20211229_Biological_Site_Assessment

Mountain Mist Mine, McDowell County, NC
Waycaster Stone Company, LLC
Biological Site Assessment
Purpose
This assessment is provided in accordance with the National Environmental Policy Act, The Fish and
Wildlife Coordination Act, as amended, The Migratory Bird Treaty act, as amended, The Bald and Golden
Eagle act and section 7 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, and as listed in a letter to
Adam Parr from US Fish and Wildlife dated September 14, 2021, in response to a mining permit
application.
Project Description
Waycaster Stone Company, LLC is seeking a mining permit to continue mining dimension stone on an
approximately 24-acre site, located just off Hicks Chapel Loop Road, in Marion, North Carolina. The
Mountain Mist Mine (the site) is located in McDowell County and the total permitted area requested is
approximately 24 acres but only 6 acres of the 24 acres will be actively mined or effected by disturbance
(roadways, mine excavations, overburden disposal areas and soil and erosion controls).
Dimension stone is mined by removal of overburden, drilling and blasting the rock (if necessary) and
loading into trucks to be separated and packaged for sale at other locations. The stone is geography
located in veins and the mining follows the veins. The Current and proposed excavation areas are less
than 4 acres. See attached Maps
Project Area
The projects area is a mining area that has been active for at least 25 years (possibly 40 years). The
excavation areas have highwalls and are inspected by the US Department of Labor, Mine, Safety and
Health Administration. These highwall areas are sloped back and have no overhang for safety reasons.
There are no streams or wetlands on the site and also no caves or old abandoned mines. The upper
elevations of the mine are wooded except where the present road is shown. The wooded areas have oak,
cherry, poplar and other hardwoods and the areas above the road have white pines mixed into the
hardwoods. See attached Maps
Physical -Biological Area
As mentioned above the site is vegetated with hardwood and pine trees except in the areas that are
cleared for roads, excavation and overburden disposal areas. The mined areas are vegetated with
Kentucky Fescue, and some native species such as black bevy, saw briars, broom sage and other
perennial varieties. See attached Maps
Species that "may be present"
According to the letter from USFWL dated September 14, 2021, the site is in a County that has potential or
known occurrence records of species with federal designations. They have listed 11 species that "may be
present» at the site and for which they have concerns.

Biological Site Assessment Page 2
Species Status
1. Appalachian Elktoe
E
2. Bald Eagle
BGPA
3. Bog Turtle
T(S/A)
4. Carolina Hemlock
ARS
5. Gray Bat
E
6. Little Brown Bat
ARS
7. Monarch Butterfly
CAN
8. Northern Long-eared Bat
T
9. Small Whorled Pogonia
T
10. Tricolored Bat
ARS
11. White Irisette
E
E= Endangered, T= Threatened, T(SIA) = Threatened (due to similarity of appearance), ARS= At Risk
Species, CAN= Candidate Species and BGPA= Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act.
Attached are information sheets on each of these species giving pertinent information on each of them in
as much detail as the author could find. Also attached is a copy of the IPaC resource list using the
USFWL web site to map the exact location of The Site thus pinpointing the area of concern. The IPaC
resource list only list 6 of the above 11 species that "may be present" or potentially affected by activities at
this location. Those 6 species are as follows: Gray Bat (E), Northern Long Eared Bat (T), Bog Turtle (SAT),
Monarch Butterfly (C), Small Whorled Pogonia (T) and the White Irisette (E). No critical habitat has been
designated for any of the 6 species.
The site has been reduced in size to eliminate an area of the mine that included a blue line stream which is
Toms Creek Tributary No. 4 and by doing so the presence of the Bog Turtle is totally eliminated. A site
inspection shows there are no caves (none found) at the site and the mining is open pit and the highwalls
do not produce any areas that would be suitable for bat habitat. The mine areas not active have been
seeded with Kentucky Fescue and other grasses and limited native plants are present in the active areas.
The areas to be permitted are already a mine and have been active for 20 to 30 years. All trees and
undergrowth have long been removed that would have affected the flowering species and thus the threat to
any of these species are almost removed completely.

Attachments:
Information Sheets for:
Appalachian Elktoe
Bald Eagle
Bog Turtle
Carolina Hemlock
Gray Bat
Little Brown Bat
Monarch Butterfly
Northern Long-eared Bat
Small Whorled Pogonia
Tricolored Bat
White Irisette
IPaC resource list
GIS Map
USGS Map

r U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
11
ECOS
ECOS /
Appalachian elktoe
(Alasmidonta raveneliana)
Range Information I Candidate Info I Federal Register
j Recovery I Critical Habitat I SSA I Conservation Plans
Petitions I Biological Opinions I Life History.
Taxonomy: View taxonomy in ITIS
Listing Status: Endangered
Where Listed: WHEREVER FOUND
General Information
Search for images on
digitalmedia. fws.gov
The species historical range included North Carolina, Tennessee. See below for
information about where the species is known or believed to occur.
Current Listing Status Summary
Show to v entries
Status 4 Date Listed Lead Region
c....l .�..........d 11 77 9 nnA n... ;--
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Range Information
Current Range +
q Whereverfound
Last Updated: 04-15-2020
Zoom in! Some species' locations MOfI °s` "
may be small and hard to see
from a wide perspective. To
Knoxville
narrow -in on locations, check the io

state and county lists (below)
and then use the zoom tool.
Want the FWS's current range for
all species? Click here to
download a zip file containing all
individual shapefiles and land
metadata for all species.
* For consultation needs do not
use only this current range map,
please use IPaC.
• Wherever found
Listing status: Endangered
Athens
o States/US Territories in which this population is known to or is believed to
occur: North Carolina, Tennessee
o US Counties in which this population is known to or is believed to occur: View All
o USFWS Refuges in which this population is known to occur:
» Candidate Information
No Candidate information available for this species.
No Candidate Assessments available for this species.
No Candidate Notice of Review Documents currently available for this species.
No Uplisting Documents currently available for this species.
» Federal Register Documents
Federal Register Documents
Show to v entries
Citation
Date
Page
07/14/2021
86 FIR 37178
37181
03/25/2014
79 FR16366
16368
09/20/2005
70 FR 55157
55158
Title
Initiation of 5-Year Status Reviews for 37 Southeastern SI
Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 5-Year
Species
5-Year Review of 14 Southeastern Species

09/27/2002 67 FR 61016 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Design
61040 Appalachian Elktoe.; Final rule.; Y,
05/16/2002 67 FR 34893 ETWP; Designating Critical Habitat for the Appalachian Elr',
34894 public hearings, availability of draft economic analysis, ai
for the proposed designation of critical habitat for the Al
y '
IF
02/08/2001 66 FR 9540 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Propose='r
9555 for the Appalachian Elktoe=_
11 /23/1994 59 FR 60324 ETWP; Appalachian Elktoe Determined To Be an Endangf
60334 -
�.....r.: •z.s� °mvr 5::' C ...: :.........t:.......l:.:u.:.::L:�i�:;:• _ ter..,......._.,.....s...............�..�..._.......,...._..�........rL "ie..':''.':.:.:.._......3
Showing 1 to 8 of 8 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
No Species Status Assessments (SSA's) are currently available for this species.
Special Rule Publications
No Special Rule Publications currently available for this species.
Recovery
• Species with Recovery Documents Data Explorer
• Recovery Priority Number: 5C
Current Recovery Plan(s)
Show 10 entries
Plan Recovery
Date Stage Plan
SSAs/Bio
Implementation Status Reports
s
08/26/1996 Final Appalachian View Implementation
(7r�rerr►r-r-
�. Wr• !'1. ^p'c'�`.. �;1•'i:. ;:'-• ,Y�':r f. ,,y' �'/.., :,�yin.41:c •i.l'i ". iii:�.: ,�L�:i�il i', aa ,
�Y: /f y:�,..w'•i., �jnr...w+.L.:J3�T.aa�".,+s�':or�il:.:Jr LJ'�ii',.'::..�J::::��:i�'a:�.��ar.—......+,-.:ii.'..-•...'::e.�.'��r w.+.
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries < Previous 1 Next >

Other Recovery Documents
Note: This report includes actual Five Year Review completions and notices as well as records that act as Five
Year Review completions and notices.
Show 10 v entries
Date . Citation Page
07/14/2021 86 FR 37178 37181
03/25/2014 79 FIR 16366 16368
Title
Le -quest for information
Reviews of 33 Southeastern Species
09/20/2005 70 FR 55157 55158 5-Year Review of 14 Southeastern Species
Showing 1 to 3 of 3 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Five Year Reviews
Note: This report includes actual Five Year Review completions as well as records that act as Five Year Review
completions.
Show 10 entries
Date Title
08/28/2017 Appalachian elktoe(Alasmidonta raveneliana) 5-Year Review
_ILw__/nn....:.....
Showing 1 to 2 of 2 entries < Previous 1 Next >
No Delisting Documents currently available for this species.
Critical Habitat
Critical Habitat Spatial Extents
Population(s)
± Whereverfound
4

Knoxville
f Athens
'a
eveland
Critical Habitat Documents
Show 10 - entries
N�nlah
N=U�n
Fo i, ;It
1,
Date Citation Page Title
09/27/2002 67 FIR 61016 61040 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; DE _
I U, k;+t ♦ 4:--+1,- n.... -.I--L.;.... cll.t.... rt..-.I t
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries < Previous 1 Next >
To learn more about critical habitat please see http://ecos.fws.gov/crithab
» Conservation Plans
No Conservation Plans currently available for this species.
n Petitions
No Petitions currently available for this species.
Biological Opinions
Show 10 v entries
BO Lead Activity Project
date Office Title Code Type Locatiol

06/25/2019
Asheville
Ecological
Services
Field Office
12-065 B-4823
Transylvania Br.
12 replacement
04EN1000- Bridge - Maint
2012-F-0069 / Mod /
Replace /
Upgrade -
Federal
06/25/2019 Asheville 12-065 B-4823 04EN1000- Bridge - Maint
Ecological Transylvania Br. 2012-F-0069 / Mod /
Services 12 replacement Replace /
....:.............:
....... , .:....:.::...:
...::.::...:..... ......
...:.......
Trans
y
(N c) $�
� 4
Transy
(NC)
Showing 1 to 2 of 2 entries < Previous 1 Next >
To see all Issued Biological Opinions please visit the report
Life History
No Life History information has been entered into this system for this species.
Other Resources
NatureServe Explorer Species Reports-- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative
conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological
communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information
on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too.
NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural
Heritage Network.
ITIS Reports-- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for
authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North
America and the world.
FWS Digital Media Library. -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a
searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and
video." +

4;
Conserving the nature of America
USFWS Midwest Home Midwest Migratory Birds Contact Us
Fact Sheet
Natural History, Ecology and Recovery
Photo courtesy of Ryan Anthony; USFWS
A North American species with a historic range from Alaska and Canada to northern Mexico, the bald eagle is an Endangered Species Act
success story.
Forty years ago, our national symbol was in danger of extinction throughout most of its range. Habitat destruction and degradation, illegal
shooting, and the contamination of its food source, largely as a consequence of DDT, decimated the eagle population. Habitat protection
afforded by the Endangered Species Act, the federal government's banning of DDT, and conservation actions taken by the American public
have helped bald eagles make a remarkable recovery.
Bald Eagle Biology
Bald eagles are a North American species that historically occurred throughout the contiguous United States and Alaska. The largest North
American breeding populations are in Alaska and Canada, but there are also significant bald eagle populations in the Great Lakes states,
Florida, the Pacific Northwest, the Greater Yellowstone area, and the Chesapeake Bay region.
Adult bald eagles have the dark brown body and distinctive white head and tail. In contrast, juvenile bald eagles have mottled brown and
white plumage. They gradually acquire the adult plumage as they mature, which takes about five years. Most bald eagles can breed at 4 or 5
years of age, but many do not start breeding until much older. Bald eagles may live 15- 30 years in the wild. The oldest known bald eagle in
the wild was at least 38 years old. It was hit and killed by a car in New York in 2015. It had been banded in New York state in 1977.
Adult bald eagles are powerful, brown birds that may weigh 14 pounds and have a wingspan of 8 feet. Male eagles are smaller, weighing as
much as 10 pounds and have a wingspan of 6 feet. Sometimes confused with golden eagles, bald eagles are mostly dark brown until they are
four to five years old and acquire their characteristic coloring. There is a distinction between the two species, though, even during the early
years. Only the tops of the bald eagle's legs have feathers. The legs of golden eagles are feathered all the way down. Learn more about bald
and golden eagle identification here.

