20240813_Supplemental_Report

North Carolina Mine Permit
Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project — Tailings
Storage Facility
August 2, 2024
Document No.: KM60-EN-RP-9540
Revision:
A\ Albemarle A�

North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
CONTENTS
Introduction ..........................................................................................................................1
Purpose ..........................................................................................................................1
A. General Characteristics of the Mine...................................................................................3
Current Existing Legacy Features................................................................................3
Existing Conditions and Materials ................................................................................3
ProposedFeatures ......................................................................................................5
B. Maps ..........................................................................................................................6
C. Protection of Natural Resources........................................................................................6
CurrentConditions.......................................................................................................9
Sequence of Events during Construction ...................................................................13
Sequence of Events during Operations......................................................................15
Erosion Control Measures to be Installed during Construction ...................................19
Erosion Control Measures to be Installed during Operations......................................20
Groundwater Effects from Pit Dewatering ..................................................................22
Tailings Storage Facility Surface Water Balance Summary........................................23
D. Reclamation Plan ..............................................................................................................32
E. Determination of Affected Acreage and Bond ................................................................39
F. Notification of Adjoining Landowners.............................................................................39
G. Land Entry Agreement......................................................................................................39
H. References ........................................................................................................................40
Appendix A Mine and Reclamation Maps
Appendix B Permit Site and Tailings Storage Facility Design Sheets (Preliminary)
Appendix C Archdale Stormwater Management Report Kings Mountain Mining Project
North Carolin
Appendix D Hydrogeological Assessment Study for Archdale Tailings Facility Kings
Mountain Mining Project Prefeasibility Study
Appendix E Monitoring Well Development and Q4 2023 Groundwater Monitoring
Report—Archdale Site
Appendix F 2023 Prefeasibility Study Kings Mountain Mining Project Baseline
Geochemistry Characterization Study for the Archdale Tailings Storage Facility
Appendix G Prefeasibility Engineering Design Report for Archdale Tailings Storage
Facility
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Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
Appendix H Technical Report 2023 Prefeasibility Study Surface Water: Water Balance
Development Report Archdale TSF Kings Mountain Project
Appendix I Technical Report 2023 Prefeasiblity Study, Kings Mountain Mining Project
Archdale Tailings Storage Facility Water Quality Predictions
Appendix J TSF Mobile Equipment List
Appendix K Conceptual Closure Plan Kings Mountain Mining Project Archdale
Tailings Storage Facility
Appendix L Landowner Notifications
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Summary of Existing Conditions Near the Archdale TSF Site....................................... 4
Table 2: TSF Storage Capacity and Fill Schedule...................................................................... 7
Table 3: Scheduled Rate of Filtered Tailings Delivery to the TSF over the KMM LOM ............... 7
Table 4: Truck Trip Schedule from KMM to TSF ........................................................................ 8
Table 5: Compaction Test Results on Proposed Filtered Tailings..............................................16
Table 6: Surface Water Design Criteria.....................................................................................17
Table 7: TSF Embankment Tonnage and Lithological Composition ..........................................29
Table 8: TSF Viewshed Analysis Details for Crowders State Park Identifying Modeled Visibility
Results by Acres and Percentages ...........................................................................................31
Table 9: Preliminary Permanent Seed Mix Composition and Schedule.....................................38
LIST OF FIGURES—APPENDIX A
Figure 1: USGS 7.5-Minute Quadrangle Map
Figure 2: NCDOT County Highway Map
Figure 3: Project KMM and TSF Location Map
Figure 4: Topographic Map
Figure 5: Aerial Location Map
Figure 6: Existing Site Conditions Map
Figure 7: Legacy Mine Facilities
Figure 8: Historical Mining Facilities
Figure 9: Surface Water Map
Figure 10: Wetland Delineation Map
Figure 11: Location of 100-Year Floodplain Limits
Figure 12: Monitoring Well Map
Figure 13: Soil Classification Map
Figure 14: Geology Map
Figure 15: Geotechnical Borings Map
Figure 16: Proposed Site Conditions Map
Figure 17: Outfall Map
Figure 18: Sequence Map: Perimeter Road and Facility Pad Grading Plan during Construction
Figure 19: Sequence Map: Phase 1 Base Drain Grading Plan during Construction
Figure 20: Sequence Map: End of Construction at End of KMM Mining Year 0
Figure 21: Sequence Map: Interim Conditions at End of KMM Mining Year 5 during Operations
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Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
Figure 22: Sequence Map: End of Operations at End of KMM Mining Year 9.4
Figure 23: Sequence Map: End of Reclamation
Figure 24: Location Map of Erosion Controls and Channel Layout during Construction
Figure 25: Archdale TSF Stormwater Management Details and Cross-Sections
Figure 26: Archdale TSF Stormwater Basin Delineations Map
Figure 27: Archdale TSF Final Stormwater Channel Layout Map
Figure 28: Impervious Areas Map
Figure 29: Archdale TSF Site-wide Water Balance Operational Conditions Flowsheet
Figure 30: Tailings Infiltration and Runoff Flow Schematic
Figure 31: TSF Buffer Map
Figure 32: Archdale TSF Reclamation Plan Map and Sections
Figure 33: Map and Cross-Section through the Growth Media Storage Area and "Stockpile"
Figure 34: Viewshed Analysis Map Identifying Project Visibility Resources and Modeling Results
Figure 35: TSF Visual Impact Assessment Photograph Simulation from Pinnacle Peak
Figure 36: Public Lands, Recreation, and Conservation Areas Near the TSF
Figure 37: Archdale TSF Non-Process Infrastructure Reclamation Map and Cross-Sections
Figure 38: Adjoining Parcel Map
Figure 39: Adjoining Parcel Overview Map for Parcels within 1000 Feet of the Permit Boundary
Figure 40-43: Adjoining Parcels within 1000 Feet of the Permit Boundary
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Acronyms and Abbreviations
Acronym Definition
AJD Approved Jurisdictional Determination
amsl above mean sea level
Albemarle Albemarle U.S., Inc.
bgs below ground surface
BMP best management practice
CFR Code of Federal Regulations
cfs cubic feet per second
DEMLR Division of Energy, Mineral, and Land Resources
DWM Division of Waste Management
E&S erosion and sediment
GMS growth media storage
gpm gallons per minute
1-85 Interstate 85
KMM Kings Mountain Mine
LOM life of mine (Kings Mountain Mine)
NC North Carolina
NCDEQ North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality
NCDOT North Carolina Department of Transportation
NCG02 North Carolina General Stormwater Permit for Mining Activities
non-PAG non-potentially acid generating
NPDES National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System
NPI non-process infrastructure
PAG potentially acid generating
Project Archdale TSF Project
PWR partially weathered rock
RCRA Resource Conservation and Recovery Act
SRK SRK Consulting U.S., Inc
SWCA SWCA Environmental Consultants
TSF tailings storage facility
U.S. United States
USACE U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
USFWS U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service
USGS U.S. Geological Survey
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Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
Glossary
Term Definition
access roads Primary roads used to access the Kings Mountain Mine and Archdale Tailings
Storage Facility sites.
adjoining landowner A landowner's property adjoins a mine site if the landowner's property
boundary is the same as one or more of the mining permit boundaries and/or
if the landowner's land is partially covered by the mining permit.
affected acreage The surface area of land that is mined; the surface area of land associated
with a mining activity such that soil is exposed to accelerated erosion; the
surface area of land on which overburden and waste are deposited; the
surface area of land used for a processing or treatment plant, stockpiles,
nonpublic roads, and settling ponds. Affected acreage also includes
submerged lands but not undisturbed buffers. Haul roads constructed solely
for the mining operation and existing nonpublic roads upgraded for mine
operation are also considered affected acreage.
affected land The surface area of land that is mined; the surface area of land associated
with a mining activity so that soil is exposed; the surface area of land on which
material is stockpiled; and the surface area of land used for a processing or
treatment plant, stockpiles, nonpublic roads, and ponds.
Albemarle Albemarle U.S., Inc.
archaeological site The physical remains of any area of human activity, generally greater than 50
years of age, for which a boundary can be established. Examples of such
resources could include domestic/habitation sites, industrial sites, earthworks,
mounds, quarries, canals, roads, etc. Under the general definition, a broad
range of site types can qualify as archaeological sites without the identification
of artifacts.
authorization Any license, permit, approval, finding, determination, or other administrative
decision issued by an agency required or authorized under law to implement a
proposed action.
base flow The sustained flow of a stream in the absence of direct runoff, sustained
largely by groundwater.
baseline Environmental and social conditions prior to project activities.
bedrock Solid rock, overlaid in most places by unconsolidated deposits.
berm A mound or wall of earth.
best management The schedule of activities, prohibition of practices, implementation of
practice maintenance procedures, and other management practices to avoid or
minimize pollution or habitat destruction to the environment. Best
management practices can include treatment requirements, operating
procedures and practices to control runoff, spillage or leaks, sludge or waste
disposal, and/or drainage from raw material storage.
blasting The use of explosives or blasting agents to cause the fragmentation of
materials.
check dam A small, sometimes temporary, dam constructed across a swale, drainage
ditch, or waterway to counteract erosion by reducing water flow velocity.
closure The time when all mining operations cease prior to commencement of post-
closure activities.
concentrate The end products of the Project. Concentrates will contain the lithium that will
be separated from rock in the mine.
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concentrator The concentrator will include grinding, gravity flotation, concentrate
dewatering, concentrate storage and loadout, and reagent makeup. The
concentrator will be located on the south side of Interstate 85.
construction The phase during which surface facilities and infrastructure are constructed,
which will occur between -2.5 and 0 mine years. This will include all process
and non-process infrastructure.
contact water Water that comes in direct contact with ore or waste rock or infiltrates into
tailings.
Generally, water that has come into contact with non-potentially acid
generating waste rock, potentially acid generating waste rock, filtered tailings,
pit walls and haul roads is assumed to be contact water.
contaminant A substance that pollutes air, soil, or water. It may also be a hazardous
substance that does not occur naturally or that occurs at levels greater than
those found occurring naturally in the environment.
crushing The process of reducing the size of ore by force.
cultural resources Archaeological, traditional, and built environment resources including but not
limited to buildings, structures, objects, districts, and sites.
dewatering The action of removing water from a mine pit.
discharge (Clean Water Act definition)Any addition of any pollutant or combination of
pollutants to navigable waters from any point source (40 CFR § 122.2).
discharge (Project definition) Release of water from the Project to the environment in
accordance with applicable regulations and permit conditions; also, the water
released.
easement A grant of one or more property rights by the property owner of a portion of
land for a specified purpose and use by the public, a corporation, or other
entity.
endangered species Any species which is in danger of extinction throughout all or a significant
portion of its range.
Endangered Species Act This act was enacted in 1973 (7 USC § 136, 16 USC § 1531 et seq.)and was
designed to protect critically imperiled species from extinction as a
"consequence of economic growth and development un-tempered by
adequate concern and conservation."This act is administered by the U.S.
Fish and Wildlife Service and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
erosion The wearing of land surface by the action of wind, water, gravity, or any
combination thereof.
flowsheet An illustration showing the sequence of operations, step by step, by which ore
is treated in milling or concentration.
flume Specially shaped, engineered structures used to measure the flow of water in
open channels. Flumes are static in nature—having no moving parts—and
develop a relationship between the water level in the flume and the flow rate
by restricting the flow of water in various ways.
fugitive dust Airborne particulate matter. This can include emissions from haul roads, wind
erosion, exposed surfaces and other activities that remove and redistribute
soil.
groundwater The water located beneath the ground surface in soil and rock pore spaces
and fractures.
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growth media storage An area where the surface portion of the soil that may be reused as soil is
stored in large aboveground piles for later use in reclamation.
haul road Internal haul roads will either be modified or newly constructed to transport
material across the site. The haul roads will be connected to exit points and
connect to offsite roadways for material transport offsite. Haul roads may be
relocated during mining operations, as the pit expands.
hazardous waste A category of waste regulated by the Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act. Such waste includes solid waste listed in the Resource Conservation and
Recovery Act that exhibits at least one of four characteristics (as described in
40 CFR§§261.20-261.24): ignitability, corrosivity, reactivity, or toxicity; or
that is listed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency in 40 CFR§§
261.31-261.33.
All waste considered hazardous in accordance with Federal Resource
Conservation and Recovery regulations. This term refers to all waste
materials that may cause direct or indirect damage to the environment. This
waste type may be liquid or solid. Hazardous waste will be identified and
disposed of offsite in accordance with Resource Conservation and Recovery
Act regulations.
highwall Any vertical or near vertical excavation slope exceeding 10 feet in height. All
highwalls must be protected by a highwall barrier.
hydrogeology The study of the water below the Earth's surface and its interrelationship with
geologic materials.
impervious surface Hard surfaces that do not allow water to permeate the ground.
infiltration Downward entry of water into soil or rock; also, the water that enters the soil
or rock.
landowner Any owner of a legal or equitable interest in real property that adjoins a mine
site if the property boundaries are the same as the mine permit boundaries
and/or if the landowner's land is partially covered by the mining permit.
laydown area Area used for material and equipment storage throughout the Project.
legacy mine Albemarle's current lithium mine and metal production compound, which was
also previously mined by other entities beginning as far back as 1883.
mine dewatering Water that is either existing or accumulates during operations that will be
mechanically removed from the Project through pumping.
minerals Soil, clay, coal, stone, gravel, sand, phosphate, rock, metallic ore, and any
other solid material or substance of commercial value found in natural
deposits on or in the earth.
mining (i)The breaking of the surface soil in order to facilitate or accomplish the
extraction or removal of minerals, ores, or other solid matter; (ii) any activity or
process constituting all or part of a process for the extraction or removal of
minerals, ores, soils, and other solid matter from their original location; or(iii)
the preparation, washing, cleaning or other treatment of minerals, ores, or
other solid matter so as to make them suitable for commercial, industrial, or
construction use.
mitigation Actions taken to reduce the likelihood of a certain adverse impact occurring.
mobile equipment Nonstationary machinery that will be used to perform operations.
National Historic This act(Public Law 89-665; 16 USC §470 et seq.) is legislation intended to
Preservation Act preserve historical and archaeological sites in the United States. The act
created the National Register of Historic Places, the list of National Historic
Landmarks, and the State Historic Preservation Offices. It was signed into law
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Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
on October 15, 1966. The act requires federal agencies to evaluate the impact
of all federally funded or permitted projects on historic properties (i.e.,
buildings, archaeological sites, etc.)through a process known as Section 106
Review.
noise Sound that interferes with speech and hearing and that is undesirable.
non-potentially acid Rock that does not generate acid during exposure to air and water.
generating
non-contact water Direct precipitation, stormwater, and surface water that has not contacted ore,
waste rock, tailings, industrial areas or activities, or surfaces disturbed by
construction activities including runoff from reclaimed surfaces and water from
adjacent watersheds diverted around a facility.
