20230731_Hydro_Report

Groundwater Management Associates, Inc.
GMA2205-A Candun Drive
Apex, NC 27523
Telephone [phone]
www.cimo-nc.com
March 6, 2023
Mr. Brian Raynor
Red Rock Materials, LLC
2204 Bayview Drive
Fayetteville, NC 28305
Phone: [phone]
Re: Hydrogeologic Evaluation of proposed Red Rock Mine,
8299 Carlos Road, Linden, Cumberland County, NC
Dear Mr. Raynor:
Groundwater Management Associates, Inc. (GMA) is pleased to provide you with this letter
report describing the results of our hydrogeologic evaluation of the proposed Red Rock Mine
located at 8299 Carlos Road, Linden, Cumberland County NC. This report describes the
hydrogeology of the proposed mine area (Figure 1), and it describes the estimated impact of
mining on groundwater resources in the area. GMA understands that Red Rock Materials LLC
will develop a sand mine at this location. GMA understands that there are no boring data
available for this site. Red Rock Materials has provided a draft mine plan document prepared
by Drafting and Design Services Inc. (dated August 2021) for GMA to review.
Based on our discussions with Red Rock Materials, and our review of the draft mine plan by
Drafting and Design Services (August 2021), GMA understands that sand at the mine will be
removed from land surface (about 113 feet above sea level) to an elevation of about 95 feet
above sea level. The plans show the water table should be encountered at an elevation of
about 104 feet above mean sea level. Using these data, the mine excavation will extend up to
20 below land surface, and it may extend about 10 feet below the water table.
Site Overview
GMA focused our investigation on the approximately 61.7-acre site shown on the Red Rock
Mine plans provided to GMA (Figure 2). The site is located on Carlos Road near Linden NC.
Across Carlos Road from the Red Rock Mine is an active sand mine operated by American
Materials. It is our understanding that the operation of the Red Rock Mine will be similar to the
operation of the American Materials Mine.

Mr. Raynor
Page 2
An unnamed tributary to the Cape Fear River, located immediately west of the proposed mine
site, flows toward the south-southwest. A ditch located along the southern border of the
proposed mine property drains to the west to that unnamed stream. Across the unnamed
stream to the west is Theresa Lake. Theresa Lake does not appear to have an outlet to the
unnamed stream. The lake's shape suggests that the origin of this lake is the result of a past
sand pit operation, thus the water level is expected to represent the water table.
Surrounding Theresa Lake is a residential community consisting of approximately 50 houses.
Members of this neighborhood have voiced concerns about whether the sandpit will affect
groundwater levels in their community, particularly the water levels in the residential wells and
the water level of Theresa Lake.
Site Visit
GMA conducted a field visit on November 21, 2022. The water level of the unnamed creek
located to the west of the site appeared to be less than 10 feet below the land surface of the
fields on the proposed mine site. GMA conducted a reconnaissance by vehicle for residential
water-supply wells in the area, and we noted there appears to be a residential well house at
every structure within a 3,000-foot radius of the proposed mine site. A map has been prepared
that shows the assumed locations of those nearby wells (Figure 3). Public water service does
not appear to be available to the area.
While on site, GMA spoke to Ms. Hubbard, the resident of the house across the street from the
American Materials mine and the previous owner of the land on which the proposed Red Rock
Mine will be constructed. Ms. Hubbard said she hasn't had an issue with water availability from
her well since the American Materials Mine opened. However, she thinks she has noticed that
her water has a higher iron content than it used to have prior to the start of the American
Materials operation. Ms. Hubbard indicated she thinks her well is less than 50 feet deep.
Soils
GMA reviewed the National Resource Conservation Service website soil survey report regarding
the soils of Cumberland County (Web Soil Survey, National Cooperative Soil Survey, Natural
Resources Conservation Service, Cumberland County, North Carolina, Version 24, September 8,
2022). The proposed Red Rock Mine site (Figure 4) is primarily comprised of Tarboro loamy
sand (Ta) and Dogue fine sandy loam (Do). Both the American Materials mine operation north
of the Red Rock Mine site, and the area surrounding Theresa Lake, are primarily composed of
Tarboro loamy sand with some Craven loam (Cr). The Cape Fear loam (CF) separates the
proposed mine area from Theresa Lake, corresponding to the location of the unnamed creek. A
brief description of the different soils from the NRCS soil survey are summarized below:

Mr. Raynor
Page 3
Ta: Tarboro sandy loam generally forms ridges on stream terraces. The parent material for
this soil is sandy fluviomarine deposits and/or alluvium. The soil profile is generally loamy sand
shallow, grading downward to sand and then gravelly sand at depth of about 99 inches.
CF: Cape Fear loam generally occurs on flats and depressions. The parent material for this soil
is clayey marine deposits and/or fluviomarine deposits over loamy and sandy fluviomarine
deposits. The soil profile is generally loam, clay, and sandy clay loam to a depth of 52 inches,
then sand to about 80 inches.
Cr: Craven loam generally forms ridges on marine terraces. The parent material for this soil is
clayey marine deposits. The soil profile is generally fine sandy loam to about 80 inches, with
clay from 9 inches to 54 inches.
Do: Dogue fine sandy loam generally forms flats on stream terraces and marine terraces. The
parent material for this soil is old clayey alluvium derived from igneous and metamorphic rock.
The soil profile is generally fine sandy loam to a depth of about 10 inches, then clay loam to a
depth of about 80 inches.
Hydrogeology of the Area
GMA conducted a well records search for wells located within 3,000 feet of the proposed mine.
GMA contacted North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) and Cumberland
County Health Department for any available records. The data available on the NCDEQ website
and County laserFsche for each well include the site location and limited well construction
information. Along with this information, GMA researched existing United States Geological
Survey and North Carolina Geological survey publications (topographic maps, geologic maps,
and special publications) that included geological data of interest for the proposed Red Rock
Mine site.
While information was not available for all wells in the area, GMA was able to retrieve
construction information for many wells, including lithologic descriptions prepared by the driller.
GMA identified 32 different well records around the proposed Red Rock Mine site (Figure 5 and
Table 1). Of the 32 wells, only four had depths less than 30 feet. The depth range for those
shallow wells was from 19 feet to 27 feet, and the static water level in these wells ranged from
8 feet to 12 feet below the top of casing. These shallow wells can be problematic for well
owners because of the limited available drawdown in the well. Well WSW26 is located in the
Theresa Lake area. This well is 20 feet deep with a static water level of 8 feet below the top of
casing. The remaining 28 wells had depths exceeding 200 feet. Well WSW2 is also in the
Theresa Lake area. This well is 200 feet deep with a static water level of 20 feet below the top
of casing.

Mr. Raynor
Page 4
Based on our research, GMA believes that the local sands being mined in the area (including
those of the proposed Red Rock Mine) are fluvial deposits from the ancestral Cape Fear River.
The old fluvial valley boundary occurs about 2 miles west-northwest of the site where there is a
prominent ridge that rises to an elevation of about 205 ft MSL, and to the south-southeast of
the site at the current location of the Cape Fear River.
The North Carolina Division of Water Resources (NCDWR) hydrogeologic framework places a
bedrock elevation contour of approximately 0 ft Mean Sea Level (MSL) through the proposed
Red Rock Mine site along Carlos Road. Land surface elevation at that location is about +113
feet above MSL, so if the wells in the area are deeper than 150 feet they are most likely open to
bedrock. If wells are 30 feet to 150 feet deep, the wells are likely open to leaky sand and silt
aquifer material as recorded in the driller's logs for the residential wells in the area. GMA
interprets that lithology to be the Black Creek Aquifer. If wells are less than 30 feet deep, they
are likely open to the Surficial Aquifer comprised mostly of sand and silty sand. There does
appear to be a thin clay layer lying between the Surficial Aquifer and the Black Creek Aquifer.
This clay extends laterally beneath the proposed mine site, Theresa Lake, and the unnamed
stream between the two. As shown in a cross-section view (Figure 6), the vertical extent of
those three features likely extends down to the clay layer. This clay layer will limit the vertical
movement of groundwater down to deeper aquifers. Also, the Surficial Aquifer sand layer may,
in effect, not be continuous between the proposed mine operation and the lake. The unnamed
creek divides the Surficial Aquifer between those two areas and acts as a buffer to any impacts
to the lake. As a result, the only potential impact on water availability or water quality would
be to the unnamed stream. There should be no potential impact to deeper residential wells
open to deeper aquifers.
Most of the groundwater movement is expected to be horizontal through the sand layers of the
Surficial Aquifer. Under natural conditions, groundwater movement in the Surficial Aquifer is
largely lateral from both the proposed mine location and Theresa Lake toward the unnamed
stream, discharging to the stream.
The mining operation plans to remove about 10 feet of sand below the water table at the site.
The operation intends to mine sand wet, and periodically use pumps to lower the water levels.
During periodic periods of pumping, the groundwater flow gradient could change with water
from the creek flowing to the mine, but the water level in the pit would have to be drawn down
below the elevation of the creek. As the operation is mined wet, the removal of wet sand will
be a withdrawal from the groundwater system. Water that previously occupied pore spaces in
the pit area will be withdrawn, and the higher elevation groundwater outside of the pit
boundary will flow into that newly created open space as groundwater discharge to the pit. Any
water coloration (higher turbidity) resulting from mining in the pit will remain in the pit. The
water level in the pit will be lower than the water level in unmined areas surrounding the pit,
thus the pit becomes a groundwater discharge area. The only way groundwater will flow from