Bald eagles are opportunistic feeders with fish comprising much of their diet. They also eat waterfowl, shorebirds, colonial waterbirds,
small mammals, turtles, and carrion (often along roads or at landfills). Because they are visual hunters, eagles typically locate their prey
from a conspicuous perch, or soaring flight, then swoop down and strike.
Bald eagles require a good food base, perching areas, and nesting sites. Their habitat includes estuaries, large lakes, reservoirs, rivers, and
some seacoasts. In winter, the birds congregate near open water in tall trees for spotting prey and night roosts for sheltering.
Eagles usually mate for life, choosing the tops of large trees to build nests, which they typically use and enlarge each year. Bald eagles may
also have one or more alternate nests within their breeding territory. In treeless regions, they may also nest in cliffs or on the ground. The
birds travel great distances but usually return to breeding grounds within 100 miles of the place where they were raised.
Bald eagles generally nest near coastlines, rivers, and large lakes where there is an adequate food supply. They nest in mature or old -growth
trees, snags (dead trees), cliffs, and rock promontories. Recently, and with increasing frequency, bald eagles are nesting on artificial
structures such as power poles and communication towers, and away from large water bodies. In forested areas, bald eagles often select the
tallest trees with limbs strong enough to support a nest that can weigh 1,000 pounds or more. Nest sites typically include at least one perch
with a clear view of the water, where they forage. Eagle nests are constructed with large sticks, and may be lined with moss, grass, plant
stalks, lichens, seaweed, or sod.
Bald eagle nests are generally 4-5 feet wide and 24 feet deep, although the nesting pair will add nesting material to the nest every year.
Some eagle nests stay small, but some can reach 10 feet across and weigh a thousand pounds! The largest recorded bald eagle nest, located
in St. Petersburg, Florida, was 9.5 feet in diameter, 20 feet deep and weighed almost 6,000 pounds. Nests may grow so large that they make
a tree top heavy, and will cause the nest or tree to fall over in storms.
Breeding bald eagles typically lay one to three eggs once a year, and they hatch after about 35 days. The young eagles are flying within
three months, but they will continue to use their nest as a "home base" where their parents continue to care for them for an additional 4-6
weeks. Learn more with the Nesting Calculator. Young eagles can have high rates of mortality due to disease, lack of food, bad weather, or
dangers associated with humans (collision with cars or power lines). Mortality rates their first year can be as high as 50%. After they are a
year old, their survival rates are much higher.
The Plight of the Bald Eagle
When America adopted the bald eagle as the national symbol in 1782, the country may have had as many as 100,000 nesting eagles. The
first major decline of the species probably began in the mid to late 1800's, coinciding with the decline of waterfowl, shorebirds, and other
prey.
Although they primarily eat fish and carrion, bald eagles used to be considered marauders that preyed on chickens, lambs, and domestic
livestock. Consequently, the large raptors were shot in an effort to eliminate a perceived threat Coupled with the loss of nesting habitat, bald
eagle populations declined.
In 1940, noting that the species was "threatened with extinction," Congress passed the Bald Eagle Protection Act, which prohibited killing,
selling, or possessing the species. A 1962 amendment added the golden eagle, and the law became the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection
Act.
Shortly after World War B, DDT was hailed as a new pesticide to control mosquitoes and other insects. However, DDT and its residues
washed into nearby waterways, where aquatic plants and fish absorbed it. Bald eagles, in turn, were poisoned with DDT when they ate the
contaminated fish. The chemical interfered with the ability of the birds to produce strong eggshells. As a result, their eggs had shells so thin
that they often broke during incubation or otherwise failed to hatch. DDT also affected other species such as peregrine falcons and brown
pelicans.
In addition to the adverse effects of DDT, some bald eagles have died from lead poisoning after feeding on waterfowl containing lead shot,
either as a result of hunting or from inadvertent ingestion.
By 1963, with only 487 nesting pairs of bald eagles remaining, the species was in danger of extinction. Loss of habitat, shooting, and DDT
poisoning contributed to the near demise of our national symbol.
The Road Back
As the dangers of DDT became known, in large part due to the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson's book Silent Spring, the Environmental
Protection Agency took the historic and, at the time, controversial step of banning the use of DDT in the United States. That was in 1972,
and it was the first step on the road to recovery for the bald eagle.
In 1967, the Secretary of Interior listed bald eagles south of the 40th parallel under the Endangered Species Preservation Act of 1966.
Following enactment of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, the Service listed the species in 1978 as endangered throughout the lower 48
states, except in Michigan, Minnesota, Oregon, Washington, and Wisconsin where it was designated as threatened.
"Endangered" means a species is considered in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant portion of its range. "Threatened" means
a species is considered likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future, but is not currently in danger of extinction.

The species was not listed as threatened or endangered in Hawaii because it does not occur there, or in Alaska because populations there
have remained robust.
Listing the species as endangered provided the springboard for the Service and its partners to accelerate the pace of recovery through
captive breeding programs, reintroduction efforts, law enforcement, and nest site protection during the breeding season.
In July 1995, the Service announced that bald eagles in the lower 48 states had recovered to the point where those populations previously
considered endangered were now considered threatened.
In July 1999, the Service proposed to remove the bald eagle from the list of threatened and endangered species. Since then, the Service has
reviewed comments received on that proposal along with new data and information to determine the best ways to manage the species once it
is removed from the protections of the Endangered Species Act. In 2006, the Service re -opened the public comment period due to new
information on the proposal to dlist. Data gathered during this comment period was factored into a final decision on the status of the
species.
In 2006, the Service estimated that there are at least 9,789 nesting pairs of bald eagles in the contiguous United States. Bald eagles have
staged a remarkable population rebound and have recovered to the point that they no longer need the protection of the Endangered Species
Act. Up-to-date information on eaglepQ ulation numbers can be found here. (updates on -going)
Thus, on June 28, 2007, the Service announced the recovery of our nation's symbol and removal from the list of threatened and endangered
species.
A detailed narrative of the bald eagle's recovery can be found here,
What Lies Ahead
Although the Service removed the bald eagle from the list of threatened and endangered species under the Endangered Species Act, it will
still be protected by the Migratory Bird Treaty Act and the Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act. Both laws prohibit killing, selling or
otherwise harming eagles, their nests, or eggs.
The Service has continued to work with state wildlife agencies to monitor the status of bald eagles for five years after delisting, as required
by the Endangered Species Act. If the species should need the protection of the Act, the Service can relist it as endangered or threatened. In
the meantime, individual states may also pass or implement laws to protect bald eagles.
As part of the 2016 Eagle Rule Revisions, the Service committed to a long-term monitoring plan of bald and golden eagles in order to
determine appropriate thresholds for permit issuance. Assuming sufficient appropriated funding, the Service plans to conduct eagle surveys
on a 6-year rotation: One set of paired summer —winter golden eagle surveys in the first and second and fourth and fifth years of each
assessment period, and to conduct bald eagle surveys in years three and six.
Fact Sheet Revised July 2019
Eagle Natural History
Midwest Eagle
In the Midwest
USFWS Midwest Home
Midwest Migratory Birds
Contact Us
Midwest Eagle
Midwest Eagle Home
Natural I-iistory
Avoiding Eagle Conflicts

Permits
Protections
Population
Eagle Viewing
History of Decline and Recovery
Eagle Feather - Can I keep it?
Help, 1 found a dead/injured eagle!

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
ECOS
ECOS /
bog turtle (Clemmys
muhlenbergii)
Range Information I Candidate Info I Federal Register
Recovery I Critical Habitat I SSA I Conservation Plans
J Petitions I Biological Opinions J Life History
Taxonomy: View taxonomy in ITIS
Listing Status: Threatened and Similarity of Appearance
(Threatened)
General Information
This is the smallest emydid turtle, and one of the smallest turtles in the world. Adult
carapace length is 7.9 to 11.4 cm (3.1 to 4.5 inches). The dark brown or black carapace
may be marked with radiating light lines or a light blotch on the vertebral and pleural
scutes. Scute annuli are usually prominent in juvenile and young adult specimens, but the
carapace may be nearly smooth in old adults. The head, neck, and limbs are typically dark
brown with variable reddish to yellow spots and streaks. A large reddish -orange to yellow
blotch is visible behind and above each tympanum, sometimes merging into a continuous
band on the neck. The upper jaw is weakly notched. (Ernst, Lovich, and Barbour, 1994;
Harding, 1997) The plastron is also brown or black, but often with lighter yellow blotches
towards the medial and anterior scute edges. A mature male bog turtle has a concave
plastron and a long, thick tail, with the vent posterior to the rear edge of the carapace
with tail extended. The female has a flat plastron and a thinner, smaller tail, with the vent
at or beneath the rear carapace edge. (Ernst, Lovich, and Barbour, 1994; Harding, 1997)
The species historical range included Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Maryland,
Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Virginia. See below for information about where the species is known or
believed to occur.
Population detail
The following populations are being monitored: bog turtle

Current Listing Status Summary
Show io - entries
Status
Threatened
Similarity of Appearance
Showing 1 to 2 of 2 entries
Range Information
Current Range
0 Q Wherever found, except GA, NC,
Last Updated: 08- 13-2020
0 r L U.S.A. (GA, NC, SC, TN, VA)
Last Updated., 11-13-2020
Zoom in! Some species' locations
may be small and hard to see
from a wide perspective. To
narrow -in on locations, check the
state and county lists (below)
and then use the zoom tool.
Want the FWS's current range for
all species? Click here to
download a zip file containing all
individual shapefiles and
metadata for all species.
* For consultation needs do not
use only this current range map,
please use IPaC.
, : r.+
City
Date
Listed Lead Region
11-04-1997 Northeast Region (Region ,
11-04-1997 Southeast Region (Region
A\
< Previous 1 Next >
4
,
� Toronn;
Mitwaukee Gr�rr11=_�;1'I'P..f:=i
a
.Chicago Detroit
llin ol> Andianapolis ;,.uiil �r- -
5
III hill , Cincinnati
St Louis
Lotiis1,1111 ..
Wash
n
Richmo
rl„
Nashville l<no+vil ,oro
Raleigh
Memphis
i k..-n .-r - . L Charlotte
• Wherever found, except GA, NC, SC, TN, VA
Listing status: Threatened
Bitmingliam a
Atlanta
o States/US Territories in which this population is known to or is believed to
occur: Connecticut, Delaware, Maryland, Massachusetts, New Jersey, New York,
Pennsylvania
o US Counties in which this population is known to or is believed to occur: View All

o USFWS Refuges in which this population is known to occur: Cherry Valley National
Wildlife Refuge, Great Swamp National Wildlife Refuge, Wallkill River National
Wildlife Refuge
• U.S.A. (GA, NC, SC, TN, VA)
Listing status: Similarity of Appearance (Threatened)
o States/US Territories in which this population is known to or is believed to
occur: North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee
o US Counties in which this population is known to or is believed to occur: View All
o USFWS Refuges in which this population is known to occur:
» Candidate Information
No Candidate information available for this species.
No Candidate Assessments available for this species.
Candidate Notice of Review Documents
Showi 10 ` entries
Date
Citation Page
Title
09/19/1997
62 FR 49398 49397
Review of Plant and Animal Taxa
02/28/1996
61 FR 7597 7613
ETWP; Review of Plant and Animal Taxa That Are Ca
11 /15/1994
59 FR 58982 59028
ETWP; Animal Candidate Review for listing as
Enda "
A r► /1 /'► /A P% 0%• --. /—r% r r• . r I r n w r ^ n r 1 1 1 . 0 . 1.1 11 • r r 1 • . I�
1 1 .
Showing 1 to 4 of 4 entries < Previous 1 Next >
No Uplisting Documents currently available for this species.
Federal Register Documents
Federal Register Documents
Show' 10 entries
IV Citation -
Date Page Title
10/15/2021 86 FR 57373 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Technic{j
57376 Species
is •LU,

08/08/2018 83 FR 39113 Initiation of 5-Year Reviews of 19 Northeastern Species
39115
06/08/2011 76 FR 33334 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; Initiatio
33336 Species: Purple Bean, Clubshell, Roanoke Logperch, Swai
spired Three -toothed Land Snail, Puritan Tiger Beetle, Dv
01 /29/2007 72 FR 4018 Initiation of a 5-Year Review of Ten Listed Northeastern
4019
,aa,e
'Fll
11 /04/1997 62 FR 59605 ETWP; Final Rule to List the Northern Population of the BI
59623 Southern Po ulation as Threatened Due to Smilarity of A.11
P
09/19/1997 62 FR 49398 Review of Plant and Animal Taxa
49397
01 /29/1997 62 FR 4229 ETWP; Proposed Rule to List the Northern Population of
4239 the Southern Population as Threatened Due to Similarity
•.:..:�.r...:ai'1_.....:.:i'a.._....:%:a':'Y',;:4.�i.,a'`*..2i:r:oS:.se':"-'G •.�Ia'.�w"
Showing 1 to 10 of 10 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
No Species Status Assessments (SSA's) are currently available for this species.
Special Rule Publications
Show' 10 entries
Date ® Citation Page Title
11 /04/1997 62 FR 59605 59623 ETWP; Final Rule to List the Northern Population of
ry I7�r►� ���1-i�r� -%e--rkw^-%+P%r%o%A no oe% to% CrbniI-%v-;+%• o%f A r%r%r%-
[s
7'......wl.'•x.+ax...r<.5:....:c.r-N.P!�t=:'..:ai��:°:5.:.Cf£'::i.d,"�:«",'.....;.......,....�....1`z.,...�.,:::.�F...`s:�:.7;.�..:..w. �'-:3kiar..:..aslfr'.''"::N,:..�.:::::.1
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Recovery
• Species with Recovery Documents Data Explorer
• Recovery Priority Number: 12C