Water that has not come into contact with filtered tailings or tailings storage
facility embankment rock is assigned the least impacted water quality. This
water has only contacted vegetated or newly constructed native soil surface
and can be released to the environment with only appropriate sediment
controls. Generally, all surrounding undisturbed watersheds and any
reclaimed surface are assumed to generate non-contact water.
operations The 9.4-year phase during which ore will be extracted and processed, water
and waste will be managed, and concurrent reclamation will occur.
overburden The soil materials that lie above the natural deposit of rock.
point source (Clean Water Act definition)Any discernible, confined, and discrete
conveyance including, but not limited to, any pipe, ditch, channel, tunnel,
conduit, well, discrete fissure, container, rolling stock, concentrated animal
feeding operation, landfill leachate collection system or vessel, or other
floating craft from which pollutants are or may be discharged (40 CFR §
122.2).
pollutant (Clean Water Act definition) Dredged spoil, solid waste, incinerator residue,
filter backwash, sewage, garbage, sewage sludge, munitions, chemical
wastes, biological materials, radioactive materials (except those regulated
under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended [42 USC. 2011 et seq.]),
heat, wrecked or discarded equipment, rock, sand, cellar dirt, and industrial,
municipal, and agricultural waste discharged into water(40 CFR§ 122.2).
pond Temporary water storage for retention of runoff and sedimentation control.
post-closure The phase after mine closure. During post-closure, reclaimed areas will be
maintained, and monitoring will confirm that reclamation has been sustained
and post-closure performance criteria have been achieved.
potentially acid Rock that when oxidized by neutral and alkaline surface weathering, may form
generating acid which can then leach metals.
process The process of producing lithium concentrate from extracted spodumene
resources.
Project Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project, which includes the offsite Archdale
Tailings Storage Facility.
reclamation The reasonable rehabilitation of the affected land for useful purposes, and the
protection of the natural resources in the surrounding area. Although both the
need for and the practicability of reclamation control the type and degree of
reclamation in any specific instance, the basic objective is to establish on a
continuing basis the vegetative cover, soil stability, water conditions, and
safety conditions appropriate to the area.
refuse All waste soil, rock, minerals, scrap, tailings, slimes and other material directly
connected with the mining, cleaning, and preparation of substances mined,
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Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
including all waste materials deposited on or in the permit area from other
sources.
rock The solid mineral material forming part of the surface of the Earth exposed on
the surface or underlying the soils or ocean.
runoff The portion of precipitation that flows over the ground surface to a surface
water body or Project water management structure.
safety bench A safety bench is required at the toe of the overburden cut slope and the top
of a hardrock highwall. The minimum safety bench width is 10 feet.
saprolite A soft, earthy, typically clay-rich, thoroughly decomposed rock formed in place
by chemical weathering of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rock.
schist A foliated metamorphic rock, the grains of which have a roughly parallel
arrangement, generally developed by shearing.
screen A device such as a fence or planting area used to visually separate
properties.
sediment Solid particulate matter, both mineral and organic, that has been or is being
transported by water, air, gravity, or ice from its site of origin.
sediment pond A pond used for settling suspended solids.
sedimentation Process by which sediment, resulting from accelerated erosion, has been or is
being transported off the site of the land disturbing activity or into a lake or
natural watercourse.
seepage (i)Water that flows downward out of the base of an unlined engineered
feature into groundwater. (ii)The slow movement of water through natural
geologic materials into or out of surface water or groundwater.
spodumene A mineral containing lithium ore.
stakeholders Persons or groups who are directly or indirectly affected by a project, such as
rights holders, as well as those who may have interests in a project and/or the
ability to influence its outcome, either positively or negatively.
storm, 100-year, 24-hour The surface runoff resulting from a rainfall of an intensity expected to be
storm event equaled or exceeded, on the average, once in 100 years, and of a duration
which will produce the maximum peak rate of runoff for the watershed of
interest under average antecedent wetness conditions.
stormwater The flow of water which results from precipitation, and which occurs
immediately following rainfall or a snowmelt.
tailings Waste byproducts of lithium beneficiating processes consisting of rock
particles which have usually undergone crushing and grinding, from which the
profitable mineralization has been separated.
tailings storage facility An offsite storage facility used to store unwanted byproduct from the mineral
extraction process. This byproduct is transported by truck from the tailings
loadout area at the Kings Mountain Mine site to the offsite storage facility.
Referred to as the Archdale Tailings Storage Facility.
temporary A period of time, not to exceed a specific number of consecutive days.
transportation route Tailings will be transferred to and from the approved offsite tailings storage
facility via trucks from Tin Mine Road to Dixon School Road then north to
Highway 216, and west via U.S. 29/ Highway 216.
undisturbed buffer No disturbances are permitted within these buffers including haul roads and
sediment control measures. Undisturbed buffers are required along nature
watercourses and wetlands.
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unexcavated buffer Disturbance is allowed within these buffers, although excavating is prohibited.
Unexcavated buffer areas are required along rights-of-way. Haul roads,
erosion control measures, and earthen berms may be constructed within
these buffers.
unweathered bedrock This geological and hydrogeological unit typically consists of competent (hard
with relatively high rock strength) bedrock that lies at moderate to significant
depths below the ground surface that exhibits no to rare weathering effects
and decay relative to the original parent rock character.
velocity The speed at which water flows.
visual screening Screening installed to reduce public view of the mine site, including the
processing area. Screening methods may include, but are not limited to,
vegetated earthen berms, planted trees, or a combination of both.
watershed The land area that drains water to a particular surface waterbody or point
along a stream. A ridge or drainage divide separates a watershed from
adjacent watersheds.
weathered bedrock This geological and hydrogeological unit consists of bedrock that has some
amount of decomposition from the original character of the parent rock as a
result of proximity to the surface and secondary affects typically resulting in a
less competent rock. Weathering of bedrock typically affects the
geomechanical and index properties that may include an increase in the
fracture density and a decrease in rock strength, hardness, and rock quality.
This rock type may include decomposition of silicate minerals to clay and iron-
oxide minerals as a result of hydrolysis chemical reactions from interaction
with surface and/or groundwater. Saprolite is related to moderate to high
weathering of the parent rock.
wetland An area that is inundated or saturated by surface and/or groundwater at a
frequency and duration sufficient to support a prevalence of vegetation
typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally
include swamps, marshes, bogs, fens and similar areas.
wetland delineation The act of establishing the boundary between wetlands and uplands (or non-
wetlands) using soils, hydrology, and vegetation as indicators.
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Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
INTRODUCTION
Albemarle U.S., Inc. (Albemarle), headquartered in Charlotte, North Carolina, is a leading global
producer of lithium-based chemicals. Albemarle currently operates a lithium compound and
metal production facility at the legacy Kings Mountain Mine (KMM) adjacent to an inactive
"legacy mine" located in the city of Kings Mountain in Cleveland County, North Carolina (Figures
1 through 51). To meet current and expected demand for lithium products, Albemarle intends to
re-open the legacy mine to produce lithium concentrate from the spodumene resource, which
will be extracted by deepening and widening an existing, inactive open pit. Non-ore bearing rock
generated during operations will be managed onsite at the KMM, while non-potentially acid
generating (non-PAG)filtered tailings will be transported for permanent storage to an approved
offsite tailings storage facility (TSF) located approximately 3 miles southwest of the KMM in
Cleveland County, North Carolina. The filtered tailings will be dumped into the dry stack TSF
using haul trucks and placed and compacted using dozers, front-end loaders, compaction
equipment, and other mobile equipment.
Albemarle requests approval for a new mine permit for construction and operation of a TSF at
the Archdale legacy mica mine site (Figure 6) for the backfilling, storage, and revegetation of
tailings. The TSF will receive non-PAG tailings, non-PAG rock, and possibly growth media from
the KMM as described above to accomplish the following objectives:
• To construct a robust perimeter rock embankment and water management system to safely
and permanently store and contain the tailings from the KMM consisting primarily of fine-
grained quartz, clay, mica, and feldspars similar in grain size to silty sand soil.
• To establish a topography in keeping with the surrounding landscape.
• To reduce public safety risks associated with an open pit and pit lake.
• To eliminate long-term water management (e.g., pit lake pumping).
• To reverse hydrogeologic impacts caused by a pit.
The KMM will be authorized under a separate mine permit modification request.
PURPOSE
The purpose of this document is to provide a supplemental narrative to accompany the Archdale
TSF North Carolina Mining Permit Application. The sections contained herein follow the
sequence of the application form. Pertinent documents and engineering reports have also been
attached as appendices to support the Archdale TSF Project ("Project").
Appendix A contains all figures and maps. Project design, construction, and operations
drawings can be found in Appendix B. Supporting documentation for the Project including
1 All figures are included in Appendix A.
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geotechnical site characterization, tailings characterization (index tests), engineering designs
and specifications, water management, stormwater management, the water balance, the
erosion and sediment (E&S) control plan and drainage calculations, and descriptions of final
reclamation activities are provided in Appendices C through K.
This Project is unique in that none of the proposed activities involve extraction of minerals, ores,
or other solid matter. The purpose of the Project is to create a TSF for the permanent storage of
non-PAG tailings generated from an offsite mining operation. Due to the physical distance
between the TSF and the KMM, the Division of Energy, Mineral, and Land Resources (DEMLR)
requested that separate mine permit authorizations be obtained for the two facilities, although
the TSF and mine are related pieces of the same project. The tailings to be stored on the
Project will be singularly sourced from one mining operation and will be reclaimed concomitantly
with the associated KMM closure. As such, some of the questions included in this application
and associated notification forms do not specifically apply to this Project as no extraction is
proposed. This mine permit application addresses impacts from the Project's proposed
activities. The impacts of the current conditions as described below have already been
permitted.
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
A. GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MINE
The Project site is currently comprised of 143.8 acres of disturbed and undisturbed land located
between Interstate 85 (1-85) and State Highway 216 / United States (U.S.) Highway 29 (South
Battleground Avenue) (Figures 1 through 5).
The Project will consist of the following three primary phases:
• Construction;
• Operations (tailings deposition and permanent storage); and
• Closure/Reclamation.
TSF closure and reclamation will be performed after tailings storage activities have ceased.
Current Existing Legacy Features
Legacy open-pit mica mining activities were previously conducted at the Project site (Figure 7).
The operator partially reclaimed the site upon cessation of mining activities after 2013.
Reclamation was limited to minor slope regrading, disturbed ground revegetation, and allowing
several of the open pits to partially fill with fresh water through natural hydrologic processes.
The water level in the pits is maintained by pumping through a discharge point identified in the
current operator's North Carolina General Stormwater Permit for Mining Activities (NCG02). The
current, pre-Project related activities, legacy mine site land disturbance is depicted on Figure 8.
No legacy ore processing equipment or structures currently exist at the TSF site. Remaining
legacy mining features include:
• Access roads;
• Open pits with steep slopes, several of which are currently filled with water or have been
naturally reclaimed by native vegetation;
• A drainage system with an active water pump;
• Seven monitoring wells; and
• Mica-bearing stockpiles.
The existing drainage system currently discharges to an unnamed tributary, which flows south
off the proposed Project site under 1-85,joining Dixon Branch. Dixon Branch flows southeast
and is contiguous with Kings Creek approximately 2 miles south of the Project site. This
unnamed tributary is colloquially referred to as "Archdale Creek" in technical documents and
occasionally within permit applications.
Existing Conditions and Materials
Existing conditions at the Project site are shown on Figure 6 and have been described in more
detail by SRK Consulting U.S., Inc (SRK) (SRK 2024a).
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The documents summarized in Table 1 specifically describe the existing site conditions,
resources, and materials to be used to construct the TSF embankment, which have either been
appended or referenced in this document:
• Meteorology and climate (see Appendix C);
• Streams and wetlands (SWCA 2024a);
- Figure 9 shows the Project relative to the existing watershed and streams;
- Figure 10 shows the wetlands delineation map (there are no jurisdictional wetlands
within the Project boundaries);
- Figure 11 shows the locations of the 100-year floodplain limits map;
• Hydrogeological conditions including monitoring well data (see Appendix D) with Figure 12
showing the monitoring well map;
• Additional nearby well information and data (see Appendix E);
• Soils classification map (Figure 13), vegetation, sensitive wildlife, aquatics, and biology
(SWCA 2024b);
• Cultural resources including existing land uses dominated by mining zones with a small,
forested zone in the southwest part of the site (SWCA 2024c);
• Geology map (Figure 14);
• Geotechnical borings map (Figure 15);
• Baseline geochemistry characterization study for KMM materials to be transported to the
TSF including the filtered tailings and non-PAG waste rock to be used for the construction of
the TSF embankment (SRK 2024d);
• Baseline geochemistry characterization study for materials already present at the Archdale
TSF site (see Appendix F).
Table 1: Summary of Existing Conditions Near the Archdale TSF Site
ReportExisting Resource Consultant (Report Appendix(Figure Number) in this
Existing Site Conditions SRK (2024a) A(Figure 6)
Meteorology SRK C
Streams and Wetlands SWCA (2024a) -
Hydrogeology SRK D
Monitoring Well Data AECOM E
Biology, Wildlife, and Vegetation SWCA(2024b) -
Cultural Resources SWCA(2024c) -
Soils SWCA (2024b) A(Figure 13)
Geology SRK G and A(Figure 14)
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AppendixExisting Resource Consultant (Report
Report
Site Geotechnical Conditions SRK G
KMM Baseline Geochemical Conditions SRK (2024d) -
TSF Baseline Geochemical Conditions SRK F
KMM = Kings Mountain Mine; SRK= SRK Consulting U.S., Inc; SWCA=SWCA Environmental Consultants;
TSF=tailings storage facility
Proposed Features
Key features that will either remain in place with modifications or be newly added are shown on
Figure 16 and described in Appendix G. Project features include:
• A dry stack TSF for the permanent storage of 9.2 million short tons of KMM tailings.
• Surface water management infrastructure, which will include:
- A contact water (i.e., waters that contact the tailings and/or embankment rock) transfer
pond;
- A sediment retention pond;
- A seepage collection tank;
- A perimeter stormwater management channel;
- Two pumps (one for the TSF sump and one for the active tailings surface runoff);
- One optional pump from the contact water transfer pond to the unnamed tributary to
Dixon Branch at the float pond skimmer; and
- Four outfalls that include three proposed culverts and one existing culvert for offsite
water discharge (Figure 17).
