 8 TBD 4 6 4
European Space Agency:
Flood Event Satellite Aerial
Imagery
F 8 TBD 4 6 4
USGS: Flood Event Satellite
Aerial Imagery (Landsat &
Sentinel 1 and 2)
F 8 TBD 4 6 4
NOAA: Storm Aerial Imagery F 8 TBD TBD 8 TBD
European Commission Joint
Research Centre, JRC Global
Surface Water
F 6 TBD 4 6 4
Multiple: Artificial Intelligence
and Machine Learning Models
F TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
The Nature Conservancy:
Historical Events (Hurricanes
Matthew and Florence)
F, P, U 6 6 4 10 N/A
USGS: Stream Gauge Data F, U 6 8 8 10 8
NCEM and NCDOT: Stream
Gauge Data
F, U 4 4 6 10 8
FEMA: High Water Marks F, U 6 6 6 10 6
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Dataset
Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database
Specification
and Quality Temporal
Engineering
Methods
USGS: High Water Marks F, U 6 6 6 10 6
NCEM: High Water Marks F, U 6 6 6 10 6
NOAA: Meteorological Data F, P, U 8 10 8 10 6
NCSU and MESOWEST: Rain
Gauge
F, P, U 8 8 8 10 6
State Climate Office of NC:
Climate Voyager
F, P, U 10 6 8 6 6
NCSU Climate Office:
Meteorological Data
F, P, U 8 10 10 10 6
USGS: Stage-Discharge
Rating Curves
F 4 8 8 6 6
USGS: Rain Gauge F, P, U 4 8 8 10 N/A
Community Collaborative
Rain, Hail, and Snow
Network (CoCoRAS): Rain
Gauge
F, P, U 10 8 6 8 6
NOAA, NASA, etc.: Radar Such
as Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor
Quantitative Precipitation
Estimate
F, P, U 10 8 6 10 6
NOAA: Precipitation
Frequency Grids
F, P, U 10 8 8 8 8
NASA and USGS Earth
Resources Observation and
Science: Moderate Resolution
Imaging Spectroradiometer
(MODIS) Satellite
F, P, U 10 8 6 8 6
Greater Raleigh Region:
Tomorrow Now
U TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Public: Citizen Science (Social
Media)
U 6 6 6 8 6
Charlotte’s Emerald System:
Stormwater Complaints
U TBD 6 6 8 8
Hazards and Vulnerability
Research Institute at the
University of South Carolina:
Incident and Fatalities
F, P, U TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
NCDOT: NCDOT Stormwater
Asset Inventories, Policies,
and Maintenance Plans
U 6 6 8 8 10
Local Governments: Large
Municipality
(Population>100k)
Stormwater Asset
Inventories, Policies, CIP, and
U 6 6 6 4 6
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Dataset
Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database
Specification
and Quality Temporal
Engineering
Methods
Maintenance Plans
Local Governments: Small
Municipality
(Population<100k) Municipal
Stormwater Asset
Inventories, Policies, and CIP
Maintenance Plans
U 4 4 4 4 4
NOAA: Flash Flood FF TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Unidentified: Debris Jam F, P, U, FF TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
University of North Carolina
(UNC): King Tides Project
C 4 6 8 10 6
CERA: Hurricane Surge
Forecast
C 6 4 6 4 6
NOAA: Sea Level Rise C 8 8 8 6 6
NOAA: Potential Storm Surge C TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
NOAA: Event Specific Storm
Surge
C TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Deltares: Global Flood Maps C 4 4 4 4 4
USGS: Coastal Change
Hazards Portal
C 6 8 6 6 6
North Carolina Forest Service
(NCFS), NASA, NCSU, CMRA
and Google: Wildfire
ND TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Climate Mapping for
Resilience and Adaptation
(CMRA): Historical and Future
Drought
ND TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
National Drought Mitigation
Center: Real Time Drought
ND 8 8 8 8 8
NASA: Meteor ND TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
USGS: Earthquake ND TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
North Carolina Geological
Survey (NCGS): Landslide
ND 8 8 8 8 8
Climate Reports (Multiple) NFS 10 8 8 8 8
a Future conditions hydrology using rainfall runoff parameters developed using build out conditions.
N/A, Not Applicable; TBD, To Be Determined; Fluvial (Riverine) Flooding, F; Pluvial (Rain) Flooding, P; Urban and Stormwater Flooding, U; Dam and
Levee Flooding , D&L; Flash Flooding, FF; Coastal Flooding, C; Frozen, S; Groundwater Flooding, GW; Overland Ponding, OP; Agricultural Flooding,
A&M; Mining Flooding, A&M; Natural Disasters, ND; Non-Flooding Source, NFS; All Types of Flooding, ALL; CIP, Capital Improvement Plan; NCDEQ,
Department of Environmental Quality; H&H, Hydrologic and Hydraulic.

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2.1.1 North Carolina Floodplain Mapping Regulatory Modeling

Note: Subtask 2.4 report contains detailed discussion of this dataset
Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information North Carolina Emergency Management – Floodplain Mapping Program
Link to Online Data https://fris.nc.gov/fris/Home.aspx?ST=NC
Data Owner State of North Carolina
Date Created 2000
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Annual Funding for cyclical updates throughout the state
Updates Needed Yes – Constant Updates necessary to maintain reliable products
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban

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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

10

4 2 1 1
P
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x

x
Benefits:
Near statewide coverage that will be achieved later as 2D modeling is expanded. Models (HEC-RAS
and HEC-HMS) can be modified for future conditions, additional storm events, mitigation scenarios,
enhancements to quality, or fill gaps and needs to progress onward.
Limitations:
Some models may contain outdated hydrology, terrain, assumptions, limited flood boundary extents,
and limited data such as future conditions. Additionally, hydraulic models built for regulatory
purposes may not reflect all infrastructure in and along the flooding source; for example, breached
dams from old mills, uncertified levees, and offline storage. If models are to be used for alternative
analyses, then updates to model geometry should be considered. A multitude of obstacles exists in
the paradigm shift from a 1D deterministic (fixed model weights) to a 2D probabilistic (model
incorporates random variables and probability distributions) approach. Many models may be unable
to adapt to be useful in the future. Model accuracy is not verified. One-dimensional models that do not
map headwaters may encourage development on top of streams, leading to flooding. This is because
land known to flood can be sold at a lower cost, which attracts buyers (often developers) who expect
the regulatory models to protect against such development, which they do not in these instances.
Dataset should be updated by:
Prioritize updating 1D modeling with 2D modeling for a more consistent and holistic dataset, which
provides a more future-proof product that can be transitioned to technologies such as a digital twin
down the road. Also update mapping with new bathymetry, topo, hydrology, Dataset Event
Frequencies, and future conditions. Consider establishing quality standards for new 2D studies to
limit variations. Determine a means to incorporate verification of models such as historical storm
events.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation
Boundary, water surface elevation (WSEL), Special Flood Hazard Area (SFHA), Transportation
Attributes (Roads and Bridges), Velocity, Shear Stress, and Hydrology. To quantify risk, determine
objects in the special flood hazard areas. WSEL for various events can be extracted from cross section
and profiles; however, this would require additional effort.

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2.1.2 North Carolina Floodplain Mapping Advisory Modeling

Note: Subtask 2.4 report contains detailed discussion of this dataset

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information North Carolina Emergency Management – Floodplain Mapping Program
Link to Online Data https://flood.nc.gov/advisoryflood/
Data Owner State of North Carolina
Date Created 2022
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Annual Funding for cyclical updates throughout the state
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban and Stormwater, Overland

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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

10

4 2 1 1
P
A
C

M
I
N
U
S

1
P
A
C

P
L
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0.
5

0.
2

0.
1

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X x x x x x x x x x x

Benefits:
Potentially, could be a comprehensive and equitable fluvial flooding identification source. Keen to
detect realized significant flood risk and damage because during hurricanes Matthew and Florence,
approximately 70 percent of damage claims were outside of the regulatory floodplain. These models
use the 1 percent annual chance rainfall, in addition to rainfall plus 10 percent, 20 percent, and
30 percent. Models (HEC-RAS and HEC-HMS) can be modified for future conditions, additional storm
events, mitigation scenarios, enhancements to quality, or to fill gaps and needs.
Limitations:
Spatially, the data are limited to less than one-third of the State of North Carolina (the eastern portion
of the state as shown in graphic of this dataset). The modeling assumptions and input may be
performed at a coarse level, so models may need refinement, at least in hot spots. Channel routing
was not included because flow descends through downstream basins. Model verification varies based
on available data. Where data were available, models were calibrated.
Dataset should be updated by:
Refine the current models and complete the remaining sub-basins in the Neuse Watershed. Refined
modeling should be performed at least in hot spots (areas of interest) supporting additional
mitigation alternative analysis. Additional refinements would include topographic breaklines, hydro
connectors, hydraulic structures, mesh alignment, and calibrated regions. Continue to expand 2D
modeling across the state to account for smaller drainage areas. Use FEMA’s Guidance for Flood Risk
Analyses and Mapping documents (Base Level Engineering) Analysis and Mapping and Hydraulics:
Two-Dimensional Analysis) to determine modeling procedure and limit variations. Determine a means
to incorporate verification of models such as historical storm events. Consider using these as the base
for a digital twin.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, Water
Surface Elevation and Depth. Where available, future risk can be quantified using this dataset,
although the definition of future conditions is limited.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.3 NCEM: Multi-Frequency Floodplain Raster Mapping Datasets

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information North Carolina Emergency Management – Floodplain Mapping Program
Link to Online Data https://fris.nc.gov/fris/Home.aspx?ST=NC
Data Owner State of North Carolina
Date Created Fiscal Year (FY) 2008
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Annual Funding for cyclical updates throughout the state
Updates Needed Datasets updated as new counties go preliminary and effective
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

10

4 2 1 1
P
A
C

M
I
N
U
S

1
P
A
C

P
L
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0.
5

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2

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x x x x x x x x x x x

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Benefits:
Used to establish spatial extent, depth and frequency of flooding, support flood risk calculations, and
assist in outreach. Can be expanded to include other useful raster layers such as duration of flooding.
Limitations:
Regulatory and Advisory multi-frequency rasters are currently stored in two different geographic
information system (GIS) datasets. Advisory is limited to approximately 25 percent of the State of
North Carolina (the eastern portion of the state). The level of detail and availability of future
conditions vary across products.
Dataset should be updated by:
Update grids with any new or updated modeling that is developed. Merge data sources for
comprehensive coverage. Consider adding more rasters such as duration of flooding or arrival time.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, Water
Surface Elevation and Depth. Where available, future risk can be quantified using this dataset,
although the definition of future conditions is limited.
2.1.4 NCEM: NC Floodplain Mapping’s Enterprise “Flood” Database (FRIS
Flood Database)

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information North Carolina Emergency Management – Floodplain Mapping Program
Link to Online Data https://fris.nc.gov/fris/Home.aspx?ST=NC
Data Owner State of North Carolina
Date Created 2010
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Ongoing
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban
* Site is access restricted
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

10

4 2 1 1
P
A
C

M
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1
P
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P
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x x x x x x x x x x x

Benefits:
This database contains significant amounts of the supporting data needed for new or
revised analysis including modeling, mapping, and risk assessments.
Limitations:
The supporting modeling for this dataset may not reflect current land use, infrastructure, or include
future conditions or climate change. The data may lack the detailed quality for the task such as a
mitigation project.
Dataset should be updated by:
This dataset contains all data required for FEMA Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) and Flood Risk
Product databases. Additional data in the flood analysis and risk assessment can be leveraged from
either models, calculations, or spatial datasets. These could prove useful for the Blueprint.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, Water
Surface Elevation and Depth. Where available, future risk can be quantified using this dataset,
although the definition of future conditions is limited.

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2.1.5 NCDWR, NC Climate Office, USACE, and USGS: Water Resources
Information, Storage, Analysis, and Retrieval System
1

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCDWR, NC Climate Office, USACE, and USGS
Link to Online Data Data no longer available
Data Owner NCDWR, NC Climate Office, USACE, and USGS
Date Created N/A
Date of Access February
Frequency of Updates N/A
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial

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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

10

4 2 1 1
P
A
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M
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1
P
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P
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Benefits:
N/A
Limitations:
Data no longer available.
Dataset should be updated by:
N/A
Risk Quantifier:
N/A
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2.1.6 Various Local Governments: Models Developed by Local
Governments

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Various Local Governments
Link to Online Data TBD
Data Owner Various Local Governments
Date Created Varies
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Urban

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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

10

4 2 1 1
P
A
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M
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1
P
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P
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0.
5

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Benefits:
Localized and detailed flood modeling that should take precedence over other generic modeling
sources or be incorporated into those. May also contain useful local information not observed in other
datasets.
Limitations:
The model datasets referenced here were developed by a number of different local governments,
often using differing approaches to meet differing objectives in addition to floodplain regulation and
management; in addition the age, completeness of supporting documentation and level of QA/
QC of the datasets will and thus the usefulness of the model datasets will likely vary according to the
local government source that generated the datasets A detailed review of the model datasets would
be required to fully assess the usefulness for each source.
Dataset should be updated by:
Locate models and studies, ensure they are complete, and determine how to incorporate useful
information. For example, a local detailed study should take precedence over an approximate
regulatory study.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation
Boundary, WSEL, Transportation Attributes (Roads and Bridges), Velocity, Shear Stress, and
Hydrology. Additionally, future risk can be quantified using this dataset where analysis of future
conditions have been performed. To quantify risk, determine WSEL of objects from a more detailed
model.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 24
2.1.7 USACE, NCSU, UNC, and NCDEQ: Models Developed by Other
Agencies

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USACE, NCSU, UNC, NCDEQ
Link to Online Data https://www.saw.usace.army.mil/ https://ncseagrant.ncsu.edu/coastwatch/current-
issue/summer-2021/mapping-the-future/
https://www.deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-resources/water-planning/modeling-
assessment https://hydro.web.unc.edu/
Data Owner USACE, NCSU, NCDEQ
Date Created Varies
Date of Access February 2008
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Fluvial

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Localized and detailed flood modeling that could take priority over other FEMA regulatory modeling
sources or be incorporated into those. May also contain useful local information not observed in other
datasets.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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Limitations:
Access to sites containing models will differ. It is yet to be determined which models will be available.
A significant effort would be required to track studies down and research them. Quality of models are
currently unknown.
Dataset should be updated by:
Complete assessment of model input data specifications and quality, identifying computational
methodology. Then compare data from other agency models with FEMA regulatory models. If model
developed by other agency uses more refined data and better methodology, then the agency model
would be considered for uses in alternative analysis.
Risk Quantifier:
Models will need to be obtained and assessed. Determine if model includes existing land use and
hydrology only or if future land use and hydrology are also included. Based upon modeled scenarios,
then ability to quantify risk can be determined.
2.1.8 NC Floodplain Mapping Program: Flood Warning and Inundation
Datasets FIMAN and FIMAN-T Libraries

