Alamance Aggregates - Written Comments 1

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Judy Wehner
Division of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources
Department of Environmental Quality
Dear Ms. Wehner,
As a citizen of the Snow Camp community, I wish to express my profound disapproval of
a gravel pit/mine in our area. I was so very disturbed that our community was not notified
of this permit process until after the fact. That being said, I wish for you and the state to
consider these concerns I have.
I did as much research as I could, and quite honestly was thoroughly disgusted that a mine
could even be considered for our area. The pipeline, transmission lines, the aquifers,
pollution, the displacement of wildlife, and most disturbing, the closeness of this mine to
an elementary school.
As for the aquifers, I can't imagine you would consider this project since our community
is dependent on wells for water. This mine will displace our water and most likely, pollute
waters on that property and other's. I remember the exceptional drought we had in 2005, it
lasted several years in varying severity. I know many families had to drill new wells due to
their wells drying up. If the aquifers are depleted, this will affect wells around the entire
area.Not to mention the quality of water.
As for the school, do you realize that dust and particulates can and will get into the
air/heat/duct systems of the school (andhomes) and that this dust will not be able to be
cleaned out? From my research, it STAYS there. It will also accumulate on ceilings, walls,
carpets, flooring, outdoor play equipment, etc. Do you really want young children
breathing this? That silica, once in your lungs can't be removed and will cause health
problems. This, in and of itself, should disturb you so much that you would stop this
permit, and protect our children.
Almost all of the equipment used in mining and it's transportation is diesel. These fumes
will cause additional pollution. How in the world, between the dust and diesel fumes are
these children supposed to be able to play outside?? Not to mention, they will enter the
building through heattair systems, open windows, and doors. The dust will accumulate on
outdoor play equipment, cars, trees, and so much more.
What if the blasting causes the foundation of this school to deteriorate? What if a blast
causes a partial collapse? I really worry about the structural integrity of this school and
surrounding homes.

Have you considered sinkholes? I've read that they can occur before, during, or even after
the mine is closed.
I want to know how well financed this company is. Do they have capital reserves to pay
for damages to homes, schools, churches, farm crops, trees, etc? How much insurance are
they required to have to cover these and more problems? What will the STATE do to
compensate same?
The Revolutionary War was fought in this area. Many families in this area are descendents
of those patriots. We are strong, we will stick together, and will demand protection from
those that try to bring harm and disfigure our community.
Regards,
03�� m oa fs Ch Ape( Oem,k,-�
C,RAh A,n, NC a 7a�

12/5/2018 Letter to Judy Wehner
From: kathydove<[e-mail]>
To: nosnowcampmine<[e-mail]>
Subject: Letter to Judy Wehner
Date: Wed, Dec 5,2018 5:26 pm
Dear Ms.Wehner,
As a citizen of the Snow Camp community, I wish to express my profound disapproval of a gravel pit/mine in our area. I was
so very disturbed that our community was not notified of this permit process until after the fact. That being said, I wish for you
and the state to consider these concerns I have.
I did as much research as I could,and quite honestly was thoroughly disgusted that a mine could even be considered for our
area. The pipeline, transmission lines, the aquifers, pollution,the displacement of wildlife, and most disturbing, the closeness
of this mine to an elementary school.
As for the aquifers, I can't imagine you would consider this project since our community is dependent on wells for water.This
mine will displace our water and most likely, pollute waters on that property and other's. 1 remember the exceptional drought
we had in 2005, it lasted several years in varying severity. I know many families had to drill new wells due to their wells drying
up. If the aquifers are depleted, this will affect wells around the entire area. Not to mention the quality of water.
As for the school, do you realize that dust and particulates can and will get into the air/heat/duct systems of the school (and
homes)and that this dust will not be able to be cleaned out? From my research, it STAYS there. It will also accumulate on
ceilings, walls,carpets, flooring, outdoor play equipment, etc. Do you really want young children breathing this?That silica,
once in your lungs can't be removed and will cause health problems.This, in and of itself,should disturb you so much that
you would stop this permit, and protect our children.
Almost all of the equipment used in mining and it's transportation is diesel.These fumes will cause additional pollution. How in
the world, between the dust and diesel fumes are these children supposed to be able to play outside??Not to mention, they
will enter the building through heattair systems,open windows, and doors.The dust will accumulate on outdoor play
equipment, cars, trees, and so much more.
What if the blasting causes the foundation of this school to deteriorate?What if a blast causes a partial collapse? I really
worry about the structural integrity of this school and surrounding homes.
Have you considered sinkholes? I've read that they can occur before,during, or even after the mine is closed.
I want to know how well financed this company is. Do they have capital reserves to pay for damages to homes,schools,
churches,farm crops,trees,etc?How much insurance are they required to have to cover these and more problems?What
will the STATE do to compensate same?
The Revolutionary War was fought in this area. Many families in this area are descendents of those patriots.We are strong,
we will stick together, and will demand protection from those that try to bring harm and disfigure our community.
Regards,

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OXAI CA
MINE
Help us protect your water wells
and your rights to clean air !
What: Public hearing regarding a crushed stone mine in
Snow Camp
Where: Sylvan Elementary School Gymnasium
7718 Sylvan Rd, Snow Camp, NC
When: Wednesday December 51h at 7:00pm
Mining operations can :
- Drop the water level in residential wells
- Pollute ground water and streams
- Release clouds of dust particles containing known
carcinogens
This can impact you, even miles away from the mine!
Contact: 4 e.
y
S
Lhttp://nosnowcampmine.com
[e-mail] '- -
ebsite: r"
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12-05-2018
Mr.and Mrs.Jeffery Harrison
9058 Whitehouse Court
SNOW CAMP, NC 27349
Re:Alamance County Public Hearing held 12-05-2018
Dear Sir or Madam:
I am writing to inform you of my concerns that will significantly impact my family and I if the Alamance
Aggregates Cc succeeds in being allowed to open for business by the county we reside in, Alamance Co,
NC. I live in an area of Alamance County, near the Historical landmark of Snow Camp, where Alamance
Co has ties to our war history.
We are AGAINST having any Mining rock quarry operation right her in our very backdoor. Alamance
County needs to implement Zoning restrictions, so that any commercial business would have to follow
rules and specific locations where a business could operate in our beloved county that we call home.
We know that a rock quarry mining operation would pump an average of 500,000 gallons of water per
day from the area's aquafer.This would greatly impact the level of water in our area streams, Cape
River basin, and surrounding ponds and lakes.The biggest impact that my family and I would experience
would be that a mine so close to our home would drastically deplete our sole source of fresh water,
which is our well.The water being pulled by the mine would potentially reduce our well water levels so
much so,that we would have to dig our well deeper. Who would be responsible for our well being
contaminated or depleted of fresh water? I know, if the rock quarry were to contaminate our well,then
they would most definitely have a lawsuit on their hands by me and my family.
Our family well is 180 feet deep with a pace of 5 gallons per minute. Our water was recently tested for
quality prior to August 2018. We do not have the luxury of a town or county water line to tap-into,so
our well is of utmost importance for my family's fresh water source.
Thank you for your time and attention and this very important matter and I hope and pray that you will
NOT ALLOW Alamance Aggregates Co to build a Rock Quarry to mine rock in my backdoor.
Sincerely,
Jeffery and Tanya Harrison36 1