Current Recovery Plan(s)
Show 10 - entries
Plan
Date Stage
05/15/2001 Final
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries
Recovery Plan
Recovery Plan for the Bog
Implementation
Status
View Implementation
n
< Previous 1 Next >
Other Recovery Documents
Note: This report includes actual Five Year Review completions and notices as well as records that act as Five
Year Review completions and notices.
Show 10 V!entries
Date W Citation Page Title
08/08/2018 83 FR 39113 39115 Initiation of 5-Year Reviews of 19 Northeastern Ste,`
06/08/2011 76 FR 33334 33336 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants, Ini
Nine Species: Purple Bean, Clubshell, Roanoke Logp;
Riffleshell, Flat -spired Three -toothed Land Snail, Pur
We gemussel, and Bog Turtle
01 /29/2007 72 FR 4018 4019
Showing 1 to 3 of 3 entries
No Five Year Reviews currently available for this species.
No Delisting Documents currently available for this species.
» Critical Habitat
< Previous 1 Next >

No Critical Habitat Documents currently available for this species.
Conservation Plans
Habitat Conservation Plans (HCP) (learn more)
Show 10 v entries
HCP Plan Summaries
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries
Petitions
No Petitions currently available for this species.
Biological Opinions
Show 10 - entries
< Previous 1 Next >
BO Lead Activity
date Office Title Code Project Type Locati

10/16/2020 Branch of Reinitiation 09E31000-
National formal 2020-F-
Consultations consultation: 0001
OSMRE's
Showing 1 to 4 of 4 entries
To see all Issued Biological Opinions please visit the report
Life History
Mining -
SubsurFace
Exploration -
Coal, Mining -
< Previous
1 Next >
No Life History information has been entered into this system for this species.
» Other Resources
NatureServe Explorer Species Reports-- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative
conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological
communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information
on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too.
NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural
Heritage Network.
ITIS Reports-- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for
authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North
America and the world.
FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a
searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and
video." +

'ems U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
ECOS
ECOS /
Carolina hemlock (Tsuga
carollniana)
Range Information I Candidate Info I Federal Register
Recovery I Critical Habitat I SSA I Conservation Plans
Petitions I Biological Opinions I Life History.
Taxonomy: View taxonomy. inlTIS
Listing Status: Under Review
General Information
Search for images on
digitalmedia. fws.gov
The species historical range included Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee,
Virginia. See below for information about where the species is known or believed to
occur.
Current Listing Status Summary
Show 10 v entries
Status
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries
Range Information
Date Listed
Current Range
�1 Q Wherever found
Last Updated: 03-31-2020
Zoom in! Some species' locations
may be small and hard to see
from a wide perspective. To
narrow -in on locations, check the
Lead Region
< Previous 1 Next >
Pollwaueee Grand Rapids
troll _-
Chicago ---
- - --- - = Glevelam
°
Sj III imnc
Kansas City
S t Louis
.Indianapolis -.
Columbus�f
n
Cincinnati
Loi.ii=,.:ill•:

state and county lists (below)
and then use the zoom tool.
Want the FWS's current range for
all species? Click here to
download a zip file containing all
individual shapefiles and
metadata for all species.
* For consultation needs do not
use only this current range map,
please use IPaC.
• Wherever found
Listing status: Under Review
Nashville
Po1 emp hi s -
I °cnm
Mrw
Atlanta
Bip inrham �, ; nraiu,
Dallas
na
tin � 1 1i Jackson
Houston IJ �,•, Orleans �.
io ..
o States/US Territories in which this population is known to or is believed to
occur: Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia
o US Counties in which this population is known to or is believed to occur: View All
o USFWS Refuges in which this population is known to occur:
Candidate Information
No Candidate information available for this species.
No Candidate Assessments available for this species.
No Candidate Notice of Review Documents currently available for this species.
No Uplisting Documents currently available for this species.
Federal Register Documents
Federal Register Documents
Show to - entries
® Citation
Date Page Title
09/27/2011 76 FR 59836 Partial 90-Day Finding on a Petition To List 404 Species
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)

No Species Status Assessments (SSA's) are currently available for this species.
Special Rule Publications
No Special Rule Publications currently available for this species.
Recovery
• Species with Recovery Documents Data Explorer
No Current Recovery Plans available for this species.
No Other Recovery Documents currently available for this species.
No Five Year Reviews currently available for this species.
No Delisting Documents currently available for this species.
Critical Habitat
No Critical Habitat Documents currently available for this species.
Conservation Plans
No Conservation Plans currently available for this species.
Petitions
Show 10 entries
Where the
Date species is
Received believed to
Petition by the or known to Petitioner
Title FWS occur Name
Requested F
Action F

Hemlock,
Carolina
(Tsuga
caroliniana);
list E w/CH
12/13/2010 GA, NC, SC, TN, • Wild South
VA
404 04/20/2010
AL, AR, CO, CT, •
Southeast
DC, DE, FL, GA,
aquatic
IA, IL, IN, KS, KY,
species; list
LA, MA, MD, ME, •
w/C H
MI, MN, MO,
MS, NC, NE, NH,
NJ, NM, NY, OH, •
Showing 1 to 2 of 2 entries
Biological Opinions
• Listing:
Endangered
• APA:
Designate
Critical
Habitat
Alabama
• Listing:
Rivers
Threatened
Alliance
or
Tennessee
Endangered
Forests
• APA:
Council
Designate
West Virginia
Critical -
< Previous 1 Next >
No Issued Biological Opinions have been entered into this system for this species.
» Life History
No Life History information has been entered into this system for this species.
Other Resources
NatureServe Explorer Species Reports-- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative
conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological
communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information
on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too.
NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural
Heritage Network.
ITIS Repo s-- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for
authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North
America and the world.
FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a
searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and
video." +

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
ECOS
ECOS /
Gray bat (Mycitis
grisescens)
Range Information I Candidate Info I Federal Register
Recovery I Critical Habitat I SSA I Conservation Plans
Petitions I Biological Opinions I Life History
Taxonomy: View taxonomy in ITIS
Listing Status: Endangered
Where Listed: WHEREVER FOUND
General Information
Long, glossy fur, light brown to brown. Ears dark, usually black; longer than in any other
myotis; when laid forward extend 1/4 cm (7 mm) beyond nose. Tragus long and thin.
Calcar keeled.
The species historical range included Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana,
Kansas, Kentucky, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia. See below for
information about where the species is known or believed to occur.
Current Listing Status Summary
Show 10 v entries
Status � Date Listed
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries
Range Information
Current Range +
Whereverfound —
Last Updated: 12-14-2020
S 41-l➢ II I'j
Lead Region
< Previous 1 Next >
Sr uth Gakol:
Imva
NPkJ I �
Chicago oDeh
J

Zoom in! Some species' locations
may be small and hard to see
from a wide perspective. To
narrow -in on locations, check the
state and county lists (below)
and then use the zoom tool.
Want the FWS's current range for
all species? Click here to
download a zip file containing all
individual shapefiles and
metadata for all species.
* For consultation needs do not
use only this current range map,
please use IPaC.
• Wherever found
Denver UNITED
Utah Colorado STATES
- _ Kansas
les Arizona Newhtexico
MExiCC
Guadalajara
2
C;hlahan�
Dallas
Texas
Houston
J
Mexico City
V
T 1'
A, Ohio
Louis
T�
tlanta
Listing status: Endangered
o States/US Territories in which this population is known to or is believed to
occur: Alabama, Arkansas, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Kentucky,
Mississippi, Missouri, North Carolina, Oklahoma, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia
o US Counties in which this population is known to or is believed to occur: View All
o USFWS Refuges in which this population is known to occur: Cahaba River National
Wildlife Refuge, Fern Cave National Wildlife Refuge, Key Cave National Wildlife
Refuge ...Show All Refuges
Candidate Information
No Candidate information available for this species.
No Candidate Assessments available for this species.
No Candidate Notice of Review Documents currently available for this species.
No Uplisting Documents currently available for this species.
» Federal Register Documents
Federal Register Documents
Show to - entries
Citation
Date Page Title

04/26/2019 84 FR 17420
17421
07/08/2014 79 FR 38560
38562
07/26/2011 76 FR 44564
44566
03/30/2006 71 FR 16176
16177
Initiation of 5- Year Status Reviews of Six Listed Animal a
information
Initiation of 5-Year Status Reviews of Nine Listed Animal
5-Year Status Reviews of Seven Listed Species: Notice of
information L
i.
i•
5-Year Review of Five Midwestern Species
04/28/1976 41 FR 17736 Determination that Two Species of Butterflies are Threat
17740 Mammals are Endangered Species; 41 FR 17742 17747 (� -
i
:..i ... n... .. ..jn
Showing 1 to 6 of 6 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
No Species Status Assessments (SSA's) are currently available for this species.
Special Rule Publications
No Special Rule Publications currently available for this species.
Recovery
• Species with Recovery Documents Data Explorer
• Recovery Priority Number: 8
Current Recovery Plan(s)
Show 10 entries
® Plan
Recovery
SSAs/Biol
Date Stage
Plan
Implementation Status
Reports
07/08/1982 Final
Gray Bat
View Implementation
s
�_..r.asu �. a•.we.. .....,.:.a:^y.:s.r.. �.�1»-�£.)S..t..n.-w�.w:Pra:.i_-,:�'?-:7'�'bJ::....i�::psi..n:"J.._'S:_...1:'::'w•�.:�.._:.:';:.:.:.:.r...w:J.�"..
�.........�....

Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries
< Previous 1 Next >
Other Recovery Documents
Note: This report includes actual Five Year Review completions and notices as well as records that act as Five
Year Review completions and notices.
Show 10 - entries
Date > Citation Page Title
04/26/2019 84 FR 17420 17421 Initiation of 5- Year Status Reviews of Six Listed Anir
Species; request for information
07/08/2014 79 FR 38560 38562 Initiation of 5-Year Status Reviews of Nine Listed An
Listed Plant Species
07/26/2011 76 FR 44564 44566 5-Year Status Reviews of Seven Listed Species: Noti
reviews; request for information
03/30/2006 71 FR 16176 16177 5-Year Review of Five Midwestern Species
Showing 1 to 4 of 4 entries
< Previous 1 Next >
Five Year Reviews
Note: This report includes actual Five Year Review completions as well as records that act as Five Year Review
completions.
Show 10 entries
Date
nnioninnnn
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries
® Title
,,..�.--,...,-\ c v,.... n,.,A-1
No Delisting Documents currently available for this species.
Critical Habitat
< Previous 1 Next >

No Critical Habitat Documents currently available for this species.
» Conservation Plans
No Conservation Plans currently available for this species.
» Petitions
Show to entries
Where
the
species
is
Date
believed
Received
to or
Petition by the
known
Title FWS
to occur
Petitioner Requested Petition
Name Action Finding(s
Showing 1 to 2 of 2 entries < Previous 1 Next >

Biological Opinions
---
Show 1 10 v ; entries
BO o Lead
Activity -
date Office
Title
Code
Project Type
Lof
06/02/2021 Virginia
UPC 110520
05E2VA00-
TRANSPORTATION
0
S:
Ecological
(0023-084-
2020-F-
t4j
�.
Services Field
759)
2668'
Office
10/16/2020 Branch of
Reinitiation
09E31000-
Mining - Subsurface
National
formal
2020-F-
Exploration - Coal,
Consultations
consultation:
0001
Mining - Subsurface
OSMRE's
Extraction - Coal,
regulatory
Mining - Subsurface
program -
Leasing - Coal, Mining
SMCRA Title V
- Subsurface
Reclamation - Coal,
Mining - Surface
Exploration - Coal,
Mining -Surface
Extraction - Coal,
Mining -Surface
Reclamation - Coal
To see all Issued Biological Opinions please visit the report
Life History
No Life History information has been entered into this system for this species.
» Other Resources
NatureServe Explorer Species Reports-- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative
conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological
communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information

on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too.
NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural
Heritage Network.
ITIS Reports-- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for
authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North
America and the world.
FWS Digital Media Library_ -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a
searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and
video." +

HINTERLAND
WHO'S WHO
Introduction
This animal:
• has the largest distribution and was, until recently, the most
common bat species in Canada
• is gregarious, meaning that it lives in groups
• can eat as much as its own weight in insects in one night
• can live as long as 34 years
• is affected by a disease called White Nose Syndrome
Description
LITTLE BROWN BAT
The Little Brown Bat, or Little Brown Myotis (Myotis lucifugus) weighs
between 7 and 9 g, and has a wingspan of between 25 and 27 cm.
Females tend to be slightly larger than males but are otherwise
identical. As its name implies, it is pale tan to reddish or dark brown
with a slightly paler belly, and ears and wings that are dark brown to
black.
Contrary to popular belief, Little Brown Bats, like all other bats, are not
blind. Still, since they are nocturnal and must navigate in the
darkness, they are one of the few terrestrial mammals that use
echolocation to gather information on their surroundings and where
prey are situated. The echolocation calls they make, similar to
clicking noises, bounce off objects and this echo is processed by the
bat to get the information they need. These noises are at a very high
frequency, and so cannot be heard by humans.
Since we cannot hear the Little Brown Bat's, or most other bats', calls,
it is very hard for humans to distinguish different species of bats when observing them flying at nightfall.
Special equipment, like a "bat detector', is needed to process their echolocation calls. Even properly equipped,
it is difficult to differentiate them. The three Canadian Myotis species all make a similar clicking noise at a 40
kHz frequency, making them hard to tell apart. Still, there are minute differences in frequency and patterns.
The Little Brown Bat typically produces calls lasting about 4 milliseconds. When not feeding, they make
echolocation calls about 20 times per second. When hunting, they can emit as many as ten times more calls
persecond.