• A transportation route—tailings and non-PAG rock will be transferred to the TSF from KMM
via South Battleground Avenue (Highway 216) and U.S. 29.
• A growth media storage (GMS) area located on the southern end of the Project, used to
store material salvaged during construction for use during reclamation (Figure 16).
• Infrastructure and service facilities, also referred to as non-process infrastructure (NPI),
located at the existing northern entrance (Figure 16) including:
- A security gate;
- A soil tracking device (to minimize soil tracked offsite by vehicles); and
- Entrance parking.
• NPI facilities located at the southern entrance (Figure 16) to be constructed on a graded and
structurally prepared fill pad including:
- A gated entrance;
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- A parking area;
- An office and canteen building for site staff with two offices and one conference/break
room;
- Two prefabricated/modular construction change rooms;
- A lift station building;
- A maintenance shop;
- A heavy vehicle (truck) parking area;
- A fueling pad (containing a 1,000-gallon diesel aboveground storage tank with
secondary containment);
- A small road base stockpile;
- A truck wash area; and
- A laydown area.
B. MAPS
Six copies of the 7.5-minute quadrangle (North Carolina Geology Survey) and county highway
maps (North Carolina Department of Transportation) have been attached on Figures 1 and 2,
respectively.
As required for new permits, the unnumbered table in Section B of the North Carolina Mine
Permit Application form includes proposed affected acreages for the Project's components.
Clearly labeled, scaled mine maps depicting all mine features proposed for the life of mine
(LOM) as it corresponds to the KMM mining years submitted under a separate permit document
submission, including a final reclamation map, have been included as Figures 18 through 23.
C. PROTECTION OF NATURAL RESOURCES
1. Describe in detail the sequence of events for the development and operation of the mine
and reference the sequence to the mine map(s).
Tailings generated from the KMM during operations will be hauled via over-the-highway trucks
to the Archdale TSF for permanent dry stack storage.
TSF construction and operations activities are described below with additional details provided
in the identified appendices and representative KMM LOM sequence maps (Figures 18
through 23).
Table 2 below shows the proposed annual tailings quantity fill schedule by mining year
(corresponding to the KMM) and construction phase (Appendix G). The TSF fill schedule
extends from KMM Mining Year 0 through KMM Mining Years 1 through 9, and embankment
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elevations at KMM mining year end. The TSF will have the capacity to store 9,189,309 tons
(7,165,153 cubic yards) of tailings (Appendix G).
Table 2: TSF Storage Capacity and Fill Schedule
Phase Year Elevation Elevation (tons) (cubic yards)
Phase 1 (starter 0 885 0 0
embankment)
Phase 2 1 905 880 809,267 631,007
Phase 3 2 920 900 1,122,958 875,601
Phase 4 3 935 915 1,120,732 873,865
Phase 5 4 950 928 1,120,732 873,865
Phase 6 5 960 939 1,071,821 835,728
6 949 1,123,803 876,260
7 959 1,120,732 873,865
8 971 1,120,732 873,865
9 988 578,532 451,097
TOTAL 9,189,309 7,165,153
Source:Appendix G
amsl =above mean sea level;ft=feet;TSF=tailings storage facility
Table 3 below shows the scheduled rate of tailings delivery to the TSF over the KMM LOM.
Table 3: Scheduled Rate of Filtered Tailings Delivery to the TSF over the KMM
LOM
Date—January 1, Dry Tailings (tons/day)
2028 1,885
2029 2,615
2030 2,610
2031 2,610
2032 2,496
2033 2,617
2034 2,610
2035 2,610
2036 1,347
2037 0
Source:Appendix H
KMM = Kings Mountain Mine; LOM = life of mine;TSF=tailings storage facility
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Table 4 below shows the approximate number of vehicles transporting materials and staff
between the KMM and the TSF sites daily. Tailings placement will occur 355 days per year,
deducting ten non-operating days due to inclement weather, holidays, safety stand-downs,
and/or other potentially undefined events. The intention of the daily placement and grading work
is to create a smooth, compacted surface that will promote stormwater flow to a temporary
stormwater collection point while minimizing the potential for stormwater to collect and pool
anywhere on the tailings' surface.
Table 4: Truck Trip Schedule from KMM to TSF
Proposed Land Use Daily AM Peak Hour Trips PM Peak Hour Trips
Trips
Tailings shipments a 278 8 8 16 8 8 16
Tailings embankment b 234 9 9 18 9 9 18
Mine deliveries 10 2 2 4 2 2 4
Mine visitors and maintenance 26 10 2 12 0 10 10
Archdale staff 24 6 6 12 6 6 12
Archdale deliveries 4 1 0 1 1 1 2
Archdale visitors and 1 1 1 1 0 0 0
maintenance
TOTAL 577 37 28 64 26 36 62
Source:Albemarle 2024b
8 16 hours per day, 7 days per week
b non-potentially acid generating waste rock
KMM = Kings Mountain Mine; TSF =tailings storage facility
Seven sequence maps, listed below, are included in Appendix A and are representative of
existing conditions, construction (including two grading plans and the final construction plan),
and operations related to tailings deposition and storage.
• Existing conditions (Figure 6);
• Perimeter road and facility pad grading plans during construction (Figure 18);
• Phase 1 base drain grading plan (Figure 19);
• Phase 1 at end of KMM Mining Year 0 (Figure 20);
• Interim conditions at end of KMM Mining Year 5 and end of construction Phase 6
(Figure 21);
• End of operations at end of KMM Mining Year 9.4 (Figure 22); and
• End of Reclamation (Figure 23).
All TSF design drawing sheets with cross-sections are included in Appendix B. Details of the
construction grading activities are shown in separate grading plan maps in Appendix B.
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Current Conditions
The proposed Archdale TSF land area has been disturbed by historical mining activities, which
resulted in altered upland landscapes and man-made water features (open pits, ponds, and
stockpiles). The following subsections detail the current features of the site.
Topography, Surface Waters, and Surface Drainage
The existing elevations of the Project reflect the site's long and dynamic history of legacy open-
pit mining activities. The topographic map of the TSF site (Figure 4) illustrates a gradient that
slopes southward. Elevations at the TSF site range from 750 feet above mean sea level (amsl)
to 1050 feet amsl.
Several legacy open pits exist on the Project site, which have steep slopes with standing
surface water. Several mica stockpiles are also present, which will be removed from within the
proposed excavation footprint during construction and incorporated into the base of the TSF
structure (described below).
Existing conditions (Figure 6) include surface and groundwater collection in three open pits from
which surface water is routinely pumped (using a surface-mounted, approximately 600 gallons
per minute [gpm] electric pump [SRK 2024a]) to an upper forebay pond where it is allowed to
flow through a rock filter dam or gravel embankment prior to discharging offsite, as identified in
the current operator's NCG02 permit. After leaving the Project site, the discharge flows south
under 1-85 through a 60-inch diameter concrete culvert leading to an unnamed tributary of Dixon
Branch (often referred to as "Archdale Creek" in supporting documentation).
The Project will be located immediately south of the surface water divide roughly defined by
South Battleground Avenue (Figure 9), and all surface waters drain south to an unnamed
tributary of Dixon Branch adjacent to the Project site. The unnamed tributary joins Dixon Branch
approximately 0.9 stream miles south of the Project site (Figure 9). Dixon Branch joins with
Kings Creek approximately 2 miles south of the TSF site, in South Carolina, as shown on
Figure 9.
Wet/ands and Fioodpiains
There are no U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE)jurisdictional wetlands or non-wetland
waterbodies within the Project, per an Approved Jurisdictional Determination (AJD) dated
September 19, 2019 (SAW-2019-01131) (SWCA 2024a). A new AJD request was submitted to
the USACE in January 2024, as the original has expired. Based on an updated delineation
conducted in 2023, there are no USACE or North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality
(NCDEQ)jurisdictional wetlands within the TSF permit boundary (Figure 10). The AJD request
is pending USACE approval.
The Federal Emergency Management Agency National Flood Hazard has not identified any
100-year floodplain areas within the Project site (Figure 11). The nearest identified 100-year
floodplains are located approximately 1.3 miles upstream and 0.8 miles downstream of the
Project.
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$O%/S
As part of the Natural Resources Conservation Service, the U.S. Department of Agriculture Soil
Survey indicates the presence of seven soil unit types within the Project area (Figure 13)
(SWCA 2024b; NRCS 2023). However, the mapped soils do not reflect impacts and soil
homogenization resulting from historical mining activities. The soils are mostly comprised of
upland soils that formed on saprolite or residuum on interfluves and hillslopes on ridges. All the
soil types within the Project area are classified as well drained, nonhydric.
Geology
The Project will be centrally located within the Piedmont Plateau, which consists of both igneous
and sedimentary rocks with various grades of metamorphism (Appendix G).
Surface exposures at the Archdale TSF are limited to the area of the legacy mine. The
remainder of the property is either blanketed under a deeply weathered saprolite profile, with
varying degrees of preservation of the remnant structures of the protolith or overlain by legacy
spoils or stockpiles. The surficial overburden/soil zone has been removed from the majority of
the TSF site, exposing the saprolite. Based on regional geologic mapping by the U.S.
Geological Survey (Horton 2008), the underlying bedrock geology of the Archdale TSF site
consists mainly of muscovite schist and granite (Figure 14).
Five primary geologic units have been identified at the Project site based on the geotechnical
investigation (Appendix G). The geotechnical sonic borings conducted in 2023 are shown on
Figure 15. Geological and geotechnical strength characteristics for each unit are also described
in Appendix G.
• Overburden Soils—Layers of remaining intact surficial soil or other material situated above
the saprolite layer, where there is no historical surface disturbance, are typically identified
and logged as overburden soil (residual soil). These soils are classified per the United Soil
Classification System as mostly silt and dense silty sand.
• Saprolite—Saprolitic soils resulting from in-situ weathering of local bedrock were identified
at various thicknesses across the site. Saprolite typically consists of micaceous sandy silts
and silty sands with low-plasticity clay minerals. The transition from residual native
(overburden) soil to saprolite was noted in the boring logs where a distinct change in color,
United Soil Classification System classification, and density were observed.
• Partially Weathered Rock—The lower portion of the saprolite presents a higher stiffness
and shows more features from the parent rock than can be observed in the upper soil-like
zone. Closer to the weathered bedrock zone, gravel sized fragments of the parent bedrock
were observed in the lower reaches of the saprolite zone. This lower zone of the saprolite is
referred to as partially weathered rock (PWR).
PWR at the TSF site was identified at depths ranging from 4 to 30 feet below ground surface
(bgs), except when below the waste rock stockpiles and saprolite, where it was found
between 120 and 150 feet bgs. The thickness of the PWR spans from 2 to 90 feet. The
PWR was characterized as elastic silt, silty sand with gravel, poorly graded sand with silt
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and gravel, and well graded gravel with sand with a trace of cobbles up to 15 percent in
some locations. Gravel was often described as derived from quartz and pegmatite. The
PWR is fine to coarse-grained, angular, was found in a moist condition, and has a wide
spectrum of colors. Fines in PWR ranged from 14 to 87 percent. The clay percentage in
selected samples was found using hydrometer testing and showed values from 7 to 15
percent.
• Weathered Bedrock—Weathered bedrock was encountered at depths between 15 to 35
feet bgs, with the highest point situated at elevations between 825 and 900 feet amsl.
The weathered bedrock presents as sound to highly fractured, fresh to highly weathered,
and foliated. The weathered bedrock presents as very fine to coarse-grained, with quartzite
veins, traces of garnets, and some pyrite. Rock quality designation values vary between 0
and 38 percent. Some samples of weathered bedrock have water content values between 7
and 18 percent.
• Unweathered Bedrock—Unweathered, or competent, bedrock was encountered at depths
between 30 to 179 feet bgs, with the uppermost horizon of competent bedrock encountered
at elevations between 815 and 994 feet amsl. This geological unit includes diverse
metamorphic rock types from the Inner Piedmont geologic unit, upper mica schist, and
muscovite pegmatite.
The unweathered bedrock displays sound to slight fracturing, unweathered to fresh
conditions, is foliated, and is close to moderate fracture spacing. The unweathered bedrock
presents as fine to medium-grained with pyrrhotite. Rock quality designation values vary
between 19 and 74 percent.
Hydrogeology
Hydrogeology of the region around the TSF site is described in Appendix D and summarized
below in Section C. 3.(C.).
Existing Water Quality
Existing surface water and groundwater quality data is currently being collected at the TSF site
(Appendix E). Surface water samples collected onsite and from Dixon Branch meet surface
water quality standards (Appendix 1).
Cultural Resources
A Phase 1 archaeological survey and geoarchaeological investigation was conducted in
accordance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act and its implementing
regulations, found in the Code of Federal Regulations Title 36, Part 800 (36 CFR Part 800)
(SWCA 2024d). The Phase 1 survey was also conducted in accordance with applicable federal
and state guidelines and requirements, including the North Carolina Office of State Archaeology
Archaeological Investigation Standards and Guidelines (NCOSA 2023).
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Fieldwork was conducted on September 18 and 21, 2023 and consisted of visual inspections,
pedestrian surveys, and shovel testing of the Project site. Shovel testing was limited to the
southwestern portion of the Project where previous mining activities have not occurred. No
previously recorded archaeological sites are located within the Project site. It was determined
that development of the Archdale TSF will not have adverse impacts on historical properties;
therefore, additional investigations are not warranted.
Vegetation
Land cover maps (USGS 2019) indicate that the Project consists primarily of hay/pasture
(49.2%) and barren land (15.5%)with smaller portions of herbaceous forest, scrub-shrub,
development, and open water (e.g., ponds, lakes, and mining pits described previously under
the subsection called Wetlands and Floodplains) (SWCA 2024b). Review of the current aerial
imagery and in-field assessment suggests the hay/pasture category is the barren and early
successional shrubby/herbaceous land found in the historic mining areas rather than actual
hay/pasture (SWCA 2024b). SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA) (2024b) also observed
that natural regeneration of herbaceous, shrubby, and forest habitat has occurred over waste
rock piles and other areas historically disturbed by mica mining. These habitats are all generally
in a dense, successional stage of growth, with most trees being less than 10 years old with
average widths of 5 to 8 inches diameter at breast height.
Vegetation communities found in the habitats are listed below and described in detail by SWCA
(2024b):
• Forested upland (deciduous, evergreen, and mixed)
• Herbaceous upland
• Scrub-shrub.
Biology and Wildlife
A desktop review, in combination with field observations, was performed in September and
October 2023 (SWCA 2024a, 2024b) to assess the potential occurrence of federally and state-
listed species. The assessment addressed flora and fauna species protected under the
Endangered Species Act of 1973, as amended, as well as North Carolina state-listed species
protected as Endangered and Threatened Wildlife Species of Special Concern of the State of
North Carolina (North Carolina General Statutes 113-331).