Dec. 5, 2018
8719 Lindley Mill Rd.
Snow Camp, NC 27349
To Whom It May Concern:
I am strongly opposed to the proposed quarry in Snow Camp. We have
lived in Snow Camp since 1981 . We are concerned about contamination of
our well and also any effect on our flow since the quarry would pump huge
amounts of water out of the ground. We are also concerned about pollution
of neighboring streams some of which run through our land; we would be
downstream of any pollution.
We're also concerned about the safety of children in Sylvan Elementary
School as it is located only a mile from the proposed site. These are small,
narrow rural roads and adding that many large trucks, etc. would contribute
to dangerous road conditions.
We are also concerned about the noise pollution and air pollution from the
site, especially in relation to the children at the school.
Please deny this permit for the proposed quarry.
Sincerely,
Mawy V.rrgI.,

12/5/18
Ronald B Mosley, PhD
Physicist (retired)
I have been asked to comment on possible adverse effects on the indoor air and ground water
quality from a proposed crush rock mining facility in Alamance County, NC. I understand that
the proposal is to mine granite to be crushed into gravel. I also understand that mining is to be
accomplished by basting the granite into manageable sized blocks to be crushed. I was also
told that large quantities of water would be pumped from the local aquafer to be used to wash
the gravel. The method of disposing of the dirty water was not disclosed.
I can see at least three potential problems that might present adverse effects on the quality of
Water and indoor air of surrounding residents.
1. Blasting could open transport pathways leading to increased radon levels in nearby
homes.
2. These new transport pathways (such as cracks and crevices could lead to radon
contamination in local wells.
3. If too much water is removed from the aquafers, local wells could become
contaminated with radon or other chemicals, or the wells could go dry. If the used
water is re-injected into the aquafers, there is potential for other finds of contamination
of the residential wells. I understand that private wells are the only sources of water in
this community.
My Background and experience with radon in soil, indoor air and ground water:
I was a Senior Research Scientist in the Air Pollution Prevention and Control Division of The
National Risk Management Research Laboratory of the Environmental Protection Agency in
Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27711 for 25 years. About 20 years were spent
researching the production and transport of radon from soil into the indoor air environment.
Well water is one of the sources of indoor radon.
The primary risk from radon in lung cancer. There are several secondary risks of cancer in other
major organs of the body. Radon is a decay product of radium which in turn is a decay product
of the uranium decay series. Radon is the only element of the decay chain that is a gas. It is a
known geological fact that radium preferentially accumulates in granite formations. That's why
some of the highest indoor radon values occur in the Redding Prong area (a very large granite
formation covering several states) in the northeast.

Ron and Susan Wofford
7144 Virginia Lamm Drive
Graham,NC 27253
336-693-5962 [e-mail]
12-05-18
Judy Wenner
Division of Energy,Mineral and Land Resources
Department of Environmental Quality
1612 Mail Service Center
Raleigh,NC 27699-1612
Dear Judy Wenner,
My husband and I would like to discuss why we are against having the Snow Camp Mining
project in our community. There are several very serious concerns that will threaten the
health of our family,children, schools,churches,pets,water,businesses,food and the
environment including the air we breathe every day.
First of all,we moved from Los Angeles,CA to North Carolina for better quality of life and
better air quality. Our son had to have breathing treatments every winter when we lived in
Los Angeles due to having reactive airway disease. This has resolved completely since we
moved here. The airborne particles from a new quarry has the potential to not only trigger
respiratory problems such as this but could also cause cancer,COPD, emphysema,etc. My
husband and I both work in local hospitals and take care of patients with these chronic lung
issues and are in the hospital constantly.We do not want this exposure nor do we want a
school full of children and adults to be breathing in all these life threatening particles on a
daily basis.
In addition to the health hazards,there is also potential for damage to our well or water
contamination if there was a rupture or explosion of the pipeline.This would not only affect
thousands of people's water supply,but would also be expensive to repair. As a
homeowner,we do not feel that is an expense that we should take on in the event that this

occurs. Furthermore,it is not known how much water the mining company would need
and if this would affect our water supply. According to raintreecounty.com,mines in New
Mexico are supposed to be regulated by the State Engineer's Office. However,most
aggregate and stone mines have little or no oversight from the state so the actual amount of
water used is unknown.The permit application apparently indicates that there will be
digging to a depth of 325 feet and will be pumping out up to 500,000 gallons of water per
day! How could this be supported without impacting our current water supply?
Raintreecounty.com also indicates that the potential cumulative impacts from the
development of a typical sand and gravel mine are:
--dust and diesel fumes generated on the haul road to and from the mine.
--fugitive dust blowing from the uncovered or partially covered dump trucks
--fugitive dust from poorly monitored crushers and out-of-compliance operations
—fugitive dust from piles of sand and gravel at the construction sites
—fugitive dust from the spreading of sand and gravel at the construction site,whether
highway or building construction
—increased traffic(highways)or population(building construction)with a concomitant
increase in air pollution from more vehicles(highways and rural roads) and more disturbed
land(building construction)
—increased air pollution from some sand and gravel mines after they are abandoned and
until natural re-vegetation stabilizes the surface soil
In summary,as a member of this community,we feel strongly that there are several denial
criteria met regarding the Mining Act of 1971 to deny the permit for the Snow Camp mine.
Sincerely,
Ikon and Susan Wofford
2

Judy Wehner
Division of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources
Department of Environmental Quality
1612 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1612
Dear Judy Wehner,
I live in Snow Camp, NC on Holman Mill Rd and below are the main reasons I believe this mine is a disastrous
idea:
1. The close proximity to the Colonial Pipeline is a major reason.The pipeline was not installed with the
precautionary safety measures to be located next to a blasting site which could pose a major issue if
operations take place
2. The fire departments and firefighters do not have the necessary funding or training to safely handle
explosions or mining accidents.They are all volunteers.
3. The known and proven carcinogenic air and ground water/stream pollution created by these operations!
Cane creek runs the entire length of my property and is one mile from the mine site.
4. In regard to the air pollution, I have a family history of lung cancer with those family members.being
NON-smokers.
5. We run a USDA licensed wildlife rescue facility,Wild Tails, LLC at the Holman Mill Rd. address,with the
air quality effects and pollution being a major concern and risk to the animals at this wildlife center.
6. In addition,the half a million gallons of water being used a day by the operation is extremely concerning
for flooding hazards on all riverside properties. We flooded in both Hurricanes this year and in the heavy
rainfall we saw in early November.
7. The excessive water usage by this operation is also a major concern with irreversible depletion and
damage to the aquafers and wells that depend on them, including my well.
8. Located on my property are the remaining brick and stone walls of Holman Mill,which is greatly valued
by the community of Snow Camp as part of our history.These walls are already unstable and leaning
without reinforcement and the blasting that is one mile from this historic site threatens the stability of
these ruins.
9. Sylvan Elementary School is less than 2 miles from the mine site, posing an imminent and constant
danger to the students and teachers attending this school.
10. The permanent and devastating damage done to the land and ecosystem by this mining operation will
prevent Alamance County from growing as a community.This is not the type of business Alamance
county is loved for and has seen tremendous growth in families and farmers who have a passion for
preserving our rural community.
With so many risks and dangers this mine poses to this community, 1-feel the underhandedness and secrecy of
the whole process is reason enough to be extremely concerned for the safety of Snow Camp's residents.Thank
you.
Regards,
Robert Eck
6910 Holman Mill Rd.
Snow Camp, NC 27349