H [ NTE R-LA_ Ill-B-,,
WH@'S WHO
Little Brown Bat
The Little Brown Bat has a very long lifespan compared to other small mammals. They can live for more than
10 years, and one was even captured at 34 years oldl Owls, snakes, raptors, cats, raccoons, and weasels
have been known to prey on the Little Brown Bat both when it is roosting and in flight.
Habitat and Habits
Bats like the Little Brown Bat are the only mammals capable of true flight. Some Canadian bats migrate long
distances south in the fall and north in the spring, just like birds. However, this is not the case for the Little
Brown Bat, which does not migrate. Other Canadian bat species also remain here, like the Big Brown Bat
(Eptesicus fuscus), the Northern Myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), and the Tricolored Bat (Perimyotis subflavus).
Even though Little Brown Bats do not usually migrate to destinations outside of Canada, individuals can move
up to 1000 km from summer roosts to winter roosts where they hibernate. These winter roosts are called
hibernacula. Between August and early October, individuals from many different summering locations swarm
together in large groups during the night in mines and caves in order to mate. This swarming behaviour prior to
winter also helps direct yearlings, or bats born the preceding summer, to suitable hibernacula locations. Most
Little Brown Bats remain in the same areas where they swarm for the winter, but others move to different
locations. Hibernacula are generally in caves or abandoned mines, and are chosen for their high humidity and
stable, above -freezing temperatures. The Little Brown Bat is a true hibernator (it slows down its metabolism,
heart rate, and breathing) but still wakes periodically to drink or eliminate waste. Because food is not available
during the winter, it relies solely on its fat reserves to survive from as early as September to Mid -April (for
females) or Mid -May (for males). The duration of hibernation is longer in colder latitudes and shorter in the
south.

H I N T S [ZLA N.D
WH©'s WHO
Little Brown Bat
In the spring, female Little Brown Bats that mated the preceding fall or
during the winter wake early from hibernation and move to maternity,
or nursery, roosts, where they will remain for the summer in groups of
up to a thousand individuals. In Canada, Little Brown Bats and Big
Brown Bats are the only two species that regularly use buildings for
their maternity colonies. They may also use tree cavities or other
places that stay dark and warm during the day, like bat boxes. The
fact that they huddle together and choose warmer spots is thought to
help the pups grow more rapidly. Females that are not reproducing
and males roost in other, typically cooler, locations, in smaller groups.
In both cases, these roosts are mainly used during the day, since Little
Brown Bats forage, or hunt, at night. At night, Little Brown Bats may
use night roosts to rest between feeding bouts.
Most Little Brown Bats keep returning to the same mating, wintering
and nursery or summer roosts every year, although roost switching
does happen. The species has been observed in a great variety of habitats, including all forest types, the
southern edge of the Arctic tundra and urbanized areas, but it prefers areas close to wetlands, lakes or
streams in the summer because of greater food availability.
Range
The Little Brown Bat has the largest distribution of all Canadian bats. In Canada, it is found in all provinces and
territories except Nunavut. It is most common in the northern half of the United States but has been observed
in all continental states and Alaska. It is also found in the cooler mountainous areas of central Mexico.
1 Distribution of the Little Brown Bat

HINTERLAND
WHO'S WHO
Feeding
Little Brown Bats feed on a great variety of
small, flying insects. They locate these insects
using echolocation. These are typically moths,
flies, mosquitoes, mayflies, beetles, and
midges, but they are opportunistic feeders,
meaning that they feed on whatever insect
species is available. They tend to go on two or
more feeding bouts per night, one at sunset
and the other before sunrise. In between they
Little Brown Bat
will rest to conserve energy and digest their
food. Pregnant females tend to feed over larger
areas, but as soon as the pups are born, they
stay closer to the maternity roost. Females that
are suckling their young can consume the equivalent of their weight in insects each night. Still, most Little
Brown Bats consume about 1000 insects per night, or half of their body weight. Before hibemation, bats will eat
greater quantities, increasing their weight by over 30%.
Breeding
Most Little Brown Bats of more than one year
old will mate in the fall when great groups
swarm together. Individuals can mate several
times with different partners. Females will store
the males' sperm throughout the winter until
they ovulate in the spring.
After a gestation of 50 to 60 days, depending on
the condition and age of the female, a single
pup is born in June or July. This pup weighs
about''% of its mother's weigh. It is born able to
cling onto the roost's wall and its mother, even
when the mother flies around while feeding.
Little Brown Bat pups can fly at about three weeks old, after which it feeds both on its mother's milk and
insects. It is weaned from its mother's milk at around 26 days, after which it accumulates fat for the winter
before leaving for fall swarming sites.

HINTEEZLAND
WH@'s WHO
Conservation
Little Brown Bat
In 2006, a major threat for Little Brown Bats appeared in North America. A fungus called Geomyces
destructans was likely brought over by cave explorers, or spelunkers, who may have carried dirt from
European caves on their gear. When they afterwards visited a cave near Albany, USA, spores of the fungus
were deposited. Since the cave had good growing conditions for the fungus, it survived and spread. In Europe,
researchers believe that bat populations have survived alongside the fungus for thousands of years, and so
have developed immunity to it. At least, a great majority of affected European bats survive an infection from
Geomyces destructans. In North America,
where bats had never encountered the fungus,
the reaction is quite different.
Geomyces destructans causes a disease
called White Nose Syndrome (WNS). This
disease affects three bat species in Canada,
where WNS appeared in 2009-2010: the Tri-
colored Bat (Perimyotis subflavus), and the
Northern Myotis (Myotis septentrionalis), but
the Little Brown Bat has been affected the
most. The fungus grows on the bats' nose
(causing it to become covered by white fuzzy
growths, hence the disease's name), wings,
and any non -furred skin during their
hibernation. This causes the bats to wake
M
n Vanderwolf
more often than usual due to dehydration and 2 Little Brown Bat affected by white Nose Syndrome
possibly to groom the fungus off. Because they
become more active than they should during the winter (some are even seen flying outside their
hibernaculum), they rapidly use up the fat reserves they had gathered the preceding summer, which causes
them to starve as well. The great majority of Little Brown Bats that have WNS are unable to survive: after two
years of infection, bat populations in some hibernacula have been reduced to less than 10% of what it
originally was before the disease's onset.
Since conditions are ideal for the fungus in most Canadian bat hibernacula — caves and mines share similar
cool and humid conditions —, WNS is spreading fast. Since Little Brown Bats may travel for hundreds of
kilometres from summer to winter ranges, and since they swarm in the fall to reproduce, the disease is
transmitted from bat to bat over very large areas. Bats that survived the infection the preceding year can
potentially transmit the fungus to others by contact during swarming or by entering new hibemacula. The
fungus is able to survive in hibernacula during the summer when bats are absent, potentially re -infecting bats
on their return in the fall. So far the disease has only infected bats in Eastern Canada (New Brunswick, Nova
Scotia, Quebec, Ontario, and Prince Edward Island), but experts believe that most of Canada (except,
perhaps, the colder areas in Northern Canada in which a small proportion of Little Brown Bats hibernate) will
have infected Little Brown Bats within 22 years.

HINTEIZLA_ND--., Little Brown Bat
WHO'S WHO
Since no cure for WNS has yet been found, experts say that the Little Brown Bat will likely be extirpated, which
means that it will become extinct in some areas of Canada. It is probable that less than 1 % of the original
Canadian population will remain. In North America, 5.7-6.7 million bats have died of WNS since 2006, and in
the Northeastern states, the Little Brown Bat will likely become extirpated within about 16 years from the
disease's onset. We can expect a similar situation in Canada within about three generations of bats, or
between nine and 30 years.
Although it is likely that very few Little Brown Bats that will remain isolated from WNS, scientists hope that the
species will not become totally extinct in Canada because of the survival of some individuals from the disease.
Indeed, a small percentage of bats have been known to survive after showing symptoms of WNS. These bats,
when breeding, may transmit their immunity to the next generation, as might have been the case for European
bats initially. Still, since the Little Brown Bat is one of the slowest reproducing mammals for its size, only giving
birth to one pup per year, the recovery of the species in North America, if possible, will very likely be slow.
Little is known about the distances and areas bats
travel between summer and winter roosts, hibernacula
locations, and bat population numbers in Canada.
However, since the arrival of WNS experts have been
busy gathering as much information as possible. A
more thorough knowledge of basic bat biology will
likely help managing WNS. The locations of bat
hibernacula need to be discovered in order to gather
this information and document how populations are
affected by WNS. The Canadian Wildlife Federation is
currently funding researchers in Eastern Canada,
enabling them to study the disease and document its
spread. Environment Canada funds the coordination of 3 Little Brown Bats in a hibernaculum
activities related to the management of WNS in
Canada. Also, scientists in Canada and the United States are trying to find a cure for WNS by studying
European bats and the fungus itself.
Other threats to the Little Brown Bat include the disturbance
or destruction of hibernacula and maternity colonies, habitat
loss, the use of pesticides and presence of toxins in the food
web. Because of these threats, but above all, the presence of
WNS, the Committee on the Status of Endangered Wildlife in
Canada has assessed the Little Brown Bat as Endangered in
Canada in an emergency designation. The species is already
listed as endangered in some provinces.
Little Brown Bat conservation is, of course, very important. As
a part of the biodiversity of many Canadian ecosystems, they
contribute to the ecological functions of many types of forests
and wetlands. For example, they help keep forest pests'

HINTERLAND.,
WHO'S WHO
Little Brown Bat
populations under control. But bats such as the Little Brown Bat, are also important for human health. Since
these bats eat a great quantity of pest insects such as mosquitoes, which can be vectors for illnesses, they
help humans enjoy the outdoors more during the summer months and might even play a role in reducing the
spread of diseases. Also, a healthy bat population is good for the economy, since they consume insects that
are destructive to crops and forests, reducing the need for pesticide use.
What Can We Do
Fortunately, there are a few things you can do to lend a hand to
the Little Brown Bat and other bat species in Canada. Cave
visitors that do not properly decontaminate their equipment have
probably contributed to the spread of WNS. A very easy way to
help reduce this threat is by not visiting non-commercial caves at
all unless you are accompanied by experts. Also, leaving caves
where bats hibernate undisturbed will give even healthy bats a
boost, since being awakened during hibernation lowers their
chances of survival. Also, when gardening or caring for your
lawn, use no pesticides, since they can get into the bats' system
through their insect diet. Building and installing a bat house can
also help bats find a suitable resting spot during the summer months.
If you find bats in your home, contact a licensed person that is equipped to properly and humanely deal with
them. Also, if you ever notice active bats during the winter months or dead bats around your home, contact
your provincial wildlife management bureau, since they likely know bat experts interested in the information.
Resources
Online Resources
CWF's Help the Bats
http: //cwf-fcf. org/en/do-som eth i no/chal lenoes-o roi ects/help-the-bats/
White Nose Syndrome in the U.S.
http://www.nwhc.usgs.goy/disease information/white-nose syndrome/
White Nose Syndrome
hftp://whitenosesyndrome.org/
White Nose Syndrome in Canada
http://www.ccwhc.ca/white nose svndrome.php
Bat Conservation International, Little Brown Bat

H I NT E RLANP-- Little Brown Bat
WH@'s WHO
http://batco n.org/index. php/all-a bout-bats/species-
profiles htmI?task=detail&species=2040&countrv=43&state=all&family=all&start=20
Little Brown Bat, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador
hftp://www.env.qov.ni.ea/env/sni)/Drograms/education/animal facts/mammals/brown bat.html
Text by Annie Langlois
© Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, represented by the Minister of the Environment, 2013. All rights
reserved.

