Land Use Plan-1980

SUNSET BEACH LAND USE PLAN
1980
f't
� 1
PROPERTY OF
DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE

DEDICATION
TOWN OF SUNSET BEACH
NORTH CAROLINA, N.C.
LAND USE PLAN
1980
Prepared by the Sunset Beach Town Council
Frances Kanoy
Mayor
L.D. Benton
Commissioner
Edward M. Gore
Commissioner
Robert H. Sellers
Commissioner
Roy M. Deal
Commissioner
Tonya Edwards
Mayor Pro-Tem
and the
Sunset Beach Planning Board
Allen May
Chairman
Leola Spivey
Member
Cora Simpson
Member
Harvey Miller
Member
Mary Allen
Member
The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of
1972 as amended which is administered by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
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if
fIlk 1-11
I. INTRODUCTION
II. —DESCRIPTION -OF -PRESENT- CONDITIONS
A.
Population and Economy
B.
Existing Land Use
C.
Problems Related to Past Development
D.
Current Plans Policies and Regulations
III. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ACTIVITIES
A.
Public Input Process
B.
Land Use Issues
IV. CONSTRAINTS
A.
Land Suitability
1. Physical Limitations For Development
A. Hazard Areas
1. Excessive Erosion
2. Flood Hazard
B. Water Supply Area
C. Fragile Areas
1. Coastal Wetland
2. Estuarine Waters
3. Public Trust Waters
4. Endangered Species Habitat
B.
Capacity Of Community Facilities
1. Water
2. Roads
3. Bridge -Crossing AIWW
C.
Community Services
1. Police, Fire, and Rescue
2. Solid Waste Collection
V. PLAN DESCRIPTION
A.
Land Classification
VI. MANAGEMENT PLAN
A.
Pollution
1. Restraints on Construction
B.
Public Access to the Beach
C.
Solid Waste Disposal
D.
Erosion
VII. SUMMARY
EXHIBIT
#1 20 & 21 EXHIBIT #2
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LAND USE PLAN
I INTRODUCTION
The town of Sunset Beach was organized by an Act of the North Carolina General Assembly
on March 26, 1963. The town limits as shown on exhibit figure number 1, have not changed since
that time. Of the 1900 acres of land within the corporate limits approximately 1400 acres includes
beaches, marsh, and waterways. The town has two distinct divisions, the island portion south of
the AIWW and the mainland portion which is a narrow strip parallel to the AIWW and roughly divid-
ed by highway 179, and between Shoreline Drive and the waterway.
Approximately 20% of the town is subdivided for development. On the mainland 75 homes
are within the corporate limits, while 336 homes have been built on the island. Six business
buildings are operated on the island and six are located on the mainland.
Factors that must be studied in our updated land use plan soil capabilities, drainage, and the
number of seasonal population as well as growth of year round residents. The pressures brought
upon this fragile environment must be anticipated and the town officials and citizens must work
together to control the future growth of Sunset Beach.
From 1970 to 1980, the population of Brunswick County virtually doubled with most of the
growth in the Coastal Area. The traditional farming area of the county lost population during the
decade.
The problems of untrammeled growth brought about the coastal area management act late
in the decade of the 1970's, and the Coastal Resource Commission to implement the act and pro-
tect the coastal area for the future.
Many developers bitterly oppose the regulations which define areas of environmental con-
cern and limit or bar construction. Other regulations specify construction details designed to in-
sure a quality of building that will survive some of the harsher weather conditions of the usually
tranquil seaboard.
Some residents feel that there are too many septic tanks per square mile in the coastal area
and that they are a source of pollution. However embattled the various coastal interests may be,
the entire region faces serious erosion and pollution problems which are the results of the growth
boom. Thousands of acres of choice shellfishing beds are polluted and marked "off-limits" to the
fishermen.
Expensive erosion control measures to protect expensive beach residential areas have been
undertaken frequently with little success. Recently the entire concept of beach erosion control
has come under scrutiny.
The rapid settlement of the coastal area has brought about demands for preserving portions
of the coast for public parks. Pressure groups have caused legislation to be introduced in Con-
gress to alter the growth of so-called barrier islands such as those in Brunswick County. .
Continued growth is expected along the coast, however, current high interest rates are slow-
ing construction and while most of the earlier coastal growth has been in the form of vacation
homes an increasing number of homes are being built and occupied by retirees from the northern
industrial areas.
Area water systems and waste water disposal systems will be major goals for the next few
years to protect the inhabitants and the environment.
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II DESCRIPTION OF PRESENT CONTITIONS
Any long range development plan must start with a close examination of the present condi-
tions in the area: Existing population, economic characteristics, todays land uses and current
plans, policies and regulations of the town of Sunset Beach. The purpose of this analysis is to pro-
vide necessary background material to aid in the planning process.
A. POPULATION AND THE ECONOMY
(1) POPULATION
The population of Sunset Beach at the time of the incorporation was 48. Seven years later in
1970 the population was listed as 108 according to the U.S. Census. The 1978 cluster population
estimates by the N.C. Office of Budget and Management indicate a 1975 cluster population of 190
with a 1978 figure of 140. Registered voters in the 1979 town election numbered 140.
Durning the season from April 1 to Labor Day the town of Sunset Beach must accomodate a .
seasonal population estimated to be 2000 persons. Motels and seasonal rental dwellings can ac-
comodate 2500 persons overnight.
Peak daytime population on the beaches and surrounding areas has been estimated by traf-
fic count to reach as high as 7500 persons.
If homes continue to be constructed at the same rate as in the past three years (20 per year)
at least 200 new homes will be added to the approximately 400 that are now within the town limits
over the next decade.
(2) ECONOMY
The primary industry of the town of Sunset Beach is summer resort trade. The commercial
establishments and services offered in the town limits are designed primarily to take care of the
seasonal tourist and vacation trade. The 1979 annual retail sales were approximately $1,025,000.
More than 90% of these sales were made during the tourist season (April 1st - Labor day).
In the past there has been some commercial fishing along the boundaries of the town of
Sunset Beach but this has diminished with the closing of the shell fish areas due to pollution.
Total Brunswick County shrimp catch for 1979 was $1,525,000., a significant drop from the past.
The majority of the permanent residents work in nearby industries and commute to work. Approx-
imately 10% of the year round residents are retired and enjoy the usually quiet and restful at-
mosphere and mild tempert urepresent in this small beach town.
Sunset Beach is located five miles from highway 17, and is accessable only by highway 179.
The factors necessary for the location of industrial plants do not exist at Sunset Beach. Absence
of cheap labor, adequate transportation routes (water and roads), low cost land in large plots, plus
the restrictions caused by the fragile conditions of the coastal area land place severe limitations
on the development of industry in the town.
In summary,the amount of development and standard of living of the majority of the citizens
of Sunset Beach is somewhat dependent on the economic situation in the surrounding areas. The
economic base within the town limits only provides minimum essential services and does not pro-
vide a broad economic base.
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B. EXISTING LAND USE (LAND USE MAP -EXHIBIT #1)
Analysis of the existing land use is very important as part of the planning process. It pro-
vides a base from which to start. This section will contain an existing Land Use Map and a discus-
sion of all types of land used in the town of Sunset Beach. Attention will be given to significant
land use, compatability problems and areas experiencing change in predominate land use.
RESIDENTIAL LAND USE
The 1900 acres of land within the corporate limits of Sunset Beach contain 490 acres that
could be divided for development. Approximately 350 acres have been subdivided and platted and
represent about 70% of the developable residential land in'the town.
Most of the living units in Sunset Beach have been added since 1960 with a heavy concentra-
tion. for 1970-1980. Of the total living units there are 411 conventional housing units, one mobile
home, one condominium with 27 units and 16 apartments located in five buildings on the beach.
Conventional Housing Units 411
1 Mobile Home 1
1 Condominium 27 Units 27
16 Apartments 16
Total Housing Units 455
There are approximately 140 acres of undeveloped vacant land that could be put into
residential use. These acres are not platted. Public input indicates that these areas will most likely
not be platted until the majority of the existing platted lots are developed.
BUILT-IN GROWTH FACTOR
Vacant Lots 1100
Vacant Residental Acres 140
The built-in growth factor chart indicates the ability of the town of Sunset Beach to grow
within the present town limits without further subdivision if the factor of space alone is the only
constraint.
COMMERCIAL LAND USE
The commercial land use in the town of Sunset Beach is restricted to the Main Street sec-
tion (Sunset Boulevard) of the mainland and one block over on each sides of Sunset Boulevard on
the island. The commercial district on the mainland is located on either side of the road entering
Sunset Beach from the north. Most of the commercial use is in the form of basic services and
commercial shopping.
COMMERCIAL LAND USE
1. ABC Store
2. Food Stores (3)
3. Real Estate Offices (3)
fp
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4. Restaurants and Bar (2)
5. Recreational (Pavillion)
6. Motels and Apartments
7. Gift Shop
GOVERNMENTAL AND INSTITUTIONAL LAND USE
The municipal property includes approximately 2.5 acres. One site houses the Town Hall
and a non-contiguous site houses the public works and maintenance office.
The Sunset Beach Volunteer Fire Department building houses the Fire Department and the
Sunset Beach Police Department.
Twenty acres of land just behind the Sunset Beach Town Hall is zoned for recreational or in-
stitutional, and could be used benefically in either category, provided the town could lease or ob-
tain ownership of this land.
C PROBLEMS RELATED TO PAST DEVELOPMENT
Basically the town of Sunset Beach is a well planned town that is very desirable to its
citizens and property owners.
I One of the most severe problems stems from a seemingly slight emphasis on separation
of sewer facilities on one lot -from those on the adjacent lot.
Most lots are too small to accommodate septic tanks.side by side without causing problems
that effect our environment.
Letter from Brunswick County Health Department dated 4-18-80.
In July, 1977, the new North Carolina Sewage Disposal Regulations became ef-
fective. These regulations were more stringent than previous county regulations
govering sewage disposal. These North Carolina State Regulations are being enforc-
ed to the letter in Brunswick County; however, many problems concerning develop-
ment of the barrier islands occur despite proper enforcement. These problems are as
follows:
1. Soil Conditions - Although many areas on the barrier islands have coarse san-
dy soils, there is some question as to whether this soil type filters septic tank effluent
properly. Dredge spoil or Madeland around the finger canals is generally unsuitable
as to texture due to the mucky material and broken shells intermixed with the sands.
These finger canals may have high water tables and ponding of surface rainwater.
Drainage is impractical on these canal lots, resulting in the necessity of modifying
the lots with fill material to meet the present regulations.
2. Small Lot Sizes - Within the past few years, lot sizes have remained basically
the same on the barrier islands; house sizes, however, have increased dramatically.
Most of the communities have building ordinances requiring a minigmum square
footage of house to be built on these lots. Setback, requirements ha4also been in-
corporated in these ordinances leaving a very small area (generally 25' x 50') reserved
for a septic tank and nitrification field serving a 3 or 4 bedroom house. In case of
failure of the original septic system on lots, there is no room for repair or replacement
of the old system. Number of bedrooms per dwelling is the factor used under North
Carolina State Regulations for sizing septic systems. This method seems to be im-
Page 7