12-1-18
To Whom It May Concern:
I am writing to request that the permit for the Aggerates mine in Snow Camp not be approved.
This mine will have adverse effect on the potable ground water supplies and to the wildlife in this area.
This mine will affect wells and water quality of these wells in this area and I'm very concerned about my
well and the wells of my neighbors and surround communities.
This mine will also violate standards of air quality for me and my daughter and will greatly affect our
health as we both have chemical and environmental allergies which causes infections and severe
breathing problems(asthma)which could be fatal. The pollutants that will be put out in the air in this
area will cause major breathing problems for me and her.
This mine would also be a physical hazard to the health and safety of our neighbors,the local church and
the children's health which attend the school.
This mine would also create a major disaster if the gas pipeline has a rupture or explosion as the pipeline
is just across the road from me a major leak or rupture would contaminate the air with enormous
amounts of Carbon monoxide which could kill a lot of people or leave those people with major health
issue that they would never recover from if exposed.I know the effect that carbon monoxide can have
from a family member who has suffered from its effects. A rupture would also contaminate all water
sources around. If there were to be an explosion that would bring major devastation to the surrounding
home and this community. A explosion could wipe out this community.
Please do not grant this permit as we wish to keep the water and the air quality as clean as possible so
that the wildlife,the neighbors,the business and all can continue to live life to its fullest. If this mine
passed it will bring devastation to the air quality,the water and the health of the members of this
community.
Sincerely,
Rr"ta rifiaepK .
Euggree=wNWrrarns�.
Tabitha:Wiffiame � —'
22-16.CQuakenbush Rd.
Snow Camp, NC 27349

Dec. 5, 2018
8719 Lindley Mill Rd.
Snow Camp, NC 27349
To Whom It May Concern:
I am concerned about the safety of children in Sylvan Elementary School
as it is located only a mile from the proposed site. These are small, narrow
rural roads and adding that many large trucks, etc. would contribute to
dangerous road conditions.
I am also concerned about the noise pollution and air pollution from the
site, especially in relation to the children at the school.
I am strongly opposed to the proposed quarry in Snow Camp. We have
lived in Snow Camp since 1981 . We are concerned about contamination of
our well and also any effect on our flow since the quarry would pump huge
amounts of water out of the ground. We are also concerned about pollution
of neighboring streams some of which run through our land; we would be
downstream of any pollution.
Please deny this permit for the proposed quarry.
Sincerely,
George Nobfit

As land owners with property very close to the proposed site, we are quite concerned with
several issues.
1. Impact on the aquifer level and water quality- all residents are dependent on well water, as
you know
2. Destruction of air quality- this mining operation can introduce carcinogenic dust which can be
carried by the wind for miles. Even without the cancer-causing element, the dust itself is
problematic for those of us with pulmonary challenges.
3. Constant noise pollution. There will be frequent blasting, and constant operation of noisy
grinding machinery.
4. Road wear - Clark Road was recently resurfaced, and is already not the best of roads. Heavy
gravel trucks will surely damage any of the roads in this area.
5. Interference with the Gas line that runs through this property
6. Possible impact on the earth dam shared by all the land owners Soapstone Homeowners
Association.
The potential economic benefits of the mine are minimal for Alamance County, especially
considering that ownership is based in Wyoming, compared to the certain disastrous
consequences. Please help us stop this.
Susan Abernethy and Dennis Rasmussen
Paul Rasmussen and Ashley Beavers
1142 Soapstone Trail
Snow Camp, NC
Mailing address:
423 West Davis Street
Burlington NC 27215
336-214-1668

Judy Wehner Nov 30, 2018
Division of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources
Department of Environmental Quality
1612 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1612
Dear Ms.Wehner,
I wanted to express my concern over the proposed crushed stone mine that is targeted for southern
Alamance County near Snow Camp. I live about 1/2 mile from the proposed site on a 30 acre lake. My
wife and I have a 375 foot deep well that draws from the same aquifer that the mine will tap for its
operations. It is my understanding that the mine will draw close to 500,000 gallons per day which is
likely to require me to drill deeper at my own expense if the level of water drops-which I hear is
commonly the case in these situations. It is also possible-if not likely-that the lake level will drop
significantly as well. Many of my neighbors will be negatively impacted as they run farming operations
i.e.growing crops and raising livestock.
My wife has suffered from asthma for years and were are deeply concerned about air quality.This is one
of the reasons why we got this place in the country. My understanding is that surface mining operations
such as this generate a great deal of dust—which would certainly aggravate her asthma.
Allowing this to proceed would be a travesty.This part of the county has numerous organic farms,solar
energy farms, horse farms and progressive environmental advances that would face a setback if a
surface mining operation was approved.The inevitable dust, noise,wastewater,truck traffic, etc.are
better suited for an industrial zone rather than a bucolic country setting with farms and residents.The
Alamance County Commissioners failed to seek public feedback and let this permit slip through.
Hopefully this was an oversight and people like you at the state level can stop this development from
progressing any further.We are counting on you to see this for what it is and make the right call.
Thank you for"hearing me out".
From a concerned citizen,
David HundletTrail
837 Soapston
Snow camp, NC

Judy Wehner Nov 30, 2018
Division of Energy, Mineral and Land Resources
Department of Environmental Quality
1612 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1612
Dear Ms.Wehner,
I am deeply concerned about the proposed crushed stone mine that is within 1 mile of my home.
Having worked for the EPA,with a degree in Environmental Health, I know that the threat of air and
water contamination in the surrounding area is real.This project should not be approved. Had
Alamance County been open and transparent about the site,we would not be at this point. We depend
on the State to keep us safe.
I, personally,suffer from asthma. It is well documented that a mine of this type releases small
particulates that are a risk to respiratory systems. The reason we built in a pastoral area was for my
health.
We have just dug a 365 ft. well as our water source and have had it tested twice to assure that the water
is safe. We also share a 30 acre lake with neighbors that is clear and clean. Who will be responsible for
compromised and polluted water if this mine is allowed to operate?
There is no upside to this project except to a company out West. A heavy industrial business in the
middle-and I don't mean that metaphorically-of a rural residential area is reckless. This mine belongs
in an industrial area.
Please do not approve this site for mining.
Regards,
Tina Sutton Hundley
837 Soapstone Trail
Snow camp, NC

November 30, 2018
Dear Judy Wehner,
This letter is to voice the concern that my husband and I both
have over the proposed crushed stone quarry that has been
proposed in Snow Camp, North Carolina.
These are a few of the many concerns we have:
1. We believe the mining company is violating state rules.
2. We have a well and use well water in our home for our
personal use. We have major concerns that this mining
operation will destroy our potable water. We also use well
water for all our crops and animals.
3. We love Snow Camp because of the good clean air. I go
outside every morning and breath deep, this is my ritual, my
God given right. The mining operation will ruin this. No more
good clean air. There are carcinogens in the air after blasting.
Lots of them, and they are cancer causing. I have already had
cancer I don't want to get it again because of dirty air and
greedy people. What about the dust on the solar farm right
next door?? How about a little forward vision here??

4. Snow Camp is a small and loving community. Many of my
dear friends back yards border this blasting operation, so do
schools and churches. This will destroy their quality of life. It
will make roads unsafe. Unsafe for schools, churches, and
anyone who lives near the quarry.
5. Every river, stream, creek, spring and pond will be left
susceptible to sediment and acid water pollution.
6. Obviously you care nothing for wildlife, quality of life,
hazardous roads, big noisy dirty gravel trucks. Even worse,
you care nothing for the elderly, the poor, the infirm, the
children, the pets, the invalids.
7. Snow Camp is made up of small farms, dairy farms, chicken,
farm, goats farms, farmers who depend on farmers markets for
a living. They MUST have clean water and enough of it to
survive. With the plan of 500,000 gallons of water being
removed every day from the water table and used for a rock
quarry could put all of these people and animals in jeopardy.
Where will all that water go?? Oh right, into the creek right
behind my house, and to every creek and stream and ditch all
over Alamance county and eventually into the Haw river.
This is also planned to be put into the middle of a flood plain.
8. Most concerning of all is the Colonial Pipeline that runs
through the proposed Rock quarry as well as our local school.
There are also High Voltage Electric Transmission lines
running through the property.

