OakIsland_21_22_Narrative_Final

North Carolina Division of Coastal Management
Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Oak Island, Brunswick County, North Carolina
July 30, 2020
Proposed by:
Town of Oak Island
Brunswick County, North Carolina
Prepared for:
North Carolina Department of Environmental Quality
North Carolina Division of Coastal Management
127 Cardinal Drive Extension
Wilmington, North Carolina 28405
Prepared by:
MOFFATT & NICHOL
4700 Falls of Neuse Road
Suite 300
Raleigh, North Carolina 27609

Table of Contents
1.0
INTRODUCTION...........................................................................................................................1
1.1
Background..............................................................................................................................1
1.2
Purpose and Need....................................................................................................................4
2.0
DECRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION......................................................................................5
2.1
Project Description...................................................................................................................5
2.2
Methods of Construction.......................................................................................................
21
2.3
Sediment Compatibility..........................................................................................................25
2.3.1
Native Beach Sediment...................................................................................................25
2.3.2
Proposed Borrow Area Sediment....................................................................................
27
2.4
Jay Bird Shoals Borrow Area Modeling...................................................................................38
2.5
Survey Data Collection...........................................................................................................41
3.0
CULTURAL RESOURCES..............................................................................................................44
4.0
PROPOSED CONSERVATION MEASURES.....................................................................................44
5.0
COMPLIANCE WITH BRUNSWICK COUNTY AND CAMA LAND USE PLAN......................................50
6.0
COMPLIANCE WITH THE NC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT........................................................50
7.0
CONSTRUCTION EASEMENTS.....................................................................................................
50
8.0
REFERENCES..............................................................................................................................
50
APPENDIX A — Permit Drawings
APPENDIX B1— Sediment Compatibility Analysis & Vibracore Logs for Jay Bird Shoals
APPENDIX B2 — Sediment Compatibility Analysis & Vibracore Logs for Central Reach
APPENDIX C — Oak Island Geophysical Survey
APPENDIX D —Jay Bird Shoals Borrow Area Modeling
APPENDIX E — Central Reach Archaeological Assessment
APPENDIX F — Eastern Channel Shorebird Monitoring Report
APPENDIX G — Post -Construction Monitoring Procedure
APPENDIX H — Letter of Intent to Obtain Perpetual Easements
ATTACHMENT 1 NCDCM MP — 1 Application
ATTACHMENT 2 NCDCM MP — 2 Excavation and Fill
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20 Moffatt & Nichol
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project July 2020

LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1-1. Vicinity and Location Map......................................................................................................2
Figure 1-2. Summary of Oak Island Renourishment History......................................................................3
Figure2-1. Project Map...........................................................................................................................7
Figure 2-2. Oak Island Borrow Areas........................................................................................................8
Figure 2-3. Jay Bird Shoals Borrow Area Cross Sections..........................................................................11
Figure 2-4. Jay Bird Shoals Borrow Area Dredging Plan..........................................................................
12
Figure 2-5. Central Reach Borrow Area Cross Sections...........................................................................
13
Figure 2-6. Central Reach Borrow Area Dredging Plan............................................................................
14
Figure 2-7. Typical Renourishment Template Cross Sections..................................................................
17
Figure 2-8. Station 540+00 Equilibrated Construction Template.............................................................19
Figure 2-9. Station 570+00 Equilibrated Construction Template.............................................................19
Figure 2-10. Station 600+00 Equilibrated Construction Template...........................................................
20
Figure2-11. Staging Areas.....................................................................................................................
24
Figure 2-12. Native Sediment Sample Transects.....................................................................................
25
Figure2-13. Clast Survey Areas..............................................................................................................
27
Figure 2-14. Jay Bird Shoals Borrow Area...............................................................................................
29
Figure 2-15: Central Reach Borrow Area................................................................................................
35
Figure 2-16. Central Reach Borrow Area Proximity to AR-430................................................................
36
Figure 2-17. After -dredge bathymetry effects on residual tidal currents over a spring neap tidal cycle ..
39
Figure 2-18. Wave induced longshore sediment transport gradients along Caswell Beach shoreline ......
40
Figure 2-19. Sidescan Sonar Survey Coverage of the Central Reach Borrow Area...................................42
Figure 2-20. Sub -bottom Grid Survey Coverage.....................................................................................43
Figure 2-21. 3-D View of Sub -bottom Grid.............................................................................................43
Figure 2-22. Multibeam Survey Coverage of the Central Reach Borrow Area.........................................44
Figure 4-1. Post -Construction Monitoring of Caswell Beach...................................................................49
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20 Moffatt & Nichol
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project July 2020

LIST OF TABLES
Table 2-1. Proposed vs Previously Permitted Dredging Depths................................................................9
Table 2-2. Preliminary length and renourishment fill volume.................................................................18
Table 2-3. Native Beach Characteristics and NCAC Rule Parameters.......................................................
26
Table 2-4. Native beach sediment statistics...........................................................................................
26
Table 2-5. Jay Bird Shoals Dredge Elevations..........................................................................................
28
Table 2-6. Jay Bird Shoals sediment characteristics of material proposed for placement on Oak Island..
30
Table 2-7. Jay Bird Shoals sediment statistics of material proposed for placement on Oak Island...........
30
Table 2-8. Jay Bird Shoals composite sediment characteristics of proposed beach fill compared to native
sediment...............................................................................................................................................
32
Table 2-9. Jay Bird Shoals composite sediment statistics of proposed beach fill compared to native
sediment...............................................................................................................................................
32
Table 2-10. Central Reach Dredge Elevations.........................................................................................33
Table 2-11. Central Reach sediment characteristics of material proposed for placement on Oak Island .
37
Table 2-12. Central Reach sediment statistics of material proposed for placement on Oak Island ..........
37
Table 2-13. Central Reach composite sediment characteristics of proposed beach fill compared to native
sediment...............................................................................................................................................
38
Table 2-14. Central Reach composite sediment statistics of proposed beach fill compared to native
sediment...............................................................................................................................................
38
Table 2-15. Template Dredging Depths..................................................................................................
39
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20 Moffatt & Nichol
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project July 2020

1.0INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
The Town of Oak Island (Town) is located along the Atlantic Ocean, in Brunswick County, NC
between the Cape Fear River Inlet and Lockwoods Folly Inlet. The Town can be accessed by
driving south from Wilmington on U.S. Highway 17 past the towns of Belville and Bolivia, then
following SR 1500 south across the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway (AIWW) to the Island (Figure
1-1).
The history of renourishment projects on Oak Island dates back to 2001 with the introduction of
the Wilmington Harbor Sand Management Plan (WHSMP). WHSMP refers to the deepening
project administered by the United States Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and the periodic
maintenance of the harbor entrance. The initial project by the USACE deepened the Wilmington
Harbor in 2001 and placed material along the eastern and western portions of the Oak Island
shoreline. Following the initial project, Oak Island has received beneficial placement of material
from the WHSMP in 2009 and 2018. In 2001 the USACE also conducted a restoration project
across the central portion of the island. The material for this restoration project came from
Yellow Banks, an upland borrow area, which unintentionally placed rocks on the beach still
present today despite removal efforts by the Town.
In 2009, the USACE dredged the Lockwoods Folly River Crossing and placed material on the
western end of Oak Island's shoreline. In 2015 the Town sponsored the Lockwoods Folly Habitat
Restoration Project, which consisted of dredging Eastern Channel with beneficial placement of
compatible material on the western end of Oak Island's shoreline. After Hurricane Matthew
(October 2016), the Town initiated a dune restoration project to place material along 4.4 miles
of shoreline. In 2019, material from the AIWW at Lockwoods Folly Inlet was beneficially placed
on the western end of Oak Island's shoreline by the USACE. The eastern and western ends of Oak
Island's shoreline experience periodic renourishment as sand is readily available from the inlets
on either end of the island with established programs by the USACE to dredge them and place
material. The central portion of the island has not experienced a significant renourishment event
since 2001. The Town recently received federal and state permits for a renourishment project in
winter 2020/2021 to place up to approximately 1.1 million cubic yards (mcy) along 21,000 ft of
oceanfront shoreline between 101" PI. W to SE 63rd St. (Stations 300+00 to 500+00). All past
USACE and Town renourishment project placement volumes and extents discussed above are
shown in Figure 1-2.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
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OAK ISLAND RENOURISHMENT PROJECT 2021/2022
OAK ISLAND, NORTH CAROLINA
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TOWN OF OAK ISLAND
4601 E. OAK ISLAND DRIVE
OAK ISLAND, NC 28465
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VICINITY MAP
Figure 1-1. Vicinity and Location Map
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
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Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020

Figure 1-2. Summary of Oak Island Renourishment History
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20 Moffatt & Nichol
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project July 2020