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
ems,
ECOS
ECOS /
monarch butterfly
(Danaus plexippus)
Range Information J Candidate Info I Federal Register
Recovery I Critical Habitat I SSA I Conservation Plans
Petitions Biological Opinions I Life History_
Taxonomy: View taxonomy in ITIS
Listing Status: Candidate
General Information
Note - the monarch is a candidate species and not yet listed or proposed for listing. There
are generally no section 7 requirements for candidate species (see our Section 7
Questions and Answers on the monarch here -
https://www.fws.goWsavethemonarch/FAQ-Section7.html), but we encourage all agencies
to take advantage of any opportunity they may have to conserve the species.
For information on monarch conservation, visit https://www.fws.gov/savethemonarch/,
http://www.mafwa.orgPpage_id=2347, and, for the West, https:Hwafwa.org/committees-
working-groups/monarch-working-group/.
Adult monarch butterflies are large and conspicuous, with bright orange wings
surrounded by a black border and covered with black veins. The black border has a
double row of white spots, present on the upper side of the wings. Adult monarchs are
sexually dimorphic, with males having narrower wing venation and scent patches. The
bright coloring of a monarch serves as a warning to predators that eating them can be
toxic.
During the breeding season, monarchs lay their eggs on their obligate milkweed host
plant (primarily Asclepias spp.), and larvae emerge after two to five days. Larvae develop
through five larval instars (intervals between molts) over a period of 9 to 18 days, feeding
on milkweed and sequestering toxic chemicals (cardenolides) as a defense against
predators. The larva then pupates into a chrysalis before emerging 6 to 14 days later as
an adult butterfly. There are multiple generations of monarchs produced during the

breeding season, with most adult butterflies living approximately two to five weeks;
overwintering adults enter into reproductive diapause (suspended reproduction) and live
six to nine months.
In many regions where monarchs are present, monarchs breed year-round. Individual
monarchs in temperate climates, such as eastern and western North America, undergo
long-distance migration, and live for an extended period of time. In the fall, in both
eastern and western North America, monarchs begin migrating to their respective
overwintering sites. This migration can take monarchs distances of over 3,000 km and last
for over two months. In early spring (February -March), surviving monarchs break
diapause and mate at the overwintering sites before dispersing. The same individuals that
undertook the initial southward migration begin flying back through the breeding
grounds and their offspring start the cycle of generational migration over again.
Current Listing Status Summary
Show 10 - entries
Status Date Listed
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries
Range Information
Current Range
e .+m Q Wherever found
Last Updated: 09-20-2021
Zoom in! Some species' locations
may be small and hard to see
from a wide perspective. To
narrow -in on locations, check the
state and county lists (below)
and then use the zoom tool.
Want the FWS's current range for
all species? Click here to
download a zip file containing all
individual shapefiles and
metadata for all species.
* For consultation needs do not
use only this current range map,
please use IPaC
Lead Region
< Previous 1
;III : ryJ Yrl
Ff 1,...1..
Where
0
Next >

• Wherever found
Listing status: Candidate
o States/US Territories in which this population is known to or is believed to occur:
o US Counties in which this population is known to or is believed to occur: View All
o USFWS Refuges in which this population is known to occur:
» Candidate Information
Current Candidate Status
Listing Priority: 8
Magnitude: Moderate to Low
Immediacy: Imminent
Taxonomy: Species
No Candidate Assessments available for this species.
No Candidate Notice of Review Documents currently available for this species.
No Uplisting Documents currently available for this species.
Federal Register Documents
Federal Register Documents
Show 10 entries
Date o Citation Page = Title
12/17/2020 85 FR 81813 Endangered and Threatened Wildlife and Plants; 12-I;r:,
81822 Monarch Butterfly
:zza�
E: 4�
12/31 /2014 79 FR 78775 90-Day Findings on Two Petitions _
-707-70
Showing 1 to 2 of 2 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
Show i 10 entries

Document Title
Region
Monarch (Danaus plexippus) Species Status Assessment Report,, Region 3
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries < Previous 1
Special Rule Publications
No Special Rule Publications currently available for this species.
» Recovery
• Species with Recovery Documents Data Explorer
No Current Recovery Plans available for this species.
No Other Recovery Documents currently available for this species.
No Five Year Reviews currently available for this species.
No Delisting Documents currently available for this species.
» Critical Habitat
No Critical Habitat Documents currently available for this species.
» Conservation Plans
Candidate Conservation Agreements with Assurances (CCAA): (learn more)
Show 10 v entries
CCAA Plan Summaries
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries
Specie
Assi,
Next >
...+4 .... C......... -....J T.--....-.....rt-.t�.... 1-...._I.-
< Previous 1 Next >
» Petitions

Show 10 entries
w
Petition
Title
Petition for
Rulemaking
for a Section
4(d) Rule for
the Monarch
Butterfly
Date
Received
by the
FWS
11 /18/2020
Where
the
species is
believed
to or
known to
Petitioner
occur
Name
• The
University of
Illinois
Chicago
Requested
Action
• APA:
Promulgate
new special
4(d) rule
Pe -
Fin
a
Butterfly, 08/26/2014
• Center for
• Listing:
Monarch
Biological
Threatened
(Danaus
Diversity
APA:'
A�
plexippus
Madison
Designate
plexippus);
Audubon
Critical
list T w/ CH
Society
Habitat
(secondary
petitioner)
• Dr. Lincoln
Brower_
�y
• Center for
Food Safety
F
n,
• Xerces
Society
_
at:.'si::roy........t....:1k:....a.a._..c..�r........w✓a.G�...J....•..::.3i::'fer"Lt.l
'.:. �.. � ......[w'wx-t 'J1
Showing 1 to 2 of 2 entries
<
Previous 1 Next
>
Biological Opinions
Show10 entries
BO Lead
date Office Title
04/03/2020 Assistant Nationwide
Activity -
Project
Code
Type
03E00000-
Land
Location
Abbeville (SC)E

Regional CCAA/CCA for 2020-F-
Director- Monarch 0001
Ecological Butterfly on
Services Energy and
Transportation
Lands
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries
To see all Issued Biological Opinions please visit the report
Life History
Management Accomack (V/
Plans - Other Adair (MO), A
Adams (ID), A
Adams (MS), j
(OH), Adams i
Addison (VT),
(FL), Alamanc
Alamosa (CO)
(WY), Albema
Alexander (IL;
Alexandria (V.
Al I ega ny (M D;
Alleghany (N(
Allegheny (PA
(IN), Allen (KY
Alpine (CA), A
(VA), Amherst
Anderson (KY
Anderson (TK
A/A An%
10
< Previous 1 Next >
No Life History information has been entered into this system for this species.
Other Resources
NatureServe Explorer Species Reports-- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative
conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological
communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information
on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too.
NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural
Heritage Network.
ITIS Reports-- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for
authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North
America and the world.
FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a
searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and
video." +

U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
ECOS
ECOS /
Northern Long -Eared Bat
(Myotis septentrionalis)
Range Information I Candidate Info I Federal Register
Recovery Critical Habitat I SSA I Conservation Plans
Petitions Biological Opinions I Life History
Taxonomy: View taxonomy in ITIS
Listing Status: Threatened
Where Listed: WHEREVER FOUND
General Information
The northern long eared bat is a medium-sized bat
about 3 to 3.7 inches in length but with a wingspan of
9 to 10 inches. As its name suggests, this bat is distinguished by its long ears, particularly
as compared to other bats in its genus, Myotis, which are actually bats noted for their
small ears (Myotis means mouse -eared). The northern long-eared bat is found across
much of the eastern and north central United States and all Canadian provinces from the
Atlantic coast west to the southern Northwest Territories and eastern British Columbia.
The species range includes 37 states. White -nose syndrome, a fungal disease known to
affect bats, is currently the predominant threat to this bat, especially throughout the
Northeast where the species has declined by up to 99 percent from pre -white -nose
syndrome levels at many hibernation sites. Although the disease has not yet spread
throughout the northern long-eared bat s entire range (white -nose syndrome is currently
found in at least 25 of 37 states where the northern long-eared bat occurs), it continues to
spread. Experts expect that where it spreads, it will have the same impact as seen in the
Northeast.
The species historical range included Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District
of Columbia, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine,
Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana,
Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio,
Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee,
Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin, Wyoming. See below for information about
where the species is known or believed to occur.

Current Listing Status Summary
Show io - entries
Status Date Listed
r L.....-.r......A nr nn ' n9 C
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries
» Range Information
Current Range
12 Q Wherever found
Last Updated:08-26-2021
Zoom in! Some species' locations
may be small and hard to see
from a wide perspective. To
narrow -in on locations, check the
state and county lists (below)
and then use the zoom tool.
Want the FWS's current range for
all species? Click here to
download a zip file containing all
individual shapefiles and
metadata for all species.
* For consultation needs do not
use only this current range map,
please use IPaC.
• Wherever found
Lead Region Where
n n;,-�..,,..-�
< Previous 1 Next >
Listing status: Threatened
o States/US Territories in which this population is known to or is believed to
occur: Alabama, Arkansas, Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia, Georgia,
Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland,
Massachusetts, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Montana, Nebraska,
New Hampshire, New Jersey, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont,
Virginia, West Virginia, Wyoming
o US Counties in which this population is known to or is believed to occur: View All
o USFWS Refuges in which this population is known to occur: Moosehorn National
Wildlife Refuge

Candidate Information
No Candidate information available for this species.
No Candidate Assessments available for this species.
No Candidate Notice of Review Documents currently available for this species.
No Uplisting Documents currently available for this species.
Federal Register Documents
Federal Register Documents
Show 10 v entries
17 Citation
Date Page
06/20/2016 81 FR 39947
04/27/2016 81 FR 24707
24714
01 /14/2016 81 FR 1900
1922
04/02/2015 80 FR 17973
18033
01 /30/2015 80 FR 5079
01 /16/2015 80 FR 2371
2378
Title
A
Draft Environmental Assessment, Draft Habitat Conservi -;
Implementing Agreement; Receipt of an Application for i
Wind Farm, Madison and Tipton Counties, Indiana
s:
Determination That Designation of Critical Habitat Is No1[�'
g ,.;.
Eared Bat: Critical habitat determination.`
krt
4(d} Rule for the Northern Long -Eared Bat; Final rule
r•
Threatened Species Status for the Northern Long -Eared
Listing the Northern Long -Eared Bat With a Rule Under!
Listing the Northern Long -Eared Bat With a Rule Under 5
11 /18/2014 79 FR 68657 Endangered Species Status for the Northern Lang -Eared
68659 period
06/30/2014 79 FR 36698 6-Month Extension of Final Determination on the Prop
�fih99 Northern Long -Eared Bat
r�1_..rlw.._._i..�a..,w..«....riL_wr_...+w_.I rs.,..r...n._...+•_...+..._._A_....�_ - ��Q+".':L,�.'�' . _ _-.+.�_i
Showing 1 to 10 of 11 entries < Previous 1 2 Next >
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)

No Species Status Assessments (SSA's) are currently available for this species.
Special Rule Publications
Show 10 v entries
Date Citation Page Title
01/14/2016 81 FIR 1900 1922 4(d) Rule for the Northern Long -Eared B
nn Inn Inn,I nn rn 4nnnn IOnIn nl_rL
Showing 1 to 2 of 2 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Recovery
• Species with Recovery Documents Data Explorer
• Recovery Priority Number: 5
No Current Recovery Plans available for this species.
No Other Recovery Documents currently available for this species.
No Five Year Reviews currently available for this species.
No Delisting Documents currently available for this species
Critical Habitat
Critical Habitat Documents
Show 10 v entries
Date Citation Page Title
04/27/2016 81 FIR 24707 24714 Determination That Designation of Critical Habitat I _
f...- ♦h.. Al...+h..... I ..., .. c..-.. rJ D-.f. /-rifi�-.I h-.h�f-.f .J ..
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries < Previous 1 Next >
To learn more about critical habitat please see http://ecos.fws.gov/crithab

Conservation Plans
Habitat Conservation Plans (HCP) (learn more)
Show! 10 entries
HCP Plan Summaries
Wildcat Wind Farm
Timber Road HCP
Rosewater Wind Farm
Pioneer Trail Wind Farm E.ON
Pennsylvania State Lands Forestry HCP
MidAmerican Energy Comps HCP
Meadow Lake Wind Resource Area
Hoopeston HCP
Hog Creek Wind Project
:...::..:.
......::. ..::.:::.
Showing 1 to 10 of 16 entries
Petitions
Show 10 v entries
< Previous 1 2 Next >
® Where
the
species
is
Date believed
Received to or
Petition by the known Petitioner Requested Petitia
Title FWS to occur Name Action Findin;
a
cr '!
r
S �;a

Multi -species of 01 /21 /2010 AL, AR, AZ, • Center for
bats; Petition
CO, CT, DC,
Biological
for rulemaking
DE, FL, GA,
Diversity -
to enact
IA, IL, IN,
Mollie
immediate cave
KS, KY, LA,
Matteson
closures to
MA, MD,
protect bat
ME, MI, MN,
species from
MO, MS,
white -nose
MT, NC, ND,
syndrome; to
NE, NH, NJ,
promulgate a
NM, NY,
rule governing
OH, OK, PA,
the "take" of
RI, SC, SD,
endangered bat
TN, TX, VA,
species; and to
VT, WV, WY,
designate as
Canada,
significant all
Mexico
caves on
Showing 1 to 2 of 2 entries
Biological Opinions
Show 10 entries
BO IV
date
08/24/2021
Lead
Office
Title
Minnesota-
SP 019-626-
Wisconsin
026 Dakota
Ecological
CSAH 26 &
Services
CSAH 63
Field Office
• APA:Other
< Previous 1 Next >
Activity
Code Project Type Loci
a
03E19000- TRANSPORTATION
2020-F-' '
0428-RO01
i<.
r
wss�u
f