9. My husband and I have both had cancer. We moved to Snow
Camp so we could live a more healthy lifestyle. So we could
grow our own food, raise our own chickens, milk our own
goats. To enjoy our God given rights to breath clean air and
drink clean water. Please do not let PURE GREED destroy this
beautiful lifestyle that we have worked hard to create for
ourselves.
If you let this crushed stone quarry operation into Alamance
county, then you should be the people who have to go and live
beside it. Please do not destroy our community. Do not allow
yourselves to be controlled by GREED.
Very concerned,
Ann Jackson
Steven Schre l

November 30, 2018
Dear Judy Wehner,
This letter is to voice the concern that my husband and I both
have over the proposed crushed stone quarry that has been
proposed in Snow Camp, North Carolina.
These are a few of the many concerns we have:
1. We believe the mining company is violating state rules.
2. We have a well and use well water in our home for our
personal use. We have major concerns that this mining
operation will destroy our potable water. We also use well
water for all our crops and animals.
3. We love Snow Camp because of the good clean air. I go
outside every morning and breath deep, this is my ritual, my
God given right. The mining operation will ruin this. No more
good clean air. There are carcinogens in the air after blasting.
Lots of them, and they are cancer causing. I have already had
cancer I don't want to get it again because of dirty air and
greedy people. What about the dust on the solar farm right
next door?? How about a little forward vision here??

4. Snow Camp is a small and loving community. Many of my
dear friends back yards border this blasting operation, so do
schools and churches. This will destroy their quality of life. It
will make roads unsafe. Unsafe for schools, churches, and
anyone who lives near the quarry.
S. Every river, stream, creek, spring and pond will be left
susceptible to sediment and acid water pollution.
6. Obviously you care nothing for wildlife, quality of life,
hazardous roads, big noisy dirty gravel trucks. Even worse,
you care nothing for the elderly, the poor, the infirm, the
children, the pets, the invalids.
7. Snow Camp is made up of small farms, dairy farms, chicken,
farm, goats farms, farmers who depend on farmers markets for
a living. They MUST have clean water and enough of it to
survive. With the plan of 500,000 gallons of water being
removed every day from the water table and used for a rock
quarry could put all of these people and animals in jeopardy.
Where will all that water go?? Oh right, into the creek right
behind my house, and to every creek and stream and ditch all
over Alamance county and eventually into the Haw river.
This is also planned to be put into the middle of a flood plain.
8. Most concerning of all is the Colonial Pipeline that runs
through the proposed Rock quarry as well as our local school.
There are also High Voltage Electric Transmission lines
running through the property.

9. My husband and I have both had cancer. We moved to Snow
Camp so we could live a more healthy lifestyle. So we could
grow our own food, raise our own chickens, milk our own
goats. To enjoy our God given rights to breath clean air and
drink clean water. Please do not let PURE GREED destroy this
beautiful lifestyle that we have worked hard to create for
ourselves.
If you let this crushed stone quarry operation into Alamance
county, then you should be the people who have to go and live
beside it. Please do not destroy our community. Do not allow
yourselves to be controlled by GREED.
Very concerned,
.Ann ,Jackson
Steven Schrenzel

890 Soapstone Trail
Snow Camp,NC 27349
December 5, 2018
Judy Wehner
Division of Energy,Mineral and Land Resources
Department of Environmental Quality
1612 Mail Service Center
Raleigh,NC 27699-1612
I am writing to address my concerns about the proposed crushed stone quarry in Snow Camp,
NC. One of my main concerns is the health effects of the various air pollutants associated with
quarry activities. In this letter,I hope to present the scientific facts that prove there are very
serious negative health effects on the neighborhoods adjacent a crushed stone quarry and that our
neighborhood is well within the range that would be affected.
I have received two scientific articles from two medical doctors who specialize in pulmonology
(a medical specialty that deals with diseases involving the respiratory tract) and will use excerpts
from them to make my case. The use of bold for emphasis was done by me. For evidence and
for your convenience,I will also attach the articles.
A. This first article details the health hazards associated with the particulates generated by
quarry activity.
Article title: Clinical Conditions Associated with Environmental Exposures.an Epidemiologic
Study in Two Communities in Juana Diaz,Puerto Rico
Authors: WILLIAM A. CALO,MPH,*RAFAEL QUINTANA, MPH,`IVAN CATONI, MPH,`
YARi VALLE,MPH,` JULIO J.ALVAREZ MPH;WANDA M. COLON MPH,* MARLA S.
DELGADO,MPH,*MAYRA ESTRELLA MPH,*AIDA L. GONZALEZ, MPH,*MARIA
KALLIS,MPH,'VIVIENNE M. MARRERO,MPH,` LEHIDA MELENDEZ MPH AIHA I.
MIRANDA MPH,`KAREN NIEVES.MPH, LYDIETTE OSORIO, MPH,`JOSS M.
RODRIGUEZ MPH,'AZALIA TORRES, MPH,*ERICK SUAREZ,Ph D,` and ANA P.
ORTIZ,MPH,Ph D't
Citation:
Published in final edited form as:
P R Health Sci J. 2009 Jun; 28(2): 126-134.
PMCID: PMC3885176
NII3MSID:NIHMS208706
PMID: 19530554
EXcemts:
"It is widely known that particulate matter pollutes the air and it is also associated with a variety
of adverse health effects in humans. These particulates can originate from stationary,mobile, or
natural sources and its effects on human health vary depending on its size.Particulate matter