practical for resort property due to the occupant capacity of some 4 bedroom houses
being much greater than 8 people (2 per bedroom). In some instances, 20 or more peo-
ple may occupy a 4 bedroom dwelling; the water usage and wastewater flow in these
instances greatly exceeds the amounts for which the systems were designed and
overloads the systems.
3. Density - Compounded with small lot sizes and large house sizes, density of
sewage flow is a situation which will become worse with continued development in
this manner using conventional septic tank systems. All soils, even coarse sands,
have a maximum loading capacity. As more septic systems are installed on the lots,
generally (10' - 15' apart) and as more of the dwelling are used for longer periods
throughout the year, the occurance of malfunctioning systems will intensify, due to
overloading of these soils.
4. Closeness to S.A. Waters- The finger canal lots on the barrier islands are
generally sized 50' x 100' - 120'. Although the 1977 North Carolina Sewage Disposal
Regulations require 100' separation distances between septic systems and S.A.
Waters, many of these 50' x.100' lots are legally grandfathered due to priorownership,
and the septic systems could feasibly be as close as 50' to these S.A. Waters (finger
canals). Presently the systems are generally 75' from the canals; however, research is
being conducted at this time on horizontal movement of effluent through sandy soils
and the possibility of it reaching the canals even with the separation distances of 75'
-100'.
Continued development of the barrier islands in Brunswick County using con-
ventional septic tank systems will lead to a compounding of sewage disposal
malfunctions and the possibility of widespread pollution.
D CURRENT PLANS, POLICIES AND REGULATIONS
A summary of existing plans, policies and regulations that have a significant influence on
the use of land in the town of Sunset Beach must be included in beginning a study of land use.
(1) Zoning Ordinances 1974 - Zoning can be one of the most important'means of implemen-
ting land use objectives, policies and standards. The town of Sunset Beach adopted a zoning or-
dinance that set minimum standards for development as well as helped separate different types of
land use. The adoption, or amendment to the zoning ordinance first goes to the Sunset Beach
Planning Board for consideration and a recommendation from the Planning Board to the Town
Board of Sunset Beach for a final decision. All final decisions on adoption or amending zoning
regulations can only occur after a public hearing. Any appeal from a decision of the zoning en-
forcement officer (building inspector), request for a variance, or request for interpretation of a rule
is taken before the Board of Adjustments.
(2) NORTH CAROLINA STATE BUILDING CODE
The Town of Sunset Beach incorporated the State Building Code in its local Building and
Housing Codes. The town of Sunset Beach employs a building inspector who inspects all con-
struction and enforces the code.
(3) PLANNING BOARD ORDINANCE
The town of Sunset Beach provided for a Planning Board under the authority of G.S. 160-22
to study zoning and regulations concerning construction and to act as the Board of Adjustments.
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(4) HEALTH REGULATIONS
The Brunswick County Health Department regulates the installation of septic tanks. The
septic tank permit issued by the Health Department sets out the number of bedrooms allowed in a
new residential construction depending on the soil conditions and the proximity of the proposed
structure to the water. The Health Inspector indicates the location of the septic tank and the
nitirification lines on a project and is there to approve the final. installation.
(5) SUNSET BEACH SEWER PLAN
The town of Sunset Beach has submitted plans for a sewage collection system and treat-
ment facility. Funding for this system would come largely from the E.P.A. (87.5%) and the re-
mainder from clean water bond money from the state of North Carolina. The town is on the 1981
funding list but will not have sufficient priority to be funded in that year. A bond election must be
held in the town of Sunset Beach and the sewer system approved by the voters prior to any further
movement on the sewer system. At this time the installation of such a system seems to be the
most apparent serious need of the community.
(6) STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS
It should be noted that the following State and Federal Regulations seriously affect develop-
ment within the planning area of Sunset Beach.
A. CAMA - State Agency that regulates construction in the fragile areas and the
areas of environmental concerns. A local CAMA permit officer interprets these regulations for the
town.
B. FEDERAL FLOOD INSURANCE
The Flood Insurance Ordinance was passed in 1974 and revised in January 1979 to
regulate construction in the flood prone areas and in the high velocity wind areas. The hundred
year flood level was determined for the town of Sunset Beach to be at 14 feet above mean sea
level. Accordingly, all construction must be done above this level, (14ft.), except for storage rooms
which must be built with breakaway walls.
C. SUNSET BEACH WATER ORDINANCE
The water ordinance was passed in 1979 and water service on the new Sunset
Beach system started January 1980. Three wells operating from a very large fresh water aquafer on
the mainland are capable of generation 232,000 gallons of water in a twenty-four hour pumping cy-
cle. Approximatley five hundred customers are now served by the system as the town takes on a
sectional leadership role and serves some eighty customers in its extraterritorial jurisdiction. A
source of good water has been a constraining factor in the development of Sunset Beach. Pro-
moted as the number one priority in the previous land use plan this project has become a reality.
III PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ACTIVITIES
In order for any land development plan to be effective, it must reflect the desires of the
local people. The Sunset Beach Town Council and Planning Board have attempted to determine
the wishes of the local people and property owners through an extensive public participation pro-
gram that has been carried out over the past six months. The input received from the public has
been gathered through a questionaire, public meetings, and with the Planning Board and public
hearings. The imput received from these meetings and inquiries has been used to help determine
the major land use issues that will be faced during this planning period. The objective, policies
and standards for future land development have been determined from this collection of data.
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A PUBLIC INPUT PROCESS
Questionnaires were sent to all owners of improved property, including all residents
of Sunset Beach. These questionnaires were coded to allow the planner to distinguish between
responses of island owners and mainland property owners in the town of Sunset Beach. Some of
the questions were easily summarized. The remaining questions required written responses
which have been summarized in the following analysis. Questionnaires can be studied in the
Sunset Beach Town Hall.
RESULTS OF A PROPERTY OWNERS PARTICIPATION QUESTIONNAIRE
1. Do you live in the town of Sunset Beach as a full time resident?
MAINALAND: Yes 12 No 9 Total 21
ISLAND: Yes 11 No 99 Total 110
( 5 respondents did not check)
2. Why did you choose Sunset Beach as a place to live or to invest?
MAINLAND
ISLAND
Pleasant Surrounding
12
57%
75
65%
Low Taxes
4
19%
20
17%
Mild Climate
7
33%
30
26%
A Family Beach
11
52%
103
90%
Pontential Growth
2
9%
23
20%
Quiet Community
18
86%
84
73%
Other
2
9%
8
7%
3. What do you see as the most serious problem facing Sunset Beach and its citizens over the
next five years?
MAINLAND
1.
Uncontrolled Growth 5
2.
Mobile Homes -Extraterritorial . 5
3:
Overdevelopment And Commercialization 4
4.
Police Protection 2
5.
Factional Politics
6.
Pollution
7.
Possibility Of High Rise Bridge
8.
Lack Of Cable TV 1
ISLAND
1.
Mobile Home Development -Extraterritorial
37
2.
Uncontrolled Growth
22
3.
Overpopulaton And Overcrowding
20
4.
Lack Of Sewage System
15
5.
Commercial Growth
14
6.
Police
14
7.
Litter On Strand
12
8.
Outsiders.Use Of Facilities
5
9.
Conflict Of Interest By Officials
4
10.
Water Pollution
4
24 %
24%
19%
9%
9%
4%
4%
4%
32%
19%
17%
13%
12%
12%
10%
4%
3%
3%
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4. Do you think Sunset Beach would be a more desirable place to live if it:
A. Undergoes limited or moderate growth.
B. Undergoes a large amount of year round population growth.
C. Undergoes a large amount of seasonal population growth (tourists).
D. Undergoes major commercial growth.
E. Remains about the same.
MAINLAND ISLAND
A. 12 52% 60 526/6
B. 0 0
C. 0 2 1 %
D. 0 0
E. 11 47% 49 43%
5. Would you support a tax increase to fund erosion control projects at Sunset Beach?
MAINLAND ISLAND
Yes 4 19% Yes 33 31 %
No 17 81 % No 73 69%
6. Which of the following types of developments would you like to see more or less of:
Single Family Detached Units
Single Family Multi -Unit (Condo)
Multi -Family Rental:
Duplex
Apartments
Commercial:
Hotels
Restaurants
Lounges
Retail
MAINLAND ISLAND
More 16 More 86 Less 24
Less 16 More 1 Less 104
More 2
More 5
Less 16 More 1 Less 104
Less 16 More 1 Less 104
Less 13
More 2
More 20
More 1
Less 101
7. Some population projections indicate the town's permanent population may at least triple in
number within the next ten years. Do you think this is desirable? Undersirable?
MAINLAND ISLAND
Desirable 7 Desirable 51
Undersirable 11 Undersirable 59
Undecided 3 Undecided 5
The majority of those responding to the questionnaires indicated a desire to see the town
develop slowly, as it had in the past, with most of the housing units falling into the single family
category. The town was asked to concentrate its efforts in adding sewer services to the present
water service as soon as possible. Basic shopping services were desired by most participants.
The response indicated a need to concentrate efforts to preserve the natural environment around
Sunset Beach and to adopt land use regulations and enforcement procedures consistent with
these desires. Some respondents indicated that in the interest of public safety and protection of
property a police force should be re-established.
Page 11

