Land Use Plan-1981

4
1981 UPDATE OF
COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT ACT
LAND USE PLAN
for
TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES,
NORTH CAROLINA
PROPERTY OF
DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE

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1981 Update of Land Use Plan for
Pine Knoll Shores, N. C.
September 1981
Board of Commissioners
Wayne P. Cleveland, Mayor
William L. Dixsonq Mayor Pro Tern
Lawrence B. Jerome
Aubrey P. Johnson
W. Bradford Smith
John W. Thompson
Planning Board
Curtis H. Johnson, Chairman
Robert D. Armstrong
John B. Greata
Luther J. Hargroves
George 0. Hillard
Fred H. Korff
Winston G. Seale
Geroge H. Zeller
Paul Foster, A.I.C.P., Consultant

Surinary
of
1981 Update of Land Use Plan
for
Town of Pine Knoll Shores, N. C.
September 1981

SUIOIARY
I. Introduction.
In preparing for the 1981 up -date of the Land Use Plan for the Town of Pine
Knoll Shores, a mail questionnaire survey of property owners was conducted in
late 1980 to ascertain their reaction to developments in the Town over the
five years since the original Land Use Plan was adopted in March 1976. The
land use map of the Town was up -dated to reflect zoning changes and building
construction during the period and a new projected land use map prepared.
Population projections for the next five, ten and twenty years were made. The
Town's long-range goals were reviewed in the light of the past five years' de-
velopments and a set of policy statements to guide the future was prepared.
Finally, two public hearings were conducted by the Planning Board in January
and September 1981 to review progress during the up -date process with Town
residents and property owners. At the January 28, 1981, meeting developments
of the past five years were reviewed, the mail survey results were summarized,
land use maps were presented, population projections were given and long-range
goals and proposed policies were reviewed, At the September 29, 1981 meeting
the final draft of the 1981 up -date of the Land Use Plan was reviewed and
discussed.
II. Developments During Past Five Years
To provide perspective on the results of the 1980 mail questionnaire survey of
property owners, as well as policies proposed for the next ten years, major
developments in zoning and other matters during the past five years are
summarized below.
Zoning. The most significant changes made in zoning have been those pertaining
to the four "Commercial" zones provided for in the Zoning Ordinance as of 1975.
In the questionnaire survey of property owners, conducted in connection with
development of the Town's 1976 Land Use Plan, a substantial proportion (68 percent)
of the respondents expressed a desire (1) to retain the residential character
of the Town rather than to see it develop as a tourist -oriented resort community
with a large transient population, and (2) to limit retail commercial develop-
ment to those facilities needed to serve the local community.
Responding to these wishes, Town officials made three major changes in zoning.
The most far-reaching was to divide the former Commercial Zone 3 into four
separate use areas. Commercial Zone 3.included a large block of land, essentially
undeveloped, lying on both sides of Pine Knoll Blvd. and running from Salter
Path Road to Bogue Sound. Uses permitted in this zone were especially broad
including motels, hotels, condominiums, apartment houses, plus shopping centers,
retail sales and services, institutions such as churches and libraries, office
and professional buildings, and municipal services.
As changed, the four separate use areas now are:
1. Retail sales and services limited to a tract of approximately 15 acres
where the ordinance calls for development of a coordinated village ennter
which may include retail establishments, a post office, banks, an ABC store,

and table -service restaurants.
2. On the east side of Pine Knoll Blvd. a tract is zoned for institutional
uses, banks, and office and professional buildings.
3. Two tracts have been zoned for moderate density residential use ( not
over 10 living units per acre).
4. The remaining area is limited to municipal services. Here are presently
located the Town Hall complex, the overhead water storage tower, an
electric substation and a telephone relay station.
The second zoning change made was to reduce the area in the original Commercial
Zone k where shopping centers and retail sales and services were permitted.
Approximately 80 percent of the land in this zone was reclassified to moderate
density residential (not over 10 living units per acre).
As a result of these two changes, retail sales and services now have been restricted
to only two areas: (1) the village center tract and (2) a small area on Salter
Path Road lying between the Town's eastern boundary and the intersection with
Oakleaf Drive.
The third major zoning change was one which reclassified 3200 ft. of oceanfront
property (about 32 acres) lying between the Iron Steamer Pier and the Ramada Inn
from moderate density residential to single family dwellings. The effect of this
change is to reduce the planned density from a maximum of 10 living units per
acre to less than 2 per acre since a maximum of 42 single family residential
lots is planned for the tract.
Another significant zoning development during the period -was adoption in 1979
of a flood plain management ordinance which qualified the Town's residents to
participate in the "regular" phase of the Federal flood insurance program. This
ordinance establishes flood hazard zones and prescribes construction
standards for residential and commercial structures in these zones.
A number of other major developments in Pine Knoll Shores within the past five
years bear on the Land Use Plan:
Town Hall. A new municipal complex, designed to adequately meet the Town's needs
for at least ten years, was completed in 1979. It -houses the municipal adminis-
trative offices; police, fire and rescue services; and an auditorium.
Police, Fire and Rescue Services. As the Town's population has grown, the police
force has been increased from two to five officers and two patrol cars have been
added making possible 24 hour patrol service. In 1978 a fire department and
a rescue squad were established as departments of the municipal government, but
manned by volunteers. Two fire -fighting vehicles and an ambulance have been
acquired by the Town. Establishment of these departments made it possible
to terminate a contract with the Town of Atlantic Beach to provide fire and
rescue services to Pine Knoll Shores. One direct benefit of inauguration of
the Town's own fire department was a substantial lowering of fire insurance
rates for owners of all improved properties.