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife (USFWS) Information for Planning and Consultation resource
identified four federally listed species having the potential to occur on the Project site: little
brown bat (Myotis lucifugus), tricolored bat (Perimyotis subflavus), monarch butterfly (Danaus
plexippus), and the dwarf-flowered heartleaf (Hexastylis naniflora). However, no USFWS-
designated critical habitat for federally listed species is within the Archdale TSF site.
Both bat species were once abundant in North Carolina, although populations have significantly
declined due to white-nose syndrome. Most of the native habitat on the Project site has been
highly disturbed despite being a closed mine. However, small areas with mature trees and
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enough successional trees have regenerated, providing suitable habitat for the tricolored and
little brown bat. Acoustic bat surveys have not yet occurred at the Archdale TSF site but were
conducted at the KMM site approximately 3 miles east. During those surveys, only the tricolored
bat was detected. However, as there is suitable habitat for both species, and as the tricolored
bat was recently confirmed in the vicinity, both species have the potential to occur.
The monarch butterfly and dwarf-flowered heartleaf have a low potential for occurrence due to
lack of suitable habitat.
The timber rattlesnake (Crotalus horridus) is the only state of North Carolina listed species that
has moderate potential to occur based on suitable habitat (e.g., rock outcroppings). Species-
specific surveys were not conducted due to the secretive nature of the species. However,
biological surveys were conducted during the species' active period in 2023, and no timber
rattlesnakes were observed. All other state-listed species had a low or very low potential to
occur, primarily due to lack of suitable habitat.
Sequence of Events during Construction
Construction of the initial TSF embankment and stormwater management system will be
conducted during KMM Mining Year 0 per the sequence listed below:
• Installation of E&S control best management practices (BMPs) (see Figures 24 and 25) and
buildout of separate stormwater basins (Figure 26) (additional descriptions and other maps
are provided in Appendix C to manage and divert non-contact water) (Appendix G). These
BMPs and stormwater basins will be installed during construction and maintained at all times
during construction and operations. The BMPs include, but are not limited to, silt fences,
straw wattles, earthen berms, and surface stabilization. These BMPs will also be installed
during the establishment of road access from U.S. 29. The E&S plan included in Appendix C
and depicted on Figure 24 are preliminary at this stage of design. However, a more formal
E&S plan will be submitted a minimum of 30 days prior to land disturbance, pursuant to
Chapter 4 of the North Carolina Environmental Quality Erosion and Sediment Control
Planning and Design Manual (NCDEHNR 1996).
• Clearing and grubbing of existing vegetation and soil salvaging at the proposed TSF location
and NPI pad area (Figure 18), including the upper 1 foot of organic topsoil and growth media
surface materials (consisting of the A/B soil horizon and a variable portion of the upper C
horizon saprolite soils), and removal of the legacy mica stockpile materials. Salvaged soil
will be stored at the GMS area located on the southern end of the Project site. Any
excavated saprolite from the TSF excavation footprint that does not meet growth media
requirements will be back-hauled to KMM using the same trucks that are hauling the waste
rock sourced from KMM for construction of the TSF embankment. The legacy mica
stockpiles will be excavated and placed at the bottom of the TSF and compacted to the
material specifications.
• Re-establishing access into existing legacy open pits, including construction of an unpaved,
perimeter access road (see Figure 18), which will encircle the existing pit rim (Appendix B).
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Access roads shown in Figure 18 and Design Drawing Sheet 300 in Appendix B will be
constructed using rock fill. This perimeter access road will also be used to construct the
initial starter embankment (Figure 20). The grading plan (Figure 18) consists of excavating
the existing saprolite pit floors to an average of 10 feet (and locally up to 30 feet) to provide
a relatively smooth surface sloped to a single seepage collection sump at the southeastern
corner of the TSF. The deepest pit floor (bottom) planned for the TSF grading activities will
be 850 amsl. Based on available data (Appendix G), relatively low permeability saprolite
soils are likely to be present throughout the TSF excavation footprint, which will provide a
relatively low permeability surface capable of inhibiting vertical migration of collected waters
and promoting lateral flow to the TSF base drain system described below. These grading
and TSF base excavation activities may include limited drilling and blasting and use of
explosives in the existing pit bottom, if hard bedrock is encountered. However, no blasting is
currently anticipated.
• Construction of the initial starter TSF embankment and perimeter berm, which will occur
completely within the base of the existing pit with a 40-feet wide crest road to a Phase 1
elevation of 885 feet amsl (see Table 2, and Figures 18, 19, and 20) using non-PAG coarse-
grained waste rock transported from the KMM facility. The starter embankment will include a
3-feet wide and 2-feet thick layer of crushed sand filter along the interior slope face to form a
zoned sand filter and prevent migration of tailings solids through the coarse waste rock outer
embankment. The embankment will be constructed with a 1.5 horizontal to 1 vertical interior
side slope and a 2.5 horizontal to 1 vertical exterior side slope. If onsite materials cannot be
processed to meet the necessary material specifications, non-PAG materials will be
imported from an outside vendor. Temporary haul roads will be constructed as necessary
within the pit and tailings placement areas for all-weather access for site haul trucks.
Additional perimeter rock embankment raise construction details during operations are
described below under subsection Sequence of Events during Operations.
• Installation of the TSF base drain system, which will be placed over the prepared base (to
be located under the placed tailings) to collect and remove infiltrating meteoric water (that
will contact and infiltrate the placed filtered tailings) and any collected seepage from
upwelling groundwater (Figure 19). The base drain system will consist of a series of
perforated corrugated polyethylene collection pipes placed along the existing and regraded
natural flow lines. It will be covered with drain rock or sand to provide a preferential flow path
for the migrating waters. The base drain system will route waters collected from the interior
of the TSF footprint (dominated by contact waters defined below) to a seepage and
stormwater collection sump at the southeastern edge of the TSF interior (see the sump drain
on Figures 20 and 21 and in Appendix B). Two drainpipes will exit the sump base and be
routed under the southern embankment to the contact water transfer pond described below.
The pipeline will be installed with multiple water stops to prevent seepage flow along the
pipeline. There will not be a pool of water at the bottom of the TSF. The pump in the sump
drain will not be relocated as tailings are deposited into the TSF. Water that is predicted to
exit the filtered tailings pile via this base drain system is 144 gpm (Appendix H) excluding
stormwater. No synthetic liner system is justified at the base of the TSF for the following two
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reasons (Appendix G): drilling and sampling of the saprolite conducted within the proposed
base excavation areas suggests they will provide a relatively low permeability surface
capable of inhibiting vertical migration of fluids and promoting lateral flow to the TSF base
drain system; and the geochemical characterization and modeling results.
• Installation of the surface water management infrastructure (Figures 18 to 20, and 26 and
27). Contact water will consist of surface water runoff from the TSF (Appendices G and H)
and TSF seepage contact water, which will be pumped to the contact water transfer pond as
described in Section C. 2. below (SRK 2024b). Stormwater management outside the limits
of the TSF will include a perimeter stormwater management channel at the toe of the slope
to route collected runoff to a sediment retention basin. Stormwater generated between the
northern extent of the TSF and U.S. 29 will flow within existing channels along the edge of
1-85 to the south/southwest through a system of channels and culverts and then offsite
(Appendices C, G, and H).
• Construction of surface infrastructure and NPI to be located at the northern and southern
gate entrance areas (as described in Section A), which also includes utility installation. New
onsite infrastructure will be connected to the city of Kings Mountain's utility systems at the
property boundaries and with the existing Rutherford overhead power tie-in.
• The utilities servicing the Project will include (Figure 16):
- A 3-inch potable water line from the city of Kings Mountain extending overland from the
tie-in to the NPI pad.
- A 4-inch high-density polyethylene sewage line from the city of Kings Mountain
extending overland from the lift station to the tie-in.
- Electric power from the existing Rutherford overhead line extending to the pad.
• Final conditions at the end of TSF construction will include the buildout of the starter
embankment at an elevation at 885 amsl (Figure 20).
Sequence of Events during Operations
Operations, consisting of tailings placement, will commence in KMM Mining Year 1 in the
approximate sequence listed below:
• Hauling of filtered tailings from the KMM tailings loadout facility to the Archdale TSF (Figures
21 and 22). Filtered tailings index test results and mineralogical descriptions are provided in
Appendix G.
• Continued hauling of non-PAG waste rock from the KMM (Figures 21 and 22) to the TSF
embankment to raise the working face.
- Tailings placement will be either directly at the working face or within temporary
stockpiles over the 9.4 years of operation (Table 2). Tailings will be spread with dozers
and other mobile equipment into 12-inch-thick lifts and compacted to specified maximum
proctor dry densities and optimum moisture contents (Table 5). A smooth, graded,
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compacted surface will be created to promote stormwater flow during operations (and
closure) from the implementation of the surface water management plan described
below, while minimizing the potential for collection and pooling elsewhere on the TSF
surface. When necessary, water will be added to achieve compaction requirements (per
specifications described in Appendix G) and to contain fugitive dust. A list of mobile
equipment that is anticipated to be used during the Project is included in Appendix J.
Table 5: Compaction Test Results on Proposed Filtered Tailings
OptimumTest Sample Maximum Dry Density
(Pcf) Content
Standard proctor maximum dry COMP1/2 102.6 15.9
density (ASTM D698)
Modified proctor maximum dry COMP1-202303 104.6 12.5
density (ASTM D1557) COMP2-202303 102.8 12.3
COMP1/2 105.4 12.8
Source:Appendix G
Additional compaction tests(proctor testing)could be conducted prior to mine startup and/or during initial tailings
placement and compaction activities.
pcf= pounds per cubic foot
• Continued TSF embankment construction will be conducted in five additional phases
(corresponding to Construction Phases 2 through 6 in Table 2), as tailings are placed and
compacted over time. Raise construction will be ongoing throughout the KMM LOM. The
starter embankment constructed prior to process startup (related to Phase 1 in KMM Mining
Year 0) is expected to provide tailings storage capacity for the first year of TSF operation.
During that first year of processing, the initial annual raise will be constructed through the
fifth year of operations (Figure 21), which will provide sufficient tailings storage capacity
through the ninth year of processing. The non-PAG waste rock delivered from the KMM will
be placed directly in the embankment raise work area for management with TSF haul and
mobile equipment. However, the TSF will not be used to store water and any collection of
water will be immediately pumped out through the surface water management system. As
such, the TSF is not considered a dam per the DEMLR Land Quality Section's Dam Safety
Program requirements and definitions. Additional perimeter embankment construction
details are described below in Section C. 6.(B.).
• Implementing a surface water management plan (see Appendices C and H). Non-contact
stormwater will be collected in separate surface water diversion structures, managed with
appropriate E&S controls, and released to existing drainages at approved discharge points
(SRK 2023b). Contact water will be separately collected in a series of channels and contact
water management ponds that will be monitored before being released to an unnamed
tributary (SRK 2024b). Water discharged from the TSF will not need treatment beyond the
settling ponds before discharge to the unnamed tributary (Archdale Creek) to Dixon Branch.
The design criteria were selected based on applicable regulations and associated guidance
documents, including the North Carolina Surface Mining Manual(NCDEHNR 1996), the
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Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM 2020) flood design criteria, and
with consideration for Project-specific risks. The selected criteria and the North Carolina
recommendations are shown in Table 6 below.
Table 6: Surface Water Design Criteria
Infrastructure Type Project Design Criteria Recommendation a
Permanent channels adjacent to PMP local storm 10-year storm (temporary)
the TSF 25-year storm (permanent)
Permanent channels in the NPI 100-year storm 10-year storm (temporary)
area 25-year storm (permanent)
Culverts Probable maximum flood 25-year storm
Ponds 25-year storm for all sediment 10-year storm (<20 acres)
control ponds 25-year storm (>20 acres)
100 percent containment of the
probable maximum precipitation
storm event for TSF collection
pond
a Recommended by North Carolina Mining Manual(NCDEHNR 1996)and Erosion and Sediment Control Planning
and Design Manual, North Carolina(NCSCC 2013).
NPI = non-process infrastructure; PMP=probable maximum precipitation; TSF=tailings storage facility
• Collecting contact water (Appendix G) in the base drain system to be routed to the seepage
and stormwater collection sump (see Figures 20 and 21 for the sump drain location) and
contact water transfer pond, including groundwater inflow from the interior of the TSF during
operations (Figures 20 and 21). All runoff produced from the active tailings surface within
the crest of the perimeter berm will be collected and pumped to the contact water transfer
pond to avoid standing water (Appendices G and H). This pump will be sized to evacuate
the probable maximum precipitation event within about 2 weeks. Anticipated ponding time is
less than 2 days for a 100-year storm event (Appendix H). The non-PAG waste rock used to
construct the TSF will be subject to runoff, infiltration, uptake, and percolation. Any water
that percolates through the non-PAG rock will be routed to the TSF drainage system and
added to the collection sump before being pumped to the contact water transfer pond. The
contact water transfer pond is sized to detain contact water produced by the TSF up to the
100-year flood and to convey flow from a probable maximum flood event through an
emergency spillway. If the water meets the necessary water quality criteria (see Appendix 1),
it will be discharged from Outfall 002 to the existing culvert under 1-85 through a gravity pond
skimmer or an optional pumping system (with a max pump flow rate of 667 gpm)
(Appendix C) utilizing a floating intake. The contact water transfer pond is designed to have
a 3.8-million-gallon storage capacity and will allow sediment in the ponded water to
precipitate out prior to discharge (Appendix G). Additional information on TSF water
management during operations is included in Appendix H and described by SRK (2024c).
• Stormwater management (see Appendix C and Section C. 2. below for details), consisting of
channels and culverts (Figure 27) capable of conveying a maximum flood event (100-year,
24-hour flood) around or across the site without detention. The non-contact water channels
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
will be constructed during the development of the TSF to divert flows around the
infrastructure and collect surface runoff to prevent commingling with non-contact water. The
channel networks will be developed in three sections associated with the identified outfall
numbers on Figure 17 including the active TSF perimeter associated with Outfall 003, the
NPI pad associated with Outfalls 001 and 002, and the active TSF areas associated with
Outfall 001 (see Appendix C). In addition, existing Outfall 004 is related to waters in the
existing legacy open pit, will be temporary, and is described below in Section C. 3.(B.).
• Water from the truck wash in the southern NPI area will be collected, routed to the new
sewer line, and connected to the existing sewer main along Route 29 (Figure 16). The
captured truck wash water will therefore be treated at an offsite municipal wastewater
treatment plant.