At least six public meetings were held with the Sunset Beach Planning Board to give in-
terested members of the public an opportunity to participate. Approximately thirty individuals par-
ticipated in these meetings. Concerns raised by those interested in the planning phase of land use
in Sunset Beach involved a desire for the growth, the general conditions of development and con-
struction to remain about the same as had been experienced in the last five years.
B LAND USE ISSUES
A part of any planning process is the i)(dentif!cation of issues that have to be faced during the
planning period. Through careful analysis of the public input as well as the existing conditions of
Sunset Beach, land use issues have been indentified. Without facing up to these issues land
development planning will not be effective at Sunset Beach.
1. IMPACT OF POPULATION TRENDS ON LAND DEVELOPMENT
(A) Restrict building to keep a low density of residential dwelling especially in the fragile
areas along the water.
(B) Organize the community, pass a bond referendum and install a sewer system. It is impor-
tant to remember that all land use objectives are not equally obtainable. With this in mind, "trade-
off' must be made in order to arrive at decisions that are consistent with the overall discussion of
the residents and property owners of Sunset Beach.
The objectives, policies and standards that seem to have been determined by the participants in
the planning process of Sunset Beach are as follows:
I Continue to provide for a small family beach residential community that reflects the coastal
nature through:
A. Land use regulations that provide basically a low density residential use.
B. Continue efforts to promote and build a waste water distribution and treatment system.
II Expand existing services and develop those services necessary to maintain the standards
desired by the citizens of Sunset Beach through:
A. Emphasizing the need for recreation facilities for all age groups.
1. Land use regulations that preserve the marshes and fishing areas well suited for recrea-
tional uses.
2. Instituting a study to determine the possibility of acquiring recreational areas and possi-
ble sources of revenues or grants that could be used to acquire these areas.
3. Encouraging improved communication efforts between the citizens of the town to
facilitate a better understanding of the benefits of recreation to a tourist oriented community.
B. Expanding rescue, fire, and police services as the new police department is started, us-
ing the same trained personnel for the benefit of the town.
C. Improving lines of communication between the town of Sunset Beach and the local coun-
ty officials to take advantage of the many cooperative services offered by a growing Brunswick
county.
Page 12
LE

D. Developing and supporting a plan for frequent review of the land development plan that
encourages a high level of public participation during the review process.
IV CONSTRAINTS
A LAND SUITABILITY
1. PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS
There are four different soil types found in the Sunset Beach area: Coastal Beach, Tidal
Marsh, Norfolk fine sand and Saint Lucie fine sand. Each of these soils can be rated according to
limitations for certain uses. The table below shows the general suitability of each soil type for
various forms of land use.
SUITABILITY AS SOURCE OF DEGREE OF LIMITATION FOR
Topsoil
Road Fill
Dwellings
Septic Tanks
Light Ind.
Forest
Agriculture
Coastal
Beach
Poor
Good WlBinder
Moderate No. t
Moderate No. 2
Moderate
V. Severe
V. Severe
Tidal Marsh
. Poor
V. Poor
V. Severe
V. Severe
V. Severe
V. Severe
V.Severe
Norfolk Fine Sand
Poor
Good WlBinder
Moderate
Moderate No. 2
Moderate
Good
Severe
St. Lucie Fine
Sand
Poor
Good W/Binder
Moderate
Moderate No. 2
Moderate
Good
Severe
1. Structures with footing on subsoil.
2. Low filtering action, rapid permeability, excessive density can pollute groundwater.
SOURCE: BRUNSWICK COUNTY1SOIL CONSERVATION OFFICE
To relate this soil data to the Land Development Plan, the Coastal Beach soil is found on the
island; the Tidal Marsh includes all the area designated Wetland water on exhibit No. 1; the Nor-
folk fine sand covers most of the mainland area with the exception of a small area north of the
town limits along Secondary road 179, which consists of Saint Lucie fine sand. An examination of
the Soil Interpretation Table indicates that all of the soils have limitations forvarious uses. On -site
soil analysis is recommended for individual land use applications before any major development
decisions are made. Such assistance is available from the Brunswick County Soil Conservation
Office.
The main surface water bodies in the Sunset Beach area are the Atlantic Ocean, Intracoastal
Waterway, Mad Inlet, Tubbs Inlet, and the Twin Lakes. All of these affect the growth pattern of
the town. Water pollution has recently caused closing of the local shellfish areas. Several solu-
tions have been proposed including the dredging of Mad Inlet and Tubbs Inlet in order to obtain a
total flushing action. However, until the source of pollution is cleaned up, very few other solutions
will have any longterm effect. �' ?
—&41tN IS'
The soil on the island portion of Sunset Beach is not capable of handling the anticipated growth
over the next ten years without seriously damaging the environment. If this growth is to be proper-
ly planned for, a sewer system is the number one priority for Sunset Beach.
A project under consideration as of this date to dredge 6400 feet of a creek that empties into
Tubbs Inlet has been met with serious objection on the part of the town of Sunset Beach. The
town Council voted to contact the permit letting agencies and register their concern over the
possible effects of their dredging in an already fragile and unstable area.
CAMA in Raleigh appointed a three man panel of experts to study this project and meet with
the principals involved to determine their purpose and objection to this application. The Town of
Sunset Beach representatives met with the panel on September 2, 1980 and voiced their objec-
tions to the project. The permit has not been given at this point.
Page 13