08/20/2021 West Greenbrier 05E2WV00- Fire - Prescribed Burn, Po
Virginia Southeast 2021-F- Forestry - Harvest, (W
Ecological Project 0422 Forestry - Pesticide
Services Use, Forestry -
Field Office Planting / Silviculture,
Forestry - Timber Sale,
.:..:.:.... .. _
x.:.
Showing 1 to 10 of 177 entries < Previous 1 2 3 4 5 ... 18
Next >
To see all Issued Biological Opinions please visit the report
Life History
Habitat Requirements
During summer, northern long-eared bats roost singly or in colonies underneath bark, in
cavities, or in crevices of both live and dead trees. Males and non -reproductive females
may also roost in cooler places, like caves and mines. This bat seems opportunistic in
selecting roosts, using tree species based on suitability to retain bark or provide cavities
or crevices. It has also been found, rarely, roosting in structures like barns and sheds.
Northern long-eared bats spend winter hibernating in caves and mines, called
hibernacula. They typically use large caves or mines with large passages and entrances;
constant temperatures; and high humidity with no air currents. Specific areas where they
hibernate have very high humidity, so much so that droplets of water are often seen on
their fur. Within hibernacula, surveyors find them in small crevices or cracks, often with
only the nose and ears visible.
Food Habits
Northern long-eared bats emerge at dusk to fly through the understory of forested
hillsides and ridges feeding on moths, flies, leafhoppers, caddisflies, and beetles, which
they catch while in flight using echolocation. This bat also feeds by gleaning motionless
insects from vegetation and water surfaces.
Reproductive strategy
Breeding begins in late summer or early fall when males begin swarming near
hibernacula. After copulation, females store sperm during hibernation until spring, when
they emerge from their hibernacula, ovulate, and the stored sperm fertilizes an egg. This
strategy is called delayed fertilization. After fertilization, pregnant females migrate to
summer areas where they roost in small colonies and give birth to a single pup. Maternity
colonies, with young, generally have 30 to 60 bats, although larger maternity colonies

have been observed. Most females within a maternity colony give birth around the same
time, which may occur from late May or earlyjune to late July, depending where the
colony is located within the species range. Young bats start flying by 18 to 21 days after
birth. Adult northern long-eared bats can live up to 19 years.
Other Resources
NatureServe Ex lop rer Species Reports-- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative
conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological
communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information
on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too.
NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural
Heritage Network.
ITIS Reports-- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for
authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North
America and the world.
FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a
searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and
video." +

s U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
ECOS
ECOS /
Small whorled pogonia
(Isotria medeoloides)
Range Information I Candidate Info I Federal Register
Recovery I Critical Habitat I SSA I Conservation Plans
Petitions I Biological Opinions j Life History.
Taxonomy: View taxonomy in ITIS
Listing Status: Threatened
Where Listed: WHEREVER FOUND
General Information
Search for images on
digitalmedia. fws.gov
The species historical range included Connecticut, Delaware, District of Columbia,
Georgia, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire,
New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina,
Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia. See below for information about where the
species is known or believed to occur.
Current Listing Status Summary
Show 10 v entries
Status
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries
Range Information
Current Range
12 Q Entire
Date Listed
nn nn +no,)
Last Updated., 06-30-2021
M
k ".1
IWO-
Lead Region
< Previous 1 Next >
1'•F A

Zoom in! Some species' locations
may be small and hard to see
from a wide perspective. To
narrow -in on locations, check the
state and county lists (below)
and then use the zoom tool.
Want the FWS's current range for
all species? Click here to
download a zip file containing all
individual shapefiles and
metadata for all species.
* For consultation needs do not
use only this current range map,
please use IPaC.
• Listing status: Threatened
o States/US Territories in which this population is known to or is believed to
occur: Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts,
Michigan, Missouri, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, Ohio,
Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia
o US Counties in which this population is known to or is believed to occur: View All
o USFWS Refuges in which this population is known to occur:
o Countries in which this population is known to occur: Canada,United States
» Candidate Information
No Candidate information available for this species.
No Candidate Assessments available for this species.
No Candidate Notice of Review Documents currently available for this species.
No Uplisting Documents currently available for this species.
Federal Register Documents
Federal Register Documents
Show to v entries
Citation
Date Page Title
03/06/2012 77 FIR 13251 Initiation of a 5-Year Review of Nine Northeastern Spe';?r
13253 reviews; request for information.

w
01/29/2007 72 FR 4018 Initiation of a 5-Year Review of Ten Listed Northeaster
4019
c;
10/06/1994 59 FR 50852 ETWP; Final Rule to Reclassify the Plant Isotria medeol
50857 From Endangered to Threatened '
1
10/19/1993 58 FR 53904 ETWP; Proposed Rule To Reclassify the Plant Isotria Mi ,.
53909 Pogonia) From Endangered to Threatened
09/09/1982 47 FR 39827 ETWP; Determination of Isotria medeoloides (small wvL
39831 Ednangered Species
+°..'."
li.�,..,....nl.w.d Ls.�......:-..4.�.�.....:.c.:,:Jo......,....-Ya•....,..._,h.:k.:a..vi:..X:.. d.v.:..__....z.._,..-..._...,.........................wc.....,.wa:.a.....¢::f
Showing 1 to 6 of 6 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
No Species Status Assessments (SSA's) are currently available for this species.
Special Rule Publications
No Special Rule Publications currently available for this species.
Recovery
• Species with Recovery Documents Data Explorer
• Recovery Priority Number: 14
Current Recovery Plan(s)
Show 1 o entries
® Plan Implementation SSAs/E
Date Stage Recovery Plan Status Reporl
11 /13/1992 Final Small Whorled View Implementations
Ana ii.+irara '1 f7���rai'a iirr►isrra�r-
6
.[N:.•.1r.._1"...".�,.�._�..-...._�-.��_...._.�.....�..«-.�.-....�wr.�_..�....._.._.--awn......._.__..._ _._i_.-«.o....r...�� ...S l.i
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries < Previous 1 Next >

Other Recovery Documents
Note: This report includes actual Five Year Review completions and notices as well as records that act as Five
Year Review completions and notices.
Show 10 - entries
Date s Citation Page Title
03/06/2012 77 FIR 13251 13253 Initiation of a 5-Year Review of Nine Northeastern S
initiation of reviews; request for information.
01 /29/2007 72 FR 4018 4019 Initiation of a 5-Year Review of Ten Listed Northeas."-
Showing 1 to 2 of 2 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Five Year Reviews
Note: This report includes actual Five Year Review completions as well as records that act as Five Year Review
completions.
Show' 10 entries
Date -- Title
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries < Previous 1 Next >
No Delisting Documents currently available for this species.
» Critical Habitat
No Critical Habitat Documents currently available for this species.
Conservation Plans
No Conservation Plans currently available for this species.
» Petitions
No Petitions currently available for this species.

Biological Opinions
Show 10 entries
BO ® Lead
date Office
08/20/2021 West Virginia
Ecological
Services Field
Office
Activity
Title Code Project Type
Greenbrier 05E2WV00- Fire - Prescribed Burn,
Southeast 2021-F- Forestry - Harvest,
Project 0422 Forestry - Pesticide
Use, Forestry -
Planting / Silviculture,
Forestry - Timber Sale,
Forestry - Weed
Control / Vegetation
Management, Invasive
Plant Control,
Recreation - Maint /
Mod / Replace /
Upgrade,
Stream/Waterbody -
Mod - Restoration /
Enhancement
08/09/2021 Virginia Mount Joy 05E2VA00- LAND - RESTORATION
Ecological Pond Natural 2020-F- / ENHANCEMENT
Services Field Area Preserve 2824
Office Restoration
Showing 1 to 10 of 19 entries < Previous 1 2 Next >
To see all Issued Biological Opinions please visit the report
Life History
No Life History information has been entered into this system for this species.
Other Resources
Lt
NatureServe Explorer Species Reports-- NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative
conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological
communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information

on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too.
NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural
Heritage Network.
ITIS Reports-- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for
authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North
America and the world.
FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a
searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and
video." +

t„QNi On
Jm
a
www.Fivs-gav/tharlcston
www.fws.gov /southeast/endangereJ-species-aM/at-riskspecies
Conserving South Carolina's
At -Risk Species:
Species facing threats to their survival
Tricolored bat
foraging habitat use by tricolored bats.
to forest -dwelling bats. Climate change
(Perimyotis subflavus)
also has the potential to threaten the spe-
Status
cies as increased temperatures may make
NatureServe's Rounded Global Status is
southern hibernation sites unsuitable.
G2 - Imperiled (Global Status last changed
on 3/12/2015) and is listed as a Highest
Management/Protection Needs
Priority species in the South Carolina
State law protects all bat species in South
201 S State Wildlife Action Plan. Once
Carolina. Habitat protection and manage -
considered relatively common throughout
ment recommendations include working
South Carolina, this species has recently
to prevent or reduce disturbance to natu-
been affected by white -nose syndrome
ral and artificial roost structures, as well
(WNS) and populations are in decline.
as to maternity colonies and hibernacula.
WNS, first detected in bats in New York
Where and when possible, create or main -
Tricolored bat/Photo credit: USFWS
in 2006, is a disease that is killing hiber-
tain patches of structurally diverse forest,
nating bats in eastern North America.
providing a variety of suitable roosting and
Description
Before WNS, the range of this species was
maternity sites. Forestry practices should
The tricolored bat, formerly known as the
expanding westward from South Dakota
incorporate buffers around known roosts,
eastern pipistrelle (Pipistrellus subflovus), is
to Texas and New Mexico. The U.S. Fish
foraging areas, and migration corridors via
a small bat weighing 0.2 to 0.3 ounces (S
and Wildlife Service (Service) was peti-
landowner incentive programs, conserva-
to 8 gr) and has a wingspan of 8 to 10
tioned to list the species in June 2016. A
tion easements, lease agreements, or pur-
inches (21 to 26 cm). The term
90-day fording, published in December
chases. Minimize large-scale pesticide
"tricolored" refers to the bat's yellowish-
2017, indicated the petitioned action may
use, especially around known foraging
brown coat that is dark at the base, yel-
be warranted. The Service has initiated a
areas and maternity roosts. Continue to
lowish -brown in the middle, and dark at
status review.
survey and monitor for the species. Fur -
the tips. The wing membranes are black-
ther research is also needed to identify the
ish, but the face and ears have a pinkish
Threats
best placement of wind turbines so as to
color. An obvious identifying characteris-
WNS is a major threat to tricolored bats.
minimize impacts to bats. Continue with
tic of this species is the pink color of the
Populations of this species have declined
education and outreach efforts on the spe-
skin on the radius bone. The feet are also
greatly since 2006. The first case of WNS
cies.
relatively large compared to its body size.
in South Carolina was confirmed in a tri-
colored bat at Table Rock State Park in
References
Range
March of 2013. In 2014, two other cases
NatureServe. 2017. NatureServe Explor-
The tricolored bat is a common bat found
of WNS were confirmed. Disturbance or
er: An online encyclopedia of life [web
throughout the forests of the eastern U.S.,
destruction of natural and artificial roost
application]. Version 7.1. NatureServe,
and is distributed from Canada south into
structures also pose threats to the species,
Arlington, Virginia. Available http://
Mexico and west into Michigan, Minneso-
especially to hibernacula and maternity
explorer. natureserve. org.
ta, and Texas. The species can be found
roosts. Wind turbines have the potential
statewide in South Carolina.
to impact the species, especially if erected
South Carolina Department of Natural
near roosts, colony sites, and along migra-
Resources - South Carolina Bat Conserva-
Habitat
tory pathways. Pesticide poisoning, espe-
tion Plan: January 2017
Tricolored bats are associated with forest-
cially organochlorines and anticholines-
ed landscapes, often in open woods. They
trase, is a concern as it has been shown to
Contact
can also be found over water and adjacent
cause population declines in insectivorous
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
to water edges. In South Carolina, sparse
bats. Habitat loss due to deforestation of
South Carolina Field Office
vegetation and early successional stands
oak forests from Sudden Oak Death dis-
843/727-4707
were found to be the best predictor of
ease may pose a threat to habitats critical
[e-mail]

White irisette
Sisyfinchium dichotomum
White irisette, USFWS
Status: Endangered
Description: White irisette is a
perennial herb that lives in areas with
partial sun. An individual white irisette
plant is typically defined as a cluster
of stems arising from fibrous roots. It
generally grows from 10 to 16 inches
tall and has winged stems. There may
be 10 or more stems on one plant.
White irisette flowers from late May
through July. The seeds are very small
and black; and three to six seeds are
contained in each capsule.
Habitat: The species is found on
midelevation slopes, characterized
by open, dry to moderate -moisture
oakhickory forests. White h isette
usually grows in shallow soils on
regularly disturbed sites (such as
woodland edges and roadsides) and
over rocky, steep terrain.
Range: White irisette is known from
Henderson, Polk and Rutherford
Counties, North Carolina; and
Greenville County, South Carolina.
Threats: White h isette is threatened
by many humancaused disturbances,
such as residential development, road
construction, and possibly herbicide
use. It is also indirectly affected by
the extirpation of elk and bison and
possibly the suppression of fire. The
elimination or suppression of these
natural disturbances allows vegetative
succession to occur, often accompanied
by exotic invasive plants that
outcompete this native species.
Listing: September 26,1991.56 FR
48752 48755
Critical habitat: None designated
Why should we be concerned about
the loss of species? Extinction is a
natural process that has been occurring
since long before the appearance
of humans. Normally, new species
develop (through a process known
as speciation) at about the same rate
other species become extinct. However,
because of air and water pollution,
forest clearing, loss of wetlands, and
other humaninduced environmental
changes, extinctions are now occurring
at a rate that far exceeds the speciation
rate.
All living things are part of a complex
and interconnected network. We
depend on the diversity of plant
and animal life for our recreation,
nourishment, many of our lifesaving
medicines, and the ecological functions
they provide. One -quarter of all the
prescriptions written in the United
Jt HT 01' �l
c• M �
States today contain chemicals that
were originally discovered in plants and
animals. Industry and agriculture are
increasingly making use of wild plants,
seeking out the remaining wild strain
of many common crops, such as wheat
and corn, to produce new hybrids that
are more resistant to disease, pests,
and marginal climatic conditions. Our
food crops depend on insects and other
animals for pollination.
Healthy forests clean the air and
provide oxygen for us to breathe.
Wetlands clean water and help
minimize the impacts of floods. These
services are the foundation of life and
depend on a diversity of plants and
animals working in concert. Each time
a species disappears, we lose not only
those benefits we know it provided
but other benefits that we have yet to
realize.
What you can do to help:
Tread lightly, and stay on designated
trails. On some popular mountains, the
vegetation has virtually been destroyed
by human trampling.
Visit arboretums, botanical gardens,
and parks to learn all you can about
endangered plants and the causes of
their decline.
Known North Carolina distribution
Map aealed Odotw 2011 by G. Peeples l-

