Land Use Plan-1992

TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA
1992 LAND USE PLAN
PREPARED FOR
THE TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA
BY
HOLLAND CONSULTING PLANNERS, INC.
IAdopted by the Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners: December 8, 1992
Certified by the Coastal Resources Commission: January 29, 1993
The preparation of this document was financed in part through a
grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,
as amended, which is administers ''••-��s-11f' �� ��� - �'"� 'n`� ,
Coastal Resource Management, N
Administration. i PROPERTY OF
I DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT j
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE

TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA
1992 LAND USE PLAN
PREPARED FOR
THE TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA
BY
HOLLAND CONSULTING PLANNERS, INC.
Adopted by the Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners: December 8, 1992
Certified by the Coastal Resources Commission: January 29, 1993
The preparation of this document was financed in part through a
grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,
as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.

PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA
1992 LAND USE PLAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
Page
Number
A.
ESTABLISHMENT
OF INFORMATION BASE
I-1
B.
POPULATION
AND HOUSING
I-3
1.
Population
I-3
a) Permanent Population Growth, 1970-1990
I-3
b) Seasonal Population
I-3
c) Composition and Age
I-7
2.
Housing Characteristics
I-8
3.
Summary
I-10
C.
ECONOMY
I-11
D.
EXISTING
LAND USE
I-15
1.
Introduction
I-15
2.
Urban and Developed Land
I-16
a) Residential
I-16
b) Commercial
I-17
c) Open Space and Recreation
I-17
d) Institutional
I-18
e) Municipal
I-19
f) Utilities
I-19
g) Forestland
I-19
h) Transportation
I-19
3.
Summary
I-20
4.
Development Potential
I-23
5.
Existing Ordinances and Land Use Controls
I-24
6.
Effectiveness of the 1987 Land Use Plan and
Policies I-34
E.
DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: PUBLIC FACILITIES
I-35
1.
Water Supply
I-35
2.
Sewage Disposal
I-35
3.
Drainage
I-36
4.
Solid Waste Disposal
I-36
5.
Schools
I-37
6.
Transportation
I-38
7.
Police
I-38
8.
Fire
I-39
9.
Emergency Services
I-39
10.
Recreation
I-39
11.
Electrical Distribution
I-39
12.
Administration
I-39

Page
F. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY I-40
1.
Topography/Geology
I-40
2.
Flood Hazard Areas
I-41
3.
Soils
I-43
4.
Manmade Hazards/Restrictions
I-48
5.
Fragile Areas
I-48
a) Coastal Wetlands
I-48
b) Estuarine Waters
I-51
c) Estuarine Shorelines
I-51
d) Public Trust Areas
I-51
e) Ocean Hazard Areas
I-52
f) Outstanding Resource Waters
I-52
g) 404 Wetlands
I-53
h) Maritime Forests
I-53
i) Slopes in Excess of 12%
I-54
j) Excessive Erosion Areas
I-54
k) Historic and Archaeological Sites
I-54
1) Other Fragile Areas
I-56
6.
Areas of Resource Potential
I-56
a) Public Parks
I-56
b) Marine Resources
I-57
c) Agricultural and Forestlands
I-58
SECTION II: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
A. PROJECTED DEMAND FOR DEVELOPMENT
II-1
1.
Demographic Trends
II-1
2.
Commercial and Industrial Land Use
II-5
3.
Housing Trends
II-6
4.
Transportation
II-6
5.
Public Land Use
II-7
6.
Areas Likely to Experience Major Land Use Changes
II-7
7.
Summary
II-7
B. PROJECTED PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDS/AVAILABILITY II-8
C. REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES II-9
D. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION II-9
SECTION III: SUMMARY OF TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES III-1
1991 LAND USE PLAN SURVEY
SECTION IV: PINE KNOLL SHORES LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM IV-1

Page
SECTION V: PINE KNOLL SHORES POLICY STATEMENTS V-1
' A. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS V-1
B. MISCELLANEOUS RESOURCE PROTECTION V-4
C. RESOURCE PRODUCTION & MANAGEMENT POLICIES V-6
' D. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS V-8
E. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION V-12
' POST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN AND POLICIES V-13
A. INTRODUCTION V-13
B. STORM MITIGATION, EVACUATION, AND POST -DISASTER
RECOVERY PLANS V-14
' C. ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TEAM V-19
D. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS V-20
E. ORGANIZATION OF RECOVERY OPERATION V-22
' F. RECOMMENDED RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES V-26
SECTION VI: RELATIONSHIP OF PINE KNOLL SHORES POLICIES
AND LAND CLASSIFICATIONS VI-1
Table of Permitted Uses VI-2
LIST OF TABLES
Page #
Table 1: Total Year -Round Population Projections
' by Township and Municipality, Carteret County,
1960-1990 I-4
Table 2: Peak Seasonal Population and Percent Increase
by Township and Municipality - Carteret County,
1970-90 I-5
' Table 3: Total Peak Population and Percent Change
by Township and Municipality, Carteret County,
1970-90 I-6
' Table 4: Population Characteristics by Age Group,
Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1970-1990 I-7
' Table 5: Percentage Change in Population by Sex,
Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County, 1980-1990 I-8
' Table 6: Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Building Permits
and Property Value, 1985-1991 I-8
Table 7: Pine Knoll Shores Housing Summary, Tenure and
Vacancy, 1980 and 1990 I-9
Table 8: Pine Knoll Shores, 1990 Housing Conditions I-9

' List of Tables (Continued)
Page #
' Table
9: Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Labor Force Status
1990
I-11
Table
10: Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Mean Household
Income, 1989
I-11
Table
11: Employed Persons 16 years and Older by
'
Industry, Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1990
I-12
Table
12: Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Employment by
Class of Worker, 1990
I-12
Table
13: Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Poverty Status, 1990
I-13
' Table
14: General Governmental Revenues and Expenditures
By Function, Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1985-1990
I-14
Table
15: Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Land Use By Acreage
By General Zoning Category
I-16
Table
16: Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Residential Acreage
'
By Zoning
I-16
Table
17: Private Package Treatment and Disposal Systems
'
Regulated by the Carteret County Health Department
Town of Pine Knoll Shores - 1990
I-36
Table
18: Schools Serving Pine Knoll Shores - 1990
I-38
Table
19: Town of Pine Knoll Shores - Soil Susceptibility
to Flooding
I-46
Table
20: Town of Pine Knoll Shores - Soil Associations
Degree and Kind of Limitation for Stated Use
I-47
'
Table
21: Maritime Forest Area Definition, Function
and Management
I-55
' Table
22: Total Year -Round Population Projections
by Township and Municipality, Carteret County,
'
1990-2000
II-2
Table
23: Peak Seasonal Population and Percent Increase
by Township and Municipality - Carteret County,
'
1990-2000
II-3
Table
24: Total Peak Population by Township and
'
Municipality, Carteret County, 1990-2000
II-4
Table
25: Hurricane Forces Associated with Town
Environments
V-15

Page #
LIST OF MAPS
Map
1:
Town
of
Pine
Knoll
Shores,
Existing Land Use
I-21/22
Map
2:
Pine
Knoll Shores,
General
Delineation,
Flood
Hazard
Areas
I-42
Map
3:
Town
of
Pine
Knoll
Shores,
Soils Map
I-44/45
Map
4:
Town
of
Pine
Knoll
Shores,
Areas of Environmental
Concern
and Other
Fragile
Areas
I-49/50
Map
5:
Town
of
Pine
Knoll
Shores,
Flood Hazard Map
V/30-31
Map
6:
Town
of
Pine
Knoll
Shores,
Land Clasification Map
VI-5/6

I SECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS

ISECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
A. ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION SASE
This 1992 Land Use Plan Update for the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is
' prepared in accordance with requirements of the North Carolina
Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA). Specifically, this document
complies with Subchapter 7B, "Land Use Planning Guidelines," of the
' North Carolina Administrative Code, as amended, November 1, 1989.
The land use plan serves to guide the development of a community by
addressing issues and adopting policies that pertain to that
particular community. Specifically, .the land use plan provides the
following:
1) an analysis of existing conditions;
2) a projected land development analysis;
3) a summary of public interests'and participation;
4) a land classification system;
5) a detailed section on policy statements; and
6) an explanation of the relationship of the policies to the
land classifications.
' The Pine Knoll Shores land use plan update contains a summary of
data collection and analysis, an existing land use map, a policy
discussion, and a land classification map. It should be noted that
the policy section of the plan is the most important part of the
document. State and federal agencies will use the local land use
' policies in making project consistency, funding, and permit
decisions. The 7B guidelines require that the following issues
must be addressed in the plan:
' 1) Resource Protection
2) Resource Production and Management
3) Economic and Community Development
' 4) Continuing Public Participation
5) Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery and
Evacuation Plans
Listed below are some of the sources and documents utilized during
preparation of this Land Use Plan:
Carteret County 1991 Land Use Plan Update
Town of Pine Knoll Shores 1986 Land Use Plan Update
-- USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Carteret County
NCDOT, Planning and Policies Section
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Staff
-- Carteret County Schools
-- North Carolina Division of Archives and History
Flood Insurance Study, Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Ordinance
-- N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning
I-1

-- Town of Pine Knoll Shores Subdivision Ordinance
-- Environmental Impact Statement, Carteret County
-- An Assessment of Maritime Forest Resources on the North
Carolina Coast, November 1988
-- North Carolina Division of Community Assistance
-- North Carolina Division of Coastal Management
-- North Carolina Department of Economic and Community
Development
-- Town of Pine Knoll Shores Storm Hazard Mitigation Plan and
Post Disaster Reconstruction Plan, 1984
-- Carteret County Thoroughfare Plan
-- History of Pine Knoll Shores (document)
-- Pine Knoll Shores 1990 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report
These sources were supplemented by "windshield" surveys conducted in
October, 1991, to obtain data on existing land use patterns and
housing conditions.
I-2

B. POPULATION AND HOUSING
1. Population
' a) Permanent Population Growth, 1970-1990
Pine Knoll Shores is located in Carteret County on Bogue
Banks, west of Atlantic Beach and immediately east of Indian Beach.
Since 1970, Carteret County has experienced tremendous growth.
Ranking only behind Dare, Brunswick, Wake and Currituck counties in
population growth since 1970, Carteret County was the fourth fast-
est growing CAMA-regulated county and fifth in the state. Carteret
County's growing attraction as a retirement and recreation center,
and a national trend of migration to non -metropolitan areas, are
logical explanations for this increased growth. The tax structure
more than likely played a role in the accelerated growth of the
town. In fact, the tax rate in Pine Knoll Shores in 1991 was only
15� per $100 of assessed value. In addition, the Town of Pine
Knoll Shores has a favorable climate which is typical of North
Carolina coastal communities.
The growth of the county's incorporated municipalities,
including Pine Knoll Shores, has been particularly rapid over the
past twenty years. During the 1970s and 1980s, the Carteret County
municipalities experienced a 75% increase in.population, while the
unincorporated areas experienced only a 61% increase. From 1980 to
1990, Pine Knoll Shores experienced substantial growth, with the
' permanent population increasing 714 persons, or 110%. It should be
noted that the majority of this growth has occurred due to an
influx of retiree -aged individuals. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores
is highly representative of a retiree and family resort community.
Table 1 provides a summary of Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County
population growth from 1960 to 1990.
b) Seasonal Population
Pine Knoll Shores' permanent, year-round population is
supplemented by a very large peak seasonal population. This
significantly increases the demands for town services. Tables 2
and 3 define the town's peak seasonal population and relationship
to the permanent population. In Carteret County, Pine Knoll Shores
ranks fourth behind Atlantic Beach, Emerald Isle and Indian Beach,
respectively, regarding peak populations. The peak populations
revealed in Tables 2 and 3 do not include day visitors.
Day visitation will increase the population in Pine Knoll
Shores during the tourist or summer season. The Pine Knoll Shores
Police Department estimated a total population of 40,000 persons on
July 4, 1991. Based on the overnight peak population shown in
Table 3, the total day visitor population would have been approxi-
mately 32,921 people. The police department estimate was based on
motel room capacity as well as traffic counts. The average daily
traffic count west of the Atlantic Beach Bridge in 1990 was 19,600
automobiles. If one automobile averages two persons, 39,200
persons would have entered Pine Knoll Shores heading west on
N.C. 58.
I-3

TABLE 1
TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
Total Year -Round
Population
Projections
by
Township
and Municipality
Carteret County, 1960-1990
Township Municipality or Area
Year -Round
Population
Percentage
Change
Overall
1960
1970
1980
1990
60-70
70-80
80-90
60-90
1)
Atlantic
Total
902
814
810
847
-9.8%
-0.5%
-4.6%
- 6.1%
2)
Beaufort
Beaufort
2,922
3,368
3,826
3,808
15.3%
13.6%
-0.5%
30.3%
Unincorporated Areas
3,324
2,779
3,166
3,531
-16.4%
13.9%
11.5%
6.2%
Total Township
6,246
6,147
6,992
7,339
-1.6%
13.7%
5.0%
17.5%
3)
Cedar Island
Total Township
255
290
333
372
13.7%
14.8%
11.7%
45.9%
4)
Davis
Total Township
446
456
492
537
2.2%
7.9%
9.1%
20.4%
5)
Harkers Island
Total Township
1,362
1,639
1,910
2,150
20.3%
16.5%
12.6%
57.9%
6)
Harlowe
Total Township
629
762
956
1,109
21.1%
25.5%
16.0%
76.3%
7)
Marshallberg
Total Township
416
525
580
638
26.2%
10.5%
10.0%
53.3%
8)
Merrimon
Total Township
344
330
426
498
-4.1%
29.1%
16.9%
44.8%
9)
Morehead City
Atlantic Beach
76
300
941
1,938
294.7%
213.7%
105.9%
2450.0%
Morehead City
5,583
5,233
4,359
6,046
-6.3%
-16.7%
38.7%
8.;%
Indian Beach
0
0
54
153
-
-
183.3%
-
Pine Knoll Shares
0
0
646
1,360
-
-
110.5%
-
Unincorporated Areas
4,395
6,396
9,803
12,126
45.5%
53.3%
23.7%
176.0%
Total Township
10,054
11,929
15,803
21,623
18.6%
32.5%
36.8%
115.1%
10)
Newport
Newport
861
1,735
1,883
2,516
101.5%
8.5%
33.6%
192.2%
Unincorporated Areas
1,783
2,191
3,586
4,517
22.9%
63.7%
26.0%
153.3%
Total Township
2,644
3,926
5,469
7,033
48.5%
39.3%
28.6%
166.0%
11)
Portsmouth
Total Township
8
2
0
0
-75.0%
-
-
-
12)
Sea Level
Total Township
389
347
540
670
-10.8%
55.6%
24.1%
72.2%
13)
Smyrna
Total Township
597
517
637
733
-13.4%
23.2%
15.1%
22.8%
14)
Stacy
Total Township
291
257
322
373
-11.7%
25.3%
15.8%
28.2%
15)
Straits
Total Township
1,070
1,166
1,520
1,785
9.0%
30.4%
17.4%
66.8%
16)
White Oak
Cape Carteret
52
616
944
1,008
1084.6%
53.2%
6.8%
1838.5%
Emerald Isle
14
122
865
2,434
771.4%
609.0%
181.4%
17285.7%
Cedar Point
0
0
0
628
-
-
-
-
Unincorporated Areas
1,719
1,758
2,493
2,779
2.3%
41.8%
11.5%
61.7%
Total Township
1,785
2,496
4,302
6,849
39.8%
72.4%
59.2%
283.7%
Total Municipalities
9,508
11,374
13,518
19,891
19.6%
18.9%
47.1%
109.2%
Total Unincorporated
Areas
17,930
20,229
27,574
32,665
12.8%
36.3%
18.5%
82.2%
Total County
27,438
31,603
41,092
52,556
15.2%
30.0%
27.9%
91.5%
Sources: North Carolina State Data Center, Office of State Planning; 1990 Census; Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
r r i= r== M M= M M r M M

TABLE 2
TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
Peak Seasonal Population and
Percent Increase
by Township
and Municipality
Carteret
County, 1970-1990
Township
Municipality or Area
Peak Seasonal Population
Percent Change
Overall
1970
1980
1990
70-80
80-90
70-90
1)
Atlantic
Total
179
412
760
130.2%
84.5%
324.6%
2)
Beaufort
Beaufort
843
1,704
2,821
102.1%
65.6%
234.6%
Unincorporated Areas
559
664
940
18.8%
41.6%
68.2%
Total Township
1,402
2,368
3,761
68.9%
58.8%
168.3%
3)
Cedar Island
Total Township
71
131
218
84.5%
66.4%
207.0%
4)
Davis
Total Township
115
249
447
116.5%
79.5%
288.7%
5)
Harkers Island
Total Township
767
1,555
2,718
102.7%
74.8%
254.4%
6)
Harlowe
Total Township
170
356
632
109.4%
77.5%
271.8%
7)
Marshallberg
Total Township
137
263
447
92.0%
70.0%
226.3%
8)
Merrimen
Total Township
67
133
230
98.5%
72.9%
243.3%
9)
Morehead City
Atlantic Beach
5,475
13,017
21,721
137.8%
66.9%
296.7%
Morehead City
1,384
2,109
4,024
52.4%
90.8%
190.8%
Indian Beach
0
4,470
10,044
-
124.7%
-
Pine Knoll Snores
0
3,227
6,116
-
89.5%
-
Unincorporated Areas
3,540
1,109
1,369
-68.7%
23.4%
-61.3%
Total Township
10,399
23,932
43,724
130.1%
82.7%
320.5%
10)
Newport
Newport
352
503
1,217
42.9%
141.9%
245.7%
Unincorporated Areas
445
1,483
2,318
233.3%
56.3%
420.9%
Total Township
797
1,986
3,535
149.2%
78.0%
343.5%
11)
Sea Level
Total Township
74
87
105
17.6%
20.7%
41.9%
12)
Smyrna
Total Township
113
207
343
83.2%
65.7%
203.5%
13)
Stacy
Total Township
52
66
86
26.9%
30.3%
65.4%
14)
Straits
Total Township
248
328
435
32.3%
32.6%
75.4%
15)
White Oak
Cape Carteret
346
960
4,389
177.5%
357.2%
1168.5%
Emerald Isle
975
8,628
16,642
784.9%
92.9%
1606.9%
Cedar Point
0
0
887
-
-
-
Unincorporated Areas
408
1,279
4,263
213.50
233.3%
944.9%
Total Township
1,729
10,867
26,181
528.5%
140.9%
1414.2%
Total
Municipalities
9,375
34,618
67,861
269.3%
96.0%
623.9%
Total
Unincorporated Areas
6,945
8,322
15,311
19.8%
84.0%
120.5%
Total
County
16,320
42,940
83,172
163.1%
93.7%
409.6%
Sources: Carteret County 1985 and 1991 Land Use Plans; Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.;
Tschetter, Paul D.,
"Characterization of Baseline Demographic
Trends in
the Year -Round and Recreational Populations in the
Albemarle -Pamlico Estuarine Study Area"

Township Municipality or Area
1) Atlantic
2) Beaufort
3) Cedar Island
4) Davis
5) Harkers Island
6) Harlowe
7) Marshallberg
8) MerrLmn
9) Morehead City
►"� 10) Newport
1
O�
11) Sea Level
12) Smyrna
13) Stacy
14) Straits
15) White Oak
Total
Beaufort
Unincorporated Areas
Total Township
Total Township
Total Township
Total Township
Total Township
Total Township
Total Township
Atlantic Beach
Morehead City
Indian Beach
Rim Knoll 8bpoa
Unincorporated Areas
Total Township
Newport
Unincorporated Areas
Total Township
Total Township
Total Township
Total Township
Total Township
Cape Carteret
Emerald Isle
Cedar Point
Unincorporated Areas
Total Township
TABLE 3
Total Peak Population and Percent Change
by Township and Municipality
Carteret County, 1970-1990
POPULATION
1970
Population
1980
Population
1990 Population
Permanent
Peak
Ratio(11
Permanent
Peak
Ratio
Permanent
Peak
Ratio
814
993
1.22
810
1,222
1.51
808
1,568
1.94
3,368
4,211
1.25
3,826
5,530
1.45
4,398
7,219
1.64
2,779
3,338
1.20
3,166
3,830
1.21
3,366
4,306
1.28
6,147
7,549
1.23
6,992
9,360
1.34
7,764
11,525
1.48
290
361
1.24
333
464
1.39
355
573
1.61
456
571
1.25
492
741
1.51
511
958
1.87
1,639
2,406
1.47
1,910
3,465
1.81
2,050
4,768
2.33
762
932
1.22
956
1,312
1.37
1,056
1,688
1.60
525
662
1.26
580
843
1.45
608
1,055
1.74
330
397
1.20
426
559
1.31
475
705
1.48
300
5,775
19.25
941
13,958
14.83
1,732
23,453
13.54
5,233
6,617
1.26
4,359
6,468
1.48
6,453
10,477
1.62
0
0
-
54
4,524
83.78
67
10,111
150.91
0
0
-
646
3,073
6.00
1,360
6,906
5.08
6,396
9,936
1.55
9,803
10,912
1.11
11,560
12,929
1.12
11,929
22,328
1.87
15,803
39,735
2.51
20,775
64,499
3.10
1,735
2,087
1.20
1,883
2,386
1.27
2,782
3,999
1.44
2,191
2,636
1.20
3,586
5,069
1.41
4,305
6,623
1.54
3,926
4,723
1.20
5,469
7,455
1.36
7,087
10,622
1.50
347
421
1.21
540
627
1.16
639
744
1.16
517
630
1.22
637
844
1.32
699
1,042
1.49
257
309
1.20
322
388
1.20
356
442
1.24
1,166
1,414
1.21
1,520
1,848
1.22
1,702
2,137
1.26
616
962
1.56
944
1,904
2.02
1,370
5,759
4.20
122
1,097
8.99
865
9,493
10.97
2,011
18,653
9.28
0
0
-
0
0
-
549
1,436
2.62
1,758
2,166
1.23
2,493
3,772
1.51
2,649
6,912
2.61
2,496
4,225
1.69
4,302
15,169
3.53
6,579
32,760
4.98
PERCENT INCREASE
1970-1980 1980-1990 Overall 1970-1990
Permanent Peak Ratio Permanent Peak Ratio Permanent Peak Ratio
-0.5% 23.1% 23.7% -0.2% 28.3% 28.6% -0.74 57.9% 59.1%
13.6% 31.3% 15.64 15.0% 30.5% 13.6% 30.6% 71.4% 31.3%
13.9% 14.7% 0.7% 6.3% 12.4% 5.7% 21.1% 29.0% 6.5%
13.7% 24.0% 9.0% 11.0% 23.1% 10.9% 26.3% 52.7% 20.9%
14.8% 28.5% 11.9% 6.6% 23.5% 15.8% 22.4% 58.7% 29.7%
7.9% 29.8% 20.3% 3.9% 29.3% 24.54 12.1% 67.8% 49.7%
16.5% 44.0% 23.6% 7.3% 37.6% 28.2% 25.1% 98.2% 58.4%
25.5% 40.8% 12.24 10.5% 28.7% 16.5% 38.6% 81.1% 30.7%
10.5% 27.3% 15.3% 4.81 25.1% 19.4% 15.8% 59.4% 37.6%
29.1% 40.8% 9.1% 11.5% 26.1% 13.1% 43.9% 77.6% 23.4%
213.7% 141.7% -22.9% 84.1% 68.0% -8.7% 477.3% 306.1% -29.7%
-16.7% -2.3% 17.3% 48.0% 62.0% 9.4% 23.3% 58.3% 28.4%
24.1% 123.5% 80.1% - - -
49.14 82.8% 22.64 - - -
53.3% 9.8% -28.3% 17.9% 18.5% 0.5% 80.7% 30.1% -28.0%
32.5% 78.0% 34.3% 31.5% 62.3% 23.5% 74.2% 188.9% 65.9%
8.5% 14.3% 5.3% 47.7% 67.6% 13.4% 60.3% 91.6% 19.5%
63.7% 92.3% 17.5% 20.1% 30.7% 8.8% 96.5% 151.3% 27.9%
39.3% 57.8% 13.3% 29.6% 42.5% 10.0% 80.5% 124.9% 24.6%
55.6% 48.9% -4.3% 18.3% 18.7% 0.3% 84.14 76.74 -4.0%
23.2% 34.0% 8.7% 9.7% 23.5% 12.5% 35.2% 65.4% 22.3%
25.3% 25.6% 0.2% 10.6% 13.9% 3.0% 38.5% 43.0% 3.3%
30.4% 30.7% 0.3% 12.0% 15.6% 3.3% 46.0% 51.1% 3.5%
53.2% 97.9% 29.2% 45.1% 202.5% 108.4% 122.4% 498.6% 169.2%
609.0% 765.4% 22.1% 132.5% 96.5% -15.5% 1548.4% 160.4% 3.2%
41.8% 74.1% 22.8% 6.3% 83.2% 72.5% 50.7% 21 .1% 111.8%
72.4% 259.0% 108.3% 52.9% 116.0% 41.2% 163.6% 61 .4% 194.2%
Total Municipalities 11,374 20,749 1.82 13,518 48,136 3.56 20,325 88,186 4.34 18.9% 132.0% 95.2% 50.4% 83.2% 21.8% 78.7% 325.0% 137.8%
Total Unincorporated Areas 20,229 27,174 1.34 27,574 35,896 1.30 31,139• 46,450 1.49 36.3% 32.1% -3.1% 12.9% 29.4% 14.6% 53.9% 70.9% 11.0%
Total County 31,603 47,923 1.52 41,092 84,032 2.04 51,464 134,636 2.62 30.0% 75.3% 34.9% 25.2% 60.2% 27.9% 62.8% 180.9% 72.5%
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
(11 Ratio of Peak/Permanent Population
M M M M M M M r M i r i M M M M r M M

Therefore, the police department estimate is credible. On the
' other hand, the number of day visitors may be less than the number
in surrounding towns with more visitor -oriented commercial develop-
ment such as Atlantic Beach and Emerald Isle. The Iron Steamer
' Fishing Pier, North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores, Bogue
Banks Country Club, and Pine Knoll Village business center are the
only attractions that may appeal to the day visitor. It should be
noted that a large volume of day visitors has as much impact on the
town as does the peak "overnight" population.
c) Composition and Age
' Since 1980, the median age of the Pine Knoll Shores
population has increased. Pine Knoll Shores' population aged 55
and over is much higher than the county's percentage of population
' over 55. In addition, the town's percentage of population over 65
was 31.4% in 1990, compared to 12% for the state and 11% for the
county in 1990. Once again, this high percentage of those aged 55
' and older is highly indicative of a retirement community (see
Table 4).
' Table 4
Population Characteristics by Age Groups
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
1980-1990
' 1980 1990
Age Group Number % of Total Number % of Total
' Under 5 12 1.9% 42 3.1%
5-14 55 8.5% 78 5.7%
t 15-24 70 10.8% 90 6.6%
25-34 62 9.6% 99 7.3%
35 44 60 9.3% 160 11.8%
45-54 67 10.4% 160 11.8%
' 55-64 158 24.5% 304 22.4%
65 and over 162 25.1% 427 31.4%
Total 646 100.0% 1360 100.0%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
' The town's population composition by sex has remained
fairly constant from 1980 to 1990 (see Table 5). During this
period, the male population increased by 2.5% while the female
' population decreased by 2.5%. There is currently a 49/51%
male/female ratio. The male/female ratio is consistent with that
of Carteret County in 1990.
I-7

Table 5
Percentage Change in Population by Sex
Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County
1980-1990
Pine Knoll Shores
Carteret County
1980 % 1990 % 1980 % 1990 %
Male
311
48%
665
49%
20,435
50%
25,968
49%
Female
335
52%
695
51%
20,657
50%
26,588
51%
Total
646
100%
1,360
100%
41,092
100%
52,556
100%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has an extremely small
non -white population. The 1980 census data indicated only three
American Indian and no black residents. The 1990 census data
revealed that the non -white population consisted of 1 American
Indian, 7 Korean, 1 Eskimo or Aleut, and 1 classified as other.
The non -white population can be expected to remain relatively low
in proportion to the total population in the future. From 1970 to
1990, the total non -white population in Carteret County has grown
at a rate well below the white population growth rate.
2. Housinq Characteristics
Since 1980, Pine Knoll Shores has experienced tremendous resi-
dential construction growth. In 1980, there were only 686 dwelling
units. By 1990, the number had jumped to 1,542, an increase of
125%.
From 1985 to September of 1991, Pine Knoll Shores has issued
581 building permits. These include permits for residential,
commercial, and miscellaneous construction. The following table
provides additional information on building permits in Pine Knoll
Shores:
Table 6
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Building Permits and Property Value
1985-1991
1985
1986
1987
1988
Number of Permits
47
28
156
104
'
Construction ($)
9,043,500
4,479,200
5,893,462
3,365,031
Property Value (S)
141,125,898
153,528,354
171,359,452
172,298,144
1989
1990
1991
,
Number of Permits
106
116
46
Construction ($)
5,165,701
4,853,187
4,537,100
Property Value ($)
177,538,484
264,040,852
270,232,586
.
Sources: Town of Pine Knoll Shores Building Inspector and Pine Knoll Shores Tax Records.
I-8

As Table 7 indicates, there has been a 201% increase in housing
for occasional or seasonal use since 1980. Furthermore, there has
been a 123% increase in vacant housing from 1980
to 1990. Given
the demographic trends of Pine Knoll Shores, it would
be a fair
'
assumption to assume that many of these homes are
owned by
retirees. Furthermore, these figures support the
idea that the
town is developing into a retiree and residential
resort
community.
Table 7
Pine Knoll Shores Housing Summary
'
Tenure and Vacancy
1980 and 1990
' Item 1980
1990
Total Units 686
1,542
Total Year -Round Units 396
674
'
Occupied Units 283
642
Renter 28
112
Owner -occupied 255
530
' Vacant Units 403
900
For Sale 45
8
For Rent 13
14
Other Vacant 55
4
Occasional or Seasonal Use .290
874
' Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
Approximately 55% of the housing units in Pine Knoll Shores are
less than 10 years old, and approximately 95% of
all housing units
' are less than 20 years old. See Table 8.
Table 8
Pine Knoll Shores
'
1990 Housing Conditions
% of
' Condition and Age
Number Total
Total Year -Round Units
1,542 100%
Agee
0-4 yrs.
354 23.0%
5-9 yrs.
502 32.6%
'
10-19 yrs.
611 39.6%
20-29 yrs.
73 4.7%
30-39 yrs.
2 1.0%
40 or more years
0 0%
Condition
Lacking complete bathroom facilities
0 0%
'
Lacking complete kitchen facilities
6 0.4%
Lacking central heating equipment
0 0%
I-9

Table 8 (Continued)
% of
Number
Total
Type
Total Year -Round Units
1,542
100%
Single family, detached
703
45.6%
Single family, attached
354
22.9%
Duplex
11
0.7%
3 or 4 units
22
1.4%
5 to 9
64
4.2%
10 to 19
200
12.9%
20 to 49
122
7.9%
50 or more
42
Mobile home
0
0%
Other
24
1.6%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
Table 8 data indicates that very few, if any, dwelling units in
Pine Knoll Shores can be considered substandard. A large portion,
68.5%, of the housing stock is single family (attached and
detached) homes.
From 1980 to 1990, there has been a significant increase in
multi -family dwelling units in Pine Knoll Shores. In 1980, multi-
family dwellings comprised 21.4% of the town's total housing stock.
In 1990, multi -family dwelling units accounted for 29.9% of the
total housing stock. The majority of recently constructed
multi -family units are held for seasonal or occasional use.
3. Summary
The following provides a summary of significant demographic and
housing findings:
-- Pine Knoll Shores has experienced a major population
increase from 1980 to 1990 -- 110%.
-- Since 1980, Pine Knoll Shores has experienced the most sub-
stantial growth in the 65 and over age group, 263%, and the
35 to 54 year old age groups, 251%.
-- Residential units in Pine Knoll Shores have experienced a
123% increase from 1980 to 1990.
Pine Knoll Shores has virtually no substandard housing.
-- Pine Knoll Shores has limited tourist and day visitor
attractions such as public beach access and commercial-
ization. On the other hand, the North Carolina Aquarium is
a major day visitor attraction. The aquarium attracted
382,398 persons in 1986; 484,771 in 1988; 606,535 in 1990,
and 653,884 in 1991.
I-10

C. ECONOMY
Pine Knoll Shores appears to have a strong local economy. 1990
census data revealed that only 20, or 4.0% of the people actively
in the labor force were unemployed. There were 1,226 persons of
age that were eligible to be included in the labor force. Of that
total, 690, or 56.3%, were not active in the labor force. They
were either disabled, retired, or not employed by choice.
Additional labor force data is provided in Table 9.
Table 9
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Labor Force Status - 1990
Total:
Male
Female
Total
Labor Force
Armed Forces
35
5
40
Civilian Labor Force:
Employed
257
219
476
Unemployed
9
11
20
Not in Labor Force
301
389
690
Total
602
624
1,226
Source: N.C. State Data Center,
Office
of State
Planning.
(1990 census data was not available)
Mean household income is an extremely important indicator of a
town's economy. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores appears to have a
strong stable local economy. Table 10 summarizes mean household
income for Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County, and the State of
North Carolina.
Table 10
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Mean Household Income, 1989
T.nnat i nn
Pine Knoll Shores
Carteret County
North Carolina
1989 Mean
Household Income
$56, 691
$32, 162
$33, 242
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
The high mean household income of Pine Knoll Shores is due to
the large number of retirees with substantial retirement income, as
well as the high percentage of individuals who own retail and
service businesses. Finance, insurance, real estate, recreation,
and entertainment services account for a substantial percentage of
employment in Pine Knoll Shores. Table 11 describes employed
persons 16 years and older by industry.