1.2 Purpose and Need
The Town is vulnerable to significant damage from storms since the overall beach profile has
been lowered substantially. There is essentially no protective dune throughout most of the
oceanfront. Shoreline and dune erosion as a result of storm surge and overwash during
Hurricanes Matthew (2016) and Florence (2018) were particularly significant along the proposed
project area. In 2017/2018, as a result of Hurricane Matthew, the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA) provided funding for construction of a temporary protection
measure in the form of an 'emergency berm' which placed approximately 25,000 cubic yards (cy)
of material in the proposed project area to provide immediate protection to significantly
damaged sections of dune until a full project could be completed. With the passing of Florence
and Michael in 2018 and Dorian in 2019, this emergency material has served its purpose to
provide immediate protection. The Town is taking proactive measures to restore the oceanfront
shoreline and dune while providing necessary protection. The purpose of the proposed project
is to provide protection to infrastructure from a 25-year return period storm event and provide
additional protection at a known 'hotspot' located on the West End of the island. This 'hotspot'
coincides with the area the USACE nourished with material from the AIWW crossing in 2019.
In order for the Town to maintain adequate cash flow, the renourishment of the entire
oceanfront is being completed in separate projects. This proposed 2021/2022 Renourishment
Project is the second planned over the next 3-5 years (2020 and beyond). The first project, the
2020/2021 renourishment project, was authorized under NC Coastal Area Management Act
(CAMA) Permit #31-20, this second 2021/2022 Renourishment Project is to be covered under a
major modification to that permit. The Town has been actively coordinating with both FEMA and
the NC Department of Environmental Quality (NCDEQ) to secure funding to mitigate for the
extensive erosion experienced from these hurricanes. The project planned for the winter of
2021/2022 will be constructed using Post -Florence federal and state funding, as well as local
funding. The project which is currently planned for winter 2022/2023 (or later depending on
Town cash flow) will be considered the initial project for the Town's Master Beach
Renourishment Plan. The focus for the initial Master Plan project will be replacing any dune
volume lost in the interim, as well as provide advance fill for additional storm protection in the
form of a recreational berm in front of the dune across the island. In addition, the advance fill
will serve as the buffer to maintain the profile needed for the 25-yr return period storm event
protection over an expected 6-yr renourishment interval.
This proposed project includes a dune design to withstand a 25-year return period storm event
as well as a sloped berm with a 20H:1V slope in some locations which will move mean high water
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
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July 2020

(MHW) seaward on average 87 feet. Other areas of the beach have a berm that ranges from 15
— 70 ft in width. The berm width ranges according to offshore bathymetry and existing dune
conditions and what is required to provide the 25-year return period storm event protection. In
addition, due to increased erosion that is being experienced at the West End 'hotspot' a 120 ft
wide berm has been added to the template in this area to help mitigate those effects.
The need for the proposed 2021/2022 Renourishment Project is to protect and preserve a large
portion of the town's infrastructure, tourism industry, and tax base.
During the proposed beach renourishment project, the Town has several objectives. Those
objectives are summarized as follows:
• Provide protection to ocean susceptible infrastructure and property while maintaining tax
revenues to the Town, County, and State.
• Preservation of the environmental, cultural, and aquatic resources of the Town and
County.
2.0 DECRIPTION OF THE PROPOSED ACTION
2.1 Project Description
The proposed project consists of excavating approximately 1.513 mcy (this includes assumed 30%
dredge losses) of beach -quality sediment from a combination of Jay Bird Shoals and Central
Reach borrow areas.
The Jay Bird Shoals borrow area is situated a distance of approximately one mile offshore of the
Oak Island/Caswell Beach shoreline (Figure 2-1). This will be the second dredging event to occur
from this Jay Bird Shoals borrow area, the first dredging event being the 2020/2021
Renourishment Project. Other portions of Jay Bird Shoals have been included in previous
renourishment events for the Village of Bald Head Island (Figure 2-2). The closest sail distance
from the borrow area to the placement area is about 1.8 miles and the farthest sail distance from
the borrow area to the placement area is about 10.9 miles.
The Central Reach borrow area is situated a distance of approximately 1.9 miles offshore of the
Oak Island shoreline (Figure 2-1). Portions of the Central Reach borrow area have been included
in previous renourishment events for the Town of Holden Beach (Figure 2-2). The closest sail
distance from the borrow area to the placement area is about 1.9 miles and the farthest sail
distance from the borrow area to the placement area is about 4 miles. The renourishment from
this borrow area would be utilized to provide a cost-effective source for portions of the western
project extent.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
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The renourishment area will cover approximately 26,100 ft (-5 miles) along Oak Island, refer to
Appendix A for the complete set of permit drawings. It should be noted that based on the bids
received for the 2020/2021 Renourishment Project, the 2021/2022 Renourishment Project will
also likely include placement over 4,300 linear feet of the area permitted under the 2020/2021
Renourishment Project (see Figure 2-1). Under no circumstance will the material placed under
either project exceed the volumes and permit extents allowed.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
0

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NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
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Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020

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NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
n
Moffatt & Nichol
J u ly 2020

Using vibracore data collected in 2019 (1,000 ft spacing), three different zones and cut depths
(with 2 ft of overdredge allowance) within the Jay Bird Shoals borrow area have been identified.
Since this is an ebb shoal environment, these three varying cut depths are intended to maintain
the integrity of the shoal and minimize the effect on the nearshore wave environment. The
borrow area cross sections are shown in Figure 2-3. Wave modeling was performed to quantify
any potential effects along the Bald Head Island, Fort Caswell, Caswell Beach, and Oak Island
oceanfront (see Section 2.4). An area of approximately 304 acres within the outer edge of Jay
Bird Shoals (Figure 2-4) has been identified to contain approximately 4.67 mcy of beach
compatible material. The footprint of the Jay Bird Shoals borrow area is the same as was
previously permitted, but the proposed depths for this permit modification are deeper as shown
in Table 2-1.
Table 2-1. Proposed vs Previously Permitted Dredging Depths
Zone
Proposed Depth
(ft-NAVD88)
Previously Permitted
Depth (ft-NAVD88)
1
-28
-26
2
-37
-31
3
-29
-27
While the proposed template theoretically contains 4.67 mcy of beach compatible material, this
volume is significantly reduced due to several factors, such as:
• The 1.1 mcy that will be removed to complete the 2020/2021 Renourishment Project.
• The level of control/accuracy in the dredging process and the unstable working
environment.
• In order to avoid a permit violation, the contractor will naturally leave a buffer between
the target elevation dredging depth and the permitted depth; this can be as much as 3 ft.
• The contractor will typically try to avoid areas that were previously dredged that do not
have enough material remaining above the permitted depth. These areas are both
inefficient to dredge and pose a much higher risk of dredging below the permitted depth.
Thus, some of the previously dredged areas during the 2020/2021 Renourishment Project
may not be used or will be deemed too risky to use by the contractor.
• There are shallower areas within the proposed template where a hopper dredge may not
be able to operate for safety reasons (draft of vessel is deeper than ocean floor). Thus, if
a hopper dredge is the only available or reasonable equipment to be used by a contractor
then shallower areas of borrow area will not be used.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
E

• The project has operating requirements for a hopper dredge stating they must keep the
draghead on the bottom for sea turtle protection. This operating constraint makes it more
likely to commit a permit violation if there is not a sufficient buffer of material below the
contractor's target dredging elevation depth and the permitted depth. The contractor will
avoid areas that do not have a sufficient buffer.
• There is a potential obstruction identified as marine debris in Zone 2 and 3 that the
contractor will avoid by applying their own elected safe buffer distance for their dredging
operations, thus reducing the volume available; unless it is determined that this debris
can safely be removed by the contractor.
After accounting for the 1.1 mcy removed during the 2020/2021 Renourishment project and the
2 ft overdredge allowance volume (which is meant to allow for a buffer for dredging inaccuracies
not provide additional volume) that leaves approximately 2.59 mcy available to meet the need
for the approximate 1.513 mcy dredge quantity for the 2021/2022 Renourishment Project.
Using vibracore data collected in 2019 (1,000 ft spacing), four different zones with unique cut
depths (with 2 ft of overdredge allowance) within the Central Reach borrow area have been
identified. The borrow area cross sections are shown in Figure 2-5. The Central Reach borrow
area consists of an area of approximately 180 acres (Figure 2-6) within which 1.18 mcy of beach
compatible material has been identified. After accounting for the 2 ft overdredge allowance
volume (which is meant to allow for a buffer for dredging inaccuracies not provide additional
volume) that leaves approximately 615,000 cy available to meet the need for the approximately
1.513 mcy dredge quantity for the 2021/2022 Renourishment Project. The Central Reach borrow
area is meant to provide a cost-effective borrow area for material needed for portions of the
west end of the project.
Detailed sediment characteristics and vibracore logs for the borrow areas are provided in
Appendix 131 and B2. Material placed on the beach will be consistent with NC Coastal Resources
Commission sediment compatibility standards. Placed material will be visually monitored for
sediment quality daily (via visual inspection) and weekly (via sediment analysis).
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
10

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NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
11
Moffatt &Nichol
July 2020

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NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
12
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020

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NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
13
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Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020

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NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
14
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Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
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Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020