2. Describe specific erosion control measures to be installed prior to land disturbing
activities and during mining to prevent offsite sedimentation (include specific plans
for sediment and erosion control for mine excavation(s), waste piles, access/mine
roads, and process areas), and give a detailed sequence of installation and
schedule for maintenance of the measures. Locate and label all sediment and
erosion control measures on the mine map(s) and provide typical cross-
sections/construction details of each measure. Engineering designs and
calculations are required to justify the adequacy of any proposed measures.
Appropriate erosion control measures and BMPs will be installed and maintained during
construction and operations to prevent discharges of sediment and turbid waters offsite.
Concurrent reclamation and/or stabilization of disturbed areas with unconsolidated soils will
occur during construction where possible. Disturbed areas created from the construction of haul
roads, ditches, embankment faces, and the disturbed perimeter of facility footprints will be
stabilized after final grades have been established.
A preliminary, site-specific construction and operational TSF erosion control plan has been
attached in Appendix C. As part of new site construction and commissioning, a formal E&S plan
will be developed using furthered design and operational details, in compliance with the specific
requirements of the Erosion and Sediment Control Planning and Design Manual
(NCSCC 2013). The final plan will be approved prior to commencement of land disturbance
activities.
Ongoing BMPs will be provided over the life of the facility by constructing a sediment control
pond that will receive non-contact water flows from disturbed and undisturbed natural ground
collected by the perimeter channels. The majority of the sediment controls will be implemented
during TSF construction, while ongoing tailings placement, embankment raises, and concurrent
reclamation will require ongoing sediment controls over the life of the facility.
Hydrologic and hydraulic modeling and a description of the methodology and summary of
calculations for sizing the channels, determining the required erosion protection, and for sizing
the sediment control pond are included in Appendix C.
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Channel networks (Figure 27) will be developed in three sections: the TSF perimeter, the NPI
pad, and the TSF (see Section C.3.(B.) below and Appendix C for details). Each will be
designed with a different stormwater management approach.
Erosion protection for the channels was selected based on the maximum tributary catchment for
the duration of the Project and the expected velocities during flood events. Most of the proposed
channels are grass-lined, although those with steeper gradients will be lined with riprap. One
sediment control pond will be situated downstream of the TSF perimeter channels to manage
non-contact water from the active TSF perimeter corridor before discharging into the unnamed
tributary to Dixon Branch.
The sequence of installation and maintenance of BMPs is described below. BMPs will be
visually inspected for stability and operation on an inspection schedule that will be outlined in an
approved Stormwater Pollution and Prevention plan.
Erosion Control Measures to be Installed during Construction
The TSF E&S plan and map showing erosion controls that will be employed during construction
are shown on Figures 24 and 25 and described in detail in Appendix C; the stormwater channel
layout is on Figure 27; and sections and details showing BMPs are shown on Figure 25.
Sediment control measures will be appropriately installed prior to soil disturbance. The TSF
BMPs will be installed when road access is established from U.S. 29, to control and divert non-
contact water. Proposed BMPs may include, but are not limited to, staked silt fences, straw
wattles, earthen berms, culverts, check dams, riprap and diversion channels, sediment ponds,
skimmer and riser sediment basins, outlet stabilization, typical operational paved flumes, and
surface stabilization (Appendix C; NCSCC 2013).
The perimeter channel around the TSF will use a composite channel design with a low-flow
triangular channel section adjacent to the TSF perimeter berm and a minimum 5-foot perimeter
roadway sloping towards the low-flow channel at 2 percent grade. The low-flow portion of the
channel will be designed to convey flow from the 100-year, 24-hour storm event and utilize the
50-feet wide roadway to convey higher flows to the probable maximum precipitation event.
Freeboard for the low-flow channel will be provided by the additional 1 foot of flow available on
the roadway, and a minimum 18-inch safety berm will provide freeboard above the roadway
surface at the probable maximum precipitation design flow. A typical section through the
perimeter channel and haul road is shown on Detail 1 of Figure 25 (also see Appendix C). A
skimmer sediment pond will de-sediment the water before discharging it under 1-85 through an
existing 60-inch reinforced concrete pipe culvert to the unnamed tributary to Dixon Branch.
The maintenance plans and schedule for the sediment pond include removing sediment when
accumulation reaches 50 percent of the available storage. Floating trash and debris will be
removed. Vegetation at the top and faces of the embankment will be removed. Outlet structures
from the sediment pond will be inspected for clogging and/or structural damage. Debris will be
removed, and needed repairs will be done immediately. Outflow locations will be inspected to
make sure discharge from the pond is not impeded by tailwater conditions.
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
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Accumulated sediment will be removed from behind the check dams before reaching 50 percent
of the dam height. Dislodged or washed-out check dams will be restored to their original
configuration. Ditches and channel areas will be repaired where excessive downcutting or side
scour have occurred. If significant erosion is observed between dams, a protective turf
reinforcement mat or section of riprap liner will be installed in that portion of the channel. Rock
weirs will be replaced when filtering capacity is reduced by one-half.
Erosion Control Measures to be Installed during Operations
Surface water will be managed per the site-wide water balance (Appendix H) to provide
sufficient storage to prevent the undesirable release of impacted water from the Project. The
water balance provides water storage from the TSF with sufficient detention to allow monitoring
before offsite release without treatment.
3. A) Will the operation involve washing the material mined, recycling process water, or
other wastewater handling? If yes, briefly describe all such processes including any
chemicals to be used.
No. Tailings processing will occur at the KMM concentrator prior to being transported to the
TSF. Water may occasionally be added to the deposited filtered tailings using a water truck after
arrival and placement in the TSF to achieve compaction requirements for dry stack tailings.
3. B) Will the operation involve discharging fresh or wastewater from the mine or plant as a
point discharge to the Waters of the State? If yes, briefly describe the nature of the
discharge and locate all proposed discharge points (along with their method of
stabilization) on the mine map().
Yes. The operation will involve discharging water from the Project from four discharge points to
the Waters of the State, which is identified as the unnamed tributary (Archdale Creek) to Dixon
Branch.
Please refer to the TSF Outfall map (Figure 17) showing the locations of the planned outfalls.
Three of the outfalls will include culverts to be installed within the Project boundaries (Outfalls
001, 002, and 003) and are shown on Figures 16 and 17. One outfall (Outfall 004) that exists
under the current owner and operator (Imerys S.A.), is described below, and will be transferred
to a new NCG02 issued to Albemarle and related to this Project.
The three new culverts that will be installed during construction and used during operations
include (from south to north):
• A 24-inch diameter culvert (related to discharge Outfall 001) that will discharge non-contact
water from the southern NPI building pad area.
• A 30-inch diameter culvert (related to discharge Outfall 002) that will discharge contact water
from the contact water pond after the sediment has dropped out.
• An 18-inch diameter culvert (related to discharge Outfall 003) that will discharge non-contact
water with ongoing sediment control.
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
These three new culverts will be removed during reclamation (see Section D below).
Outfall 004, an existing outfall, will be temporary and currently conveys non-contact
groundwater and precipitation stormwater pumped from the legacy open pit to an existing
sediment pond (referred to as forebay pond). The discharge of the sediment pond drains either
through an existing constructed rockfill berm or by overflowing the berm, and currently passes
through existing Outfall 004 before flowing into an existing 60-inch diameter culvert under 1-85
and then into the unnamed tributary to Dixon Branch.
Preliminary designs for surface water management are described in Appendices B, C, and H.
All surface water from the Project will be discharged to the unnamed tributary to Dixon Branch
at one of the three existing culverts described below (Figure 6):
• A 36-inch diameter culvert that will discharge non-contact water from stabilized surfaces
using BMPs, revegetated surfaces in the southern NPI building pad (including discharges
from Project Outfall 001), and offsite areas.
• A 30-inch diameter culvert that will discharge non-contact water generated from the
southern NPI building pad area and from offsite areas, as well as contact water from the
transfer pond (including discharges from Project Outfall 002).
• A 60-inch diameter culvert that will discharge non-contact water from the southern NPI
building pad (including discharges from Project Outfall 003), the perimeter channel corridor,
and from offsite areas. This culvert will also receive discharged waters from the reclaimed
TSF perimeter during post-closure.
Surface water discharged from the Project site will be categorized into three different types
(Appendices G and H; SRK 2024b):
• Contact water, including water that has contacted the tailings or embankment wall, which
DEMLR will regulate as mine dewatering/wastewater;
• Non-contact water with ongoing sediment control (i.e., runoff from the TSF perimeter
corridor including waters from reclaimed and revegetated slopes, haul roads, perimeter
access roads, and offsite contributing areas that are collected in two perimeter channels
around the TSF leading to the sediment retention basin; and water discharged from the
legacy open pit), which DEMLR will regulate as stormwater; and
• Non-contact water from stabilized surfaces (i.e., waters from revegetated areas, offsite
areas, and the NPI areas that will contain impervious surfaces [Figure 28] or gravel surfaces
that will not require sediment controls other than BMPs). The portion of this water that
contacts the NPI area is regulated as stormwater. Water will be collected in the contact
water pond and will not require further treatment prior to discharge but will be monitored to
ensure NCG02 water quality standards are met. Water will be released through a floating
skimmer to the 30-inch culvert discharge point. An emergency culvert spillway capable of
conveying the probable maximum precipitation event will discharge to the existing 30-inch
culvert discharge point.
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
Non-contact water will be controlled by perimeter channel corridors around the TSF and will
collect runoff from the haul roads, perimeter access roads, cut slopes, reclaimed slopes, and
offsite contributing areas. A spillway capable of passing the probable maximum precipitation
event will also be discharged to the existing 60-inch culvert.
A stream stability study (see Appendix Cl: UT to Dixon Branch Stability Assessment of
Appendix C) that included desktop hydraulic modeling using HEC-RAS Version 6.1.0 software
(USACE 2021) was conducted to evaluate the impacts of discharging water from the proposed
TSF site into the unnamed tributary to Dixon Branch, including evaluation of changes in flow
rate and physical structure. The results of the stream modeling study indicate that the slight
increase in flows associated with the Project are expected to be minimal and not result in
increased instability.
3. C) Will any part of the proposed mine excavation(s) extend below the water table? If yes,
what impact, if any, will mine dewatering have on neighboring wells? Locate all existing
wells on the mine map(s) that lie within 500 feet of the proposed excavation area. Provide
data to support any conclusions or statement made, including any monitoring well data,
well construction data, and current water withdrawal rates. Indicate whether the proposed
mine locale is served by a public water supply system or private wells.
Three of the legacy open pits that contain existing pit lakes (see Figure 6) extend below the
groundwater table. The proposed TSF Project will also extend below the groundwater table.
Currently no groundwater pumping is being conducted at the TSF site by the current operator,
other than groundwater that collects in the existing pit lakes and is pumped to the forebay pond
(Figure 6). The pumping capacity of the existing pump is estimated at approximately 600 gpm
(SRK 2024a). The estimated average groundwater discharge under current conditions is
estimated at 59 gpm (Appendix D).
The estimated amount of groundwater entering the filtered tailings pile during operations (e.g.,
tailings deposition and pit backfill) is 144 gpm excluding stormwater (Figure 29; Appendix H).
Groundwater Effects from Pit Dewatering
A hydrogeological model (Appendix D) was developed based on knowledge of the surface water
drainage system, groundwater level measurements, and bathymetry for the three existing pit
lakes on the site. The hydrogeological model identified the major hydrogeological units based
on lithology, alteration, and hydraulic testing and modeling, mechanisms of groundwater
recharge and discharge, water levels and direction of groundwater flow, and potential changes
to current hydrogeological conditions due to the proposed tailings deposition and subsequent
post-depositional conditions.
The model simulated recharge from precipitation, interaction with surface water bodies,
dewatering of existing pit lakes and tailings deposition, and water level rise in the tailings over
time, and was calibrated to water level measurements and estimates of base flow in the nearby
upper tributary to Dixon Branch. Accordingly, the model effectively replicates present conditions.
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
The model evaluated the impact of proposed pit dewatering and mining /TSF operations on
groundwater levels surrounding the Project. The maximum extent of the 5-foot drawdown
contour related to the proposed TSF dewatering activities is shown to be confined to within a
small area located inside the southeastern corner of the TSF permit area (Appendix D).
Groundwater drawdown due to pit lake dewatering is limited due to the short duration and
relatively low permeability of the saprolite beneath the pit lakes. The maximum drawdown
occurs a few months into tailings deposition (early in operation), after which water levels begin
to rise due to the removal of the pit lakes as sinks. Modeling predicts no impacts to neighboring
wells, the nearest of which is approximately 2,000 feet away (Appendix D).
Currently, there are no existing streamflow monitoring points within or outside the TSF Project
footprint in Archdale Creek, so no baseflow has been identified (Appendix C). The nearest
existing flow monitoring station to the Project is on Kings Creek in Blacksburg, South Carolina
(U.S. Geological Survey identification number 02153590) approximately 2.3 miles downstream
of the discharge from this Project.
During the January 2024 SRK site visit, water from the forebay pond was observed to be
overtopping the rock berm with a total approximate Archdale Creek flow rate of 1.5 cubic feet
per second (cfs) located at the 1-85 culvert location (SRK 2024a). Other flow rates from different
locations along Archdale Creek recently collected by AECOM from January 25 to May 13, 2024,
range from 0.61 to 20.95 cfs (Albemarle 2024d). The desktop hydrologic analysis for Archdale
Creek estimated 1-year, 2-year, and 100-year peak water discharges of 110.4, 164.2, and
608.8 cfs, respectively (Appendix Cl: UT to Dixon Branch Stability Assessment of Appendix C).
The total estimated water discharge flow rate from the three Project outfalls into Archdale Creek
during Project operations is 276 gpm (Figure 29; Appendix H).
Monitoring wells at the TSF site are shown on Figure 12. Water level data was collected from
newly installed wells, historical wells, and accessible surface water bodies using a combination
of water level meters, survey equipment, and data logging pressure transducers. The field data
were used to develop the hydrogeological model and numerical groundwater flow models.
The proposed Archdale TSF will be served by a public water supply system from the city of
Kings Mountain (Figure 16 and Appendix B). No groundwater will be extracted to support
operations at the site.
Tailings Storage Facility Surface Water Balance Summary
A site-specific water balance model (Figure 29 and Appendix H)was developed using the
commercial software package GoldSim (GoldSim 2021). The conceptual model of the mine
water balance was incorporated into a site-wide dynamic water balance simulation (the model)
designed to simulate the physical processes identified for each component (Figure 30) and
transfer water between the facilities according to the operations flowsheet (Figure 29). The
model forms an electronic analog of how the mine water management system at the TSF site is
expected to behave and allows for simulations to explore the behavior of the system under
typical, historical, projected, and extreme conditions.