Table 11
Employed Persons 16 Years and Older by Industry
Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1990
Number
% of
Occupation
Employed
Total
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining
2
0.4%
Construction
18
3.8%
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
7
1.5%
Durable goods
21
4.4%
Transportation
17
3.6%
Communication, other public utilities
8
1.7%
Wholesale trade
30
6.3%
Retail trade
118
24.8%
Finance, insurance, and real estate
54
11.3%
Services:
Business and repair services
24
5.0%
Entertainment and recreation
35
7.4%
Professional and related services:
Health services
37
7.8%
Educational services
42
8.8%
Other professional and related services
22
4.6%
Public administration
41
8.6%
TOTAL EMPLOYED
185
100.0%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
Approximately 64% of all workers in Pine Knoll Shores are
private wage and salary workers. Roughly 19% of all workers are
employed in either federal, state, or local governments. It should
be noted that a high percentage of government workers adds to
economic stability in an area such as Pine Knoll Shores. The
remainder of workers are mainly self-employed (see Table 12).
Class
Table 12
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Employment by Class of Worker - 1990
% of
Number Total
Private Wage and Salary Worker 307 64.5%
Federal Government Worker 41 8.6%
State Government Worker 26 5.5%
Local Government Worker 25 5.2%
Self -Employed Worker 71 14.9%
Unpaid Family Worker 6 1.3%
Total 476 100.0%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
I-12

' Table 13 indicates that the Town of Pine Knoll Shores has only
a small portion of individuals that are considered to be below the
poverty level. Based on the number of persons enumerated for
poverty status, only 1.4% of the population was considered to be
' below 75% of poverty level. On the contrary, approximately 89% of
the population is reported as having income 200% of the poverty
level and above.
' Table 13
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
' Poverty Status, 1990
% of
Income Level Individuals Total
Income below 75% of poverty level 19 1.4%
Income between 75 and 124% of poverty level 18 1.3%
' Income between 125 and 149% of poverty level 13 1.0%
Income between 150 and 199% of poverty level 97 7.1%
Income 200% of poverty level and above 1,218 89.2%
Total 1,365 100 .0 %
' Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
' Pine Knoll Shores has a relatively new and fiscally sound local
government. Over the past six years, the town's revenues have
exceeded expenditures. The largest source of revenue for the town
is taxation, while the largest expenditures have been for public
' safety. Table 14, attached, provides detailed information on the
different sources of revenues as well as the various expenditures
of Pine Knoll Shores.
' The following provides a summary of significant economic data
for Pine Knoll Shores.
' -- The unemployment rate for Pine Knoll Shores is extremely
low.
' -- The town's mean household income is a great deal higher
than that of Carteret County and above that of North
Carolina.
' -- The majority of the town's labor force is employed in the
sales and services industries. Approximately 19% are
employed in federal, state, or local government.
' -- The town has had revenues over the last six years which
exceeded expenditures. The major source of revenue is
' from taxes while the major expenditures are for public
safety.
I-13

Revenues
1990
1989
1988
1987
1986
1985
Expenditures
1990
1989
H 1988
1987
4- 1986
1985
Taxes
557,658
516,650
496,648
452,855
412,111
363,569
General
Government
167,433
166,004
153,743
151,376
155,575
116,073
TABLE 14
General Governmental Revenues and Expenditures By Function
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
1985 - 1990
Governmental
184,698
225,347
220,054
192,513
160,437
143,372
Public
Safetv
385,865
386,708
486,996
284,847
248,354
236,218
Fees
28,706
17,691
12,378
20,566
20,707
29,361
Transportation
63,646
45,012
47,562
38,666
36,731
32,303
Service
1,500
3,058
40,179
6,473
3,562
2,581
Environmental
Protection
84,197
62,675
56,983
48,781
50,009
46,604
Earnings
82,783
68,467
53,626
47,378
49,717
48,976
Cultural
20,500
3,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
2,500
Source: Pine Knoll Shores Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (Year Ended June 30, 1990).
Miscellaneous
17,801
20,315
2,757
500
Debt Service
22,675
22,575
22,975
22,850
22,700
22,525
Total
873,146
851,528
825,642
720,285
646,534
587,859
Total
744,316
686,474
770,759
549,020
515,869
456,223

L;
D. EXISTING LAND USE
' 1. Introduction
Prior to incorporation in 1973, the family of Theodore
' Roosevelt subdivided and sold land in what was to become Pine Knoll
Shores. Individual lots were advertised for sale at prices of
$1,150 to $1,600. The majority of land was being developed for
t residential use in the eastern or "old" section of Pine Knoll
Shores. However, motels such as the Atlantis Lodge, the John
Yancey, and the Seahawk were also constructed in the 1960s. These
' motels accommodated tourists and individuals who were in the
process of, or planning on building in the community. Residential
subdivision was also occurring in the western sections of Pine
Knoll Shores although at a less rapid rate. In both the eastern
' and western sections of Pine Knoll Shores, important property owner
organizations were formed that would greatly affect the development
of Pine Knoll Shores.
' In 1967, the first homeowners' association was organized in the
western section of the town, Pine Knoll Association, Inc. This
group was formed by the Roosevelt interests and included all prop-
erty owners of the western or "new" section of town. They placed
deed restrictions on land usage, which served to tightly control
development. The eastern or "old" section formed a homeowners'
' association in 1970, which was later to be called PIKSCO Company in
1972. PIKSCO operated much like the Pine Knoll Association in
regulating residential land use, community parks, and other types
' of land use. During this period, the Roosevelts provided streets
and street lights, public area maintenance, and various kinds of
general maintenance for the area.
' The town was incorporated August 1, 1973. A bill enacted by
the General Assembly bounded the town as follows: on the east by
the Morehead Fishing Pier and the eastern limits of the Bogue Banks
' Country Club, on the west by the Episcopal Church property, and
2,500 feet into the water on the Atlantic and Bogue Banks sides of
town.
' Immediately following incorporation of Pine Knoll Shores, a
planning board was appointed to prepare the town's zoning
ordinance. Limitations on height and density were the most
' controversial aspects of the proposed ordinance. The height
limitations were 2.5 stories or 35 feet in residential areas, 2
stories and 35 feet in commercial districts, 5 stories and 50 feet
' in the MF-1 district, and 3 stories and 50 feet in the MF-2
district. In addition, commercial districts were limited to 10
units per acre. The Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance has been a
major contributor to the preservation, protection, and overall
appearance of the town. (The ordinance was changed from 8 to 22
units per acre for motels in 1982.)
' Since the 1980s, Pine Knoll Shores' development has increased
substantially. Single-family residential (the most dominant land
use), multi -family residential, open space/recreational, and com-
mercial development continue to be the primary land uses. Despite
I-15

this increased growth, restrictive covenants established by the
Roosevelt family have guided development so that development
continues to be low density. It should be noted that the town has
no extraterritorial jurisdiction.
2. Urban and Developed Land
Since 1980, land use has remained relatively unchanged in Pine
Knoll Shores. Table 15.provides a summary of land use acreage by
zoning category. (See Map 1, Existing Land Use.)
Table 15
Town of Pine Knoll
Land Use By Acreage by General
Single -Family Residential
Multi -Family Residential
Commercial
Institutional
Municipal/Utility Service
Open Space/Recreational
Total
Shores
Zoning Category
716
180
92
63
23
423
1,497
Sources: Pine Knoll Shores 1987 Land Use Plan Update;
Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
a) Residential
Throughout the history of Pine Knoll Shores, residential
land use has been the dominant land use. Approximately 330 of all
residentially zoned land remains vacant and available for develop-
ment ( see Table 16) .
Table 16
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Residential Acreage by Zoning
Developed 462
Vacant 254
Total 716
,
Sources: Pine Knoll Shores 1987 Land Use Plan Update;
Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
'
Single-family residential development first occurred in the
eastern section of town. There are currently 437 vacant lots in
the area, containing approximately 201 acres. Six hundred thirty-
'
nine (639) of the lots in the eastern section of town are residen-
tially developed. There are currently 275 multi -family dwelling
units in the eastern section. At build -out, there will be approx-
'
imately 1,076 single-family residential homes in this section of
town. Waterfront lots in the eastern section of town average
three-quarters of an acre while the inland lots average one-half of
'
an acre. The majority of the eastern section of Pine Knoll Shores
contains low density development. There is virtually no vacant
land zoned for multi -family development in this section.
'
I-16

' Development in the western section of town is comprised of a
mixture of single-family and multi -family residential development.
However, the primary zoning classification in this section is for
' multi -family dwelling units. There are approximately 16 vacant
acres of land available for multi -family development. Therefore,
approximately 130 additional multi -family dwelling units could be
constructed in western Pine Knoll Shores. In addition, this section
' has 14 acres of vacant land which is zoned for single-family
residential development. This area could contain approximately 28
single-family residential structures. Sixty-four (64) of the lots
' in the western section of town are single-family residentially
developed. There are currently 564 multi -family dwelling units in
the western section of town. At total build -out, it is estimated
that there will be 2,137 residential units in Pine Knoll Shores if
current zoning.patterns and densities continue.
b) Commercial
' Pine Knoll Shores has limited commercial development. The
existing commercial development appears sufficient to serve local
needs; there is very little tourist -oriented commercialization.
Existing commercial development consists of a convenience store,
eight motels, and an office and professional center located at the
intersection of Pine Knoll Boulevard and Salter Path Road. Motels
extend down the ocean side of Salter Path Road.
An additional commercial property, the Iron Steamer Fishing
' Pier, is a major tourist attraction. The pier was constructed
before a town ordinance prohibiting such structures was adopted.
As of 1986, approximately 57 acres of land had been zoned
for commercial use. As of 1990, there had been no increase in
commercial acreage. Because of a limited amount of vacant land
zoned for commercial use, future commercial development should be
' limited. In addition, there is a belief by some Pine Knoll Shores
residents and/or property owners that additional commercial devel-
opment should not be allowed.
In addition to limited commercially -zoned land, Pine Knoll
Shores has sign regulations.which tightly control commercial sign -
age. For example, signs in a commercial zone may include only the
' name of the premises and operating hours. No off -premises outdoor
advertising signs are permitted.
' Commercial marinas are defined as any marina with more than
10 slips functioning for a profit. Pine Knoll Shores prohibits any
commercial marina. Adverse environmental impact and traffic con-
gestion are the stated reasons for the town's ordinance on marinas.
c) Open Space and Recreation
' The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has sufficient open space and
recreational land uses. However, indoor recreational facilities are
limited. There are approximately 423 acres zoned for recreational
land use within the town limits.
I-17
1

A major recreational/cultural attraction is the North
Carolina Aquarium. The aquarium is located on a 25 acre tract
which is surrounded by the Theodore Roosevelt 265-acre natural
area.* The natural area is bordered by Highway 58 (Salter Path
Road) and the Atlantic Ocean to the south, and Bogue Sound to the
north. Maritime forests, freshwater ponds, swamp forests, and
shrub swamps are located in the natural area. The Theodore
Roosevelt Natural Area is of great importance to both the natural
and cultural environment of Pine Knoll Shores. The North Carolina
Aquarium is one of three in the State of North Carolina. The
aquarium attracts thousands of visitors each year. In 1991, the
aquarium attracted more than 653,884 visitors. Educational pro-
grams are offered for visitors in order to enhance public knowledge
of marine life. The North Carolina Aquarium was funded through a
federal -state partnership and administered by the Office of Marine
Affairs.
In December, 1971, the grandchildren of President*Theodore
Roosevelt deeded a 290-acre tract of land in western Pine Knoll
Shores to the State of North Carolina Department of Administration.
The Deed of Gift specified that the 290 acre tract of land:
"Will be kept in its natural state, maintained as a nature
preserve, and used for the primary purpose of nature and
wildlife education, estuarial studies, with emphasis on marine
life, ecological advances, environmental balance and research
in the methods of conservation ..."
The Bogue Banks Country Club (once called Pine Knoll Shores
Golf and Country Club) is a popular setting for social functions.
In addition, it is the only 18-hole golf course on Bogue Banks. A
large percentage of the town residents are members of the club.'
The country club property is located in the eastern one-half of
town and has influenced the development of this section of Pine
Knoll Shores.
There are eight ocean parks located in Pine Knoll Shores.
These parks are owned and maintained by homeowners associations.
There are no publicly -owned beach accesses within the town limits.
d) Institutional
An important institutional land use is the Trinity Center
located at the western boundary of the town. The Trinity Center,
owned and operated by the Episcopal Diocese of East Carolina,
serves as a conference center for various groups and organizations.
The center also provides a summer camp with a full-time counseling
staff. The center, located on land donated by the Theodore
Roosevelt family, is approximately 65 acres in size. Physical
structures on the Trinity Center property include a dining hall, a
conference meeting room, 30 double -occupancy sleeping units, four
cabins for summer campers, an administrative building, a registra-
tion building, a manager's quarters, and a swimming pool.
* The total area is 290 acres, including the North Carolina Aquarium.
I-18

e) Municipal
The Pine Knoll Shores Town Hall is a modern structure
located in the center of town on Pine Knoll Boulevard. It accommo-
dates the police, fire, and rescue services, as well as town
offices. The Roosevelts contributed the land and $20,000 for the
construction of this $235,000 complex. The Town Hall was completed
in 1979.
f) Utilities
Public utility sites are found in five locations in Pine
Knoll Shores. Carolina Telephone, Carteret County electrical
utility site, and one of the Carolina Water Service facilities are
located north of Roosevelt Boulevard in the center of town..
Carolina Water Service has four other utility sites. A
well site and elevated storage tank are located in the western
section of town adjacent to the Trinity Center. Additional well
sites are located on the block surrounded by Mimosa Boulevard,
Loblolly Drive and White Ash Drive, and at Brock Basin. An
unusable well site is located behind Lot 4 on Hawthorne Drive.
This site is too small to meet state size/distance requirements and
cannot be utilized as an approved water supply. The water supply
system is privately owned.
g) Forestland
Most of the forestland in Pine Knoll Shores is considered
maritime forest. Maritime forests are defined as areas containing
native salt tolerant vegetation. The vegetation has a sheared
appearance that is shaped according to the surrounding landscape.
These forests normally contain laurel oak, red cedar, red bay, wild
olive, Carolina cherry laurel, yaupon, loblolly pines, sweet gums,
live oaks, and red maple tree types. The laurel oak is a dominant
tree type along with the live oak and red cedar. Areas lying
within wetland swales are classified as maritime swamp forests.
The maritime swamp forest is actually rarer than the upland
maritime forest. Dominant tree types are the ash, red maple and
sweet gum. The trees grow slowly because of very low available
water capacity, occasional saltwater flooding, and exposure to salt
spray.* These forests are important to Pine Knoll Shores for their
aesthetic and conservation value. Scattered cedar, holly and oak
are also common to Pine Knoll Shores. Substantial development has
reduced concentrated maritime forests areas to those delineated on
Map 4, Areas of Environmental Concern and Other Fragile Areas.
h) Transportation
Pine Knoll Shores is bisected by N.C. 58 (Salter Path Road)
which runs in an east -west direction. N.C. 58 is the only major
thoroughfare through the town. In 1990, an average daily traffic
count of 19,600 automobiles was reported west of Atlantic Beach on
*Source: Maritime forest definition provided by Protecting Maritime
Forests Through Planning and Design, Division of Coastal Management.
I-19

N.C. 58. Due to increased traffic congestion on N.C. 58, NCDOT '
feels that conversion from two-lane to four -lane is necessary. The
town is generally opposed to this proposal.
The town currently has 11.1 miles of locally maintained '
roads. All roads in Pine Knoll Shores appear to be in good condi-
tion.
The Atlantic Beach and Emerald Isle Bridges provide the
only mainland access to Bogue Banks and Pine Knoll Shores. The
issue of another bridge extending from the mainland to Bogue Banks
has been raised by the state. Pine Knoll Shores may be considered
as a location for this bridge.
3. Summary
Pine Knoll Shores' planning efforts have had a favorable impact
on growth and development. Town ordinances have limited commer-
cialization, guided residential development, and conserved natural
areas, creating an appearance of low density development. The
following summarizes land use -related issues that should be
addressed by the town in the policy section of this plan:
-- Residential development and/or land subdivision has
occurred in most of the town's maritime forest areas. In
1991, the town adopted policies dealing with development in
maritime forest areas which are included in Chapter 21,
Sections 7.10 c.(a) and 7.11 f.l.(f) of the Town Code.
-- Traffic congestion problems exist on N.C. 58 during peak
population periods through the town. The possible four-
laning of U.S. 58 and construction of a third bridge
between Bogue Banks and the mainland must be addressed.
-- Year-round recreational needs should be defined and '
addressed by the town.
-- Low density residential development will continue to be the
predominant land use. '
-- Commercial development will continue to be tightly
controlled. '
-- Natural area protection, in particular protection of the
Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area, will continue to be an ,
important objective.
-- Public shoreline access is limited.
I-20
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1-22

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4. Development Potential
Pine Knoll Shores has limited potential for additional growth.
Most of the town, 60%, is zoned for residential development.
Approximately 260 acres of land remain for both single-family and
multi -family development. Of that total, approximately 16.4 acres
remain available for multi -family development. At current
densities, approximately 565 additional residential units may be
constructed.
' The town has maintained a philosophy of tightly controlling
commercial development. Only six percent of the town's land is
committed to commercial zoning, and almost all of that land is
developed. The commercially zoned property is located in two small
areas. One is a convenience store and an adjacent undeveloped
tract. The second area is Pine Knoll Village which contains a
bank, professional offices, and the library. It is expected that
' Pine Knoll Shores will continue to prohibit any significant
increases in commercial zoning. The limitation of commerciali-
zation has preserved the town's residential character, aided in
controlling/limiting traffic congestion, and enhanced the town's
appearance.
The following will influence Pine Knoll Shores' development
potential:
-- Only an additional 637 (approximate) residential units may
' be constructed under the 1991 zoning patterns.
-- Recent growth within Carteret County has been substantial
-- 92% population growth since 1960. In fact, from T
1 1970-1990, Carteret County was the fourth fastest growing
CAMA-regulated county and the fifth fastest growing county
within the state.
i-- During the 1980s, Pine Knoll Shores was the third fastest
growing municipality in Carteret County.
' -- Pine Knoll Shores has a strong and expanding retirement age
population.
-- Pine Knoll Shores has a fiscally sound local government.
-- Pine Knoll Shores' commitment to the preservation of its
' residential character is a strong stimulant for further
residential development.
-- Pine Knoll Shores' public shoreline access is limited.
' This tends to discourage day visitor traffic.
-- Pine Knoll Shores has virtually no substandard housing.
t-- Pine Knoll Shores has an extremely low tax rate ($.15 per
$100 of assessed value).
I-23

In summary, the outlook for continued strong residential devel-
opment activity is very good. All other types of development may
be expected to be limited to existing zoning patterns. No changes
in the existing predominant land uses are expected.
5. Existing Ordinances and Land Use Controls
Pine Knoll Shores has an effective land use management program.
The town has adopted and enforces a number of local codes and
ordinances which regulate development and land use. The controls
are managed by the Board of Commissioners with the support of the
Planning Board and town's staff. Pine Knoll Shores does not have
any extraterritorial jurisdiction.
The following provides a summary of the town's land use -related
codes and ordinances with the major sections of each defined. The
numerical references (i.e., 3-1, 5-1, 6-1) are coded to the Town of
Pine Knoll Shores Municipal Code.
State of Emergency and Disaster Control
6-1 Declaration and Post Disaster Relief Plan
6-2 Agency (Post Disaster Recovery Agency)
6-3 Disaster Relief Plan
Traffic
7-1 Definitions
7-2 Obedience to Traffic Regulations and Police Officers
7-3 Traffic Control Devices and Signals
7-4 Stopping, Standing, and Parking
7-5 Miscellaneous Regulations
7-6 Penalties for Parking Violations
7-7 Repeal
Building and Housing
10-1 Code Adopted
10-2 Certificates of Occupancy
10-3 Residential Fence Occupancy
10-4 Satellite Receiving Dish
10-5 Housing Numbers - Numerical Street Address
Fire Protection & Prevention
11-1 Fire Protection and Prevention Ordinance
11-2 Fire Hydrants Required
11-3 General Safety Requirements
11-4 Fire Hazards
11-5 Enforcement
Streets and Sanitation
13-1 Construction, Repair, and Damage
Sidewalks
13-2 Obstructing Streets and Sidewalks
13-3 Use and Cleanliness of Streets
13-4 Garbage and Trash Removal
13-5 Littering
of Streets and I
I-24

Flood Damage Prevention
14-1 Statutory Authorization,
and Objectives
14-2 Definitions
14-3 General Provisions
14-4 Administration
Findings of Facts, Purpose
14-5 Provisions for Flood Hazard Reduction
Health
15-1 Debris from Construction Work
15-2 Privies and Septic Tanks
15-3 Sewage Treatment Plants
Public Waters and Waterways
16-1 Definitions
16-2
Building Restrictions
16-3
General Regulations
16-4
Docking Powered Boats
16-5
Living Aboard
16-6
Surfing & Windsurfing
Preservation of Beaches and Dunes
17-1 Definitions
17-2 Permit Required to Drive on Beach & Sand Dunes
17-3 Violations
Signs
18-1 Title (Definitions)
18-2 Permits
18-3 Removal of Signs
18-4 Nonconforming Signs
Minor Development Permits
19-1 Minor Development Permit Required
Subdivision Regulations
20-1 General
20-2 Definition of Terms
20-3 Plat Preparation and Approval
20-4 Design Standards and Improvements
20-5 Administration
Zoning
21-1 Legal Considerations
21-2 Definitions
21-3 Administration
21-4 Enforcement and Penalties
21-5 Changes and Amendment
21-6 General Provisions
21-7 Zoning Districts and Regulations
21-8 Accessory Uses
21-9 Fences and Walls
I-25

Each code, ordinance, or land use -related planning document is
defined by the following descriptions:
State of Emergency and Disaster Control
Under the terms of Chapter 6, Section 3 of the Pine Knoll
Shores municipal code, the town adopted the Post Disaster
Recovery Plan dated June 1, 1985. That document provides a
recovery and evacuation plan which establishes policies and
procedures designed to reduce the risks associated with future
hurricanes. This plan will be updated as a part of the
preparation of the 1992 land use plan.
Traffic
Chapter 7 of the municipal code defines regulatory authority
and traffic controls designed to regulate traffic flow, park-
ing, violation penalties, and traffic control devices and
signals. The regulations apply to all public rights -of -way and
are enforced by the town's police department.
Building and Housing
Chapter 10 of the code provides regulatory authority for the
following:
-- The location, design, materials, equipment, construction,
reconstruction, alteration, repair, maintenance, moving,
demolition, removal, use, and occupancy of every building
or structure or any appurtenances connected or attached to
such building or structure;
-- The installation, erection, alteration, repair, use and
maintenance of plumbing systems consisting of house sewers,
building drains, waste and vent systems, hot and cold water
supply systems, and all fixtures and appurtenances
thereof;
-- The installation, erection, alteration, repair, use and
maintenance of mechanical systems consisting of heating,
ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems,
fuel burning equipment, and appurtenances thereof;
-- The installation, erection, alteration, repair, use and
maintenance of electrical systems and appurtenances
thereof;
-- The installation of insulation;
-- The construction of fences;
-- The location and use of satellite receiving dishes;
-- The numbering of houses.
Chapter 10 specifically adopts the following North Carolina
State Codes: building, plumbing, heating and electrical.
Inspection fees are established.
I-26

Fire Protection and Prevention
Chapter 11 provides for adoption of the National Fire Code. In
addition, locational requirements for fire hydrants are
defined. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores' Fire Chief is charged
with enforcement responsibility.
'
Streets and Sanitation
Chapter 13 of the municipal code provides regulations for the
construction, repair and damage of streets and sidewalks.
Garbage and trash removal regulations are established and
collection authority is vested with the town. Regulations and
penalties to control littering are established.
Flood Damage Prevention
Chapter 14 of the municipal code provides regulations for flood
damage prevention which are designed to promote the public
health, safety and general welfare and to minimize public and
private losses due to flood conditions. Specifically, the
'
regulations are designed to:
-- Restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health,
safety and property due to water or erosion hazards, or
which result in damaging increases in erosion or in flood
heights or velocities;
-- Require that uses vulnerable to floods, including facili-
ties which serve such uses, be protected against flood
damage at the time of initial construction;
-- Control the alteration of natural flood plains, stream
channels, and natural protective barriers which are
involved in the accommodation of flood waters;
-- Control filling, grading, dredging, and other development
which may increase erosion or flood damage; and
-- Prevent or regulate the construction of flood barriers
which will unnaturally divert flood waters or which may
increase flood hazards to other lands.
'
Penalties for violation of the regulations are established and
the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Building Inspector is designated
as the local administrator.
Health
Chapter 15 of the municipal code regulates the following:
removal/disposal of debris from construction work, permitting
and construction of privies and septic tanks, and construction
of sewage treatment plants. The following should be noted:
-- The only privies which are allowed are self-contained
portable privies at building sites where no other restroom
facility exists.
I-27

-- Sewage treatment plants shall not be installed in residen-
tial zones R-1, R-2, R-3, R-4, or recreational zones
Rec.-2, Rec.-3.
-- Any liability created by the construction and/or operation
of a treatment plant shall be the sole responsibility of
the treatment plant owner.
The town's Building Inspector is responsible for ensuring
compliance when building permits are issued.
Public Waters and Waterways
Chapter 16 of the Pine Knoll Shores municipal code provides
building restrictions for piers, boat slips and boat basins.
Maintenance requirements are defined for all bulkheads, docks,
piers, or other structures located along waterways. In
addition, controls are included for boat speed, anchoring,
discharge, and dumping of waste, skiing or surfboarding behind
boats, diving from bridges, and boat ramp construction. It
should be noted that no permanent inclined structure for
getting a boat in or out of the water shall be permitted unless
it is owned by an association of owners for the benefit of all
members of the association. Building permits are required for
all construction regulated under this chapter.
Preservation of Beaches and Dunes
Chapter 17 of the municipal code regulates the driving of ,
vehicles on beaches and sand dunes. Permits are required for
the driving of vehicles in dune and beach areas. Permitting is
only allowed for the purpose of commercial fishing. As a pre- '
requisite to issuing a permit, the Town Clerk may require veri-
fication that the permittee is actively engaged in commercial
fishing, the verification to be either by production of validly
executed income tax returns showing substantial income from
commercial fishing, or a valid affidavit from a wholesale com-
mercial fish purchaser verifying that the commercial fisherman
has been, within the past twelve (12) months, actively engaged ,
in the sale of fish to the commercial fishing establishment.
Signs '
Chapter 18 of the municipal code regulates the construction and
placement of signs. These regulations are closely coordinated
with the Town of Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance. Permits
for sign construction are issued by the town's Building
Inspector.
Minor Development Permits
Chapter 19 of the municipal code specifies that no construction ,
shall be permitted which requires a Minor Development Permit in
accordance with North Carolina General Statutes 113A-118 until
I-28

the town has issued a Minor Development Permit in accordance
with the provisions of Article 7 or Chapter 113A of the North
Carolina General Statutes, and the rules and regulations
promulgated thereunder. The Building Inspector issues minor
permits.
NCGS 113A-118 defines a "minor development" (minor permit
required) as any development other than a "major development"
(major permit required). A "major development" is defined as
follows:
' "A major development is any development which requires
permission, licensing, approval, certification or authori-
zation in any form from the Environmental Management
' Commission, the Department of Human Resources, the State
Department of Economic and Community Development, the State
Department of Administration, the North Carolina Mining
Commission, the North Carolina Pesticides board, the North
Carolina Sedimentation Control Board, or any federal agency
or authority; or which occupies a land or water area in
excess of 20 acres; or which contemplates drilling for or
excavating natural resources on land or under water; or
which occupies on a single parcel a structure or structures
in excess of a ground area of 60,000 square feet."
Subdivision Regulations
' Chapter 20 of the municipal code provides for adoption of the
town's subdivision regulations. Those regulations provide for
the orderly development of the municipality and its environs,
for the coordination of streets within proposed subdivisions
with existing or planned streets or with other public facili-
ties; for the dedication or reservations of rights -of -way ease-
ments for street and utility purposes; and for the distribution
of population and traffic which shall avoid congestion and
overcrowding, and which shall create conditions beneficial to
or promotive of public health, safety, and the general welfare.
' Specifically, the regulations apply to the following
conditions/circumstances:
-- The combination or recombination of portions or previously
' platted lots where the total number of lots is not
increased and the resultant lots are equal to or exceed the
standards of the town as shown in its subdivision regula-
tions. Any such combination or recombination of previously
platted lots, permitted by this paragraph, shall be shown
on a plat prepared by a registered surveyor and/or engi-
neer. Said plat shall be presented to the Town Clerk for
signature, and shall be recorded in the office of the
Register of Deeds;
-- The division of land into parcels greater than ten (10)
acres where no street right-of-way dedication is involved;
I-29