The probability that their dredging could adversely affect the developed area of Sunset Beach
fronting on the water of Tubbs Inlet might result in this project permit being denied.
a HAZARD AREAS
1. EXCESSIVE EROSION AREAS
Mad Inlet and Tubbs Inlet on either end of the island are zones of natural migration. Areas
that front on these inlets have a high probability of excessive erosion. Like the ocean front, a
minimum of thirty years erosion rate at (two feet per) year, should be used as a guide to develop-
ment. These areas are included in the area of environmental concern for Sunset Beach.
2. FLOOD HAZARD AREAS
These are ocean front and areas adjacent to the man made canals and sounds that are prone
to flooding from storms with an annual probability of one percent or greater. These areas are
analogous to the 100 year statistical flood level of a river. Improper development in these areas
may unreasonably endanger life and property. The Flood Hazard Map showing these areas is on
display in the Sunset Beach Town Hall. Any owner who wishes to develop his property along these
areas is warned that he is located in a Flood Hazard Area. (CAMA)
b WATER SUPPLY AREAS
The main supply of water for the town of Sunset Beach is pumped from three wells located
on the properties of the Sea Trail Corporation which is included in our extra -territorial jurisdiction.
This large fresh water aquifer is the only good water supply for the southern end of Brunswick
County. It has not been determined where the catchment area to feed this large aquifer extends. It
is essential to the welfare of Sunset Beach that no development that could have an adverse effect
on this critical water supply be permitted.
c FRAGILE AREAS `
These are areas that may be quickly damaged or destroyed by inappropriate or poorly plann-
ed development.
1. COASTAL WETLANDS - GENERAL
For purposes of general description coastal wetlands are defined as " any salt marsh or
other marsh subject to regular or occasional flooding by tides, including wind tide (whether or not
the tide waters reach the marshland area through natural or artificial water courses), provided this
shall not include hurricane or tropical storm tides.
For policy purposes, coastal wetlands have been divided into two categories:
(1) Low Tidal Marshland
(2) High Coastal Marshland
These areas are indentified by salt marsh and marsh plant species mentioned in G. S.
113-229 or the Dredge and Fill Law. (1976)
Page 14

A. LOW TIDAL MARSHLAND
I Description: Low tidal marshland exists primarily below the mean high water line and is sub-
ject to inundation by the normal rise and fall of lunar tides. It can be readily identified by one plant
species, salt marsh grass (Spartina Alterniflora) which grows as the dominant vegetative species.
II Significance: The low tidal marshland is the primary producer and food source for both
estuarine and coastal ecosystems. The salt cordgrass has very rapid growth. It also has very few
natural predators so the bulk of the yearly standing crop dies and falls to the marsh surface and
becomes a major food source for aquatic life. Such exports of organic materials (detritus) from low
tidal marshlands are known to be of fundamental importance in maintaining the fisheries food
chains. Estuarine dependent species of fish and shellfish, such as menhaden, shrimp, flounder,
oysters, and crabs currently make up over 90% of the total value of North Carolina's commercial
catch. Also the very valuable economic sector of sports fishing depends on fish species, which
live and feed on decomposed salt marsh cordgrass.
The low marshland also serves other purposes such as a filtering mechanism of river and ocean
pollutants and acts as a line of defense in slowing shoreline erosion. During it's growing season,
salt marshes remove toxic materials and excess chemicals from estuarine water. Sediment and
other inert. unsuspended materials are mechanically and chemically removed from the water and
deposited in the marsh, reducing sedimentation to navigation channels and shellfish beds. The
plant stems and leaves of the salt marsh grass act as barriers to wave energy and cause sediment
loads to settle out. In this way the marshlands slow the surge of coastal flood waters and help to
prevent erosion of the shorelines.
Another added benefit is the low tidal. marshland's ability to treat runoff waters and river
waters with urban and industrial effluents. The marsh grass seems to be a good filtering
mechanism for these pollutants and actually polishes up and helps purify coastal waters. Without
the marshlands the aesthetic appeal of the coast line would be greatly reduced, since it would
result in polluted ocean waters and dirty, slit laden beaches.
III Policy Objective: To give the highest priority to the preservation of the low tidal marshland.
IV. APPROPRIATE LAND USES: Appropriate land uses shall be those consistent with the above
policy objective. The low coastal marshland should be considered unsuitable for all development
which will alter it's natural functions except for the permitted land uses.
APPROPRIATE LAND USES SHALL BE LIMITED TO THE FOLLOWING:
(A) Utility easements and facilities where restoration of low marsh conditions will occur
upon completion of the project.
(B) Elevated walkways and piers to navigational channels.
B. HIGH COASTAL MARSHLAND
I. DESCRIPTION: High Coastal Marshland is all other marshland which is not low tidal marshland
and exists between the upper limit of SARTINA ALTERNIFLORA and those land areas reached by
the occasional flooding of the tides. This salt marshland or other marsh zone shall be those areas
upon which grow some, but not necessarily all, of the following salt marsh and marsh plant
species:
Page 15

Black Needle Rush
Glasswort
Salt Grass
Bulrush
Sea Lavender
Saw Grass
Cat -Tail
Salt -Meadow Grass
Salt Reed Grass
JUNCUS ROEMERIANUS
SALICORNIA SPP.
DISTICHLIS SPICATA
SCIRPUS SPP.
LIMONIUM SPP.
CLADIUM JAMAICENSE
TYPHA SPP.
SPARTINA PATENS
SPARTINA CYNOSUROIDES
II SIGNIFICANCE: The high coastal marshland contributes to the detritus supply (partially
decomposed plant material) which is the primary input source for the food chains of the entire
estuarine system. The high marshland's variety of food types also helps to supply important
nutrients needed by the valuable commercial and sport fishing sectors of the county's economy.
The higher marsh types offer quality wildlife and waterfowl habitat depending on the biological
and physical conditions of the marsh. The upland marsh areas supply seed tops, roots and
rhizomes which serve as waterfowl food while the stems and leaves act as wildlife nesting
materials. This marshland type supports a greater diversity of wildlife types than the limited
habitat conditions of the low tidal marshland. Willetts, rails, ibises, egrets, herons, cranes,
plovers, black mallard, teal and wood ducks all nest in this area from time to time. In addition many
upland animals and song birds prefer the variety of diets supplied from this zone.
This marshland type serves as an essential element to control shoreline erosion by having
heavily rooted plant species which effectively hold the soil particles during flood contitions. The
zone also helps to filter out sediment loads and keeps them from reaching coastal waters, where
these sediments are harmful to fish and shellfish production. The high marshland variety of plant
life make it one of the most aesthetically pleasing zones in the coastal area, thus enticing more
tourist trade to Sunset Beach. It is also an important component of the Public Trust Lands.
III POLICY OBJECTIVE: To give a high priority to the preservation and management of the high
tidal marshland so as to safeguard and perpetuate their biological, economic, and aesthetic
values.
IV APPROPRIATE LAND USES: Apppropriate land uses shall be those consistent with the above
policy objective. They are limited to the following:
(A) Elevated walkway and piers to navigational channels.
(B) Public utility easements and facilities where natural high marsh conditions wil be
restored upon completion of the projects.
(C) Docks, marina facilities and channels when such are located and constructed specifical-
ly for the public's use in accordance with the above high marshland policy objective.
2. ESTUARINE WATERS
I DESCRIPTION:Estuarine waters are brackish waters which are contained within the boundary of
Brunswick County in sounds, bays, rivers and tributaries. These waters start from the sea and ex-
tend to the dividing line between coastal fishing water and inland fishing waters, as set forth in an
agreement adopted by agencies of the State of North Carolina.
Page 16