<2.51tm µin [micrometer, or one millionth of a meter] in diameter(fine particulates; PM2.5)
and 10µm(coarse particulate; PM10)are strongly associated with respiratory diseases and
other adverse health effects in humans,including hypertension and cardiovascular
conditions,allergies and inflammatory reactions,and birth defects and deficiencies in child
development. In addition,the elderly and people with emphysema, asthma, and chronic heart
and lung diseases are especially sensitive to fine-particle pollution.Numerous studies have.
linked elevated particle levels in the air to increased hospital admissions,emergency room visits,
and premature deaths. Because children's lungs and respiratory systems are still developing,they
are also more susceptible than healthy adults to fine particles.
Rock extraction and truck transportation make quarry operation both a stationary and a
mobile source of particulate matter,respectively.A study from taiwan found high
concentrations of PM2.5 and PM10 in a quarry's neighbor surroundings. In Wales,IJK, a study
found rock particulates between PM2.5 and PM10 and PM2.5 soot particulates from the diesel
used in the explosions of a limestone quarry. In fact,a major source of soot particulate in
quarries is derived from the diesel exhaust of the trucks used to transport the extracted
minerals.Diesel engines emit a complex mixture of air pollutants,composed of a variety of
harmful gases and solid materials which include carbon particles and over 40 other known
cancer-causing substances.Also,trucks disperse particulates to the surroundings when they
transit the unpaved roads of quarries and from dispersion of their cargo.
Diesel exhaust and particulates from quarries are suspended in the air,thus exposure to these
pollutants occurs whenever a person breathes air that contains these substances.Those living or
spending time near the quarries or the roads with the diesel-truck traffic face exposure to higher
levels of particulate matter and may face higher health risks.Multiple studies have shown that
particulate matter pollution from quarry operation and diesel exhaust is associated with an
increase of several diseases such as heart diseases,respiratory diseases, and several types of
cancer.
Diesel exhaust is a complex mixture of thousands of gases and fine particulates that contain
nitrogen oxides that damage lung tissue, lower the body's resistance to respiratory infection,and
worsen respiratory diseases. The majority of diesel particulate matter is less than 1 Pin
[micrometer, or one millionth of a meter] in diameter and particulates from quarries range from
2.5 µin to 10 µin. In general,particles 10 µin or less in diameter can be inhaled into the lungs.
Chemicals adsorbed on particles can dissolve in the fluid lining the airways and then be absorbed
into the body. Research has shown that, in fact,average life expectancy can be reduced by
about 1.5 years,comparing the places with highest and lowest particulate matter levels and
a loss of about 14 years of life can be experienced among those people with high particulate
matter exposure.
Epidemiological studies and official reports by federal and state agencies have reported that short
exposure to particulate matter and diesel exhaust is sufficient to irritate the eyes,nose,throat,and
lungs, and may cause headaches, light-headedness,and nausea and vomiting. Exposure to
particulate matter from quarry operation or truck's diesel exhaust increases the risk of adverse
respiratory symptoms such as having cough without having a cold,wheezing,and tight chest. In
addition, exposure to particulate matter is associated with hospitalizations related to respiratory

problems and to children's school absences due to respiratory and other diseases. Children whose
schools are exposed to quarries have a higher possibility of having cough without having a cold
in comparison to those whose schools are not exposed. Particulate matter has an adverse
effect on the respiratory health of children even when their levels are below those
established by law and is associated with hospitalizations related to respiratory problems.
B. The next article is from Yuh-Chin T.Huang,M.D., M.H.S.,Professor of Medicine,
Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine,Duke University Medical Center. This
article is important because it illustrates how far from the quarry site the damaging particulates
travel. In Dr. Huang's transmittal email to me,he says "Stone crushing quarry will affect air
quality and its impact depending on how far are you from the site. I attached an article that
showed the relationship of distance from the site and air quality. There are others,but this is
most relevant. 2,400 feet is about 720 m, which is within the range that the effect on air quality is
seen." I had told Dr.Huang that as nearly as I can tell from the tax maps,my property is about
2,400 feet from the quarry site. The "Village"in the article is 5,000 meters (16,404 feet, 2.294
inches,or more than 3 miles)from the quarry site.
Article title: Air Quality Assessment in the Vicinity of Quarry Site
Authors: Babatunde Saheed Bada, Kofoworola Amudat Olatunde&Oluwafunmilayo Abidemi
AKande
Department of Environmental Management and Toxicology, Federal University of Agriculture,
Abeokuta, Ogun State,Nigeria
Citation: Published March 21, 2013 by Canadian Center of Science and Education
Ex_ cemts:
"This study investigated air pollutants associated with quarry activities and the variation of the
pollutants with distance from the drilling section. . . . Suspended particulates were the most
significant of the air pollutants analyzed.
Dust is the main source of air pollution in quarry industry. The extent of pollution by dust
depends on the local microclimate conditions,the concentration of dust particles in the ambient
air,the size of the dust particles and their chemistry. Dust has effect both on human health and
the natural environment. It can lead to chronic health effects for instance decreased lung capacity
and lung cancer resulting from long-term exposure to toxic air pollutants.
This is also in agreement with the prediction of the United State Environmental Protection
Agency(USEPA)that suspended particulate matter is quite outstanding among the pollutants
emanating from quarry operations(USEPA,2008).
The mean values of Total Suspended Particulates (TSP)in all the sampling locations [including
the Village which is 5,000 meters away,more than 3 miles) were higher than the permissible
level of 230 µg/m3 (World Bank, 1998). Particulate matter in the air are transported from
the point of generation to areas far removed(UNEP, 1991)."

The last sentence of their summary says "Inhabitant of the area where a quarry is to be sited
should be relocated to prevent the impact of the emissions generated by the quarry
industries on them."
It seems abundantly clear from scientific evidence that neighbors living anywhere near the
quarry site are going to be exposed to enough quarry dust and diesel soot to adversely affect their
health. There are several homes within range and several more planned. We have plans to build
a home on our property this next year,but doubt that we will proceed if the quarry goes in.
Snow Camp is a nice, old community and people want to live there. Please don't let Alamance
Aggregates, LLC ruin it. Snow Camp is a"community,"meaning that a group of several people
live there,with schools and churches and businesses. Surely there is a more suitable location for
a crushed stone quarry.
Respectfully, ��
KathyMcGhinni"s .Jj/
"Breath is the finest gift of nature. Be grateful for this wonderful gift."
Amit Ray
In 1556, Georgius Agricola noted the devastating effects of mining:
"of the detractors [of mining]that the fields are devastated by mining operations, for which
reason formerly Italians were warned by law that no one should dig the earth for metals and so
injure their very fertile fields,their vine yards, and their olive groves.Also they argue that the
woods and groves are cut down, for there is a need for an endless amount of wood for timbers,
machines, and the smelting of metals. And when the woods and groves are felled,then are
exterminated the beasts and birds,very many of which famish a pleasant and agreeable food for
man.Further, when the ores are washed,the water which has been used poisons the brooks and.
streams, and either destroys the fish or drives them away. Therefore the inhabitants of these
regions, on account of the devastation of their fields, woods,groves,brooks and rivers,find great
difficulty in procuring the necessaries of life,and by reason of the destruction of the timber they
are forced to greater expense in erecting buildings."

HHS Public Access
Autkor manuscmpt
Peer-recimed and accetted forpuhlwihon
s� r r r
P R Health Sci J.Author manuscript;available in PMC 2014 Jan 8. PMCID:PMC3885176
Published in final edited form as: NIHMSID: NIHMS208706
P R Health Sci J.2009 Jun;28(2): 126-134. PMID: 19530554
Clinical Conditions Associated with Environmental Exposures: an
Epidemiologic Study in Two Communities in Juana Diaz, Puerto Rico
WILLIAM A.CALO,MPH,*RAFAEL QUINTANA, MPH,*IVAN CATON],MPH,*YARI VALLE, MPH,*
�ULIO J ALVARE2J ALVAREZ,MPH,*WANDA M.COLbN, MPH,*MARLA S. DELGADO, MPH,*MAYRA ESTRELLA,
MPH,*AIDA L.GONZALEZ,MPH,'MARIA KALLIS,MPH,VIVIENNE M. MARRERO,MPH,*
LEHIDA MELENDEZ,MPH,*AISHA IAISHA I.MIRANDA,RANDA,MPH,*KAREN NIEVES, MPH,*LYDIETTE OSORIO, MPH
JOSS M.RODRIGUEZ, MPH,*AZALIA TORRES, MPH,*ERICK SUAREZ, Ph D,.and ANA P.ORTIZ,MPH, Ph
D't
University of Puerto Rico, medical Sciences Campus,Graduate School of Public Health, Biostatistics and
Epidemiology Department
tUniversity of Puerto Rico Cancer Center,Cancer Control and Population Sciences Program
Address correspondence to:Ana P. Ortiz, Ph D, University of Puerto Rico,Medical Sciences Campus,Graduate
School of Public Health, Biostatistics and Epidemiology Department,PO Box 365067,San.Juan PR
00936-5067,Tel:[phone] x-1471 •Fax: [phone] •as o aortiz�@rcm.uor.edu
Copyright notice
Abstract
Background
A population-based cross-sectional design was used to compare the prevalence of respiratory and
general symptoms and of respiratory and heart diseases in two communities of Juana Dfaz,Puerto Rico:
Guayabal,exposed to particulate matter from quarries and diesel exhaust,and Rio Callas Abajo,which
has no such exposure.
Methods
A probabilistic sampling design was used to obtain a representative sample of households and 288
residents of the selected households were interviewed.Adjusted PORs were estimated to assess the
relationship between diseases/symptoms and place of residence using logistic regression models. To
estimate the parameters of this model,a multilevel approach was used in order to control for potential
correlation among residents of the same block.
Results
A higher prevalence of general and respiratory symptoms and of respiratory diseases was observed for
residents of Guayabal when compared to Rio Callas Abajo(p<0.05).Residents of Guayabal were more
likely to have bronchitis(adjusted POR=5.5;p-value<0.05),nasal allergies(adjusted POR=4.2;
p-value=0.01),nasal congestion(adjusted POR=2.9;p-value=0.02),and nausea and vomiting(adjusted
POR=8.7;p-value<0.01).
I of 15 12/5/2018,2:52 PM