-- The public acquisition by purchase of strips of land for
the widening or opening of streets;
-- The division of a tract in single ownership whose entire
area is no greater than two (2) acres into not more than
three (3) lots, where no street right-of-way dedication is
involved, and where the resultant lots are equal to or
exceed the standards of the municipality, as shown in its
subdivision regulations.
The subdivision regulations are managed by the Planning Board
and Board of Commissioners with the administrative support of
the town's staff.
Zoning
Chapter 21 of the Pine Knoll Shores municipal code provides for
adoption of.the town's zoning ordinance. The following
provides the definition of the ordinance's purpose:
"... to lessen congestion in the streets; to secure safety
from fire, panic, and other dangers; to promote health and
the general welfare; to provide adequate light and air; to
prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue concentra-
tion of population; to facilitate the adequate provisions
of transportation, sewage, parks, and other public require-
ments; to conserve the value of buildings and encourage
the most appropriate use of land throughout the corporate
area; to protect the area ecology through full cooperation
with county and state authorities ..."
In order to regulate and limit the intensity of the use of lot
areas; to regulate and determine the areas of open space
surrounding buildings; to classify, regulate and restrict the
location of certain trades; to regulate the height, size and
the location of buildings; to regulate and control structures
and uses designed for specified businesses, residential, and
other uses, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is hereby divided
into zones of which there shall be thirteen (13) known as:
Residential R-1
Residential R-2
Residential R-3
Residential R-4
Recreational 1
Recreational 2
Recreational 3
Multi -Family 1
Multi -Family 2
Commercial
Office Professional
Municipal Service
Institutional
The ordinance is consistent with and supports the town's 1987
land use plan. The town's Building Inspector is responsible
for enforcement.
I-30

1987 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan
The existing Pine Knoll Shores land use plan was certified by
the Coastal Resources Commission on July 24, 1987. The plan
'
fully complied with the planning requirements as set forth in
15A NCAC 7B and supported or exceeded the State of North
'
Carolina minimum use standards for areas of environmental
concern as set forth in 15A NCAC 7H.
The following provides a summary of the 1987 policy statements.
It is emphasized that this is only a summary. Complete policy
'
statements must be obtained from the 1987 land use plan.
'
POLICY STATEMENT: Estuarine System
Only water dependent uses will be permitted in coastal
wetlands, estuarine water and public trust areas.
POLICY STATEMENT: Ocean Hazard Areas
All land uses in the Ocean Hazard category shall be consis-
tent with the Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinances which
allow commercial and residential development setback 100
feet from the oceanside toe of the frontal dune or within
100 feet of the mean high water mark of the Atlantic Ocean.
The town is committed to keeping the minimum building
'
setback consistent with CAMA setback standards.
The town does not, however, plan to become a financial
partner in any major beach restoration program which may be
'
proposed for the beach front areas, except in situations
that affect the town as a whole.
'
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Ocean Hazard Areas
Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its local zoning
regulations which support the CAMA major and minor permit-
ting system and the Corps of Engineers 404 dredge and fill
permit program.
POLICY STATEMENT: Development in Areas with Constraints
It is the town's objective to see that future growth and
building proceeds in a manner which will not jeopardize the
fragile ecological environment that comprises this barrier
'
island. The town will continue to control the type and
extent of development which takes place in areas with
natural constraints.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Development in Areas with
Constraints
(1) Enforcement of Town Ordinances
Under existing local subdivision ordinances, all
subdivision plans must be approved by the Planning
'
Board and by the Board of Commissioners. ,
(2) Hurricane and Flood Evacuation Needs and Plans
A disaster plan has been established.
I-31

(3) Protection of Potable Water Supplies
The Castle Hayne aquifer is the town's source of
potable water. Development within town poses no
direct threat to the quality or quantity of the water
supply.
(4) Use of Package Treatment Plants
The town recognizes the problem of poorly maintained
package plants and sees the need for the County Health
Department to maintain adequate manpower for plant
inspections.
(5) Stormwater Runoff
Zoning and subdivision regulations will be evaluated
as planning tools to reduce stormwater impact on
shellfish waters.
(6) Marina and Floating Home Development
There are no commercial marinas permitted by zoning
ordinances. Overboard discharge of waste and
overnight occupancy of boats within town waters are
prohibited.
(7) Industrial Impacts on Fraqile Areas
There are no industrial facilities or major energy '
producing facilities in Pine Knoll Shores and none are
permitted by the zoning ordinance.
(8) Development Near the Estuarine Shoreline '
Development standards in the Pine Knoll Shores
ordinances, which in some cases are more restrictive
than CAMA, will continue to control future development ,
near the estuarine shoreline to minimize loss of
private property and public resources.
POLICY STATEMENT: Resource Production and Management
The town will act to preserve and manage prime nursery
areas, existing vegetation and maritime forests and will
continue to protect the shorelines, improve water quality
in the soundside, and prevent fouling of the fresh water
supply.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Resource Production and Management
Off -Road Vehicles
The town continues to prohibit any non-commercial or
non -emergency vehicular traffic on the beach area.
POLICY STATEMENT: Economic and Community Development
All of Pine Knoll Shores has been zoned, with the intent
being to maintain a residential -recreational atmosphere
throughout the town.
I-32

' The town is committed to preservation, not to intensive
development. Efforts will continue to convert existing
commercial zones to single-family residential zones.
' POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Economic and Community Development
a. Local Commitment to Providing Services to Development
Before any building permit is issued in Pine Knoll
Shores, all required services must be available.
rNo participation in a regional sewage disposal plan is
contemplated, as septic systems should be adequate for
' areas zoned for single-family dwellings.
Refuse collection through contract with a private
collection firm, with the cost borne from the basic
property tax, will be continued.
The town will continue to rely upon Carolina Water
' Service, the Carteret -Craven Electric Membership
Corporation, and Carolina Telephone and Telegraph
Company to expand utility facilities and services to
meet the needs of the community as it continues to
grow.
POLICY STATEMENTS: Storm Hazard Mitigation
b. Pine Knoll Shores will adhere to the standards set
forth in CAMA and the FEMA regulations for land use
' and development standards in the Ocean Hazard AEC,
Estuarine Shoreline AEC and the Flood Zones.
d. The town will consider the redesign and construction
of storm damaged facilities, public utilities and
roadways and their replacement in terms of minimizing
the likelihood of future storm related damage.
' In 1987, the 15A NCAC 7B planning guidelines specified the five
general land use classifications of: Developed, Transition,
Community, Rural, and Conservation. All lands within Pine
Knoll Shores were classified as either Developed or Conser-
vation and defined as follows:
Developed Classification: "The purpose of the developed
classification is to provide for continued development and
redevelopment of existing areas which have experienced
' urban growth. These areas are currently urban in character
where minimal undeveloped land remains and have in place or
will soon have municipal or public services. Pine Knoll
Shores is largely developed at this time with existing
development on most large tracts and municipal services in
place to service projected development on the remaining
tracts."
I-33
1

Conservation Classification: "The purpose of the conser-
vation classification is to provide for the effective long-
term management and protection of significant, limited, or
irreplaceable areas. Management is needed due to the
natural, cultural, recreational, scenic, or natural produc-
tive values which are of local, regional, or state-wide
concern. All CAMA areas of environmental concern which lie
within the town are currently mapped in the conservation
classification, including public trust waters, estuarine
waters, coastal wetlands, wooded swamps, and ocean hazard
areas. All private and public recreation areas and parks
come under this classification, as does the largest
undeveloped tract in the town, the Theodore Roosevelt
Natural Area. The town has recently acquired a 10.6 acre
parcel adjacent to the natural area which has been added to
the conservation classification category within the town."
6. Effectiveness of the 1987 Land Use Plan and Policies
Pine Knoll Shores believes that it has effectively implemented
the policies and recommendations contained in the 1987 land use
plan. Both the Planning Board and Board of Commissioners have
regularly relied on the plan to guide general policy, zoning,
subdivision, and other regulatory decisions.
In particular, the town has emphasized implementation of the
following policies:
-- No commercial marinas are permitted.
-- No non-commercial vehicles are allowed in dune and beach
areas.
-- Zoning and subdivision requests have been carefully
reviewed to reduce the adverse effects of storm water
runoff.
-- The low -to -medium density residential character of the town ,
has been protected.
-- The town has limited increases in commercially zoned
properties.
While the town has been attentive to the 1987 policies, most of
those policies were generally worded and not specifically linked to
the 15A NCAC 7H use standards for areas of environmental concern.
During the preparation of the 1992 land use plan, the town
endeavored to make its policy statements more specific, with clear
linkages to the 15A NCAC 7H use standards.
I-34

1
1
E. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: PUBLIC FACILITIES
1. Water Supply
Carolina Water Service, a privately -owned company, supplies the
Town of Pine Knoll Shores with water. Water storage is provided by
two elevated reservoirs -- one 150,000 gallon and one 250,000
gallon with a 10,000 gallon pressure tank. On July 4, 1991, the
maximum demand was 1,300,000 gallons per day of water supplied to
Pine Knoll Shores. On July 4, 1990, peak demand for water was
1,200,000 gallons per day. The Fire Chief of Pine Knoll Shores
believes that water pressure may not be adequate to provide fire
protection if a serious fire occurred. However, the capacity of
the town's system is well above the peak seasonal demands of the
town. The following provides the system capacity by well:
Well Number
Capacity
1
270 gpm*
2
340 gpm
3
650 gpm
4
420 gpm
1,680 gpm
*gallons per minute
Source: Carolina Water Service; Town of.Pine Knoll Shores.
According to Pine Knoll Shores' town officials, the water
quality provided in 1992 by Carolina Water Service was adequate.
However, the town has expressed concerns regarding line sizing,
water pressure, and the water rates. The 1992 rates were higher
than those charged in either Atlantic Beach or Emerald Isle.
2. Sewage Disposal
There is no central sewage collection and treatment system in
Pine Knoll Shores. The town is served by either individual septic
tanks or package treatment plants. Table 17 provides a list of
privately owned and operated package treatment plants in Pine
Knoll Shores.
I-35

Table
17
Private
Package Treatment
and Disposal
Systems
Regulated
by the Carteret County
Health Department
Town of Pine Knoll
Shores - 1990
Design Flow
Name
Gallons/Day
Type
Beachwalk Condominiums 17,340
Treatment
Plant/Rotary
Dist.
Bogue Shores Club
12,000
Treatment
Plant/Rotary
Dist.
Coral Bay West
10,000
Treatment
Plant/Rotary
Dist.
McGinnis Point
38,600
Treatment
Plant/Rotary
Dist.
Pine Knoll Townes
11,040
Treatment
Plant/Rotary
Dist.
The Oceans
6,000
Treatment
Plant/Rotary
Dist.
Ocean Terrace
11,520
Treatment
Plant/Rotary
Dist.
Beacon's Reach
130,000
Treatment
Plant/Conventional
(3 plants total)
Genesis Condominiums
30,500
Treatment
Plant/Rotary
Dist.
Ocean Glen
32,500
Treatment
Plant/Rotary
Dist.
Ocean Bay Villas
32,500
Treatment
Plant/Rotary
Dist.
Source: Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Carteret County; N.C.
Division of Environmental Management;
Carteret County Division
of Environmental Health.
3. Drainage
Pine Knoll Shores has rarely experienced severe flooding.
However, during heavy rainfall, localized flooding does occur on
Oak Leaf, Juniper and Yaupon Drives and Willow Road. The town does
not have a master drainage plan. The town is concerned with water
quality within the canals located within Pine Knoll Shores and in
the adjacent waters of Bogue Sound. In 1992, the North Carolina
Division of Environmental Management contracted with Dr. Kirby
Smith of the Duke Marine Laboratories in Beaufort, North Carolina,
to conduct a water quality study for the canals and the adjacent
waters of the Bogue Sound.
4. Solid Waste Disposal
Refuse collection service is provided to the town by
firm. Refuse is collected twice per week in residential
once per week for businesses. However, adjustments are
satisfy seasonal demand.
a private '
areas, and
made to
Solid waste is disposed of in the Carteret County Landfill.
The existing landfill is to be closed near the latter part of 1992
or beginning of 1993. After 1993, yard waste and debris will not
be accepted at the landfill. Rapid growth has quickly filled the
county site and suitable land in Carteret County is scarce. The
following excerpt from the Pine Knoll Shores 1990-1991 Comprehen-
sive Annual Financial Report provides additional information on the
future solid waste disposal needs of Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret
County:
I-36

' "Because of the high water table and lack of suitable
land in eastern North Carolina, the sparse population,
the cost of solid waste disposal systems, and the lack
' of financial support from state and federal sources, it
became obvious a consolidation would be the most
effective way to provide this necessary service. A
tri-county cooperative effort is the result of nego-
tiations between towns who use the landfills and the
county, which must provide the landfill and comply with
the mandates of SB 111." 1
Carteret, Craven and Pamlico counties are participating in a
special sanitary district. This tri-county effort is requiring
that municipalities within each county provide the needed funding.
According to town administrators, Pine Knoll Shores can expect the
cost of refuse collection and disposal to double in the coming
year.
In 1992, Pine Knoll Shores contracted with Waste Industries,
Inc., for solid waste collection. The town must reduce its total
volume of waste by 25% by January, 1993. In order to accomplish
this, the town has established a recycling program. A collection
site for recyclables is located behind the Pine Knoll Shores
Municipal Building. However, in 1992, there was not a system in
place for defining how much credit towards the 25% reduction the
county should extend to Pine Knoll Shores.
5. Schools
Pine Knoll Shores is served by the Carteret County School
System. Kindergarten through third grade students attend Camp Glen
School which is approximately seven miles away in Morehead City.
Grades 3 through 5 attend Morehead Elementary School which is also
approximately seven miles away in Morehead City. Grades 6 through
8 attend Morehead Middle School which is roughly eight miles away
in Morehead City. West Carteret High School, approximately 12
miles away in Morehead City, serves grades 9 through 12. Table 18
provides detailed information on the schools serving Pine Knoll
Shores. Based on the 1990 census, there were approximately 119
school age people residing in Pine Knoll Shores. Eighty-six of
those would have attended middle or elementary schools. Thus,
approximately 3.5% of Carteret County's total public school
enrollment resided in Pine Knoll Shores.
1 1990-91 Annual Financial Reports.
I-37

Table 18
Schools Serving Pine Knoll Shores - 1990 '
% Over/Under
Enrollment Capacity _ Capacity
Camp Glen School
615
667
- 8%
Morehead Elementary School
700
700
0
Morehead Middle School
590
800*
-36%
West Carteret High School
1,439
900
+370
Source: Carteret County Board of Education; Holland Consulting Planners
*Morehead Middle School is currently expanding its facilities. Expansion
is expected to be complete by January, 1992.
Beyond the public school level, there are three community
colleges located in reasonably close proximity to Pine Knoll
Shores -- Carteret Community College in Morehead City, Coastal
Carolina Community College in Jacksonville, and Craven Community
College in New Bern.
6. Transportation
N.C. Highway 58 is the only "major" thoroughfare in Pine Knoll
Shores. The town is linked to the mainland over Bogue Sound by the
B. Cameron Langston Bridge in Emerald Isle or the Atlantic Beach
Bridge.
In April, 1990, the North Carolina Department of Transportation
(NCDOT) conducted a traffic count on N.C. 58 just west of the
Atlantic Beach Bridge. The study revealed an average daily traffic
count of 19,600 vehicles. Unfortunately, it cannot be assumed that
these vehicles actually entered Pine Knoll Shores town limits.
Average daily traffic counts within the town limits are currently'
unavailable. However, due to increased traffic congestion, NCDOT
believes that conversion of N.C. 58 from a two-lane to a four -lane
road is necessary.
Powell Bill funding for Pine Knoll Shores is based on 11.1
miles of locally maintained roads. All roads in Pine Knoll Shores
appear to be in good condition.
7. Police ,
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores maintains a fully -staffed police
department. There are currently six officers and the Chief of '
Police. The town maintains five patrol cars. In addition, the
town has an emergency four-wheel drive vehicle. The four-wheel
vehicle is shared by the police, fire and rescue departments. ,
Constant training is provided for police officers. The town feels
that police service is adequate to serve the town's needs.
I-38 1

' 8. Fire
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores maintains a volunteer fire
' department. The Chief of Police is the Fire Chief. The fire
station is located at the Town Hall. The town owns two pumpers.
One pumper has a maximum water capacity of 750 gallons. The other
pumper has a maximum water capacity of 250 gallons. In addition,
the town has a fire protection mutual aide agreement with Atlantic
Beach, Salter Path, Emerald Isle, and Morehead City. The fire
department has an Insurance Safety Organization (ISO) rating of 7.
' The town feels that fire protection is adequate.
9. Emergency Services
' The Pine Knoll Shores Volunteer Rescue Squad provides ambulance
services for the town. The rescue squad is equipped with two
ambulances. The rescue squad is comprised of 22 volunteers and the
members of the police department. If necessary, both the Coast
Guard and Cherry Point Marine Corps Air Station personnel provide
emergency services support.
10. Recreation
The town has no public beach or sound access points. No boat
' ramps are provided for the general public. Boat launching is per-
mitted only for those belonging to a town homeowners' association.
' Major sources of recreation available to the public include the
following: the Iron Steamer Fishing Pier, four tennis courts, and
an 18-hole golf course, and the North Carolina Aquarium. The golf
' course and tennis courts are generally open to the public for a ,
fee. Private community parks are located throughout the town for
homeowners.
11. Electrical Distribution
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is provided electrical service by
' the Carteret Craven EMC. The town has never experienced any
"major" power shortage problem or "brown" outs.
12. Cable Television
Cable television service is provided by Vision Cable. The
cable system provides service to approximately 950 customers.
13. Administration
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores maintains a Mayor - Board of
' Commissioners form of government. There are currently 11 full-time
employees and one part-time employee. Pine Knoll Shores has a
Planning Board consisting of eight members, a Board of Adjustment
consisting of nine members, and a Community Appearance Committee
consisting of seven members. Pine Knoll Shores' administrative
capabilities are adequate to serve the town's needs.
I-39

8'. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY
1. Topography/Geology
The land within Pine Knoll Shores ranges from flat along shore-
lines and some interior areas to rolling, undulating topography
within the dune areas. Elevation generally ranges from 0 to 16/17
feet above sea level. Normally the highest elevations above sea
level are found in the Newhan soil associations. These higher
elevations are concentrated on a ridge which generally lies along
the route of Salter Path Road. The soil association locations are
provided on Map 3. The majority of the town's land has slopes
within the 0 to 8 percent range. However, within some areas,
slopes may be as great as 30 percent. The steepest slopes are
found in the Beaches-Newhan, Fripp fine sand, Newhan fine sand, and
Newhan Corolla complex soils. The greatest concentration of slopes
in the 30 percent range are found along the frontal dunes in the
Beaches-Newhan complex soils.
Carteret County is underlain by an eastward -thickening wedge of
sedimentary deposits of Pleistocene -age, ranging from 2,000 feet
thick in the northwest portions of the county to almost 7,000 feet
thick beneath the easternmost sections of offshore strand. Because
of the depth of the surficial sand/silaceous deposits, little is
known of the composition of underlying deposits. Well logs indi-
cate that shell fragments and calcareous material are consolidated
into a limestone at a depth of less than 120 feet west of Morehead
City, and at increasing depths further eastward. Microfossils
obtained from some well samples indicate that the uppermost consol-
idated limestone is probably part of the Yorktown formation.
The Carolina Water Service Company obtains water from wells
that are supplied by an aquifer which extends westward under
Carteret County. The town has never experienced a water supply
shortage. However, salt water intrusion may be an increasing
concern as demand for water grows. About 2,500 square miles of the
Castle Hayne aquifer, including the portion underlying Carteret
County, have been -designated as a capacity use area by the N.C.
Groundwater Section due to large (68 MGD in 1986) groundwater
withdrawals by the Texas Gulf phosphate mine near Aurora. A
capacity use area is defined as an area where the use of water
resources threatens to exceed the replenishment ability to the
extent that regulation may be required.
The United States Geological Survey would be willing to under-
take a two to three-year study of the limestone aquifer in Carteret
County if requested to do so by the Carteret County Board of
Commissioners or one or more of the county's towns. The cost would
be shared 50% by the federal government and 50o by local govern-
ment(s). The cost of the study could be $500,000 or higher,
depending on time and drilling demands. Information from this
study would be extremely useful in determining optimum locations
for future water wells, and estimating whether or not the ground-
water supply within Carteret County will meet demand throughout the
planning period.
I-40

' 2. Flood Hazard Areas
While large areas of Pine Knoll Shores lie within the 100-year
floodplain, the greatest threat is flooding resulting from storm
'
surge and local ponding of water. Approximately 15 to 20 percent
of the town's land area lies at ten feet above mean sea level or
'
less and is potentially subject to flooding.
The greatest storm surge impact will occur from hurricanes.
Map 2 shows the general areas of Pine Knoll Shores which may be
'
affected by hurricane -generated storm surge. The various cate-
gories of storm surge areas are defined as follows:
Category 1. Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage pri-
'
marily to shrubbery, trees, foliage, and unanchored mobile
homes. No appreciable wind damage to other structures. Some
'
damage to poorly constructed signs. Storm surge possibly 4
to 5 feet above normal. Low-lying roads inundated, minor
pier damage, some small craft in exposed anchorage torn from
moorings.
'
Category 2. Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable
damage to shrubbery and tree foliage; some trees blown down.
Major damage to exposed mobile homes. Extensive damage to
poorly constructed signs. Some damage to roofing materials
of buildings; some window and door damage. No major wind
damage to buildings. Storm surge possibly 6 to 8 feet above
'
normal. Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes inland cut
by rising water 2 to 4 hours before arrival of hurricane
center. Considerable damage to piers. Marinas flooded.
Small craft in unprotected anchorages torn from moorings.
'
Evacuation of some shoreline residences and low-lying island
areas required.
Category 3. Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage
torn from trees; large trees blown down. Practically all
poorly constructed signs blown down. Some damage to roofing
materials of buildings; some window and door damage. Some
'
structural damage to small buildings. Mobile homes des-
troyed. Storm surge possibly 9 to 12 feet above normal.
Serious flooding at coast and many smaller structures near
'
coast destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged by
battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes
inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane
'
center arrives. Approximately 25% of Pine Knoll Shores could
be flooded.
Category 4. Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and
'
trees blown down; all signs down. Extensive damage to roof-
ing materials, windows, and doors. Complete failure of roofs
on many small residences. Complete destruction of mobile
homes. Storm surge possibly 13 to 18 feet above normal.
Major damage to lower floors of structures near shore due to
flooding and battering by waves and floating debris. Low-
I-41

The preparation of this map was financed
In part through a grant provided by the
North Carolina Coastal Management
Program, throgh funds provided by the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,
as amended, which Is administered by the
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
Management, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Adminlslratlon.
i
i I
NOTE: This map may not be
used for exact locations.
In -field verifications of
flood hazard areas are
required.
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • M • •• • • • • •• Y • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • ♦ • • • • ♦ • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 1
1'• • • ♦ ♦ • ••♦.• • ♦ • • • • •• • ••• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
H
1 I
� IN I
I I
I CORPORATE LIMIT t
LEGEND
_ CATEGORY I-2 SURGE AREA PINE KNOLL SHORES
CATEGORY 3. ADDITIONAL SURGE AREA GENERAL DELINEATION
FLOOD HAZARD AREAS
O CATEGORY 4-5 ADDITIONAL SURGE AREA
MAP 2
O 112 1 2
SCALE IN MILES

'
lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours
before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of.beaches.
Over 40% of Pine Knoll Shores could be flooded.
'
Category 5. Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs
and trees blown down; considerable damage to roofs of build-
ings; all signs down. Very severe and extensive damage to
windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many resi-
dences and industrial buildings. Extensive shattering of
glass in windows and doors. Some complete building fail-
ures. Small buildings overturned or blown away. Complete
destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge possibly greater
than 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors of
all structures less than 15 feet above sea level. Low-lying
'
escape routes inland cut by.rising water 3 to 5 hours before
hurricane center arrives. Over 70% of Pine Knoll Shores
'
could be flooded.
The town also suffers from intermittent flooding from rainfall
and storm water runoff. The soil associations shown on Map 3
provide an indication of the locations of high water table areas.
'
The water table depths, flooding frequency, and permeability rates
are provided in Table 19.
'
Flooding resulting from sea level rise may be a long-term
problem. Over the last 100 years, the sea level has risen approx-
imately one foot. Most experts agree that the rate of sea level
rise will increase over the next one hundred years. The maximum
increase has been forecast to be as much as four to seven feet.
An increase of that magnitude would be disastrous to Pine Knoll
Shores. Approximately 20% or more of the town could be inundated.
The impact of sea level rise has serious adverse transportation and
access implications for all of Bogue Banks. Many inland Carteret
County roads could be inundated and impede access to Bogue Banks.
'
The rate of rise should be carefully monitored.
3. Soils
'
A detailed soils survey of Carteret County has been completed
by the Soil Conservation Service. Based on that survey, there are
nine different soil associations located within Pine Knoll Shores.
These associations are delineated on Map 3 and their conditions for
site development are provided in Table 20. Most soils within Pine
Knoll Shores have some limitations to development.
I-43

■
1
. \� °s \ �o • • G)
MCGINNIS POINT43
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eee•
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,�' i -O' p O O•r0 O C 41.
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r
OCEAN PINE KNOLL TOwNES O` .
TERRACE ' CS
II ' T
r
Beare■ ...».....a1_/-f
EAST END
A T L A N T I C O C E A N
cALTER PATH ROAD (N.C.58) —
KEY TO SOIL TYPES
MAP
SYMBOL NAME
Bn BEACHES-NEWHAN COMPLEX
CI CARTERET SAND, LOW
Co COROLLA FINE SAND
Du DUCKSTON FINE SAND
Fr FRIPP FINE SAND
Ch CARTERET SAND, HIGH
Nh NEWHAN FINE SAND
Nc NEWHAN-COROLLA COMPLEX
Ne NEWHAN-URBAN LAND COMPLEX
NOTE: THIS MAP IS BASED ON INFORMATION FROM
THE SOIL SURVEY OF CARTERET COUNTY,
NORTH CAROLINA, PRODUCED BY THE USDA
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE.
0 100 200 300 600 900 FT.
SCALE
TOWN OF
PINE KNOLL SNORES
SOILS MAP.
MAP 3
I-45

iT-
CENTER
w.. N�//n r, •-tern
V�
in
0
KEY TO SOIL TYPES -
MAP
SYMBOL
NAME
Bn
BEACHES- NEWHAN COMPLEX
Cl
CARTERET SAND, LOW
Co -
COROLLA -FINE SAND
Du
DUCKSTON FINE SAND
Fr
FRIPP FINE SAND
Ch
CARTERET SAND, HIGH
Nh
NEWHAN FINE SAND
Nc
NEWHAN-COROLLA COMPLEX
Ne
NEWHAN-URBAN LAND COMPLEX
E
U
6
0
8
F.
N
U
0
5
[A[Ia
Nc
CH
NOTE: THIS MAP IS BASED ON INFORMATION FROM
-01
THE SOIL SURVEY OF CARTERET COUNTY, /- N C I rr4N D
NORTH CAROLINA, PRODUCED BY THE USDA
s ems.--
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. "i-
t/ "'"'• H ' N RCS CENTER 'g / •oattrt[r r.orr rrt
C .'o
p 100 200 300 600 900 FT. -D
• SCALE ��/ Nc r`••r't '►„fE.r.
rt1r e i
. ••rpe nterteru e.
CH [tA00 Du O re r.J
,M i� I e Yflt so.
- v
Nc
J
Du
n D
�i N. C DEPT. of ADMINISTRATION
CH Nc
o r) CL Du
_-[tr,o.r W£5TPOR C\ J I K/•OL V GE O
S`tlJ I y
O� F/DOt£RS 0 L C' ' O a t ♦J
WALK ,r O r - - D u
„y tr.tr � . i � , / I
ueoor n
Q l::•
\���\� �} all `h—eJ� 0 / �R,D E /� 'OJ J ♦�--. � (�' � ► , `t; Q' •
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FA_ O JJ rJ O a I N I N C ..,1•.N• O O 0... — N I r e
�{/^)�)�1 � ..:•.w• I
:A •.,.% � J T COtH O '`J I O � •` .• I•.r I.iI1M1 ■• NNr. I I :. ItIN I -r ••
ra.r ✓f. {•( urool ♦ a•INu I •nnN r Jnr
'L^ / C RA R V• �� :: o�u�N •. ur..n �� —I I — SOO•
— —_ — — •---- —_ leo• rvrr[e sew[ I I— ` �' J
S CO AL OlC E 2 - �� r,J O O ' O ` r� J Oi -- - �" '— ec r •.. nr.0
J O O a l`. J [ s O r. O ,a O Oi O, lO ''.,. Y• f E L K / - .Y ... leo• [vn[.. te.[ ■ r+••rr� SALTER PATH ROAO - sr•
WESrPORr 2 _ _ 1�14'167" le'a IIA [. 1 • •. •r• r• [[r••[.'[ a 7[F^• • Leo
SALTER PATH ROAD °O too [oo
°° w _ roe l00'
_�~—T--�.~`- - I '-' —_ .. a _ L1J .v� d pe I / L• ' °OL p 0 ® ® OOVE SNORES yJ"o:" •[■ SEA OCEANS GENESIS
- _ ^ \� ® ® o r r
`�4 � MNAL IAr
M B n •
^J/,
` V-'EAN WVE �/ /'//tea`~ j�c(I s.cn1
cr.1 °.un• = .
act.. e.[ �/
ATLANTIC • O C E A N
WEST END
Du
TOWN OF
PINE KNOLL SHORES
OCEAN TERRACE
SOILS MAP
MAP 3
I-44

Table 19
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Soil Susceptibility to Flooding
Map Depth to Seasonal
Symbol Soil Types High Water Table Flooding
Bn Beaches-Newhan Beach - 0 to 3.0' Frequent
Complex Foredunes 6.0' Rare
Cl Carteret sand, 0 to 3.0' Frequent (daily)
low
Permeability Slope
Rapid 6.311/hr. 0-30
Rapid 6.3"/hr. -
Co Corolla fine sand 1.5 to 3.0' Rare to Common Very rapid -
Du
Duckstone
fine sand
Fr
Fripp fine sand
H
Ch
Carteret sand,
high
Nh
Newhan fine sand
Nc Newhan-Corolla
Complex
Ne Newhan Urban
Land Complex
Storm Tides 20"/hr.
1.0 to 2.0' Rare to Common Very rapid -
Storm Tides 20"/hr.
6.0' Rare Storm Tides Rapid 6.311/hr. 2-30
1.0 to 3.0' Frequent (monthly) Rapid 6.311/hr. -
6.0' None Very rapid 2-30
20"/hr.
----- See ratings for individual soil ----- 0-30
----- See ratings for individual soil ----- 0-8
Source: Soil Survey of Carteret County, North Carolina, United States Department of
Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.