Sediment will be spread via land -based equipment and shaped into a dune starting at the existing
stable vegetation line. The beach fill will affect approximately 194 acres of beach and inshore
area. The main fill portions of the project will contain an average of 44 cubic yards of material
per linear foot (cy/ft) of shoreline.
There are some variations in the renourishment template across the island, some areas with dune
only (Stations 501+00 — 620+00), some areas with berm only (Stations 235+00 — 275+00), and
some areas with a combination of dune and berm (Stations 210+00 — 235+00 , 275+00 — 295+71,
and 620+00 — 676+36). The dune crest elevations vary between 12.0 ft and 14.5 ft North
American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD88) across the project and the dune crest width is always
10 ft. The original design of the front and back dune slopes 5H:1V have been a topic of discussion
between Moffatt & Nichol, US Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), and NC Wildlife Resources
Commission (NCWRC). A concern was raised about the lack of steepness of the original design of
the front dune slope as it pertains to sea turtle's ability to climb and nest behind with the risk of
becoming trapped. After some conversation, the final design of the front dune slope was set to
be 4H:1V to alleviate concerns for nesting sea turtles while maintaining the back dune slope at
5H:1V.
It is expected that the front face of the dune will steepen fairly quickly during the first winter
storm that occurs and will quickly get to a 3H:1V slope which is close to the angle of repose for
loose clean sand and about the steepest slope that a dune could be constructed.
The dune will break at elevation 7 ft NAVD88, some locations will have a berm at this elevation
break, and then continue out on a 20H:1V slope until it ties into the existing profile somewhere
between elevation -1.0 ft and -10.0 ft NAVD88. This foreshore slope was chosen to best replicate
the natural slope of the beach in efforts to mitigate significant profile equilibration directly after
placement; however, mild equilibration of the profile is still expected.
In the eastern most portion of the beach fill covering Stations 210+00 — 235+00 the
renourishment template consists of both a dune and a berm. The dune height varies from 13.5 ft
to 14.0 ft NAVD88. The berm elevation is at 7 ft NAVD88 with a width of 15 ft. The berm is
included in the template to help meet a minimum beach fill of 15 cy/ft to help ensure
constructability for the contractor.
Between Stations 235+00 — 275+00 the renourishment template consists only of a berm at
elevation 7 ft NAVD88, the berm width is 70 ft. The berm width was determined to meet a
minimum beach fill of 15 cy/ft to help ensure constructability for the contractor. In this area, the
existing dune provides enough protection for the 25-year return period store event, which is why
a dune is not included in the template.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
15

Between Stations 275+00 — 295+71 the renourishment template consists of both a dune and a
berm. The dune height varies from 13.5 ft to 14.0 ft NAVD88. The berm elevation is at 7 ft
NAVD88 with a width of 55 ft. The berm width was determined to meet a minimum beach fill of
15 cy/ft to help ensure constructability to the contractor. Station 295+71 marks the end of the
project on the eastern portion of the island. This is the station where the project will tie into the
previous 2020/2021 Renourishment Project.
The western portion of the beach fill starts at Station 501+00 which is where the previous
2020/2021 Renourishment Project is permitted to end. Between Stations 501+00 — 620+00 the
renourishment template consists only of a dune. The dune height varies from 12.0 ft to 14.0 ft
NAVD88.
On the west end of the island in the 'hotspot' area covering Stations 620+00 — 676+36 the
renourishment template consists of both a dune and a berm. The dune height varies from 12.0 ft
to 14.5 ft NAVD88. The berm elevation is at 7 ft NAVD88 with a width of 120 ft. The berm width
in this area was determined based on the quantity of beach compatible material available in the
Central Reach borrow area. Station 676+36 marks the end of the project.
All the above described renourishment templates in the project have been designed to withstand
a 25-year return period storm event. These typical renourishment template cross sections are
shown in Figure 2-7. Filling the design template described above will require approximately 1.164
mcy of sand to be placed within the project area.
Taper sections which are approximately 500 ft long will tie the main fill into the natural shoreline
at the ends of each reach. The dune will be planted with native sea oats and bitter panicum; to
be installed on 18" centers. A summary of the renourishment placement and fill is shown in Table
2-2.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
16

`Eoa�ER�
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NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
17
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ISSUED: 20A07-01
NOi TO EE USED FOR CONSTR�CTiON �
6
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020

Table 2-2. Preliminary length and renourishment fill volume
Approximate
Average Unit
Reach
Renourishment
'Reach
Project
Geographic
Fill Volume
Volume
Reach
Length (ft)
Station
Location
(cy/ft)
(cy)
Oak Island East
210+00 to
McGlamery St. to
End
8, 600
300+00
SE 63rd St.
20
168,500
Oak Island
500+00 to
71" Place West to
12 000
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31
377 200
West
620+00
515T Place W
Oak Island
620+00 to
51" Place W to The
5,500
112
618,300
West End
680+00
Point
'Reach length includes 500-ft taper section at the beginning and end of reach.
To quantify the extent of equilibration, the placement template at three representative locations
within the placement area were chosen and run in SBEACH. This analysis was only performed at
representative profiles along the project extent with a dune and sloped berm to analyze the
impact to recreation beach width during equilibration. Areas with a dune and berm or berm only
were not analyzed because the assumption was made that the recreation beach width would not
be significantly impacted in these areas during equilibration. The output profile from the 2-yr
storm was used as an assumption of the resulting equilibrated construction template and are
shown in Figure 2-8 through Figure 2-10. Material placed in the dune and sloped berm will be
transported to the offshore bar. Mild equilibration of the dune profile is expected; however, this
will act as a sand source for the sloped berm over time. The equilibrated template will maintain
a similar recreational beach width when compared to the 2016 (Pre -Matthew) conditions when
a dune was present within the project area. As a note, the preconstruction profiles shown in the
figures are from the June 2019 survey.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
In

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NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
J u ly 2020
19

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Figure 2-10. Station 600+00 Equilibrated Construction Template
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
J u ly 2020
20

2.2 Methods of Construction
The proposed project would involve the use of either a hopper dredge or a cutter suction
(hydraulic) dredge to excavate sand from Jay Bird Shoals borrow area and the Central Reach
borrow area.
Hopper dredges are self-propelled vessels that employ trailing suction draghead(s) to remove
sediment from the seafloor. The draghead is equipped with various types of steel cutting teeth
or blades and/or high-pressure water nozzles that dislodge thin layers (approximately one to
three feet deep) of sediment from the seafloor. A mixture of loose sediment and water is pumped
through a suction pipe into a hopper onboard the dredge. Sediment settles in the hopper and
excess water is discharged via an overflow system (i.e., scuppers). Once fully loaded, the hopper
dredge would travel from the borrow area to a nearshore pump -out station along the target
beach.
As specifically described by Hales (1995) the proposed methodology includes removing dredged
material from the hopper dredge, where the dredge moors to a nearshore pump -out station
which is typically an anchored floating structure, buoy, or multiple buoy berths. The nearshore
pump -out station will be situated in 25-35 ft of water and an underwater pipeline will extend
from the pump -out station to shore. A hose is connected from the pump -out station to the
hopper -dredge discharge manifold. The dredge then mixes the dredged material with water to
form a slurry and pumps the slurry from its discharge manifold through the floating hose to the
anchored floating pump -out station and on through the underwater pipeline toward shore where
it would be pumped onto the recipient beach (Hales 1995). Once empty, the dredge would then
return to the borrow area and the cycle of dredging and discharging would be repeated.
Equipment refueling would occur as needed by fuel barge or at the Port of Wilmington. The
position of the nearshore pump -out station and underwater discharge pipeline would be
relocated as necessary as construction progresses along the beach.
Cutter suction dredges are stationary dredges that are moored at the borrow area by either spuds
or a series of anchors and wires. The equipment employs the use of a rotating cutterhead that
loosens the material from the sea floor. Just behind or within the cone of the cutterhead is a
suction pipe that gathers the loosened material from the sea floor in a material and water mixture
called a slurry. The cutter suction dredge (CSD) is connected to a pipeline that stretches from the
borrow area to the final placement location via a series of floating and submerged pipelines.
Generally, a CSD will have approximately 1,500 ft of floating hose/pipeline directly connected to
the stern of the dredge. This floating pipeline allow the dredge to move throughout the borrow
area to dredge/gather the material. This floating pipeline is connected to a submerged pipeline
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
21

