20220124_Neuse_River_Waterdog_Survey_Report_92-10

Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report
Wake Stone Corporation -Triangle Quarry
Wake County, North Carolina
Crabtree Creek Within Surveyed Reach
Prepared For:
JAN 2 4 dU6'
January 20, 2022 L=`I�G'.�.

Prepared by:
324 Blackwell Street, Suite 1200
Durham, NC 27701

Table of Contents
1.0 Introduction.......................................................................................................................... 1
2.0 Target Protected Species Descriptions................................................................................. 2
2.1 Neuse River Waterdog (Necturus lewisi)......................................................................... 2
2.1.1. Species Characteristics.............................................................................................. 2
2.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements.................................................................... 2
2.1.3. Threats to Species..................................................................................................... 4
2.1.4. Designated Critical Habitat....................................................................................... 4
3.0 Survey Efforts ...................................................................................................................... 5
3.1 Conditions of Reach Evaluated: Crabtree Creek.............................................................. 5
3.2 Survey Methodology........................................................................................................ 5
4.0 Results.................................................................................................................................. 6
5.0 Discussion/Conclusions....................................................................................................... 7
6.0 Literature Cited.................................................................................................................... 8
Appendix A:
Figure 1: Project Vicinity & Survey Reach
Figure 2: NCNHP Element Occurrences: Neuse River Waterdog
Appendix B: Select Photographs

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Wake Stone Triangle Quarry (Quarry) located in western Wake County is adjacent to
Crabtree Creek, a major tributary to the upper Neuse River Basin. Wake Stone is planning to
expand the Quarry to develop a new mining pit on a parcel referred to as the Odd Fellows tract
on the northwestern side of Crabtree Creek.
The Neuse River Waterdog (Necturus lewisii), an aquatic salamander that is Federally protected
as a Threatened species, has been reported to occur within Crabtree Creek. In a letter to the NC
Department of Environmental Quality (DEQ) dated August 25, 2021, opposing the Triangle
Quarry expansion, the Umstead Coalition expressed concerns of the potential adverse effects of
the project on the Neuse River Waterdog and indicated that the species had been reported from
the creek within the portion adjacent to the William B. Umstead State Park (Umstead Park) as
recently as 2004 (Umstead Coalition 2021). However, upon further evaluation, it was
determined that the 2004 record in question was a misinterpretation of the NC Division of Parks
and Recreation (NC Parks) database. Biologists with NC Parks conducted surveys targeting the
Neuse River Waterdog in Crabtree Creek adjacent to Umstead Park in 2000 and 2004, and the
species was not detected (Ed Corey, NC Parks 2021). The letter also references an occurrence of
the species in Crabtree Creek near the Capital Boulevard crossing approximately 11.35 river
miles (RM) downstream of the project study area in March of 2021. Further information
regarding records of the Neuse River Waterdog in Crabtree Creek is provided in Section 2.1.2.1.
As part of the due diligence process and based on recommendations from the US Fish and
Wildlife Service (USFWS), and the NC Division of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources
(DEMLR), Wake Stone contracted with Three Oaks Engineering (Three Oaks) to perform
surveys for this species within the approximately 3.3-kilometer reach of Crabtree Creek adjacent
to the Quarry, plus an additional 400 meters downstream and 100 meters upstream, for a total
Study Area reach of 3.8 kilometers (Figure 1). This report details the results of this survey
effort.
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
Job# 21-338 Page 1

2.0 TARGET PROTECTED SPECIES DESCRIPTIONS
A brief description of the Neuse River Waterdog characteristics, life history, distribution,
including within Crabtree Creek, and reasons for imperilment is provided below.
2.1 Neuse River Waterdog (Necturus lewisi)
2.1.1. Species Characteristics
The Neuse River Waterdog is a fully aquatic salamander
and was fast described by C.S. Brimley in 1924 as a
subspecies of the Common Mudpuppy (N. maculosus); it
was elevated to species status in 1937 by Percy Viosca, Jr.