II SIGNIFICANCE: The estuarine waters are to match among the.most productive natural en-
vironments of North Carolina. They are the homesite for many commercial and sport fish and shell
fish such as menhaden, flounder, croaker, drum, spot; mullet, shrimp, oysters, clams, and crabs to
name a few. All of these species must spend all or part of their live cycle in the estuarine waters in
order to complete necessary stages of growth and development. Each estuary is largely affected
by secondary effects such as the currents, temperature, vegetation and most important, the
flushing rate. The structure of a typical estuary sets up a pattern of currents which retains
nutrients; a condition favorable to the development of a rich and varied community of life.
Estuarine waters provide this essential linkage of land and sea elements for the coastal
ecosystem ( a functionion part of the natural environment ).
Not only do estuarine waters support valuable commercial and sports fisheries, but they are
also utilized for commercial navigation, recreation and aesthetic purposes which make them an
important public trust area. These waters aid in the protection of commercial and recreational
navigation. They also serve aesthetic purposes to the town of Sunset Beach_ which prove to be
valuable to the tourist economy.
III POLICY STATEMENT: To preserve and manage estuarine waters so as to safeguard and
perpetuate their biological, economic, and aesthetic values.
IV APPROPRIATE USES: Appropriate uses shall be those consistent with the above policy ob-
jective. These are limited to the following:
(A) Elevated pier and boat docks except in maintained navigable channels;
(B) Public utility easements and facilities where the natural conditions will be restored upon
completion of the project;
(C) The dredging and maintenance of access channels except in productive shellfish beds.
3. PUBLIC TRUST AREAS
I DESCRIPTION: Public trust areas are waterways and lands under or flowed by tidal waters or
navigable waters, to which the public may have rights of access or public trust rights and areas
which the State of North Carolina may be authorized to preserve, conserve, or protect under Arti-
cle XIV, Section 5 of the N.C. Constitution.
All waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the lands thereunder from the mean high water mark to
the seaward limit of State jurisdictions; all natural bodies of water subject to measurable lunar
tides and lands thereunder to the mean high water mark; all navigable natural bodies of water and
lands thereunder to the mean or ordinary high water mark as the case m'ay be, except privately
owned lakes having no public access; all waters in artificially created bodies of water in which ex-
ists significant public fishing resources or public resources, which are accessible to the public by
navigation from bodies of water in which the public has rights of navigation; all waters in artificial-
ly created bodies of water in which the public has acquired rights by prescription, custom, usage,
dedication or any other means. In determining whether the public has acquired rights in artificially
created bodies of water, the following factors shall be considered: (I) the use of the body of water
by the public; (II) the length of time the public has used the area; (III) the value of public resources
in the body of water; (IV) whether the public resources in the body of water are mobile to the extent
that they can move into natural bodies of water (V) whether the creation of the artifical body of
water required permission from the State; and (VI) the value of the body of water to the public for
characteristics of the surrounding area. The ordinary high water mark does not extend beyond the
well defined banks of a river where such banks exist. These areas follow the Estrarine Waters
Category on the AEC Map.
For purposes of describing terms in the above, the following definitions shall apply:
Page 17

(A) Mean High Water Mark means the line on the shore established by the average of all
high tides. It is established by survey based on available tidal datum. In the absence of such
datum, the mean high water mark shall be determined by physical markings or comparision of the
area in question with an area having similar physical characteristics for which tidal datum is readi-
ly available.
(B) NAVIGABLE MEANS NAVIGABLE -IN -FACT.
(C) ' Navigable -in -fact means capable of being navigated in its natural condition by the or-
dinary mode of navigation including modes of navigation used for recreational purposes. The
natural condition of a body.of water for purposes of determining navigability shall be the condition
of the body of water at mean high water or ordinary high water as the case may be, and the condi-
tion of the body of water without man-made obstructions. Temporary natural conditions such as
water level fluctuation and temporary natural obstructions which do not permanently or totally
prevent navigation do not make an otherwise navigable stream non -navigable.
(D) Ordinary High Water Mark means the natural or clear line impressed on the land adjacent
to the waterbody. It may be established by erosion or other easily recognized characteristics such
as shelving, change in the character of the soil, destruction of terrestrial vegetation or its ability to
grow, the presence of litter and debris, or other appropriate means which consider the
characteristics of the surrounding area. The ordinary high water mark does not extend beyond the
well defined banks of a river where such banks exist. These areas follow the Estuarine Waters
Category on the AEC Map.
II SIGNIFICANCE: The public has rights in these waters including navigation and recrea-
tion. In addition, these waters support valuable commercial and sports fisheries and have
aesthetic value. These areas include those lands such as the Low and High Marshlands which are
daily submerged by the tides and those lands under the ocean out to the limit of state jurisdiction.
All these areas are held in public trust because they are common to all and should be used and en-
joyed by the public. Essentially the state is acting as the trustee and not the owner of those public
trust areas.
III POLICY OBJECTIVE: To protect public rights for navigation and recreation, and to
preserve and manage the public trust waters so as to safeguard and perpetuate their biological,
economic and aesthetic value.
IV APPROPRIATE USES: Appropriate uses shall be those consistent with the above policy
objective. They shall be limited to the following:
(A) Fishing piers in both ocean and estuarine waters.
(B) Access for marina facilities as long as the facility is constructed inland from the marsh-
lands.
(C) Public Utility Easements
(D) Dredging and maintenance of navigation channels
(E) Bulkheads
These developments should not block or impair existing navigation channels, increase
shoreline erosion, deposit spoils below mean high water, cause adverse circulation patterns,
violate water quality standards, or cause degradation of shellfish waters.
4. ENDANGERED SPECIES HABITAT
A few of the alligators at Twin Lakes in the town of Sunset Beach are hand -fed cornbread and
other table scraps by the residents in the area. Others are fed fish along the waterway and tend to
Page 18

enjoy bathing in areas where boats are moored. There is little doubt that the alligator population is
rising in Brunswick County as the Wildlife enforcement officers investigate more complaints from
some of the fearful residents.
Alligators -are a natural part of our coastal environment and people who build homes near the
wet land should expect to see them occasionally. As long as people leave them alone our
alligators will not.cause any problem.
Under natural conditions, alligators are very secretive and shy. A fleeting glimpse is about all you
usually get of a wild alligator. However, they are similar to bears in many respects. If they are fed
regularly by man, they lose their fear and come to expect a hand out. Sooner or later the people
become upset about the alligator and they are illegally shot. Although alligators are protected
under the endangered species act, many are killed as they cross through yards seeking the
shortest routes to cooler water.
The U.S. Fish and Wildlife service offers several suggestions that will minimize man's pro-
blems with alligators.
1. Do not feed alligators.
2. Do not dump garbage, remains of fish or game or other refuse in their habitat.
3. Do not swim at dusk or at night in areas where alligators are present. They are nocturnal
feeders and although attacks on humans are rare, take no chances.
4. Do not molest, approach or provoke an alligator. These animals are extremely fast and
strong, and their head, jaws and tail are forceable weapons.
The Town of Sunset Beach recognizes that is is unlawful to harass, harm, hunt, trap, kill or hold
an alligator under the terms of the Endangered Species Act. The council has taken the position
that the wanton killing of any animal is against the order of things and has posted the Twin Lakes
area to protect against hunting.
B CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY FACILITIES
I WATER: The Town Of Sunset Beach started serving customers with water on January 1,
1980. Since that time our number of water users has increased to 500. The system could probably
take on up to 800 customers according to the engineering firm that designed the system, assum-
ing that there are no industrial users and the majority of those added are family residences. The
water is supplied by three wells located north of the town limits in an extra -territorial development
call Sea Trails. The three well sites have protective areas which measure 100 feet from the center
of the well. The major aquifer recharge zone for our water system consists of well drained sands
that extend downward from the surface to our principal water supply acuifer. There charge area ex-
tends miles inward from Sunset Beach and probabily connects to the Green Swamp area.
The Town's wells are between 45 and 55 feet deep. The submersible pumps at 80 pounds per
square inch back pressure, pump 116,000 gallons in twelve hours. To this date in prolonged pump-
ing test of 48 duration we have experienced practically no draw down. Within five minutes after
pumping stopped, the wells were fully recovered according to our meters.
The quality of the water is extraordinary with a slight treatment for iron in one well site and
minimum chlorination needed to meet the North Carolina standards for a public water system.
II ROADS: North Carolina highway 179 brings all vehicular traffic to Sunset Beach. This two
lane road is adequate for the present traffic flow but since some traffic follows No. 179 and skirts
the town limits in route to Calabash and Myrtle Beach, it seems reasonable that in the future, plan -
Page 19