Don't collect or buy plants that have
been gathered from wild populations
Participate in the protection of our
remaining wild land and the restoration
of damaged ecosystems.
Be careful with the use and disposal
of pesticides and other chemicals,
especially near sensitive habitats.
Prepared by:
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
Asheville Field Office
160 Zillicoa Street
Asheville, North Carolina 28801
[phone]
December, 2011

_may U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
ECOS
ECOS /
White irisette
(Sisyrinchium
dichotomum)
Range Information I Candidate Info I Federal Register
Recovery. I Critical Habitat I SSA I Conservation Plans
Petitions I Biological Opinions I Life History
Taxonomy: View taxonomy in ITIS
Listing Status: Endangered
Where Listed: WHEREVER FOUND
General Information
Current Listing Status Summary
Show to
Status
C-A
.J
entries
Date Listed
FiTii W.T.M
Search for images on
digitalmedia. fws.go v
Lead Region
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries < Previous 1 Next >
» Range Information
Current Range + ,,,E
.+m Q Wherever found —
Last Updated: 07-15-2019 " ,?
Zoom in! Some species' locations
may be small and hard to see
from a wide perspective. To
narrow -in on locations, check the
a

state and county lists (below)
and then use the zoom tool.
Want the FWS's current range for
all species? Click here to
download a zip file containing all
individual shapefiles and
metadata for all species.
* For consultation needs do not
use only this current range map,
please use IPaC.
• Whereverfound
-
Asheville
F
q
i
Listing status: Endangered
o States/US Territories in which this population is known to or is believed to
occur: North Carolina, South Carolina
o US Counties in which this population is known to or is believed to occur: View All
o USFWS Refuges in which this population is known to occur:
Candidate Information
No Candidate information available for this species
No Candidate Assessments available for this species.
No Candidate Notice of Review Documents currently available for this species.
No Uplisting Documents currently available for this species.
» Federal Register Documents
Federal Register Documents
Show 10 v entries
Citation
Date Page
08/06/2018 83 FIR 38320
38323
07/06/2009 74 FIR 31972
31973
09/26/1991 56 FIR 48752
48755
Title
5-Year Status Reviews for 42 Southeastern Species; Nc
for information
Initiation of 5-Year Status Reviews of 23 Southeastern
ETWP; Determination of Endangered Status for the PIi
White Irisette; 56 FIR 48752 48755

Showing 1 to 4 of 4 entries
» Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
Species Status Assessments (SSAs)
< Previous 1 Next >
No Species Status Assessments (SSA's) are currently available for this species.
Special Rule Publications
No Special Rule Publications currently available for this species.
Recovery
• Species with Recovery Documents Data Explorer
• Recovery Priority Number: 5C
Current Recovery Plan(s)
Show to - entries
W Plan Recovery SSAs/Biol
Date Stage Plan Implementation Status Reports
04/10/1995 Final White Irisette View Implementation _
n.-,......,
Showing 1 to 1 of 1 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Other Recovery Documents
Note: This report includes actual Five Year Review completions and notices as well as records that act as Five
Year Review completions and notices.
Show 10 v entries
Date I Citation Page Title
08/06/2018 83 FR 38320 38323 5-Year Status Reviews for 42 Southeastern Species;_
initiation and request for information

07/06/2009 74 FR 31972 31973 Initiation of 5-Year Status Reviews of 23 Southeaste
Showing 1 to 2 of 2 entries < Previous 1 Next >
Five Year Reviews
Note: This report includes actual Five Year Review completions as well as records that act as Five Year Review
completions.
Show 10 v entries
Date W Title
07/29/2019 White irisette(Sisyrinchium dichotomum) 5-Year Review
nr"I"n4I
.nin....:.....
Showing 1
to 2 of 2 entries
< Previous
1
Next >
No Delisting Documents currently available for this species.
Critical Habitat
No Critical Habitat Documents currently available for this species.
» Conservation Plans
No Conservation Plans currently available for this species.
Petitions
No Petitions currently available for this species.
» Biological Opinions
No Issued Biological Opinions have been entered into this system for this species.
» Life History
No Life History information has been entered into this system for this species.

Other Resources
NatureServe Explorer Species Reports— NatureServe Explorer is a source for authoritative
conservation information on more than 50,000 plants, animals and ecological
communtities of the U.S and Canada. NatureServe Explorer provides in-depth information
on rare and endangered species, but includes common plants and animals too.
NatureServe Explorer is a product of NatureServe in collaboration with the Natural
Heritage Network.
ITIS Reports-- ITIS (the Integrated Taxonomic Information System) is a source for
authoritative taxonomic information on plants, animals, fungi, and microbes of North
America and the world.
FWS Digital Media Library -- The U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's National Digital Library is a
searchable collection of selected images, historical artifacts, audio clips, publications, and
video." +

IPaC
U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
IPaC resource list
This report is an automatically generated list of species and other resources such as critical habitat
(collectively referred to as trust resources) under the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service's (USFWS)
jurisdiction that are known or expected to be on or near the project area referenced below. The list
may also include trust resources that occur outside of the project area, but that could potentially be
directly or indirectly affected by activities in the project area. However, determining the likelihood
and extent of effects a project may have on trust resources typically requires gathering additional
site -specific (e.g., vegetation/species surveys) and project -specific (e.g., magnitude and timing of
proposed activities) information.
Below is a summary of the project information you provided and contact information for the USFWS
office(s) with jurisdiction in the defined project area. Please read the introduction to each section
that follows (Endangered Species, Migratory Birds, USFWS Facilities, and NWI Wetlands) for
additional information applicable to the trust resources addressed in that section.
Location
McDowell County, North Carolina
Local office
Asheville Ecological Services Field Office
L [phone]
[phone]
160 Zillicoa Street
Asheville, NC 28801-1082
http://www.fws.gov/nc-es/es/countyfr. html

Endangered species
This resource list is for informational purposes only and does not constitute an analysis of
project level impacts.
The primary information used to generate this list is the known or expected range of each species.
Additional areas of influence (AOI) for species are also considered. An AOI includes areas outside of
the species range if the species could be indirectly affected by activities in that area (e.g., placing a
dam upstream of a fish population even if that fish does not occur at the dam site, may indirectly
impact the species by reducing or eliminating water flow downstream). Because species can move,
and site conditions can change, the species on this list are not guaranteed to be found on or near
the project area. To fully determine any potential effects to species, additional site -specific and
project -specific information is often required.
Section 7 of the Endangered Species Act requires Federal agencies to "request of the Secretary
information whether any species which is listed or proposed to be listed may be present in the area
of such proposed action" for any project that is conducted, permitted, funded, or licensed by any
Federal agency. A letter from the local office and a species list which fulfills this requirement can
only be obtained by requesting an official species list from either the Regulatory Review section in
IPaC (see directions below) or from the local field office directly.
For project evaluations that require USFWS concurrence/review, please return to the IPaC website
and request an official species list by doing the following:
1. Draw the project location and click CONTINUE.
2. Click DEFINE PROJECT.
3. Log in (if directed to do so).
4. Provide a name and description for your project.
5. Click REQUEST SPECIES LIST.
Listed species'- and their critical habitats are managed by the Ecological Services Program of the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) and the fisheries division of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration (NOAA Fisheries-Z).
Species and critical habitats under the sole responsibility of NOAA Fisheries are not shown on this
list. Please contact NOAA Fisheries for species under their jurisdiction.
1. Species listed under the Endangered Species Act are threatened or endangered; IPaC also shows
species that are candidates, or proposed, for listing. See the listing status page for more
information. IPaC only shows species that are regulated by USFWS (see FAQ).
2. NOAA Fisheries, also known as the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS), is an office of the
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration within the Department of Commerce.
The following species are potentially affected by activities in this location:
Mammals
NAME STATUS

Gray Bat Myotis grisescens
Wherever found
No critical habitat has been designated for this species.
http //ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/6329
Northern Long-eared Bat Myotis septentrionalis
Wherever found
No critical habitat has been designated for this species.
http://ecos.fws.gov/ecW-5peci es/9045
Reptiles
NAME
Bog Turtle Clemmys muhlenbergii
No critical habitat has been designated for this species.
http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/6962
Insects
NAME
Monarch Butterfly Danaus plexippus
Wherever found
No critical habitat has been designated for this species.
htto://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/9743
Flowering Plants
NAME
Small Whorled Pogonia Isotria medeoloides
No critical habitat has been designated for this species.
http: //ecos. fws.gov/ecp/spec i es/1890
White Irisette Sisyrinchium dichotomum
Wherever found
No critical habitat has been designated for this species.
http://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/8097
Critical habitats
Endangered
Threatened
STATUS
SAT
i
STATUS
Candidate
STATUS
Threatened
Endangered
Potential effects to critical habitat(s) in this location must be analyzed along with the endangered
species themselves.
THERE ARE NO CRITICAL HABITATS AT THIS LOCATION.

Migratory birds
Certain birds are protected under the Migratory Bird Treaty Act! and the Bald and Golden Eagle
Protection Act?.
Any person or organization who plans or conducts activities that may result in impacts to migratory
birds, eagles, and their habitats should follow appropriate regulations and consider implementing
appropriate conservation measures, as described below.
1. The Migrato Birds Treaty Act of 1918.
2. The Bald and Golden Eagle Protection Act of 1940.
Additional information can be found using the following links:
• Birds of Conservation Concern http://www.fws.gov/birds/management/mana ged-species/
birds-of-conservation-concern.php
• Measures for avoiding and minimizing impacts to birds
http://www.fws.gov/birds/ma nagement/project-assessment-tools-and-guidance/
conservation-measu res.ph p
• Nationwide conservation measures for birds
htp://www.fws.gov/migratorybirds/pdf/management/nationwidestandardconservationmeasures.pdf
The birds listed below are birds of particular concern either because they occur on the USFWS Birds
of Conservation Concern (BCC) list or warrant special attention in your project location. To learn
more about the levels of concern for birds on your list and how this list is generated, see the FAQ
below. This is not a list of every bird you may find in this location, nor a guarantee that every bird on
this list will be found in your project area. To see exact locations of where birders and the general
public have sighted birds in and around your project area, visit the E-bird data mapping tool (Tip:
enter your location, desired date range and a species on your list). For projects that occur off the
Atlantic Coast, additional maps and models detailing the relative occurrence and abundance of bird
species on your list are available. Links to additional information about Atlantic Coast birds, and
other important information about your migratory bird list, including how to properly interpret and
use your migratory bird report, can be found below.
For guidance on when to schedule activities or implement avoidance and minimization measures to
reduce impacts to migratory birds on your list, click on the PROBABILITY OF PRESENCE SUMMARY at
the top of your list to see when these birds are most likely to be present and breeding in your
project area.
NAMEBR . ........_._...._......._...... .._._..........................
BREEDING SEASON IS INDICATED
....... _........_................................................................
FOR A BIRD ON YOUR LIST, THE
BIRD MAY BREED IN YOUR
_._.. ...........I._.. ....................
PROJECT AREA SOMETIME WITHIN
._.........._._._...................._................................-.-................._..
THE TIMEFRAME SPECIFIED.
WHICH IS A VERY LIBERAL
ESTIMATE MATE . _...._......... ...... _...............................
......._
WHICH THE BIRD BREEDS
...........................-........... _._...........................
ACROSS ITS ENTIRE RANGE.
....................................-_-_..........__.............._ ........

"BREEDS ELSEWHERE" INDICATES
.............................................................................................................
THAT THE BIRD DOES NOT LIKELY
BREED IN YOUR PROJECT AREA.)
Bald Eagle Haliaeetus leucocephalus Breeds Sep 1 to Aug 31
This is not a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) in this area, but
warrants attention because of the Eagle Act or for potential
susceptibilities in offshore areas from certain types of development
or activities.
hht p://ecos.fws.gov/ecp/species/1626
Canada Warbler Cardellina canadensis Breeds May 20 to Aug 10
This is a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) throughout its range in
the continental USA and Alaska.
Eastern Whip -poor -will Antrostomus vociferus
This is a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) throughout its range in
the continental USA and Alaska.
Prothonotary Warbler Protonotaria citrea
This is a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) throughout its range i
,on
the continental USA and Alaska. p�.
Wood Thrush Hylocichla mustelina �
This is a Bird of Conservation Concern (BCC) throughout its range in
the continental USA and Alaska.
Probability of Presence Summary
Breeds May 1 to Aug 20
Breeds Apr 1 to Jul 31
Breeds May 10 to Aug 31
The graphs below provide our best understanding of when birds of concern are most likely to be
present in your project area. This information can be used to tailor and schedule your project
activities to avoid or minimize impacts to birds. Please make sure you read and understand the FAQ
"Proper Interpretation and Use of Your Migratory Bird Report" before using or attempting to
interpret this report.
Probability of Presence (t)
Each green bar represents the bird's relative probability of presence in the 10km grid cell(s) your
project overlaps during a particular week of the year. (A year is represented as 12 4-week months.)
A taller bar indicates a higher probability of species presence. The survey effort (see below) can be
used to establish a level of confidence in the presence score. One can have higher confidence in the
presence score if the corresponding survey effort is also high.
How is the probability of presence score calculated? The calculation is done in three steps:
The probability of presence for each week is calculated as the number of survey events in the
week where the species was detected divided by the total number of survey events for that
week. For example, if in week 12 there were 20 survey events and the Spotted Towhee was
found in 5 of them, the probability of presence of the Spotted Towhee in week 12 is 0.25.