The Neuse River Waterdog ranges in size from 6-9 inches
(15.24 — 22.86 cm) in length; record length is 11 inches
(27.94 cm). It has a somewhat stocky, cylindrical body
with smooth skin, a rather flattened, elongate head with a
squared -off nose, and small limbs. The tail is vertically
flattened with fins on both the top and bottom. Distinct
from most salamanders, the Neuse River Waterdog, and
other Necturus species, have four toes on each foot. The
Neuse River Waterdog is a rusty brown color on the dorsal
side and dull brown or slate colored on the ventral side.
Both dorsal and ventral sides are strongly spotted but the
ventral side tends to have fewer and smaller markings; spots are dark bluish to black. They also
have a dark line running through the eye. Adults are neotenous and retain three bushy, dark red
external gills usually seen in larval amphibians. Both male and female are similar in appearance
and can be distinguished only through differences in the shape and structure of the cloaca (Beane
and Newman 1996; Conant and Collins 1998; EDGE of Existence 2016).
Individuals become sexually mature at approximately 5-6 years of age. Breeding normally
occurs in the spring. The male deposits a gelatinous spermatophore that is picked up by the
female and used to fertilize between 30-50 eggs. The fertilized eggs are attached to the
underside of flat rocks or other submerged objects and guarded by the female until they hatch in
June or July (Conant and Collins 1998; EDGE of Existence 2016).
1.1.2. Distribution and Habitat Requirements
The Neuse River Waterdog is endemic to the Neuse and Tar -Pamlico River basins of North
Carolina (AmphibiaWeb 2006; Beane and Newman 1996; Frost 2016), and has experienced
declines in abundance and distribution, particularly in the Neuse River Basin (USFWS 2018).
Neuse River Waterdogs inhabit rivers and larger streams, where they prefer leaf beds in quiet
waters. They need high levels of dissolved oxygen and good water quality. The Neuse River
Waterdog is generally found in backwaters off the main current, in areas with sandy or muddy
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
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substrate. Adults construct retreats on the downstream side of rocks or in stream banks where
they remain during the day. They are active during the night, leaving these retreats to feed.
Neuse River Waterdogs are carnivorous, feeding on invertebrates, small vertebrates, and carrion.
Neuse River Waterdogs are most active during winter months even when temperatures are below
freezing. During summer months, they will burrow into deep leaf beds and are rarely found. It
has been suggested that this inactivity in summer may be an adaptation to avoid fish predators,
which are more active at these times. In addition, Neuse River Waterdogs produce a defensive,
toxic skin secretion that is assumed to be distasteful to predators (AmphibiaWeb 2006; Beane
and Newman 1996; Conant and Collins 1998; EDGE of Existence 2016; NatureServe Explorer
2016).
Z 1.2.1 Distribution in Crabtree Creek
The Species Status Assessment conducted for the Neuse River Waterdog to determine listing
status, considered the Crabtree Creek subwatershed "historic occupancy" (USFWS 2018), with
no recent records. At that time the only confirmed records from the creek were two specimens
collected in 1979 in the vicinity of Ebeneezer Church Road, approximately 2.50 miles
downstream of the Quarry. The species was rediscovered in Crabtree Creek at the Capital
Boulevard (US 1 /401) crossing in March of 2021. With this record, the North Carolina Natural
Heritage Program considers the species to be extant in the lower portions of Crabtree Creek
(Judith Ratcliff, NCNHP, personal communication). Table 1 lists these element occurrences
(EO) in approximate river miles (RM) to the downstream portion of the Quarry. Data is
according to the NC Natural Heritage Program database (NCNHP 2021) last updated January
2022.