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information North Carolina Emergency Management
Link to Online Data https://fiman.nc.gov/Map.aspx
Data Owner North Carolina Emergency Management
Date Created 2005
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Ongoing
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Urban
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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Identifies extent of flooding and inundation at critical gauged locations in real-time as well as in non-
event-based flooding scenarios. Can be used to identify inundation areas as well as roads and
structures inundated during flood events and the frequency and duration of flooding of critical
transportation routes. There is a strong relationship with NCDOT with communication including
alerts, reports, backend survey datasets, and field information being provided. Data is an excellent
source of information to calibrate and validate models and will likely be the only accurate information
available in many areas.
Limitations:
Some gauges have flow/stage relationships and some only track water surface height. Gauges also
can have different data record length/quality, which could impact which event frequencies can be
evaluated. Coverage is only provided in the vicinity of select stream gauges. Gauges with higher
quality data records tend to be concentrated around larger rivers, while smaller tributaries are less
likely to be well-represented. There is also some bias toward better-resourced communities, which
has Environmental Justice implications. These are important fundamental biases to be aware of,
particularly if outputs from these models are used for training machine learning-based flood hazard
models.
Dataset should be updated by:
The flood warning gauge system should be expanded with prioritized installations and additional
flood warning datasets to expand FIMAN and FIMAN-T. Focus on confirming accuracy of data,
especially on both sides of structures to improve modeling. Alternatively, low-cost gauge sensors
could create a larger network that could use machine learning. Add frequencies of storm events and
relations to historical events.
Risk Quantifier:
Event-specific gauge data can be used to calculate event-associated risk. Inundation boundaries can
be used to calculate existing and future risk if the flood elevation at the gauge is determined through
modeling.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.9 The National Water Model

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA
Link to Online Data https://water.noaa.gov/map
https://registry.opendata.aws/nwm-archive/
Data Owner NOAA
Date Created 2015
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Uncertain. Data products are “live”
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Ensemble forecast, current, and past flows at any point of a stream as well as a wealth of variables
used to calculate results. The source is quickly improving and will soon map flood boundaries.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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Retrospective dataset can be applied to provide historical context to current near real-time
streamflow, soil moisture, and snowpack conditions. The retrospective data can be used to infer flow
frequencies and perform temporal analyses with hourly streamflow output and 3-hourly land surface
output. This dataset can also be used in the development of end user applications, which require a
long baseline of data for system training or verification purposes.
Limitations:
Relatively poor validation, particularly in coastal plain. Does not include hydraulics or inundation
mapping. Proposed future Height Above Nearest Drainage approach does not physically model
hydraulics or include hydraulics structures, and only uses a representative flood depth for an entire
reach. Forecast streamflow and inundation for near-term forecast not used in traditional hazard
analysis.
Dataset should be updated by:
N/A
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary,
Forecasting, Real Time, and Hydrology. To quantify risk, perform real-time and forecasted risk
analyses. Future version might be used to back-calculate annual chance interval.
2.1.10 World Climate Research Programme: Future Climate Data and
Model – CMIP6

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information World Climate Research Programme
Link to Online Data https://www.wcrp-climate.org/wgcm-cmip/wgcm-cmip6
Data Owner World Climate Research Programme
Date Created 2020
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Alternatives for determination of climate-informed future rainfall depths. Widely peer-reviewed and
considered state-of-the-art in the field of climate science.
Limitations:
A local approach would be preferable. Impacts of climate change on rainfall depths and patterns are
not yet well understood and have an elevated level of variability depending on the selected approach.
As with any model, it contains simplifications, uncertain parameters, limited processing, biases, and
assumptions.
Dataset should be updated by:
Continue to monitor developments in the science of global climate modeling (GCM) and determine
which methods are deemed appropriate for development of future rainfall depths in other studies
around the nation.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be a future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 30
2.1.11 SE Climate Adaptation Science Center and NCSU: Downscaled
Future Climate Data and Model – GCM

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Southeast Climate Adaptation Science Center and NCSU
Link to Online Data https://secasc.ncsu.edu/resources/downscaled-climate-projections-for-the-
southeast/
Data Owner SE Climate Adaptation Science Center and NCSU
Date Created 2020
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban

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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Local approach of climate-informed future rainfall depths.
Limitations:
The ability of downscaled global climate models to simulate the impacts of climate change on rainfall
depths and patterns are limited due to computational resources, uncertainties, and scale mismatch.
High-resolution downscaling requires substantial computational power and resources that can limit
the spatial and temporal resolution of simulations. There are several uncertainties that limit GCMs
including initial conditions data availability and accuracy, emission scenarios, natural variability,
capturing extreme events, etc.
Dataset should be updated by:
Continue to monitor developments in the science of global climate modeling and which methods are
deemed appropriate for development of future rainfall depths in other studies around the nation.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be a future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.12 IPCC: Future Climate Data and Model

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC)
Link to Online Data https://www.ipcc-data.org/data_catalogue.html
Data Owner IPCC
Date Created 1988
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Alternatives for determination of climate-informed future rainfall depths. Widely peer reviewed and
considered state-of-the-art in the field of climate science.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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Limitations:
Not a local approach. Impacts of climate change on rainfall depths and patterns are not yet well
understood and have an elevated level of variability depending on the selected approach. As with any
model, it contains simplifications, uncertain parameters, limited processing, biases, and assumptions.
Dataset should be updated by:
Continue to monitor developments in the science of global climate modeling and which methods are
deemed appropriate for development of future rainfall depths in other studies around the nation.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be a future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
2.1.13 NCDOT: 2D Modeling from Other Agencies

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT)
Link to Online Data Unidentified
Data Owner NCDOT
Date Created Unknown
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed Unknown
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial

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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Localized and detailed flood modeling that could take precedence over models with less detail or
outdated inputs. May also contain useful local information not observed in other datasets.
Limitations:
Access requirements to sites containing models may differ. It is yet to be determined which models
will be available. Quality of models is currently unknown.
Dataset should be updated by:
Locate models and studies, ensure they are complete, and determine how to incorporate useful
information. For example, a local detailed study should take precedence over an approximate
regulatory study.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation
Boundary, WSEL, Duration and Time Variable, Velocity, Shear Stress, and Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine WSEL of objects from a more detail model.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.14 NCDOT: Roadway Inundation Tool

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCDOT
Link to Online Data https://www.ncdot-raft.info/applications.php
Data Owner NCDOT
Date Created 2017
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Urban

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Help identify roads that are subject to damage and inundation from past, current, and future flooding
events. Also useful for determining transportation routes that are critical or cut off populations during
flood events and therefore require available alternate routes.
Limitations:
Only includes major roads. Does not account for future events. Does not identify problem areas by
feature class. Likely inaccurate.
Dataset should be updated by:
Would be a valuable layer used in multiple analyses, modeling, and overall worthwhile to improve
despite the extensive effort. Identify routes that need redundancy and store data by feature class. Add
frequencies and future conditions. Expand coverage area using advisory flood dataset and ensure
detail in model is sufficient. Consider time variables such as arrival or duration. Consider addition of
all roads.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: Transportation
Attributes (Roads and Bridges). To quantify risk, determine future hydrology input parameters that
can be used in models from other sources.

2.1.15 FEMA: Regulatory Hydrologic, Hydraulic, and Coastal Modeling

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information North Carolina Emergency Management – Floodplain Mapping Program
Link to Online Data https://fris.nc.gov/fris/Home.aspx?ST=NC
Data Owner State of North Carolina
Date Created 2000-Present
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Annual Funding for cyclical updates throughout the state
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Coastal

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Coastal flooding risk hazard.
Limitations:
Some models may contain outdated hydrology, terrain, assumptions, limited flood boundary extents,
and limited data such as future condition. Currently, lacks a probabilistic and future conditions
approach.
Dataset should be updated by:
Coastal flooding often impacts areas much further inland than scoped in these studies, and is also
influenced by riverine, stormwater, and other sources of flooding. An approach to bridge the
combination of these factors needs to be created. In addition, consider supplementing these data
with more events, scenarios, and historical data.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation
Boundary, WSEL, SFHA, Transportation Attributes (Roads and Bridges), Velocity, Shear Stress, and
Hydrology. To quantify risk, determine objects in the special flood hazard areas. WSEL for various
events can be extracted from cross section and profiles; however, this would require additional effort.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.16 USACE: South Atlantic Coastal Study

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USACE
Link to Online Data https://www.sad.usace.army.mil/SACS/
Data Owner USACE
Date Created 2022
Date of Access August 2023
Frequency of Updates Periodic
Updates Needed Additional Sea Level Rise Scenarios in surge modeling
Type of Flooding Coastal Flooding

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Analysis similar to FEMA study with additional frequencies, updated statistical methods, and
enhanced risk products based on additional datasets.
Limitations:
Specific sea level rise scenarios may need to be added to predicted water levels to achieve desired
product.
Dataset should be updated by:
Modeling surge frequencies with additional sea level rise scenarios. It should be noted that there is a
near 1-to-1 correlation between added sea level rise and increase in storm surge, so this update is not
critical for planning purposes.
Risk Quantifier:
2.1.17 NOAA: Gauge Data

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA
Link to Online Data https://tidesandcurrents.noaa.gov/waterlevels.html?id=8656483
Data Owner NOAA
Date Created 1867
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Coastal
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Real-time and historical coastal gauge data.
Limitations:
Requires some adjusting to datum. Limited years of information may skew assumptions.
Dataset should be updated by:
Using to determine historical coastal gauge data.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: WSEL, Real Time,
and Hydrology. To quantify risk, perform gauge, trend, real-time, or other analysis to determine risk
probabilities that can be applied to models from other sources.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.18 NASA: Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability of EOS

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NASA
Link to Online Data Users can visualize imagery related to floods in Worldview, or download data using
the links below:
• Register for an Earthdata Login to start downloading data.
• Read the Land, Atmosphere Near real-time Capability of EOS (LANCE)
disclaimer for more information about using the data.
Data Owner NASA
Date Created Ongoing
Date of Access June 2023
Frequency of Updates 1-, 2-, and 3-Day cycle
Updates Needed No – continually collected
Type of Flooding Fluvial
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
This dataset provides flood Inundation boundaries from satellite aerial imagery. The flood product
has three compositing periods (1-day, 2-day, and 3-day) because the best product for a given flood
event depends on four unpredictable factors: the specific area of interest; cloud cover; spatial extent
of likely flood water; and likely duration of flooding. It is recommended that the user view both the 2-
and 3-day products unless latency is a primary concern. Ultimately determining which product
provides the best information for a particular event of interest will be up to the user. LANCE imagery
can be overlaid with the following data sets from NASA’s Socioeconomic Data and Applications
Center, which are also available as layers in Worldview: Flood Hazard Frequency and Distribution,
Flood Hazard-Mortality Risk, and Flood Hazard Economic Risk.
Limitations:
Limited to time-of-capture of imagery, which may miss peak flooding or be blocked by cloud cover.
Resolution is too coarse to accurately capture.
Dataset should be updated by:
None
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Inundation Boundary. To
quantify risk, identify historical inundation boundaries. Also, potential to calculate aftermath damage
such as finding washed-out and debris strewn crossings.
2.1.19 European Space Agency: Flood Event Satellite Aerial Imagery

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NASA, European Space Agency, USGS, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration NOAA
Link to Online Data https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/dataset/group/sentinel-1
Data Owner NASA, European Space Agency, USGS, and NOAA
Date Created April 2014
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates 6-Day cycle
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial
Dataset Event Frequencies Benefits:
Flood Inundation boundaries from satellite aerial imagery.
Limitations:
Limited to time-of-capture of imagery, which may miss peak flooding or be blocked by cloud cover.
Resolution is too coarse to accurately capture detail.
Dataset should be updated by:
Potential to map flooding occurrence based on satellite data but has many limitations that makes it
difficult to use.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Inundation Boundary. To
quantify risk, identify historical inundation boundaries. Also, potential to calculate aftermath damage
such as finding washed-out and debris strewn crossings.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 44
2.1.20 USGS: Flood Event Satellite Aerial Imagery
(Landsat and Sentinel 1 and 2)

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USGS
Link to Online Data https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/dataset/group/sentinel-1
https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/data/
Data Owner NASA, European Space Agency, USGS, and NOAA
Date Created April 2014
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates 5- to 6 -Day cycle
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial
Dataset Event Frequencies Benefits:
Flood Inundation boundaries from satellite aerial imagery.
Limitations:
Limited to time of capture of imagery, which may miss peak flooding or be blocked by cloud cover.
Resolution is too coarse to accurately capture.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Potential to map flooding occurrence based on satellite data but has many limitations that makes it
difficult to use.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Inundation Boundary. To
quantify risk, identify historical inundation boundaries. Also, potential to calculate aftermath damage
such as washed-out and debris-strewn crossings.
2.1.21 NOAA: Storm Aerial Imagery

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA
Link to Online Data National Geodetic Survey – Emergency Response Imagery Index (noaa.gov)
Data Owner NOAA
Date Created Variable, based upon event date
Date of Access June 2023
Frequency of Updates Typically flown once per event over multiple days with some overlap between daily
flights.
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial

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Dataset Event Frequencies
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Benefits:
Flood Inundation boundaries for specific events from aerial imagery.
Limitations:
Limited to time of capture of imagery, which may miss peak flooding or be blocked by cloud cover.
Dataset should be updated by:
N/A
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Inundation Boundary. To
quantify risk, identify historical inundation boundaries, washed-out stream crossings, and debris
accumulation at crossings and elsewhere.
2.1.22 European Commission Joint Research Centre, JRC Global Surface
Water

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information European Commission Joint Research Centre
Link to Online Data JRC Global Surface Water | Planetary Computer (microsoft.com)
Data Owner European Commission Joint Research Centre
Date Created 1984
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Describes the occurrence, change, and seasonality of surface water from 1984-2021. Future updates
are also planned.
Limitations:
Does not capture seasonal, short time span, or small water bodies. Resolution is coarse and imagery is
often blocked by cloud coverage. Does not appear to be an ongoing operation.
Dataset should be updated by:
Potential to map flooding occurrence based on real satellite data but has many limitations that make
it difficult to use.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used as an existing or future risk quantifier. Note: This source could be
especially important for mapping natural infrastructure and as input in future model development to
account for and estimate benefits of wetland systems.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.23 Multiple: Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Models

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Multiple
Link to Online Data Unidentified
Data Owner Multiple
Date Created Various
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Varies
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Artificial Intelligence (AI)-powered platforms provide real-time flood mapping and forecasting that
can be used in emergency management or floodplain management. They may use machine deep
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learning algorithms, drones, satellites, weather data and gauges, and social media to predict the
likelihood and severity of flooding.
Limitations:
The technology is new and changing quickly, which makes it difficult to develop a long-term
approach. The current resolution and detail are often lacking in these systems. Most sources are
proprietary, and not free of charge.
Dataset should be updated by:
Further research into existing sources such as Microsoft Planetary Computer, NCDOT/WSP, Fathom,
FloodMapp, Premonition, Deep Flood, Flood Modeler, IBM’s Water Management Platform, DHI Flood
and Drought Portal, Aquantix, and Flood IO. Then consider creating system for the Blueprint, or how
to incorporate existing sources.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation
Boundary, WSEL, Duration and Time Variable, Velocity, Shear Stress, Forecasting, Real Time, and
Hydrology. To quantify risk, it will depend on the source for process and variables.
2.1.24 The Nature Conservancy: Historical Events (Hurricanes Matthew
and Florence)

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information The Nature Conservancy
Link to Online Data https://data-nconemap.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/hurricane-matthew-flood-
extent-across-the-piedmont-and-coastal-plain-of-north-
carolina/explore?location=35.686302 percent2C-79.830727 percent2C8.84
https://data-nconemap.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/hurricane-florence-flood-
extent-across-the-piedmont-and-coastal-plain-of-north-
carolina/explore?location=35.099971 percent2C-79.888824 percent2C7.91
Data Owner The Nature Conservancy and Arizona State University
Date Created 2018, 2020
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Understand historic events and use the information to calibrate and verify models.
Limitations:
Assessment of accuracy and uncertainty described in detail at following link: Repeated Hurricanes
Reveal Risks and Opportunities for Social-Ecological Resilience to Flooding and Water Quality
Problems | Environmental Science and Technology (acs.org)
Dataset should be updated by:
Consider a method to recreate major historic events such as using 2D models as a digital twin.
Risk Quantifier:
The individual maps for the two large recent events can be used to complement the state’s flood
hazard mapping. This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Inundation
Boundary. To quantify risk, use the historical event flood information.
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2.1.25 USGS: Stream Gauge Data