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
The water balance model is a simulation of the mine water management system that
incorporates dynamic aspects of the mining activities, specifically:
• Groundwater inflows to the TSF during and after operations;
• Surface runoff from the active TSF during operations;
• Infiltration into the TSF during and after operations;
• Storage of stormwater and seepage water volumes within the contact water transfer pond
system; and
• Simulation of mine closure activities, including covering the tailings and reducing seepage
produced by the tailings.
All model input parameters, calculations, and sensitivity values are included in Appendices D
and G.
Overall, the model indicates the system will be able to manage stormwater and seepage flows
in a controlled manner. For all cases analyzed, the proposed TSF water infrastructure and water
balance system were able to manage the TSF contact water within the design constraints with
an overall positive water balance. The model is relatively sensitive to the amount of groundwater
inflow entering the TSF while percolation and infiltration parameters had less impact.
3. D) If you answered yes to any of the above questions, provide evidence that you have
applied for or obtained the appropriate water quality permit(s) (i.e., non-discharge,
NPDES, Stormwater, etc.) from the Stormwater Program. In addition, the applicant is
required to register water use with the Division of Water Resources, Ground Water
Management Branch, if the operation withdraws more than 10,000 gallons per day and
needs a capacity use permit from the Division of Water Resources, Ground Water
Management Branch, if the operation lies in a capacity use area and withdraws more
than 100,000 gallons per day.
An NCG02 for water discharges associated with this Project has been submitted to DEMLR
concurrently with this application. Although groundwater withdrawals from pit dewatering will not
change significantly from the current case, a water withdrawal registration will be completed and
submitted before permitted operations begin.
4. A) Will the operation involve crushing or any other air contaminant emissions? If yes,
indicate evidence that you have applied for or obtained an air quality permit issued by the
Division of Air Quality or local governing body.
Operations at the TSF will not involve crushing. There are no emission sources associated with
the Project that will require an air quality permit. During operations, the filtered tailings will
contain 10 to 15 percent moisture and will not typically generate fugitive dust. A mobile crusher
owned and operated by a contractor may be temporarily used during construction to generate
sand; all air permits would be acquired by the mobile crusher owner.
4. B) How will dust from stockpiles, haul roads, etc., be controlled?
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
Dust will be controlled using water from the contact water pond, if required. Water will be added
to the tailings during compaction, if required, to the specified moisture content levels identified in
Table 5 above.
Haul roads will be constructed with coarse gravel (imported road base) compacted to create a
nearly impervious surface (Figure 28). This will inherently reduce the generation of fugitive dust
(see Appendix G). Additionally, haul roads and other access roads will be sprayed with water
via water trucks, as needed, to control fugitive dust and maintain visibility.
5. A) A buffer will be required between any mining activity and any mining permit boundary
or right-of-way. It may be an unexcavated buffer (no excavation, but roadways, berms,
and erosion & sedimentation control measures may be installed within it), an undisturbed
buffer (no disturbance within the buffer whatsoever), or a combination of the two,
depending upon the site conditions. Note that all buffers must be located within the
mining permit boundaries.
How wide a buffer will be maintained between any mining activity and any mining permit
boundary or right-of-way at this site? A minimum buffer of 25 feet is recommended,
although a wider buffer may be needed depending on site conditions. Show all buffer
locations and widths on the mine map(s).
Figure 31 shows all proposed buffer locations and widths. A 25-feet wide buffer will be
maintained throughout the Project even though no mining is proposed. The buffers will not
consist of surface disturbance maintained between the Project permit boundaries or the rights-
of-way at the TSF site or areas containing surface disturbance for the proposed Project
activities.
5. B) A minimum 50 foot wide undisturbed buffer will be required between any land
disturbing activities within the mining permit boundaries and any natural watercourses
and wetlands unless smaller undisturbed buffers can be justified. Depending on site
conditions, a buffer wider than 50 feet may be needed.
How wide an undisturbed buffer will be maintained between anv land disturbing activities
within the mining permit boundaries and any natural watercourses and wetlands at this
site? Show all buffer locations and widths on the mine map(s).
There are no natural watercourses or jurisdictional wetlands at the TSF site; therefore, internal
buffers are not required for the protection of water resources.
6. A) Describe methods to prevent landslide or slope instability adjacent to adjoining permit
boundaries during mining. Minimum 2 horizontal to 1 vertical slopes or flatter for clayey
material and minimum 3 horizontal to 1 vertical slopes or flatter for sandy material are
generally required unless technical justification can be provided to allow steeper slopes.
No removal of minerals, ore extraction, or open-pit or underground mining is proposed as part of
this Project other than excavation and grading of material that has accumulated in the legacy pit
where the TSF will be constructed. There will be no surface disturbance in the buffer zone
adjacent to the permit boundary as identified in Section C. 5.(A.) above.
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
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Weaker zones of saprolite within the TSF footprint may need to be excavated to stronger
foundation soils/bedrock to improve the stability of the facility. If required, the foundation will be
excavated at safe slope angles and the stability of the excavation will be analyzed and
monitored by a geotechnical engineer to ensure adequate factors of safety at all times. Stability
measures to improve excavation stability may include buttressing with rockfill and/or other
ground improvement techniques.
The design case for the TSF includes removal of the weak saprolite layer below the toe of the
proposed facility, to an average depth of approximately 10 feet and to a maximum depth of
approximately 30 feet in localized areas along the southern perimeter. With the proposed
removal of unsuitable material, stability analyses resulted in acceptable static factors of safety
for overall facility slopes of 2.5 horizontal to 1 vertical, as is currently planned.
The TSF embankment will be constructed with a 1.5 horizontal to 1 vertical interior side slope
and a 2.5 horizontal to 1 vertical exterior side slope.
The contact water pond will be approximately 15 feet deep with side slopes of 2.5 horizontal to 1
vertical and constructed without a base liner to facilitate periodic sediment cleanout.
The stability of the proposed TSF was evaluated at one representative geological/analytical
cross-section labeled B-B' and included factors of safety and established stability criteria for all
stability runs (Appendix G). A detailed description of site subsurface conditions is also available
in Appendix G.
Limit equilibrium stability analyses were performed for static factors using circular and non-
circular failure surfaces.
Stability evaluations were performed using SLOPE/W software by Geostudio, a two-dimensional
slope stability program using the limit equilibrium analysis method. The Applicant will establish
and follow a written ground control plan for safe control of all highwalls, pits, and spoils banks
which need to be consistent with prudent engineering design and that will provide safe working
conditions. Landslides will be prevented by observational monitoring and possible
instrumentation methods that will include monitoring for and documenting (e.g., mapping and
photographing) any fill material instabilities (e.g., rock falls, sluffs, water ponding, ground
movement, etc.) and tension cracks on the surface adjacent to the edges of the existing legacy
open pits and/or excavations, and immediately notifying the appropriate Project supervisor.
6. B) Provide a cross-section on the mine map(s) for all fill slopes (berms, waste piles,
overburden disposal areas, etc.), clearly indicating the intended side slope gradient,
installation of any benches and/or slope drains (with supporting design information) if
needed, and the method of final stabilization.
Cross-sections through the tailings waste pile area, including the perimeter rock embankment,
during construction and operations are provided in Appendix B, and during reclamation on
Figure 32. The construction and details of the tailings pile slopes have been described above in
Section C. 6.(A.) and in Appendix G.
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
Raise construction of the perimeter rock embankment will be conducted annually through the
first 6 years of the facility's life (Table 2) using centerline lift construction methods from the toe
up to and over the crest with suitable run-of-mine TSF excavation and KMM waste rock. The
crest width will be maintained at 40 feet (including safety berms and travel ways)for each raise.
The waste rock used for the starter embankment and annual raise construction is anticipated to
be very coarse. Waste rock clasts larger than 12 inches will not be incorporated into the rock
embankment. The rock embankment materials will be spread using a dozer into lifts that are as
thin as possible (generally no more than 24 inches thick) and compacted using three to four
passes with heavy equipment to maximize compaction to create a stable structure. Each new lift
placed against an existing embankment slope will be keyed in by cutting into the existing slope
about 24 inches laterally, placing and spreading the new lift, and then compacting the new
surface layer as one layer to provide structural stability.
The rock embankment design will include a 3-feet wide (approximately 2-feet thick) layer of
crushed and graded filter sand (processed at the TSF site or imported) along the interior slope
face to form a zoned sand filter and prevent migration of tailings solids through the coarse waste
rock outer embankment. Crushed pilot testing will be performed as part of facility construction to
develop grain size distribution relationships for each component of the interior side slope design
to facilitate Terzaghi filter calculations and ensure that the different material types will be both
internally stable and compatible for use in a layered sand filter design.
The annual embankment raise construction targets will aim to provide a minimum freeboard
above the highest tailings level of 4 feet. Based on the operational methods, actual storm
storage capacity will be much greater as the tailings surface will be sloped to manage
stormwater at a surface collection sump.
Reclamation of the tailings pile including the final cover design is described below in
Section D. 1. and in Appendix K. Final stabilization of the reclaimed tailings pile will be achieved
by maintaining the designed overall slope of 2.5 horizontal to 1 vertical ratio, controlling erosion
on the reclaimed slopes, implementing the surface water management plan by regrading and
installing BMPs until permanent vegetation is established, and providing a natural looking
landscape similar to native slopes.
One cross-section through the growth media stockpile is provided on Figure 33. If natural
revegetation is not successful to promote temporary stabilization of the GMS pile, revegetation
of the TSF growth media stockpile may occur after its construction to enhance nutrient content
and is described further in Section D.
6. C) In excavation(s) of unconsolidated (non-rock) materials, specify the angle of all cut
slopes including specifications for benching and sloping. Cross-sections for all cut slopes
must be provided on the mine map(s).
As previously discussed, no mineral extraction or open-pit mining is planned for the Project.
Unconsolidated non-rock materials consisting of overburden soils and growth media materials
will mostly be mined in the upper 1 foot of the surface, and will not, therefore, require
engineered design cut slopes or benching. Some localized excavation and backfilling of softer
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overburden/saprolite may be required to improve the strength of the foundation for the TSF.
Where allowable, these soils will be excavated at safe slope angles consistent with the
recommended safe slope angles described in Section C. 6.(A.) above. Where not allowable due
to space restrictions, an engineered plan will be developed to steepen the excavation using
appropriate engineering solutions, including buttressing the slope with rockfill or other ground
retention systems. Unconsolidated saprolite underlying the overburden soils at the base of the
TSF interior will, on average, be excavated during construction grading to a depth of 10 feet and
locally up to a depth of 30 feet. It will be shaped to roughly mirror existing topography and
provide a relatively smooth surface (Appendix G). As discussed previously, when working
around the legacy open pit, the Applicant will establish and follow a written ground control plan
for safe control for unconsolidated (non-rock) and overburden slopes which need to be
consistent with prudent engineering designs to provide safe working conditions. When benching
is necessary, the width and height will be based on the type of material being excavated and the
equipment used for cleaning of benches or for scaling of walls, banks, and slopes.
6. D) In hardrock excavations, specify proposed bench widths and heights in feet. Provide
cross-sections of the mine excavation clearly noting the angles of the cut slopes, widths
of all safety benches and mine benches, and the expected maximum depth of the
excavation.
Not applicable. No planned hardrock excavations are associated with the Project.
7. Describe other methods to be taken during mining to prevent physical hazard to any
neighboring dwelling, house, public road, or public, commercial or industrial building from
any mine excavation. Locate all such structures on the mine map if they are within 300
feet of any proposed excavation.
The Project site will have two gated entrance points from U.S. 29 to prohibit public access. In
addition, The TSF perimeter embankment will form a major barrier to most of the planned
mobile equipment activities occurring in the legacy open pit during construction and operations.
The construction plans do not currently anticipate the need to use explosives in the construction
phase. However, if it is determined that blasting will be required to remove bedrock, the charges
will be relatively small and will be modeled to ensure blast vibration, overpressure, and flyrock
generation do not exceed regulatory thresholds.
8. Describe what kind of barricade will be used to prevent inadvertent public access along
any high wall area and when it will be implemented. Vegetated earthen berms,
appropriate fencing and adequate boulder barriers may be acceptable high wall
barricades. A construction detail/cross-section and location of each type of barricade to
be used must be indicated on the mine map(s).
No highwalls will be constructed for the Project. Public access into the TSF will be severed by
construction of a perimeter embankment, which will be fenced in entirety. The embankment
raise will be constructed over much of the life of the facility and will reach a maximum elevation
of 960 feet amsl (see Table 1). Cross-sections through the tailings waste pile area during
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Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
construction are provided on the SRK Design Drawing Sheets in Appendix B. Cross-sections
during reclamation are provided on Figure 32, and further detail is provided in Appendix K.
In addition, an 18-inch compacted earthen soil berm will be constructed on the outside edge of
the perimeter haul road for safety. A cross-section of the of the perimeter haul road and safety
soil berm are shown on Figure 32, and further detail is provided in Appendix C.
9. Are acid-producing minerals or soils present? If yes, how will acid water pollution from the
excavation, stockpiles, and waste areas be controlled?
The materials transported to the TSF from the KMM facility, including the filtered tailings and the
waste rock to construct the embankment have been characterized as non-PAG (see
Appendix F). In addition, overburden soil, alluvium, saprolite, and legacy waste rock to be
excavated during construction and salvaged for TSF reclamation have been geochemically
characterized as non-PAG (see Appendix F).
Table 7 identifies the non-PAG Iithologies that will be used to construct the TSF embankment
including their estimated mass (in million short tons units) and relative proportion (percent).
Muscovite pegmatite bedrock and pit wall rock excavated from the TSF site during construction
could be used as general fill in reclamation and have been characterized as non-PAG (see
Appendix F). Mica schist bedrock and pit wall rock excavated from the TSF during development
may have relatively high sulfide sulfur content (0.81 to 1.0 weight percent) and could be
considered potentially acid generating (PAG) (see Appendix F). However, there is no evidence
of acid rock drainage from historical mining activities (Appendices F and H).
Table 7: TSF Embankment Tonnage and Lithological Composition
Lithologic Unit Mass in TSF Embankment Proportion
(mst) Embankment
Amphibole Gneiss-Schist 0 0
Chlorite Schist 0 0
Mica Schist 1.57 35.8
Muscovite Pegmatite 0.01 0.3
Overburden 0.74 16.8
Pegmatite 0.008 0.2
Schist—Marble 0.04 0.9
Shear Schist 0.92 21.0
Silica Mica Schist 1.00 23.0
Spodumene Pegmatite 0 0
Upper Mica Schist 0.09 2.0
Pyrrhotite Mica Schist 0.003 0.1
TOTAL 4.37 100
Source:Appendix I
non-PAG = non-potentially acid generating; mst= million short tons; TSF=tailings storage facility
Percent totals are greater or less than 100 percent due to rounding.