Conclusions
The perception of the community of Guayabal of a higher prevalence of symptoms and health
conditions was supported by the present findings. This study provides statistical evidence for the design
of an analytical epidemiologic study aimed at evaluating the potential effect of quarrying on adverse
health outcomes in the community of Guayabal,
Keywords;Environmental exposures,Quarries,Diesel exhaust,Respiratory diseases,Chronic diseases,
General symptoms
It is widely known that particulate matter pollutes the air and it is also associated with a variety of
adverse health effects in humans(1-2). These particulates can originate from stationary,mobile,or
natural sources and its effects on human health vary depending on its size L-4).Particulate matter
<2.5pm in diameter(fine particulates;PM2.5)and 10µm(coarse particulate;PM10)are strongly
associated with respiratory diseases and other adverse health effects in humans,including hypertension
and cardiovascular conditions,allergies and inflammatory reactions,and birth defects and deficiencies
in child development(1 54).In addition,the elderly and people with emphysema,asthma,and chronic
heart and lung diseases are especially sensitive to fine-particle pollution(7-9).Numerous studies have
linked elevated particle levels in the air to increased hospital admissions,emergency room visits,and
premature deaths(7,10).Because children's lungs and respiratory systems are still developing,they are
also more susceptible than healthy adults to fine particles 11-13 .
Rock extraction and truck transportation make quarry operation both a stationary and a mobile source of
particulate matter,respectively(14-17).A study from taiwan found high concentrations of PM2.5 and
PM10 in a quarry's neighbor surroundings( 4).In Wales,UK,a study found rock particulates between
PM2.5 and PM10 and PM2.5 soot particulates from the diesel used in the explosions of a limestone
quarry L5 .In fact,a major source of soot particulate in quarries is derived from the diesel exhaust of
the trucks used to transport the extracted minerals 18).Diesel engines emit a complex mixture of air
pollutants,composed of a variety of harmful gases and solid materials which include carbon particles
and over 40 other known cancer-causing substances 19-20).Also,trucks disperse particulates to the
surroundings when they transit the unpaved roads of quarries and from dispersion of their cargo
(16-17).
Diesel exhaust and particulates from quarries are suspended in the air,thus exposure to these pollutants
occurs whenever a person breathes air that contains these substances. Those living or spending time
near the quarries or the roads with the diesel-truck traffic face exposure to higher levels of particulate
matter and may face higher health risks 18,21-22).Multiple studies have shown that particulate matter
pollution from quarry operation and diesel exhaust is associated with an increase of several diseases
such as heart diseases,respiratory diseases,and several types of cancer L,7, 19,21).
Guayabal is a community in Juana Dfaz,Puerto Rico where three limestone and marble quarries are in
operation.Here,a single quarry may operate six days per week and have more than 200 diesel-truck
trips daily to transport the aggregates 23 .A study conducted two decades ago in another quarry
located in Puerto Rico documented that,although safety measures were taken in this quarry,dust and
particulates reached the surrounding communities 24 .Nevertheless,that study did not address the
impact of these exposures on the health of the persons living in the communities near the quarry.
Residents from Guayabal have expressed concerns about their health status and the presence of air
contamination in their neighborhoods(L3).Given the rising concern of community leaders regarding
the health status of their population and the limited epidemiological information related to health
conditions associated with exposure to particulate matter from quarries and truck's diesel exhaust in
Puerto Rico,a study that addresses this issue is highly warranted.The aim of this study was to evaluate
2 of 15 12/5/2018,2:52 PM

the association between exposure to particulate matter-from quarries and diesel exhaust-and the
prevalence of different clinical conditions and symptoms.
Methods
A population-based cross-sectional study of the non-institutionalized population residing in the
communities of Guayabal(exposed to operation of quarries)and Rio Caflas Abajo(unexposed
community)in the municipality of Juana Dfaz,Puerto Rico was conducted during the summer months
of2005.In order to determine the unexposed group,we considered the wind directions in the south
region of the Island.Meteorological data suggests that Rio Callas Abajo is not exposed to particulate
matter from quarries located at Guayabal or any other known significant source of air pollution due to
existing wind directions in this region of Puerto Rico(75).
Working Hypotheses
Given the presence of particulate matter from quarries in Guayabal,we assumed the following
hypotheses:
i.The prevalence of general and respiratory symptoms will be higher in the community of
Guayabal as compared with Rio Cafias Abajo.
H.The prevalence of respiratory diseases will be higher in the community of Guayabal as compared
with Rio Callas Abajo.
iii.The prevalence of chronic diseases(cardiovascular diseases,hypertension,and cancer)will be
higher in the community of Guayabal as compared with Rio Caflas Abajo.
Sampling design
A three-stage cluster sampling design was employed.In the fast stage,a systematic selection of
household blocks(primary sampling unit), according to the Census 2000,was made proportional to the
number of occupied households per block.The second stage consisted of a random selection of a
segment of four consecutive households from each selected block.In the third stage,an eligible adult
from each household was invited to participate in the study.In order to be eligible for the study,
participants must have lived,at least for three months previous to the interview in one of the two
communities.In order to answer the interview,household members must have been aged 18 years or
older and could not have any impairment that disallowed them from answering a face-to-face interview
about the health status of all household members.Information for those younger than 18 years of age
was obtained from their parents or legal tutors.Figure 1 shows that 97 of the 110 selected households
participated in the study,attaining an overall response rate of 88.2%(89.3%for Guayabal and 87.0%
for Rio Callas Abajo).The total number of individuals that participated in this study was 288; 155
(53.8%)from Guayabal and 133(46.2%)from Rio Cafias Abajo.
3 of 15 12/5/2018,2:52 PM