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information US Geological Survey
Link to Online Data https://maps.waterdata.usgs.gov/mapper/index.html
(Preliminary peak stage and streamflow data – Hurricane Florence [NC]) – stage
https://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2018/1172/ofr20181172.pdf
Data Owner USGS
Date Created Various
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Urban
Benefits:
Large, reputable network of real measurements. Contains historical information to perform a gauge
analysis or observe other trends.
Limitations:
Denser coverage in metropolitan areas such as Charlotte, Greensboro, and Raleigh, but less -dense
spatial coverage in outlying and rural areas. The location of a USGS stream gauge reflects the purpose
of the gauge and the cooperator who is helping to fund the data collection. For example, many of the
stream gauges in Charlotte are part of the Flood Information Notification System (FINS) network for
flood alerts that has been established and expanded over time. Raleigh has a new flood alert system
that will likely grow, and Greensboro is likewise beginning to explore a flood alert system. Additional
gauges in areas with limited coverage would be beneficial for the Blueprint.
Dataset should be updated by:
USGS stream gauge data used as a primary means of model verification. Depending on the type of
streamflow data needed, there may be cost-effective alternatives for stream gauge data and
information to provide for expanded statewide coverage.
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Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
perform gauge, trend, or other analysis to determine risk probabilities that can be applied to models
from other sources.
2.1.26 NCEM and NCDOT: Stream Gauge Data

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information North Carolina Emergency Management (NCEM) and North Carolina Department of
Transportation (NCDOT)
Link to Online Data https://fiman.nc.gov/Map.aspx
Data Owner NCEM and NCDOT
Date Created Unknown
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Additional gauges that are usually placed at key locations or areas prone to flood.
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Limitations:
Data are often limited, such as rapid deployment gauges with only a few events. Often not useable for
gauge analysis or other purposes.
Dataset should be updated by:
Prioritize these gauge locations to determine next locations to become permanent, or have additional
variables added for when funding becomes available because they are important.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To
quantify risk—perform gauge, trend, or other analysis to determine risk probabilities that can be
applied to models from other sources.
2.1.27 FEMA: High Water Marks

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Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 54
Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Information
USGS, NCEM, FEMA, NCDOT, USACE and local
Link to Online
Data
https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/products-tools/high-water-mark-initiative
https://stn.wim.usgs.gov/FEV/#MatthewOctober2016
https://ncem-
gis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/GeoForm/viewer.html?appid=e4b0124896264c37aa7e235de3d89809
Data Owner Multiple entities
Date Created Varies
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of
Updates
As appropriate based on flooding events
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Means to verify models and flood depths at additional locations outside of USGS gauges.
Limitations:
High water mark coverage limited to water levels observed during specific flood events.
Dataset should be updated by:
Compile all sources into a single database. Consider a long-term approach for future inputs as well as
citizen science and input.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: WSEL and
Hydrology. To quantify risk, use the historical WSELs to determine risk.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 55
2.1.28 USGS: High Water Marks

Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Information
USGS, NCEM, FEMA, NCDOT, USACE, and local
Link to Online
Data
https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/products-tools/high-water-mark-initiative
https://stn.wim.usgs.gov/FEV/#MatthewOctober2016
https://ncem-
gis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/GeoForm/viewer.html?appid=e4b0124896264c37aa7e235de3d89809
Data Owner Multiple entities
Date Created Varies
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of
Updates
As appropriate based on flooding events
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies:
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 56
Benefits:
Means to verify models and flood depths at additional locations outside of USGS gauges.
Limitations:
High water mark coverage limited to water levels observed during specific flood events.
Dataset should be updated by:
Compile all sources into a single database. Consider a long-term approach for future inputs as well as
citizen science and input.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: WSEL and
Hydrology. To quantify risk, use the historical WSELs to determine risk.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 57
2.1.29 NCEM: High Water Marks

Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Information
USGS, NCEM, FEMA, NCDOT, USACE and local
Link to Online
Data
https://www.fema.gov/flood-maps/products-tools/high-water-mark-initiative
https://stn.wim.usgs.gov/FEV/#MatthewOctober2016
https://ncem-
gis.maps.arcgis.com/apps/GeoForm/viewer.html?appid=e4b0124896264c37aa7e235de3d89809
Data Owner Multiple entities
Date Created Varies
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of
Updates
As appropriate based on flooding events
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Means to verify models and flood depths at additional locations outside of USGS gauges.
Limitations:
High water mark coverage limited to water levels observed during specific flood events.
Dataset should be updated by:
Compile all sources into a single database. Consider a long-term approach for future inputs as well as
citizen science and input.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: WSEL and
Hydrology. To quantify risk, use the historical WSELs to determine risk.
2.1.30 NOAA: Meteorological Data

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA
Link to Online Data About | National Centers for Environmental Information (noaa.gov)
Data Owner NOAA
Date Created 1870
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Reliable original source data for many variables.
Limitations:
Data might be too coarse to use for accuracy, especially in local areas.
Dataset should be updated by:
Ensure direct access the data through an Application Programming Interface (API) when retrieving
information.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To
quantify risk, use the meteorological data as inputs or to perform analysis.
2.1.31 NCSU and MESOWEST: Rain Gauge

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCSU and MESOWEST (weather data delivery system)
Link to Online Data https://products.climate.ncsu.edu/map/
https://mesowest.utah.edu/cgi-
bin/droman/mesomap.cgi?state=NC&rawsflag=3
Data Owner NCSU and MESOWEST
Date Created 1995
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Dataset should be updated by:
Combine, or verify these data to other sources.
Benefits:
Creates a larger combined network of weather data.
Limitations:
The network is too sparse for most of the state.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To
quantify risk, determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other
sources.
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2.1.32 State Climate Office of NC: Climate Voyager

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information State Climate Office of North Carolina
Link to Online Data Climate Voyager (ncsu.edu)
Data Owner State Climate Office of North Carolina
Date Created 2007
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Sporadic
Updates Needed NA: Data access necessary
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Predicts change in temperature, precipitation, and drought from 20 climate models. Available in four
future 20-year time periods from 2020 to 2099.
Limitations:
Based on historical average from 1986 to 2005, which is limited.
Dataset should be updated by:
Find a means to access the data directly.
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Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To
quantify risk, determine hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
2.1.33 NCSU Climate Office: Meteorological Data

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCSU Climate Office
Link to Online Data https://products.climate.ncsu.edu/data/
Data Owner NCSU Climate Office
Date Created 1980
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Varies
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Past, current, and future conditions filtered to North Carolina.
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Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 63
Limitations:
Data might be too coarse to use for accuracy, especially in local areas.
Dataset should be updated by:
Ensure direct access the data through an API when retrieving information.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To
quantify risk, use the meteorological data to use as inputs or to perform an analysis.
2.1.34 USGS: Stage-Discharge Rating Curves

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USGS
Link to Online Data https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nwisweb/get_ratings?file_type=exsa&site_no=03451500
*This URL is for a specific stream gauge. URL must be updated for stream gauge of
interest. All data not available at a single URL.
Data Owner USGS
Date Created Not defined, as availability of rating curves vary by periods of records among stream
gauges
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Real measurements to verify models. Possibility to reduce expenses to replace survey and modeling
structures.
Limitations:
See comments above in gap table; use of rating curve to compute discharge does have limitations as
noted; however, there are gauges in NC coastal areas where discharge is computed using direct/real-
time velocity measurements.
Dataset should be updated by:
Generate a database of rating curves as well as create more from historical information, high water
marks, and models. Pilot a project to determine if these can reduce expenses in modeling as a better
boundary condition and structure.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: WSEL. To quantify
risk, convert WSEL to Flow, for example, FIMAN could apply rating curves to better quantify risk.
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2.1.35 USGS: Rain Gauge

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USGS
Link to Online Data https://nc.water.usgs.gov/realtime/rainfall.php
Data Owner USGS
Date Created 1980s
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Reliable, local data with great coverage for Charlotte and Raleigh. Also contains a high-resolution
timestep.
Limitations:
Coverage is limited and concentrated in the major metro areas.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 66
Dataset should be updated by:
Use these data for Charlotte and Raleigh; otherwise, they might only be supplemental for other areas.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To
quantify risk, determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other
sources.
2.1.36 CoCoRAS: Rain Gauge

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information CoCoRAS
Link to Online Data https://www.cocorahs.org/
Data Owner CoCoRAS
Date Created 1998
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban

North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Largest amount of gauge stations spread out across the state. Data have high-resolution timesteps.
Limitations:
Most gauge sites are volunteer based and subject to error. Volunteer stations have trended lower in
numbers with time. A large effort is required to clean the data before use.
Dataset should be updated by:
Consider an AI tool to clean the data and compare them to other rain gauge data.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To
quantify risk, determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other
sources.
2.1.37 NOAA, NASA, etc.: Radar Such as Multi-Radar Multi-Sensor
Quantitative Precipitation Estimate

North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 68
Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA, NASA, etc.
Link to Online Data https://www.hec.usace.army.mil/confluence/hmsdocs/hmsguides/working-with-
gridded-boundary-condition-data/gridded-data-sources
https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/catalog
Data Owner NOAA, NASA, etc.
Date Created 2006
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Full coverage that can used can be used with only a few intermediary steps.
Limitations:
The 4-kilometer grid or distance between stations might be too coarse.
Dataset should be updated by:
Quick-use application. Will need to determine which of the radars best suits the needs of the projects,
and research further.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To
quantify risk, determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other
sources.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 69
2.1.38 NOAA: Precipitation Frequency Grids

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA
Link to Online Data https://hdsc.nws.noaa.gov/hdsc/pfds/pfds_gis.html
Data Owner NOAA
Date Created 2000
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Varies
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Reputable source for rainfall depths nationwide.
Limitations:
Can have jumps in data at borders between regions.
Dataset should be updated by:
Use as the default source for existing rain depths.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
NASA Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban.
Limitations:
Resolution is coarse.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.39 Greater Raleigh Region: TomorrowNow

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Greater Raleigh Region
Link to Online Data TomorrowNow | Center for Geospatial Analytics (ncsu.edu)
Data Owner Greater Raleigh Region
Date Created 2018
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
“Collaborative project led by four universities in North Carolina focused on developing a serious game
that can help a greater number, and a greater diversity, of people affect decisions that impact the
places where they live and work.” –Tomorrow Now website
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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Limitations:
Uncertainty on how active and organized the group is.
Dataset should be updated by:
Reach out to them to appoint a stakeholder to participate.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk.
2.1.40 Public: Citizen Science (Social Media)

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Public
Link to Online Data Unidentified
Data Owner Public
Date Created Various
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Urban and Stormwater Flooding

North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Allows the public to document flooding with evidence through photos and descriptions. This
information serves to verify models, identify issues, and help support analysis.
Limitations:
Legal risk and challenges of allowing anyone to upload information and how to analyze it without
their direct acknowledgment. Attempts to scrape Twitter feeds have been unsuccessful due to
geotags being blocked; however, policy changes with the app could occur in the future.
Dataset should be updated by:
Strongly recommend creating a public input option as well as looking through past social media to
create a database of flooding that will provide valuable information outside of other data sources.
AECOM (United Kingdom) has an AI system developed to determine flooding extents from images. A
challenge with this type of data is the lack of quality control verification.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, WSEL,
First Floor Elevations (FFE), Building Attributes, and Transportation Attributes (Roads and Bridges). To
quantify risk, extract as many quantifying attributes from pictures and text that could be correlated to
other sources.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.41 Charlotte’s Emerald System: Stormwater Complaints

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Charlotte’s Emerald System
Link to Online Data https://charlottenc.gov/StormWater/ReportAProblem/Pages/default.aspx
Data Owner City of Charlotte
Date Created Various
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Continually identifies problematic areas and gets the community involved.
Limitations:
No statewide program, and many municipalities do not offer such a service.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 75
Dataset should be updated by:
Either assist smaller municipalities to create a system or implement a statewide system. Compile and
standardize systems.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Demographic Attributes
(Economic, Social, etc.). To quantify risk, identify the location of historical flooding hot spots. Would
need additional investigation or information to quantify risk.
2.1.42 Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of
South Carolina: Incidents and Fatalities

North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 76
Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of South Carolina
Link to Online Data https://cemhs.asu.edu/sheldus
Data Owner Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of South Carolina
Date Created 2023
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Assess subscription model
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Large database with many fields.
Limitations:
Appears to need a paid subscription.
Dataset should be updated by:
Look into source further to identify if it would be useful and worth the subscription.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Demographic Attributes
(Economic, Social, etc.). To quantify risk, identify the location of historical flooding hot spots. Would
need additional investigation or information to quantify risk.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 77
2.1.43 NCDOT: NCDOT Stormwater Asset Inventories, Policies, and
Maintenance Plans

Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Information NCDOT Stormwater Asset Inventories, Policies, and Maintenance Plans
Link to Online
Data
https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/hydro/DrainageStudiesGuidelines/2022 percent20Guidelines
percent20for percent20Drainage percent20Studies percent20and percent20Hydraulic
percent20Design.pdf
https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/roadside/EnvironmentalOperationsDocuments/Stormwater
percent20Control percent20Inspection percent20and percent20Maintenance percent20Manual.pdf
https://www.arcgis.com/apps/mapviewer/index.html?layers=1bc2689221d34cb284b8ce30a3fc493f
Data Owner NCDOT
Date Created 1979
Date of
Access February 2023
Frequency of
Updates Continuous
Updates
Needed Yes
Type of
Flooding Urban
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Best available data for helping identify potential issues and mitigation solutions for urban flooding
and flash flooding. Data can be used to identify potential issues with capacity, maintenance, or aging
assets that results in urban flash flooding. Also helps to refine drainage basin delineations.
Limitations:
Uncertain methodology in application of stormwater systems in Hydrologic Engineering Center’s River
Analysis System (HEC-RAS). It is expected that many drains, canals, pipes, and outlets are clogged and
damaged if not well maintained. The designed system may be less effective, and a safety factor may
be needed.
Dataset should be updated by:
Continue investigation into other municipalities to determine all that have stormwater asset
inventories. Obtain available inventories. Assess each dataset for completeness and recency of
update. Where data are deemed reliable, develop a layer to use in 2D models to account for these
structures. Develop modeling for stakeholder-identified hot spots using up-to-date rainfall and
hydrology information and field or survey data of infrastructure.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, WSEL,
Transportation Attributes (Roads and Bridges), and Hydrology. To quantify risk, determine capacity
and limit of stormwater drainage systems.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 79
2.1.44 Local Governments: Large Municipality (Population>100k)
Stormwater Asset Inventories, Policies, Capital Improvement Plan,
and Maintenance Plans