Refuse Collection. Prior to 1975, refuse collection in Fine Knoll Shores was a
matter of individual contracts between residents and private collection firms.
In 1975 the Board of Commissioners entered into a contract with a refuse col—
lection firm to service all residents of the Town, with the cost to be financed
from municipal taxes. The system proved successful and has been continued.
Sewage disposal. The 1976 Land Use Flan contemplated that the Town would partici—
pate in a regional "201" sewage disposal plan that would link communities on the
eastern half of Bogue Banks with adjacent communities on the mainland. That
plan failed to materialize. A substitute plan was proposed that would have
linked only Atlantic Beach and Pine Knoll Shores and would have sited the treat—
ment plan for the system in the center of Pine Knoll Shores.
At a public hearing, held in Paine Knoll Shores, to obtain reaction to the pro—
posed plan, opposition was overwhelming. Opponents of the proposal cited three
basic reasons for their position:
1. A central sewage system will not be needed in the Town. Even when
residences have been built on all lots zoned for single family dwellings,
the density per acre will still be less than half the upper limit per—
mitted under the State standards for septic system use. A privately
owned tertiary treatment sewage disposal plant is in place with adequate
capacity to serve the entire west Pine Knoll Shores area when fully
developed. Condominium developments in other parts of the Town are
installing their own tertiary treatment package plants, as required by
the State.
2. The proposed central system design was obsolete because, under EPA
guidelines, its capacity was limited to serving only the 1970 population
of the two Towns plus 10 percent.
3 The proposed design excluded the area between Atlantic Beach and Pine
Knoll Shores where high density mobile home parks pose a potentially
serious contamination problem.
Following the public hearing, the Board of Commissioners formally withdrew from
any further participation in a regional sewage disposal plan.
Water System. Although the community's central water system is privately —owned,
the company has cooperated with Town officials in expanding facilities during
the past five years to meet the needs of this rapidly growing community. A
135,000 gallon over —head storage tank was erected. An additional well has been
drilled. Mains have been laid to serve all of west Fine Knoll Shores as well
as most of the section in the eastern area of the Town developed before the
central water system was installed. With these added facilities the system has
adequate capacity to meet the needs of the Town for well beyond ten years.
Third Bridge to Mainland. Officials of Pine Knoll Shores took the initiative in
reviving interest in a third bridge from Bogue Banks to the mainland by bringing
together officials of the surrounding towns and the County to present a unified
expression of need for a bridge. As a rdsult, such a bridge has been placed
on the State's 7—year bridge plan list. An environmental impact study, com—
missioned by the State, addresses proposed sites for the bridge. One of these
sites, outside Pine Knoll Shores, is strongly preferred by the Town's residents.
See footnote on p. xi