Study sample: 110 selected households
Guayabal (56) Rio Carus Abajo(54)
Household participation Household participation
hon Yes Yes Aloe
6 (10.7°ln) 50 (89.3%)
Total participating houses: 97($$.2°%)
Individual,.;that participated: n=2$$
r A_
Guayabal Rio Camas Abajo
155(53.$%) 133 (d6.2%)
*Reasons for not participating included that persons refused to participate,that
no adult was present to provide information,and that nobody was present in the
household at the times that the interviewers visited.
Open in a separate window
Figure 1
Flowchart of participants
Data Collection
Seventeen trained interviewers participated in the data collection process.In order to increase the
participation rate,residents from selected households were given a letter describing the study
procedures one week prior to the interviewer's visit.Households were visited a maximum of three
different occasions,in order to increase the contact of participants.After obtaining written informed
consent,all eligible subjects completed a structured face-to-face interview.No economic incentive was
offered to study participants.The Institutional Review Board at the University of Puerto Rico Medical
Sciences Campus approved the study protocol.All the information collected was stored in an electronic
database using Epi-Info(Version 6.04d,2001)and a re-entry quality control process was performed.
Study variables
The main predictor variable of the study was the community of residence,Guayabal versus Rio Callas
4 of 15 12/5/2018,2:52 PM

Abajo.Also,in order to assess their potential confounding effects,we collected information on the
following variables:demographic characteristics(age,sex,educational attainment,and block of
residence),lifestyle(smoking habits and physical activities),occupation(truck driver or construction
worker),pets in the house(dogs,cats,birds,and other animals),and household characteristics(curtains,
air conditioners,and rugs).A total of 19 outcome variables were studied including self-reported history
(yes/no)of general symptoms(headache,nausea and vomiting,vertigo/dizziness,loss of consciousness,
ocular discomfort,and movement difficulties);respiratory symptoms(shortness of breath,nasal
congestion,cough,wheezing,and tight chest);respiratory diseases(asthma,sinusitis,bronchitis,
laryngitis,nasal allergies,and pneumonia);and chronic diseases(cardiovascular diseases,hypertension,
and cancer).For general and respiratory symptoms,we collected information only for symptoms
experienceed during the 30 days prior to the interview.For respiratory and heart diseases,we collected
information only for conditions diagnosed by a physician during the time period the participants had
resided in the community.
Statistical analysis
To describe the study group,contingency tables were used.Initially,Guayabal and Rio Cafias Abajo
were compared by demographic and lifestyle characteristics and by self-reported general and respiratory
symptoms,respiratory diseases,and other chronic diseases.To assess these comparisons,the one-sided
p-value was computed to test the homogeneity of proportions using the Chi-square and the
hypergeometric probability distributions(fishers exact test) 26).Only those results showing statistical
significance in the bivariate analysis were considered for multivariate analysis.Thereafter,the
prevalence of these self-reported conditions were compared throughout the prevalence odds ratio
(POR),crude and adjusted,using the logistic regression model(l ogit(p) _,Bs+E fl;Xi,where Xl are
the predictors variables).The procedure to estimate the parameters was performed using a multilevel
approach to control for potential correlation among residents of the same household block(27).For
each disease and symptom,a one-sided interval was constructed with 95%confidence level to
determine the minimum expected value for the POR,as follows:TOR> J 1.64SB(p) where, is the
estimated community effect.If this minimum is greater than 1.0,it implies that there is statistical
evidence to conclude that the prevalence of a specific disease(or symptom)was higher in Guayabal as
compared with Rio Catias Abajo.All statistical analyses were performed using the statistical package
STATA(Version 9.0,College Station,TX,USA).
Results
Significant differences(p-value<0.001)were observed in the mean age of Guayabal residents(34.7 t
1.9 years)as compared to residents of Rio Cafias Abajo(38.8 f 1.8 years).In addition,the proportion of
elderly(65+years old)was higher in Rio Cafias Abajo,whereas the proportion of participants younger
than 18 years old was significantly higher(p-value=0.0484)in Guayabal Table I .The gender and
educational attainment distributions did not show significant differences(p-value>0.05)among studied
communities,nor was the prevalence of current smoking and physical inactivity(p-value>0.05).
However,the occupation in both communities showed different patterns(p-value<0.05)with more truck
drivers residing in Rio Cafias Abajo(6.8%)than in Guayabal(1.9%)and more construction workers
residing in Guayabal(10.3%)than in Rio Callas Abajo(3.8%).Despite these differences,the
occupation variables were not further analized,due to the small number of those positive responses.
Also,pets in the house and household characteristics were not considered as confounder variables given
that they did not statistically differ between both communities(data not shown).
5 of 15 12/5/2018,2:52 PM