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Local Governments
Link to Online Data Various
Data Owner Local Governments
Date Created Various
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 80
Benefits:
Best available data for helping identify potential issues and mitigation solutions for urban flooding
and flash flooding. Data can be used to identify potential issues with capacity, maintenance, or aging
assets that results in urban flash flooding. Also helps to refine drainage basin delineations.
Limitations:
Some communities likely do not have a comprehensive inventory. In addition to communities lacking
a comprehensive inventory, accuracy could also be a problem. Many data providers are unwilling to
share data for security reasons, although of all infrastructure, they seem to be more willing to share
stormwater data.
Any available modeling may be unavailable or outdated. Modeling likely would not account for
climate adaptation considerations.
Dataset should be updated by:
Compile all useful information from each community and engage activity.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, WSEL,
Transportation Attributes (Roads and Bridges), and Hydrology. To quantify risk, determine capacity
and limit of stormwater drainage systems.
2.1.45 Local Governments: Small Municipality (Population<100k)
Municipal Stormwater Asset Inventories, Policies, and CIP
Maintenance Plans

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Local Governments
Link to Online Data https://data-nconemap.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/nconemap::public-municipal-
stormwater-systems/explore?location=35.957309 percent2C-79.902965
percent2C11.29https://data-
nconemap.opendata.arcgis.com/datasets/nconemap::public-municipal-stormwater-
systems/explore?location=35.957309 percent2C-79.902965 percent2C11.29
Data Owner Local Governments
Date Created Various
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates No updates since 2007
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Best available data for helping identify potential issues and mitigation solutions for urban flooding
and flash flooding. Data can be used to identify potential issues with capacity, maintenance, or aging
assets that results in urban flash flooding. Also helps to refine drainage basin delineations.
Limitations:
Smaller communities likely do not have a comprehensive inventory. Any modeling may be unavailable
or outdated. In addition, modeling likely would not account for climate adaptation considerations.
Dataset should be updated by:
Data are likely obsolete, and a new dataset would need to be developed.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, WSEL,
Transportation Attributes (Roads and Bridges), and Hydrology. To quantify risk, determine capacity
and limit of stormwater drainage systems.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.46 NOAA: Flash Flood

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA
Link to Online Data https://www.weather.gov/media/rah/science/SAWC2022_Kren_EnhancedFlashFloodCli
matology.pdf
Data Owner NOAA
Date Created 2000
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Flash Flooding
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Dataset should be updated by:
No known source or methodology. Would need to determine how to address flash flooding, especially
in the west where the orographic effect occurs.
Benefits:
Potentially could reduce human deaths, which often occur with flash flooding.
Limitations:
Database not found, methodology unknown, many other unknowns.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.47 Unidentified: Debris Jam

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Unidentified
Link to Online Data Unidentified
Data Owner Unidentified
Date Created N/A
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates N/A
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban, Flash Flooding
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Identify hazard from a debris jam.
Limitations:
Data do not exist, and this type of hazard may be too erratic to model.
Dataset should be updated by:
No source identified for North Carolina; consider creating one or modifying existing studies to account
for jams in prone areas.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
Subtask 2.1: Draft Flood Risk Resiliency Types and Sources of Flooding Inventory Gap Analysis | 84
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk using Environmental Attributes. The
process to quantify risk is currently unknown.
2.1.48 UNC: King Tides Project

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information UNC
Link to Online Data https://noaa.maps.arcgis.com/apps/MapSeries/index.html?appid=8e4a278576964f47
b4fc050e51f344ca https://nckingtides.web.unc.edu/whats-your-water-level-app-data-
download/
Data Owner UNC
Date Created 2017
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Coastal
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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Citizen-supplied photo documentation of high water marks, especially coastal tides.
Limitations:
Would need a method to quantify photo and information provided.
Dataset should be updated by:
Combine this with the citizen science database layer.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: WSEL, Real Time, and
Hydrology. To quantify risk, determine risk probabilities that can be applied to models from other
sources.
2.1.49 Coastal Emergency Risks Assessment: Hurricane Surge Forecast

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Coastal Emergency Risks Assessment (CERA)
Link to Online Data https://cera.coastalrisk.live/
Data Owner CERA
Date Created 2020
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Coastal
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Forecasted surge along coast.
Limitations:
Accuracy unknown, would need additional modeling for inundation boundary.
Dataset should be updated by:
Use for forecasting coastal flooding, such as before a hurricane.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Real Time and Hydrology. To
quantify risk, determine hydrology input parameters that can be used in forecast models from other
sources.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.50 NOAA: Sea Level Rise

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA
Link to Online Data https://coast.noaa.gov/slr/#/layer/slr
Data Owner NOAA
Date Created 2017
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates 5-Year cycle
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Coastal
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
View the flooding extents and depths from various amounts of sea level rise.
Limitations:
Does not specify which level of sea level rise should be chosen.
Dataset should be updated by:
Determine an appropriate risk of sea level rise and use this layer.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be a future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.1.51 NOAA: Potential Storm Surge

Dataset Summary Information
Source
of
Informa
tion
NOAA
Link to
Online
Data
https://www.nhc.noaa.gov/nationalsurge/
https://slosh.nws.noaa.gov/psurge/index.php?R=CONUS&S=Lee2023&Adv=37&Ty=e10&D=agl&Ti=cum&Msg=
17&Mp=Street&Z=5&Lt=34.505242&Lg=-78.813606&Help=about
Data
Owner NOAA
Date
Created March 2020
Date of
Access February 2023
Frequen
cy of
Updates
10 Minutes
Updates
Needed Yes – link outdated
Type of
Flooding Coastal
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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
View potential coastal flood information.
Limitations:
Quality uncertain.
Dataset should be updated by:
Locate the data because they are missing.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be a future risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, WSEL,
Forecasting, and Hydrology. To quantify risk, determine future storm surge.
2.1.52 NOAA: Event-Specific Storm Surge

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA
Link to Online Data https://data-nconemap.opendata.arcgis.com/maps/noaa-event-specific-hurricane-
storm-surge-inundation-areas/explore?location=30.720923 percent2C-75.064809
percent2C6.60
Data Owner NOAA
Date Created March 2020
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed Yes – link outdated
Type of Flooding Coastal
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
View historic coastal flood information.
Limitations:
Quality uncertain.
Dataset should be updated by:
Locate the data because they are missing.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, WSEL,
and Hydrology. To quantify risk, determine historic storm surge.
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2.1.53 Delta res: Global Flood Maps

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Deltares
Link to Online Data TBD
Data Owner Deltares
Date Created 1970
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Coastal
Dataset Event Frequencies:
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Model that is triggered by extreme water levels containing surge and tide from GTSMip6 that
considers water level attenuation and is forced by sea level.
Limitations:
In its current version, the model does not account for varying roughness over land and permanent
water bodies such as rivers and lakes, and it does not account for the compound effects of waves,
rainfall, and river discharge on coastal flooding. It also does not include the mitigating effect of
coastal flood protection. Flood extent therefore must be interpreted as the area that is potentially
exposed to flooding without coastal protection.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Locate the source and determine if coverage is available in North Carolina.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, WSEL,
and Real Time. To quantify risk, use real-time inundation extents and WSEL.
2.1.54 USGS: Coastal Change Hazards Portal

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USGS
Link to Online Data https://marine.usgs.gov/coastalchangehazardsportal/
https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/data-releases/datarelease/10.5066-P9W91314/
Data Owner USGS
Date Created Various
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Various
Updates Needed
Type of Flooding Coastal
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Multiple analyses of how the coastline has changed, is changing, and will change.
Limitations:
Accuracy has not been determined.
Dataset should be updated by:
Consider using the data to predict future coastline changes.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factor: Environmental
Attributes. To quantify risk, determine how the coastline has and will change as input for models.

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2.1.55 NCFS, NASA, NCSU, Climate Mapping for Resilience and
Adaptation and Google: Wildfire

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCFS, NCSU, Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (CMRA), NASA, and
Google
Link to Online Data https://ncfspublic.firesponse.com/ percent0a
https://firms.modaps.eosdis.nasa.gov/map/
https://legacy.climate.ncsu.edu/fwip/ percent0a
https://resilience.climate.gov/#open-data
Data Owner NCFS, NCSU, CMRA, NASA, and Google
Date Created 2017
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Natural Disasters
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Real-time wildfire data are available from dozens of sources. Data can be used to identify areas where
additional analysis due to land use/land cover change may be needed.
Limitations:
Not a direct input for any evaluated flooding type.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Recommend using and automatically updating appropriate models to account for change, or at least
account for wildfire scenarios in prone areas.
Risk Quantifier:
This source could be used to support calculation of existing or future risk scenarios due to changes in
hydrology.
2.1.56 Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation: Historical and
Future Drought

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Climate Mapping for Resilience and Adaptation (CMRA)
Link to Online Data https://resilience.climate.gov/#open-data
Data Owner CMRA
Date Created August 2022
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Natural Disasters
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Historical and future drought information.
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Limitations:
Coarse broad information.
Dataset should be updated by:
Recommend using and automatically updating appropriate models to account for changes, or at least
account for drought scenarios in prone areas.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Real Time and Hydrology. To
quantify risk, determine hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
2.1.57 National Drought Mitigation Center: Real-Time Drought

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information National Drought Mitigation Center
Link to Online Data https://droughtmonitor.unl.edu/CurrentMap/StateDroughtMonitor.aspx?NC
Data Owner National Drought Mitigation Center
Date Created January 2000
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Natural Disasters
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
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Benefits:
Real-time drought.
Limitations:
Coarse broad information.
Dataset should be updated by:
Recommend using and automatically updating appropriate models to account for change, or at least
to account for drought scenarios in prone areas.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Real Time and Hydrology. To
quantify risk, determine hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
2.1.58 NASA: Meteor

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NASA
Link to Online Data https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroid-watch
Data Owner NASA
Date Created January 1998
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Natural Disasters
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Identifies meteors that have hit earth or could hit earth in the future. An impact could start a flood
from the splash, the destruction of a dam, or altering the terrain.
Limitations:
This is an extreme case that would be too difficult and expensive to determine the impact.
Dataset should be updated by:
This is an extreme case that would be too difficult and expensive to determine the impact.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
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2.1.59 USGS: Earthquake

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USGS
Link to Online Data https://www.usgs.gov/media/images/2014-seismic-hazard-map-north-carolina
Data Owner USGS
Date Created 2014
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed N/A
Type of Flooding Natural Disasters
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Identifies the seismic hazard that primarily could cause a dam failure.
Limitations:
This is an extreme case that would be too difficult and expense to determine the impact.
Dataset should be updated by:
This is an extreme case that would be too difficult and expense to determine the impact.
Risk Quantifier:
The following source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk: Environmental Attributes. The
process to quantify risk is currently unknown.
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2.1.60 NCGS: Landslide

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCGS
Link to Online Data https://unca.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=e9f79de934f24e40
a71bab8db8050612/
Data Owner NCGS
Date Created 2005
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Natural Disasters
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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Benefits:
Identify potential and historical landslide areas, especially in western NC.
Limitations:
Project is in progress with many counties yet to be done.
Dataset should be updated by:
Overlap data with building footprints and other critical infrastructure to ensure the threat is not
imminent. Perhaps modify to use as avalanche layer.
Risk Quantifier:
The following source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk: Environmental Attributes. The
process to quantify risk is currently unknown.
2.1.61 Climate Reports (Multiple)

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Fourth National Climate Assessment
The Climate Explorer
State Climate Summaries
NC Climate Science Report
Link to Online Data North Carolina Climate Science Report: North Carolina Institute for Climate Studies
(ncics.org)
Data Owner Multiple
Date Created 2020
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Sporadic
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source

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Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Dataset should be updated by:
Data may be useful for future hydraulic modeling.
Benefits:
Data focus on long-term climate patterns and future climate repercussions.
Limitations:
Uncertainty in future climate.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
2.2 Foundational Datasets
There are 11 datasets that have been identified, reviewed, and classified as foundational datasets for
use in the Blueprint. Of the 11 total foundational datasets, 8 are classified as essential, and 3 are
classified as supporting. The results of the dataset gap analysis scoring, as well as the associated
flooding types, are summarized in Table 2-2.
Table 2-2: Foundational Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring
Dataset Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database Specification
and Quality Temporal Engineering
Methods
USGS: Coastal National
Elevation Database (CoNED)
F, C 9 9 8 8 N/A
USGS 3D Elevation Program F, C 10 8 8 8 N/A
NCEM: Terrain Data NFS 10 10 10 8 N/A
NOAA: Coastal Topographic
LiDAR
NFS 10 10 10 8 N/A
NCEM and NCDOT: Survey
Data
NFS 6 6 10 8 10
NCDOT: Transportation NFS 6 8 6 8 10
NC Center for Geographic
Information and Analysis:
Political Boundaries
NFS 10 8 10 8 8
Local Governments: Zoning NFS 4 4 4 TBD TBD
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Dataset Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database Specification
and Quality Temporal Engineering
Methods
NOAA: Bathymetry F, C 4 6 6 6 N/A
USACE: Bathymetry F, C 4 6 6 6 8
USGS: Hydrography F, P TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
N/A, Not Applicable; TBD, To Be Determined; Fluvial (Riverine) Flooding, F; Pluvial (Rain) Flooding, P; Urban and Stormwater Flooding, U; Dam and
Levee Flooding , D&L; Flash Flooding, FF; Coastal Flooding, C; Frozen, S; Groundwater Flooding, GW; Overland Ponding, OP; Agricultural Flooding,
A&M; Mining Flooding, A&M; Natural Disasters , ND; Non-Flooding Source, NFS; All Types of Flooding, ALL
2.2.1 USGS: Coastal National Elevation Database (CoNED)

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USGS
Link to Online Data https://www.usgs.gov/special-topics/coastal-national-elevation-database-
applications-project
Data Owner USGS
Date Created 2016
Date of Access August, 2023
Frequency of Updates 8-year nationwide LiDAR acquisition planning cycle
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Coastal

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Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
High-resolution elevation data have applications to coastal hazard prediction and mitigation, forest
and wetland ecology, and benthic habitat structure and ecosystem function.
Limitations:
Spatial resolution varies from 1 meter to 3 meters. Because this dataset is produced as a combination
of various elevation data sources from different time periods, the product may include artifacts and
inconsistencies along the near-shore coastal area. This product is hydro-corrected, and most major
hydraulic connections have been included for the purposes of flood modeling; however, it should be
noted that not every hydraulic connection and water body may be accurately depicted.
Dataset should be updated by:
USGS aims to collect new LiDAR data over the same areas on an 8-year return cycle. As North Carolina-
specific data are updated, the tool will need to reflect these changes.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: Hydrologic and
Inundation Boundary factors. To quantify risk, apply to other sources such as hydraulic models or
inundation hazard zone delineation, which are highly dependent on elevation information.
2.2.2 USGS 3D Elevation Program

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USGS
Link to Online Data https://www.usgs.gov/3d-elevation-program
Data Owner USGS
Date Created 2016-2023
Date of Access August, 2023
Frequency of Updates As needed and 8-year nationwide LiDAR acquisition planning cycle
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Coastal
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
High resolution (1 meter Digital Elevation Models); simple data acquisition contracts and specialized
data quality assurances.
Limitations:
Gaps in coverage; gaps in when data were collected between adjacent areas. Spatial resolution and
source data and data collection methodology vary between products.
Dataset should be updated by:
USGS aims to collect new LiDAR data over the same areas on an 8-year return cycle. As North
Carolina–specific data are updated, the tool will need to reflect these changes.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following variables: Hydrology,
Inundation Boundary, Transportation Attributes (Roads and Bridge), Building Attributes, and
Environmental Attributes.
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2.2.3 NCEM: Terrain Data