Table 1 Target Species Element Occurrences
Distance
from
EO
Quarry
First
Last
EO
Species Name
EO ID
Waterbod
Observed
Observed
Status*
Figure
Crabtree
Neuse River
12592
Creek
2.50
1979
1979
H
2
40669
Crabtree
11.35
2021
2021
C
Waterdog
Creek
*: C — NCNHP Current; H NCNHP Historic
There is also a historical EO (EO ID # 8259), from the Neuse River in the general vicinity of the
confluence of Crabtree Creek and the Neuse River. This EO includes a 1987 record at Milburnie
Dam and a 1919 record at Poole Road (SR 1007) (Figure 2). Additionally, in a feature article in
the Indy Week on December 01, 2021, Alvin Braswell, a researcher of the species, recalled
collecting the species in the 1960's in Crabtree Creek (Tauss 2021); however, specific locations
and number of occurrences were not reported.
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
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2.1.3. Threats to Species
Any factors that reduce water quality are threats to the Neuse River Waterdog. These can
include changes that result in siltation and pollution reducing habitat quality (e.g.,
channelization, agricultural runoff, and industrial and urban development). Impoundments are
also a threat to the dispersal of the species as it is unable to cross upland habitat; Neuse River
Waterdogs do not climb and are unlikely to use fish passages (NatureServe Explorer 2016).
2.1.4. Designated Critical Habitat
The Neuse River Waterdog is listed under the ESA as a Threatened Species with Section 4(d)
Rule and Critical Habitat Designation. A total of 18 distinct stream reaches (units) have been
designated as critical for the protection and recovery of the species. Crabtree Creek does not
occur within any of these units. Critical habitat designation (CFR Vol. 86 No. 109) consists of
the following:
• Unit 1 - 12.3 river mi (13.8 river km) of the Upper Tar River in Granville County
• Unit 2 - 10.5 river mi (16.9 river km) of Upper Fishing Creek in Warren County
• Unit 3 — 2 river mi (3.2 river km) of Bens Creek in Warren County
• Unit 4 - 82.8 river mi (133 river km) of lower Little Fishing Creek in Halifax, Nash,
Warren and Edgecombe Counties.
• Unit 5 — 72.5-river-mi (116.8-river-km) segment of Sandy Creek and Red Bud Creek in
Franklin, and Nash Counties
• Unit 6 - 111-river-mi (179-river-km) segment of the Middle Tar River in Franklin, Nash,
and Edgecombe Counties
• Unit 7 - 59.9 river mi (96.3 river km) in the Lower Tar River Subbasin including portions
of Town Creek, Otter Creek, and Tyson Creek in Edgecombe and Pitt Counties
• Unit 8 - 43.9 river mi (70.6 river km) of the Eno River in Orange and Durham Counties
• Unit 9 - 15.2-river-mi (24.5-river-km) segment of the Flat River in Person and Durham
Counties
• Unit 10 - 30.8-river-mi (49.6-river-km) stretch of Middle Creek in Wake and Johnston
Counties
• Unit 11 - 24-river-mi (38.6-river-km) stretch of Swift Creek in Johnston County
• Unit 12 - 90.8-river-mi (146. 1 -river-km) segment of the Little River including Buffalo
Creek in Franklin, Wake, Johnston, and Wayne Counties
• Unit 13 - 20.8-river-mi (33.5-river-km) segment of Mill Creek in Johnston and Wayne
Counties
• Unit 14 — 43.2 river-mi (69.5 river -km) segment of Middle Neuse River in Wayne
County
• Unit 15 — 114.8 river-mi (184.8 river -km) segments of Contentnea Creek, Nahunta
Swamp and the Neuse River in Craven, Green, Lenoir, Pitt, Wayne, and Wilson Counties
• Unit 16 —10.3 river-mi (16.5 river -km) segment of Swift Creek in Craven County
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• Unit 17 — 32.5 river-mi (52.4 river -km) segments of Beaver Creek and Trent River in
Jones County
• Unit 18 — 2 river-mi (3.2 km) segment of Tuckahoe Swamp in Jones County
3.0 SURVEY EFFORTS
The trapping efforts were conducted by a combination of Three Oaks personnel Tim Savidge
(Permit #21-ES0034), Tom Dickinson (Permit #21 -ES00343), Lizzy-Stokes Cawley, and Trevor
Hall from November 29 to December 03, 2021.