that is laid along the sea floor from the borrow area to the recipient beach. The submerged
pipeline is connected to land -based pipelines that helps to distribute the material throughout the
beach placement area. Additional subline would be added in the borrow area should the 1,500
feet of floating line not allow the CSD to reach all permitted dredging areas.
To collect the material the CSD swings the bow of the dredge (cutterhead) back and forth within
the borrow area in an arc like pattern moving the dredge forward a few feet with each swing of
the dredge. The cutterhead is engaged/buried within the seafloor to a depth of approximately
two to eight feet (depending on the allowable cut depth) while swinging back and forth. The
material that is loosened becomes fluidized and is pulled into the suction pipe in a slurry and is
pumped directly to the recipient beach through the series of pipes described above.
A couple of primary differences between the hopper dredge and the CSD is the hopper dredge
removes the material in thin layer passes and may take multiple passes in order to reach the
desired depth; the CSD will take all available material to the desired depth in one pass and
generally does not cover an area twice. Also, a hopper dredge needs deeper water to operate
within the borrow area because material loads into a hopper on the vessel, for transport, which
dramatically increases their draft during the loading cycle. Since the CSD is directly pumping the
material onshore the draft of the vessel does not change and therefore can operate in much
shallower waters.
Placement and grading activities on the beach would involve the use of bulldozers to redistribute
and grade the beach fill material to the proposed beach profile. Land -based equipment will be
brought to the site over public roads and will enter the beach at existing permanent beach
accesses and can be stored at staging areas shown on Figure 2-11. Existing vegetation on the
beach will be avoided and preserved; however, any alteration of vegetation necessary for
equipment access will be repaired to pre -project conditions. Daily equipment staging will be on
the constructed beach seaward of the dune line. Construction contracts will provide for proper
storage and disposal of oils, chemicals, and hydraulic fluids etc. necessary for operation in
accordance with state and federal regulations.
Work will progress in sections within the borrow area(s) and along the beach. Fill placement along
the beach will typically progress at a rate of 400-700 linear feet per day. Construction activities
will involve movement of heavy equipment and pipe along approximately 1 mile reaches over a
period of 1-2 weeks. Once a section is complete, piping and heavy equipment will be shifted to a
new section and the process repeated. As soon as practicable, sections will be graded and
dressed to final slopes. Other than at temporary equipment staging areas, residents and visitors
along the project area will not experience significant disruption to recreational activities except
within the immediate construction area. The majority of existing public access to the beach will
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
22

remain open at all times during construction, except for a few that maybe used for staging/access
areas, see Figure 2-11. Offshore pump -out stations and appurtenances would not affect
commercial or recreational boating.
The proposed project involves dredging approximately 1.513 mcy of beach -quality sand from a
combination of Jay Bird Shoals and Central Reach borrow areas. Given the borrow area cut depths
in Jay Bird Shoals there is sufficient beach compatible material available to allow for all the 1.513
mcy to be taken from this location, if necessary. However, up to 615,000 cy of beach compatible
material can be removed from the Central Reach borrow area. Flexibility in providing two borrow
areas was intended to allow for the contractor to decide how to best construct the project from
a cost effectiveness perspective. Based on other project experiences, one hopper dredge can
excavate and place on the order of 10,000 — 15,000 cy in a 24-hour period. Dredging and grading
would occur around the clock, thus requiring nighttime lighting on the beach and onboard the
dredge. It is anticipated the proposed construction will be accomplished in approximately three
to four months, unless multiple dredges are deployed on the project which would shorten the
construction period. All beach fill construction activities would take place within the 16
November through 30 April environmental window.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
23

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NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
24
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020

2.3 Sediment Compatibility
2.3.1 Native Beach Sediment
Sediments on the native beach were sampled by Athena in 2019. This established a native grain
size distribution for purposes of compatibility analyses. The native sediment distribution for Oak
Island was defined based on the percent gravel, granular, sand, fine-grained, and calcium
carbonate present in samples taken from 13 locations along a specific transect as specified in NC
Administrative Code 15A NCAC 07H.0312(1). These 13 samples were then averaged to obtain a
composite average for that transect. Eleven (11) transects were sampled along the shoreline of
Oak Island (Figure 2-12). The composite average for each of the 11 transects were then averaged
to obtain a global mean for the native beach. As mentioned above, this is the second of three
projects planned over the next three years (2020-2022) to nourish the entire oceanfront. The
composite average from all eleven transects will be used to classify native material as opposed
to only using the composite average for the transects that fall within the project area. This
establishes consistent standards for native grain size for the future projects. A summary of the
distribution and statistics for the native sediment is provided in Table 2-3. The table also
demonstrates the acceptable grain size criteria for beach placement in accordance with 15A
NCAC 07H.0312 (3). The native material is characterized as fine-grained sand under the American
Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) Unified Soil Classification System with a mean grain size
of 0.27 millimeter (mm). The native beach is medium -grained sand that is coarse skewed and
moderately sorted (Table 2-4).
Legend
—NaLve 58 mpk La dons
— TfanWC1 Lunfl.ns
D 2.5W SAW t0.000
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Figure 2-12. Native Sediment Sample Transects
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
25

Table 2-3. Native Beach Characteristics and NCAC Rule Parameters
Characteristic
2019 Native
Global Mean
NCAC
Requirements
NCAC Maximum
Gravel (>#4)
Reported: 0.45%
native + 5%
<_ 6%
Granular (>#10 & <#4)
Reported: 0.71%
native + 10%
<_ 11%
Sand (>#230 & <#10)
Reported: 96.96%
-
-
Fines (<#230)
Reported: 1.88%
native +5%
<_ 7%
Calcium Carbonate
Reported: 9.72%
native + 15%
<_ 25%
Table 2-4. Native beach sediment statistics
i Sediment
Compatibility
j 2019 Native
I Global Mean
Median (mm)
0.26
Median ((�)
1.97
Mean (mm)
0.27
Mean ((�)
1.90
Standard
Deviation (aC
0.81
Moffatt and Nichol conducted field investigations on May 14, 2019 and October 28, 2019 to
estimate the total number of shell and rock material greater than or equal to three inches in
diameter, observable on the surface of the beach between mean low water and the frontal dune
toe, in a 50,000 square foot area based on requirements of 15A NCAC 07H.0312. Investigations
were performed in three locations across the project area as shown in Figure 2-13. Area 1 was
located between Stations 650+00 and 670+00. Area 2 was located between Stations 210+00 and
230+00. Area 3 was located between Stations 460 and 470. Area 1 was nourished two months
prior to the investigation, Area 2 had received nourishment in the summer of 2018, and Area 3
had received nourishment in the spring of 2018. Results of the investigation found 165 pieces in
Area 1, 87 pieces in Area 2, and 58 pieces in Area 3 of shell material greater than or equal to three
inches in diameter. The average clast count of shell and rock material greater than or equal to
three inches in diameter for the three areas surveyed is 103 pieces.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
26

Figure 2-13. Clast Survey Areas
2.3.2 Proposed Borrow Area Sediment
JAY BIRD SHOALS BORROW AREA
Vibracores in the Jay Bird Shoals borrow area were obtained by American Vibracore Services
(AVS) in February and March of 2019. Figure 2-14 gives the location of vibracores and the
bathymetry of the proposed borrow area within Jay Bird Shoals. Using a multibeam bathymetric
survey collected by Geodynamics in 2019 (see Appendix C), volume calculations indicate
approximately 3.69 mcy of material exists in the three (3) zones within the Jay Bird Shoals borrow
area when excluding the 2 ft of overdredge allowance material. It is assumed that the first project
in 2020/2021 will remove approximately 1.1 mcy from the borrow area, which would leave 2.59
mcy in the borrow area for the second project in 2021/2022. The 2021/2022 Renourishment
Project has an expected total dredge volume of 1.513 mcy (including West End 'hotspot'), which
means the material within the Jay Bird Shoals borrow area will be enough to fully cover the
dredge volume for the 2021/2022 project if the contractor chooses.
The borrow area was divided into three (3) zones as beach compatible material exists down to
varying elevations across the shoal. The dredge elevation within these zones was decreased
moving onshore over the shoal to replicate the natural contours of the shoal system, see Table
2-5. The average cut depth, not including overdredge, across Zone 1 is 5.8 ft, Zone 2 is 9.8 ft, and
Zone 3 is 6.9 ft. Since this is a shoal environment, these cut depths are intended to maintain the
integrity of the shoal by not allowing waves to break closer to shore and cause unintended effects
on the adjacent shoreline. A comprehensive modeling report for the use of Jay Bird Shoals is
provided in Appendix D and a summary of the modeling is discussed in Section 2.4.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
27

Table 2-5. Jay Bird Shoals Dredge Elevations
Zone
Deepest Compatible Material
Design
Elevation (ft,
+2 ft Overdredge
Allowance (ft,
Elevation (ft, NAVD88)
NAVD88)
NAVD88)
1
Varies between -32 and -40.5
-26
-28
2
Varies between -39.5 and -41.5
-35
-37
3
Varies between -33 and -38
-27
-29
Sediment characteristics and statistics are presented in Table 2-6 and Table 2-7. As noted, the
sediment characteristics and statistics presented consider a composite average down to the
design elevation for each zone.
Appendix 131 provides a summary of sediment descriptions including mean grain size, percent
gravel, percent granular, percent fines (<#230), percent carbonate, and Munsell color. The
composite averages shown in Appendix 131 will be different than the composite averages shown
in Table 2-6 and Table 2-7. Appendix 131 shows the composite average for the entire vibracore
sample, while Table 2-6 and Table 2-7 show the composite average for the vibracore down to
the design elevation (with overdredge) for each zone. The borrow area vibracores meet all the
grain size criteria for beach placement as established in 15A NCAC 07H.0312 (Table 2-8). The
typical sediment type in Jay Bird Shoals is medium -grained sand (mean size = 0.34 mm) that is
coarse skewed and poorly sorted. This preliminary comparison shows the proposed borrow area
sediments to be similar to the native material (Table 2-9).
Although no documented State or Federal criteria for sediment color exist, the USFWS has
recommended that to minimize effects on sea turtles that the Munsell color must be at least a 5.
The Jay Bird Shoals vibracore Munsell colors vary from gray (10YR-5/1, 10YR-6/1) to light gray
(10YR-7/1), some grayish brown (10YR-5/2) to light grayish brown (10YR-6/2). In Appendix 131
there are two colors noted for the vibracore samples, one while the sample was still wet and one
after the sample had been exposed to the sun and allowed to dry for a month.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
m