Mr. Raynor
Page 5
the pit will be if sufficient stormwater enters the pit to raise the elevation of the water table
higher than the surrounding water table. If that happens, the higher turbidity water will be
filtered through the sand aquifer before reaching the stream.
Proposed Mine Operations
GMA understands the sand will be mined wet when the pit extends below the water table. GMA
understands from inspection of the draft mine plan document that any water pumped from a
shallow pit will go to a sediment basin for infiltration to the shallow groundwater system, or to a
previously mined sand basin. This water will infiltrate into the water table or ditch by infiltration
through the sand of the Surficial Aquifer. The proposed location of the sediment basin is near
the southern portion of the property close to an existing dug ditch that appears to drain to the
unnamed creek located west of the proposed mine site. That ditch was dry during our site visit,
but there was a pond on the property nearby that will be removed during mining.
GMA has reviewed permit information available on the NCDENR website for sand pits nearby.
During mine reviews by the State, sediment basin issues and discharges to the canal/creeks
adjacent to the sites were noted, and repairs to sediment control structures and methods were
requested. There don't appear to have been complaints regarding groundwater issues. Our
assumption is that the proposed Red Rock Mine will be operated in a similar fashion to those
other sand mines, so that any future issues will revolve around sediment control structures and
not groundwater withdrawals. Sediment control structures will have to be properly engineered,
constructed, and maintained.
Conclusions
The neighbors around Theresa Lake have voiced concerns about potential changes to water
quality, sediment, color, and lake levels. Most of these issues can be managed by the proper
design/construction/maintenance of surface water sediment control structures. Available data
indicate that groundwater withdrawals associated with the proposed sand mine will be minimal
and should not affect lake levels of Theresa Lake. The Theresa Lake community reportedly has
some residential water-supply wells shallower than 30 feet below land surface. Other
residential wells are over 200 feet deep. Well depths provide a clue as to which aquifers they
are tapping. The shallow wells are tapping the Surficial Aquifer composed of sand. This is the
same aquifer that the proposed mine will operate in. The deeper wells tap into the basement
rock or crystalline rock aquifer and will not be impacted by the mine operation.
The base of the unnamed creek located between the proposed mine and Theresa Lake likely
extends down to the top of a clay layer that underlies the area. As a result, the Surficial Aquifer
sand layer may, in effect, not be continuous between the proposed mine operation and the

Mr. Raynor
Page 6
lake. The unnamed creek acts as a hydraulic boundary that will mitigate impacts to the lake.
Under natural conditions, groundwater movement in the Surficial Aquifer is largely lateral from
both the proposed mine location and Theresa Lake toward the unnamed stream, discharging to
the stream.
The mining operation plans to remove about 10 feet of sand below the water table at the site.
The operation intends to mine sand wet, and periodically use pumps to lower the water levels.
During periodic periods of pumping, the groundwater flow gradient could change with water
from the creek flowing to the mine, but the water level in the pit would have to be drawn down
below the elevation of the creek for that to occur. Since the same clay layer underlies both the
creek and the pit, that is unlikely to happen.
As the operation is mined wet, the removal of wet sand will be a withdrawal from the
groundwater system. Water that previously occupied pore spaces in the pit area will be
withdrawn, and the higher elevation groundwater outside of the pit boundary will flow into that
newly created open space as groundwater discharge to the pit. Likewise, any water coloration
(higher turbidity) resulting from mining in the pit will also remain in the pit since the water level
in the pit will be lower than the water level in unmined areas surrounding the pit. The only way
groundwater will flow from the pit will be if sufficient stormwater enters the pit to raise the
elevation of the water table higher than the surrounding water table. If that happens, the
higher turbidity water will be filtered through the sand aquifer before reaching the stream.
GMA expects that the level of Theresa Lake will be unaffected by the operation of the sand
mine, and any of the water removed from the sand pit during operation will infiltrate back into
the shallow groundwater system through the sediment basins and other sediment control
structures connected to the ditch and the unnamed creek.
It is GMA's understanding that Ms. Hubbard, the resident of the house located at 8299 Carlos
Road and previous owner of the land on which the proposed Red Rock Mine will be
constructed, intends to live at that residence during mining. While Ms. Hubbard informed GMA
she hasn't had an issue with water availability from her well since the American Materials Mine
opened, the new mining operation will be much closer to her residence. Since her well is
shallow it could have limited available drawdown. Therefore, her well could experience periods
of lower water availability and nuisance water quality issues like higher iron during the mining
operation.

Mr. Raynor
Page 7
GMA appreciates the opportunity to provide this report to you. If you have any questions,
please feel free to contact me.
Best Regards,
Groundwater Management Associates, Inc.
41�&4
William L. Lyke, P.E., P.G.
Senior Hydrogeologist
CC: James K. Holley, P.G. - GMA, Greenville
John J. Wise, P.E. — GMA, Apex
Attachments:
Figure 1: Site Location Map.
Figure 2: USGS Topographic Map.
Figure 4: Cumberland County Soil Map.
Figure 3: Assumed Residential Well Location Map.
Figure 5: Identified Private Residential Water Supply Well Locations.
Figure 6: West-East Cross-Section
Table 1: List of Residential Water-Supply Wells
Report Certification
I, William L. Lyke, a Licensed Geologist for Groundwater Management Associates, Inc. (GMA),
do certify that the information contained in this report is correct and accurate to the best of my
knowledge. GMA is a professional corporation licensed to practice geology (Greenville and
Apex, NC #C-121) and engineering (Apex, NC #C-0854) in the state of North Carolina.
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