Table 20
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Soil Associations
Degree and Kind of Limitation for Stated Use
Map
Septic Tank
Symbol
Soil Types
Dwellings
Streets & Roads
Filter Field
Bn
Beaches-Newhan
Very severe/
Very severe/
Very severe/
Complex
flooding
flooding
flooding
Cl
Carteret sand,
Very severe/
Very severe/
Very severe/
low
flooding/wet
flooding/wet
flooding/wet
Co
Corolla fine sand
Severe/wet
Severe/wet
Severe/wetl
Du
Duckstone
Severe/wet
Severe/wet
Severe/wetl
fine sand
Fr
i
Fripp fine sand
Severe floods
Moderate floods
Slightl
Ch
Carteret sand,
Very severe/
Very severe/
Very severe/
high
flooding/wet
flooding/wet
flooding/wet
Nh
Newhan fine sand
Slight
Slight
Slightl
Nc
Newhan-Corolla
----- See ratings
for individual soil -----
Complex
Ne
Newhan Urban
----- See ratings
for individual soil -----
Land Complex
l The
sandy soils are highly
pervious with questionable filtering capacities.
Thus, contamination of
groundwater is possible.
Source: Soil Survey of Carteret County, North Carolina,
United Stated Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.

4. Man-made Hazards/Restrictions
There are not any significant man-made hazards located in Pine
Knoll Shores. The town maintains the only fuel storage tank. This
is an above -ground 4,000 gallon tank which is diked. The tank was
constructed in 1991 to replace a submerged tank. There had been a
minor spill from the submerged tank. However, the town had a
detailed clean-up study prepared. In late 1991, monitoring of the
spill was continuing. There are not any retail or wholesale fuel
or chemical storage tanks.
There was not any offshore oil exploration or drilling underway
in 1991. However, future exploration and/or drilling could pose a
threat for the Pine Knoll Shores beaches.
'
S. Fragile Areas
In coastal North Carolina, fragile areas are considered to
'
include coastal wetlands, ocean hazard areas, shorelines, estuarine
waters and shorelines, public trust waters, complex natural areas,
areas sustaining remnant species, unique geological formations,
'
registered natural landmarks, swamps, prime wildlife habitats,
areas of excessive slope, areas of excessive erosion, scenic
points, archaeological sites, historical sites, and 404 wetlands.
While not identified as fragile areas in the 15A NCAC 7H Use
Standards, maritime forests and outstanding resource waters (ORWs)
should also be considered fragile areas. Pine Knoll Shores'
corporate limits include or are adjacent to estuarine waters and
'
shorelines, coastal wetlands, public trust waters, ocean hazard
areas, maritime forests, 404 wetlands, ORWs, archaeological sites,
excessive slopes, and excessive erosion areas. Map 4 provides a
delineation of the Fragile Areas. These are areas which could
easily be damaged or destroyed by inappropriate or poorly planned
development.
'
a) Coastal Wetlands
The coastal wetlands are generally delineated on Map 4,
Areas of Environmental Concern. However, it is emphasized that the
specific locations of coastal wetlands can be determined only
through on -site investigation and analysis. Coastal wetlands are
defined as salt marshes regularly- or irregularly -flooded by tides
'
including wind tides, provided this shall not include hurricane or
tropical storm tides. These areas must contain at least one, but
not necessarily all of the following marsh plant species: Cord -
grass, Black Needlerush, Glasswort, Salt Grass, Sea Lavendar,
Bulrush, Saw Grass, Cat -tail, Salt Meadow Grass, and Salt Reed
Grass. The coastal wetlands are vital to the complex food chain
found in estuaries. They provide marine nursery areas and are
'
essential to a sound commercial fishing industry. Coastal wetlands
also serve as barriers against flood damage and control erosion
'
between the estuary and uplands.
I-48

rRINI r Y
CENTER
Col., C­..
z
__eve
z Z�
z N,
LEGEND
AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
COASTAL WETLANDS
Yr- LOCATIONS'
(APPtIVAIWI- '61 . .
EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE ......
DETERMINED THROUGH IN -FIELD
VERIFICATIONS.)
OCEAN HAZARD AREAS
v
2. eta +OCEAN HAZARD AREAS ARE THOSE
0 AREAS DEFINED BY 15A NCAC 7H
SECTION.0300. THESE AREAS
INCLUDE ALL BEACHES, PRIMARY
DUNES, AND FRONTAL DUNES AND
OTHER AREAS IN WHICH GEO-
Z
LOGIC. VEGETATIVE AND SOIL
CONDITIONS INDICATE A
Cx,
SUBSTANTIAL POSSIBILITY OF
A
5,
EXCESSIVE EXPANSION OR FLOOD ' . '�
-4
-b IN x
DAMAGE.
C,
3. ESTUARINE SHORELINE AREAS - IN SHORELINE A
80 T fatktk.-�.-
e5-
S CLASSIFIED
CONTIGUOUS TO WATER tJ'a'7,
AREAS NOT CONTIG•
AS OUTSTANDING RESOURCE WATERS BY THE
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION. ALL
LAND 75 FEET LANDWARD FROM THE MEAN HIGH
WATER LEVEL OR NORMAL WATER LEVEL ARE JJ
2,
CONSIDERED TO BE ESTUARINE SHORELINES.
ERMINED THROUGH
J,
EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE DET
-FIELD VERIFICATIONS.
A� J.4 f R005fVfL r so,r rr
IN 104,
jj.
ESTUARINE WATERS AREAS 1;j
j'��j �, ." I .. j I . 11;., 1- -1 .',J i.')
4. PUBLIC TRUST AND ­jr,-L, ­, —� 1 .0 1., . .
ALL WATERS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF "r -I,j j,
?
STUARINE
PINE KNOLL SHORES ARE EITHER E
Y4i"�5.i. 4"4
WATERS OR PUBLIC TRUST AREAS AS DEFINED BY
J�i
•
15A NCAC 7H.0206 ESTUARINE WATERS AND.0207 ld.
_y,
7 f,-n
nq'-w. V,
J.—
UBLIC TRUST AREAS.
P
4
e.L.,53* � - -* . -ps
j 0.
VI
i's
OTHER FRAGILE AREA
J
jj7 1700
6
X
MARITIME FORESTS j
01
ITT, :77�77_11 E LOCATIONS;
(APPROXIMAT
EXACT LOCAT
IONS MUST BE
J;,. 1j. 0
I JCJ
j 'i I ?I T-r, I i
ae
DET
ERMINED THROUGH IN -FIELD
3
4
I jZO
i",
�-j I
VERIFICATIONS.)
rJ
71,
,i4 �
j­.
Iu; z- T",
10
h)
%;
v,
t. -7, J, .1
:- �� . .", 'j. ", ;. , " ""'Al j tI pl Ii J, i
p -A j-, PINE KAAOL
Is ICA 7, J. J., I ��'j j
CS rPOR 7,;
wEstpoor
I —TRS 1A je s
rj J,
ZOOL.E
,7j, �.,T%
HAL •
L,� u tsor r
A , I(J.G)
LAJ.
i ?ji.
p-I vr.
LAf00 O z V_
F
r ij:: IJ. .1
yl (-rk ?J:4
ec C. `2
Soo,
6D, A5
,)I In Oln4 r�)J@ ) I WES)"PORT 2
TOWN OF
FINE KNOLL SHORES
AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
AND OTHER FRAGILE AREAS
300,
r. OR A RIVJ'yE SALTER PATH ROAD . . . . . 200' OCEAN TERRACE
go& 300
CO 4L 0, MAME01 GENESIS
OCEANS
a PICA
"'BOGUE SHOP '40
EG
nq n u. I DI ES a..
d I BEACHWALK
Z SUN
SALT WHALER BAY v T ,A 1 ",4, ER PATH ROAD 4 4
E9 0
.A . ...... I (Eli G, (.C, 0 6 , -.-. '. ; .. "" 4 - v
4 1,
5 r17 IC "VILA Orr A
:1A
0
A �4
C3 A-8-C .9 &4 W
V.
oc v
4
ta­ I " A � , .�: - - I. , <
1;4 4 V'A I -A A%C I?" ^✓A
--t 1 7 V q
A 11 4 . - 1. . ^, " " V11 A 41 V"t vV v
VA 4 THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
L0
THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
'r v A.
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM THROUGH FUNDS
ATLANTIC'OCEAN WEST END
I
PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.
C 10C 200 '30C 600 900 F7.
SCALE
MAP 4
1-49

LEGEND
AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
COASTAL WETLANDS
(APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS;
EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE
>ouao
DETERMINED THROUGH IN -FIELD.
VERIFICATIONS.)
r
SOUND I �— - - \ 2 .� `- -- ,_ti OCEAN HAZARD AREAS
3 �-\, + •^>a„� OCEAN HAZARD AREAS ARE THOSE_ _ AREAS DEFINED BY 15A NCAC 7H
o O ° a: f _ O m S m" SECTION .0300. THESE AREAS
ROGUE o 1
` \ ti9 �/ j`„ A• >• ® O = ''°,�/� , _ _ a--- — — — -� INCLUDE ALL BEACHES, PRIMARY
O,' ® + ©[® 3�9 I ' I ©'`'� © _O I » �' » t '� 7.- I� I t =- 'i:7 O iJ O jO O O i(
! \ I I — i �= - DUNES, AND FRONTAL DUNES AND
I
r: •. `i /, - �, •' ® ©. - —�--- --T— - G - � J ;, •, i a ♦ � � � p p OTHER AREAS IN WHICH GEO-
i ©t -- _ - Q O = I (Q p p .t� s 9 ` - - -I:-•_ r.r_,.•, . __ __- __ 4 LOGIC, VEGETATIVE AND SOIL
\ � r_
— \ 6 , .. � 0 ; - O� o o .. � -. • - - I ' O O O O � - O + O I -- - ---- _ _ \ ...... O� � p • ; ; p O I O CONDITIONS INDICATE A
•� * O Q Y. . _ _ - Q �..:\ .... -> :r._ - - - - - - - -, 0 _ -'� :+• ` I
9 -
AL POSSIBILITY
McGINNIS POINT ' ! Q l _ -- - - -- I e. , r, Q--' O� • ';,O g Y o.nt.r oast �.•u/' I: � r � .., O �•'p� O � EXCESSIVESUBSTANTEXPANSION ROFLOOD
kf
®f ' ♦• . Ir'�1 4 O p< r K Q' C / ' i - r P p; .,.� O .�' ,O O ! \\[ O O p ,i' Np�`* _ I DAMAGE.
e■Ir[ O' Yp'
®� O tree ■ I 0 m .• 1- r _ s I �I O--" 0+ 1 O� O O ' e t>„ G, O , O � t i� � t, O O• O � ' . O i3; C -_..,- i 3. ESTUARINE SHORELINE AREAS - IN SHORELINE
.Atl■
AREF.S NOT CONTIGUOUS TO WATERS CLASSIFIED
AS OUTSTANDING RESOURCE WATERS BY THE
o r fl 1' ® O�_• ® i� Q• :g`�' © O 't," O �a i t0i �p ip i0'1.i I a_ E I ENVI,
'• 8 \ I RONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION. ALL
r 0a. X'.S}�+«i `�O ® [ O p o, _ - - - O O O O O O 'O p Q 'e t I p > p Q r r' 'f I LAND 75 FEET LANDWARD FROM THE MEAN HIGH
O• ' 4rf . p pt ['r er • V O . ' O i > o t O . O O ; `• O J `= . J \ /'/ WATER LEVEL OR NORMAL WATER LEVEL ARE
_ - : `• °,, O 0— Q ♦ CONSIDERED TO BE ESTUARINE SHORELINES.
Q' ' O EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE DETERMINED THROUGH
� O ©•�,._ ' 0 •-1,• A , O "•� -�- _ � ... oast •. © . � g' 0 Of O • O O - n � -/ � O
1 ,p; © © ',v. v�© i e. _�.' a•'.® rb, ar• -�. _.• - .. _ - '"p A O O t O C�•• , �. O _p 0} .i . / 0
• A f � . ® -+-• • p '� O ,O Q _. _ _ _ , ' IN -FIELD VERIFICATIONS.
p •-i ©; !�:.•. ' �' -- .. �O ® �®` ®'• �O � CCU O ® � t O t :p O O: O• J: O _ - --- \ r r -
V �J; GM[tTaV, • i9 . e ® ,© �' p_*e O l.:->__ _ ✓p r• a - ... •• S 'Q.' 1.P O. •' 'O Q�O' _ __ _ ♦ _� _
6 � 1 �' __ ,© _ - .e e ,.•' �rt'•Q y., 'r p.. . a - tom' pL,VI• • • - -_ / ��
rF; i; O A O 9� ®� * . •� ' O © O >� Y .• O 9 • 9 # .' G♦ © �Di ,.ant GT : GT•at't - L -`^ ' » --\ `r a a % 4. PUBLIC TRUST AND ESTUARINE WATERS AREAS -
>� CTION OF
0 , � `p s `, a, •.,Q• � � a • ©... _.. '►p•,• _ ,. } O O ! O • � J �UBRMSIS'JW� ._ \
O :� ®' p O NJ. ' , ; �1 •••• I PINE NOLL SHORES ARE EITHERALL WATERS UNDER THE ESTUARINE
4 t -�'l
©, 9 w•r►[r a '® �� Q» O ® i 0+ r +e_ ,S a� p a J. `O' 4+0 O r ;O O O �Lr•��« , �` e..n.a .e.•ar n ,
' ■1•t►rAr ® a •� A � > >• 0+ •'J' O, �/ ., •� M O•p, �i O � !`. / � I " WATERS OR PUBLIC TRUST AREAS AS DEFINED BY
• 4 9; O }, tr -� � ® ®'; ,e;A` t° � '•a p r i/ '•r;� •s0 ,ir 9 •fyal f• ao•r,9 IO -•.O�.•o,�-� •yeI■ctt© •„o•Fo-® © •,ti•�• p O ©'. '© ! O; OO p' O• }�J Ili;
� 15A NCAC 7H.0206 ESTUARINE WATERS AND .0207
a O• / If PUBLIC TRUST AREAS.
i o io a e _o 0 0 0 �♦ ,, \ ly
s n' 6 1fy• c••°• O- ®tt O m •� i O O �® p,` . Lco"� O n` W p'. 01 G ; O O Q i; \ f i
= r8i 9 to•lett< ° + r 0 i0 ® - `'• .It , 6 e© 9 • O '©. w. ``o+i `, p ''" O O i ` / /O!
• a .•- - ,®' ®', p � : p - ' �< p. � - ' •,.,. �-� 'o . -- .;,..� O • ; O O ,` \ � OTHER FRAGILE AREAS
Y 7 ti • O •® -® ,•cA L••a p p .� O e p O O '. }-1. , .,,T
MARITIME FORESTS
V /1 O• O` .v � - • O ra •,.• E e , i j � lO . 'I,�:_—'� Sy'_' _ ® 9 .. •,' O ` _ ^� !3: ' O p f/u • ' "J (APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS;
' L i i - .e t .' `• O - . <• ®�. • ®'' r-�„ -. O• is BILL 1
_• L, Q 9 ® 1: - ., s,. p, p i g O O O ►® O: i O p% i O• i O> N Sl/BD/V{S/A
/ � } ® i�® O ® O m O O O O � m •S ©- a 'i 'O e ® •9 ® - CN/t1ST ,/, lt�/// ,/ [�,,,,/�/ �[/ [11 \ �;.iv �R' -;,
-- EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE
Y' u rp r • e ® ' Q Ic u J J ' i p yy DETERMINEDTIInOUG1I IN-f ICI-D
J _ ,y r e 0• - `9 O O a a i W - _e _ . '� Gf�Y.i♦
J tr ©-J---�-• �i _r _ia. _ ai .i. .wa -- _) ���`` :�J (71 i i (l ■ ■ 'l ' ,}' 1�� Q n O ®�U •Cal �`- p vt y(� .a•�. war-- H O ->c,l _ -_® ri... : ; r ' Y .f✓ `LJ -\�i •..ar. ....
AOp ; �.. t e t t . _ _ ;r - - •' ! •`.- ' o - e / _ - - a O }: �r v �I ►..� (�`-- u,� VCfiIPICATI0Pl5.)
EEC t� i ® a GT, 11 ' , • 1 I 1. ' a �� ___r© 1 U eU — C� , : , !� �..,_� kill
J_rI n o
`
6T a■r r ■ ■t-.i rI}■ttrr n ■tsrtrdT , )r O, O • ° - '
�lVo, ., I � t 9 - •C-•�•-• ••-- •+fir.: G--•�-- ---:■' - ---F•-..� L Ga �' :.tT n tlJ�r; r� -''n: 6 :.'U' .u' vY ' p O: p •� , � r-`- 1 61 +' L!? " N.� �S/� ".' � �� � '-�\'i-'r ` i
iijj }t, 'n p p; g O O P��r��� ' ` i/, "iii•Ia
. '
• © r a� � '95r I',O QI Qi O Q''Hw. � 1 v �«1 r. 0• , U O
a ■ o t t ■ • , e ■ r a , ' - I O Ir, • i • �'. p' j • " �,ItALL HAVEN 1 ® t O 1 ♦ < r A O // , '^0 _•� .. -
r,.. O .y,•Iq.r• AD (N.C.58) ////�7n
© ® �+ >. i O ®tp� Flat a■ott r ~� O' // i p, Ol, a _ - - SALTER PATH ROAD %%% %!>' / //
©' © r. Oli O r O O O J -• S 4•'�',, - A - /• // / // // / I I
Q. °© 9 Ot 9t��0 6 O - O r✓ y_ t 'O O O O O
• - • ® ww • O •. •; ; • l.. r ' - O O'. -, ^ " p , p ` `+Yr Ar•o■rITAt ` ee1 v [ _ , - ~ o p pr r._ •ra.. r.1 aNlr -._-TI HOLIDAY INN — M..w a•r1a
FLEw IN6 r110r
.0 _ - -- -- - �''n +• © py __ -- � 0• O' O - :_a.� ___ Oy,• s� 4L 1
9 8 ®� e © © ® © OF®3�9 © ® O A Mfg•., •, O • •O G 01O
,• '' ® ® �_ 6 ©_ ___ _ _ O _ Or -__ - _- : O � ' ♦.-•,ou.000 '' ♦1� 1 •-,y • f. ,
_r r _ e " \ __ ___ _- _ _ _ _ 1. a Ar > a, LL A +'a a A ♦ " • , r <
K r A T w
' /
• ,'/[ _ �.-', _ r •-<]'e•• a+ t♦Yr ♦> ,►♦ra' f A rf a r aar p • y
Q -- -ra .v. '.. r::- .6 \ re• •w a • as a> a ♦ va Aa A r a
--. ______ -Y_ y 1L, - `^ � ♦ _ .et. Pi. Y \ O' I - __ _'� mot' +�a' •,� a�•A♦ r > < •
/ __-_ -_ :-�_r... -• -�° -'^ Q, Q' •:Q' , Q ;_. __ _ p p O J � p p p LOa ^ •,i<_�` _I► >, ♦ : ♦ ',a ra ., „+ r>ia > , Ta>' > �.... < a•aL.r,r
O O- O 1," •, 1 a t� t • • < > a ,► •ttL■
„ , „ ,. /, ,..• ,-o , .,,�--Q Q o _ - _ - - - a ., o o ' � a A.♦r TOWN O F
•teela p p O:O `
p • a p '• r•�'w ►� ,avrae� ;� <• •,ae►> >a �� �> ,♦ • > A
AN PINE KNOLL TOWNES © vQ. , \ a >_t ±l. •� �+ w� Ya , L '> ,• >, ,+ a + > . • < P! NE
KNOLL SHORES
.. o. ; --- -- -- -- ; � o .o..o. o. °' °.� �Y haw►r < ,•, ar,► L, A .,� r p C E. A N
OCE 1 irk '� :i • >- 'A' r a a , » ' a , w > • T I C
TERRACE 'U O. `•-7 �$��l ,I° •, a > • <, a 1• 7.> ,•. A T L A
THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
F r ' f L' a THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
1 I ,.L sa. ,
III i II I • ♦'L, Lr• r <♦r i >L r► a♦ ♦Aatr A
s.
• r >>< >a f• L COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS AND OTHER FRAGILE AREAS
PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
EAST END 1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE 0 100 200 300 600 e00 FT.
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. SCALE
MAP 4
I-50

Ib) Estuarine Waters
Estuarine waters are generally those waters found in estuaries,
'
sounds, bays, and salt water shorelines. They are the dominant
component and bonding element of the entire estuarine system,
integrating aquatic influences from both the land and the sea. The
estuarine waters are among the most productive natural environments
'
within Pine Knoll Shores. The waters support the valuable commer-
cial and sports fisheries of the coastal area which are comprised
'
of estuarine dependent species such as menhaden, flounder, shrimp,
crabs, and oysters.
c) Estuarine Shorelines
'
Estuarine shorelines are those non -ocean shorelines that are
especially vulnerable to erosion, flooding, or other adverse
'
effects of wind and water. They are intimately connected.to the
estuary. Estuarine shorelines extend from the mean high water
level or normal water level along the estuaries, sounds, bays, and
brackish waters for a distance of 75 feet landward. Development
'
within the estuarine shorelines influences the quality of estuarine
life and is subject to the damaging processes of shorefront erosion
and flooding.
'
d) Public Trust Areas
Public trust areas are all waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the
'
lands thereunder from the mean high water mark to the seaward limit
of state jurisdiction; all natural bodies of water subject to
measurable lunar tides and lands thereunder to the mean high water
mark; all navigable natural bodies of water and lands thereunder to
'
the mean high water level or mean water level as the case may be,
except privately -owned lakes to which the public has no right of
access; all water in artificially created bodies of water contain-
'
ing significant public fishing resources or other public resources
which are accessible to the public by navigation from bodies of
water in which the public has rights of navigation; and all waters
'
in artificially created bodies of water in which the public has
acquired rights by prescription, custom, usage, dedication, or any
other means. In determining whether the public has acquired rights
in artificially created bodies of water, the following factors
'
shall be considered:
(1) the use of the body of water by the public,
'
(2) the length of time the public has used the area,
(3) the value of public resources in the body of water,
(4) whether the public resources in the body of water are
'
mobile to the extent that they can move into natural
bodies of water,
I-51

(5) whether the creation of the artificial body of water
required permission from the state, and
(6) the value of the body of water to the public for navi-
gation from one public area to another public area.
These areas are significant because the public has rights
in these areas, including navigation and recreation. The public
trust areas also support valuable commercial and sports fisheries,
have aesthetic value, and are important resources for economic
development.
It is impossible to map the public trust area. The areas
must be determined through in -field analysis and definition.
e) Ocean Hazard Areas
Ocean hazard areas consist of ocean erodible areas, high
hazard flood areas, inlet hazard areas, and unvegetated beach
areas. Ocean hazard landforms include ocean dunes, beaches, and
shorelines. Ocean dunes include both primary dunes and frontal
dunes. Primary dunes are the first mounds of sand located landward
of the ocean beaches having an elevation equal to the mean flood
level (in a storm having a one percent chance of being equaled or
exceeded in any given space) for the areas plus six feet. The
primary dune extends landward to the lowest elevation in the
depression behind that same mound of sand. In areas where there is
a primary dune, that dune shall be deemed to be the frontal dune.
Where there is no primary dune, the frontal dune is deemed to be
the first mound of sand located landward of the ocean beach having
sufficient vegetation, height, continuity and configuration to
offer protective value. The dunes are essential to the protection
of oceanfront areas.
Ocean beaches and shorelines are lands consisting of
unconsolidated soil materials that extend from the mean low water
line landward to a point where either (1) the growth of vegetation
occurs, or (2) a distinct change in slope or elevation alters the
configuration of the land form, whichever is farther landward. The
entire southern length of Pine Knoll Shores is an ocean beach.
Pine Knoll Shores contains ocean erodible areas and high hazard
flood areas, but no unvegetated beach area (a dynamic area that is
subject to rapid unpredictable landform change from wind and wave
action). Unvegetated beach areas are only designated following
detailed studies by the Coastal Resources Commission. There are
not any inlet hazard areas in Pine Knoll Shores.
f) Outstanding Resource Waters
Under the authority of the North Carolina General Statute
(N.C.G.S.) 143-214.1, the North Carolina Environmental Management
Commission designated certain waters within North Carolina as Out-
standing Resource Waters (ORWs) in 1988 and 1989. These areas were
designated because they were considered to be significant marine
resource areas having relatively clean and pristine waters, and
having significant value as recreational and natural resource
areas. The Roosevelt Natural Area swamp was designated as an ORW
I-52

' on June 1, 1988. The area includes all of the fresh waters within
the property boundaries of the natural area, including swamp
forests, shrubs, swamps and ponds. In addition, the area includes
' all of the saline waters within the boundaries of the natural area
including brackish marsh and salt marsh. The fresh waters are
classified C and the saline waters are classified SA.
' g) 404 Wetlands
404 wetlands are areas covered by water or that have water-
logged soils for long periods during the growing season. Plants
growing in wetlands are capable of living in soils lacking oxygen
for at least part of the growing season. 404 wetlands include, but
' are not limited to, bottomlands, forests, swamps,,pocosins, pine
savannahs, bogs, marshes, and wet meadows.
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requires that anyone
interested in depositing dredged or fill material into "waters of
the United States," including wetlands, must apply for and receive
a permit for such activities. The Wilmington office of the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers has regulatory authority in Pine Knoll
Shores. While there may be scattered wetland areas located within
Pine Knoll Shores, the specific locations of wetlands areas must be
determined through on -site analysis. It should be noted that in
some Areas of Environmental Concern, both the U. S. Army Corps of
Engineers and the regulatory requirements of the Coastal Area
Management Act may have overlapping jurisdiction. Simultaneous to
t the preparation of this plan, amendments to the federal definition
of wetlands were being considered which could reduce the areas
afforded protection under the wetlands legislation.
' h) Maritime Forests
The preservation of maritime forests has become -an
' increasingly significant issue in coastal North Carolina. For a
number of years, the Coastal Resources Commission (CRC) has debated
the establishment of state -imposed use standards (regulations) for
' the protection of maritime forest areas. In 1990, the CRC decided
to delay state action and afford local governments an opportunity
to establish regulations. In February, 1991, the town's Board of
' Commissioners amended Chapter 21, Sections 7.10 and 7.14, of the
Town Code to provide protection for Pine Knoll Shores' maritime
forest areas.
' Establishing a clear definition of what constitutes mari-
time forest areas and defining which areas should be protected has
been difficult. Generally, maritime forests are areas containing
' native salt tolerant vegetation. Exposure to salt spray causes the
vegetation to have a sheared appearance that is shaped according to
contours of adjacent land forms. The forests contain laurel oak,
red cedar, red bay, wild olive, Carolina cherry laurel, yaupon,
' loblolly pine, sweet gum, live oak, and red maple as the dominant
tree types. Areas lying within wetland swales are classified as
maritime swamp forests. The maritime swamp forest is actually
' rarer than the upland maritime forest. Dominant tree types are the
I-53

ash, red maple and sweet gum. The trees grow
very low available water capacity, occasional
and exposure to salt spray. The forests are
habitats.
slowly because of '
salt water flooding,
important animal
Map 4, Areas of Environmental Concern and Other Fragile
Areas, provides a general delineation of Pine Knoll Shores' mari-
time forest areas. However, it is emphasized that exact locations
must be determined through in -field verification. Except for the
Roosevelt Natural Area and a 33 acre area adjacent to the east side
of the Roosevent Natural Area, the town's maritime forest areas
have already had subdivision plats approved for their development.
The 33 acre area is in four tracts. Three are owned by Pine Knoll
Shores and one by the Beacons Reach Master Association. The area
owned by the Beacons Reach Master Association has been designated
by the State of North Carolina as the replacement area for waste
disposal upon failure of the treatment facilities at either the
McGinnis Point or Beacons Reach subdivisions. The Town of Pine
Knoll Shores does not intend by adoption of this land use plan to
prohibit that utilization.
Table 21 provides a further definition of maritime forest
areas, their ecological significance, and some basic management
criteria. It should be noted that, with proper controls, develop-
ment may occur within maritime forest areas. However, development
has destroyed or damaged most of the maritime forest areas on Bogue
Banks.
i) Slopes in Excess of 12%
In Pine Knoll Shores, slopes of 12% or greater are predom-
inantly found only in the frontal ocean dune areas. However, some
scattered slopes in excess of 12% do exist in the areas with the
following soil types: Fripp fine sand, Newhan fine sand, and
Newhan Corolla. Excessive slopes have not been a deterrent to
development in Pine Knoll Shores.
j) Excessive Erosion Areas
Excessive erosion areas include ocean and sound erodible
areas. Permanent construction within those areas should be limited
unless stabilization along the affected shoreline can be accom-
plished. 15A NCAC 7H use standards prohibit permanent stabili-
zation of ocean shorelines.
k) Historic and Archaeological Sites
There do not appear to be any nationally significant
historic or archaeological sites within Pine Knoll Shores.
However, some historic and prehistoric period archaeological sites
have been recorded within Pine Knoll Shores. In addition, there is
a historical marker located adjacent to N.C. 58 which notes that
Verrazano, an Italian explorer, landed in the area. Located imme-
diately off of the Pine Knoll Shores ocean shoreline is the Iron
Steamer wreck. Most of the sites were recorded by local amateurs
I-54

Table 21
Maritime Forest Area
Definition, Function and Management
1/ • 4 I T I V I f 0•..
SOtw ��
0="
ORCHT
.... .............. ..............
LTsftrr tlllilll!tlllllllltl lunll'. I ! I ::. ' ' :: t 1
I
I {I II 11{{III{I
weO Iltlll;t II tlllllllllllll I - i i:1• i'• t!III'iIi i I
! I INTBAIOA OUNE i SMALE SUNK
gems I"=rT 50011ST g;;; = wVn_ VS +erg RD4: M*%V
( SASS SWM I $CPA OWW nwCX IT
Was wle
L.ivr Cats
LVIOtf?I Piim
live am
Yuman Had
>
Yuman Ho01r
Looaly Pine
Aed Bay
Aeo COW
Uve cat
oh
emucam low dtina
Amerrsn HoW
Wax Urme
Ecaud ban an
Aw Caw
an wetcanaa
Sable tmtand tmests
raw heawaer
SUM MC
Jonas
U
W
a1 orewer taN1 =
` asanas m In1 1e
swom
ounm
s{00=4 w O"M gait sww
smn ptooeeaon
wwa of 2cwn
maaam wear *MAY
Demos sac =rwf P-m y w" otaueson
i
wtn d WAW
ea sal
Nta+erti xe9nq l4v allaMm V"
�
wildflenaaw
c U
Avaa isouawN no
No Ring of
Avaa btaidrq an
No disasaenai of
1 Urxwm"Oed
Umc OGwV q m bt is
WeoaM
sm" aw 40%
leaano edge
W <
inq a+a aaasa
Casa UMVr wW a
Avad neefemo
Aeemn wit PwwIg3 vw+en OMaated
o yCj
aw tar Sow" a w
Ul" I0a0I wM
wan
aw"Carro nc
L4nrncm gi a* ♦ C♦nOOy a0enf lgs
i2 L3
pywsww
M/M
COV3Ony
A
3
cage a+aa
Lirret,moeenotu
spa
asauaaVS
aaoa nave
Source: Protecting Maritime Forests Through Planning and Design,
Division of Coastal Management, North Carolina Department
of Environment, Health and Natural Resources.
I-55

and artifact collectors. Few have been evaluated by an experienced
archaeologist and only a small portion of the area has been system-
atically surveyed for sites.
Based on the available information, prehistoric activities
in the area primarily involved the seasonal exploitation of shell-
fish and other marine resources. Sites associated with these
activities tend to be relatively small, characterized by accumu-
lations of discarded shell (referred to as shell midden), broken
bits of pottery vessels, and stone tools. Such sites are easily
disturbed by contemporary land use activities and natural shoreline
erosion. Of the known sites, most have been disturbed and are not
considered significant. However, several sites may contain signif-
icant information and warrant further investigation.
The North Carolina Division of Archives and History files
are incomplete and no in-depth historical research has been
conducted for Pine Knoll Shores. Any development within Pine Knoll
Shores should be reviewed for possible impacts on potentially
significant archaeological sites and historic structures. If
significant sites are identified within the area, efforts should be
made to protect them from unnecessary or avoidable adverse impacts.
Any development activity in Pine Knoll Shores should be coordinated
with the Division of Archives and History.
1) Other Fragile Areas
There are not any inlet hazard areas, natural
areas, complex natural areas, or any coastal geologic
defined by 15A NCAC 7H located in Pine Knoll Shores.
6. Areas of Resource Potential
a) Public Parks
resource '
formations as
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores contains several small
neighborhood parks. However, these have only local significance.
The most important park or natural area is the 290-acre Theodore
Roosevelt Natural Area. Twenty-five (25) acres of the 290-acre
area have been designated for the North Carolina Aquarium which is
located in the northeast center of the natural area. The property
is managed by the North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
As stated in section I.D.2.c., the property must be maintained in
its natural state.
In March, 1979, the North Carolina General Assembly
dedicated the natural area as a component of a State Nature and
Historic Preserve (N.C.G.S. 143-260.8). In April, 1984, the North
Carolina Coastal Federation petitioned the Division of Environ-
mental Management to classify the waters of the Theodore Roosevelt
Natural Area as Outstanding Resource Waters. The petition passed
and defined the following outstanding resource values and
recommended quality standards:
I-56