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SUNSET BEACH
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Page 21 —'� BARREN m

ning a by-pass for traffic not going directly to the beach could provide relief from traffic conges-
tion in the town by allowing the traffic bound for South Carolina to by-pass Sunset Beach.
III BRIDGE CROSSING OF AIWW: The hinged barge bridge, one of the last along the North
Carolina Coast, is a one-way traffic bridge due to the construction of the barge allowing only about
eleven feet at the center. Often during the tourist season, long lines of vehicles back up on the
mainland as well as the island, while one lane of traffic clears the bridge.
The North Carolina Department of Transportation is planning a replacement of the present
structure crossing the waterway. Early discussion pointed toward a high rise bridge that would
destroy access to the present mainland business section as explained by the D.O.T. represen-
tatives. Nostalgic property owners joined with those who opposed a six million dollar outlay of
funds for such a structure and presented arguements against such a bridge.
In the interest of providing a rapid egress from the island in case of an emergency, a clear
need can be shown for an improved crossing of the waterway. The differences remain unresolved
at this time. However the problem is being studied by the department of transportation and a plan
will soon be submitted for Sunset Beach Town Hall approval.
Some statistics on the existing bridge are presented below to support the need for replace-
ment. Discussion of these figures at a public meeting held September 18, 1980 at Sunset Beach
gave new insight into the need for a bridge, and the most cost effective construction of that
replacement structure.
STATISTICS ON EXISTING BRIDGE
Year Built - 1961
Overall Structure Length - 507 feet
Moveable Span Length - 101 feet 7 inches
Clear Roadway Width - 18 feet on approach spans, 14 feet on barge
Navigation Vertical Clearance - 00 feet (closed)
Navigation Horizontal Clearance - 82 feet (open)
Depth of Waterway at Low Water - 12 feet
Traffic Controls on Bridge - lights and gates
Weight Limit - 9 tons single vehicle, 17 tons truck and trailer
Approach Roadway Width - 18 foot pavement
Posted Speed Limit - 35 mph
Percentage of Vessel Uses 40% Commercial, 60% Recreational
ANNUAL DRAWBRIDGE OPENINGS AND ANNUAL TRAFFIC DELAYED
YEAR DRAWBRIDGE OPENINGS TOTAL VEHICLES DELAYED
1975 .
6,172
40,379
1976
6,141
42,173
1977
6,402
54,248
1978
6,815
60,230
1979
6,613
64,186
Transportation improvement program project number 6.503082 proposes the replacement of
the existing steel barge swing - span bridge on SR 1172 over the Intra Coastal Waterway at Sunset
Beach. Preliminary design plans of several different alternatives have been completed. These
plans reflect comments expressed at a fir$t public meeting held at Sunset Beach on Oct. 2, 1979 to
discuss some proposals.
Page 22

.A high level fixed span structure and low level and mid level bascule bridges have been in-
vestigated and are presented with supporting cost figures for each. The proposed roadway ap-
proaches would have a 22 front pavement with 6 foot shoulders.
Following a lengthy public meeting with the planning department and enginers for Depart-
ment of Transportation the citizens of Sunset Beach had a much better understanding of the
bridge proposals.
The Brunswick County Emergency Management Department commented that a fixed high
level bridge at Sunset Beach would greatly reduce the evacuation time from the island and make
coordination of an orderly pattern of mobilization to the shelter areas much easier in the event of a
hurricane.
The beginning date for replacement of the existing bridge was targeted for 1982. Mr. Lee, an
enginer for the department pointed out that a more realistic date was 1984.
SUMMARY OF COST AND RELOCATEES
Alternate
A-2
A-4
C-1
C-2
D
E
Vertical Clearance (Feet)
65
30
65
40
65
14
Roadway Cost
$521,000
$333,000
$548,100
$513,600
$519,500
$249,500
Structure Cost
5,584,600
5,669,300
6,193,100
6,619,400
6,084,600
5,500,200
Removal of Existing Bridge
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
40,000
Total Construction Cost
6,145,600
6,042,300
6,781,200
7,173,000
6,644,100
5,789,700
Right of Way Cost
133,000
106,000
436,000
285,000
273,006
90,000
Total Cost
$6,278,600
$6,148,300
$7,217,200
$7,458,000
$6,917,100
$5,879,700
Annual Maintenance Cost
7,000
12,000
7,000
12,000
7,000
12,000
Annual Operating Cost
Residential Relocatees
Business Relocatees
0
62,000
0
62,000
0
1
62,000
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
1
0
0
ALTERNATE PROPOSALS SHOWN ON NEXT THREE PAGES
Page 23

k
- L
SUNSET BEACH -
ror, we
IAY
Page 24

179 „
i
�r}1 17g ru ❑..
BRIDGE NO. 198
&79
•�
SUNSET BEACHpop. los
-
BRUNSWICK COUNTY
REPLACEMENT OF BRIDGE NO. 198 ON SR 1172 OVER INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
PROJECT 6.503082, B-682
9-79 FIGURE 2
Page 25

J-
Page 26

C. COMMUNITY SERVICES
1. Police, fire, and rescue services become very necessary in a small isolated area which
suddenly experiences growth within its boundaries and its extraterritorial jurisdiction. The town
of Sunset Beach has moved to set up a police department of three employees, who will be housed
in the Volunteer Fire Department building, which is centrally located on the mainland at Sunset
Beach. In addition to becoming trained fireman, these employees will be certified emergency
medical technicians and will aid or assist any troubled victims in the area.
2. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Sunset Beach collects garbage in a packer truck and dumps the compressed load in a near-
by land fill. At the end of this fiscal year the present land fill will be full. The next nearest county
land fill is thirty-two miles away and it is uncertain how long it can be used.
A regional program must be developed to involve the heavier populated areas such as Wilm-
ington and New Hanover County with counties like Brunswick to compress separated garbage and
dispose of it by inceneration. Experience with land fills in this'section of North Carolina clearly in-
dicates the possibility of severe environmental damage to the surrounding - areas from
underground water pollution and run off.
V PLAN DESCRIPTION
The Coastal Area Management Act requires that all of the land within the twenty coastal
counties be classified in one of five land classification. This classification is an attempt to identify
areas that are expected to experience similar growth patterns and demand similar services from
local government. The five land classes include:
A. DEVELOPED
Purpose: The developed class identifies developed lands which are presently provided with
essential public services. Consequently, it is distinguished from areas where significant growth
and, or new service requirements will occur. Continued development and redevelopment should.
be encouraged to provide for orderly growth in the area.
Description: Developed land are areas with a minimum gross population density of 2,000
people per square miles at a minimum, these lands contain existing public services, including
water and sewer system, educational systems and road systems, all of which are able to support
the present population and its accompanying land uses including commercial, industrial and in-
stitutional.
B. TRANSITION,
Purpose: The Transition class indentifies lands where moderate to high density growth is
to be encouraged and where any such growth that is to be encouraged and where any such growth
that is permitted by local regulation will be provided with the necessary public services.
Description: The area to be designated as transition must be no greater than that required
to accommodate the estimated county population growth at a.minimum gross density of 2,000
people per square mile. In addition, the minimum services which will be required are the
necessary water and sewer facilities, educational services, and roads. Consideration must be
given to the cost of public services in the transition area. Each local government is encouraged to
estimate the cost of providing public services where they do not already exist.
Page 27