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information North Carolina Emergency Management
Link to Online Data https://sdd.nc.gov/
Data Owner North Carolina Emergency Management
Date Created N/A
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Ongoing
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Terrain data are the basis of hydrologic and hydraulic models and establishment of flooding extent.
They are used in risk assessments to establish key structural elevations where survey is not available.
Limitations:
Potential for changes due to construction projects, but likely not a major issue. Flood analysis issues
outside of LOMR areas. Gaps around military installations.
Dataset should be updated by:
Data collection is on a maintenance schedule; LOMR topography may not be included—need to
update in tools as appropriate.
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Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: Environmental
Attributes. To quantify risk, apply to other sources such as hydraulic models or object elevations that
are highly dependent on terrain information.
2.2.4 NOAA: Coastal Topographic LiDAR

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA
Link to Online Data NOAA: Data Access Viewer
Data Owner NOAA
Date Created 1996 to present
Date of Access May 2023
Frequency of Updates Ongoing
Updates Needed Yes.
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
There may also be specific acquisitions after large storms.
Limitations:
LiDAR data arrive in various forms, which are standardized for storage purposes by format, datum,
and projection. Some data are further processed to generate bare-earth products. Errors are removed
when possible. Coverage varies from location to location—some areas have multiple years, while
others have none. Users should not use the data for critical applications without a full awareness of
their limitations. NOAA reviews these data but does not guarantee reported vertical or horizontal
accuracies. Survey reports are linked in the metadata where they exist.
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Dataset should be updated by:
N/A
Risk Quantifier:
This dataset can be used as a source in coastal and riverine models with the goal of existing and/or
future hazard identification, which can be used to determine risk.
2.2.5 NCEM and NCDOT: Survey Data

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCEM and NCDOT
Link to Online Data https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/gis/pages/gis-data-layers.aspx
Data Owner NCEM and NCDOT
Date Created N/A
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Survey data are used to support modeling, risk assessments, and verify existing data. These are best
available data for structures or hydraulic assets and should be used for detailed modeling and
alternatives analyses.
Limitations:
Age of data results in exclusion of new structures or changing terrain near water.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Collect new data as appropriate in areas identified for potential mitigation projects.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factor: Transportation
Attributes (Roads and Bridges). To quantify risk, set thresholds of when bridges, roads, and other
structures are inundated, and use to calculate costs. Also improves the accuracy of models.
2.2.6 NCDOT: Transportation

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCDOT
Link to Online Data https://www.ncdot.gov/projects/complete-540/Pages/planned-construction-
activities.aspx
Data Owner NCDOT
Date Created N/A
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
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Benefits:
Data are used to develop hydraulic modeling and perform risk assessments on transportation assets.
Limitations:
Datasets may need updates based on current and planned construction activities.
Dataset should be updated by:
Incorporate current and future construction when investigating mitigation options.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factor: Transportation
Attributes (Roads and Bridges). To quantify risk, combine with other demographic sources to
calculate damage cost.
2.2.7 NC CGIA: Political Boundaries

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NC CGIA
Link to Online Data https://www.nconemap.gov/pages/municipal-boundaries
Data Owner NC CGIA
Date Created 11/3/2021
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Monthly
Updates Needed Dataset is in Quality Control to verify all municipalities have reviewed and approved
what is shown. Updates will be needed as reviews occur.
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
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Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
All appropriate entities should be identified with appropriate spatial limits. Data are needed to
coordinate projects with stakeholders, as well as for project reviews and compliance with local
ordinances.
Limitations:
Datasets may need updates based on recent or planned annexations. A dataset is maintained by
NCEM as part of the FRIS.
Dataset should be updated by:
Coordinate during outreach to obtain up-to-date jurisdictions and planned revisions.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
2.2.8 Local Governments: Zoning

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Local Governments
Link to Online Data local government websites
Data Owner Local Governments
Date Created Various
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Various
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Municipalities can lay the foundation for improved flood resilience through their comprehensive plans
and zoning ordinances. Zoning plans guide how a community should be developed and where
development should not occur. This allows opportunity to build in flood awareness and mitigation
strategies to reduce flooding, and appropriately zone areas of significant flood risk while directing
development to areas of low risk.
Limitations:
Zoning data are not aggregated across communities, so many coverages will need to be obtained. The
zoning classifications are subject to frequent changes.
Dataset should be updated by:
Aggregate zoning data and identify areas of proposed change. Establish a maintenance plan for
zoning coverage.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
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2.2.9 NOAA: Bathymetry

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA
Link to Online Data https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/maps/bathymetry/
Data Owner NOAA
Date Created Varies
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Variable
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Coastal
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Capture the terrain beneath the water, which topographic LiDAR does not do.
Limitations:
Limited to coastline and requires formatting to use.
Dataset should be updated by:
Compile and generate a statewide bathymetry layer. Determine missing bathymetry and determine
how to fill that gap.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk.
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2.2.10 USACE: Bathymetry

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USACE
Link to Online Data https://www.arcgis.com/apps/dashboards/index.html#/4b8f2ba307684cf597617bf1b
6d2f85d
Data Owner USACE
Date Created Varies
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Varies
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Coastal
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Capture the terrain beneath the water, which LiDAR does not do.
Limitations:
Limited to navigable areas of the coastline and requires formatting to use.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Compile and generate a statewide bathymetry layer. Determine missing bathymetry and determine
how to fill that gap. When studying a river, we should know the river’s terrain (LiDAR does not
penetrate below the water surface).
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk unless used in a model.
2.2.11 USGS: Hydrography

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USGS
Link to Online Data https://www.usgs.gov/national-hydrography/3d-national-topography-model-call-
action-part-1-3d-hydrography-program
Data Owner USGS
Date Created Varies
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Varies
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
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Benefits:
Includes opportunities for better linkages to other water datasets like the U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service National Wetlands Inventory, as well as positional accuracy, alignment to elevation data, and
frequent updates.
Limitations:
Funding will be required to create this dataset. NCDEQ has made a start with the headwater stream
spatial dataset, but that dataset does not meet the specifications of EDH and would need to be
updated.
Dataset should be updated by:
Dataset should be developed. USGS will initially pull the existing National Hydrologic Dataset (NHD)
into the Elevation Derived Hydrography (EDH) model. It will not have the 3D benefit of EDH. From
there, EDH would need to be developed for NC.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
2.3 Natural Environment Datasets
There are 21 datasets that have been identified, reviewed, and classified as Natural Environment
datasets for use in the Blueprint. Of the 21 total Natural Environment datasets, 6 are classified as
essential and 15 are classified as supporting. The results of the dataset gap analysis scoring, as well as
the associated flooding types, are summarized in Table 2-3.
Table 2-3: Natural Environment Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring
Dataset Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database Specification
and Quality Temporal Engineering
Methods
Multi-Resolution Land
Characteristics (MRLC):
Existing Land Cover and
Pervious Cover National Land
Cover Dataset
F, P, U 10 8 6 4 6
MRLC: Cropland Data Layer F, P, U 10 8 6 4 6
NOAA: Coastal Change
Analysis Program
F, P, U 10 10 7 8 N/A
ESA, ESRI, USGS, NOAA:
Global Future Land Use
F, P, U 10 8 4 4 6
NCSU: Natural Infrastructure
GIS Layers
OP TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
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Dataset Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database Specification
and Quality Temporal Engineering
Methods
U.S. Department of
Agriculture (USDA) and
Natural Resources
Conservation Service
(NRCS): Soils
NFS 10 8 6 8 8
NCDEQ: River Restoration or
Diversions
F, P 4 6 8 6 8
Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA): EnviroAtlas
F, P 6 8 7 7 8
Unidentified: Snowmelt S TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Unidentified: Avalanche S TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Unidentified: Ice Jam S TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Duke University: Pocosins GW 8 8 8 6 10
USGS: Groundwater Levels GW 4 TBD TBD TBD TBD
NCDEQ: Monitoring Network
and Studies
GW 6 8 8 10 8
Land Subsidence: Vertical
Land Motion and Horizontal
Velocity Data for US Atlantic
Coast
GW 5 7 5 6 5
USGS: Karst Features and
Sinkholes
GW 8 6 4 6 4
Carolina Bays OP TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
US Fish and Wildlife: Wetland
Restoration
OP 10 8 8 6 8
N.C. Wildlife Resources:
Threatened and Endangered
Species
A/M TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
NCDEQ: Livestock A/M 8 8 8 8 6
Hazards and Vulnerability
Research Institute at the
University of South Carolina
and United States
Department of Agriculture:
Crops
A/M 8 8 8 8 TBD
(N/A, Not Applicable; TBD, To Be Determined; Fluvial (Riverine) Flooding, F; Pluvial (Rain) Flooding, P; Urban and Stormwater Flooding, U; Dam and
Levee Flooding , D&L; Flash Flooding, FF; Coastal Flooding, C; Frozen, S; Groundwater Flooding, GW; Overland Ponding, OP; Agricultural Flooding,
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Dataset Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database Specification
and Quality Temporal Engineering
Methods
A&M; Mining Flooding, A&M; Natural Disasters , ND; Non-Flooding Source, NFS; All Types of Flooding, ALL)
2.3.1 MRLC: Existing Land Cover and Pervious Cover NLCD

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information MRLC
Link to Online Data https://www.mrlc.gov/
Data Owner MRLC
Date Created 2019
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates 3-Year cycle
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Wide coverage available, including remotely sensed data that can be augmented by locally developed
or manually delineated data.
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Limitations:
Datasets from local entities may have different classifications from other datasets such as the
remotely sensed National Land Cover Database, which has the benefit of consistent methodology but
may not be as accurate. Requires cross referencing/mapping to categories in TR55 with established
curve numbers. Requires review to ensure that recent development is accounted for in the coverage.
NLCD has a 5-year update interval, and typically has a lag time between collection and publication to
allow for processing and review.
Dataset should be updated by:
Move to an automatic AI generated system combined with LiDAR; Use this dataset as the comparison
basis when creating the AI. Combine with Natural Environment datasets such as Carolina bays and
Pocosins. Alternatively, normalize all locally derived data to NLCD standards, review all data against
recent orthophotography, and manually adjust for new development.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine existing hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
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2.3.2 MRLC: Cropland Data Layer

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information MRLC
Link to Online Data https://www.mrlc.gov/data
Data Owner MRLC
Date Created 2021
Date of Access August, 2023
Frequency of Updates 5-year update interval
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Wide coverage available, including remotely sensed data that can be augmented by locally developed
or manually delineated data.
Limitations:
Datasets from local entities may have different classifications from other datasets such as the
remotely sensed National Land Cover Database, which has the benefit of consistent methodology but
may not be as accurate. Requires cross-referencing/mapping to categories in TR55 with established
curve numbers. Requires review to ensure that recent development is accounted for in the coverage.
NLCD has a 5-year update interval, and typically has a lag time between collection and publication to
allow for processing and review.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Move to an automatic AI-generated system combined with LiDAR; use this dataset as the comparison
basis when creating the AI. Combine with Natural Environment datasets such as Carolina bays and
Pocosins. Alternatively, normalize all locally derived data to NLCD standards, review all data against
recent orthophotography, and manually adjust for new development.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine existing hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
2.3.3 NOAA: Coastal Change Analysis Program

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NOAA
Link to Online Data https://coast.noaa.gov/digitalcoast/data/ccapregional.html
Data Owner NOAA
Date Created Multiple. Most recent update 2016
Date of Access May 2023
Frequency of Updates Variable
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
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Benefits:
The use of standardized data and procedures assures consistency through time and across
geographies.
Limitations:
This is a national and regional data set that should be used only as a screening tool for very local or
site-specific management decisions. Small features and changes should be verified with a higher
resolution data source.
Dataset should be updated by:
Move to an automatic AI-generated system combined with LiDAR; use this dataset as the comparison
basis when creating the AI. Combine with Natural Environment datasets such as Carolina bays and
Pocosins. Alternatively, normalize all locally derived data to NLCD standards, and review all data
against recent orthophotography, and manually adjust for new development.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine existing hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
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2.3.4 ESA, ESRI, USGS, NOAA: Global Future Land Use

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information ESA, ESRI, USGS, NOAA
Link to Online Data https://livingatlas.arcgis.com/landcover-2050/
https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/catalog
Data Owner ESA, ESRI, USGS, NOAA
Date Created 2020
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Freely available data based on remote sensing research. Coverages developed by Environmental
Systems Research Institute, Inc. (ESRI) and by USGS are available, and projections extend through
2100. These data will be useful for estimating percent changes in runoff due to future development.
Limitations:
Not specific to NC or informed by existing land use plans. Uncertain of updates but assumed to update
with regular land use.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Data could be fine-tuned based on stakeholder input regarding local trends and community planning
(e.g., municipal and county-level future land use plans). Develop statewide dataset for future land use
that amalgamates existing local data with a consistent format and uses ESRI data to fill gaps.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be a future risk quantifier using the following factor: Hydrology. To quantify risk,
determine future hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from other sources.
2.3.5 NCSU: Natural Infrastructure GIS Layers

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCSU
Link to Online Data https://storymaps.arcgis.com/stories/5cce242ca04645438b819addf05cf44f
Data Owner NCSU
Date Created N/A
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates N/A
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Overland Ponding
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
This coverage can be used to determine areas where natural infrastructure projects could produce
benefits with respect to flood reduction. NCSU has developed these data for the Middle Neuse River
Basin.
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Limitations:
Dataset does not cover entire Neuse River Basin; there are other natural infrastructure practices that
could be evaluated and located.
Dataset should be updated by:
Expand footprint of dataset as appropriate; identify other natural infrastructure practices and
locations that are applicable within the basin.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk: Environmental Attributes. The process
to quantify risk is currently unknown.
2.3.6 USDA and NRCS: Soils

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USDA and NRCS
Link to Online Data https://nrcs.app.box.com/v/soils/file/1055530066630
Data Owner USDA and NRCS
Date Created 2022
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates 10-year cycle
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
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Benefits:
This is an authoritative, national dataset that fully covers the Neuse River Basin.
Limitations:
Resolution is coarse.
Dataset should be updated by:
Data used as input parameter for hydraulic modeling.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Environmental Attributes and
Hydrology. To quantify risk, determine hydrology input parameters that can be used in models from
other sources.
2.3.7 NCDEQ: River Restoration or Diversions

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCDEQ
Link to Online Data https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/mitigation-services/science-analysis/stream-
restoration-water-quality
Data Owner NCDEQ
Date Created 1972
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial
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Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Improved stream and wetland function, and monitoring helps ensure that projects are having the
desired effects on water quality and the aquatic habitat. Water quality assessments specifically
measure nutrients, suspended solids, and fecal coliform before and after restoration. Big picture,
rerouting flooding away from developed areas.
Limitations:
No accessible source identified for potential projects.
Dataset should be updated by:
Study current and future stream restoration projects, potential river diversions, and mitigation
projects and their impacts.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, WSEL,
Velocity, Shear Stress, and Hydrology. To quantify risk, determine boundary and WSEL of objects from
a more detailed model.
2.3.8 EPA: EnviroAtlas

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information EPA
Link to Online Data https://www.epa.gov/enviroatlas/enviroatlas-dynamic-data-matrix
Data Owner EPA
Date Created Varied
Date of Access August, 2023
Frequency of Updates Varied
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Provides numerous datasets, composed of a variety of reputable sources that relate numerous topics
to flood sources, including land uses, stream/lake buffer aspects, impervious surface cover,
potentially restorable wetlands, agriculture, soil loss, stormwater runoff, environmental markets,
transportation, etc.
Limitations:
The national extent of the datasets has a limited specificity and reliability when applied to the local
setting.
Dataset should be updated by:
Ground-truthing data prior to local use as well reviewing foundational data used for age and methods
of analysis/collection.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: Hydrology,
Inundation Boundary, Environmental, Demographic, Building, Velocity, and Transportation.