Roosevelt Natural Area, Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County:
' (A) Outstanding resource values. The Roosevelt Natural
Area is owned by the people of North Carolina and
' managed by the Department of Environment, Health and
Natural Resources. The Deed of Gift specifies that
this natural area will be maintained by the state "to
' provide the people of the State of North Carolina with
a tract of land, and its adjacent marshes, riparian and
littoral rights, which will be kept in its natural
state, maintained as a nature preserve, and used for
' the primary purposes of nature and wildlife education,
estuarine studies, with emphasis on marine life, eco-
logical advances, environmental balance and research in
the methods of conservation."
(B) Quality standards applicable to the Roosevelt Natural
Area:
(i) Sewage and industrial wastes: none.
(ii) Stormwater runoff: The quality and quantity of
stormwater draining to the waters of the Roosevelt
' Natural Area shall be maintained at natural
levels. Stormwater disposal from development with
ten percent or less effective impervious cover as
specified in Rule 2H.0408 of this subchapter is
considered to comply with this standard if the
direction of drainage is not altered. Stormwater
released from any other control or disposal
' systems in areas draining to the Roosevelt Natural
Area shall be at rates and volumes and of such
quality as to duplicate natural drainage and not
' alter the hydrology of the Roosevelt Natural
Area.
Immediately east of the natural area there is some commer-
cially zoned property. A second commercial area is located adja-
cent to the southeast corner of the area. In addition, residential
and municipal development exists adjacent to the natural areas.
' All of this development has created some impervious surfaces.
While detailed drainage studies have not been prepared, the natural
area and its waters could be adversely affected by stormwater run-
off from adjacent properties. This situation should be carefully
monitored by both the town and the state.
b) Marine Resources
Scattered subaquatic vegetation is found on Bogue Sound
along the Pine Knoll Shores shoreline. All subaquatic vegetation
' should be protected as an important part of Pine Knoll Shores' and
Bogue Sound's maritime environment. Disturbance of the vegetation
is regulated through the CAMA major permitting process.
' All waters of Bogue Sound within and adjacent to Pine Knoll
Shores are designated in an SA classification. The North Carolina
Division of Environmental Management defined SA as "waters suitable
I-57
1

for the taking of shellfish for market purposes, primary recre-
ation, fish and wildlife propagation, and secondary recreation."
There are not any primary nursery areas located in or adjacent to
Pine Knoll Shores. '
c) Agricultural and Forestlands
There are no significant agriculturally productive or '
commercially productive forestlands located in Pine Knoll Shores.
However, there are extensive maritime forest areas in and adjacent
to the Roosevelt Natural Area as delineated on Map 4. ,
I-58

I
SECTION II: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS

k
SECTION II: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
A. PROJECTED DEMAND FOR DEVELOPMENT
1. Demographic Trends
Coastal Area Management Act planning guidelines require that
population projections prepared by the N. C. State Data Center,
Office of State Budget and Management be utilized in projecting
year-round population for Land Use Plans from 1990-2000. Table 22
outlines estimated 1990, and projected 1995 and 2000 year-round
population for Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County townships and
municipalities. Individual township and municipal projections are
based on the assumption that the relative growth rates by specific
areas will remain the same from 1990-2000 as those estimated for
1980-1990.
By 2000, Pine Knoll Shores will contain a slightly larger
percentage of the county's total population. The percentage is
expected to increase from 2.59 to 3.42. However, Pine Knoll Shores
will remain the third largest Carteret County beach community and
sixth largest municipality.
The 60-year old and older age group (retirement age) should
comprise an increasingly large segment of Pine Knoll Shores' popu-
lation. Such an increase would be consistent with both national
and regional demographic trends. In addition, Pine Knoll Shores'
low tax structure and single-family residential character make it
particularly attractive as a retirement community. The town should
plan for providing the special services required by an increasingly
older population.
The town will continue its pattern of low density, single-
family residential development. 1990 data indicated an average of
2.12 persons per occupied household. This relatively low persons
per household size (Carteret County 1987 persons per occupied
household 2.49) is characteristic of a large retirement age popu-
lation. If the persons per household average continues at approx-
imately 2.1, the total permanent year-round population at build -out
should be approximately 2,317. This assumes 50% occupancy of all
residential units for year-round permanent population. Thus,
"build -out" could occur in the 2000 to 2005 time period.
Any population increases will impact the existing transpor-
tation system, increase demand for water supply, increase the need
for central sewage disposal, increase the demand for all town
services, and increase the potential for groundwater pollution
from septic tank usage. The service demands generated by popu-
lation increases must be judged by both year-round and peak
seasonal population. Table 23 provides a forecast of peak seasonal
population. The ratio of the peak population to the permanent
population is provided by Table 24.

Table 22: Total Year-round Population Projections
by Township and Municipality
Carteret County, 1990-2000
Township
Municipality or Area
Year-round Population
Percentage Change
Overall
1990
1995
2000
1990-1995
1995-2000
1990-2000
1)
Atlantic
Total
847
873
893
3.0%
2.3%
5.4%
2)
Beaufort
Beaufort
3,808
3,796
3,786
-0.3%
-0.3%
-0.6%
Unincorporated Areas
3,531
3,784
3,980
7.2%
5.2%
12.7%
Total Township
71339
71579
7,766
3.3%
2.5%
5.8%
3)
Cedar Island
Total Township
372
399
420
7.3%
5.3%
12.9%
4)
Davis
Total Township
537
568
592
5.8%
4.3%
10.3%
5)
Harkers Island
Total Township
2,150
2,316
2,445
7.7%
5.6%
13.7%
6)
Harlowe
Total Township
11109
1,215
11297
9.6%
6.8%
17.0%
7)
Marshallberg
Total Township
638
678
709
6.3%
4.6%
11.2%
8)
Merrimon
Total Township
498
548
587
10.0%
7.1%
17.8%
9)
Morehead City
Atlantic Beach
11938
2,628
3,165
35.6%
20.4%
63.3%
Morehead City
6,046
.7,214
8,121
19.3%
12.6%
34.3%
Indian Beach
153
222
275
44.8%
24.0%
79.6%
H
Pine Knoll Shores
1,360
1,854
2,238
36.3%
20.7%
64.6%
i
Unincorporated Areas
12,126
13,734
14,984
13.3%
9.1%
23.6%
Total Township
21,623
25,652
28,783
18.6%
12.2%
33.1%
10)
Newport
Newport
2,516
2,954
3,295
17.4%
11.5%
31.0%
Unincorporated Areas
4,517
5,161
5,662
14.3%
9.7%
25.4%
Total Township
7,033
8,116
8,957
15.4%
10.4%
27.4%
11)
Sea Level
Total Township
670
760
830
13.4%
9.2%
23.9%
12)
Smyrna
Total Township
733
799
851
9.1%
6.5%
16.1%
13)
Stacy
Total Township
373
408
436
9.5%
6.7%
16.8%
14)
Straits
Total Township
11785
11968
21111
10.3%
7.2%
18.3%
15)
White Oak
Cape Carteret
1,008
1,052
1,087
4.4%
3.3%
7.8%
[1]
Emerald Isle
2,434
3,520
4,364
44.6%
24.0%
79.3%
Unincorporated Areas
3,407
4,040
4,531
18.6%
12.2%
33.0%
Total Township
6,849
8,612
9,983
25.7%
15.9%
45.8%
Total Municipalities
Total Unincorporated Areas
Total County
19,891 24,303 27,732 22.2% 14.1% 39.4%
32,665 36,189 38,928 10.8% 7.6% 19.2%
52,556 60,492 66,660 15.1% 10.2% 26.8%
Sources: North Carolina State Data Center, Office of State Budget and Management; 1990 Census;
Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
[1] "Unincorporated Areas" includes Town of Cedar Point, incorporated in 1988.

Table 23: Peak Seasonal Population Projections
by Township and Municipality
Carteret County, 1990-2000
Township
Municipality or Area
1)
Atlantic
Total
2)
Beaufort
Beaufort
Unincorporated Areas
Total Township
3)
Cedar Island
Total Township
4)
Davis
Total Township
5)
Harkers Island
Total Township
6)
Harlowe
Total Township
7)
Marshallberg
Total Township
8)
Merrimon
Total Township
9)
Morehead City
Atlantic Beach
Morehead City
Indian Beach
Pine Knoll Shores
H
Total Township
u' 10)
Newport
Newport
Unincorporated Areas
Total Township
11)
Sea Level
Total Township
12)
Smyrna
Total Township
13)
Stacy
Total Township
14)
Straits
Total Township
15)
White Oak
Cape Carteret
[1]
Emerald Isle
Unincorporated Areas
Total Township
Total
Municipalities
Total
Unincorporated
Areas
Total
County
Peak Seasonal Population
1990 1995 2000
Percentage Chancre
Overall
1990-1995 1995-2000 1990-2000
623
1,000
1,235
60.5%
23.5%
98.2%
2,401
3,645
4,422
51.8%
21.3%
84.6%
843
1,163
1,362
37.9%
17.2%
61.3%
3,244
4,808
5,784
48.2%
20.3%
78.7%
185
281
342
52.1%
21.4%
84.8%
370
586
721
58.4%
23.0%
94.3%
2,270
3,547
4,344
56.2%
22.5%
91.4%
525
827
1,015
57.5%
22.8%
93.7%
377
581
708
54.0%
21.9%
87.2%
193
300
367
55.5%
22.3%
90.2%
18,434
28,105
34,144
52.5 %
21.5 %
85.2 %
3,261
5,318
6,602
63.1%
24.1%
102.3%
7,681
13,414
16,993
74.6%
26.7%
121.4%
5,546
9,686
12,271
74.7%
26.7%
121.3%
36,205
58,117
71,797
60.5%
23.5%
98.5%
1,053
2,035
2,648
93.3%
30.1%
151.1%
2,011
2,954
3,542
4 6.9 %
19.9 %
7 6.0 %
3,064
4,989
6,190
62.8 %
24.1 %
102.2 %
99
120
134
21.6%
11.1%
35.4%
292
444
539
52.0%
21.4%
84.7%
79
102
117
29.4%
14.2%
47.8%
401
531
613
32.5%
15.3%
52.3%
2,560
5,417
7,200
111.6%
32.9%
181.8%
13,435
22,017
27,376
63.9%
24.3%
103.6%
3,160
6,518
8,615
106.3 %
32.2 %
172.5 %
19,155
33,952
43,191
77.3%
27.2%
125.1%
54,289
89,410
111,336
64.7%
24.5%
105.4%
12,793
20,775
25,759
62.4%
24.0%
101.4%
67,082
110,185
137,095
64.3%
24.4%
104.4%
Sources: Tschetter, Paul D., "Characterization of Baseline Demographic Trends in the Year -Round and
Recreational Populations in the Albemarle -Pamlico Estuarine Study Area"
Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
[1] "Unincorporated Areas" includes Town of Cedar Point, incorporated in 1988

Table 24: Total Peak Population
by Township and Municipality
Carteret County, 1990-2000
Township
Municipality or Area
1990 Population
1995 Population
2000
Population
Permanent Peak
Ratio (1]
Permanent Peak
Ratio
Permanent Peak
Ratio
1)
Atlantic
Total
847
1,470
1.74
873
1,872
2.15
893
2,127
2.38
2)
Beaufort
Beaufort
3,808
6,209
1.63
3,796
7,441
1.96
3,786
8,208
2.17
Unincorporated Areas
3,531
4,374
1.24
3,784
4,946
1.31
3,980
5,342
1.34
Total Township
7,339
10,583
1.44
7,579
12,387
1.63
71766
13,550
1.74
3)
Cedar Island
Total Township
372
557
1.50
399
680
1.71
420
762
1.81
4)
Davis
Total Township
537
907
1.69
568
1,154
2.03
592
1,313
2.22
5)
Harkers Island
Total Township
2,150
4,420
2.06
2,316
5,863
2.53
2,445
6,789
2.78
6)
Harlowe
Total Township
1,109
1,634
1.47
1,215
2,042
1.68
1,297
2,312
1.78
7)
Marshallberg
Total Township
638
1,015
1.59
678
1,259
1.86
709
1,417
2.00
8)
Merrimon
Total Township
498
691
1.39
548
848
1.55
587
954
1.63
9)
Morehead City
Atlantic Beach
1,938
20,372
10.51
2,628
30,734
11.69
3,165
37,308
11.79
Morehead City
6,046
13,727
2.27
7,214
20,628
2.86
8,121
25,115
3.09
Indian Beach
153
3,414
22.31
222
5,539
25.00
275
6,877
25.02
H
Pine Knoll Shores
1,360
6,906
5.08
1,854
11,541
6.22
2,238
14,510
6.48
41
Unincorporated Areas
12,126
13,409
1.11
13,734
15,328
1.12
14,984
16,772
1.12
Total Township
21,623
57,828
2.67
25,652
83,769
3.27
28,783
100,581
3.49
10)
Newport
Newport
2,516
3,569
1.42
2,954
4,989
1.69
3,295
5,943
1.80
Unincorporated Areas
4,517
6,528
1.45
5,161
8,115
1.57
5,662
9,205
1.63
Total Township
7,033
10,097
1.44
8,116
13,104
1.61
8,957
15,147
1.69
11)
Sea Level
Total Township
670
769
1.15
760
880
1.16
830
964
1.16
12)
Smyrna
Total Township
733
1,025
1.40
799
1,243
1.56
851
1,390
1.63
13)
Stacy
Total Township
373
452
1.21
408
511
1.25
436
552
1.27
14)
Straits
Total Township
1,785
2,186
1.22
1,968
2,500
1.27
2,111
2,724
1.29
15)
White Oak
Cape Carteret
1,008
3,568
3.54
1,052
6,469
6.15
1,087
8,287
7.63
[1]
Emerald Isle
2,434
15,869
6.52
3,520
25,538
7.25
4,364-
31,740
7.27
Unincorporated Areas
3,407
6,567
1.93
4,040
10,558
2.61
4,531
13,146
2.90
Total Township
6,849
26,004
3.80
8,612
42,565
4.94
9,983
53,173
5.33
Total Municipalities
19,891
74,180
3.73
24,303
113,712
4.68
27,732
139,067
5.01
Total
Unincorporated
Areas
32,665
45,458
1.39
36,189
56,965
1.57
38,928
64,688
1.66
Total
County
52,556
119,638
2.28
60,492
170,677
2.82
66,660
203,755
3.06
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
[1] Ratio of Peak/Permanent Population

' Overall population growth in Pine Knoll Shores will be impacted
by population growth in Carteret County and in the nearby
municipalities. Despite the expected decrease in the annual growth
' rate over the 1990s, the population growth rate in Carteret County
will still be more than double the North Carolina rate over the
next ten years. From 1990-2000, the state population is estimated
to show a 9.8% increase. The Carteret County population is antici-
pated to grow 26.8% over the same period.
Pine Knoll Shores' permanent population will increase at a rate
over twice that of the county. In addition, the town's rate of
growth for overall total peak population is expected to be higher
than the county's. This growth does not include day visitors.
' Based on the 1991 town estimates of 40,000 peak day visitors, the
1995 and 2000 peak populations with day visitors will be approxi-
mately 49,686 and 52,271, respectively. Planning for services
should be based on total population with day visitors.
2. Commercial and Industrial Land Use
' If current zoning patterns are maintained, there will be very
little commercial development during the planning period. In 1991,
there were only two commercially zoned vacant parcels of property.
' The largest was a parcel of approximately 5.5 acres located on the
northwest corner of the intersection of Oakleaf Drive and Salter
Path Road. The second was a single parcel of commercially zoned
' land of approximately 1.4 acres fronting on the north side of
Salter Path Road approximately 500 feet west of the Pine Knoll
Boulevard intersection. The town did not anticipate the additional
zoning of any commercial property.
tThere was not any industrially zoned property. In fact, the
Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance does not include an industrial
' category.
The existing commercial development is generally well designed
and presents minimal conflicts with adjacent non-commercial uses.
During the 1990s, the following will limit commercial development:
-- The Pine Knoll Shores philosophy of not increasing
' - commercial zoning;
Increasing land values;
-- Increasing traffic congestion on N.C. 58, Salter Path Road;
' Continuing lack of central sewage treatment facilities;
Continuing opposition by Pine Knoll Shores to the
construction of commercial marinas.
II-5

3. Housing Trends
From the late 180s through 1991, dwelling unit starts averaged
over 80 per year. This average is expected to drop slightly during
the 1990s to a 60 to 70 unit average per year. Approximately 665
additional residential units may be constructed during the 1990s.
Of that total, up to 130 may be multi -family units. Most residen-
tial development will continue to be low density, single-family at
an average of one-half to three-quarters acre per unit.
The following problems will confront continued residential
development:
-- Maintaining municipal services at a level adequate to
support the growing population.
-- Increasing problems with groundwater pollution and
malfunctioning septic tanks.
-- maintaining adequate water supply and pressure to service
the additional 665(+) dwelling units.
4. Transportation
The key transportation issue facing Pine Knoll Shores will be
the possible widening of Salter Path Road. The last major improve-
ment to Salter Path Road was the addition of turn lanes in the
early 1980s. Since then, traffic congestion has dramatically
increased. Some Bogue Banks municipalities have expressed interest
in having U.S. 58 widened to four or five lanes. Pine Knoll Shores
has indicated opposition to the widening.
The North Carolina Department of Transportation Salter Path
Road right-of-way varies from 80 feet to 100 feet in width. Thus,
sufficient right-of-way exists for the widening. If additional
right-of-way were required, the cost of land acquisition would
probably make the project cost prohibitive. The widening of
U.S. 58 was not included in the FY1991-FY1997 Transportation
Improvement Program. Widening of the highway would be temporarily
disruptive to Pine Knoll Shores and would have a permanent impact
of adjacent land uses. Widening of the highway may not be
supportive of Pine Knoll Shores' predominantly residential
character.
A second major transportation issue will be the possible
construction of a third bridge from Bogue Banks to the Carteret
County mainland. Pine Knoll Shores does not want the construction
of a new bridge to result in an increase in traffic in the town.
The policies section of this plan addresses both the widening
of U.S. 58 and the construction of a third bridge.
II-6

1 5. Public Land Use
There are not any major changes in public land use anticipated.
' The town has a modern and functionally efficient municipal build-
ing. No major acquisitions of town property during the planning
period are anticipated. The North Carolina Aquarium will continue
' to be the major public facility attracting overnight and day
visitors to Pine Knoll Shores. The Trinity Center, an Episcopal
Church Conference Center, will continue as a facility having
regional significance. The town is expected to continue a policy
' of "tightly" controlling the location and development of shoreline
access facilities.
' 6. Areas Likely to Experience Major Land Use Changes
There are not any major changes in existing land use patterns
' or zoning expected. The town has maintained an active planning
program designed to control incompatible land uses and maintain
predominantly low -density residential development. It is expected
that the town will continue to closely monitor growth and implement
' policies designed to accomplish:
-- Maintenance of low -density residential development;
Protection of the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area;
Prohibition of commercial marinas;
-- Tight control of commercial development and expansion;
-- Prohibition of the widening of U.S. 58.
7. Summary
' Pine Knoll Shores' greatest growth issue may be the need for
development of a central sewer system. Both ground and surface
water pollution may become a significant problem. As with all
Bogue Banks municipalities, plans for the development of a system
must be closely coordinated with Carteret County. Other key issues
which will impact growth and development are summarized as
follows:
' -- Protection of Areas of Environmental Concern and Other
Fragile Areas.
' -- Providing for the service demands generated by an expanding
population.
-- Ensuring adequate water and sewer utilities.
-- Maintaining adequate planning for storm hazard mitigation
' and post -disaster recovery planning.
-- Improving -mainland access.
1
II-7

B. PROJECTED PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDS/AVAILABILITY
By 2000, peak seasonal population will be 6.48 times the permanent
year-round population. This demand for services will increase
dramatically during periods of peak day visitor traffic. Pine
Knoll Shores' facilities and services must be designed to accom-
modate peak seasonal and, to some extent, day visitor traffic.
While the volume of water supplied by the Carolina Water Service
appeared adequate in 1991, careful attention should be paid to
planning for an adequate water supply through the 1990s. By 2000,
the town's year-round population will have increased by 65% and the
peak seasonal population by 110%. The town's Fire Chief has
expressed some concerns with the adequacy of the system's water
pressure. Continued growth may lessen that pressure unless
adequate elevated storage is provided.
In addition to a growth in demand, salt water intrusion into the
groundwater supply may become a problem. In eastern North
Carolina, phosphate production utilizes approximately 60 million
gallons of water per day. This consumption may have a negative
impact on the Castle Hayne Aquifer and contribute to salt water
intrusion. The ability of the aquifer systems to supply ground-
water to accommodate the growth expected to occur within Carteret
County should be carefully monitored. A specific plan should be
cooperatively prepared by the town and Carolina Water Service to
ensure the adequacy of supply, pressure, and quality of water.
Central sewer service will continue to be a need that will increase
as the town's population increases. Concurrent with the prepara-
tion of this plan, Carteret County was evaluating the alternatives
for a county central sewer system. Significant interest in county -
sponsored central sewer service had been indicated by Cape Carteret
and Cedar Point, but only slight interest had been indicated by
Emerald Isle and Pine Knoll Shores.
If Pine Knoll Shores declines to pursue development of a central
sewer system, a policy of low -to -moderate density development will
have to be maintained. However, it will be difficult, if not
impossible, to control the demands placed on sewage disposal facil-
ities by day visitors. A clear sewer policy developed in concert
with policies for growth density is essential.
During the planning period, Pine Knoll Shores must reduce its
volume of solid waste. Town efforts to implement an effective '
recycling program will continue. The town expected to continue to
contract out solid waste collection through the planning period.
Efforts by Carteret County to establish a regional landfill with '
Pamlico and Craven counties will be supported by the town.
An additional problem which has not been adequately defined is
inadequate storm drainage. In the 1991 citizens' attitude survey, ,
storm drainage problems were mentioned repeatedly. Attention was
focused on the eastern section of town and the Yaupon Road/Juniper
II-8

Road/Golf Course area, in particular. While severe flooding has
only occasionally occurred, there have been recurring minor
problems.
The town has undertaken numerous studies to define a solution.
However, none have resulted in an implemented course of action,
and there is not a storm drainage plan. The town does have a
contract with TALCO to provide for emergency pumping.of stormwater
from streets. The town should, as a minimum, pursue the
development of a stormwater control ordinance designed to limit
stormwater runoff from future developments.
C. REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES
' Over 95% of the development in Pine Knoll Shores is less than 20
years old. There is not a need for the redevelopment of existing
' areas. Any demand for substantial redevelopment will be the result
of damage occurring from a major storm. Any Category 3 or greater
storm would result in substantial damage to Pine Knoll Shores.
There would be a major loss of both residential and commercial
properties. Policies to govern reconstruction have been adopted
and may be found in Chapter 6 Section 3 of the Municipal Code.
There are not any major or apparent infrastructure problems. The
Carolina Water Service appears to be in good repair. The Carteret -
Craven Electric Membership Corporation (EMC) electrical distribu-
tion system is also in good repair. However, the town should
discuss with the EMC any options which may be available for the
placement of utilities underground following a major natural
disaster.
D. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
This plan was reviewed by the Carteret County Planning Department
prior to certification by the Coastal Resources Commission. This
review was provided to help ensure consistency of this plan with
Carteret County's planning efforts. Intergovernmental coordination
and cooperation will continue through the ten-year planning period.
This will be essential to accomplish effective planning for public
utilities, thoroughfare projects, community facilities, housing
needs, and environmental protection. The Pine Knoll Shores Board
of Commissioners and Planning Board will be responsible for
ensuring adequate coordination with Carteret County, Bogue Banks
' and mainland municipalities, and other government entities as may
be required.
II-9

' SECTION III: SUMMARY OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
1992 LAND USE PLAN SURVEY

SECTION III: SUMMARY OF TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
1992 LAND USE PLAN SURVEY
In an effort to incorporate as much citizen input as possible into
its FY92 Land Use Plan update, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores
developed a citizen survey including 27 questions on a diversity of
land use issues, and distributed the survey to approximately 2,514
resident and non-resident property owners and renters. The level
of citizen interest in the land use planning process in Pine Knoll
Shores is very high, as evidenced by the fact that 1,039 of the
survey forms were filled out and. returned, a 41% response rate.
Additionally, where comments were solicited, citizen responses were
numerous and often very detailed. A number of respondents included
letters with their completed survey forms. Those responses are on
file in the Municipal Building and are available for public
review.
In order to allow efficient tabulation of the responses, a computer
database was compiled using Foxpro database management software.
An input screen was developed and the survey forms were input into
the database. Comments were abbreviated at input time to allow
subsequent segregation of comments by category. Following input,
an analysis program tabulated the surveys and three reports were
produced -- summaries of resident, non-resident, and total
responses, respectively.
The survey instrument with responses is provided below. The total
responses for each question have been broken down into resident and
non-resident responses. Two important notes: On question 7, where
respondents were asked to list the top five problems, no attempt
was made to categorize the responses with respect to relative
importance (1-5). Instead, all responses on lines 1-5 were counted
and identified. On question 4, where respondents were asked to
provide ranked numeric responses, a weighted tabulation system was
utilized. Basically, if no response was entered for a given
choice, the computer changed the 10' for that choice to a 1211.
Since that number is higher than the highest possible numeric
response for question 4, the choice with the lowest average
response for question 4 is the most significant.

SUMMARY OF RESPONSES
R = Resident, NR
= Non -Resident, All =
All Responses
,
R
NR
All '
TOTAL RESPONSES
467 (44.9%) 572
(55.1%)
1039 (100%)
1. Which of the following describes
your residential property
status
in Pine Knoll
Shores? '
R
NR
All
Year -Round Resident Property Owner 441/467*(94.4%)
0/572
(0%)
441/1039 (42.4%)
Year -Round Resident Renter
16/467 (3.4%)
0/572
(0%)
16/1039 (1.5%)
Non -Resident Residential
6/467 (1.2%) 553/572
(96.6%)
559/1039 (53.8%)
Property Owner
2. Which of the following describes your commercial property
status
in Pine Knoll
Shores? '
R
NR
All
Non -Resident Commercial Owner
4/467 (0.8%)
15/572
(2.6%)
19/1039 (1.8% '
Resident Commercial Property Owner 21/467 (4.5%)
0/572
(0%)
21/1039 (2.0%;
Non -Resident Commer. Property Renter 1/467 (0.2%)
7/572
(1.2%)
8/1039 (0.7%;
Resident Commercial Property Renter 3/467 (0.6%)
0/572
(0%)
3/1039 (0.2%
3. If you are a residential rental
property owner, please answer
the
following:
-- Total number of rental unit(s) owned in Pine Knoll Shores.
201
,
R
NR
All
Responses/Owners
34
128
162
Total Units
43
158
'
201
Average # of Units/Owner
1.26
1.23
1.24
-- List the months in which the
unit(s) is (are) occupied
50% or more of the
total time.
Month
Number
of Responses
'
R
NR
All
January
18
32
50
February
18
30
48
March
19
32
51
April
20
42
62
May
22
62
84
June
30
95
125
July
33
115
'
118
August
33
109
142
September
24
71
95
October
15
47
62
November
21
33
54
December
20
29
'
49
*441 answers received out of a total of 467 resident responses.