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Even though the bulk of the materials at the TSF site have been characterized as non-PAG, the
applicant plans to implement an operational acid-base accounting testing program during
construction similar to the one being implemented at the KMM facility, to identify any PAG
materials in real time so they can be managed accordingly. Any PAG materials found at the TSF
that exhibit PAG qualities will be routed back to the KMM through the established truck route
moving material between the two sites. Once the PAG material has arrived at the KMM facility, it
will be placed in the PAG-designated rock storage facility.
10. A) Describe specific plans (including a schedule of implementation) for screening the
operation from public view such as maintaining or planting trees, bushes, or other
vegetation, building berms or other measures. Show the location of all visual screening
on the mine map(s) and provide cross-sections through all proposed berms or proposed
spacing, sizes and species for tree plantings.
A visual impact assessment report was completed for the Project (ERM 2024) to address
potential impacts to the surrounding areas relative to Project visibility and includes nearby key
observation points (defined as a viewpoint from which the public may view the Project). The
viewshed analysis categorized the visibility of the Project facilities and structures and
considered areas up to 10 miles from the proposed Project. The results of the viewshed
analysis categorize the visibility of the TSF facility and structures into the following four general
tiers:
• No visibility: none of the Project structures would be visible.
• Limited visibility: 25 percent or less of the Project structure's height would be visible.
• Moderate visibility: between 25 and 75 percent of the Project structure's height would be
visible.
• High visibility: 75 percent or more of the Project structure's height would be visible.
The TSF viewshed visibility map in Figure 34 shows the modeled visibility results in the area
around the TSF. The results indicate that a majority (99.93 percent) of the proposed TSF
Project would not be visible from elevated viewpoints in Crowders Mountain State Park located
east of the TSF (Table 8). In addition, 99.98 percent of the trails (including Ridgeline, Pinnacle,
and Backside Trails) within Crowders Mountain Park would not have views of the TSF based on
the visual impact assessment results. Pinnacle Peak (Key Observation Point 16) in Crowders
Mountain State Park is located 4.6 miles east of the TSF (Figure 34). Boulder Overlook in
Crowders Mountain State Park is located 2.5 miles east of the TSF (Figure 34). A visual impact
assessment photographic simulation of Key Observation Point 16 at Pinnacle Peak from
Crowders Mountain State Park (Figure 35) shows how the final TSF facilities will be viewed with
installed (e.g., with mitigation) and uninstalled (e.g., no mitigation) visual barriers, vegetation
growth, and planted vegetation and trees.
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Table 8: TSF Viewshed Analysis Details for Crowders State Park Identifying
Modeled Visibility Results by Acres and Percentages
Site Feature Acres Percentage
Not Visible 5123.57 99.93
Low Visibility 1.26 0.02
Moderate Visibility 0 0.00
High Visibility 2.08 0.04
TOTAL 5126.90 100.00
Source: ERM 2024
1-85= Interstate 85
Percent totals are greater or less than 100 percent due to rounding.
Acres totals are greater or less than the total value due to rounding.
A combination of screening techniques is planned to reduce public view of the Project including
a perimeter embankment berm, vegetative buffers, and maintenance of mature trees along the
property boundaries (where feasible) combined with possible tree planting.
The proposed perimeter berm construction will act as a barrier to most of the tailings placement
activities in the TSF during operations and is shown on several mine maps (see Figures 20
to 22 for berm raise construction as shown on the SRK Design Drawing Sheets in Appendix B,
and Figures 23 and 32 for final berm construction after reclamation). Building the perimeter
berm will start during construction. After Phase 1 the top of the embankment will be at 885 feet
amsl and will continue to be raised in six phases during operations to a final elevation of 960
feet amsl (lower than the existing legacy mica waste rock pile maximum elevation of 1,040 feet
amsl) to minimize the visibility of the tailings placement activities at the TSF structure. The
embankment berm slope will also be revegetated to minimize visual impacts. The planned
reclamation efforts, including regrading and recontouring to pre-mining topography in the NPI
areas, will help the TSF better blend into the regional landscape by mimicking existing forms
and colors.
10. B) Could the operation have a significantly adverse effect on the purposes of a publicly
owned park, forest, or recreation area? If so, how will such effects (i.e., noise, visibility,
etc.) be mitigated?
The Project will have no adverse effects on nearby publicly owned parks, forests, or recreation
areas. Public lands, recreation, and conservation areas located near the Project are illustrated
on Figure 36. Kings Mountain National Military Park is the closest national park and is located
approximately 2 miles southeast of the Project. Crowder's Mountain State Park is the closest
state or local park and is located approximately 2.1 miles southeast of the Project. Due to the
distance from the parks to the Project, no impacts are anticipated. As a comparison, the
maximum elevation of the final reclaimed tailings pile will be 992.0 feet (see Figure 23) and the
maximum elevation of the TSF embankment will be 960 feet (Table 2); whereas, the maximum
elevation of the existing mica waste rock stockpile (that will be removed during construction of
the TSF Project) is approximately 1,040 feet (see Drawing Sheet 300 in Appendix B).
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11. Will explosives be used? If yes, specify the types of explosive(s) and describe what
precaution(s)will be used to prevent physical hazard to persons or neighboring property
from flying rocks or excessive air blasts or ground vibrations. Depending on the mine's
location to nearby structures, more detailed technical information may be required on the
blasting program (such as a third-party blasting study). Locate the nearest offsite
occupied structure(s) to the proposed excavation(s) on the Mine Map and indicate its
approximate distance to the proposed excavation.
Blasting is not proposed.
12. Will fuel tanks, solvents, or other chemical reagents be stored onsite? If yes, describe
these materials, how they will be stored and method of containment in case of spill.
Indicate the location(s) of all storage facilities on the mine map(s).
Diesel fuel, lubrication oils, hydraulic oils, anti-freeze, and parts cleaners will be stored onsite in
double walled tanks or within a containment area located near the southern NPI pad in the
maintenance shop (Figure 16). A 1,000-gallon diesel fuel aboveground storage dual
containment tank will be located at the southern part of the site on the fueling pad. This fuel tank
will contain secondary containment. All components will be stored onsite for the duration of the
tailings storage activities including construction, operations, and closure. A Spill Prevention,
Control, and Countermeasure plan will be developed per the requirements of the NCG02 and
will be kept onsite.
D. RECLAMATION PLAN
1. Describe your intended plan for the final reclamation and subsequent use of all affected
lands and indicate the sequence and general methods to be used in reclaiming this land.
This must include the method of reclamation of settling ponds and/or sediment control
basins and the method of restoration or establishment of any permanent drainage
channels to a condition minimizing erosion, siltation, and other pollution. This information
must be illustrated on a reclamation map and must correspond directly with the
information provided on the mine map(s). In addition, design information, including typical
cross-sections, of any permanent channels to be constructed as part of the reclamation
plan and the location(s) of all permanent channels must be indicated on the reclamation
map.
Reclamation of the Project will commence after the KMM concentrator has ceased operations
and all filtered tailings have been delivered to and compacted at the TSF. The reclamation plan
includes closure and post-closure activities that are subject to applicable NCDEQ regulations in
accordance with the North Carolina Mining Act of 1971, G.S. 74, Article 7, and North Carolina
Administrative Code Title 15A, Chapter 5.
The tailings pile and TSF embankment will be reclaimed and remain onsite after closure. Other
disturbed areas will be completely reclaimed to pre-mining topography, or existing conditions
prior to the start of the TSF Project. The final reclamation plan is described in Appendix K and
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Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
shown on the final reclamation maps on Figures 23 and 32. Cross-section details for final
reclamation are shown on Figures 32 and 37. The surface water management plan on the
reclaimed TSF combines regrading and placement of robust BMPs to stabilize the soil until
vegetation is established.
Growth media will be placed on most of the disturbed surfaces after regrading and filling
activities. The GMS area will store approximately 230,000 cubic yards of growth media
(Albemarle 2024c), salvaged during construction, for use during the TSF reclamation activities
and closure. Approximately 280,000 cubic yards of growth media material will be required for
reclaiming and closing the TSF (Appendix K). Any additional growth media that may be needed
to reclaim the TSF during closure will be sourced from KMM (Albemarle 2024c). Remaining
growth media not used for TSF closure will be either added as additional TSF cover fill or
removed from the TSF GMS area and transported back to the KMM facility for reclamation use.
The stockpiled growth media will be used as the main cover fill material on the filtered tailings
pile and to reclaim areas where the TSF NPI buildings, seepage collection tank, pond areas,
some roads, and the yard were located. Interim stabilization for the GMS area and pile during
operations will be provided by natural revegetation, and, if necessary, application of a temporary
seed mix to stabilize and enhance the nutrient content. After all growth media, overburden, soils
bank, and base materials have been removed during closure, disturbed native ground in these
areas will be exposed and scarified and revegetated with an approved seed mix. In addition,
14,400 cubic yards of riprap will be installed to reclaim the TSF channels (Appendix K).
Most closure actions will be implemented in the ninth mining year once mining ceases (Table 2),
although some post-closure monitoring and maintenance activities may continue for another 10
years (see Appendix K). As monitoring demonstrates that closure goals are met, monitoring
requirements will likely decrease. Groundwater wells will be progressively abandoned, and
maintenance activities may include overseeding areas where vegetation has not performed to
expectations, or covers have experienced localized erosion.
A detailed post-closure land use plan will be developed in consultation with stakeholders to
confirm final closure activities on the site have been conducted in the past and will continue to
be consistent with the envisioned post-closure land uses in the future (see Appendix K).
Final reclamation activities will include:
• Turning off and dismantling the two pumps (located at the base drain sump and the tailings
surface stormwater collection sump) and removing them from the site immediately after the
operations (tailings placement activities) and minor tailings surface regrading activities
described below cease, and after closure activities commence.
• Minor regrading of the compacted tailings surface to create a mounded surface that drains
waters to the TSF perimeter channel. Regrading is expected to be minimal, as the final
surface of the TSF will be mostly created during operations. Both the tailings surface and
embankment will be covered with a minimum of 2 feet of growth material sourced from the
GMS area and placed in loose lifts with a final maximum elevation of 992 feet amsl. The
final TSF embankment will be constructed with downstream raises at a final overall slope of
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2.5 horizontal to 1 vertical with slope breaks approximately every 30 vertical feet for runoff
interception. These 16-feet wide slope breaks are designed to reduce erosion from surface
flows while vegetation is established.
• Installing BMPs immediately following closure regrading and placement of the closure cover
layers. Stormwater berms and channels will be installed as necessary to control stormwater
flows off the closed surface and safely route them into the perimeter stormwater
management system. These BMPs will include hydroseeding and coir matting (i.e., coconut
blankets) coupled with straw wattles across the slopes. Observation and monitoring of slope
revegetation and BMP performance will identify areas that require repair or modification
before erosion deteriorates. Areas not performing will be addressed with additional BMPs.
• Cast seeding of the surface of the tailings and the embankment with an approved
permanent seed mix (see Table 8 below for the approved seed mix compositions). This will
allow runoff from the facilities to become non-contact water. Tree seedlings will be planted
on the tailings surface and some reclaimed roads, but no trees will be planted on the
embankment in accordance with state dam safety regulations.
• Identification of industrial and hazardous waste in accordance with the Resource
Conservation and Recovery Act (RCRA), which will be disposed of per applicable waste
regulations at an approved third-party facility.
• Removal of all remaining consumables by selling or returning to suppliers.
• Removal of all buildings and structures on the NPI area in the southwest corner of the TSF
and complete reclamation of the land surface. Removed equipment will either be sold or
recycled and hauled offsite. Concrete foundations and floor slabs will be broken and placed
in the contact water transfer pond void or moved offsite to a licensed landfill. The soils under
the buildings and disturbed areas will be inspected to identify impacted areas where oils or
liquids may have seeped into the ground. Areas containing impacted soils will be sampled,
tested, excavated, and removed to an appropriate disposal facility, as needed. Recyclable
materials will be removed from the site.
• Regrading of the surface of the entire NPI area to re-establish pre-existing topography to
convey surface water flows toward culverts under 1-85. One foot of growth media will be
placed, and the area revegetated using an approved seed mix for permanent conditions.
• Breaching and removal of all collection and sediment ponds after closure cover to allow
discharges to be conveyed to existing drainages (and existing culverts that convey water
under 1-85) prior to removing the culverts that were installed for the Project.
• Removal of the seepage collection tank that collects shallow groundwater from the
interception drain. The void will be backfilled with rock, and the surface of the area graded to
direct flow to the culvert that conveys water under 1-85.
• Directing stormwater toward its original flow path to the greatest extent possible. Stormwater
from the TSF will be managed in the diversion channels constructed at the toe of the
embankment (see Figures 23, 24, 25, and 32) to convey a probable maximum precipitation
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Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
storm event. Riprap will be placed along channels where high water velocities could result in
erosion. Channel reconfiguration details are in Appendix K and shown on Figure 32.
• Once the cover has been placed on the TSF, revegetation has occurred, and the stormwater
channels have been reconfigured for closure, the contact water transfer pond will be
reclaimed. The pond liner will be removed, and the void will be backfilled.
• The culverts located east and west of the contact water transfer pond will be removed
and/or regraded to re-establish the original surface water flow paths towards 1-85. The other
culverts and the drop inlet installed near the sediment basin during construction will be
removed and replaced with a swale that allows vehicular access after closure.
• Abandonment and closure of wells that are not needed for post-closure monitoring in
accordance with state regulations.
• Decommissioning and demolition of temporary infrastructure installed to support operations.
Power lines and distribution systems may be required to supply energy to structures
remaining to support post-closure land use. This infrastructure will be among the last items
decommissioned and removed from the site, occurring once there is no need for energy
onsite.
• Capping of buried pipelines to be left in place. Dismantling and removal of pipes and pumps
once water supply to the Project is no longer needed.
• Removal of roads not needed for post-closure access for monitoring and maintenance, or
potential future use. A 15-feet wide post-closure road and closure perimeter channel will be
constructed (Figure 32). Removed roads will be graded or ripped, and depending on the
substrate material, 1 foot of growth media will be placed. As the TSF perimeter road is
narrowed along the toe of the facilities, and as the surface water channels are widened, the
outer side of the road will be ripped. The timing of road abandonment during closure
activities will be determined by access requirements during closure, and the schedule of
other closure activities adjacent to the roads. The entrances to the TSF site will be
barricaded to prohibit public access.