Salter Path Road Improvement. Within the past five year period the State Depart-
ment of Transportation has completely rebuilt Salter Path Road (the only highway
access to and through Pine Knoll Shores) from Emerald Isle to Atlantic Beach.
This straightening, regrading, widening and resurfacing has substantially improved
the flow of traffic through the community.
Additional Recreation Areas. Several new recreation areas have been added in the
west Pine Knoll Shores area, all owned and controlled by homeowners' associations.
These include two ocean access parks, another with tennis courts and a children's
playground, and a boat basin opening to Bogue Sound with boat launching facili-
ties and adjacent mini -park.
community Appearance Commission. In 1976 the Town's zoning ordinance was amended
to establish a Community Appearance Commission whose function is to advise the
Town Building Inspector and Board of Commissioners on matters affecting the
visual quality and aesthetic characteristics of the Town. In particular it
seeks a harmonious relationship between planned structures, both residential
and commercial, and the environment.
III. 1980 Property Owners Survey
A mail questionnaire survey of property owners, conducted in late 1980, was
designed to determine their reaction to the way Pine Knoll Shores has developed
over the past five years.
Survey RRees. 2nssee. A total of 1,102 questionnaires were mailed to property owners.
Of these, 563 were returned and tabulated, or an over all response rate of
51 percent.
The survey confirmed census tabulations showing that a large percentage of year-
round residents of the Town are one and two member families.
Sixty-five percent of year-round residents who responded are retired and another
13 percent are employed only part-time.
Owners who occupy single family homes and condominiums part-time and owners of
unimproved lots were asked their plans for making Pine Knoll Shores their year-
round residence in the future. Half of the owners of single family residences
and three -fourths of the owners of unimproved lots reported planning to become
year-round residents, mostly within the next five years. On the other hand,
two-thirds of the condominium owners reported no plans to make Pine Knoll Shores
a year-round residence.
Approval of Way Town is Developing. Respondents were asked whether they approve
of the way the Town is developin Of the 513 responses to this question, a
substantial majority (88 percent approved. Moreover, this rate of approval
did not vary significantly between owners of various types of property.
Approval of Zoning Regulations. A similar question related to approval of the
present zoning regulations. Of the 487 responses, an overwhelming 91 percent
indicated approval.. Here again there was no significant variation between
owners of different types of property.

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well Planned Community. When property owners were asked what they liked most
about Pine Knoll Shores, nearly 60 percent (356 respondents) mentioned the
atmosphere created through a well planned community. Another 20 respondents
mentioned citizen participation in local government, while 16 singled out the
police, fire and rescue services. Among other features mentioned were
Roosevelt Natural Area State Park, Bogue Banks Country Club, absence of mobile
homes and preservation of the environment.
IV. Existing Land Use Analysis
Pine Knoll Shores is being developed as a strictly residential community with
sufficient small retail and service facilities to meet the needs of its residents.
Zoning regulations have been enacted to reflect this objective. The Town has
no interest in tourism, except as it affects the seven existing motels and a
single ocean fishing pier. No further expansions in this direction are antici-
pated or provided for. There is no commercial agriculture, forestry, mining, or
industrial activity in the Town or planned for the future.
Single Family Residences. Of the Town's total area of 1,430 acres, 716 acres, or
50 percent, has been laid out in subdivisions exclusively for single family
dwellings. In all, these contain 1,103 lots on which 357 homes had been com-
pleted as of the end of 1980. Five years earlier there were approximately 100
fewer homes. ,
Of the the total of 23,850 feet of ocean frontage, over 11,000 feet, or approxi-
mately one-half, is zoned for single family dwellings only. Of this frontage,
approximately 51200 feet had been built on as of the end of 19807 an increase
of 50 percent over the 3500 feet built on five years earlier.
Moderate Density Residential. In the area of west Pine Knoll Shores (lying west
of the Ramada Inn and the Roosevelt Natural Area State Park and extending to the
Town's boundary) there had been no development in 1975. This entire area of
150 acres is zoned for moderate density residential use (not over 10 living
units per acre) such as condominiums, apartment houses or motels. As of the
end of 1980, four subdivisions had been approved for the area, 60 condominium
units had been completed and more are under construction. Additional con-
dominium units have been built in three other areas of the Town and construction
is continuing.
Retail Commercial. One of the most significant changes that has taken place
since 1975 is the reduction in the area where retail sales and service establish-
ments, including shopping centers, are permitted. Presently, such establishments
are limited to approximately 19.5 acres in two tracts. Five years ago the area
zoned for retail commercial use was several times as large.
Recreation Areas. Total area set aside for recreational use now amounts to
473 acres, including the following:
acres
Roosevelt Natural Area
309
Bogue Banks Country Club
93
Town Hall Property
27
Waterways
24
Mini -Parks
20
473