H
4. Please rate town services and facilities. Ranked from 1 - 12 with 1 being the
highest rated choice. The weighted average -- changing 10' or no response to 121' --
is in parentheses.
Service/Facility Ranking
1. Police Protection
2. Garbage and Refuse Service
3. Overall Town Management
4. Street Maintenance
5. Zoning Protection
6. Street Lighting
7. Rescue Service [volunteer]
8. Planning
9. Fire Protection [volunteer]
10. Drainage
11. Building Inspection
12. Other
R
NR
Ail
2
(3.15)
1
(8.74)
1
(6.23)
1
(3.06)
2
(8.86)
2
(6.25)
4
(3.78)
3
(9.33)
3
(6.84)
6
(4.10)
4
(9.44)
4
(7.04)
7
(4.12)
6
(10.19)
5
(7.46)
8
(4.41)
5
(9.97)
6
(7.47)
3
(3.64)
9
(10.62)
7
(7.48)
9
(4.48)
8
(10.47)
8
(7.78)
5
(4.07)
11
(10.98)
9
(7.88)
11
(4.97)
7
(10.37)
10
(7.94)
10
(4.59)
10
(11.02)
11
(8.13)
12
(19.23)
12
(20.12)
12
(19.72)
5. If you own vacant property in Pine Knoll Shores, when do you plan to build?
R NR All
0-5 years 18/467 (3.8%) 81/572 (14.1%) 99/1039 (9.5%)
6-10 years 5/467 (1.0%) 41/572 (7.1%) 46/1039 (4.4%)
11-15 years 5/467 (1.0%) 14/572 (2.4%) 19/1039 (1.8%)
6. Please answer the following concerning commercial development in Pine Knoll Shores.
a) I am (am not) familiar with the areas of Pine Knoll Shores that are zoned for
commercial development.
R NR All
Familiar 137/467 (50.7%) 150/572 (26.2%) 387/1039 (37.2%)
Not Familiar 230/467 (49.2%) 422/572 (73.7%) 652/1039 (62.7%)
b) Areas actually used for commercial development should increase, decrease, or
remain the same.
R
NR
All
Increase
24/467
(5.1%)
30/572
(5.2%)
54/1039
(5.2%)
Decrease
137/467
(29.3%)
159/572
(27.8%)
296/1039
(28.4%)
Remain the Same
251/467
(53.7%)
249/572
(43.5%)
500/1039
(48.1%)
No Response
55/467
(11.7%)
134/572
(23.4%)
189/1039
(18.1%)
c) The overall appearance
of the commercial
area is:
good, satisfactory,
or poor.
R
NR
All
Good
131/467
(28.0%)
120/572
(20.9%)
251/1039
(24.1%)
Satisfactory
260/467
(55.6%)
305/572
(53.3%)
565/1039
(54.3%)
Poor
30/467
(6.4%)
37/572
(6.4%)
67/1039
(6.4%)
No Response
46/467
(9.8%)
110/572
(19.2%)
156/1039
(15.0%)

7. Please list the top five problems that currently exist in Pine Knoll Shores.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23.
24 .
25.
26.
27.
28.
29.
30.
31.
32.
33.
34 .
35.
36.
37.
38.
39.
40.
41.
42.
43.
44.
45.
46.
47.
48.
49.
50.
51.
52.
53.
54.
55.
56.
Number of Comments I
Type of Problem R NR All
(467) (572) (1039)
Drainage
Lack of Sewer System
Pollution (beach, sound, canal)
Town Management/Administration
Traffic Congestion/Speed Enforce.
Zoning Ordinance/Building Codes
Water Supply & Quality
General Town Appearance
Animal Control
Lack of Street Signs & Lighting
Street & Ditch Maintenance
Tree & Vegetation Maintenance
Lack of Recreational Fac./
Cultural Activity
Taxes
Lack of Environmental Protection
Vehicles on Beach
Commercial Activity & Development
Lack of Dredging Waterways
Separate Homeowner Associations
Erosion (beach, canal, sound)
Flooding & Incorrect Flood
Plain Map
140
41
181
65
44
109
61
25
86
55
20
75
25
34
59
36
17
53
35
17
52
31
13
44
34
10
44
34
6
40
31
4
35
16
14
30
16
14
30
13
15
28
13
14
27
16
11
27
9
17
26
13
11
24
13
11
24
12
10
22
Lack of Public Beach Access & Parking
Garbage (collection & solid waste
disposal)
Police Protection & Law Enforce.
Overdevelopment
Lack of Boat Storage Fac.
Not enough Planning
General Litter
Maintenance of Rental Property
Multi -family Development
No Growth Management
Lack of Recycling
Not enough Public Opinion
& Representation
Septic Tank Problems
Mail Service
Media/Communications
Speeding Boats in No Wake Zone
Lack of Shopping Facilities
Threat of 3rd Bridge
Evacuation Routes
Not enough Architectural Continuity
General Utilities (above ground)
Fire Department
Crime Increase
Real Estate Market Conditions
Neighborhood Friendliness
Threat of Widening N.C. 58
Not Maintaining Vacation Atmosphere
Lack of Emergency Service
(phone on beach)
Lack of Rescue Squad Recognition
Parking on Streets
Age of Composition
Name of Town too long
Time of Public Meetings
Too Many Out -of -State Residents
Surfers
18 3
21
8 10
18
9 8
17
11 6
17
4 12
16
10 3
13
8 3
11
4 7
11
10 0
10
3 6
9
2 7
9
5 3
8
2 6
8
7
4
4
5
2
2
3
1
1
3
1
0
2
1
0
3

8. a) As the Town of Pine Knoll Shores
continues to
grow, a
central
sewer system
may be needed to
prevent environmental problems.
Would you vote
in favor
of a
bond referendum for a
sewer
system if you knew that ad valorem
taxes would
remain
at the current
level
and the monthly
sewer bill would be less than $25-30/month/household?
R
NR
All
Favor
257/467
(55.0%)
340/572
(59.4%)
597/1039
(57.4%)
Not Favor
161/467
(34.5%)
147/572
(25.7%)
308/1039
(29.6%)
No Response
49/467
(10.5%)
85/572
(14.9%)
134/1039
(12.9%)
b) Would you favor a central sewer
system if property taxes
had to
increase?
R
NR
All
Favor
203/467
(43.4%)
229/572
(40.0%)
432/1039
(41.5%)
Not Favor
195/467
(41.8%)
236/572
(41.3%)
431/1039
(41.5%)
No Response
69/467
(14.8%)
107/572
(18.7%)
176/1039
(16.9%)
c) Would you favor land uses continuing
to rely
on septic
tanks for
sewage disposal in
lieu of a
central sewage disposal system?
R
NR
All
Favor
163/467
(34.9%)
152/572
(26.5%)
315/1039
(30.3%)
Not Favor
235/467
(50.3%)
284/572
(49.7%)
519/1039
(50.0%)
No Response
60/467
(14.8%)
136/572
(23.8%)
205/1039
(19.7%)
d) Would you support participation
in a joint or
regional
sewage
treatment plan?
R
NR
All
Favor
287/467
(61.4%)
344/572
(60.1%)
631/1039
(60.7%)
Not Favor
120/467
(25.7%)
102/572
(17.8%)
222/1039
(21.4%)
No Response
60/467
(12.8%)
126/572
(22.0%)
186/1039
(17.9%)
9. Should an additional (third) bridge
be constructed
from Bogue
Banks to the
mainland
for
improved access and evacuation?
R
NR
All
Yes
212/467
(45.4%)
268/572
(46.8%)
480/1039
(46.2%)
No
223/467
(47.8%)
225/572
(39.3%)
448/1039
(43.1%)
No Response
32/467
(6.9%)
79/572
(13.8%)
111/1039
(10.7%)
10. What type of growth should be encouraged or discouraged
in Pine
Knoll Shores?
R
NR
All
a) Permanent Residential
Yes
420/467
(89.9%)
No
20/467
(4.3%)
No Response
27/467
(5.8%)
b) Seasonal Residential
Yes
169/467
(36.1%)
No
211/467
(45.2%)
No Response
87/467
(18.6%)
471/572 (82.3%)
26/572 (4.5%)
75/572 (13.1%)
344/572 (60.1%)
116/572 (20.3%)
112/572 (19.6%)
891/1039 (85.7%)
46/1039 (4.4%)
102/1039 (9.8%)
513/1039 (49.3%)
327/1039 (31.5%)
199/1039 (19.2%)

10. (Continued)
R
c) Single -Family Dwellings
Yes
399/467
(85.4%)
No
27/467
(5.8%)
No Response
41/467
(8.8%)
d) Multi -Family Dwellings (including
Condominiums)
Yes
42/467
(8.9%)
No
360/467
(77.1%)
No Response
68/467
(14.6%)
e) Commercial Development
Yes
43/467
(9.2%)
No
352/467
(75.4%)
No Response
72/467
(15.4%)
NR
458/572 (80.0%)
33/572 (5.8%)
81/572 (14.2%)
85/572 (14.8%)
380/572 (66.4%)
107/572 (18.7%)
70/572 (12.2%)
389/572 (68.0%)
113/572 (19.8%)
All '
857/1039 (82.4%)
60/1039 (5.8%)
122/1039 (11.7%) '
127/1039 (12.2%)
740/1039 (71.2%) '
175/1039 (16.8%)
113/1039 (10.9%)
741/1039 (71.3%)
185/1039 (17.8%)
11. Should J.S. 58 be widened to four lanes in Pine Knoll Shores? ,
R NR All
Yes 121/467 (25.9%) 164/572 (28.6%) .285/1039 (27.4%)
No 325/467 (69.6%) 348/572 (60.8%) 673/1039 (64.8%) '
No Response 21/467 (4.5%) 60/572 (10.5%) 81/1039 (7.8%)
12. Should the parking of vehicles for longer than 24 hours on street rights -of -way or road I
shoulders be prohibited?
R
Yes 345/467 (73.8%)
No 105/467 (22.5%)
No Response 17/467 (3.6%)
NR
405/572 (70.8%)
116/572 (20.3%)
51/572 (8.9%)
13. Should the town's recycling center be more closely controlled?
All
7 50/103 9 (72.1%) '
221/1039 (21.3%)
68/1039 (6.5%)
R
NR
All
Yes
153/467
(32.7%) 221/572 (38.6%)
374/1039
(36.0%)
No
223/467
(47.8%) 118/572 (20.6%)
341/1039
'
(32.8%)
No Response
91/467
(19.5%) 233/572 (40.7%)
324/1039
(31.2%)
14. Should the town establish
additional controls
to regulate the location and
design of
garbage '
can racks?
R NR
Yes 208/467 (44.3%) 257/572 (44.9%)
No 223/467 (47.8%) 177/572 (30.9%)
No Response 37/467 (7.9%) 138/572 (24.1%)
All
464/1039 (44.6%) '
400/1039 (38.5%)
175/1039 (16.8%)
15. Should the town establish an ordinance to require the maintenance/cutting of vegetation and ,
weeds on vacant lots?
Yes
No
No Response
R
234/467 (50.1%)
205/467 (43.9%)
28/467 (6.0%)
NR
315/572 (55.0%)
199/572 (34.8%)
58/572 (10.1%)
All
549/1039 (52.8%) ,
404/1039 (38.9%)
86/1039 (8.3%)

16. Should a privately owned and operated community center with a craft area and indoor pool be
constructed in the
Pine Knoll Village Complex?
R
NR
All
Yes
142/467 (30.4%)
165/572 (28.8%)
307/1039 (29.5%)
No
279/467 (59.7%)
299/572 (52.3%)
578/1039 (55.6%)
No Response
46/467 (9.9%)
108/572 (18.9%)
154/1039 (14.8%)
17. Should the town provide additional publicly owned storage areas for boats and trailers
(land storage, not marinas)?
R NR All
Yes 151/467 (32.3%) 152/572 (26.5%) 303/1039 (29.1%)
No 271/467 (58.0%) 318/572 (55.6%) 589/1039 (56.7%)
No Response 45/467 (9.6%) 102/572 (17.8%) 147/1039 (14.1%)
18. Should the town establish pruning guidelines for natural vegetation on oceanfront properties?
R NR All
Yes 323/467 (69.1%) 348/572 (60.8%) 671/1039 (64.5%)
No 121/467 (25.9%) 151/572 (26.4%) 272/1039 (26.2%)
No Response 23/467 (4.9%) 73/572 (12.8%) 96/1039 (9.2%)
19. Should the water system in Pine Knoll Shores be municipally owned?
R NR
Yes 287/467 (61.4%) 309/572 (54.0%)
No 111/467 (23.8%) 103/572 (18.0%)
No Response 69/467 (14.8%) 160/572 (28.0%)
20. How often should door-to-door garbage collection occur?
R
Once Per Week 75/467 (16.0%)
Twice Per Week 373/467 (79.B%)
No Response 19/467 (4.0%)
21. Should Pine Knoll Shores establish curbside recycling?
R
Yes 172/467 (36.8%)
No 257/467 (55.0%)
No Response 38/467 (8.1%)
NR
182/572 (31.8%)
288/572 (50.3%)
102/572 (17.8%)
NR
289/572 (50.5%)
176/572 (30.8%)
107/572 (18.7%)
All
596/1039 (57.3%)
214/1039 (20.6%)
229/1039 (22.0%)
All
257/1039 (24.7%)
661/1039 (63.6%)
121/1039 (11.6%)
All
461/1039 (44.3%)
4 33/103 9 (41.7%)
145/1039 (14.0%)
III-7

22. Are you satisfied with the work of:
R
a) The Planning Board?
Yes
332/467
(71.0%)
No
59/467
(12.6%)
No Response
76/467
(16.3%)
b) The Board of Adjustment?
Yes
328/467
(70.2%)
No
56/467
(12.0%)
No Response
83/467
(17.8%)
c) The Community Appearance
Committee?
Yes
326/467
(69.8%)
No
74/467
(15.8%)
No Response
67/467
(14.3%)
23. Are you satisfied with the building permit process?
NR All ,
274/572 (47.9%) 606/1039 (58.3%) '
61/572 (10.7%) 120/1039 (11.5%)
237/572 (41.4%) 313/1039 (30.1%)
255/572 (44.5%) 583/1039 (56.1%)
66/572 (11.5%) 122/1039 (11.7%)
251/572 (43.9%) 334/1039 (32.1%)
291/572 (50.8%) 617/1039 (59.4%) '
59/572 (10.3%) 133/1039 (1_2.8%)
222/572 (38.8%) 289/1039 (27.8%)
R
NR
All
Yes
307/467 (65.7%)
244/572 (42.6%)
551/1039 (53.0%)
No
93 /4 67 (19.9%)
114/572 (19.9%)
'
207/1039 (19.9%)
No Response
67/467 (14.3%)
214/572 (37.4%)
281/1039 (27.0%)
24. Are
there any natural features within
Pine Knoll Shores
which you believe
are not being
adequately protected?
'
R
NR
All
1.
Maritime forests/trees
33
21
54 '
2.
Water quality (canal & sound)
41
13
54
3.
Beach/dune (erosion, dogs,
13
22
35
vehicles)
4.
Vegetative cover
3
7
10
5.
Wetlands
5
2
'
7
6.
Natural landscape
2
2
4
7.
Wildlife
2
1
3
B.
Groundwater
1
1
2
9.
Roosevelt Natural Area
2
0
2 '
10.
Parks
2
0
2
25. Should commercial marinas (as defined by State Standards 15A NCAC 7H, Facilities with Slips f
More Than Ten Boats)
be allowed in Pine Knoll
Shores?
,
R
NR
All
Yes
44/467
(9.4%)
94/572 (16.4%)
138/1039 (13.2%)
No
387/467
(82.9%)
386/572 (67.5%)
'
773/1039 (74.4%)
No Response
36/467
(7.7%)
92/572 (16.1%)
128/1039 (12.3%)
26. Should Pine Knoll Shores employ a full-time, paid administrator? I
R NR All
Yes 86/467 (18.4%) 123/572 (21.5%) 209/1039 (20.1%) '
No 325/467 (69.6%) 254/572 (44.4%) 579/1039 (55.7%)
No Response 56/467 (12.0%) 195/572 (34.1%) 251/1039 (24.2%)

SECTION IV: PINE KNOLL SHORES LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

I
SECTION IV: PINE KNOLL SHORES LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
The CAMA regulations require the establishment of a specific land
classification system to support the local government's policy
statements. This system should reflect developing land use
patterns within the town and provide a framework to be utilized by
Pine Knoll Shores to identify future land uses.
The 15A NCAC 7B requirements provide for the following land classi-
fications: developed, urban transition, limited transition,
community, rural, rural with services, and conservation. In
applying these classifications, Pine Knoll Shores should carefully
consider where and when various types of development should be
encouraged. Additionally, the areas of environmental concern
requiring protection should be recognized by the land classifica-
tion system. Each applicable land classification must be repre-
sented on a land classification map. (See Map 6, Pine Knoll Shores
Land Classification Map.)
The following land classifications will apply in Pine Knoll Shores'
jurisdiction:
Developed areas included in the developed land classification
are currently urban in character, with no or minimal undevel-
oped land remaining. Municipal types of services, with the
exception of central sewer service, are in place or are
expected to be provided within the next five to ten years.
Land uses include residential, commercial, public/semi-public,
and other urban land uses at the following densities which are
prescribed by 15A NCAC 7B:
° 500 dwelling units per square mile, or
° three dwelling units per acre, or
° where a majority of lots are 15,000 square feet or less.
Pine Knoll Shores was well below these urban densities in 1990,
having an average town -wide residential density of approxi-
mately .97 dwelling units per acre.
Within Pine Knoll Shores, the developed classification is sub-
divided into the following sub -classifications:
° Developed Single -Family Residential (DSF) - These areas are
utilized for low -density, single-family residential develop-
ment. Minimum allowable lot sizes are 7,500 square feet up
to 10,000 square feet per dwelling unit. Specifically, the
following defines the intent of this category:
-- To encourage the construction of and the continued use of
the land for single-family dwellings;
-- To restrict commercial use and prohibit industrial use of
the land and to prohibit any other use which would sub-
stantially interfere with development of dwellings in
these districts;
IV-1

-- To discourage any use which would generate traffic on
minor streets other than normal street traffic to serve
residences on those streets;
-- To discourage the continuance of existing uses that would
not be permitted as new uses under the provisions of
these districts;
-- To discourage any use which because of its character or
size would create requirements and costs for public
services, such as police and fire protection, water
supply and sewerage, substantially in excess of such
requirements and costs if the district were developed
solely for dwellings.
° Developed Multi -Family Residential (DMF) - The principal
land use in this category is for multi -family dwelling
units. This classification includes both the town's MF-1
and MF-2 zoning districts. In the MF-1 district, condo-
minium/apartment units are allowed up to eight units per
acre, and motel units are allowed up to 22 units per acre.
In the MF-2 district, up to 15 living units per acre are
allowed. The following defines the specific purposes of
this category:
-- To encourage the construction of and the continued use of
the land for multi -family dwellings;
-- To restrict commercial use and prohibit industrial use of
the land and to prohibit any other use which would sub-
stantially interfere with the development of multi -family
dwellings in these districts;
-- To discourage the continuance of existing uses that would
not be permitted as new under the provisions of this
district;
-- To permit a concentrated, intensive development of the
permitted uses while maintaining a substantial relation-
ship between the intensity of land use and the capacity
of utilities and streets.
° Developed Commercial (DC) - In the developed commercial
category, the principal uses of land are commercial, service ,
uses, offices, and professional service facilities.
Specific purposes of this category are defined as follows:
-- To provide for the planning and construction of commer-
cial uses, offices, service uses, and professional
service facilities to serve the needs of the town;
-- To promote a unified and functional character for such as
area;
IV-2

'
-- To protect the value of neighboring properties;
-- To protect the natural environment as much as possible;
'
-- To protect the public from unnecessary health and traffic
hazards.
Developed Recreational (DR) - The principal use of land in
this category is recreation. This includes both public and
privately owned and operated recreational facilities. The
specific purposes of this category are:
-- To encourage the development of recreation facilities
throughout the community;
-- To restrict those uses which would substantially inter-
fere with the nature of these districts.
° Developed Institutional (DI) - The developed institutional
category includes governmental (non -recreational), adminis-
trative, community service, utility, religious activities,
and educational facilities. The classification includes
both the institutional and municipal service zoning
districts. The following provides a definition of the
'
specific purposes of this category:
-- To provide for the location of those governmental, admin-
istrative, police, fire, rescue, utility and service
facilities necessary for the safe operation of the town;
-- To protect the value of neighboring properties;
-- To protect the natural environment as much as possible;
-- To protect the public from unnecessary health and traffic
hazards;
-- To provide for the location of religious and educational
facilities and related accessory uses.
° Conservation (C) - The following areas of environmental
' concern and 11404" wetlands and maritime forests (not areas
of environmental concern) are included in the conservation
classification:
' -- Coastal Wetlands: This classification includes all areas
of salt marsh or other marsh subject to regular or occa-
sional flooding by tides, including wind tides. However,
' tidal flooding is understood not to include hurricane or
tropical storm tides. Development which meets the mini-
mum use standards of 15A NCAC 7H, Pine Knoll Shores
' zoning, and the policies contained in this plan shall be
allowed in areas classified as coastal wetlands.
IV-3

-- Estuarine Shoreline: All areas lying 0-75 feet landward
of the mean high water level of estuarine waters are
classified as estuarine shorelines. Because of map size
and scale, these areas cannot be accurately mapped.
Precise locations must be determined in the field.
Except for maritime forest areas, signs, and marinas,
uses consistent with Pine Knoll Shores zoning, the
policies contained in this plan, and the 15A NCAC 7H use
standards shall be allowed in estuarine shoreline areas.
Within maritime forest areas, minimum design. standards
shall apply which exceed 15A NCAC 7H. In addition, signs
and dredging for marinas shall not be permitted.
-- Estuarine and Public Trust Waters: All public trust
areas and estuarine waters are included in this classifi-
cation. All waters in Pine Knoll Shores' planning juris-
diction are classified as estuarine waters as described
by 15A NCAC 7H.0206 or public trust areas as described by
15A NCAC 7H.0207. Except for marinas, floating struc-
tures and signs, uses permitted by the policies contained
in this plan and 15A NCAC 7H shall be allowed.
-- Ocean Hazard Areas: This classification includes all
ocean hazard areas. These areas include lands along the
Atlantic shoreline where, because of their special vul-
nerability to erosion or other adverse effects of sand,
wind and water, uncontrolled or incompatible development
could unreasonably endanger life or property. These
areas include beaches, frontal dunes, inlet lands, and
other lands with excessive erosion or flood damage.
Development shall be permitted which is allowed by the
policies contained in this plan, the Pine Knoll Shores'
Zoning Ordinance, and 15A NCAC 7H.0306.
-- Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW): This area includes
all of the fresh waters within the property boundaries of
the Roosevelt Natural Area including swamp forests, shrub
swamps and ponds, which were designated by the Environ-
mental Management Commission under authority granted by
N.C.G.S. 143-214.1. In addition, the area includes all
of the saline waters within the Roosevelt Natural Area
including brackish marsh and salt marsh. Allowed uses
will be those permitted by the use standards included in
the Roosevelt Natural Swamp Area ORW Management Plan,
15A NCAC 7H, the Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance, and
the policies contained in this plan. The policies deal-
ing with signs are more restrictive than the ORW Manage-
ment Plan and 15A NCAC 7H.
The following provides the Management Strategy Specific
to the Roosevelt Natural Area: "The Roosevelt Natural
Area, including all fresh and saline waters within the
property boundaries of the natural area, will have only
new development which complies with the low density
IV-4

' option in the stormwater rules as specified in 2H.1003
(a)(2) within 575 feet of the Roosevelt Natural Area (if
the development site naturally drains to the Roosevelt
' Natural Area.)"
-- 404 Wetlands: This classification includes areas of 404
wetlands which meet the wetlands definition contained in
' Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Only uses consistent
with the policy statements section of this plan and the
Pine Knoll Shores' Zoning Ordinance will be allowed.
These areas are not delineated on the Land Classification
Map. Specific locations must be determined in the field
by representatives of the Wilmington office of the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers. The town concurs with the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers' standards and does not intend to
develop more restrictive standards.
' -- Maritime Forests: All maritime forest areas classified
as conservation are located in the Theodore Roosevelt
Natural Area or on town -owned property located on the
south side of Roosevelt Drive. Except for the North
Carolina Aquarium, no development is allowed in the
natural area.
IV-5

I SECTION V: PINE KNOLL SHORES POLICY STATEMENTS

SECTION V: PINE KNOLL SHORES POLICY STATEMENTS
Policy statements are extremely important and have a day-to-day
impact on individual citizens within Pine Knoll Shores' planning
jurisdiction. The statements will have an impact in several areas,
including:
-- CAMA minor and major permitting as required by N.C.G.S.
113A-118 prior to undertaking any development in any area
of environmental concern.
-- Establishment of local planning policy.
-- Review of proposed projects requiring state or federal
assistance or approval to determine consistency with local
policies.
The policies contained in this section are based on the objectives
of the citizens of Pine Knoll Shores and satisfy the objectives of
the Coastal Resources Commission. The results of the 1991 citizen
attitude survey have influenced but not dictated the development of
these policy statements. The land use planning committee closely
supervised the development of these policies.
The policies outlined in the following section will provide a guide
for advising and regulating development of available land resources
in Pine Knoll Shores through 2000. Policies which were considered,
but not adopted, are provided in Appendix I.
A. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS
1. Physical Limitations
Soils: To mitigate existing septic tank problems and other
restrictions on development posed by soil limitations, Pine
Knoll Shores will:
(a) Enforce all current regulations of the N.C. State Building
Code and support Carteret County Health Department in all
matters relating to septic tank installation/replacement
in areas with soils restrictions.
(b) Coordinate all development activity with appropriate
county and state regulatory personnel.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores will insist that the U.S. Army Corps
Engineers provide stringent regulation/enforcement of
404 wetlands permit process in Pine Knoll Shores, and
cooperate with them in the regulation/enforcement
process. Development must be consistent with Chapter
Section 7.10 c.(a) of the Town Code.
V-1
of
the
will
21,

(d) Pine Knoll Shores will maintain low -density residential
development (4 dwelling units/acre or less in single-
family residential areas, and 8 dwelling units or less per
acre in multi -family residential areas) in order to
decrease soil contamination and groundwater pollution from '
septic tanks.
(e) Support and cooperate with the efforts of Carteret County
to develop a central sewer system to serve the developed
areas of the county, including the municipalities.
Flood Hazard Areas: ,
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will coordinate any development within
the special flood hazard area with the North Carolina '
Division of Coastal Management, FEMA, and the U.S. Corps
of Engineers.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its existing ,
zoning and flood damage prevention ordinances and follow
the storm hazard mitigation plan. (See Storm Hazard
Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation '
Plans) .
(c) The town will continue to support and implement the
community rating system which allows for reduced flood
insurance rates.
Groundwater/Protection of Potable Water Supplies:
(a) It is the policy of Pine Knoll Shores to conserve its
surficial groundwater resources by supporting CAMA and
N.C. Division of Environmental Management stormwater
runoff regulations, and by coordinating local development
activities involving chemical storage or underground
storage tank installation/abandonment with Carteret County
Emergency Management personnel and the Groundwater Section
of the N.C. Division of Environmental Management.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores will support a regional multi -
jurisdictional study of the limestone aquifer underlying
Carteret County. Such a study would aid in determining
the optimum locations for wells and the long-term
viability of the town's water supply. The issue of salt
water intrusion should be addressed by the study.
v-2

I
(c) Pine Knoll Shores is concerned with the overall quality of
the surface waters within the White Oak River watershed.
The town will support regional and multi -jurisdictional
' efforts to improve and protect water quality.
(d) Pine Knoll Shores will encourage and support water conser-
vation efforts. Motels and rental units will be encour-
aged to post notices encouraging water conservation by
tourists.
' (e) Pine Knoll Shores will support planning by the Carolina
Water Service and the town itself for an adequate long-
range water supply. Public and private water conservation
efforts will be encouraged.
(f) Pine Knoll Shores supports public acquisition/ownership of
' the water system serving the town.
Stormwater Runoff
' (a) Pine Knoll Shores recognizes the value of water quality
maintenance to the protection of fragile areas and to the
provision of clean water for recreational purposes. The
' town will support existing state regulations relating to
stormwater runoff resulting from development (Stormwater
Disposal Policy 15 NCAC 2H.001-.1003).
' (b) In Pine Knoll Shores, no storm drains or drainage ditches
shall be constructed which discharge directly into
estuarine waters, public trust waters, or estuarine shore-
lines. Some form of water retention area or settling
basin must be provided. Discharge into coastal wetlands
is considered acceptable if associated construction and
development does not damage coastal wetland areas.
(c) To improve stormwater drainage, Pine Knoll Shores will
pursue the development of a town -wide stormwater control
' ordinance.
Man-made Hazards:
' (a) Pine Knoll Shores will support the technical requirements
and state program approval for underground storage tanks
(Chapter 40 of the Code of Federal Regulations, Parts 280
and 281), and any subsequent state regulations concerning
underground storage tanks adopted during the planning
period.
' (b) With the exception of bulk fuel storage tanks used for
retail sales, and individual heating fuel storage tanks,
' Pine Knoll Shores opposes the bulk storage of man-made
hazardous materials within its jurisdiction.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores is opposed to the establishment of toxic
twaste dump sites within Carteret County.
v-3

Solid Waste•
(a) Pine Knoll Shores supports
in a regional multi -county
management.
Carteret County's participation
approach to solid waste I
(b) Pine Knoll Shores will cooperate with any efforts to
educate people and businesses on waste reduction and
recycling. The town vigorously supports recycling and
supports setting up practical collection methods and
education efforts to achieve a high degree of county -wide ,
recycling.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores supports the siting of recyclable
collection centers within developed commercial and
developed institutional land classifications.
Cultural/Historical Resources:
nationally significant historic
Pine Knoll Shores. However, in
sites, Pine Knoll Shores will:
There do not appear to be any '
or archaeological sites within
order to protect any discovered
(a) Coordinate all housing code enforcement/redevelopment
projects with the N.C. Division of Archives and History,
to ensure that any significant architectural details or
buildings are identified and preserved.
(b) Coordinate all town public works projects with the N.C.
Division of Archives and History, to ensure the identi-
fication and preservation of significant archaeological
sites.
Industrial Impacts on Fragile Areas: No industrial development
of any type shall be located within Pine Knoll Shores' planning
jurisdiction. This policy is supported by the town's zoning
ordinance.
B. MISCELLANEOUS RESOURCE PROTECTION
Package Treatment Plant Use: Pine Knoll Shores will support
the construction of package treatment plants which do not
discharge waste in any areas classified as coastal wetlands or
freshwater wetlands (404) and are approved and permitted by the
State Division of Environmental Management and by the Carteret
County Health Department/Division of Health Services. If any
package plants are approved, Pine Knoll Shores supports
requirement of a specific contingency plan specifying how
ongoing private operation and maintenance of the plant will be
provided, and detailing provisions for assumption of the plant
into a public system should the private operation fail.
v-4

' Marinas, Docks, Piers and Floating Home Development: Pine
Knoll Shores will enforce the following policies to govern
floating homes and marina development. Marinas are considered
' to be any publicly or privately owned dock constructed to
accommodate more than ten boats, as defined by 15A NCAC
7H.208 (b) (5) .
' (a) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of both upland
and open water marinas within its planning jurisdiction.
' (b) The construction of all docks and piers shall minimize or
eliminate adverse effects on coastal wetlands and sub -
aquatic vegetation.
t(c) Existing marinas, docks and piers may be reconstructed to
their prior size so long as all other applicable policies
of this plan are satisfied and met when reconstruction
occurs.
(d) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of dry stack
' storage facilities for boats associated with or indepen-
dent of marinas. This policy will be supported through
the town's zoning ordinance.
' (e) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the location of floating
structures and vessels for permanent occupancy in all
public trust areas and estuarine waters. The town will
develop and adopt an ordinance designed to enforce this
policy.
Development of Sound and Estuarine Islands: There are no sound
or estuarine islands within Pine Knoll Shores jurisdiction.
This policy does not apply.
Ocean Hazard Areas:
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will support only uses within the ocean
t hazard areas which are allowed by 15A NCAC 7H and are
consistent with the town's zoning and dune and vegetation
protection ordinances.
' (b) Pine Knoll Shores supports beach nourishment and reloca-
tion as the preferred erosion control measures for ocean
hazard areas.
(c) The town objects to the construction of permanent shore-
line stabilization structures in ocean hazard areas and
any changes in state standards which would allow such
' structures.
Inlet Hazard Areas: There are not any inlet hazard areas in
' Pine Knoll Shores.
V-5

Bulkhead Construction: Except for ocean hazard areas, Pine
Knoll Shores does not oppose bulkhead construction within its
jurisdiction as long as construction fulfills the use standards
set forth in 15A NCAC 7H. The town is opposed to bulkhead
construction in ocean hazard areas.
Sea Level Rise:
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will continuously monitor sea level rise
and revise as necessary all local building and land use
related ordinances to establish setback standards, long-
term land use plans, density controls, buffer vegetation
protection requirements, and building designs which will
facilitate the movement of structures.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores will allow the construction of bulkheads
which satisfy 15A NCAC 7H in all non -ocean hazard areas to
protect structures and property from rising sea level.
Maritime Forests: All of Pine Knoll Shores' maritime forests
which are classified as conservation are located in the
Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area and the town -owned property
located south of Roosevelt Drive. Except for the North
Carolina Aquarium, no development will be allowed. (Note:
There are some maritime forest areas within Pine Knoll Shores
which are not classified conservation, and to which this policy
does not apply.)
C. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES
Recreation Resources:
(a) All lands classified as conservation and natural recre-
ation areas are considered valuable passive recreation
areas. Except as otherwise provided for in these policy
statements, these areas shall be protected in their
natural state, and development should not be allowed.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores considers existing public and private
shoreline access facilities adequate to serve the needs of
its residents and visitors.
Productive Agricultural Lands: There are no productive agri-
cultural lands found in Pine Knoll Shores; therefore, no policy
statement is necessary.
Productive Forest Lands: There are no productive forest lands
found in Pine Knoll Shores; therefore, no policy statement is
necessary.
Aquaculture Activities: Aquaculture is considered the cultiva-
tion of aquatic plants and animals under controlled conditions.
The following policies shall apply.
W