2. To properly present the pattern of presence across the year, the relative probability of presence
is calculated. This is the probability of presence divided by the maximum probability of presence
across all weeks. For example, imagine the probability of presence in week 20 for the Spotted
Towhee is 0.05, and that the probability of presence at week 12 (0.25) is the maximum of any
week of the year. The relative probability of presence on week 12 is 0.25/0.25 = 1; at week 20 it is
0.05/0.25 = 0.2.
3. The relative probability of presence calculated in the previous step undergoes a statistical
conversion so that all possible values fall between 0 and 10, inclusive. This is the probability of
presence score.
To see a bar's probability of presence score, simply hover your mouse cursor over the bar.
Breeding Season( )
Yellow bars denote a very liberal estimate of the time -frame inside which the bird breeds across its
entire range. If there are no yellow bars shown for a bird, it does not breed in your project area.
Survey Effort (q
Vertical black lines superimposed on probability of presence bars indicate the number of surveys
performed for that species in the 10km grid cell(s) your project area overlaps. The number of
surveys is expressed as a range, for example, 33 to 64 surveys.
To see a bar's survey effort range, simply hover your mouse cursor over the bar.
No Data (—)
A week is marked as having no data if there were no survey events for that week.
Survey Timeframe
Surveys from only the last 10 years are used in order to ensure delivery of currently relevant
information. The exception to this is areas off the Atlantic coast, where bird returns are based on all
years of available data, since data in these areas is currently much more sparse.
SPECIES
Bald Eagle
Non -BCC
Vulnerable (This is
- ...........................
not a Bird of
Conservation
Concern (BCC) in
...............................................
this area, but
warrants attention
because of the
Eagle Act or for
...........................................
potential
.1..........I ........
susceptibilities in
offshore areas
from certain types
.....
of development or
activities.)
■ probability of presence
JAN FEB MAR APR MAY JUN
breeding season I survey effort — no data
JUL AUG SEP OCT
NOV DEC

Canada Warbler
BCC Rangewide
(CON) (This is a
........................... ___.....
Bird of
Conservation
Concern (BCC)
t
_... r _...........'---'-its
hroughout its
range in the
._..........I.._ ................
continental USA
and Alaska.)
Eastern Whip -
poor -will
BCC Rangewide
(CON) (This is a
_ ...................................._..
Bird of
Conservation
Concern (BCC)
throughout its
range in the
continental USA
.........................................
and Alaska.)
Prothonotary
Warbler
BCC Rangewide
(CON).(This is a
Bird of
Conservation
Concern (BCC)
throughout .its
range .in.the
continental USA
. -_..............-._. .....
and Alaska.)
Wood Thrush
BCC Rangewide
(CON) (This is a
Bird of
Conservation
....................... ...
Concern (BCC)
throughout its
--_............_....- .............
range in the
continental USA
and Alaska.)
�oW44
---- ---- --- IIII IBI NN NII 3\\000
--- ----
f
n
Tell me more about conservation measures I can implement to avoid or minimize impacts to migratory birds.
Nationwide Conservation Measures describes measures that can help avoid and minimize impacts to all birds at
any location year round. Implementation of these measures is particularly important when birds are most likely to
occur in the project area. When birds may be breeding in the area, identifying the locations of any active nests and
avoiding their destruction is a very helpful impact minimization measure. To see when birds are most likely to
occur and be breeding in your project area, view the Probability of Presence Summary. Additional measures or
permits may be advisable depending on the type of activity you are conducting and the type of infrastructure or
bird species present on your project site.
What does IPaC use to generate the migratory birds potentially occurring in my specified location?
The Migratory Bird Resource List is comprised of USFWS Birds of Conservation Concern (BCC) and other species
that may warrant special attention in your project location.

The migratory bird list generated for your project is derived from data provided by the Avian Knowledge Network
(AKN). The AKIN data is based on a growing collection of survey., banding, and citizen science datasets and is
queried and filtered to return a list of those birds reported as occurring in the 10km grid cell(s) which your project
intersects, and that have been identified as warranting special attention because they are a BCC species in that
area, an eagle (Eagle Act requirements may apply), or a species that has a particular vulnerability to offshore
activities or development.
Again, the Migratory Bird Resource list includes only a subset of birds that may occur in your project area. It is not
representative of all birds that may occur in your project area. To get a list of all birds potentially present in your
project area, please visit the AKIN Phenol ogy Tool.
What does IPaC use to generate the probability of presence graphs for the migratory birds potentially
occurring in my specified location?
The probability of presence graphs associated with your migratory bird list are based on data provided by the
Avian Knowledge Network (AKN). This data is derived from a growing collection of survey., banding, and citizen
science datasets .
Probability of presence data is continuously being updated as new and better information becomes available. To
learn more about how the probability of presence graphs are produced and how to interpret them, go the
Probability of Presence Summary and then click on the "Tell me about these graphs" link.
How do I know if a bird is breeding, wintering, migrating or present year-round in my project area?
To see what part of a particular bird's range your project area falls within (i.e. breeding, wintering, migrating or
year-round), you may refer to the following resources: The Cornell Lab of Ornithology All About Birds Bird Guide. or
(if you are unsuccessful in locating the bird of interest there), the Cornell Lab of Ornithology Neotropical Birds
guide. If a bird on your migratory bird species list has a breeding season associated with it, if that bird does occur
in your project area, there may be nests present at some point within the timeframe specified. If "Breeds
elsewhere" is indicated, then the bird likely does not breed in your project area.
What are the levels of concern for migratory birds?
Migratory birds delivered through IPaC fall into the following distinct categories of concern:
1. "BCC Rangewide" birds are Birds of Conservation Concern (BCC) that are of concern throughout their range
anywhere within the USA (including Hawaii, the Pacific Islands, Puerto Rico, and the Virgin Islands);
2. "BCC - BCR" birds are BCCs that are of concern only in particular Bird Conservation Regions (BCRs) in the
continental USA; and
3. "Non -BCC - Vulnerable" birds are not BCC species in your project area, but appear on your list either because
of the Eagle Act requirements (for eagles) or (for non -eagles) potential susceptibilities in offshore areas from
certain types of development or activities (e.g. offshore energy development or longline fishing).
Although it is important to try to avoid and minimize impacts to all birds, efforts should be made, in particular, to
avoid and minimize impacts to the birds on this list, especially eagles and BCC species of rangewide concern. For
more information on conservation measures you can implement to help avoid and minimize migratory bird
impacts and requirements for eagles, please see the FAQs for these topics.
Details about birds that are potentially affected by offshore projects
For additional details about the relative occurrence and abundance of both individual bird species and groups of
bird species within your project area off the Atlantic Coast, please visit the Northeast Ocean Data Portal. The Portal
also offers data and information about other taxa besides birds that may be helpful to you in your project review.
Alternately, you may download the bird model results files underlying the portal maps through the NOAA NCCOS
Integrative Statistical Modeling and Predictive MaRpjpg of Marine Bird Distributions and Abundance on the Atlantic
Outer Continental Shelf project webpage.

Bird tracking data can also provide additional details about occurrence and habitat use throughout the year,
including migration. Models relying on survey data may not include this information. For additional information on
marine bird tracking data, see the Diving Bird Stud v and the nanotag studies or contact Caleb Spiegel or Pam
Loring.
What if I have eagles on my list?
If your project has the potential to disturb or kill eagles, you may need to obtain a permit to avoid violating the
Eagle Act should such impacts occur.
Proper Interpretation and Use of Your Migratory Bird Report
The migratory bird list generated is not a list of all birds in your project area, only a subset of birds of priority
concern. To learn more about how your list is generated, and see options for identifying what other birds may be
in your project area, please see the FAQ "What does IPaC use to generate the migratory birds potentially occurring
in my specified location". Please be aware this report provides the "probability of presence" of birds within the 10
km grid cell(s) that overlap your project; not your exact project footprint. On the graphs provided, please also look
carefully at the survey effort (indicated by the black vertical bar) and for the existence of the "no data" indicator (a
red horizontal bar). A high survey effort is the key component. If the survey effort is high, then the probability of
presence score can be viewed as more dependable. In contrast, a low survey effort bar or no data bar means a lack
of data and, therefore, a lack of certainty about presence of the species. This list is not perfect; it is simply a
starting point for identifying what birds of concern have the potential to be in your project area, when they might
be there, and if they might be breeding (which means nests might be present). The list helps you know what to
look for to confirm presence, and helps guide you in knowing when to implement. conservation measures to avoid
or minimize potential impacts from your project activities, should presence be confirmed. To learn more about
conservation measures, visit the FAQ "Tell me about conservation measures I can implement to avoid or minimize
impacts to migratory birds" at the bottom of your migratory bird trust resources page.
Facilities
National Wildlife Refuge lands
Any activity proposed on lands managed by the National Wildlife Refugp— system must undergo a
'Compatibility Determination' conducted by the Refuge. Please contact the individual Refuges to
discuss any questions or concerns.
THERE ARE NO REFUGE LANDS AT THIS LOCATION.
Fish hatcheries
THERE ARE NO FISH HATCHERIES AT THIS LOCATION.

Wetlands in the National Wetlands Inventory
Impacts to NWI wetlands and other aquatic habitats may be subject to regulation under Section 404
of the Clean Water Act, or other State/Federal statutes.
For more information please contact the Regulatory Program of the local U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers District.
THERE ARE NO KNOWN WETLANDS AT THIS LOCATION.
Data limitations
The Service's objective of mapping wetlands and deepwater habitats is to produce reconnaissance level
information on the location, type and size of these resources. The maps are prepared from the analysis of high
altitude imagery. Wetlands are identified based on vegetation, visible hydrology and geography. A margin of error
is inherent in the use of imagery; thus, detailed on -the -ground inspection of any particular site may result in
revision of the wetland boundaries or classification established through image analysis.
The accuracy of image interpretation depends on the quality of the imagery, the experience of the image analysts,
the amount and quality of the collateral data and the amount of ground truth verification work conducted.
Metadata should be consulted to determine the date of the source imagery used and any mapping problems.
Wetlands or other mapped features may have changed since the date of the imagery or field work. There may be
occasional differences in polygon boundaries or classifications between the information depicted on the map and
the actual conditions on site.
Data exclusions
Certain wetland habitats are excluded from the National mapping program because of the limitations of aerial
imagery as the primary data source used to detect wetlands. These habitats include seagrasses or submerged
aquatic vegetation that are found in the intertidal and subtidal zones of estuaries and nearshore coastal waters.
Some deepwater reef communities (coral or tuberficid worm reefs) have also been excluded from the inventory.
These habitats, because of their depth, go undetected by aerial imagery.
Data precautions
Federal, state, and local regulatory agencies with jurisdiction over wetlands may define and describe wetlands in a
different manner than that used in this inventory. There is no attempt, in either the design or products of this
inventory, to define the limits of proprietary jurisdiction of any Federal, state, or local government or to establish
the geographical scope of the regulatory programs of government agencies. Persons intending to engage in
activities involving modifications within or adjacent to wetland areas should seek the advice of appropriate federal,
state, or local agencies concerning specified agency regulatory programs and proprietary jurisdictions that may
affect such activities.

no
osscu(t-11r�
Gam% `J �`
uu t pnv J
vet r
N
West Brooke Dave JA Gyp
;1•�J i J.11• ], �`���• •Car/ r _ ��
e
e D"ri�.
Brook • Hicks C - a . op
` �� •+ �" , _.. "._ Mountain Mist Mine` \ i 1l r• ���, ,
� is • c
KV
r , step
SCALE 1:12000
0 1000 2000 3000
Feet

4 +' Y l r%
4• Y• t�i i++�� f + �' � # 4 F ' Y� + Y
AL
CD
r r+ r{
AtY �Y !+i" L
ir
-
trf. Y .-for .* #; psi*+•' t 'x ry - +
LV
fi
mw
44
''+ •� E Fr �{ * n. 'k 4' . x 1 {Y,. , t
IL
rig
44
dr
VW
.. 5
L 6+. � " , :t' + �a� . � j � 'i t �r S,�h- 1 / t _ r 1 7F• i
- �. K3F" i 1►-• y # _ * Y}� k 7y.r' r i'��=v� f.a•�rt}''" 'h '
+�y �. { � �{ r - y `t _�. Y ir� '�.'� • .��'yi Y �p,[x'y J1- • 'ice.. r
Yi 14 ! . -.�� • I r*= "''F } + y4. � � - f�� ��} �T,� l t�,.` `�S'++. 1�" .i�' IL,.� 1�, �
f Jan _ f �Y-{r`4�.`�?} +�? ri ia';`r�' r .•a 'r•'%'+' I + 'd-• •+•'y'r�T '
r � '�`l. '� f +'� �i4*, 5�,• 4 �e r 'I ,."�„ i k,•: r y ��y.
J ter- #e �4r. � c- I'+w�+ _ �` • � �. '.yam—,�G f ... ,y {'K rr` r # yr�' ��•,
�e=� r - . � b t � - � �i - 1. `.i�L,• i.. } "ter xi . �
's- -