• Development of a post-closure management plan in conjunction with the NCDEQ to include
monitoring surface water quality, groundwater quality, air quality, reclamation performance,
and wildlife habitat in accordance with local requirements. These programs will be based on
baseline studies (see Appendix I for water quality) and data collected during operations .
The landscapes will be reshaped to help promote suitable areas for wildlife habitat use.
Monitoring and measurement criteria for vegetation and wildlife success will be developed
as the closure plans are updated.
• Post-operational monitoring will occur until such time as the TSF site is certified as fully
reclaimed and bonding release milestones are met, or as determined in the post-operational
monitoring program.
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• Preparation of annual reports to document the results of monitoring during closure and post-
closure phases and to manage ongoing closure activities. During closure, a phased
reduction in monitoring frequency and locations typically occurs.
• Continued engagement with the community and key stakeholders about issues relating to
the post-closure vision for the site and the development of a comprehensive socioeconomic
transition plan for the site.
• Removal of fencing, which will be sent to a scrap metal facility or an appropriate waste
disposal facility once closure is complete and appropriate exclusionary berms have been
placed at the site.
2. Is an excavated or impounded body of water to be left as part of the reclamation? If yes,
illustrate the location of the body(s) of water on the reclamation map and provide a
scaled cross-section(s) through the proposed body(s) of water. The minimum water
depth must be at least 4 feet, measured from the normal low water table elevation,
unless information is provided to indicate that a shallower water body will be productive
and beneficial at this site.
No excavated or impounded bodies of water will be left as part of the TSF reclamation, as
shown on Figures 23 and 32. The three culverts installed as part of the Project near the
southern NPI area will be removed during reclamation.
Will the body(s) of water be stocked with fish? If yes, specify species.
No standing bodies of water will remain in post-closure. Therefore, there will be no stocked fish.
3. Describe provisions for safety to persons and to adjoining property in all completed
excavations in rock including what kind of permanent barricade will be left. Acceptable
permanent barricades are appropriate fencing, large boulders placed end-to-end, etc.
Construction details and locations of all permanent barricades must be shown on the
reclamation map.
The Project does not include any mining or excavations on bedrock. In addition, the overall
objective of the closure plan (Appendix K) is to relinquish a safe and secure site where
remaining infrastructure is chemically and physically stable. At closure, the legacy pit will be fully
filled with tailings. Barricades or barriers will be installed at the site entrances to prohibit the
public from entering the tailings facility (Figure 23).
4. Indicate the method(s) of reclamation of overburden, refuse, spoil banks or other such
onsite mine waste areas, including specifications for benching and sloping. Final cross-
sections and locations for such areas must be provided on the reclamation map.
At the end of construction and in early operations, the TSF GMS area and pile will allow natural
revegetation and, if required, application of a temporary seed mix to stabilize and enhance the
nutrient content. All growth media, overburden, soils bank, and base materials at the Project will
be removed and used to reclaim the TSF, TSF embankment, NPI areas, ponds, and roads that
are not needed in post-closure. After the growth media, overburden, soils bank, and base
materials are removed, disturbed native ground in these areas will be exposed and will be
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scarified and revegetated with an approved seed mix. Refuse will be removed during
reclamation and properly disposed of offsite.
A cross-section through the GMS area is shown on Figure 33 (Albemarle 2024c). The GMS
area covers approximately 5.7 acres, will be approximately 26 feet in average height, and will
have 2 horizontal to 1 vertical side slopes (Albemarle 2024c). No benches or slope drains are
necessary.
Reclamation methods and maps and cross-sections through the TSF facility and the NPI areas
have been described above.
5. A) Describe reclamation of processing facilities, stockpile areas, and onsite roadways.
No processing facilities are associated with the Project. The planned reclamation activities for
the TSF and the NPI sites have been described above (Appendix K).
Roads that are not needed for post-closure monitoring access or potential future use will be
removed during closure. The roads that remain after closure will be narrowed to 15 feet by
ripping the outer portion of the road which should allow access by small trucks or bulldozers.
The reclaimed portion of the road will be covered with 1 foot of growth media as identified on
Figure 32. Additional road closure details have been described above.
5. B) Will any onsite roadways be left as part of the reclamation? If yes, identify such
roadways on the reclamation map and provide details on permanent road and ditch line
stabilization.
A 15-feet wide perimeter road will remain around the TSF as shown on Figure 23. The closure
perimeter section type showing the channel and the adjacent road are depicted on Figure 27.
The outside surface of the reclaimed flat road surface will be ripped, and 1 foot of growth media
will be placed and revegetated with an approved seed mix. The outer 2.5 horizontal to 1 vertical
perimeter road rock fill slope will have already been permanently revegetated and stabilized with
an approved seed mix; however, additional hydroseeding and permanent revegetation with an
approved seed mix may still be required. The existing reclaimed road will consist of a 2-feet
thick layer of riprap with 12-inch diameter D50 (where 50 percent of the rocks by weight have an
equivalent spherical diameter greater than or equal to this diameter) rock materials, as shown in
the closure perimeter channel section on Figure 32.
6. Describe the method of control of contaminants and disposal of scrap metal, funk
machinery, cables, or other such waste products of mining. (Note definition of refuse in
The Mining Act of 1971.)
No offsite generated waste shall be disposed of on the mine site without prior written
approval from the NC Department of Environmental Quality, Division of Energy, Mineral,
and Land Resources and either the Division of Waste Management (DWM) or local
governing body. If a disposal permit has been issued by DWM for the site, a copy of said
permit must be attached to this application. All temporary and permanent refuse disposal
areas must be clearly delineated on the mine map(s) and reclamation map, along with a
list of items to be disposed in said areas.
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Industrial and hazardous waste will be identified in accordance with RCRA and applicable waste
regulations and disposed of offsite at an approved third-party facility.
Other waste products will be removed and transferred to an appropriate waste disposal facility
once closure is complete.
7. Describe your plan for revegetation or other surface treatment of the affected areas. This
plan must include recommendations for year-round seeding, including the time of seeding
and the amount and type of seed, fertilizer, lime and mulch per acre. The
recommendations must include general seeding instructions for both permanent and
temporary revegetation. Revegetation utilizing only tree plantings is not acceptable.
All areas receiving growth media will be revegetated using an approved seed mix. Table 9
includes a preliminary seed mix and schedule for permanent revegetation (Appendix K).
Table 9: Preliminary Permanent Seed Mix Composition and Schedule
Seed Mix Type Seeding Dates Seeding Rates
North Carolina Steep Slope Mix All dates 45 Ibs/acre
(ERNMX-310)
Native Habitat Strip Mine Mix All dates 20 Ibs/acre
(ERNMX-111)
Native Steep Slope w annual rye Feb 15—Aug 15 60 Ibs/acre
(ERNMX-181)
Native Steep Slope w grain rye Aug 15—Feb 16 75 Ibs/acre
(ERNMX-181-2)
Source:Appendix K
Ibs = pounds
Temporary cover species for erosion protection and temporary revegetation on exposed cut
slopes, road embankment slopes, the GMS area, and earthen berms during construction and
operations will include:
• Brown top millet—February 15 to August 15, 20 pounds/acre; and
• Annual rye grain—August 15 to February 15, 30 pounds/acre.
Temporary mine features will all be removed or modified during final reclamation.
Permanent revegetation seeding on the TSF embankment may commence as early as KMM
Mining Year 6 (Table 2), as long as the TSF embankment slope is regraded to meet the closure
slope requirements of 2.5 horizontal to 1 vertical with slope breaks approximately every 30 feet.
Seed will be procured from an approved seeding contractor. No fertilizer or lime applications are
recommended at this time due to the success of volunteer regrowth seen during site visits.
Mulch consisting of small grain straw is recommended to be applied at an application rate of
2,000 pounds per acre and will be tacked or mechanically tied down within 2 days after
application (Appendix K).
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Tree seedlings will be planted on the tailings surface, but no trees will be planted on the TSF
embankment in accordance with state dam safety regulations.
E. DETERMINATION OF AFFECTED ACREAGE AND BOND
The affected acreage for the TSF Project totals 109.1 acres. Albemarle has provided DEMLR
with a $1 million bond for all permitted mining activities (including the TSF and the KMM site)
which is the maximum allowed by North Carolina law.
F. NOTIFICATION OF ADJOINING LANDOWNERS
Notification to adjoining landowners, and landowners within 1,000 feet of the permit area as a
courtesy, has been performed in accordance with North Carolina Mining Permit Application
requirements. The affidavit and landowner list table are included in Appendix L. Parcel maps are
included on Figures 38 through 43 in Appendix A.
G. LAND ENTRY AGREEMENT
Included in the Mine Permit Application form.
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H. REFERENCES
Albemarle. 2024a. Equipment list for KMM and TSF Projects. Excel file name: Equipment List
20231214.xlsx
Albemarle. 2024b. Archdale TSF Truck Count Details.
Albemarle 2024c. Map and Cross-section through the TSF Growth Media Storage Area. Email
from Albemarle dated July 11, 2024.
Albemarle. 2024d. Flow Rates from Archdale Creek Collected from January 25 to May 13, 2024.
Measured by AECOM. Email from Albemarle on July 12, 2024.
ERM 2024. Visual Impact Assessment Report— Kings Mountain Lithium Mine. Report prepared
for Albemarle U.S., Inc. Report date: June 14, 2024.
Global Industry Standard on Tailings Management (GISTM). 2020. World-wide Tailings
Management Guidance. Initiative of International Council on Mining and Metals, the
Principles for Responsible Investment, and the United Nations Environment Programme.
August 5, 2020.
GoldSim. 2021. GoldSim, Version 14.0. GoldSim Technology Group. November 2021.
Horton, J.W., Jr. 2008. Geologic Map of the Kings Mountain and Grover Quadrangles,
Cleveland and Gaston Counties, North Carolina, and Cherokee and York Counties,
South Carolina. Scale 1:24:000. U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map
2981. U.S. Geological Survey.
National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). 2023. "Daymet: Daily Surface Weather
Data on a 1-km Grid for North America Version 4 R1." ORNL DAAC Distributed Active
Archive Center for Biogeochemical Dynamics. Accessed: [January 2023]. Retrieved
from: https://doi.org/10.3334/ORNLDAAC/2129
Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS). 2023. "2023 Web Soil Survey." U.S.
Department of Agriculture, Washington, D.C. Accessed: November 13, 2023. Retrieved
from: http://websoilsurvey.nres.usda.gov/app/WebSoilSurvey.asi)
North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources (NCDEHNR). 1996.
Surface Mining Manual. February 1996.
North Carolina Office of State Archaeology (NCOSA). 2023. Archaeological Investigation
Standards and Guidelines. North Carolina Department of Natural and Cultural
Resources, Raleigh.
North Carolina Sedimentation Control Commission (NCSCC). 2013. Erosion and Sediment
Control Planning and Design Manual. May 2013.
SRK Consulting U.S., Inc. (SRK). 2024a. Technical Memorandum—Archdale January 2024 Site
Visit. Memorandum submitted to Albemarle Corporation. February 5, 2024.
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
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SRK. 2024b. Memorandum. Discharges from Archdale Property. Memorandum submitted to
Albemarle Corporation. March 25, 2024.
SRK. 2024c. Technical Report— Water Supply Well Mitigation Plan, Kings Mountain Mining
Project. Report prepared for Albemarle Corporation. April 12, 2024.
SRK. 2024d. Technical Report— 2023 Prefeasibility Study Baseline Geochemical
Characterization, Kings Mountain Mining Project. Report prepared for Albemarle
Corporation. April 17, 2024.
SWCA Environmental Consultants (SWCA). 2024a. Wetland and Waterbody Delineation Report
for the Kings Mountain Archdale Tract, Cleveland County, North Carolina. Report
prepared for Albemarle U.S., Inc. January 2024.
SWCA. 2024b. Federally Listed and State-Listed Species Report for the Albemarle Kings
Mountain Archdale Tract, Cleveland County, North Carolina. Report prepared for
Albemarle U.S., Inc. January 2024.
SWCA. 2024c. Phase 1 Archeological Survey for the Proposed Kings Mountain Mining Project,
Archdale Tract, Cleveland County, North Carolina. Report prepared for Albemarle, U.S.,
Inc. January 24, 2024.
United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE). 2021. HEC-RAS. Version 6.10 hydraulic
modeling software.
U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). 2019. National Land Cover Database (NLCD). Retrieved from:
https://www.usgs.gov/data/national-land-cover-database-nlcd-2019-products. Accessed
November 2023.
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APPENDIX A MINE AND RECLAMATION MAPS
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APPENDIX B PERMIT SITE AND TAILINGS STORAGE FACILITY DESIGN
SHEETS (PRELIMINARY)
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APPENDIX C ARCHDALE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT REPORT KINGS
MOUNTAIN MINING PROJECT NORTH CAROLIN
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APPENDIX D HYDROGEOLOGICAL ASSESSMENT STUDY FOR ARCHDALE
TAILINGS FACILITY KINGS MOUNTAIN MINING PROJECT
PREFEASIBILITY STUDY
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APPENDIX E MONITORING WELL DEVELOPMENT AND Q4 2023
GROUNDWATER MONITORING REPORT - ARCHDALE SITE
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APPENDIX F 2023 PREFEASIBILITY STUDY KINGS MOUNTAIN MINING
PROJECT BASELINE GEOCHEMISTRY CHARACTERIZATION
STUDY FOR THE ARCHDALE TAILINGS STORAGE FACILITY
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APPENDIX G PREFEASIBILITY ENGINEERING DESIGN REPORT FOR
ARCHDALE TAILINGS STORAGE FACILITY
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
APPENDIX H TECHNICAL REPORT 2023 PREFEASIBILITY STUDY
SURFACE WATER: WATER BALANCE DEVELOPMENT
REPORT ARCHDALE TSF KINGS MOUNTAIN PROJECT
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
APPENDIX I TECHNICAL REPORT 2023 PREFEASIBLITY STUDY, KINGS
MOUNTAIN MINING PROJECT ARCHDALE TAILINGS
STORAGE FACILITY WATER QUALITY PREDICTIONS
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Kings Mountain Lithium Mine Project—Tailings Storage Facility
APPENDIX J TSF MOBILE EQUIPMENT LIST
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APPENDIX K CONCEPTUAL CLOSURE PLAN KINGS MOUNTAIN MINING
PROJECT ARCHDALE TAILINGS STORAGE FACILITY
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North Carolina Mine Permit Supplemental Report
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APPENDIX L LANDOWNER NOTIFICATIONS
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