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2.3.9 Unidentified: Snowmelt

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Unidentified
Link to Online Data https://cnr.ncsu.edu/geospatial/news/2022/11/15/new-visualization-tool-heavy-
snow/ https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/dataset/modis-10A1-061
Data Owner Unidentified
Date Created N/A
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates N/A
Updates Needed N/A
Type of Flooding Snowmelt

Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
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Benefits:
Could help predict areas of high risk; shown in real time.
Limitations:
Only benefits a small rural portion of the state, and the expense to create the source may outweigh
the benefits.
Dataset should be updated by:
No source identified for North Carolina; consider creating one.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
2.3.10 Unidentified: Avalanche

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Unidentified
Link to Online Data https://www.esri.com/about/newsroom/arcnews/reducing-the-risk-of-avalanches-
with-gis-and-machine-learning/
Data Owner Unidentified
Date Created N/A
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates N/A
Updates Needed N/A
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Type of Flooding Snowmelt
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Dataset should be updated by:
No source identified for North Carolina; consider creating one.
Benefits:
Could help predict areas of high risk or show real-time locations.
Limitations:
Only benefits a small rural portion of the state, and the expense to create the source may outweigh
the benefits.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
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2.3.11 Unidentified: Ice Jam

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Unidentified
Link to Online Data Unidentified
Data Owner Unidentified
Date Created N/A
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates N/A
Updates Needed N/A
Type of Flooding Snowmelt
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Could help predict areas of high risk or show real-time locations.
Limitations:
Only benefits a small rural portion of the state, and the expense to create the source may outweigh
the benefits.
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Dataset should be updated by:
No source identified for North Carolina; consider creating one.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
2.3.12 Duke University: Pocosins

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Duke University
Link to Online Data https://nicholasinstitute.duke.edu/project/north-carolina-pocosins-mapping
percent0a
https://research.repository.duke.edu/concern/datasets/2z10wr05h?locale=en
Data Owner Duke University
Date Created June 2021
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Groundwater Flooding
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
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Benefits:
Identifies Pocosins that are unique to flooding and is able to account for them.
Limitations:
Unknown methodology to implement the data.
Dataset should be updated by:
Determine if this dataset makes enough of an impact to be worth using, as well as how it should be
applied.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk of Environmental Attributes. The process
to quantify risk is currently unknown.
2.3.13 USGS: Groundwater Levels

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USGS
Link to Online Data https://waterdata.usgs.gov/nc/nwis/current/?type=gw
Data Owner USGS
Date Created Various dates for observation well installations.
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Groundwater Flooding
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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

10

4 2 1 1
P
A
C

M
I
N
U
S

1
P
A
C

P
L
U
S

0.
5

0.
2

0.
1

Ot
h
e
r

Hi
s
t
o
r
i
c
a
l

E
v
e
n
t

PM
P

PM
F

Re
a
l

T
i
m
e

Fo
r
e
c
a
s
t

x x
Benefits:
Gauge locations that track groundwater.
Limitations:
Uncertain how much groundwater interacts with other sources of flooding. Also, uncertain how to use
the data except for anything built below the ground.
Dataset should be updated by:
Determine if this dataset makes enough of an impact to be worth using, as well as how it should be
applied.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk: Environmental Attributes. The process
to quantify risk is currently unknown.
2.3.14 NCDEQ: Monitoring Network and Studies

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Informatio
n
NCDEQ
Link to
Online Data
https://ncdenr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=6a0293762cf249ed92b657bd9b7465
cf percent0a
https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/water-resources/water-resources-data-statistics-and-maps
Data Owner NCDEQ
Date
Created October 2022
Date of
Access February 2023
Frequency
of Updates Continuous
Updates
Needed TBD
Type of
Flooding Groundwater Flooding
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

10

4 2 1 1
P
A
C

M
I
N
U
S

1
P
A
C

P
L
U
S

0.
5

0.
2

0.
1

Ot
h
e
r

Hi
s
t
o
r
i
c
a
l

E
v
e
n
t

PM
P

PM
F

Re
a
l

T
i
m
e

Fo
r
e
c
a
s
t

x x
Benefits:
Network includes 700 wells at 235 stations monitoring groundwater.
Limitations:
Uncertain how much groundwater interacts with other sources of flooding. Also, uncertain how to use
the data except for anything built below the ground.
Dataset should be updated by:
Determine if this dataset makes enough of an impact to be worth using, as well as how it should be
applied.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk: Environmental Attributes and
Hydrology. The process to quantify risk is currently unknown.
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2.3.15 Land Subsidence: Vertical Land Motion and Horizontal Velocity
Data for US Atlantic Coast

Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Information Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University (Virginia Tech)
Link to Online
Data
https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/2016GL068015#
https://data.lib.vt.edu/articles/dataset/VLM_Data_for_US_Atlantic_coast/19350959?file=34378535
Data Owner Universal Public Domain
Date Created Study published in March 2016
Data published April, 2023
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of
Updates
Version 1 of data released March 2022
Version 2 of data released November 2022
Version 3 of data released April 2023
Updates
Needed Yes
Type of
Flooding Groundwater Flooding
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
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Benefits:
Data depict “present day” subsidence rates through continuous global positioning system (GPS)
station data collection. Study provides a possible model of data collection and land subsidence
modeling that the state could adopt and apply to acquire more detailed/state-specific data.
Limitations:
Limited data collection (extent) in NC due to GPS station availability.
Dataset should be updated by:
Determine the extent and level of detail of North Carolina–specific data in resource.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be used to quantify existing and future risk: Environmental Attributes. To quantify
risk, integrate subsidence rates with sea level rise projections and coastal hazard models.
2.3.16 USGS: Karst Features and Sinkholes

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USGS
Link to Online Data https://pubs.er.usgs.gov/publication/ofr20141156
Data Owner USGS
Date Created 2014
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Groundwater Flooding
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Potentially used to improve modeling where infiltration is rampant, or at least justify extremes
needed in modeling to match reality.
Limitations:
Data are too broad and generic to be useful.
Dataset should be updated by:
Enhance this dataset with localized data of existing known sinkholes, caves, and other karst features,
or at least local potential.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk: Environmental Attributes. The process
to quantify risk is currently unknown.
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2.3.17 Carolina Bays

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Using Convolutional Neural Networks for Detection and Morphometric Analysis of
Carolina Bays from Publicly Available Digital Elevation Models
Link to Online Data https://www.mdpi.com/2072-4292/13/18/3770
https://github.com/mlundine/CarolinaBayDetection
Data Owner University of Delaware School of Marine Science and Policy
Date Created September 2021
Date of Access August 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Overland Ponding
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Fast and accurate Convolutional Neural Network-based object detection on LiDAR DEMs is a very
useful tool for geomorphic feature detection. Identify current flooding issues as well prevent future
flooding occurring in Carolina bays, which are probably overlooked in floodplain management. Many
Carolina bays have altered hydrology (e.g., upstream water diversions, ditching) that prevents them
from holding water. Restoring degraded bays (i.e., through plugging ditches) is a mitigation strategy
that would hold more water on the landscape, with additional water provisioning benefits for drought
conditions.
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Limitations:
Would need to create the dataset, because none exist, which can be done relatively easily.
Dataset should be updated by:
Strongly recommend creating a North Carolina-focused Carolina Bays dataset. Immediately examine
development in these areas, considering the methods used in this resource. Consider means to
incorporate these high-risk areas into other programs.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be used to quantify existing risk through Hydrology Attributes. To quantify risk,
identified Carolina Bays should be integrated into hydraulic modeling efforts.
2.3.18 US Fish and Wildlife: Wetland Restoration

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information US Fish and Wildlife
Link to Online Data https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/coastal-management/coastal-management-gis-
data/download-coastal-wetlands-spatial percent0a
https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/dataset/fws-nwi
Data Owner US Fish and Wildlife
Date Created 1999
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates 5 Year cycle
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Overland Ponding
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
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Benefits:
Current wetlands and potential wetland restorations that could mitigate flooding.
Limitations:
Wetlands might be subject to additional variable databases.
Dataset should be updated by:
Restore natural waterways and storage areas.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk: Environmental Attributes. The process
to quantify risk is currently unknown.
2.3.19 N.C. Wildlife Resources: Threatened and Endangered Species

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NC Wildlife Resources
Link to Online Data https://www.ncwildlife.org/planpercent0a
http://tecumseh.zo.ncsu.edu/coa/
Data Owner NC Wildlife Resources
Date Created N/A
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates N/A
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Agricultural and Mining Flooding
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Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Identify areas to protect form flooding, or other needed actions.
Limitations:
No data found.
Dataset should be updated by:
Determine if the expense to create the layer is worth it.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk: Environmental Attributes. The process
to quantify risk is currently unknown.
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2.3.20 NCDEQ: Livestock

Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Informatio
n
NCDEQ
Link to
Online Data
https://ncdenr.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=85ae6392d0e94010a305eedf06e3f28
8
Data Owner NCDEQ
Date
Created 2015
Date of
Access February 2023
Frequency
of Updates 3 Year cycle
Updates
Needed Yes
Type of
Flooding Agricultural and Mining Flooding
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Provides locations of livestock.
Limitations:
Lacks detailed information about each location.
Dataset should be updated by:
Consider how to quantify this information from a loss of livestock.
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Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk: Environmental Attributes. The process
to quantify risk is currently unknown.
2.3.21 Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of
South Carolina and United States Department of Agriculture: Crops

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of South Carolina and
United States Department of Agriculture
Link to Online Data https://cemhs.asu.edu/sheldus
https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/dataset/usda-cdl
Data Owner Hazards and Vulnerability Research Institute at the University of South Carolina and
United States Department of Agriculture
Date Created 2003
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates N/A
Updates Needed Yes
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Type of Flooding Agricultural and Mining Flooding
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Large database with many fields.
Limitations:
Appears to need a paid subscription; however, source data may be publicly accessible through
USGS/USDA. GAP data are not updated frequently.
Dataset should be updated by:
Look into further if this would be useful.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk: Environmental Attributes. The process
to quantify risk is currently unknown.
2.4 Built Environment
There are 15 datasets that have been identified, reviewed, and classified as Built-Environment
datasets for use in the Blueprint. Of the 15 total Built-Environment datasets, 65 are classified as
essential and 10 are classified as supporting. The results of the dataset gap analysis scoring, as well as
the associated flooding types, are summarized in Table 2-4.
Table 2-4: Built-Environment Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring
Dataset Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database Specification
and Quality Temporal Engineering
Methods
NC Risk Database, Oak Ridge Lab,
and Microsoft BING: Building
Footprints
F, P, U, FF,
C, OP
10 8 8 6 8
NCEM: Critical Infrastructure and
Key Resources (NCEM) F, P, U, FF,
C, OP
8 8 8 8 10
NCEM: Dam Breach Modeling of
High and Intermediate Hazard
Dams
D/L, F 4 4 6 8 8
USACE: Dam Inventory D/L, F 6 4 8 8 6
NC Center for Geographic
Information and Analysis (CGIA):
Parcel
NFS 8 6 6 6 8
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Dataset Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database Specification
and Quality Temporal Engineering
Methods
Local Governments: Sewer
Overflow U, FF 4 4 4 8 6
EPA and NCDEQ: Storage Tanks,
Wastewater Treatment Plant
(WWTP), Power Plants. Factories,
Contaminated Areas/Brownfields,
etc.
U, FF 10 6 8 8 6
NCDOT: Loss of Service (Traffic
Count) F, P, U, FF,
C, OP
6 8 8 8 8
Duke Energy: Duke Energy
Studies D/L, F TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Duke Energy: Duke Energy Lake
Regulations D/L, F 4 2 6 8 6
NCDEQ: National Dam and Levee
Inventory Databases D/L, F 8 6 6 8 8
Deltares: Global Water Availability D/L, F TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
National Aquatic Barrier
Inventory and Prioritization Tool
D/L, F 7 9 8 5 6
USDA Census of Agriculture A/M TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
NCDEQ: Mining A/M 10 4 4 8 4
(N/A, Not Applicable; TBD, To Be Determined; Fluvial (Riverine) Flooding, F; Pluvial (Rain) Flooding, P; Urban and Stormwater Flooding, U; Dam and
Levee Flooding , D&L; Flash Flooding, FF; Coastal Flooding, C; Frozen, S; Groundwater Flooding, GW; Overland Ponding, OP; Agricultural Flooding,
A&M; Mining Flooding, A&M; Natural Disasters , ND; Non-Flooding Source, NFS; All Types of Flooding, ALL)

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2.4.1 NC Risk Database, Oak Ridge Lab, and Microsoft BING: Building
Footprints

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NC Risk Database, Oak Ridge Lab, and Microsoft BING
Link to Online Data https://fris.nc.gov/arcgis/rest/services/Shared/NC_AllBuildings/MapServer
https://fris.nc.gov/fris/Home.aspx?ST=NC
https://disasters.geoplatform.gov/publicdata/Partners/ORNL/USA_Structures/North
percent20Carolina/ https://blogs.bing.com/maps/2018-06/microsoft-releases-125-
million-building-footprints-in-the-us-as-open-data
Data Owner NC Risk Database, Oak Ridge Lab, and Microsoft BING
Date Created Varies
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban, Flash, Coastal, Overland
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Essential data for determination of structural flood risk. Useful for investigation, evaluation, and
comparison of mitigation options, and disaster planning and response.
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Limitations:
Data needs to be updated because this was compiled once across the state approximately 10 years
ago. Minor updates in the identified SFHA during Advisory Flood project. Data confidence varies
greatly based on original data sources used for conflation of attributes (field-derived/parcel-
derived/HAZUS-derived). There is no sole authoritative building footprint source (universal across all
applications (FIMAN, FRIS, State Emergency Response Application (SERA)). Limited options for
determination of future risk to structures.
Dataset should be updated by:
NCEM is currently updating building footprints, having completed this task for roughly half of the
state, and should complete the remainder of the state by next year. Need to gather new FFE data in
the floodplain. Improve North Carolina’s existing footprints with AI to capture ongoing developments
and demolitions. Modernize and normalize the schema and update iRISK workflow and associated
tools and applications/websites. More comprehensive effort to identify and update existing building
footprints (strategy for data maintenance is in development at CGIA/NCEM). Formalize parcel data
across the state to provide a consistent standard to be used for attribution of risk-based data for
building footprints. Ghost footprints have been used to project structure risk in the near future. Future
risk determinations for mid-century and end-of-century would need to include developed future
hazard analyses as well as future assets at risk by using projected parcel or landcover data.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: FFE and Building Attributes.
To quantify risk, use to providing building attributes to calculate damage cost, typically from damage
depth-curves.
2.4.2 NCEM: Critical Infrastructure and Key Resources (NCEM)

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Information NCEM
Link to
Online Data
https://fris.nc.gov/arcgis/rest/services/RMT2
https://fema.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=90c0c996a5e242a79345cdbc5f758fc6
Data Owner NCEM
Date
Created Varies
Date of
Access February 2023
Frequency
of Updates Varies
Updates
Needed Yes
Type of
Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban, Flash, Coastal, Overland
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Identify structures of critical importance for prioritization of risk reduction. It is essential to know at
what flood frequency these facilities require evacuation or when access may be compromised.
Limitations:
Data need to be updated; this was compiled once across the state approximately 10 years ago. Need
to analyze any access issues, as well as transportation routes in general, for redundancy during flood
emergencies.
Dataset should be updated by:
Determine other ESRI data that exist or are being developed. Identify planned critical structures.
Update data to include any critical facilities developed or planned since the last update of the
database.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Transportation Attributes
(Roads and Bridges), Demographic Attributes (Economic, Social, etc.), and Environmental Attributes.
To quantify risk, identify location, and potentially the impact area of various key resource to calculate
damage costs.
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2.4.3 NCEM: Dam Breach Modeling of High and Intermediate Hazard
Dams