C. COMMUNITY
Purpose: The community class identifies existing and new clusters of low density develop-
ment not requiring major public services.
DESCRIPTION:
1. The community class includes existing clusters of one or more land uses such as a rural
residential subdivision or a church, school, general store, industry, etc. (Cluster is defined as a
number of structures grouped together in association or in physical proximity - Webster's Dic-
tionary).
2. This class will provide for all new rural growth when the lot size is ten acres or less. Such
clusters of growth may occur in new areas, or within existing community lands.
3. New development in the Community class areas will be subject to subdivision regula-
tions under the Enabling Subdivision Act. (G.S. 153A-330 et. seq.)
4. In every case the lot size must be large enough to safely accomodate on -site sewage
disposal and, where necessary, water supply so that no public sewer services will be required now
or in the future.
5. Limited public services should be�provided in the Community class such as public road
access and electric power.
6. As a guide for calculating the amount of land necessary to accommodate new rural com-
munity growth, a gross population density of 640 people per square mile or one person per acre
should be used.
D: RURAL"
Purpose: The rural class iydentifies lands for long term management for productive
resource utilization and where limited public services will be provided. Development in such areas
should be compatible with resource production.
Description: The rural class includes all lands not in the Developed, Transition, Community
and Conservation classes.
E. CONSERVATION
Purpose: The Conservation class identifies land which should be maintained essentially in
its natural state and where very limited or no public services are provided.
Description: Lands to be placed in the Conservation class are the least desirable for
development because:
1. They are too fragile to withstand development without losing their natural value; and/or
2. They have severe or hazardous limitation to development; and/or
3. Though they are not highly fragile or hazardous, the natural resources they represent are
too valuable to endanger by development.
Page 28

V PLAN DESCRIPTION
A SUNSET BEACH LAND CLASSIFICATION
SEE EXHIBIT NO. 2
The classification of land within the town of Sunset Beach has been based on the desires of
the citizens of the town and follow the overall County land classification system.
1. Developed: The town of Sunset Beach has no area that meets the population density of
2000 people per square mile and no area that is presently provided with all essential public ser-
vices.
2. Transitional: All of the developable land within the town of Sunset Beach is classified
transitional. The classification of land is based on the expectation of moderate density and the
development of essential services within the next ten years. An increase in permanent population
estimates indicate that the town of Sunset Beach will be over 50% developed in ten years.
Sunset Beach is anticipating the development of a sewer service system to facilitate the ex-
pected growth. The land clasification in Sunset Beach fits the general definition of transitional,
which is land where necessary public services will be provided to accommodate that growth.
3. Conservation: The Conservation Classification identifies land which should be maintain-
ed essentially in its natural state and where very limited or no public services are provided. In
Sunset Beach these include estuarine erosion areas, flood ways, lakes, coastal wet lands, public
trust areas, coastal flood plains, ocean beaches and coastal dunes. This classification takes in
about 75% of the land in Town of Sunset Beach.
The importance of these areas has been discussed in the Constraint Section of this plan.
Basically improper development in these areas will cause undesirable effects. These areas are
very important to the town and if any development occurs, consideration of its effect should be
carefully studied. In the past careful consideration of appropriate development in these areas has
already begun.
4. Community: Existing and new clusters of a store and a service industry are located in the
Sunset Beach extraterritorial jurisdiction and are indicated on the Land Classification map. The
town of.Sunset Beach supplies no public services to these areas at this time.
5. Rural: This class indentifies lands for long-term resource utilization and limited public
services. The classification includes all lands not included in the other categories at Sunset
Beach.
VI MANAGEMENT PLAN
A. POLLUTION
In Brunswick County numbers tell a sad story. 22,500 acres of shellfish waters and 18,830 of
them or 83.5% are closed because of pollution from malfunctioning septic tanks and surface
water drainage. In a 1972 study the EPA found some of Brunswick County's problems coming from
inadequate sewage disposal along the Grand Strand. Since that time some improvements have
been made in South Carolina and an update is needed.
Page 29

Brunswick County shell fishermen are not the only ones suffering. In nearby New Hanover
County 58% of the shell waters are closed but Mr. Munden, shellfish coordinator for the State
Division of Marine Fisheries says that the 668,335 acres closed due to pollution in 1974 have been
decreased to 419,676 acres in 1979, offering some hope that pollution is coming under control in.
that area, Connell Purvis, director of the Division of Marine Fisheries says Brunswick County has:
the worst pollution problem in the state of North Carolina. According to Mack Sabsey, a UNC Sea
Grant researcher, sewage treatment plants and malfunctioning septic tanks allow partially treated
or untreated sewage to flow or seep into shellfish waters. Fecal wastes in this sewage contain
bacteria and often enteric or intestinal viruses such as those causing hepatitis. Fisherman
organize, and expensive relocation projects are carried on to move oysters, and clams from
polluted to non -polluted areas. This approach is a "stop -gap" measure designed to help the,
economy of this area but in no way addresses the cause or suggests a solution.
Unparalleled development along the Brunswick County Coastal area with septic tank
systems on small lots with larger house sizes increase the density of sewage flow. All soils have a
maximum loading capacity and course sands which were earlier declared unsuitable for septic
tank systems by the Health Department are overloaded and cause malfunctioning systems to
pollute the surrounding areas.
1. Alternative Solutions to the Problem Septic Tank Pollution at Sunset Beach.
A. Promote a waste water treatment plant and waste water collection system.
B. Limit continued development through strict adherence to the Building Codes, Zoning Or-
dinances, and Health Department regulation.
C. Ignore the pollution problem.
2. Shellfish action plan.
On May 16, 1980, Mr. Bob Jamison acting as project coordinator developed a Brunswick
shellfish action plan to address shellfish pollution in Brunswick County.
This plan is divided into two sections. The one called the Federal and State Agency Task List
is, very detailed in that a responsible person for a specific task is named and a time frame for com-
pletion in established.
The second section of the plan is called the Local Task List. Local interests are requested to
analyze a list of suggested tasks to determine acceptability. If the task is endorsed and assigned
to an appropriate group then the group will select a responsible contact person and a time frame
for completion.
A seed oyster program will need funding for equipment and operational requirements for an
oyster rehabilitation program. Management areas with maps defining their boundaries will need to
be established.
This long range plan will supplement the oyster relocation program that is being done.by
Brunswick County.
Page 30

1. Restraints on Construction
The town of Sunset Beach, through its town council and planning board has unanimously
backed the Inspection Department in its effort to apply the building codes and zoning ordinances
of the town.
In obtaining a major development permit from the Coastal Resource Commission to install a
water line across the Intracoastal waterway, the town of Sunset Beach agreed to conditions that
limited construction other than single family residences in the city limits of Sunset Beach.
Coastal Resources Commission
For Major Development In An Area Of Environmental Concern
(Re: N.C.C.S.113A-118) Permit No. 36
Permit Class
Issued to:Town of Sunset Beach Modified
P.O. Box 221, Sunset Beach, N.C. 28459
This permit authorizes major development in Brunswick County, N.C.
At AIWW at Sunset Beach SR 1172 Bridge as requested in the permittee's
application dated 4/7/78 subject to
the conditions set forth below.
#1
That the town of Sunset Beach not permit any development within city limits including an on
site disposal on lots less than 15,000 square feet until such a time'that a central sewage treatment
facility can be utilized. This condition shall not apply to the installation of a single septic tank
system serving a single family residence not to exceed four (4) bedrooms on a lot or tract of land
which on the effective date of the original permit issued July 27,1978, is specifically described in
deed, contract, or other instrument conveying fee title or which is specifically described in 'a
recorded plat.
Signed by the authority of
This permit terminates on: December 31, 1981 the Chairman of the Coastal
Resources Commission
Issuing Date: December 28, 1978 Kenneth Stewart
Page 31

A clarification of conditions # 1 was asked of the permitting agency and the reply is ex-
hibited below.
REPLY
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL
RESOURCES & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Mr. Wallace Martin
CAMA Officer
Town of Sunset Beach
P. O. Box 221
Sunset Beach, N.0 28459
Dear Mr. Martin:
I am responding to your request for a clarification of Condition No.1 CAMA Major Development
Permit No.36, issued to the Town of Sunset Beach on December 28, 1978 as a modification to the
original permit issued by the Coastal Resources Commission on July 27, 1978. A copy of this con-
dition is enclosed.
For Lots larger than 15,000 square feet, no specific conditions apply other than existing local,
state or federal rules. No development is allowed on lots smaller than 15,000 square feet until a
central sewage system is operative. There is one and only one exception to this condition.
Development may be allowed on lots smaller than 15,000 square feet where all of the following
conditions are met:
(a)a single septic tank system is involved;
(b) a single family residence is being serviced;
(c) no more than four bedrooms are allowed, and;
(d) each of the above occurs on lots recorded as of July 27, 1978.
This rule excludes duplexes and multi -family uses on lots smaller than 15,000 square feet, multi-
ple septic'tank systems. and single family residences with more than four bedrooms. I can also ad-
vise you that although the permit on which these condition is based expires on December 31,
1981, the permit conditions, in particular Condition No.1, will remain effective until the Town is
served by a central sewage treatment facility.
If I can make any of these points clearer, please contact me.
Sincerely,
Kenneth D. Stewart
It is clear that no construction of any residences other than a single family residence, max-
imum of 4, bedrooms, could be built in the city limits on a lot less than 15,000 sq. ft. until the area
is served by a central sewage treatment facility.
Page 32