0
0
N
0
m
a
34000
2288000
2292000
.a
CG
•a+
a
�� • + �
han
r C
9Ste
1
1
Zone 1
JB-19 JB-20
JB-21
JB-22 JB-23
O •
•
• ,• -
JB-18 JB-01
JB-02
JB-03 JB-04
Zone 2
0 0
JB-17 JB-05
JB-06
JB-07 JB-08
�
\
I
Zone 3
o
•
• •
JB-09
JB-10
JB-11 JB-12
j
6
0•
JB-16
JB-15
JB-14 JB-13
W
A10
8 C5
10
Zone
Dredge Elevation
(ft, NAVD88)
Volume Icy)
Overdredge Elevation
(ft, NAVD88)
Volume Icy)
Zone 1
-26.0
858,209
-28.0
1,154,975
Zone 2
-35.0
1,555,584
-37.0
1,870,282
Zone 3
-27.0
1,275,617
-29.0
1,645,805
Total
3,689,410
4,671,062
2284000 2288000 2292000
0 •
Iso 2s
9
4.
rf r Legend Elevation (ft NAVD88)
• Jay Bird Shoals Vibracores _ -29.51 - -28 -21.99 - -20
` Marine Debris-27.99--26-19.99--18
j -25.99 - -24 -17.99 - -16
Jay Bird Shoals Borrow Area
-23.99 - -22 - -15.99 - -14
0 750 1,500 3,000 N
Feet
Figure 2-14. Jay Bird Shoals Borrow Area
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20 Moffatt & Nichol
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project July 2020
29

Table 2-6. Jay Bird Shoals sediment characteristics of material proposed for placement on Oak Island
Sediment
Compatibility
Zone 1 Dredge Elevation -26 ft NAVD88
(+2 ft overdredge -28 ft NAVD88)
I Zone 2 Dredge Elevation -35 ft NAVD88
(+2 ft overdredge -37 ft NAVD88)
I Zone 3 Dredge Elevation -27 ft NAVD88
(+2 ft overdredge -29 ft NAVD88)
JB-20
JB-21
JB-22
JB-23
JB-01
JB-06
JB-17
JB-18
JB-07
JB-08
JB-11A
JB-12
JB-13
Gravel
1.92%
1.24%
1.33%
0.17%
1.60%
1.85%
0.77%
1.20%
2.89%
0.74%
2.94%
1.37%
3.67%
Granular
4.40%
2.30%
2.72%
0.90%
2.78%
3.14%
1.73%
5.47%
6.43%
3.55%
6.82%
3.20%
5.02%
Sand
88.61%
92.30%
91.18%
96.52%
91.36%
88.79%
93.03%
89.09%
84.26%
91.72%
85.66%
90.97%
86.41%
Fines
5.07%
4.16%
4.77%
2.41%
4.26%
6.22%
4.46%
4.23%
6.43%
3.99%
4.58%
4.46%
4.90%
Carbonate
15.34%
18.42%
11.08%
10.32%
14.24%
13.29%
11.49%
24.06%
10.24%
10.11%
18.43%
9.95%
16.85%
Median (mm)
0.23
0.29
0.26
0.24
0.28
0.29
0.25
0.29
0.26
0.29
0.26
0.22
0.29
Mean (mm)
0.32
0.33
0.32
0.27
0.34
0.37
0.28
0.36
0.38
0.34
0.37
0.29
0.41
Note: characteristics represent the composite average down to specified zone dredge elevation with overdredge.
Table 2-7. Jay Bird Shoals sediment statistics of material proposed for placement on Oak Island
Zone 1 Dredge Elevation -26 ft NAVD88
Zone 2 Dredge Elevation -35 ft NAVD88
Zone 3 Dredge Elevation -27 ft NAVD88
Sediment
(+2 ft overdredge -28 ft NAVD88)
(+2 ft overdredge -37 ft NAVD88)
(+2 ft overdredge -29 ft NAVD88)
Compatibility
JB-20
JB-21
JB-22
JB-23
JB-01
JB-06
JB-17
JB-18
JB-07
JB-08
JB-11A
JB-12
JB-13
Median (mm)
0.23
0.29
0.26
0.24
0.28
0.29
0.25
0.29
0.26
0.29
0.26
0.22
0.29
Median (f)
2.14
1.78
1.94
2.07
1.85
1.77
1.99
1.80
1.96
1.80
1.93
2.21
1.77
Mean (mm)
0.32
0.33
0.32
0.27
0.34
0.37
0.28
0.36
0.38
0.34
0.37
0.29
0.41
Mean (f)
1.65
1.58
1.64
1.90
1.57
1.42
1.82
1.46
1.38
1.54
1.43
1.77
1.28
Standard
1.55
1.34
1.30
0.91
1.25
1.52
0.91
1.30
1.77
1.37
1.69
1.49
1.67
Deviation (of)
Note: statistics represent the composite average down to specified zone dredge elevation with overdredge.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
30
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020

NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
31
Moffatt & Nichol
J u ly 2020

Table 2-8. Jay Bird Shoals composite sediment characteristics of proposed beach fill compared to native
sediment
Sediment
Compatibility
12019 Native
Global Mean
NCAC
Maximum
Jay Bird Shoals
Composite
Gravel
0.45%
<_ 6%
1.59%
Granular
0.71%
<_ 11%
3.57%
Sand
96.96%
-
90.23%
Fines
1.88%
<_ 7%
4.61%
Carbonate
9.72%
<_ 25%
13.98%
Median (mm)
0.26
-
0.27
Mean (mm)
0.27
-
0.34
Note: characteristics for Jay Bird Shoals composite average down to specified zone dredge elevations
with overdredge.
Table 2-9. Jay Bird Shoals composite sediment statistics of proposed beach fill compared to native
sediment
Sediment
Compatibility
i 2019 Native
Global Mean
Jay Bird Shoals
Composite
Median (mm)
0.26
0.27
Median ((�)
1.97
1.90
Mean (mm)
0.27
0.34
Mean ((�)
1.90
1.56
Standard
Deviation (a(�)
0.81
1.39
Note: statistics for Jay Bird Shoals composite average down to specified zone dredge elevations with
overdredge.
Vibracores in the Central Reach borrow area were obtained by AVS in February and March of
2019. Eighty-one vibracores were collected by AVS in 2019 within the Central Reach borrow area
and were analyzed with respect to the NC Technical Standards for sediment parameters. These
vibracores were grouped based on compatibility and combined into zones. Figure 2-15 gives the
location of vibracores and the bathymetry of the proposed borrow area within Central Reach.
Artificial reef (AR-430) or fish haven as denoted on the navigation chart near the Central Reach
borrow area is approximately 600 ft away as shown in Figure 2-16. No impact to AR-430 is
expected from dredging operations within the Central Reach borrow area.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
32

Using a multibeam bathymetric survey collected by Geodynamics in 2019 (see Appendix C),
volume calculations indicate approximately 615,000 cy of material exists in the four (4) zones
within the Central Reach borrow area when excluding the 2 ft of overdredge allowance material.
If the contractor chooses, they could remove the entire 615,000 cy of material from Central
Reach to help meet the need for the approximate 1.513 mcy dredge volume for the 2021/2022
Renourishment Project.
The borrow area was divided into four (4) zones as beach compatible material exists down to
varying elevations, see Table 2-10. The average cut depth, not including overdredge, across Zone
1 is 1.7 ft, Zone 2 is 3.0 ft, Zone 3 is 0.5 ft, and Zone 4 is 2.3 ft. The sediment characteristics and
statistics for the Central Reach borrow area material are presented in Table 2-11 and Table 2-12.
As noted, the sediment characteristics and statistics presented consider a composite average
down to the design elevation for each zone.
Table 2-10. Central Reach Dredge Elevations
Design
+2 ft Overdredge
Zone
Deepest Compatible Material
Elevation (ft,
Allowance (ft,
Elevation (ft, NAVD88)
NAVD88)
NAVD88)
1
Varies between -40 and -43.4
-38
-40
2
Varies between -41.7 and -49
-39.7
-41.7
3
-39.3
-37.3
-39.3
4
Varies between -42 and -46
-40
-42
Appendix B2 provides a summary of sediment descriptions including mean grain size, percent
gravel, percent granular, percent fines (<#230), percent carbonate, and Munsell color. The
composite averages shown in Appendix B2 will be different than the composite averages shown
in Table 2-11 and Table 2-12. Appendix B2 shows the composite average for the entire vibracore
sample, while Table 2-11 and Table 2-12 show the composite average for the vibracore down to
the design elevation (with overdredge) for each zone. The borrow area vibracores meet all grain
size criteria for beach placement as established in 15A NCAC 07H.0312 (Table 2-13). The typical
sediment type in Central Reach is medium -grained sand (mean size = 0.32 mm) that is poorly
sorted. This preliminary comparison shows the proposed borrow area sediments to be similar to
the native material (Table 2-14).
Although no documented State or Federal criteria for sediment color exist, the USFWS has
recommended that to minimize effects on sea turtles the Munsell color must be at least a 5.
Central Reach vibracore Munsell colors recorded were gray (10YR-5/1, 10YR-6/1). In Appendix B2
there are two colors noted for the vibracore samples, one while the sample was still wet and one
after the sample had been exposed to the sun and allowed to dry for a month. The exception to
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
33