Note: Subtask 2.4 report contains detailed discussion of this dataset
Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information North Carolina Emergency Management
Link to Online Data https://sera.nc.gov/SERA/*
Data Owner State of North Carolina
Date Created 2017
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Uncertain
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Dam and Levee, Fluvial
* Site is access restricted
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

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P
A
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Benefits:
Identifies flooding of dam and levee breaches.
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Limitations:
Often limited to a few scenarios and may be out of date.
Dataset should be updated by:
Ensure a digital dataset exists with the appropriate attributes.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, WSEL,
Transportation Attributes (Roads and Bridges), Duration and Time Variable, and Hydrology. To
quantify risk, determine the impact of a dam or levee breach.
2.4.4 USACE: Dam Inventory

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information USACE
Link to Online Data https://nid.usace.army.mil/#/
https://fris.nc.gov/arcgis/rest/services/NC_Effective/FRIS_Structures/MapServer
Data Owner USACE
Date Created 1975
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Dam and Levee, Fluvial
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Dataset Event Frequencies:
Percent Annual Chance Other
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P
A
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1
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Benefits:
Identifies areas at risk in event of dam breach and quantifies risk to manmade environment. Can help
identify areas at potential risk from a dam or lagoon breach. Used for identification and analysis of
mitigation solutions related to physical or operational changes to dams.
Limitations:
Need to add more breach scenarios, does not include low hazard, including many agricultural
lagoons, and NCEM 2D analysis does not cover all dams in the Neuse River Basin. Inconsistent
availability of Operations and Maintenance data, and all significant structural data for some dams.
Dataset should be updated by:
Identify dams that may provide mitigation benefits, and perform additional analysis as needed.
Complete risk analysis on dams not analyzed by NCEM.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, WSEL,
Transportation Attributes (Roads and Bridges), Duration and Time Variable, and Hydrology. To
quantify risk, determine the impact of a dam or levee breach.
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2.4.5 NC Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (CGIA): Parcel
Data

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information North Carolina Center for Geographic Information and Analysis (CGIA)
Link to Online Data https://www.nconemap.gov/pages/parcels
Data Owner CGIA
Date Created Various
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Quarterly
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Non- Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Data from parcel information can be conflated with building footprints and incorporated into the NC
Risk Database and used for risk assessments. Can be used in combination with zoning data and
adjacent parcels to develop estimates of future land use.
Limitations:
Locally derived parcel data lacks consistent attributes. Many communities do not have the
appropriate level of data to support detailed risk analyses.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Compile and normalize data. Consider comparing footprints because multiple buildings may be on a
single parcel, demolished, or built.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Building Attributes. To
quantify risk, relate parcel information to building footprints for additional and more up-to-date
information.
2.4.6 Local Governments: Sewer Overflow

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Local Governments
Link to Online Data Unidentified
Data Owner Local Governments
Date Created Varies
Date of Access February
Frequency of Updates Varies
Updates Needed No
Type of Flooding Urban, Flash
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Not to be confused with stormwater; sewer systems become flooded and overflow.
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Limitations:
Would likely require an enormous effort to gather and analyze all the systems. Each municipality
would have varying quality and availability of datasets.
Dataset should be updated by:
Consider identifying historic or current areas experiencing overflowing sewer systems as potential
mitigation problems.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Environmental Attributes. To
quantify risk, identify location and potentially the impact area of various key resources to calculate
damage costs.
2.4.7 EPA and NCDEQ: Storage Tanks, WWTP, Power Plants, Factories,
Contaminated Areas/Brownfields, etc.

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information EPA and NCEM
Link to Online Data https://www.epa.gov/airmarkets/power-plants-and-neighboring-communities-map
https://deq.nc.gov/about/divisions/waste-management/science-data-and-
reports/gis-maps/brownfields-projects-map-inventory-and-document-download
https://geodata.epa.gov/arcgis/rest/services/OEI/FRS_Wastewater/MapServer/
Data Owner EPA and NCDEQ
Date Created Varies
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Varies
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Urban, Flash
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Flooding can happen from other sources besides water or mix with the floodwaters and create a
worse hazard such as flooding of hog lagoons, other agricultural waste lagoons, and non-point
sources.
Limitations:
May need to look beyond the database for quantitative information.
Dataset should be updated by:
Identify all potential pollutant hazards that could occur when flooding and determine how to
implement these.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Environmental Attributes. To
quantify risk, identify location and potentially the impact area of various key resource to calculate
damage costs.
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2.4.8 NCDOT: Loss of Service (Traffic Count)

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCDOT
Link to Online Data https://ncdot.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=964881960f0549d
e8c3583bf46ef5ed4 https://connect.ncdot.gov/resources/State-
Mapping/Pages/Traffic-Survey-GIS-Data.aspx
Data Owner NCDOT
Date Created 2021
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Annually
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban, Flash, Coastal, Overland

Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
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P
A
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M
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1
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Benefits:
Great for calculating loss of service cost in a Benefit-Cost Analysis (BCA), expected impact of flood, etc.
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Limitations:
Does not cover minor or private roads.
Dataset should be updated by:
Consider linking or appending it to other NCDOT layers.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Transportation Attributes
(Roads and Bridges). To quantify risk, calculate loss of service costs, determine evacuation routes, etc.
2.4.9 Duke Energy: Duke Energy Studies

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Duke Energy
Link to Online Data Unidentified
Data Owner Duke Energy
Date Created Unknown
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Dam and Levee, Fluvial
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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

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Dataset should be updated by:
Use to map flood hazard for the dam and obtain information such as Local Intense Precipitation (LIP),
PMP, PMF.
Benefits:
Study looks at: storm surge, LIP – PMP, streams and rivers (river; PMF), failure of dams and onsite
water control/storage structures under PMF conditions, seiche, tsunami (only applicable to evaluating
coastal sites, Brunswick), ice-induced flooding (in the Carolinas, this is not applicable), and channel
migrations/diversions.
Limitations:
Studies may be out of date, and permission may not be given to access the information.
Dataset should be updated by:
Use to map flood hazard for the dam and obtain information such as LIP, PMP, and PMF.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Inundation Boundary, WSEL,
Transportation Attributes (Roads and Bridges), Duration and Time Variable, and Hydrology. To
quantify risk, determine the impact of a dam or levee breach.
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2.4.10 Duke Energy: Duke Energy Lake Regulations

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Duke Energy
Link to Online Data https://www.duke-energy.com/community/lakes
https://files.nc.gov/ncdeq/Water
percent20Quality/Planning/BPU/BPU/Catawba/Catawba percent20Plans/2010
percent20Plan/Chapter percent204 percent20- percent20Chain percent20of
percent20Lakes.pdf
Data Owner Duke Energy
Date Created 1904
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Dam and Levee, Fluvial
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Understand regulation of lakes.
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Limitations:
Cryptic information that needs to be decoded to use. Scheduled flow releases are subject to variability
based on natural conditions and/or unexpected changes in hydro project operation. Duke Energy
may, at any time and without warning, modify the scheduled flow releases, which may affect water
levels, water availability, and arrival or recession times.
Dataset should be updated by:
Decipher information and determine how to use this information when considering regulated lakes
controlled by Duke Energy.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: WSEL and Real Time. To
quantify risk, predict real-time discharges and storage of dams from lake operating elevations.
2.4.11 NCDEQ: National Dam and Levee Inventory Databases

Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Informatio
n
NCDEQ
Link to
Online
Data
https://northcarolinadeptofenvandnat.sharefile.com/share/view/s5bc5eb354fa54907b0d903b2de0c447a/f
o90c5d4-716c-47a3-8521-c8b4280ce3ea
Data
Owner NCDEQ
Date
Created 2022
Date of
Access February 2023
Frequency
of Updates 2-Year cycle
Updates
Needed Yes
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Type of
Flooding Dam and Levee, Fluvial
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

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Benefits:
Identifies locations of dams with their associated hazard and attributes.
Limitations:
Many useful fields are missing.
Dataset should be updated by:
Dams are challenging because they greatly impact (benefit/worsen) flooding and are erratic in
discharge and operations. One failure can also lead to a chain of failures. For modeling purposes, a
rating curve would be ideal at each location with operating (timing) procedures. Additionally, the
ability to compare current WSEL versus typical and operating would be beneficial to account for
storage or discharge volume.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
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2.4.12 Deltares: Global Water Availability

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Deltares
Link to Online Data https://planetarycomputer.microsoft.com/dataset/deltares-water-availability
Data Owner Deltares
Date Created 1970
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Dam and Levee, Fluvial
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

10

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P
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Benefits:
Hydrological model approach to simulate historical daily reservoir variations for 3,236 locations
across the globe for the period 1970-2020 using the distributed wflow_sbm model. The model
outputs long-term daily information on reservoir volume, inflow, and outflow dynamics, as well as
information on upstream hydrological forcing.
Limitations:
Only covers a few reservoirs.
Dataset should be updated by:
Consider creating a similar process specific to North Carolina.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: WSEL and Real Time. To
quantify risk, predict real-time discharges and storage of dams from lake operating elevations.
2.4.13 National Aquatic Barrier Inventory and Prioritization Tool

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Southeast Aquatic Resources Partnership
Link to Online Data https://aquaticbarriers.org/
Data Owner Southeast Aquatic Resources Partnership
Date Created Data version: 3.0.0 (7/14/2023)
Date of Access August, 2023
Frequency of Updates Automatic scripts extract data approximately four times a year and check for updates
to incorporate into the National Inventory
Updates Needed Yes
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Type of Flooding Dam and Levee, Fluvial
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Pulls from numerous sources and intersects a variety of variables.
Limitations:
Some data attributes are missing. Does not include beaver dams or other non-structural barriers.
Dataset should be updated by:
Referring to National Inventory after each quarterly data update.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Hydrology, Environmental,
Demographic, Building, Sheer Stress, and Transportation.
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2.4.14 USDA Census of Agriculture

Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Informatio
n
USDA
Link to
Online
Data
https://www.nass.usda.gov/Publications/AgCensus/2017/Online_Resources/County_Profiles/North_Caroli
na/index.php
Data
Owner USDA
Date
Created 2017
Date of
Access August 2023
Frequency
of Updates Once every 5 years (next update in 2024)
Updates
Needed Yes
Type of
Flooding Agricultural and Mining
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Covers multiple interrelated agricultural topics.
Limitations:
Geospatial extent limited.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Refers to updated census data every 5 years.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
2.4.15 NCDEQ: Mining

Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Information NCDEQ
Link to Online Data https://www.arcgis.com/apps/View/index.html?appid=0e67f71c4a0d4deb8da73f1b42f4b577
Data Owner NCDEQ
Date Created 1971
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of
Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Agricultural and Mining
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Provides locations of mines.
Limitations:
Lacks detail.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Consider how to use this as a flood sink, or a flood hazard, etc.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk: Environmental Attributes. The process
to quantify risk is currently unknown.
2.5 Demographic Datasets
There are 10 datasets that have been identified, reviewed, and classified as Demographics datasets for
use in the Blueprint. Of the 10 total Demographics datasets, 8 are classified as essential and 2 are
classified as supporting. The results of the dataset gap analysis scoring, as well as the associated
flooding types, are summarized in Table 2-5.
Table 2-5: Demographics Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring
Dataset
Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database
Specification
and Quality Temporal
Engineering
Methods
US Census: Population Datasets NFS 10 6 6 6 6
CDC: CDC Social Vulnerability
Index (SVI) and Dr. Susan Cutter
SoVI
NFS 10 8 6 6 8
CEQ: Climate and Economic
Justice Screening Tool (CEJST NFS 10 8 8 6 8
U.S Department of Housing and
Urban Development
(HUD)/Community Planning
and Development (CPD): Low to
Moderate Income
NFS 10 6 6 4 6
NC State Historic Preservation
Office, National Registry of
Historic Places: Cultural
Resources
NFS 10 8 8 6 6
FEMA: National Risk Index (NRI) NFS 10 8 8 6 8
EPA: EPA EJSCREEN NFS 10 8 8 6 8
Local Governments:
Elected/Community Officials NFS TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
United States Census Bureau:
Commuter Information (US
Census, Onthemap)
NFS 10 8 8 8 10
The Land Conservancy (TLC),
Riverkeepers, etc.: Non-Profits NFS TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
(N/A, Not Applicable; TBD, To Be Determined; Fluvial (Riverine) Flooding, F; Pluvial (Rain) Flooding, P; Urban and Stormwater Flooding, U; Dam and
Levee Flooding , D&L; Flash Flooding, FF; Coastal Flooding, C; Frozen, S; Groundwater Flooding, GW; Overland Ponding, OP; Agricultural Flooding,
A&M; Mining Flooding, A&M; Natural Disasters , ND; Non-Flooding Source, NFS; All Types of Flooding, ALL)

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2.5.1 US Census: Population Datasets

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information US Census
Link to Online Data https://data.census.gov/profile/North_Carolina?g=0400000US37
https://www.osbm.nc.gov/facts-figures/population-demographics/state-
demographer/countystate-population-projections
Data Owner US Census Bureau
Date Created 2021
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates 10-Year cycle
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Useful for Benefit Cost Analysis(BCA) and funding to show populations (numbers and demographics)
benefiting from activities that increase resilience to disasters .
Limitations:
May be out of date.
Dataset should be updated by:
Supplement with other datasets for a more accurate dataset, such as the Office of State Budget and
Management data (URL in link to online data above).
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Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Demographic Attributes
(Economic, Social, etc.). To quantify risk, identify the demographic and its risk, help plan evacuations,
etc.
2.5.2 CDC: CDC Social Vulnerability Index (SVI) and Dr. Susan Cutter SoVI

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information CDC
Link to Online Data https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/placeandhealth/svi/interactive_map.html
Data Owner CDC
Date Created 2020
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates 2 to 4 Years
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
This dataset is widely used by many federal agencies and programs to estimate social vulnerability, to
develop community support plans and stakeholder engagement plans, pre- and post-disaster
emergency response, and is often tied to project funding.
Limitations:
No clear indicators that provide information on unhoused populations, which is difficult data to
collect.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Supplement with other datasets (NRI, SVI, EJSCREEN, SoVI, etc.) for a more comprehensive view of
risk, burden, vulnerability, and resiliency.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Demographic Attributes
(Economic, Social, etc.). To quantify risk, identify the demographic and its risk, help plan evacuations,
etc.
2.5.3 CEQ: Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool (CEJST)

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)
Link to Online Data https://screeningtool.geoplatform.gov/en/#6.29/35.385/-78.958
Data Owner CEQ
Date Created 2022
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates N/A
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
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Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Identifies whether projects fall in communities that will contribute to the J40 goal, which also comes
into play with infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA) funding.
Limitations:
Does not consider race in any way, which is a primary indicator of environmental and social
vulnerability. Has weak climate change indicators. Uses limited socioeconomic indicators.
Dataset should be updated by:
Supplement with other datasets (NRI, SVI, EJSCREEN, SoVI, etc.) for a more comprehensive view of
risk, burden, vulnerability, and resiliency.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Demographic Attributes
(Economic, Social, etc.). To quantify risk, identify the demographic and its risk, help plan evacuations,
etc.
2.5.4 HUD/CPD: Low to Moderate Income