A. The Town Council of Sunset Beach has engaged an engineering firm and developed
plans for a waste water collection and treatment system.
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
The town officials have met with the Local Government Commission in Raleigh, N.C. to get
approval to hold a bond election for $611,000. An application for grants to accomplish this project
has been filed with the EPA agency. At this time Sunset Beach is very low on the priority list for
funding in the 1981 fiscal year.
Without the 871/2 % funding from EPA, the town of Sunset Beach has no possibility of fun-
ding a sewer project.
B. PUBLIC ACCESS TO THE BEACH
Nature has provided an elongated narrow land form called an island fronted on one side by
the ocean and on the other by a bay or marshland. The beach side is generally characterized by a
system of offshore bars, crashing surf and a broad sand beach. The scenic qualities, variety,
openess of the broad beaches provide many recreational opportunities. Joggers, swimmers,
surfers, sunbathers and walkers enjoy the beach. People from all over the nation are attracted to
and enjoy this natural recreational area. Thousands of vehicles come to the island portion of
Sunset Beach between Memorial Day and Labor Day. In the development of the island no one
could forsee the impact of 1000 cars a day coming to the beach. Sunset developed as a family
beach with a minimal commercial area.
The only planned parking is on private property and was constructed to serve a fishing pier.
The owner has allowed this area to be used by visitors without any charge. At times the lot is filled
almost to capacity and cars park along the state road and use the public access provided by the
town as a path to the beach. At this time, this is becoming a traffic hazard and nuisance to the
citizens owning property along this road.
The demand for homesites and some commercial development of beach areas has pressured
the property to values of $1300 a front foot. It is not economically feasible to buy property for a
single level parking lot.
The town of Sunset Beach has discussed parking problems but has never faced the reality
that the parking is now being handled by a private owner who at this point does not prohibit non
customers from using this area.
Parking along the streets is discouraged by the town and tickets are given for illegal parking.
Unless the -pattern of tourism changes, some planning for a parking facility will be needed
within the next decade.
ALTERNATIVE SOLUTIONS
A. Allow parking along the sides of the town roads, recognizing that the town is par-
ticipating in creating a traffic hazard both for motorists and those walking on the roads.
B. Investigate and encourage some agent or firm to plan and build a multilevel parking
garage as a commercial venture.
Page 33

C. SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Packer trucks and sanitary land fills for Coastal North Carolina are regarded as the most en-
vironmentally acceptable means of solid waste disposal. This method has grown from the non -
regulated town dump to highly regulated sanitary land fill as we know today. The States Solid
Waste Management Act requires solid waste to be disposed of in an environmentally acceptable
manner. This act also allows them to accept all non -hazardous solid waste and provides for site
permits and approval of operational plans. These sanitary land fills can have a major adverse im-
pact on adjacent surface water and underlying ground waters. Each year approximately five
million tons of solid waste must be disposed of in North Carolina. Brunswick County with a
population of 37,200 people transports 102 tons of waste per day and uses 71 acre/feet of land fill
per year.
Experience in the Flemington area of New Hanover County has called closer attention to
these sanitary land fills and their propensity to pollute the underlying ground water.
The landfill used by Sunset Beach, located about 7 miles away at Ocean Isle, has the capaci-
ty to accept solid waste for about one year. Following that time Sunset Beach, which provides gar-
bage service for its property owners will have to develop another plan.
1. Alternative solutions
A. Contract garbage collection and let the contractor worry about the disposal problem.
B. Continue to pick up garbage and drive to another land fill thirty-five miles away.
C. Work with a regional plan for collecting garbage and using the garbage for fuel and pro-
duction of soil.
2. The town of Sunset Beach has worked closely with the County Government in an effort to
handle land fill disposal on a county basis. The council has discussed the future possibility of hav-
ing to truck garbage to another land fill and the energy and time wasted in traveling such a long
distance.
At this time there has been no formal discussion on a better approach to solid waste
disposal.
3. Implementation Strategy.
During the year left with the near -by land fill, join in a regional planning concept through the
central organization of governments and apply for grants and participate with the other govern-
mental units in studying better ways to handle solid waste.
D. EROSION
The past ten years have been kind to the Sunset Beach area. No major storms or natural
disasters, which probably are the most obvious and most devastating cause of erosion, have oc-
cured during the 1970's.
The day to day pounding of waves against land has taken its toll at some of the other
beaches while Sunset Beach has remained stable and has experienced an accretion of sand on
the ocean front.
Page 34

Migrating inlets arising where dry land once stood, dunes building up where none previous-
ly existed all contribute to the changing coast. This process is on going. It has only become truly
controversial in the past five to ten years, primarily because there were few buildings along the
coast by which to measure the change. Today such structures are constant reminders that nature
is winning the erosion battle.
Some beaches are contemplating beach nourishment. Some state and federal funds have
contributed to preservation of beach communities and their eroding shorelines. Mr. Vallianos,
Chief of the Coastal Engineering section of the U.S. Corp of Engineers, sees no massive involve-
ment of government in providing protection from erosion. The individual communities must bear
the burden themselves.
1. Alternative Solutions
A. Provide funds from the tax base to fight beach erosion.
B. Ignore the problem and let nature take its course.
C. Petition the state of North Carolina for aid.
2. The town of Sunset Beach set aside four cents of its tax rate to fund beach erosion funds
to supplement a program initiated by a developer and some property owners. No funds have been
appropriated at this time by the town.
3. Implementation Strategy
At a time, when erosion threatens an area and an equitable plan can be devised to disburse
funds to all affected property owners on the same basis the town will probably appropriate funds
for assistance, provided they are convinced that their investment will help.
VII SUMMARY
The development of this plan started in January 1980. During this time as much informa-
tion as possible concerning current land use, projected land use, population, attitudes of the
citizens and the economy was collected. A questionaire and the responses helped to spark our
public meetings and enable the participating citizens to give their view points on issues.
In general this plan indicates that the citizens of Sunset Beach are pleased with their
residential town. Sunset Beach will be subject to many growth pressures during this planning
period. The Planning Board, acting in harmony with the Town Council, can face their growth
pressures and make decisions that will allow Sunset Beach to maintain those characteristics that
are important to the citizens and the residents.
Land development tools such as the zoning ordinance and building codes should be
reviewed regularly to be sure that the objectives of the Sunset Beach Planning is properly im-
plemented.
Sunset Beach must coordinate efforts with the Brunswick Health Department, Coastal
Resource Commission and other agencies to properly protect those areas that have been deter-
mined to be areas of environmental concern.
Page 35

SUNSET BEACH
NORTH CAROLINA
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PROGRAMS THAT ASSIST TOWNS IN THE PLANNING PROCESS
FEDERAL
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
The Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of 1974, Public Law 93-291
Executive Order 11593, Protection and Enhancement of the Cultural Environment, 16 U.S.C.
470 (Supp.1 1971)
National Environmental Policy Act, Public Law 91-190, 42 U.S.C. 4321 Et. Seq. (1970)
Community Development Act of 1974, Public Law 93-383: Environmental Review Procedures
for the Community Development Block Grant Program (40 CFR Part 800)
Procedures for the Protection of Historic and Cultural Properties (36 CFR Part 800)
Comprehensive Planning Assistance Program (701) as Amended by Public Law 93-393
The Department of Transportation Act of 1966, Public Law 89-670
Identification and Administration of Cultural Resources: Procedures of Individual Federal
Agencies.
STATE
G.S. 121-12 (a) Protection of Properties in the National Register
State Environmental Policy Act, Article 1 of Chapter 113A of the Ceneral Statutes
Executive Order XVI
Indian Antiquities, G.C. 70.14
Salvage of Abandoned Shipwrecks and Other Underwater Archeological Sites: G.S. 121-22, 23;
143E-62 (1) g, (3)
Archeological Salvage in Highway Construction, G.S. 136-42.1
Provisions for Cultural Resources in Dredging and Filling Operations, G.S. 113-229
Page 38