this is sample three (3) and four (4) for Central-10 where the wet Munsell reading was 10YR-3/1.
A Munsell reading was not able to be taken after samples were dried; however, it is expected
that these samples would lighten since samples one (1) and (2) lightened.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
34

r �n
0 5 10 Mlles
I
Legend
Oak Island Sand Search
201912020 Vibracores
Central Reach Borrow Area
Holden beach Gentral Reach
Permitted Barrow Area
Elevation (ft, NAVD88)
Z Hlgh:-34A306
O O-
I& Low _-41.4304
O O O
0 1000 2,000 4000
Feet
1 inch = 2,000 feet
O O O
O
N
W'
y
Zone 1
Notes:
Aerial Imagery: NC One Map 201(5
Zone 2
Coordinate System: State Plane NAD83
O
O O
O
Zone 3
J
Town of Oak Island
-1 0 1 0
0
Permit Modification
zone 4
Borrow Sources:
a f
Central Reach
o
cf� 0
0
Drawn By. Brandon Grant
O
Map Scale: 1 In = 2,000 it
Dredge Elevation
Overdredge Elevation
o
Zone
Volume Icy)
Volume Icy)
(ft, NAVD88)
(ft, NAVD88)
Zone 1
-38
117,010
-40 252,039
Zone 2
-39.7
224,200
-41.7 370,470
0
Zone 3
-37.3
20,160
39.3 86,536
hrl O f f S] t f & n I C h 01
Moffefl8 Mshal
Zone 4
-40 1
253,630
-42 471,774
Total
1
615,000
1,180,818
4700 Ferrs ofWv Rd. sera 300
Rareigh, NC 27809
919-781-4626
www.moNertnichal com
_
_
Figure 2-15: Central Reach Borrow Area
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
J u ly 2020
35

4
- �
'
,
L 4.25 9.5 Mlle
I i I
Zone 1 o
Zone 2
4
Legend
o Oak Island Vibracores
Central Reach Borrow Area
Zone 3
7
0 500 1.0D0 2000,
Feet
1 inch = 1,OD0 feet
N
® 0
Zone 4
0
Approximately 550 ft
„F
E ZONE
away from Fish Haven
..,
...
Notes:
Coordinate System'. State Plane NAD83
Z)
�y
■
��
+ .. 7
■ + f[
■
Town of Oak Island
Permit Modification
Borrow Sources:
{i
LJ LLLJJJ
■-
►
� '
+ r to
erg
■ � Fish Haven
(act min l is 0
38
ft)
Map Scale 1 in = 1,000 ft
hAhq
Moffatt & nichol
Moth, &Nkhal
4700 Farr, ofM— Rd_ SWte 30d
R.Iegh. No TE09
919-781-0626
ww.monaer-hocwm
~
Figure 2-16. Central Reach Borrow Area Proximity to AR-430
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
J u ly 2020
36

Table 2-11. Central Reach sediment characteristics of material proposed for placement on Oak Island
Sediment
compatibility
Zone 1 Dredge
Elevation -38 ft
NAVD88
(+2 ft overdredge -40
ft NAVD88)
Zone 2 Dredge
Elevation
-39.7 ft NAVD88
(+2 ft overdredge-
41.7 ft NAVD88)
Zone 3 Dredge
Elevation
-37.3 ft NAVD88
(+2 ft overdredge -
39.3 ft NAVD88)
Zone 4 Dredge Elevation -40 ft
NAVD88
(+2 ft overdredge -42 ft NAVD88)
Central-07
Central-08
Central-09
Central-10
Central-16
Central-18
Central-19
Central-20
Gravel
1.92%
3.52%
3.54%
3.60%
4.43%
2.45%
4.28%
3.66%
Granular
3.25%
3.93%
7.91%
4.88%
4.86%
4.17%
5.39%
2.81%
Sand
89.31%
86.58%
83.37%
86.96%
86.94%
88.28%
86.47%
86.66%
Fines
5.52%
5.97%
5.17%
4.55%
3.76%
5.10%
3.85%
6.87%
Carbonate
14.00%
7.82%
18.59%
10.33%
24.78%
19.48%
22.85%
14.40%
Mean (mm)
0.24
0.27
0.42
0.35
0.32
0.32
0.28
0.24
Median (mm)
0.18
0.18
0.30
0.23
0.20
0.22
0.17
0.16
Note: characteristics represent the composite average down to specified zone dredge elevation with
overdredge.
Table 2-12. Central Reach sediment statistics of material proposed for placement on Oak Island
Zone 1 Dredge
Zone 2 Dredge
Zone 3 Dredge
Elevation -38 ft
Elevation
Elevation
Zone 4 Dredge Elevation -40 ft
Sediment
NAVD88
-39.7 ft NAVD88
-37.3 ft NAVD88
NAVD88
compatibility
(+2 ft overdredge -40
(+2 ft overdredge-
(+2 ft overdredge -
(+2 ft overdredge -42 ft NAVD88)
ft NAVD88)
41.7 ft NAVD88)
39.3 ft NAVD88)
Central-07
Central-08
Central-09
Central-10
Central-16
Central-18
Central-19
Central-20
Mean (mm)
0.24
0.27
0.42
0.35
0.32
0.32
0.28
0.24
Mean ((�)
2.06
1.89
1.24
1.50
1.64
1.66
1.84
2.06
Median (mm)
0.18
0.18
0.30
0.23
0.20
0.22
0.17
0.16
Median (f)
2.46
2.46
1.72
2.13
2.35
2.19
2.54
2.67
Standard
1.30
1.51
1.64
1.5
1.62
1.52
1.66
1.54
Deviation (o4))
Note: statistics represent the composite average down to specified zone dredge elevation with
overdredge.
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
J u ly 2020
37

Table 2-13. Central Reach composite sediment characteristics of proposed beach fill compared to native
sediment
Sediment
i Compatibility
2019 Native
i Global Mean
NCAC
Maximum
Central Reach
Composite
Gravel
0.45%
<_ 6%
3.40%
Granular
0.71%
<_ 11%
4.97%
Sand
96.96%
-
86.53%
Fines
1.88%
<_ 7%
5.09%
Carbonate
9.72%
<_ 25%
16.17%
Median (mm)
0.26
-
0.22
Mean (mm)
0.27
-
0.32
Note: characteristics for Central Reach composite average down to specified zone dredge elevations
with overdredge.
Table 2-14. Central Reach composite sediment statistics of proposed beach fill compared to native
sediment
Sediment
Compatibility
2019 Native
Global Mean
Central Reach
Composite
Median (mm)
0.26
0.22
Median ((�)
1.97
2.22
Mean (mm)
0.27
0.32
Mean ((�)
1.9
1.65
Standard
Deviation (a(P)
0.81
1.56
Note: characteristics for Central Reach composite average down to specified zone dredge elevations
with overdredge.
2.4 Jay Bird Shoals Borrow Area Modeling
To investigate the potential effects of dredging the Jay Bird Shoals borrow area on tidal currents,
nearshore waves, and sediment transport along the adjacent shoreline, the existing model
bathymetry was modified to reflect the after -dredge conditions. Dredging depths were increased
from the borrow area template that was permitted for the 2020/2021 Renourishment Project
(Template 2). These depth increases were considered in order to provide additional volume for
the proposed 2021 /2022 Renourishment Project (Template 1). The increased dredging depths
also provide additional flexibility and efficiencies for dredge equipment based on the bidding and
construction history from the prior project. The footprint of the proposed borrow area is the
NCDCM Major Permit Modification #31-20
2021/2022 Oak Island Renourishment Project
Moffatt & Nichol
July 2020
m