3.1 Conditions of Reach Evaluated: Crabtree Creek
The channel in the Study Area varied considerably throughout the reach. Channel width ranged
from 25 to 40 feet, with banks up to 10 feet high. The riparian areas varied between forested
slopes with steep topography, to wide floodplains. The streambanks were relatively stable
throughout, exhibiting minor to moderate erosion, apart from a large bank failure along the left
descending side of the stream in the vicinity of the I-40 crossing.
Water level was low and running clear during the survey. In -stream habitat consisted of a series
of riffle/run/pool sequences and the substrate was dominated by gravel, sand, and cobble, with
occasional bedrock and boulder outcrops. A relatively long, slow -moving pool occurs between
Trap 20 and Trap 30. Riffle/run habitat in this predominately pool section of the creek is limited
to short (10-20 feet) breaks created by logjams, or large boulders.
3.2 Survey Methodology
General Neuse River Waterdog sampling methods were previously developed by Three Oaks in
conjunction with the USFWS and the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
(NCWRC). These methods were designed to replicate winter trapping efforts conducted as part
of a species status assessment and have been demonstrated to be useful to establish
presence/absence of the species in a particular water body reach.
For this project, the USFWS recommended surveys be conducted within the approximately 3.3-
kilometer reach of Crabtree Creek adjacent to the Quarry, plus an additional 400 meters
downstream and 100 meters upstream, for a total Study Area reach of 3.8 kilometers (Figure 1).
Three Oaks proposed a trap array of 40 traps distributed evenly throughout the Study Area and
received concurrence from the USFWS and North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission
(WRC) with this approach.
A total of 40 baited traps were set on November 29, 2021 and were allowed to soak overnight for
four consecutive days. The traps were checked each morning until December 03, 2021. There
were incidents of potential tampering with two of the traps. On the morning of Day-2
(December 01, 2021), Trap 14 could not be located; however, an empty trap was found on the
stream bank further downstream. In addition, the line securing Trap 20 appeared to have been
cut; however, the trap was found in the water, with bait intact. To account for this, Trap 14 was
replaced with Trap 23.5, and to make up for the lost trap night associated with Trap 14 on Day 2,
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
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an additional trap (Trap 2.5) was added to keep with the proposed 160 trap nights. There were no
issues with any of the other traps for the remainder of the week.
Trap sites were selected based on habitat conditions and accessibility. Undercut banks, with
some accumulation of leaf pack, as well as back eddy areas within runs were the primary
microhabitats selected; however, all microhabitats (pool, riffle, run, etc.) occurring at a site were
sampled with at least one trap. Traps were baited with a combination of chicken livers and hot
dogs and allowed to soak overnight. All species that were captured in the traps were identified
and released in the same location. Fresh bait was added to each trap and re -set. In total, 160 trap
nights were utilized in this survey effort. The locations of the trap array within the Study Area
are depicted in Figure 1.
4.0 RESULTS
The Neuse River Waterdog was not detected during the trapping efforts; however, one aquatic
snail, one crayfish and eight fish species were captured (Table 2). These include the Banded
Mystery Snail (Viviparus georgianus), the Variable Crayfish (Cambarus latimanus), the Snail
Bullhead (Ameiurus brunneus), Flat Bullhead (Ameiurus platycephalus), Satinfin Shiner
(Cyprinella analostana), Redbreast Sunfish (Lepomis auratus), White Shiner (Luxilus albeolus),
Bluehead Chub (Nocomis lepatocephalus), Margined Madtom (Notorus insignis), and Black
Crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus). Sections marked "N/A" indicate traps were not in place on
that particular day, as they were added during the week (traps # 2.5, 23.5), or lost (trap #14).