Table t
Demographic and lifestyle characteristics by community
Demographic and lifestyles Guayabal n=155 P Rio Callas Abajo n=133 f
characteristics (%) (%) p-value
Gender 0.67
Male 73(47.1) 66(49.6)
Female 82(52.9) 67(50.4)
Age(years)§ <0.05°s
<18 48(31.2) 26(19.5)
1" 48(312) 52(39.1)
45-64 44(28.5) 34(25.6)
65+ 14(9.1) 21(15.8)
%tSD 34.7f1.9 38.8t1.8 <0.01 °
Educational attainmentt 0.66
Sixth grade or less 28(20.2) 33(26.0)
Seventh to ninth grade 16(11.5) 16(12.6)
Tenth to twelfth grade 63(45.3) 53(41.7)
College or bigher 32(23.0) 25(19.7)
Occupationtt
Truck driver 3(1.9) 9(6.8) 0.04
Construction worker 16(10.3) 5(3.8) 0.03
Current smoker" 39(25.2) 35(26.3) 0.82
Physical ivactivityt 90(61.3) 80(60.1) 0.84
Open in a separate window
'Using Chi-squared distribution for test of independence
"Exact p-value=0.0484
°iUnpaimd t-test
§One missing value from Guayabal(n=154)
Individuals with 5 years or less were excluded from the analysis(n=266)
ttindividuats with 18 years or less were excluded from the analysis(n=213)
Age was considered a potential confounder of the association between community of residence and the
outcome variables studied.To control for social differences within and between the communities,the
household block was also considered as a proxy of social strata and it was also considered as a potential
confounder.Therefore,we compared the self-reported diseases and symptoms between Guayabal and
Rio Callas Abajo,adjusting by age as a fixed factor and controlling the intra-social-strata correlation as
a random factor in the logistic regression models.
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Prevalence for the general symptoms of headache,nausea and vomiting,and vertigo/dizzines were
higher in Guayabal than in Rio Caflas Abajo(33.5%vs. 18.0%, 16.7%vs.2.3%,and 11.6%vs.6.0%,
respectively) Table 2),but only nausea and vomiting was more likely among Guayabal residents(POR
=8.7;95%CI:>2.7),after adjusting by age and controlling for the inra-social-strata correlation(
Table 3).Among the self-reported respiratory symptoms,nasal congestion had a higher prevalence in
Guayabal(29.7%)than in Rio Ca6as Abajo(12.8%)(p-value<0.001).After adjusting by age and
controlling for the intra-social-strata correlation,the odds of nasal congestion was also higher in
Guayabal(POR=2.9;95%Cl:>_1.4)than in the residents of Rio Caftas Abajo.No significant
differences were observed in the prevalence of the following symptoms between residents of both
communities:wheezing,thigh chest,shortness of breath,cough, loss of consciousness,ocular
discomfort,and movement difficulties(p-value>0.05).
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Table 2
Self-reported prevalence of general and respiratory symptoms,respiratory diseases,and chronic
diseases studied by community
k
Self-reported diseases and symptoms Gaayabal n=155 fi(%) Rio Cafias Abajo n=133 fi(%) p-value
General symptoms --...... _
Headache 52(33.5) 24(18.0) <0.01
Nausea and Vomitingt 26(16.7) 3(2.3) <0.01
Vertigo/dizziness 18(11.6) 8(6.0) <0.05$
Loss of consciousnesst 6(3.8) 4(3.0) 0.47
Ocular discomfort 28(18.1) 17(12.8) 0.11
Movement difficulties 10(6.5) 7(5.3) 0.33
Respiratory symptoms
Wheeling 12(7.7) 7(5.3) 0.20
Tight chest 17(11.0) 17(12.8) 0.32
Shortness of breath 18(11.6) 13(9.8) 0.31
Cough 28(18.1) 16(12.0) 0.08
Nasal congestion 46(29.7) 17(12.8) <0.01
Respiratory diseases
Asthma - 11(7.1) 14(10.5) 0.20
Sinusitis 19(12.3) 11(8.3) 0.13
Bronchitist 11(7.1) 2(1.5) 0.02
Pneumoniat - 2(1.3) 1(0.8) 0.58
Nasal allergies 26(16.8) 6(4.5) 0.01
Iaryngitist 4(2.6) 1(0.8) 0.24
Chronic Diseases
Cardiovascular diseases 9(5.8) 14(10.5) 0.07
Hypertension - 20(12.9) 28(21.1) 0.03
Cancer 2(1.3) 3(2.3) 0.86
Open in a separate window
One sided test to compare proportion using Normal distribution
"Exact p-value=0.0492
TFisher exact test
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Table 3
Prevalence odds ratios(POR)for self-reported diseases and symptoms to assess the community
effect
Self-reported diseases and POR Crodet(95% , POR Adjustedt(95%
p-value Cl) p-value
symptoms CI)
General symptoms -
Headache 1.9(>0.9) 0.17 2.0(>0.9) 0.14
Nausea and Vomiting 8.8 W.7) <0.01 8.7(>2.7) <0.01
Vertigo/DLainess 1.9(>0.7) 031 2.0(>0.7) 0.28
Respiratory symptoms
Nasal congestion 2.9(>13) 0.03 2.9(>-1.4) 0.02
Respiratory diseases
Bronchitis 5.5(>1.3) <0.05 5.5(>1.3) <0.05
Nasal allergies 4.1(>1.9) 0.01 2A(>1.9) 0.01
Chronic diseases
Hypertension 0.5(>0.3) 0.16 0.6(>0.3) 031
4One sided test(Guayabal prevalence's>Rio Callas Abajo prevalence's)
tAdjusted by sex and controlled by mtra-social-strata correlation using a logistic regression model with random
intercept.
Among respiratory diseases,the prevalence of self-reported bronchitis and nasal allergies were
statistically different between communities(p-value<0.05);with the prevalence of both nasal allergies
(16.8%)and bronchitis(7.1%)being higher in Guayabal than in Rfo Callas Abajo(4.5%and 1.5%,
respectively).when these comparisons were adjusted by age and controlled by intra-social-strata
correlation,both bronchitis(POR=5.5;95%Cl:> 1.3)and nasal allergies(POR=4.2;95%Cl:>_ 1.9)
maintained their statistical significance Table 3).Meanwhile,no differences between communities
were observed in the prevalence of the following respiratory diseases in the communities studied:
asthma,sinusitis,pneumonia,and laryngitis(p-value>0.05).
Regarding heart diseases,the prevalence of hypertension was actually lower in Guayabal(12.9%)than
in Rio Catias Abajo(21.1%)(p-value=0.03)in the bivariate analysis,although no differences were
observed in the prevalence of cardiovascular diseases.Nonetheless,after adjusting for age and
controlling the intra-social-strata correlation,no significant difference was observed in the likelihood of
hypertension between both communities(p-value>0.05).
Discussion
This is the lust epidemiological study that assesses the prevalence of clinical conditions associated with
environmental exposures related to quarry operation and diesel exhaust by truck traffic in Puerto Rico.
Our data revealed a higher prevalence for the majority of symptoms and diseases studied in the exposed
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community of Guayabal in comparison with the non-exposed community of Rio Callas Abajo.
Multilevel analysis showed that people living in Guayabal were more likely to have nausea and
vomiting(adjusted POR=8.7;p-value<0.01),nasal congestion(adjusted POR=2.9;p-value=0.02),
bronchitis(adjusted POR=5.5;p-value<0.05),and nasal allergies(adjusted POR=4.2;p-value.0.01)
than those residing in Rfo Callas Abajo.
While only a few years ago scientists could not explain the trends in health effects observed through
epidemiological studies of particulate matter pollution from a biological basis,there are now multiple
hypotheses to describe the mechanisms by which very small concentrations of inhaled particulate matter
can induce negative health effects(D. Clinical studies and animal models that mimic human disease
have produced several theories about how the physical and chemical properties of particulate matter can
produce the cardiovascular and pulmonary changes that contribute to increased illness(1 28).
The majority of diesel particulate matter is less than 1 µm in diameter and particulates from quarries
range from 2.5 pm to 10 pm L, 14—I5 .In general,particles 10 pm or less in diameter can be inhaled
into the lungs U.Chemicals adsorbed on particles can dissolve in the fluid lining the airways and then
be absorbed into the body(7).Research has shown that,in fact,average life expectancy can be reduced
by about 1.5 years,comparing the places with highest and lowest particulate matter levels and a loss of
about 14 years of life can be experienced among those people with high particulate matter exposure U.
General and respiratory symptoms
Although a higher prevalence of all the general symptoms studied was higher in Guayabal than in Rio
Callas Abajo,only nausea and vomiting showed statistical significance in adjusted analysis.Our results
are consistent with the fact that exposure to diesel exhaust can have immediate health effects.
Epidemiological studies and official reports by federal and state agencies have reported that short
exposure to particulate matter and diesel exhaust is sufficient to irritate the eyes,nose,throat,and lungs,
and may cause headaches,light-headedness,and nausea and vomiting(,7,U2).
Our results are also consistent with previous studies 29 ,given that the majority of the respiratory
symptoms studied were also more common in Guayabal than in Rio Callas Abajo.Nevertheless, only
nasal congestion was statistically significant in crude and adjusted analysis(p<0:05).Exposure to
particulate matter from quarry operation or truck's diesel exhaust increases the risk of adverse
respiratory symptoms such as having cough without having a cold,wheezing,and tight chest(7 W.In
addition,exposure to particulate matter is associated with hospitalizations related to respiratory
problems(10)and to children's school absences due to respiratory and other diseases(NO).Children
whose schools are exposed to quarries have a higher possibility of having cough without having a cold
in comparison to those whose schools are not exposed 21 .Particulate matter has an adverse effect on
the respiratory health of children even when their levels are below those established by law 31 and is
associated with hospitalizations related to respiratory problems 10 .
Respiratory diseases
The prevalence of nasal allergies(16.80/o),bronchitis(7.1%),and sinusitis(12.3%)observed in our
study were higher among the residents of Guayabal than the prevalence's reported in Puerto Rico(nasal
allergies=5.0%,bronchitis=4.2%,and sinusitis=7.7%)(32).Meanwhile,the prevalence of these
conditions in residents of Rio Callas Abajo was similar or lower than the overall prevalence in Puerto
Rico.Nevertheless,only having nasal allergies was statistically significant in the multivariate model
showing a higher POR(2.9)for Guayabal residents when compared to those residing in Rio Callas
Abajo.Our findings are consistent with other epidemiological studies that have shown a higher
possibility of suffering from these respiratory diseases due to the exposure of particulates in the air 12,
21 among people who reside near quarries.This association can be partially explained by the fact that
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