same as was previously permitted, but the proposed depths for this permit modification are
deeper as shown in Table 2-15.
Table 2-15. Template Dredging Depths
Zone
Template 1
Proposed Depth
(ft-NAVD88)
Template 2
Previously Permitted
Depth (ft-NAVD88)
1
-28
-26
2
-37
-31
3
-29
-27
The maximum dredging scenario was considered for both templates, i.e. assuming to remove all
the available material identified as beach compatible, 4.67 mcy for Template 1 and 2.95 mcy for
Template 2. This assumption is conservative since, as discussed earlier, the dredge will not
remove all this material. Thus, the results from the MUD model are believed to be a
conservative overestimate of the potential effects on the tidal current and wave climates.
The tidal current model results indicate that for the proposed Template 1 scenario, effects on
residual tidal currents would be localized and small, similar to the previously permitted Template
2 scenario. This implies there would be no significant effects on sediment transport processes
associated with tidal currents due to implementing the changes in depths for Template 1. Figure
2-17 shows the effects of the proposed template (Template 1) and previously permitted template
(Template 2) on residual tidal currents over a spring -neap tidal cycle.
17- 17-
-- =
-
E � E
14
J
13 � J
694 695 696 697 696 699 700 701 702 703 694 695 696 697 699 699 700 701 702 703
x coordinate jkm) � x 000rdinate jkm) �
-025 -02 -0.15 -0.1 -005 0 0.0, 0.1 gi1 02 021 -025 -0.2 -015 -0., -005 0 0.0. 0.1 0.,5 02 0.25
Residual Cunan iTemplats 1-Ex Ut q!(fflsi Residual Currants-ff—plata2-Existing;(ft,s
Figure 2-17. After -dredge bathymetry effects on residual tidal currents over a spring neap tidal cycle
The wave transformation model results for the 2004 — 2018 average annual offshore wave
climates show that both after -dredge bathymetry templates within Jay Bird Shoals could result
in a slight redistribution of wave energy along the Caswell Beach shoreline during moderate to
severe storm events.
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Thus, sediment transport analyses were also completed, to observe if the changes to wave
heights and wave directions would affect longshore transport. The sediment transport results for
both after -dredge bathymetry templates show that the wave -induced longshore sediment
transports could be reduced leeward of the borrow area but could potentially increase on
shoreline segments both east and west sides of the borrow area. The net effect of these changes
could result in localized adjustments in shoreline erosion/accretion. Potential effects on
shoreline erosion in other areas are minimal, although some areas may experience increased
shoreline accretion. Based on the model results of the longshore sediment transport gradients
as presented in Figure 2-18, most of the potential increases in shoreline erosion would be limited
to discrete portions of Caswell Beach (between survey transects 37+00 — 60+00 and 150+00 —
185+00). Generally, both templates show results close to existing conditions, with some areas
showing transport rates above and below existing conditions.
1❑0
80
60
ro
40
66
_80
100
-------------------------------------------
bb-- of - ----
0 0 0 0 of o0o vvo 000voo 0
0 of ov+o.n o vlo v�o:.•.o .I :.•. °:n o:no o.n r�:n ov+o +ov+ o+�+ ++
M .ao MO1N �mN N.iOV oo�+o
rnmm nnm�v+ �
_++
----------------T-------- i ----- -r. --}. --------
I
1
1
- + SurveyTransects--""""-"" """""--"".."'--""
Jay Bird Shoal borrow Site
—Transport Gradient - Existing
Transport Gradient -Aker-Dredge Template 1
—Transport Gradient - Aker -Dredge Template 2
691000 692000 693000 69400D 695000 696000 6970DD 698000 699000 700000 701000
Ea sting - NC State Plan (m)
Figure 2-18. Wave induced longshore sediment transport gradients along Caswell Beach shoreline
Given the results, there is no strong evidence that the proposed Template 1 would cause
significant impacts in comparison with previously permitted Template 2, especially given that this
is not a morphological model. The sediment transport inside the surf zone is greatly influenced
by the imposed model bathymetry. Thus, the results only represent the bathymetric condition
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constructed based on the available data sources. Therefore, Template 1 is proposed to complete
the 2021/2022 Renourishment Project, which will allow for efficient and effective use of
additional beach compatible sediment given the dredging process inefficiencies previously
discussed.
2.5 Survey Data Collection
15A NCAC 07H.0312 (2) specifies 100 percent multibeam and sidescan sonar coverage of the
borrow area and geophysical imaging of the seafloor on survey grids with line spacing not to
exceed 1,000 feet. Geodynamics completed a survey of the Central Reach borrow area in June
2019. Data collected included magnetometer, sidescan sonar, sub -bottom, and multibeam,
survey data collection methods and other information are detailed in Appendix C.
As a note all survey data for the Jay Bird Shoals borrow area was provided in the 2020/2021
Renourishment Project application and is also available in Appendix C.
The results of the magnetometer data were reviewed by Tidewater Atlantic Research, Inc. in
order to determine the presence and proper avoidance of any cultural resources. This is discussed
further in Chapter 3.0 Cultural Resources.
The sidescan sonar mosaic data in Figure 2-19 illustrates the relative differences in bottom type
throughout the Central Reach borrow area. There are observed distinct sand ridges with a rather
homogenous bottom type. The sub -bottom data was collected on grid line spacing of 1,000 ft,
see Figure 2-20 below. Figure 2-21 shows a 3D diagram illustrating the sediment horizons from
the collected sub -bottom data. The dark orange line represents the extents of the 'shallow'
reflector and the lime green line represents the 'base' reflector or deepest, continuous reflector.
The multibeam data collected, shown in Figure 2-22 below, was used to determine the total
dredge volume for the borrow area.
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29
31
R ,
8 34
g
Oak Island Geophysical: Phase 2
Central Reach MSES Survey
��
$
7
Legend
33
-DISCHARGE ZONE
{see note Z} 3�
35 Qbstn
Fish Ha
35 - �au[h mi
V 7
0 `�'�v Eri[�!a
Cmlrll RRxn 6acllcatlu
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nqn -to
elk IsIlnd Phase s uunlheem:
Rw.wei.Din l.�wa °.r.awNw�cxvw
o'er' oow. �r+lM3
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.KecM ww N M1IYI✓Mnn n Mce on. s....x�
nMwwewr�we� ffiM l�e1
Figure 2-19. Sidescan Sonar Survey Coverage of the Central Reach Borrow Area
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Figure 2-19. Sidescan Sonar Survey Coverage of the Central Reach Borrow Area
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NG
I r r
Oak Island Geophysical: Phase 2
Central Reach S�bl tb p Profiles
Legend
Sub -bottom Hi Igetlon
Suobgn_ M-1gatlon stare
l SuaHonwn Lmeslorq dl
Soo- M.-*v mae win EnpereN 513
00 S gxcpe Fd wer tM eupnq owes.
hN➢r'd b Ve NAVQBB CalRrneiy fe Ciee
releccre m6 nyrne se relemrc m A ruvra!
OYpNe.
�e 31._. .33
31
ss
33
NO -DISCHARGE ZO
(see note Z)
3
35 p
I
�7
Figure 2-20. Sub -bottom Grid Survey Coverage
Figure 2-21. 3-D View of Sub -bottom Grid
01
370
Obstn
Fish Nave
{auth min
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43