Table 2. Triangle Quarry -Crabtree Creek Trapping Surveys: Species Found
Trap #
Day 1: 11/30
Day 2: 12/1
Day 3: 12/2
Day 4: 12/3
1
—
Black Crappie (1)
2
2.5
N/A
N/A
N/A
3
4
Satinfin Shiner (6),
White Shiner (1),
Banded Mystery Snail
1
Satinfin Shiner (1)
Satinfin Shiner (2),
Banded Mystery Snail
(5)
5
Banded Mystery Snail (1)
6
Satinfin Shiner (1)
7
8
Satinfin Shiner (1)
9
10
11
12
13
Flat Bullhead (1)
Flat Bullhead (2)
14
N/A
N/A
N/A
15
Variable Crayfish (2)
16
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
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Trap #
Day 1: 11/30
Day 2: 12/1
Day 3: 12/2
Day 4: 12/3
17
18
—
Variable Crayfish (1)
Margined madtom (1),
Flat Bullhead (3),
Variable Crayfish 1
19
—
Snail Bullhead (1)
Flat Bullhead (1)
20
21
—
Variable Crayfish (2)
22
23
—
Flat Bullhead (1),
Variable Crayfish 1
Flat Bullhead (1)
23.5
N/A
N/A
24
25
Redbreast Sunfish (1)
26
27
...
N
28
—
29
30
—
Variable Crayfish (1)
31
Margined Madtom (1),
Satinfin Shiner 1
32
Satinfin Shiner (5), Snail
Bullhead 1
33
34
35
Margined Madtom (1)
36
Margined Madtom (1)
Flat Bullhead (4), Snail
Bullhead 1
37
38
Flat Bullhead (1)
39
Satinfin Shiner (2)
Bluehead Chub (1)
Flat Bullhead (2),
Bluehead Chub (1),
Variable Crayfish 1
40
Variable Crayfish (2)
Variable Crayfish (1)
5.0 DISCUSSION/CONCLUSIONS
As mentioned above, the Neuse River Waterdog was not found in the Study Area during the
survey effort. These findings are consistent with the 2000 and 2004 targeted surveys conducted
by NC Parks in this portion of Crabtree Creek (See Section 2.1.2.1).
Given the lack of recent documentation of this species within the upper portions of Crabtree
Creek, it can be concluded that the Neuse River Waterdog is unlikely to be present within
the stream in the vicinity of the Quarry and adjacent to William B. Umstead State Park.
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
Job# 21-338 Page 7

As discussed in Section 2.1.2.1, an individual Neuse River Waterdog was captured in March of
2021 in the vicinity of the Capital Boulevard crossing of Crabtree, approximately 11.3 RM
downstream from the Quarry. It is unclear whether this record represents a recolonization into
Crabtree Creek from the Neuse River, or whether the species has been present in low numbers.
Three Oaks has conducted numerous surveys targeting the Neuse River Waterdog in the
mainstem of the Neuse River in Wake and Johnston counties, and the species has not been
detected. The presence in the lower portion of Crabtree Creek may allow for the expansion of
the Neuse River Waterdog into the upper portion of the watershed in the future.
As mentioned in Section 1.0, the Umstead Coalition has expressed concerns that the existing
Quarry and proposed expansion has and will continue to have adverse effects on the aquatic
fauna of Crabtree Creek, including the Neuse River Waterdog. While it appears that the Neuse
River Waterdog is unlikely to still be present in this portion of Crabtree Creek, the reasons for
the apparent absence are unclear, and are likely related to a combination of factors.