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of
Information HUD/CPD
Link to
Online Data https://hud.maps.arcgis.com/apps/webappviewer/index.html?id=ffd0597e8af24f88b501b7e7f326bedd
Data Owner HUD/CPD
Date
Created 2022
Date of
Access March 2023
Frequency
of Updates 5-Year cycle
Updates
Needed TBD
Type of
Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
The LMI is used for funding purposes and in BCA to support funding in traditionally underserved areas.
Typically, projects can apply for certain funding, such as the Community Development Block Group
(CDBG) program if the average LMI value of the project area is above 51 percent.
Limitations:
Multiple groupings can be chosen that lead to inconsistent results. Drastic changes between versions.
Ground truth may not match data.
Dataset should be updated by:
Supplement with other datasets (NRI, SVI, EJSCREEN, SoVI, etc.) for a more comprehensive view of
risk, burden, vulnerability, and resiliency.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Demographic Attributes
(Economic, Social, etc.). To quantify risk, identify the demographic and its risk, help plan evacuations,
etc.
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2.5.5 NC State Historic Preservation Office, National Registry of Historic
Places: Cultural Resources

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information National Registry of NC State Historic Preservation Office
Link to Online Data https://www.ncdcr.gov/about/history/division-historical-resources/state-historic-
preservation-office/gis-maps-and-data#GISDataDownload-1754
Data Owner National Registry of NC State Historic Preservation Office
Date Created N/A
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates N/A
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Protecting culturally or historically significant areas from flooding is vital to preserving benefits of
historical areas and can help support project funding. Areas or structures at risk that carry this
classification may merit higher consideration for mitigation or may impact decisions in the alternative
analyses.
Limitations:
Last updated in 2018, so may be out of date. Source information may not be accurate.
Dataset should be updated by:
Determining what fields would be useful and if the dataset is complete.
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Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Demographic Attributes
(Economic, Social, etc.). To quantify risk, identify Historic properties with a special risk, because they
cannot be replaced.
2.5.6 FEMA: National Risk Index (NRI)

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information FEMA
Link to Online Data https://hazards.fema.gov/nri/map
Data Owner FEMA
Date Created N/A
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates N/A
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Provides flood risk assessment based on expected losses, social vulnerability, and community
resilience. Rating is provided on each of those individually, as well as a combined risk score.
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Limitations:
Uses Expected Annual Loss (EAL), which is a dollar value partially based on building value as part of
the scoring. This inherently provides a less equitable viewpoint of loss because underserved areas will
often have lower building values. FEMA has recently decided the social vulnerability component of the
NRI will switch from using SoVI® to CDC's SVI. It is not known when that change will be incorporated.
Does not consider future climate changes in evaluating risk.
Dataset should be updated by:
Incorporate use of EAL Rates rather than EAL to provide a more equitable viewpoint of expected
annual losses. Assess the EAL and Resiliency scores rather than the overall risk score, and view
vulnerability using SVI. Another option is to develop a unique risk score calculation subbing SVI for
SoVI®, or a mix of the two. Incorporate use of climate change indicators, tools, and datasets.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing and future risk quantifier using the following factors: Demographic
Attributes (Economic, Social, etc.). To quantify risk, identify the demographic and its risk, help plan
evacuations, etc.
2.5.7 EPA: EPA EJSCREEN

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information EPA
Link to Online Data https://ejscreen.epa.gov/mapper/
Data Owner EPA
Date Created N/A
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Widely used to assess environmental burdens that further exasperate a community's resiliency.
Limitations:
Does not assess cumulative impacts. Can assess individual environmental and socioeconomic
indicators.
Dataset should be updated by:
Develop an approach to assessing overall cumulative impacts of indicators essential to a given
community/region of a project. Incorporate any local/regional environmental data specifically of
concern to the region.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factor: Demographic Attributes
(Economic, Social, etc.). To quantify risk, identify the demographic and its risk, help plan evacuations,
etc.
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2.5.8 Local Governments: Elected/Community Officials

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Local Governments
Link to Online Data Unidentified
Data Owner Local Governments
Date Created Various
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Points of contact.
Limitations:
Updates would need to be frequent, and the data would need Quality Assurance/Quality Control.
Governments and responsibilities may change with time.
Dataset should be updated by:
Creating and maintaining this dataset may be more work than it is beneficial, so it might be best to
limit the data to the main points of contacts.
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Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
2.5.9 United States Census Bureau: Commuter Information (US Census,
Onthemap)

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information United States Census Bureau
Link to Online Data https://onthemap.ces.census.gov/
Data Owner United States Census Bureau
Date Created 2019
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Annually
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Provides detailed information about where people travel for their jobs, including travel time,
direction, salary, industry, and age.
Limitations:
Data are generic and would need to be estimated if applying data to a specific road. Also, updates may
rely on older data because the main census is performed every 10 years.
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Dataset should be updated by:
Use this source to calculate economic loss of work. However, with the rise of work from home, the
calculations may need additional assumptions.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using Transportation Attributes (Roads and Bridges) and
Demographic Attributes (Economic, Social, etc.) to quantify risk, calculate loss of service costs,
determine evacuation routes, etc.
2.5.10 The Land Conservancy, Riverkeepers, etc.: Non-Profits

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information TLC, Riverkeepers, etc.
Link to Online Data https://www.riverkeeper.org/riverkeeper-mission/our-story/ percent0a
https://triangleland.org/strategic-conservation/planning
Data Owner TLC, Riverkeepers, etc.
Date Created Various
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Additional useful information and considers other important factors not already addressed.
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Limitations:
With the number of organizations and the amount of information available, an extensive effort would
be required to use these resources.
Dataset should be updated by:
Compile important organizations and stakeholders impacted by flooding and hazards. Research what
they have already generated.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Demographic Attributes
(Economic, Social, etc.) and Environmental Attributes. To quantify risk, determine locations of specific
resources and risks.
2.6 Mitigation Support Datasets
There are 10 datasets that have been identified, reviewed, and classified as Mitigation Support
datasets for use in the Blueprint. Of the 10 total Mitigation Support datasets, 4 are classified as
essential and 6 are classified as supporting. The results of the dataset gap analysis scoring, as well as
the associated flooding types, are summarized in Table 2-6.
Table 2-6: Mitigation Support Dataset Gap Analysis Scoring
Dataset Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database Specification
and Quality Temporal Engineering
Methods
FEMA: Insurance Data (NFIP
Policies and Repetitive Loss
Properties)
F, P, U 4 6 8 8 10
NCEM and NCDOT: Existing
Mitigation Studies in Neuse, Tar-
Pamlico, Cape Fear, Cashie River
and Lumber
NFS TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
DPS and NCORR: Existing
Mitigation Plans Including HMPs,
RRPs
NFS TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Federal (FEMA), State, and Local:
Policy Data
NFS TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
FEMA: Historical Flooding
Support Information (e.g., IA and
PA Claims, Small Business
Administration [SBA] and Hazard
Mitigation Grant Program
[HMGP] Applications)
F, P, U 6 8 8 10 10
FEMA: Flood Mitigation
Assistance (FMA) Grant Program
All TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
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Dataset Flooding
Type
Gap Type and Score
Geospatial Database Specification
and Quality Temporal Engineering
Methods
Peer State Program Review NFS TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Local Governments: Other Policy
Information Related to Flood Risk
Mitigation and Resilience
NFS TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
Local Governments: Elevation
Certificates
NFS 2 6 10 10 10
FEMA: CRS Communities NFS TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD
(N/A, Not Applicable; TBD, To Be Determined; Fluvial (Riverine) Flooding, F; Pluvial (Rain) Flooding, P; Urban and Stormwater Flooding, U; Dam and
Levee Flooding , D&L; Flash Flooding, FF; Coastal Flooding, C; Frozen, S; Groundwater Flooding, GW; Overland Ponding, OP; Agricultural Flooding,
A&M; Mining Flooding, A&M; Natural Disasters , ND; Non-Flooding Source, NFS; All Types of Flooding, ALL)
2.6.1 FEMA: Insurance Data (NFIP Policies and Repetitive Loss
Properties)

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information FEMA
Link to Online Data https://www.fema.gov/about/openfema/data-sets
Data Owner FEMA
Date Created 1996
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed Yes
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban,
Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

10

4 2 1 1
P
A
C

M
I
N
U
S

1
P
A
C

P
L
U
S

0.
5

0.
2

0.
1

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t

PM
P

PM
F

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a
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T
i
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e

Fo
r
e
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a
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t

x
Benefits:
These data provide a resource to spatially identify and view areas of mitigation interest and can also
be used to drive stakeholder engagement. Understanding why there are fluctuations in policy base,
and where there are repeat events of impacts contributes to project prioritization.
Limitations:
Limited to only claimed damages when there may be more damage not being claimed. Also, might be
restricted because of personal data.
Dataset should be updated by:
Develop an analysis to better understand fluctuations in the policy base. Identify areas for repetitive
loss and evaluate the opportunity to develop a Repetitive Loss Area Analysis to better understand
flooding impacts at the local level.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Building Attributes. To
quantify risk, identify the location of historical flooding hot spots. Additional investigation or
information would be needed to quantify risk.
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2.6.2 NCEM and NCDOT: Existing Mitigation Studies in Neuse, Tar-
Pamlico, Cape Fear, Cashie River and Lumber

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information NCEM and U.S. Department of Transportation (DOT)
Link to Online Data https://files.nc.gov/rebuildnc/documents/files/neuse_mitigation_report.pdf
Data Owner NCEM and DOT
Date Created Various
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source

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Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Each of these studies contain useful information the Blueprint should leverage and build on, including
identification of areas of key interest and historical flooding issues, recommended projects, and areas
for additional study. The Blueprint needs to build on work performed to avoid exasperating local
officials. Data mining these reports will help to focus effort in areas with identified flooding problems.
Limitations:
Different issues with each study, including limits on scope, study area, and age of study. This is just a
sampling of the many study efforts that have taken place in the basin.
Dataset should be updated by:
Review studies and identify gaps (e.g., Pluvial, or urban flooding not addressed).
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
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2.6.3 DPS and NCORR: Existing Mitigation Plans, Including HMPs, RRPs

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information DPS and NCORR
Link to Online Data https://www.rebuild.nc.gov/media/1373/open
Data Owner DPS and NCORR
Date Created Various
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
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Benefits:
Having these data provides a starting point for identifying areas of concern for local officials that can
be refreshed.
Limitations:
RRPs performed after Matthew, and likely need to revisit to ensure priorities are still consistent. Local
officials and key stakeholders may be weary of revisiting the same issues through a new process.
Dataset should be updated by:
Apply lessons learned from other planning activities, focus on developing a stakeholder engagement
plan that address how to overcome any fatigue related to flood mitigation planning, and connect with
key stakeholders from other efforts to ensure there is good alignment moving forward with any
concurrent planning and implementation efforts.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
2.6.4 Federal (FEMA), State, and Local: Policy Data

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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Federal (FEMA), State, and Local
Link to Online Data https://www.fema.gov/emergency-managers/risk-management/hazard-mitigation-
planning/regulations-guidance
Data Owner Federal (FEMA), State, and Local
Date Created Unknown
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
A deep understanding of policy can be a key data point in critical decision-making associated with the
Blueprint.
Limitations:
Policy change is a key non-structural flood mitigation strategy that promotes resilience, and it
requires strong stakeholder engagement to drive political will.
Dataset should be updated by:
Continue to closely track policy drivers and develop strategies to pursue meaningful policy changes at
the local and state levels.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
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2.6.5 FEMA: Historical Flooding Support Information (e.g., IA and PA
Claims, SBA and HMGP Applications)

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information FEMA
Link to Online Data https://www.fema.gov/about/openfema/data-sets
Data Owner FEMA
Date Created 1979
Date of Access February 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Fluvial, Pluvial, Urban,

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Dataset Event Frequencies
Percent Annual Chance Other
20

10

4 2 1 1
P
A
C

M
I
N
U
S

1
P
A
C

P
L
U
S

0.
5

0.
2

0.
1

Ot
h
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r

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s
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PM
P

PM
F

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e

Fo
r
e
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a
s
t

x
Benefits:
Well-documented flood information based on reality, and if funding is there, then it is probably there
for a good reason.
Limitations:
Limited to only claimed areas, might be restricted because of personal data.
Dataset should be updated by:
Gain access to this information to determine hot spots and mitigation projects; also can be used to
verify models.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: Demographic Attributes
(Economic, Social, etc.). To quantify risk, identify the location of historical flooding hot spots. Would
need additional investigation or information to quantify risk.
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2.6.6 FEMA: Flood Mitigation Assistance Grant Program

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information FEMA
Link to Online Data Open FEMA Data Sets | FEMA.gov
Data Owner FEMA
Date Created 1994
Date of Access Unable to access
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding All
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Applications are well-documented flood information based on historical events.
Limitations:
Limited to areas that applied for grants, might be restriction due to Personal Identifiable Information
(PII).
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Dataset should be updated by:
Gain access to the grant application to determine any historical flooding frequencies.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier when identifying the location of historical hazard areas.
Would need additional investigation or information to quantify risk.
2.6.7 Peer State Program Review
Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Multiple States and Regions
Link to Online Data Unidentified
Data Owner Multiple States and Regions
Date Created Unknown
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed N/A
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
The opportunity to learn from peer states can inform the technical approach and information from
peer state programs, can provide proofs of concepts supporting ideas for the framework of the
Blueprint.
Limitations:
There is no peer state program that mirrors the objectives of the Blueprint. It is likely there will be
inflection points in the development of the Blueprint for which there is no specific match to apply
lessons learned and best practices.
Dataset should be updated by:
As other states begin to pursue program solutions like the Blueprint, engage for information sharing
to support continued connectivity with peer states.
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.6.8 Local Governments: Other Policy Information Related to Flood Risk
Mitigation and Resilience
Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Local Governments
Link to Online Data Unidentified
Data Owner Local Governments
Date Created Unknown
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates None
Updates Needed N/A
Type of Flooding
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Research on a local government level for other policies for jurisdictions that follow FEMA policies at a
minimum but have higher Flood Risk Mitigation Standards.
Limitations:
N/A
Dataset should be updated by:
N/A
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.6.9 Local Governments: Elevation Certificates

Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information Local Governments
Link to Online Data Unidentified
Data Owner Local Governments
Date Created Various
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Provides necessary safety measures for development near a floodplain. Elevation Certification must
be completed prior to project completion.
Limitations:
Elevation Certification process differs between local governments.
Dataset should be updated by:
Supplement building footprints are needed with this information.
Risk Quantifier:
This source can be an existing risk quantifier using the following factors: FFE, and Transportation
(Roads and Bridges) Attributes. To quantify risk, append with building footprints to determine FFE.
North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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2.6.10 FEMA: CRS Communities

North Carolina Flood Resiliency Blueprint
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Dataset Summary Information
Source of Information FEMA
Link to Online Data https://www.fema.gov/sites/default/files/documents/fema_community-rating-
system_local-guide-flood-insurance-2018.pdf
Data Owner FEMA
Date Created 2018
Date of Access March 2023
Frequency of Updates Continuous
Updates Needed TBD
Type of Flooding Non-Flooding Source
Dataset Event Frequencies:
N/A
Benefits:
Beneficial as an educational tool to show how the community rating system works, and potential
discounts, etc.
Limitations
N/A
Dataset should be updated by:
N/
Risk Quantifier:
This source cannot be used to quantify existing or future risk. The process to quantify risk is currently
unknown. Repetitive Loss Area Analysis completed for CRS would offer insight complimentary to loss
histories.