CaRralAreas
/�
�a..-♦eevx,-.v nln K.xms 2, �a Feet
Oak Island Geophysical: Phase 2
Csnhal Reach MBES Survey
Legend
o,aney E�ren�
— i n eo�meri
Cenral Reach Bathy
NAVD88 (fl)
— Hlgh : 32
Oak Island Phaee 2 MDluheam:
iM1e l:ongsberg EM209enC dua4M1eaE wnaer wnh full
mtlmN
reooym� 1/�
��000 2�asoo3 zz��o zz,00g� zzsz000 a�o zzs�oo
33
9
31 3S L
g 4, -34/ p '
-37
65 5 -36 �y I
f'j R
34
S sh fi 6
s
DISCHARGE ZONE
33 ao
A° 0
rY
'3� S
(see note Z)
35 Obstn
3�
,r 39 Fish Ha
35
(auth mil
Figure 2-22. Multibeam Survey Coverage of the Central Reach Borrow Area
3.0 CULTURAL RESOURCES
The NC State Historic Preservation Office was consulted prior to offshore geotechnical
investigations to ensure vibracores collected would not interfere with any known cultural
resources. Tidewater Atlantic Research, Inc. conducted an evaluation of all 167 anomalies
resulting from the 2019 magnetometer and sonar survey (Appendix Q. Results identified all
anomalies were generated by modern debris such as tires, chain/cable, and small objects such as
traps; of which 27 of the 167 anomalies fall within the 180-acre proposed Central Reach borrow
area. No buffers were recommended for the anomalies identified.
As a note the cultural resources investigation for the Jay Bird Shoals borrow area was provided
in the 2020/2021 Renourishment Project application.
4.0 PROPOSED CONSERVATION MEASURES
The following conservation measures will be implemented by the Town and contractor to avoid
or minimize potential impacts on the affected environment and federally managed species and
critical habitat that may occur within the dredging and pipeline footprint, beach placement, and
staging areas. In addition to those listed below, the Town is committed to Reasonable Prudent
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Measures and Terms and Conditions listed under sand placement from beach nourishment
activities in the USFWS Statewide Programmatic Biological Opinion for Sand Placement Projects
(USFWS 2017).
Construction Schedule
• All sand placement, dredging, and associated construction activities would adhere to a 16
November to 30 April environmental window. Adherence to the environmental window
would minimize potential impacts by avoiding the following periods of critical biological
activity:
o Sand placement and dredging operations would avoid most of the peak
recruitment period [March -September (Hackney et al. 1996)] for surf zone fishes
in NC.
o Dredging operations near the Cape Fear River inlet would avoid peak larval ingress
periods [May -June (Hettler and Chester 1990)] for estuarine -dependent fishes and
invertebrates, thereby reducing rates of larval entrainment during dredging
operations.
o Sand placement operations would avoid peak spring benthic invertebrate
recruitment periods in NC [May through September (Hackney et al. 1996, Diaz
1980, Reilly and Bellis 1978)]; thereby reducing the duration of direct impacts on
intertidal beach benthic infaunal communities that constitute the prey -base for
demersal surf zone fishes.
o Borrow area dredging operations would avoid peak spring benthic invertebrate
recruitment periods in NC [May through September (Hackney et al. 1996, Diaz
1980, Reilly and Bellis 1978)]; thereby reducing the duration of direct impacts on
subtidal soft bottom benthic invertebrate communities that constitute the prey -
base for nearshore demersal fishes.
Construction Methods
• Good Engineering Practices and Best Management Practices would be applied to all sand
placement and dredging activities.
Sand Placement
• Pipelines will be equipped with spreaders to reduce effluent discharge velocities during
sand -slurry placement. Temporary longitudinal sand dikes would be used to contain and
direct the horizontal flow of the discharged sand -slurry along the beach. These measures
would maximize sediment retention within the designated placement area, thereby
minimizing potential surf zone turbidity effects.
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• Sand delivery pipelines will be routinely inspected for pressurized leaks and any leaks that
are found would be immediately repaired.
• All sediment and erosion control measures shall be equal to or exceed the requirements
of the NC Sediment and Erosion Control Manual.
• For borrow pit sites, the erosion and sediment control measures should be in line with
the NC Surface Mining Manual.
• Sediment and erosional control measures should not be placed in wetlands.
• Construction equipment and activities will not be near the bare sand area adjacent to the
inlet where many protected avian species forage and nest. The Town conducted three
years of shorebird monitoring to analyze habitat use within the inlet complex (See
Shorebird Monitoring Report in Appendix F).
Dredging
• A hydrographic survey covering the entire area where the dredge is expected to operate
will be conducted before and after the dredging event.
• The contractor will be required to comply with requirements stated in the South Atlantic
Regional Biological Opinion (SARBO).
• Operation and Dredging Endangered Species System (ODESS) — the dredge should be
equipped with a tablet running ODESS software to track and document the presence of
sea turtle, sturgeon, and marine mammal species during dredge operations. The system
must be connected to the internet and be a stand-alone system, as well as have the USACE
ODESS data collection and reporting software (ODESS Field Collector Tool).
• Dredging contractors will be required to maintain spill control plans and waste
management plans for all dredging fleet equipment.
Sediment Compatibility
• All material placed on the beach and in associated dune systems would consist of beach
compatible sand that meets NC Technical Standards for Beach Fill Projects (15A NCAC 07H
.0312). Monitoring of fill material at the pipeline outfall will be conducted daily by the
contractor throughout sand placement operations. If dredging operations encounter non -
compatible material, the contractor will cease operations and immediately contact the
USACE Wilmington District Regulatory Branch and the NC Division of Coastal
Management (NCDCM) to determine the appropriate course of corrective action. The use
of only sand that is compatible with the native beach would reduce the extent and
duration of direct impacts on intertidal beach benthic infaunal communities and sea turtle
nesting.
• Should dredging operations encounter incompatible sand, the dredge operator should
cease operations immediately and contact NCDCM.
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Post -Construction Monitoring
• The NCDCM and USACE hosted a meeting in January 2020 to discuss the 2020/2021
Renourishment Project with neighboring stakeholders (Caswell Beach and the Village of
Bald Head Island) in which a monitoring plan was discussed associated with use of the Jay
Bird Shoals borrow area. As agreed by all parties, the Town will monitor the Caswell Beach
shoreline annually for three (3) years post -construction to investigate any potential
shoreline change effects. Further details on the post -construction monitoring procedure
can be found in Appendix G. Figure 4-1 below shows the extents of the proposed
monitoring. For comparison, it also shows the extents of Bald Head Island's current
monitoring efforts on Caswell Beach.
• The Town will monitor the permitted dredged area, and sediment accumulation (infill)
rates within Jay Bird Shoals, including all areas located 500 feet outside of the dredged
area, for a period of three years after dredging. The first survey should be completed
within 30 days upon completion of dredging.
Reporting
• The Town will notify the state and federal resource agencies in the event the contractor
is able to remove the marine debris intact. Any marine debris encountered during
dredging operations will be disposed of in an appropriate location. If any submerged
cultural resources are encountered during dredge operations, the contractor will cease
dredging immediately.
• All shoreline monitoring reports will be submitted to the State and Federal resource
agencies by December 31 of each year.
Threatened and Endangered Species
• Based on recommendations by USFWS and NCWRC, the dune slope design was adjusted
to 4H:1V on the oceanfront side to avoid sea turtles and hatchlings becoming entrapped
on the backside of the dune.
• West Indian Manatee Protection — the contractor will implement the USFWS's Manatee
Guidelines found at http://saw-reg.usace.army.mil/ESA/manatee guidelines.pdf.
• Sea Turtle Incidental Data Form - If a sea turtle or its remains are found during dredging,
a Sea Turtle Incidental Data Form will be completed and submitted to the ODESS database
as soon as possible (not to exceed 6 hours after the incident).
• Sturgeon Incidental Data Form - If a sturgeon or its remains are found during dredging, a
Sturgeon Incidental Data Form must be completed and submitted to the ODESS database
as soon as possible (not to exceed 6 hours after the incident).
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• During dredging, observers approved by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration — Fisheries for sea turtles, sturgeon, and whale will be aboard to monitor
for presence of the species.
• To protect NC Division of Marine Fisheries (DMF) Artificial Reef 425, a 2,000' radius will
be maintained in all directions from a center point location of 33°53.048' N,-78°06.525'
W.
• To protect NC DMF Artificial Reef 430, a 2,000' radius will be maintained in all directions
from a center point location of 33°52.1898' N,-78'10.0002' W.
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E;

FvA RWRY-
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2255000 2260000 2265000 2270000 2275000 2280000 2285000 2290000 2295000 2300000 2305000
Legend
Monitoring Transacts
Bald Head Island Jay Bird Shoals Borrow Area
Oak Island Jay Bird Shoals Borrow Area
0 2,500 5.000 10,000 15,000
Feet
Figure 4-1. Post -Construction Monitoring of Caswell Beach
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5.0 COMPLIANCE WITH BRUNSWICK COUNTY AND CAMA LAND USE PLAN
The proposed project is consistent with the approved CAMA Land Use Plans for Brunswick County
and the Town. The project property is within the planning jurisdiction of Brunswick County and
the Town and is classified "Developed" by the CAMA Land Use Plan.
6.0 COMPLIANCE WITH THE NC ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT
The NCDCM has determined prior to the application that review of this project under the State
Environmental Policy Act is not be required.
The NC Division of Water Resources will be provided a full copy of the permit application
requesting a 401 Water Quality Certification.
7.0 CONSTRUCTION EASEMENTS
The Town is in the process of obtaining easements for the oceanfront properties within the
project area. The Town has provided a letter of intent to obtain these easements prior to
construction (Appendix H).
8.0 REFERENCES
Diaz, H. 1980. The mole crab Emerito talpoida (say): A case study of changing life history pattern.
Ecological Monographs 50(4):437-456.
Hackney, C.T., M.H. Posey, S.W. Ross, and A.R. Norris. 1996. A review and synthesis of data on
surf zone fishes and invertebrates in the South Atlantic Bight and the potential impacts from
beach renourishment. UNC-Wilmington, Wilmington, NC, 111 pp. Prepared for: Wilmington
District, US Army Corps of Engineers.
Hales, L.Z. 1995. Dredge Plant Equipment and Systems Processes; Summary Report for Technical
Area 3. Technical Report DRP-95-10, United States Army Corps of Engineers
Hettler, W.F. and A.J. Chester. 1990. Temporal distribution of ichthyoplankton near Beaufort
Inlet, North Carolina. Marine Ecology Progress Series 68: 157-168.
Reilly, F.J. Jr., and V.J. Bellis. 1978. A study of the ecological impact of beach nourishment with
dredged materials on the intertidal zone. Institute for Coastal and Marine Resources, Technical
Report No. 4.
Town of Oak Island, 2009. CAMA Land Use Plan Update. Adopted by the Oak Island Town Council
8 Feb 2017.
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U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Wilmington District. 2010. Archaeological and Hardbottom Surveys
of Offshore Borrow Areas with Jay Bird and Frying Pan Shoals, Brunswick Beaches, Brunswick
County, North Carolina. 89 pages.
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. 2017. North Carolina Coastal Beach Sand Placement Statewide
Programmatic Biological Opinion. Website: https://www.fws.gov/raleigh/pdfs/spbo.pdf.
VERSAR, 2003. Effects of dredged material beach disposal on surf zone and nearshore fish and
benthic resources on Bald Head Island, Caswell Beach, Oak Island, and Holden Beach, North
Carolina: interim study findings. Prepared for USACE, Wilmington District, NC; -prepared by
Versar Inc, Columbia, MD, Vol I, 54 pp.
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