Habitat and water quality conditions within Crabtree Creek in the vicinity of the Quarry are also
influenced by two major features, Lake Crabtree and the Cary Wastewater Treatment Plant
(WWTP) discharge. The WWTP discharge located just downstream of the Lake Crabtree
tailrace is approximately 1,350 meters upstream of the upper extent of the potential Quarry
influence. The discharge from the Triangle Quarry site enters Crabtree Creek via an unnamed
tributary (UT) approximately 1,680 meters downstream of the upstream zone of potential Quarry
effect.
6.0 LITERATURE CITED
AmphibiaWeb: Information on amphibian biology and conservation [web application]. 2006.
Berkeley, California: AmphibiaWeb. Accessed: March 22, 2016.
http://amphibiaweb.org/index.html.
Beane, J. and Newman, J. T. 1996. North Carolina Wildlife Profiles — Neuse River Waterdog.
Division of Conservation Education, North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission.
Brimley, C. S. 1924. The waterdogs (Necturus) of North Carolina. Journal of the Elisha Mitchell
Scientific Society 40: 166-168.
Corey, Ed, 2021. November 17, 2021 E-mail to John Ellis of USFWS and other members of
USFWS, NCWRC and NCNHP regarding records of the Neuse River Waterdog in the
vicinity of the William B. Umstead State Park.
Conant, R. and Collins, J.T. 1998. A Field Guide to the Reptiles and Amphibians of Eastern and
Central North America. Third Edition, Expanded. Houghton Mifflin Company. Boston,
Massachusetts.
EDGE of Existence website. "165. Neuse River Waterdog (Necturus lewisi)". Accessed: March
22, 2016. http://www.edgeofexistence.org/amphibians/species—info.php?id=1361.
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
Job# 21-338 Page 8

Frost, Darrel R. 2016. Amphibian Species of the World: an Online Reference. Version 6.0
(March 22, 2016). Electronic Database accessible at
http://research.amnh.org/herpetology/amphibia/index.html. American Museum of Natural
History, New York, USA.
NatureServe. 2016. NatureServe Explorer: An online encyclopedia of life [web application].
Version 7.1. NatureServe, Arlington, Virginia. Available http://explorer.natureserve.org.
(Accessed: May 23, 2016). Species Accessed: Necturus lewisi
North Carolina Natural Heritage Program (NCNHP). 2021. Biotics Database. Division of Land
and Water Stewardship. Department of Natural and Cultural Resources. January 2022
version.
Tauss, L. 2021. Indy Week, December 01, 2021; On-line publication: A Once Common
Salamander Species Found Only in North Carolina is Under Threat From Development
INDY Week
Umstead Coalition 2021. August 25, 2021, Memorandum from Jean Spooner, Chair, The
Umstead Coalition to NCDEQ requesting a full NC Environmental Policy Act evaluation
for the proposed Permit Modification for Mining Permit 92-10. Available online at:
Microsoft Word - SEPA must be triggered per DEQ Rules, Umstead Coalition, Aug 25,
202 1 -latest.docx
United State Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2018. Neuse River waterdog.
https://www. fws.gov/southeast/wildlife/amphibians/neuse-river-waterdog/
United State Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2021. Endangered and Threatened Wildlife
and Plants; Threatened Species Status with Section 4(d) Rule for Neuse River Waterdog,
Endangered Species Status for Carolina Madtom, and Designations of Critical Habitat. 50
CFR 17:86 FR 30688, 30688-30751. Docket No. FWS-R4-ES-2018-0092.
Viosca, P., Jr. 1937. A tentative revision of the genus Necturus, with descriptions of three new
species from the southern Gulf drainage area. Copeia 1937:120-138.
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
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APPENDIX A
Figures
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
Job# 21-338 Page 10

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APPENDIX B
Select Photographs
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
Job# 21-338 Page 13

Photo 1. Margined Madtom Captured in Crabtree Creek
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
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Photo 2. Variable Crayfish Captured in Crabtree Creek
Photo 3. Rocky Riffle/run habitat in Crabtree Creek
Wake Stone Neuse River Waterdog Survey Report January 2022
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