(a) Pine Knoll Shores objects to any discharge of water from
aquaculture activities that will degrade in any way the
receiving waters. The town objects to withdrawing water
from aquifers or surface sources if such withdrawal will
endanger water quality or water supply from the aquifers
or surface sources.
Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Development Impacts on
Resources:
(a) Residential and commercial development which meets
15A NCAC 7H use standards, Pine Knoll Shores zoning
requirements, and the policies contained in this plan will
be allowed in estuarine shoreline, estuarine water, and
public trust areas. Industrial development will be pro-
hibited within Pine Knoll Shores.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of any
privately owned signs in the coastal wetlands, estuarine
waters, and public trust areas. Publicly owned instruc-
tional signage will be permitted.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores will vigorously enforce Chapter 21-3.5
of the town's zoning ordinance which establishes stringent
requirements for lot clearing. These requirements address
both the removal of buildings and the clearance of vegeta-
tion. Plants of "special concern" are designated and
afforded special protection.
Marine Resource Areas:
(a) With the exception of the construction of signs, marinas,
and floating structures, Pine Knoll Shores supports the
use standards for estuarine waters and public trust areas
as specified in 15A NCAC 7H.0208.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores reserves the right to review and comment
on policies and requirements of the North Carolina
Division of Marine Fisheries which govern commercial and
recreational fisheries and activities, including trawling
activities.
(c) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the designation of
its beach area as a sea turtle sanctuary by the State of
North Carolina.
Peat or Phosphate Mining: There are no peat or phosphate
deposits located within Pine Knoll Shores' planning juris-
diction.
Off -Road Vehicles: Pine Knoll Shores allows permitted
commercial fishing and emergency off -road vehicles in the beach
area. Other vehicles are prohibited by local ordinances.
V-7

D. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS
General: Pine Knoll Shores will support growth and development '
only at low to medium densities, consistent with the town's
goal of maintaining a town -wide residential single-family den-
sity ceiling of 4 dwelling units/acre, a multi -family density
of 8 dwelling units/acre, and a motel/hotel maximum density of
22 living units per acre. The town will not permit any
industrial development.
Water Supply: Pine Knoll Shores will support preparation of a
long-range study to assess the cost, quantity and quality of
the town's water supply. The town will consider purchasing in
fee simple or acquiring the Carolina Water Service Company
system.
Sewer System: ,
(a) Pine Knoll Shores supports the development of a sewage
collection system. The town would support treatment of '
waste in a centralized Bogue Banks and/or Carteret County
sewage treatment system.
(b) In the absence of a waste treatment plant and collection
system, Pine Knoll Shores will support the issuance of
permits for the construction of septic tanks for residen-
tial, commercial, and public/semi-public land uses.
Energy Facility Siting and Development:
(a) There are no electric generating or other power generating
plants located in or proposed for location within Pine
Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction. The town will not
support the location of permanent energy generating facil-
ities within its jurisdiction.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores supports Carteret County's policy of
reviewing proposals for development of non-nuclear
electric generating plants within Carteret County on a
case -by -case basis, judging the need for the facility by
the county against all identified possible adverse
impacts. Pine Knoll Shores objects to all nuclear power
plant construction. The town reserves the right to
comment on the impacts of any energy facility proposed for
location within Carteret County.
(c) In the event that offshore oil or gas is discovered, Pine
Knoll Shores will not oppose drilling operations and
onshore support facilities in Carteret County for which an
Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared with a
finding of no significant impact on the environment. Pine
Knoll Shores supports and requests full disclosure of
development plans, with mitigative measures that will be
V-8

' undertaken to prevent adverse impacts on the environment,
the infrastructure, and the social systems of Carteret
County. Pine Knoll Shores also requests full disclosure
of any adopted plans. Offshore drilling and the develop-
ment of onshore support facilities in Carteret County may
have severe costs for the town and county as well as
' advantages. The costs must be borne by the company(ies)
with profit(s).from offshore drilling and onshore support
facilities.
Redevelopment of Developed Areas: The only significant
redevelopment issue facing Pine Knoll Shores through 2000 will
be'reconstruction following a hurricane or other natural
disaster. The town will allow the reconstruction of any
'
structures demolished by natural disaster which will comply
with all applicable local and state regulations and the poli-
cies contained in this plan. The town will not spend any local
funds in order to acquire unbuildable lots but will accept
donations of such unbuildable lots. Pine Knoll Shores will
work with any owners who may have to move any threatened
structures to safer locations. The town will support recon-
'
struction only at densities specified by current zoning
regulations.
Types and Locations of Desired Industry: Pine Knoll Shores
opposes industrial development of any type. This policy is
supported by the town's zoning ordinance.
'
Community Facilities: Pine Knoll Shores considers its existing
community facilities to be adequate to serve the town's needs
during the planning period. This policy statement does not
'
apply to water and sewer facilities,
Commitment to State and Federal Proarams: Pine Knoll Shores is
receptive to state and federal programs, particularly those
which provide improvements to the town. The town will continue
to support fully such programs, especially the following:
' North Carolina Department of Transportation road and bridge
improvement programs, the CAMA planning process and permitting
programs, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regulatory and
permitting efforts, dredging and channel maintenance by the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and federal and state projects
which provide efficient and safe boat access for commercial and
sport fishing.
Assistance in Channel Maintenance: Pine Knoll Shores will
support efforts of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and state
officials to provide proper channel maintenance. Usable spoil
material for beach nourishment will be accepted from any
dredging operation for spoil taken outside of Pine Knoll Shores
' regardless of location. The town will work to provide/locate
spoil sites for dredge spoil taken from within Pine Knoll
Shores' jurisdiction.
V-9

Tourism: Tourism is extremely important to Pine Knoll Shores ,
and will be supported by the town. Pine Knoll Shores will
implement the following policies to further the development of
tourism: '
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities
of the North Carolina Division of Travel and Tourism; '
specifically, the monitoring of tourism -related industry,
efforts to promote tourism -related commercial activity,
and efforts to enhance and provide shoreline resources.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities '
of the Carteret County Tourism Development Bureau.
Transportation: '
(a) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not support
construction of a third bridge. '
(b) Pine Knoll Shores is opposed to any widening of U.S. 58
to provide four lanes. However, the town supports the '
construction of turn lanes.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores reserves the right to comment on other
specific transportation improvements following completion
of the U.S. 58 corridor transportation plan.
Development/Growth Objectives: Through enforcement of local
ordinances including zoning, subdivision and the dune and vege-
tation ordinance, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores will strive to
accomplish the following growth objectives:
(a) Maintain commercial zoning in areas existing in 1992.
(b) Maintain single-family residential developments at 4 units
per acre or less, multi -family residential development at
8 dwelling units per acre or less, and motels/hotels at 22
living units per acre or less.
(c) Prohibit marina development.
(d) Support development of a town -wide stormwater control
ordinance.
(d) Strive to protect the dunes and maritime forest areas.
(e) Ensure an adequate water supply.
V-10

(f) Support the development of a town -wide sewer collection
system.
The town will review all local ordinances to ensure consistency
with these policies.
Land Use Trends: The town's land use trends have been
thoroughly discussed in other sections of this plan. Those
trends include:
(a) Maintaining Pine Knoll Shores' low density residential
development.
(b) Increasing congestion on U.S. 58.
(c) Increasing pressure for the development of central sewer
service.
(d) Increasing peak population with associated traffic
congestion and demand for services.
(e) Continuing stormwater/drainage problems.
(f) Increasing development threatening Areas of Environmental
Concern.
(g) Continuing protection of maritime forest areas.
These land use trends should be monitored by the town and con-
trolled through existing local, state, and federal land use
regulations including CAMA, 11404" regulations, sanitary regu-
lations, and the town's subdivision and zoning ordinances and
building inspection program.
During the ten-year planning period, the town will focus on
reducing and/or eliminating problems in the following areas:
(1) Traffic congestion;
(2) Controlling increases in commercial zoning;
(3) Protecting the environment with emphasis on dunes and
sound areas;
(4) Storm drainage;
(5) Provision of a central sewer system.
V-11

E. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES
As required by 15A NCAC 7B, Pine Knoll Shores prepared and adopted
a "Citizen Participation Plan." The plan outlined the methodology
for citizen involvement. The Board of Commissioners appointed a
Land Use Plan Advisory Committee which included the following
members: Lois Heffelfinger, Al Schmidt, Ed Bowman, Cliff Mitchell,
Art Browne, Marjorie Turney, and Maureen Parker. Public involve-
ment was generated through public information meetings and adver-
tising in local newspapers.
A public information meeting, advertised in the Carteret County
News and Times, was conducted by the Pine Knoll Shores Board of
Commissioners at the outset of the project on September 25, 1991,
at 2:00 p.m., at the Pine Knoll Shores Municipal Building. Subse-
quently, meetings of the Land Use Plan Advisory Committee, open to
the public, were conducted on October 9, 1991; December 11, 1991;
January 28, 1992; February 18, 1992; and March 24, 1992 to discuss
development of the land use plan. Another public information
meeting, advertised in the Carteret County News and Times, was held
on May 12, 1992, to review and comment on the draft plan before its
submittal to the Coastal Resources Commission.
The preliminary plan was submitted to the Coastal Resources Commis-
sion for comment on June 9, 1992. Following receipt of CRC
comments, the plan was amended, and a formal public hearing on the
final document was conducted on December 8, 1992. The public
hearing was advertised in the Carteret County News and Times on
November 2, 1992. The plan was approved by the Pine Knoll Shores
Board of Commissioners on December 8, 1992, and submitted to the
Coastal Resources Commission for certification. The plan was
certified on January 29, 1993.
Continuing Citizen input will be solicited, primarily through the
Planning Board, with advertised and adequately publicized public '
meetings held to discuss special land use issues and to keep
citizens informed.
v-12

1
IPOST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN AND POLICIES
A. INTRODUCTION
Recognizing the potential impact that a major hurricane could have
' on the town, Pine Knoll Shores adopted a series of policies
designed to reduce the potential for hurricane related damage.
Those policies were established as part of the Post Disaster
Recovery Plan which was adopted in 1985, and are summarized as
follows:
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its subdivision and
' zoning ordinances which dictate responsible land use and
development standards for high hazard zones within the town.
' (b) Pine Knoll Shores will adhere to the standards set forth in
CAMA and the FEMA regulations for land use and development
standards in the ocean hazard AEC, estuarine shoreline AEC and
the flood zones.
' (c) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to make accessible to its
citizens through public notices, workshops, and its hurricane
preparedness plans the policies and procedures associated with
mitigating the impact of hurricanes through public awareness.
' (d) The town will consider the redesign and construction of storm
damaged facilities, public utilities and roadways and their
replacement in terms of minimizing the likelihood of future
storm related damage.
(e) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its subdivision and
zoning ordinances,,the state building code, and support the
' state and federal programs and regulations which are designed
to mitigate the potential deleterious effects of hurricanes
and other major storms.
While post -disaster planning is important, the town recognizes that
proper preventive action is the best way to reduce flood and storm
related damage. On December 15, 1991, the town adopted a community
' rating system which regulates construction standards and reduces
insurance premiums. The town has a detailed Flood Damage
Prevention Ordinance which was adopted in 1987. That ordinance has
the following purposes and objectives:
' Purposes:
t (a) Restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health,
safety and property due to water or erosion hazards, or which
result in damaging increases in erosion or in flood heights or
' velocities;
(b) Require that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities
which serve such uses, be protected against flood damage at
the time of initial construction;
v-13

(c) Control the alteration of natural flood plains, stream '
channels, and natural protective barriers which are involved
in the accommodation of flood waters;
(d) Control filling, grading, dredging, and other development '
which may increase erosion or flood damage; and
(e) Prevent or regulate the construction of flood barriers which
will unnaturally divert flood waters or which may increase
flood hazards to other lands.
Objectives
(a) To protect human life and health;
(b) To minimize expenditure of public money for costly flood
control projects;
(c) To minimize the need for rescue and relief efforts associated
with flooding and generally undertaken at the expense of the
general public;
(d) To minimize prolonged business interruptions;
(e) To minimize damage to public facilities and utilities such as
water and gas mains, electric, telephone and sewer lines,
streets and bridges located in flood plains;
(f) To help maintain a stable tax base by providing for the sound
use and development of flood prone areas in such a manner as
to minimize flood blight areas; and
(g) To ensure that potential home buyers are notified that
property is in a flood area.
B. STORM MITIGATION, EVACUATION, AND POST -DISASTER RECOVERY PLANS
Like all coastal communities, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is
acutely aware of the hazards associated with coastal storms. The
destructive forces of serious storms are particularly acute for
communities which are located on barrier islands. Since the incor-
poration of the town in 1973, there has been no major hurricane
in the area comparable to the Class 5 Hazel and Donna hurricanes
which unleashed their destructive forces on the North Carolina
coast in the fifties and early sixties. Very few of the current
town residents have experienced storms of this magnitude and may be
unaware of the extent of destruction associated with such storms.
This section of the land use plan has been prepared to assist the
town in preparing management policies for major storms so that they
may be better prepared for the major hurricane which may eventually
occur in this area. In 1985, the town adopted a Post -Disaster
Recovery and Evacuation Plan which established the policies and
V-14

L
' procedures in an effort to reduce the risks associated with future
hurricanes. This post -disaster recovery plan is an update of the
1985 plan. These policies, in combination with the storm hazard
mitigation discussion, are outlined in the following sections.
1. Storm Hazard Mitigation
Hurricanes bring with them forces which cause damage and poten-
tial loss of life through high winds, flooding, wave action,
and erosion. Storm hazard mitigation policies and procedures,
properly conceived and implemented, can be critical in the
reduction of the dangers and potential impact on the town and
its citizens. Mitigation is not only important to minimizing
' loss of property and life, but also for avoiding potential
damages in the long run which might result from improper land
planning and land management practices.
a. Hazard Mapping
The vulnerability of Pine Knoll Shores to the effects of
' high winds, flooding and storm surge, wave action and
erosion can be summarized best by identifying the land
areas within the town which are naturally most susceptible
' to these forces. Two documents, the Federal Insurance
Administration's Flood Hazard Boundary Map and the Pine
Knoll Shores Land Use Plan, identify these areas which
' include flood hazard zones and Areas of Environmental
Concern. These potential hazard areas are delineated on
the hazard map and can be more specifically defined by
reviewing the FEMA maps and the Pine Knoll Shores storm
surge map (see Maps 2 and 5). Table 25 summarizes the
hazards which can be expected to be associated with the
four general zones found within the town.
' Table 25:
Hurricane Forces Associated with Town Environments
' High Wave
Environment Winds Flooding Action Erosion
Ocean Hazard, AEC x x x x
Estuarine Shoreline AEC x x x x
V-Zone Flood x x x x
A -Zone Flood x x
Outside Identified
Hazard Areas x
' The areas or environments listed above with their associ-
ated hazards effect will require land use policies which
control the type and distribution of land uses designed to
' minimize the potential damage from future hurricanes. At
this time, Pine Knoll Shores has implemented provisions in
its local zoning and subdivision ordinances, and the flood
damage prevention ordinance; which are consistent with a
I
V-15

Im
c.
policy of minimizing hurricane
use and assigning restrictive
these high -risks environments.
Ocean Hazard AEC
damage by controlling land I
development standards to
The ocean hazard areas consist of ocean erodible areas,
high hazard flood areas, inlet hazard areas, and unvege-
tated beach areas. Ocean hazard landforms include ocean
dunes, beaches, and shorelines. Ocean dunes include both
primary dunes and frontal dunes. Primary dunes are the
first mounds of sand located landward of the ocean beaches
having an elevation equal to the mean flood level (in a
storm having a one percent chance of being equaled or
exceeded in any given space) for the areas plus six feet.
The primary dune extends landward to the lowest elevation
in the depression behind that same mound of sand. In areas
where there is a primary dune, that dune shall be deemed to
be the frontal dune. Where there is no primary dune, the
frontal dune is deemed to be the first mound of sand
located landward of the ocean beach having sufficient vege-
tation, height, continuity and configuration to offer
protective value. The dunes are essential to the protec-
tion of oceanfront areas. The town recognizes the inherent
danger in the oceanfront area and continues to require
through its zoning ordinance a minimum 100 foot setback
from the oceanside toe of the frontal dune or within 100
feet of the mean high water mark of the Atlantic Ocean,
whichever extends landward farther for all structures
except raised pedestrian walkways and platform overlooks.
Estuarine Shoreline AEC
This hazard area extends only 75 feet landward of the mean
high water line as defined by the Division of Coastal
Management. However, the entire estuarine shoreline
environment is subject to an extended hazard zone depending
on low-lying topography which is subject to varying degrees
of flooding and wave action. The flood prone areas are
delineated on the hazard maps. The town's zoning and sub-
division ordinances and flood damage prevention ordinance
are consistent with development standards required for this
area by DCM and the Federal Emergency Management Agency,
and in fact require a 100 foot single-family residence
building setback from the shoreline.
d. Non -AEC Areas
All areas within the town are subject to some destructive
aspect of hurricane damage through high winds, flooding,
wave action or erosion. If even a limited portion or
percentage of the town were impacted from the effects of a
major hurricane, the potential for damages in dollars can
be significant. Implementation of mitigation of hurricane
V-16

' damage through proper land development policies and confor-
mance with state building codes can be expected to result
in a significant reduction in the extent and cost of loss
' of property and lives in the town when a major hurricane
strikes.
' 2. Hurricane Evacuation Planning
Pine Knoll Shores has an active civil preparedness program in
operation, which includes specific procedures to be followed
during pre -hurricane conditions. The following section
outlines these procedures as stated in the plan.
' Condition 3: Hurricane Watch
a. The conditions will be announced over radio and television
' channels by the National Weather Service.
b. All individuals should prepare for evacuation.
c. Citizens should notify Town Hall of invalids or other
persons requiring evacuation assistance. These persons
' will be evacuated immediately to prepared shelters by
ambulance or other vehicles.
Condition 2: Hurricane Warning
a. The evacuation order will be issued over radio and
television channels. Police will cruise town streets and
' issue evacuation order by loud speaker. The Pine Knoll
Shores Civil Preparedness Organization will notify
individual residences.
b. Citizens should turn off electricity for selected lines at
main junction box, and water at valve. Freezers should not
be disconnected.
c. All citizens and others should prepare to evacuate.
d. Persons who evacuate RVs and trailers should do so
immediately. They will not be permitted to cross the
bridges when winds are high, nor will they be permitted to
' re-enter Bogue Banks during the crisis.
Condition 1: $vacuation
' a. Evacuation will be announced simultaneously by all Bogue
Banks communities 18 to 36 hours before anticipated
landfall. Evacuation up to 75 miles or more inland is
' recommended. All residents evacuate to the east on
N.C. 58. Use the Atlantic Beach Bridge. The potable water
supply will be turned off in the event of evacuation.
' b. Evacuation Shelters: A list of current designated
evacuation shelters shall be posted at all times in the
' Pine Knoll Shores Municipal Building.
V-17
t

3. Post -Disaster Recovery Plan
A post -disaster plan provides a program that will permit a
local government to deal with the aftermaths of a storm in an
organized and efficient manner. The plan provides the
mechanisms, procedures, and policies that will enable a local
community to learn from its storm experiences and to rebuild
the community in a.wise and practical manner.
A post -disaster reconstruction plan encompasses three distinct
reconstruction periods:
1., The emergency period is the reconstruction phase
immediately after a storm. The emphasis is on restoring
public health and safety, assessing the nature and extent
of storm damage, and qualifying for and obtaining whatever
federal and state assistance might be available.
2. The restoration period covers the weeks and months
following a storm disaster. The emphasis during this
period is on restoring community facilities, utilities,
essential businesses, etc., so that the community can once
again function in a normal manner.
3. The replacement reconstruction period is the period during
which the community is rebuilt. The period could last from
months to years depending on the nature and extent of the
damaged incurred.
It is important that local officials clearly understand the
joint federal -state -local procedures for providing assistance
to rebuild after a storm so that local damage assessment and
reconstruction efforts are carried out in an efficient manner
that qualifies the community for the different types of assis-
tance that are available. The requirements are generally
delineated in the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288)
which authorizes a wide range of financial and direct assis-
tance to both local communities and individuals. The sequence
of procedures to be followed after a major storm event is as
follows:
1. Local damage assessment teams survey storm damage within
the community and report this damage to the County
Emergency Services Coordinator.
2. Damage information is compiled and summarized by Carteret
County, and the nature and extent of damage is reported to
the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management.
3. DEM compiles local data and makes recommendations to the
Governor concerning state action.
V-18

' 4. The Governor may request a Presidential declaration of
"emergency" or "major disaster." A Presidential declara-
tion makes a variety of federal resources available to
' local communities and individuals.
5. Federal Relief assistance provided to a community after an
' "emergency" has been declared typically ends one month
after the initial Presidential declaration. Where a "major
disaster" has been declared, federal assistance for "emer-
gency" work typically ends six months after the declaration
and federal assistance for "permanent" work ends after 18
months.
' C. ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TEAM
A local damage assessment team should include individuals who are
' qualified to give reliable estimates of the original value of
structures, an estimated value of sustained damages, and a descrip-
tion of the repairs and costs that will be needed to rebuild each
structure. The total team may consist of the following:
' Administrative
Commissioner of Streets
Commissioner of Rescue
Commissioner of Police
Commissioner of Fire Department
' Building Inspector
Police Chief
Police Officers
' Fire Chief
Mayor
Disaster Information Coordinator*
Emergency Housing Coordinator*
*To be appointed by the Mayor and Board of Commissioners.
t The Building Inspector should head the Damage Assessment Team.
Other members of the team may include volunteers such as building
contractors and local realtors. Town personnel and volunteers must
be recruited, organized and trained prior to a storm occurrence.
There should also be back-ups or alternates to ensure the avail-
ability of adequate resources.
' The Mayor and Board of Commissioners should immediately undertake a
recruitment effort to secure the necessary volunteers and to estab-
lish a training program to familiarize the members of the damage
' assessment team with required damage classification procedures and
reporting requirements. In doing so, it must be recognized that it
might be very difficult to fill certain positions, such as the
' building contractor position, because the services of individuals
with such skills will likely be in a great demand after a storm
disaster.
V-19

D. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS
Damage assessment is defined as rapid means of determining a
realistic estimate of the amount of damage caused by a natural or
man-made disaster. For a storm disaster, it is expressed in terms
of 1) number of structures damaged; 2) magnitude of damage by
structure type; 3) estimated total dollar loss; and 4) estimated
total dollar loss covered by insurance.
After a major storm event, members of the Damage Assessment Team
should report to the Emergency Operations Center for a briefing
prior to deployment. There are about 1,540 dwelling units in the
town. The extent of damage will depend on the magnitude of the
storm and where landfall occurs along the Atlantic coast. Because
of the potentially large job at hand, the limited personnel
resources available to conduct the assessments, and the limited
time within which the initial assessment must be made, the first
phase of the assessment should consist of only an external visual
survey of damaged structures. A more detailed second phase assess-
ment can be made after the initial damage reports are filed.
The initial damage assessment should make an estimate of the extent
of damage incurred by each structure and identify the cause (wind,
flooding, wave action, combination, etc.) of the damage to each
structure.
Damaged structures should be classified in accordance with the
suggested state guidelines as follows:
1. Destroyed (repairs would cost more than 50 percent of
value) .
2. Major (repairs would cost more than 30 percent of the
value) .
3. Minor (repairs would cost less than 30 percent of the value,
but the structure is currently uninhabitable).
4. Habitable (some minor damage, with repairs less than 15
percent of the value).
It will be necessary to thoroughly document each assessment. In
many cases, mail boxes and other information typically used to
identify specific structures will not be found. Consequently, the
Damage Assessment Team must be provided with tax maps, other maps,
and photographic equipment in order to record..and document its
field observations. Enough information to complete the Damage
Assessment Worksheet must be obtained on each damaged structure.
The second phase of the Damage Assessment Operation will be to
estimate the value of the damages sustained. This operation should
be carried out in the Emergency Operations Center under
V-20

'
the direction and supervision of the Building Inspector. Specific
administrative employees in Town Hall should be assigned to assist
in carrying out this task.
'
In order to estimate total damage values, it will be necessary to
have the following information available for use at the Emergency
'
Operations Center:
1. A set of property tax maps identical to those utilized by
the damage assessment field team.
'
2. Copies of all town property tax records. This information
should indicate the estimated value of all commercial and
residential structures within the town. Because time will
'
be of the essence, it is recommended that the town immedi-
ately commence a project listing the property values of
'
existing structures in Carteret County on the appropriate
lots of the property tax maps that will be kept at the
Emergency Operations Center. While somewhat of a tedious
job, it should be manageable if it is initiated now and
completed over a 2 to 3 month period. The information will
t
prove invaluable if a storm disaster does occur. This set
of tax maps should be updated annually prior to the
'
hurricane season.
The town should update property tax information annually before the
hurricane season. This information should then be kept available
'
in the Emergency Operations Center for estimating the value of
sustained damages covered by hazard insurance.
In order to produce the damage value information required, the
'
following methodology is recommended:
1. The number of businesses and residential structures that
'
have been damaged within the town should be summarized by
damage classification category.
' 2. The value of each damaged structure should be obtained from
the marked set of town tax maps and multiplied by the
following percentages for appropriate damage classification
' category:
° Destroyed - 100%
° Major Damage
' ° Minor Damage (uninhabitable) _ 25%
° Habitable 10%
' 3. The total value of damages for the town should then be
summarized and reported, as required, to the County
Emergency Operations Center.
' 4. The estimated value loss covered by hazard insurance should
then be determined by: 1) estimating full coverage for all
damaged structures for situations where the average value
V-21

of such coverage exceeds the amount of damage to the struc-
ture; and 2) multiplying the number of structures where
damage exceeds the average value of insurance coverage by
the average value of such coverage.
The Damage Assessment Plan is intended to be the mechanism for
estimating overall property damage in the event of a civil
disaster. The procedure recommended above represents an approach
for making a relatively quick, realistic "order of magnitude"
damage estimate after a disaster.
E. ORGANIZATION OF RECOVERY OPERATION
Damage assessment operations are oriented to take place during the
emergency period. After the emergency operations to restore public
health and safety and the initial damage assessments are completed,
the state guidelines suggest that a Recovery Task Force to guide
restoration and reconstruction activities be created. In Pine
Knoll Shores, the Mayor and Board of Commissioners will assume the
responsibilities of such Task Force. The Mayor and Board of
Commissioners will direct day-to-day operations. The following
must be accomplished:
1. Establishing re-entry procedures.
2. Establishing an overall restoration schedule.
3. Setting restoration priorities.
4. Determining requirements for outside assistance and
requesting such assistance when beyond local capabilities.
5. Keeping the appropriate county and state officials informed
using Situation and Damage Report.
6. Keeping the public informed.
7. Assembling and maintaining records of actions taken and
expenditures and obligations incurred.
8. Proclaiming a local "state of emergency" if warranted.
9. Commencing cleanup, debris removal and utility restoration
activities which would include coordination of restoration
activities undertaken by private utility companies.
10. Undertaking repair and restoration of essential public
facilities and services in accordance with priorities
developed through the situation evaluations.
11. Assisting private businesses and individual property owners
in obtaining information on the various types of assistance
that might be available to them from federal and state
agencies.
V-22

k
In Before the Storm, a sequence and schedule for undertaking local
reconstruction and restoration activities is presented. The sched-
ule was deliberately left vague because specific reconstruction
needs will not be known until after a storm hits and the magnitude
of the damage can be assessed. The following sequence of activi-
ties and schedule is submitted as a guide which should be consid-
ered by the Mayor, Board of Commissioners, and Damage Assessment
Team, and revised as necessary after the damage assessment activi-
ties are completed.
Activity Time Frame
1) Complete initial damage Immediately after storm
assessment. passes.
2) Complete second phase damage Completed by second week
assessment after the storm.
3) Prepare summary of Completed one week after
reconstruction priorities second phase damage
assessment is completed.
4) Decision with regard to One week after second
imposition of temporary phase assessment is
development moratorium completed.
5) Set reconstruction Completed one week after
priorities and prepare summary of reconstruction
master reconstruction needs is completed.
schedule
6) Begin repairs to critical As soon as possible after
utilities and facilities disaster.
7) Permitting of reconstruction One week after second
activities for all structures phase damage assessment
receiving minor damage not is completed.
included in development
moratorium areas
8) Permitting of reconstruction Two weeks after second
activities for all structures phase damage assessment
receiving major damage not is completed.
included in development
moratorium areas
9) Initiate assessment of existing Two weeks after second
mitigation policies phase damage assessment
is completed.
V-23

10) Complete re-evaluation of The length of the period '
hazard areas and mitigation for conducting reevalua-
policies in areas subjected to ations and receiving
development moratorium input from the state '
should not exceed two
months
11) Review mitigation policies and Two months after tempo- '
development standards for areas rary development morator-
subjected to development ium is imposed. (Subject
moratorium and lift development to change based on cir- '
moratorium cumstances encountered)
12) Permit new development Upon suspension of any '
temporary development
moratorium
The following provides an assignment of responsibilities:
1. Personal Injuries and Public Health. The Commissioner of
Rescue will insure that the Rescue Squad is manned and
organized to coordinate effectively the activities of
supplemental ambulance squads and medical evacuation heli-
copters in transporting casualties and sick persons to
hospitals within or outside of Carteret County.
2. Post -Evacuation Re-entry and Securitv of Public and Private
Properties. The Commissioner of Police will coordinate the
actions of Pine Knoll Shores law enforcement forces with
citizen volunteers and with externally furnished resources
to provide crime control. Unauthorized persons will be
prevented from entering the town by manned blockades of its
land and water approaches.
3. Fire and Explosion Control. The Commissioner of Fire
Department will coordinate the activities of the local fire
fighting forces with externally provided resources to
insure the control of fires and prevention of potential
explosions. Hazardous conditions caused by a hurricane or
other disaster will be closely monitored and actions
coordinated with Utilities Liaison/Coordinator to be
appointed by the Mayor and Board of Commissioners.
4. Federal and State Disaster Relief. The Director of Civil
Preparedness, with the Building Inspector, will conduct and
submit the preliminary damage assessment report and other
reports required by the Carteret County Emergency Manage-
ment Office, the North Carolina Office of Coastal Manage-
ment, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to enable
the Town of Pine Knoll Shores and its property owners to
obtain financial relief.
V-24

' 5. Public Utilities. The Utilities Liaison/Coordinator,
appointed by the Mayor and Board of Commissioners prior to
the onset of the hurricane, will establish liaison with the
' public utilities companies (electric, telephone, and water)
to provide two-way information between the utility
companies and the Pine Knoll Shores Emergency Operations
' Center to ensure the expeditious restoration of service in
accordance with mutually agreed -upon priorities.
6. Highway and Street Accessibility. The Commissioner of
' Streets and Public Buildings will conduct damage surveys of
public buildings and streets, establish priorities, arrange
for contract labor, and coordinate the removal of debris
and unsafe conditions from the town's streets and
highways.
' 7. Emergency and Transient Housing. The Director of Civil
Preparedness will report on the availability of housing
suitable for emergency use. The Emergency Housing
Coordinator (EHC), to be designated by the Mayor and Board
' of Commissioners, will establish priorities and assign
quarters for Pine Knoll Shores' residents displaced by the
disaster. The Mayor and Board of Commissioners will also
' find temporary shelter for the National Guard, the Red
Cross and other disaster relief services, other authorized
state and federal personnel, and authorized public infor-
mation media personnel who may be on duty in town for
extended periods.
8. Reconstruction Control. The Building Inspector will issue
' building permits in accordance with federal, state and
local governmental procedures and in accordance with
priorities established by the Board of Commissioners for
' the reconstruction of municipal facilities, public housing,
condominiums, commercial establishments and residences.
9. Disaster Information Center. The Mayor and Board of
' Commissioners will designate a Disaster Information
Coordinator (DIC), who will establish the information
center which will be the focal point for the gathering and
' dissemination of information. All town officials will
submit periodic situation and progress reports to the
center regarding developments in their areas of responsi-
bility and they will be provided with'information from
others as it affects their operations. The Mayor and Board
of Commissioners will establish policies for the release of
information to the residents of the town and to the public
information media.
10. Communications. This annex will be prepared when more
' information is available concerning communications
personnel and equipment that may be provided by the Civil
Air Patrol and nearby military establishments. It is
anticipated that a within -town citizens band network
V-25

connecting the highway check points, waterfront observation
points, and the police may be organized using portable,
battery -operated walkie talkies.
11. Volunteer Manning Requirements. The Town Clerk will
organize the assignment of volunteers to perform the tasks
identified in this plan.
12. Volunteer Civic Duty. Upon re-entry to Pine Knoll Shores,
all citizens are urged to go to the Town Hall to report on
the safety of their family and to volunteer to help the
town recover from the disaster. There will be a need for
more than 100 volunteers with all types of skills from
clerical to labor. The safety report is needed for reply
to queries from relatives and others outside the area.
F. RECOMMENDED RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES
All the following policies have been designed to be 1) considered
and adopted by the Mayor and Commissioners of Pine Knoll Shores
prior to a storm, and 2) implemented, as appropriate, after a storm
occurs:
1. Bridge Re-entry Permits (Available at Town Hall)
a. Re-entry permits will be required to pass through road-
blocks at either bridge to Bogue Banks. These permits must
be applied for at the Town Hall prior to evacuation. Town
officials, police, fire, rescue, and civil preparedness
organization personnel will be issued special permits for
early re-entry to inspect the town for safe public
re-entry. Pine Knoll Shores residents and others who are
authorized to return after the island has officially been
declared safe for re-entry may apply for permits at Town
Hall. Others must remain on the mainland until conditions
are stabilized and normal traffic can be resumed. Pine
Knoll Shores permits are on blue cards (each town has a
different color). They are numbered serially and dated for
control. During re-entry, permits are to be placed on the
dash in full view at all times. At check points on N.C. 58
at each end of Pine Knoll Shores, the permit will be marked
to restrict persons to the areas they are authorized to
enter. The Pine Knoll Shores police will check cards to
intercept intruders.
b. Pine Knoll Shores residents will be issued re-entry permits
on the basis of one per family. Two permits may be issued
in exceptional cases. Applicants must show proof of resi-
dency. These permits must be validated at the town hall
each year. No validation will be done or passes issued
after condition one (evacuation) has been declared. Prior
to the evacuation, arrangement for special passes for
business people to pass through Pine Knoll Shores once
condition one (evacuation) has been declared shall be
obtained through the Pine Knoll Shores Police Department.
V-2 6

2.
1
U
c. Short-term renters (vacationers) will not be issued
permits. Personal property tax records will be checked for
proof of residency upon application.
d. Re-entry permits will only be issued upon personal
application at Town Hall during normal duty hours.
e. Non-resident owners of improved properties (not vacant
lots) may be issued permits on the basis of one per owner.
They may apply in writing showing the address of the prop-
erty for a tax record check, and must enclose a self--
addressed envelope, 6" x 9" or larger, bearing sufficient
postage, or they may apply at the Town Hall in person.
f. Owners and managers of motels and other businesses may
apply for re-entry permits for themselves and employees who
are required before normal traffic is resumed. The
manager, or his representative, must submit a written
application listing the number of re-entry permits required
and the position of each person who will receive one.
These permits must be retained under the control of the
manager for issue before the storm strikes.
Permitting
a. Building permits to restore structures located outside of
designated AEC areas that were previously built in confor-
mance with local codes, standards, and the provisions of
the North Carolina Building Code shall be issued automatic-
ally.
b. All structures suffering major damages as defined in the
Town's Damage Assessment Plan shall be repaired or rebuilt
to conform with the provisions of the CAMA regulations
(including setbacks), North Carolina Building Code, the
Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Ordinance, and the Pine Knoll
Shores Floodplain Management Regulations.
c. All conforming structures suffering minor damage as defined
in the Pine Knoll Shores Damage Assessment Plan shall be
permitted to be rebuilt to their original state before the
storm condition.
d. For all structures in designated AECs; a determination
shall be made for each AEC as to whether the provisions of
the CAMA regulations (including setbacks), N. C. Building
Code, the state regulations for Areas of Environmental
Concern, the Pine Knoll Shores Floodplain Management
Regulations appeared adequate in minimizing storm damages.
For areas where the construction and use requirements
appear adequate, permits shall be issued in accordance with
permitting policies a, b and c. For AECs where the
construction and use requirements do not appear to have
been adequate in mitigating damages, a Temporary Develop-
ment Moratorium for all structures located within that
specific AEC shall be imposed.
V-27

3.
4.
e. Permits shall not be issued in areas subject to a temporary
development moratorium until such a moratorium is lifted by
the Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners.
Utility and Facility Reconstruction
a. The town will encourage the Carolina Water Service to
repair all damaged water systems components so as to be
elevated above the 100-year floodplain or shall be
floodproofed, with the methods employed and the con-
struction being certified by a registered professional
engineer.
b. Overhead power lines and utility poles along Highway 58
present the greatest obstacle to the safe evacuation of
residents in the event of a major storm disaster. Relo-
cating these lines underground or moving them away from
rights -of -way would be very costly at this time. However,
if major damage occurs as a result of a storm, the cost
effectiveness would improve and public safety consider-
ations might override economic considerations. Pine Knoll
Shores encourages the relocation of overhead power lines
underground or away from evacuation routes if substantial
damage to the existing system is sustained during a major
storm.
c. The potable water supply will be turned off in the event of
evacuation. I
Temporary Development Moratorium
Under certain circumstances, interim development moratoriums
can be used in order to give a local government time to assess
damages, to make sound decisions and to learn from its storm
experiences. Such a moratorium must be temporary and it must
be reasonably related to the public health, safety and
welfare.
Pine Knoll Shores will suffer heavy and serious damages should
a major storm make its landfall in its vicinity. Consequently,
the town should be prepared to issue temporary development
moratoriums as appropriate.
It is not possible to determine prior to a storm whether a
temporary development moratorium will be needed. Such a
measure should only be used if damage in & particular area is
very serious and if redevelopment of the area in the same
manner as previously existed would submit the residents of the
area to similar public health and safety problems. In Pine
Knoll Shores, such a situation is most likely to occur in one
or more of the AECs.
V-28

' The Pine Knoll Shores policy regarding the proclamation of
temporary development moratoriums shall be:
a. To determine for each AEC whether the provisions of N. C.
Building Code, the state guidelines for AECs, and the Pine
Knoll Shores Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance appeared
adequate in minimizing storm damages. For AECs where the
construction and use requirements do not appear adequate, a
temporary development moratorium for all structures located
within that specific AEC shall be imposed.
'
b. After imposing a temporary development moratorium for an
AEC, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores shall request that the
'
Coastal Resources Commission conduct a special analysis for
the town and all other similar communities in order to
determine how local regulations for those hazard areas,
which are based on state and/or federal guidelines or
'
requirements, should be improved or modified. A response
from the state within a reasonable time period as deter-
mined through negotiations should be requested.
'
c. The temporary building moratorium in all AECs shall be
lifted after local ordinances and regulations have been
revised based on state recommendations or decisions of the
Mayor and Board of Commissioners. Reconstruction shall be
permitted in accordance with existing regulations and
requirements.
V-29

M�G�NN�S QO�N�
MAP 5
FLOOD HAZARD MAP
TOWN OF
PINE KNOLL SHORES
0 150 300 600 900 FT.
SCALE
THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.
\•F
�.WINire,
SALTER PATH ROAD
OCEAN U-ME
Ws-S7.
LEGEND
ZONE A: AREAS OF 100-YEAR FLOOD; BASE FLOOD
ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS NOT
DETERMINED.
ZONE B: AREAS BETWEEN LIMITS OF THE 10-YEAR FLOOD
AND 500-YEAR FLOOD; OR CERTAIN AREAS
SUBJECT TO 100-YEAR FLOODING WITH AVERAGE
DEPTHS LESS THAN ONE (1) FOOT.
ZONE C: AREAS OF MINIMAL FLOODING..
ZONE V: AREAS OF 100-YEAR COASTAL FLOOD WITH
VELOCITY (WAVE ACTION); BASE FLOOD
ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS
DETERMINED.
NOTE: BECAUSE OF SIZE AND SCALE, THIS MAP CANNOT BE
USED FOR PRECISE FLOOD ZONE LOCATIONS.
Q
GG
5
U
6
0
8
0
N
U
0
Z ZONE B
N. C. DEPT of ADMINISTRATION
tog ZONE A
ZONE
ZONE B
/ O ,� p
es =
�� O O G< O '� C O I �
��® � e :ZONE C
,...,.. ...• I. ZONE B
20NE B �-•
- ---- ---- --- ,— ---
i00• ��„fA iQw, 7nNI-
I A
Riv
�rl�'� -����
�I ,e „r •i C,Aylelh tq r2u,: a EG E L ,.." � 4 c
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_ © f�
IT M IL'1 MD
ZONE, V
p-.1d-mm
\Y ZONE A
,, -,� ICAT eA,Ill .YIO
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■or..y,'� I..
' ,TIN
ZONE B
6
O r.
L" '
TT m N. C. MARINE
•� O CENTER
25.04 ACRES
ZONE B
ZONE C
ZONE B
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lee'
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w
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ZONE A -t
ONE
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ZONE A 1
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_ ZONE A
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OZONE B
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ZONE B
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H'kc
ZONE B
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B
ZONE `;� ,,,•
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ESE
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ZONE A
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ZONE B
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M
. •,1••M• I
•1J .. . -
ZONE C
A• I T I I M 1
eT••u �0c'Z'1 B
700 CAN TERRACE
GENESIS
OCEANS
WHAL[R BAY
ZONE V
T I C O C E A N
V-30

Roos,�E`
TERRA
ZONE
-r EAST END
(6
•
:.
ZONE A
'lotm—mmuomm m'
W
mm
0
= � .. _ � �,,•� ° ,.mar" _ � :' � m �'
i
r sL`+ �� �`' ° ° " ���r',7i/�'''�' `'F°�W6 gm
�• o c
i
S n ( _ .yEy, c.a° LL lceO il' O C © ® I
® leelellr' ; ®' �' �p �' ® _ -.ia OO 1 a �� ® •O. D1*� • •�e�t "O \� .. -O' •p O .G O .O i p B / / ZON
� , © - - u: - ,® • ®' ' ` � • ® �c• ° • a►et" 0• .O i i � � �. .t e O � eO �• —t /1[11/" �I/• 7 O r ` C 0 - i0 e• O M ...•' .p� .,i O �O ®: iO i e O `ti{.s�/
. { r9 a - � . �i ®+, ® ;9 O O' •® O: i0 O i0• /i O� � O i` BILL N'`r=`i-4`�`u'•!Ji ... ,...... .i. ,r.___tiiii--rr,
` 0 e ' i ® O O O O Cm ® ',Y�li©-'•'•o' , Q' i' s B •e .°"� '„ a j S F, + Q, 1 O' Q i. G i O
ZONEA
lOe 101 l,• "Q. © a O
O �a +v• n ® •..., ...° .�' Q 1 ©•` O `W 3 ��_ P
=L ® -.t : o �, p 1 . � ' '' `O O � - -- - •• _ -p; _ w,:..... _ .. 6. ` O p t�' N, ; f �Ji � �r!" J
i e' -- - -- cr -- -- --`-- s O 1 n •• ' •.© ;Q. �• .O +• p' -r `O A _ O I 8 Q• .O' � ^,. O, j ' � � i—•r
A; e a �® a ;® e• e �© ® o m o'• o _ O p f; o Q b O .�.,® a+ o; .. O ` ,O �` Z p —
• _ LL NA O , i i 0 ' O 1 O; r O• Q �P /!J� LONEvS�"t1 ..
Cy •' ,,. a _ r VEN s � i a � Q O - •• �O' � -- - _ __ C� •.unn.r• `.'C�Lr1
•.Tae _, Q'. O _f •_. HA , • O// .. q / / (N.C.58) ,
ONE A. O O f ®s0 r a•e l l r r,O.�w' SALTER PATH /
Q,' O r 11•ell ►et ;� o _ - ROAD
© ®®•+ •O '�
ONE C+ -- o o'• , o ....
� _. ~. ® e © e _©__ °_ °_ -- - - _ -o;, ° ° ° °. � , --- -- - -'• o •o .,ell.°°° °.,rt -- ,.F E Z
0 as � II C O � � Q•O ,ONE C
� - --1- " - "\ - - - -- -- --- - --- 6 B•'•'' rl■nooa oewl '-- --- -:: -- -- --' -
_ r
E -. .
PINE KNOLL TOwNES - ----- - ! -- - -- - - Q E v- r_ T I C 0 C E A N
C EAN 1 1 . ¢ �� c Y' " '' ' �. .. Yam' A T L A N THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.
0:
I
NE C
LEGEND
ZONE A: AREAS OF 100-YEAR FLOOD; BASE FLOOD
ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS NOT
DETERMINED.
ZONE B: AREAS BETWEEN LIMITS OF THE 10-YEAR FLOOD
AND 500-YEAR FLOOD; OR CERTAIN AREAS
SUBJECT TO 100-YEAR FLOODING WITH AVERAGE
DEPTHS LESS THAN ONE (1) FOOT.
ZONE C: AREAS OF MINIMAL FLOODING.
ZONE V: AREAS OF 100-YEAR COASTAL FLOOD WITH
VELOCITY (WAVE ACTION); BASE FLOOD
ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS
DETERMINED.
NOTE: BECAUSE OF SIZE AND SCALE, THIS MAP CANNOT BE
USED FOR PRECISE FLOOD ZONE LOCATIONS.
-ZONE A
i I
I
„• •-, MAP 5
---r HOLIDAY INNr' _ FLEMING PROP.
' FLOOD HAZARD MAP
ZONE V
TOWN OF
PINE KNOLL SHORES
0 150 300 600 9�00 FT.
SCALE
V-31

1
SECTION VI: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES
AND LAND CLASSIFICATIONS

I
SECTION VI: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATIONS
As required by the 15A NCAC 7B planning guidelines, the Pine Knoll
Shores land use plan must describe the linkage between the policies
section and the Pine Knoll Shores land classification map. The
1
land uses which are appropriate in each land classification must be
defined. The Pine Knoll Shores zoning map is consistent with the
land classification map, Map 6, and the policies contained in this
plan.
The Pine Knoll Shores land classification system divides all land
into either developed or conservation areas. Each major category
is further subdivided as follows: (1) Developed -- Developed
Single -Family Residential, Developed Multi -Family Residential,
Developed Recreation, Developed Commercial, Developed Institu-
'
tional; and (2) Conservation -- Coastal Wetlands, Estuarine Shore-
line, Estuarine and Public Trust Waters, Ocean Hazard Areas, 404
Wetlands, and Maritime Forests.
The following provides a summary of uses allowed in each of the
developed categories.
VI-1

Table of Permitted Uses '
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Permitted Use
ABC Store
DSF
DR
DMF
DC
P
DI
Admin. Prop. Mgt.
Sales, Maint. Offices
PKS Prop.
P
P
P
'
P
Apartment Houses
P
'
Banks
P
Barber Beauty Shops
P
Beach Walkway, Platform
P
P
P
P
Boat - Ramp, Mooring
P
P
'
P
Bulkhead; see Waterways Ord.
Business - General
P
Business - Retail
P
P
Cams non-profit
'
P
Churches
P
P
Cleaners
P
Club Houses
P
P
P
Condiminiums
P
'
Coop. Apart.
P
Country Club
P
Docks
P
P
P
P '
DormitorV
P
Educational Facilities
P
P
P
Fences
P
P
P
P
P
Financial Institutions
P
'
Game Facilities
P
P
Garage/Carport Attached
P
P
P
Gasoline Station
P
Golf Course
P
'
Home Occupations
P
Hospitals
P
Hotels
P
Library
P
'
Motels
P
Natural Area
P
Office Professional Serv.
P
Parks
P
'
Postal Facility
P
Restaurants Table Serv. Only
P
P
P
Seminars Mt s. Ed. Mt s.
P
P
P
Sheds7Ecruipment Storage
P
P
P
Shops, Stores - Drinks, Sundries,
for Residents/Guests
P
P
P
Signs, See Sign Ordinance
Single -Family Residence
P
P
P
Storage, Warehousing,
Maintenance Fac.
P
P
Swimming Pools
P
P
P
P
Tennis Courts
P
P
P
Town Adm., Fire Rescue Police
P
Utility
P
Wildlife Rehab
P
DSF - Developed Single -Family Residential: Includes zoning districts R1, R2, R3 and R+.
DR - Developed Recreation: Includes zoning districts RE', REZ, and RE3. '
DMF - Developed Multi -Family Residential: Includes zoning districts MF1 and MFZ.
DC - Developed Commercial: Includes zoning districts OP and C.
DI - Developed Institutional: Includes zoning districts MS and IN.
P = Permitted Use
VI-2

' These definitions are intended to be consistent with the current
Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance. IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT AT ALL
TIMES THE PINE KNOLL SHORES ZONING ORDINANCE SHOULD BE REVIEWED TO
t DEFINE ALLOWABLE USES. In addition, the zoning ordinance require-
ments overlap with Areas of Environmental Concern. For example,
estuarine shoreline areas may be located within areas zoned for
single-family residential development. In such cases, the more
restrictive requirements of the 15A NCAC 7H use standards,_the
policies contained in this plan, and the Pine Knoll Shores zoning
ordinance shall apply.
' The Developed and Conservation categories are further defined as
follows:
' Developed Categories
Development will continue through the planning period
' (1991-2000) with "build -out" occurring beyond the planning
period in the 2000 to 2010 time frame. The entire town will
require full urban services to accommodate the following land
' uses: single and multi -family residential, commercial, parks
and open space, transportation, and community facilities.
Industrial development will not be permitted in Pine Knoll
' Shores. Urban services will include police protection, fire
protection, medical care, emergency medical services, water
service, transportation, and appropriate administrative
support.
' The developed category policies set the following growth
management objectives:
' -- Maintain predominantly low -density, single-family residen-
tial development at 4 dwelling units per acre or less. .
' -- Maintain multi -family residential development at an average
of 8 dwelling units per acre or less.
' -- Maintain motel/hotel development at a maximum density of
22 living units per acre.
-- Limit growth/expansion of commercial areas.
-- Improve control of stormwater runoff.
' -- Protect developed recreational categories.
-- Prohibit the development of land uses which conflict with
' single-family residential development.
VI-3

Conservation Categories
The conservation class is designed to provide for the effective
long-term management of significant or irreplaceable areas
which include Areas of Environmental Concern. These conser-
vation areas are described in the Fragile Areas section on page
I-48, and specifically defined as land classification in
Section IV. Development in all conservation areas will satisfy
the more restrictive requirements of the policies contained in
this plan, the 15A NCAC 7H use standards, or the Pine Knoll
Shores zoning ordinance. The conservation class policies and
standards included in this plan are more restrictive than the
15A NCAC 7H use standards in the following areas:
-- Prohibition of marinas.
-- Prohibition of privately owned and constructed signage.
-- Prohibition of floating structures.
-- Prohibition of dry stack storage facilities.
-- Prohibition of development in the Theodore Roosevelt Natural
Area maritime forest.
VI-4

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O O '•O 0 0 - J//
LEGEND..
DSF DEVELOPED SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL
DMF DEVELOPED MULTI -FAMILY RESIDENTIAL
DC DEVELOPED COMMERCIAL
DR DEVELOPED RECREATIONAL
DI DEVELOPED INSTITUTIONAL
C CONSERVATION
BECAUES OF MAP SCALE, THE CONSERVATION
AREAS CANNOT BE ACCURATELY MAPPED. :;PRECISE
LOCATIONS MUST BE DETERMINED IN THE FIELD.
n•r•u .ee.r n.un
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-z -.•_ •- • LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP
--------- ^- =T 'o -o -o--o• o._o. o .o io, o \ -- -- \ p o o. o o — - MAP 6
' .41 t.e' O''1 Q C� O. O.
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TOWN O
F
KNOLL TOWNES
OCEAN r
TERRAW II I I c3 (9 p O, O E J 0 �3� :'sue 1 �� \ �. -• _ .''�.
331
q -r L A N T I C O C E A N THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART PINE KNOLL SHORES
THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS o Zoo,�o 6�� �T.
PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF—.s..—
1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE SCALE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,
EAST END NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.
VI-6

M�O�NN�S QO�N�
LEGEND
DSF DEVELOPED SINGLE-FAMILY RESIDENTIAL G
DMF DEVELOPED MULTI -FAMILY RESIDENTIAL •"~•
DC DEVELOPED COMMERCIAL
g r+
DR DEVELOPED RECREATIONAL
DI DEVELOPED INSTITUTIONAL
C CONSERVATION
Dl
.BECAUES OF MAP SCALE, THE CONSERVATION p
AREAS CANNOT BE ACCURATELY MAPPED. PRECISE �� '''e• °•" :;$ `'mac
LOCATIONS MUST BE DETERMINED IN THE FIELD.
<
.t1 •�• _ N. C. MARINE RESOURCE CENTER �• I Io°rrrr<r r1o,r rr�fr
r< w g
1 DI
. •earl ea �'. •
1tt00 <y << e A V. 1, JO '
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0 0 •I DR ,. a�
DMF G N. G DEPT. 01 ADMINISTRATION TOWN OF
o ,•,
,lo ° o FIDOtXRS DI .[,rfolr o C ; : ; Po °L G ! a' PINE KNOLL SHORES
ESTPOR tn\ a' I / G
RiA#rr
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O G O ' LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP
°�S 3 % O fiDR �G; ' O O G le p p , N OD G Q•• MAP 6
o �S ----- ----- • ....... ..._...
ae' turr[• reel � , [OO'
<O . O < < O DI _ _ — �� —'_ t�•n•
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00' OCEAN TERRACE
! N s ., t <
[l•<r'[ t 11••ll/ N » [ O '00 200 300 600 t00 FT.
1NS7/Ti/T/ON ' s O W£57APYT 2 r
_ e00 01 300
SALTER PATH ROAD < �•+ 'O� •' n�A J•o. t+u.0 fFNES/i
0 - I _--- — v°' uo m .u• ao .00 m .•• o• . �i / // OOu[ .Y n[• • SEACNwALR aCUP .
— �a :<u@
cm
DI c—, �'Vvl c
-*-� — THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
ATLANTIC 0 C E A N PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
WEST END OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. VI-5

Commitment to State and Federal Programs: Pine Knoll Shores is
receptive to state and federal programs, particularly those
which provide improvements to the town. The town will continue
to support fully such programs, especially the following:
North Carolina Department of -Transportation road and bridge
improvement programs, the CAMA planning process and permitting
programs, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regulatory and
permitting efforts, the North Carolina Shoreline Access Grant
program, dredging and channel maintenance by the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, and federal and state projects which
provide efficient and safe boat access for commercial and sport
fishing.
Transportation:
(a) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports construction of a
third bridge between Bogue Banks and the mainland.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores is opposed to any widening of U.S. 58.
Development/Growth Objectives:
(b) Maintain single-family residential developments at 4 units
per acre or less, and multi -family residential development
at 8 dwelling units per acre.
F. RECOMMENDED RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES
1. Bridge Re-entry Permits (Available at Town Hall)
a. Re-entry permits will be required to pass through road-
blocks at either bridge to Bogue Banks. Town officials,
police, fire, rescue, and civil preparedness organization
personnel will be issued special permits for early re-entry
to inspect the town for safe public re-entry. Pine Knoll
Shores residents and others who are authorized to return
after the island has officially been declared safe for
re-entry may apply for permits at Town Hall. Others must
remain on the mainland until conditions are stabilized and
normal traffic can be resumed. Pine Knoll Shores permits
are on blue cards (each town has a different color). They
are numbered serially and dated for control. During
re-entry, permits are to be placed on the dash in full view
at all times. At check points on N.C. 58 at each end of
Pine Knoll Shores, the permit will be marked to restrict
persons to the areas they are authorized to enter. The
Pine Knoll Shores police will check cards to intercept
intruders.

Maritime Forests: All of Pine Knoll Shores' maritime forests
which are classified as conservation are located in the
Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area and the town -owned property
located south of Roosevelt Drive. Except for the North
Carolina Aquarium, no development will be allowed.
C. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES
Recreation Resources:
(a) All lands classified as conservation and developed recre-
ation areas are considered valuable passive recreation
areas. Except as otherwise provided for in these policy
statements, these areas should be protected in their
natural state, and development should not be allowed
except for public shoreline access including dune cross-
over structures and boardwalks in ocean hazard areas.
D. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS
Water Supply: Pine Knoll Shores will support preparation of a
long-range study to assess the cost, quantity and quality of
the town's water supply.
Sewer System:
(a) Pine Knoll Shores supports the development of a sewage
collection system. The town would support treatment of
waste in a centralized Carteret County sewage treatment
system. In the absence of a county treatment plant/
system, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores may pursue develop-
ment of its own waste treatment system and treatment
plant.
(b) Growth and development consistent with this land use plan
can be obtained with properly designed individual septic
tank systems. The provision of public sewage in Pine
Knoll Shores could result in higher development density
that would increase stormwater runoff and generally
contribute to development in excess of the island's carry-
ing capacity. Development of a public sewer system is not
appropriate for Pine Knoll Shores.
Energy Facility Siting and Development:
(b) Pine Knoll Shores supports Carteret County's policy of
reviewing proposals for development of electric generating
plants within Carteret County on a case -by -case basis,
judging the need for the facility by the county against
all identified possible adverse impacts. The town
reserves the right to comment on the impacts of any energy
facility proposed for location within Carteret County.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores opposes.any offshore drilling for either
exploration for, or production of, oil or gas.

Services. If any package plants are approved, Pine Knoll
Shores supports requirement of a specific contingency plan
specifying how ongoing private operation and maintenance of the
plant will be provided, and detailing provisions for assumption
of the plant into a public system should the private operation
fail.
Marinas, Docks, Piers and Floating Home Development:
(c) Marinas, docks and piers may be reconstructed to their
prior size so long as all other applicable policies of
this plan are satisfied and met when reconstruction
occurs.
Bulkhead Construction: Pine Knoll Shores opposes the con-
struction of bulkheads in all conservation areas including
ocean hazard and estuarine shorelines.
Bulkhead Construction: Except for ocean hazard areas, Pine
Knoll Shores does not oppose bulkhead construction within its
jurisdiction as long as construction fulfills the use standards
set forth in 15A NCAC 7H.
Bulkhead Construction: Preferred shoreline erosion control
measures shall be the planting of natural vegetation and relo-
cation of structures. Shoreline erosion control structures
will result in the immediate or eventual loss of coastal wet-
lands, and can cause adverse impacts on the value and enjoyment
of adjacent properties or public access to and use of the
estuarine beach. Such shoreline erosion control structures
include, but are not limited to, wooden bulkheads; sea walls;
rock or rubble revetments; wooden, metal, concrete or rock
jetties; ground and breakwaters; concrete filled sandbags and
tire structures. Before such structures can be placed in the
estuarine shoreline AEC or in the estuarine water AEC, it must
be determined through the permitting process that the proposed
structure is consistent with this section. An erosion control
structure is consistent with this section when: (1) a building
is in immediate danger of being damaged by erosion,
(2) relocation of the building would impose a severe hardship
on its owner, (3) adjacent property will not be damaged by the
erosion control structure, (4) it protects property from the
adverse effects of sea level rise, and (5) public trust rights
will not be significantly violated.
Sea Level Rise:
(b) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of bulkheads '
which would prohibit migrating shorelines, including
bulkhead construction behind coastal wetlands.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores will allow the construction of bulkheads ,
to protect structures and property from rising sea level.
(This must be consistent with other bulkhead related
policies.) '

�J
APPENDIX I
PINE KNOLL SHORES
' POLICY STATEMENTS CONSIDERED BUT NOT ADOPTED
A. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS
1. Physical Limitations
' Soils
(c) Cooperate with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the
' regulation/enforcement of the 404 wetlands permit process.
(e) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the installation of package
' treatment plants and septic tanks or discharge of waste in
any areas classified as coastal wetlands or fresh water
wetlands (404). Pine Knoll Shores supports the
permitting of package treatment plants which meet all
' applicable state and local requirements.
Flood Hazard Areas:
(c) The town will continue to support and implement the
community rating system which allows for reduced flood
insurance rates.
Solid Waste:
(a) Pine Knoll Shores supports efforts by Carteret County to
pursue a regional multi -county approach to solid waste
management.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores supports the siting of recycling centers
within developed commercial and developed institutional
land classifications.
B. MISCELLANEOUS RESOURCE PROTECTION
' Package Treatment Plant Use: Pine Knoll Shores opposes the
permitting and construction of any package treatment plants
within its jurisdiction.
Package Treatment Plant Use: Except for publicly -owned package
treatment plants which serve public facilities, no new or
expanded privately owned and operated sewage treatment plants
' shall be allowed in Pine Knoll Shores. State -approved publicly
owned and operated package treatment plants will be allowed to
serve essential public facilities.
Package Treatment Plant Use: Pine Knoll Shores will support
the construction of package treatment plants which are approved
and permitted by the State Division of Environmental Management
and by the Carteret County Health Department/Division of Health

H
+�
m = = m m

' 2. Permitting
b. All structures suffering major damages as defined in the
Town's Damage Assessment Plan shall be repaired or rebuilt
to conform with the provisions of the North Carolina Build-
ing Code, the Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Ordinance, and the
Pine Knoll Shores Floodplain Management Regulations.
d. For all structures in designated AECs, a determination
shall be made for each AEC as to whether the provisions of
the N. C. Building Code, the state regulations for Areas of
Environmental Concern, the Pine Knoll Shores Floodplain
Management Regulations appeared adequate in minimizing
storm damages. For areas where the construction and use
requirements appear adequate, permits shall be issued in
accordance with permitting policies a, b and C. For AECs
where the construction and use requirements do not appear
to have been adequate in mitigating damages, a Temporary
Development Moratorium for all structures located within
that specific AEC shall be imposed.