Added during the past five years were two ocean access parks, a tennis -children
playground area, and boat basin with mini -park, all in west Pine Knoll Shores.
More recreation areas will be added as that section of the Town develops further.
Since nearly one-third of the entire acreage of the Town is devoted to recrea-
tional use, it is clear that Pine Knoll Shores has now and will continue to have ample open space for future needs.
Land Use Com atabilit . There are no significant land use compatability pro-
blems in Pine Knoll Shores, nor problems arising from unplanned development.
Initially, the Roosevelt heirs carefully planned each stage of the community's
development. Later, after incorporation of Pine Knoll Shores in 1973 and
adoption of zoning and subdivision ordinances, the Town has followed a rigorous
land use planning program.
Land Suitability. Hazard areas exist along the oceanfront and soundfront, but
under the Town's zoning ordinance no dwellings are allowed in these vulnerable
areas. Some low-lying areas might be prone to flood damage. Use of these
areas is regulated under the flood plain management ordinance. There are no areas
suitable for commercial agriculture, forestry or mining in Pine Knoll Shores.
Capacity of Community Facilities. The three wells operated by the Carolina Water
Service have a capacity of over 1.8 million gallons of water per day which is
more than adequate to supply the needs of the projected peak population over the
next ten years. Sewage disposal needs are being met by a combination of indi-
vidual septic systems for single family dwellings and package treatment plants
of varying capacities for multi -family dwellings.
V. Land Classification
Land in Pine Knoll Shores falls into two of the State's five land classification
groups: (1) developed and (2) conservation. Areas in the developed classification
include lands currently platted, developed, or in the process of being developed
for urban type use (at densities exceeding 500 dwellings units per square mile)
that -are provided with usual public services including water service, recreational
facilities, police and fire protection. Normally such a classification also
would include a public sewage disposal system. However, because of the relatively
low density of residential development and the suitability of the sandy soil for
individual septic systems, the Town has adopted the policy of not participating
in a public sewer system. The developed classification in Pine Knoll Shores
includes the following zoning districts:
Single family detached residential: R-1, R-21 R-31 and R-4
Multi -family residential: C-1 and C-2
Commercial: C-31 C-4 and C-5
Mi.nicipal services: C-6
The conservation classification applies to wetlands, ocean and sound shorelands,
the Roosevelt Natural Area State Park, the country club, and the several mini -
parks. It includes the following zoning districts:
Recreational: REC.-11 REC.-2 and REC.-3

VI. Population Projections
A series of population projections extending to the year 2000 and beyond has been
made for the Town, based on the 1980 Federal census, the property owners' mail
survey, existing and projected number of living units, and growth rates over the
past five years.
Assuming that all lots zoned for single family dwellings are built on, that
present building trends in the areas zoned for multi —family dwellings continue,
and that no motel rooms are added to the present 590, the projected ultimate
population, compared with the 1980 population, is as follows:
Number of persons by type of ]iviniz units
Single family
Condominium
Motel
Total
residences
1980 persons
persons_
persons
persons
Year—round 615_
60
100
775
Summer peak 803
840
1770
3413
Ultimate
Year—round 1860 1000 100 2960
Summer peak 2480 5010 1?70 9260
Based on building rates over the past several years, it also has been possible
to project peak summer population for the years 1985, 1990 and 2000, compared
with estimates for 1975 and 1980, as follows:
Peak summer population estimates and projections
1975 1980 1985
persons
Single family
500
residences
Condominiums
500
Motels
1770
Total 2770
pII. Policy Statements
Resource Protection
persons
persons
persons
persons
803
1150
1600
2400
840
1750
2900
4700
1770
1770
1770
1770
3413
4670
6270
8870
Areas of Environmental Concern. Within Pine Knoll Shores there are five types
of areas of environmental concern ap established by the Coastal Resources Commission:
1. Ocean —erodible area, i.e., an area extending along the entire oceanfront
beginning at the line of stable vegetation on the frontal dune and
extending landward 60 feet.
Policy: As provided in the zoning ordinance, no structures may be
e ected Qr m tai d w�thin 100 feet �ggdward from 'the toe of
tie ron al me o er an raised pe es rian

walkways and platform overlooks. There is no vehicular access through
this area.
2. Shoreline of Bogue Sound, i.e., an area beginning at the mean high water
line and extending 75 feet landward.
Policy: The zoning ordinance provides that no building fronting on Bogue
Sound may be erected nearer than 100 feet from the mean high water mark.
3. Coastal wetlands, i.e., marshlands on the Bogue Sound shoreline.
Policy: Coastal wetlands are to be retained in their natural condition,
as provided through State and Federal Law.
4. Estuarine and public trust waters which include the Town's waterways.
Policy: By Town ordinance only bulkheading to prevent erosion and boat
docks of limited size and prescribed location are permitted.
Area of Conservation
1. Roosevelt Natural Area State Park, dedicated by the donors as a wild,
natural area.
Policy: Designation as a recreational zone, under the zoning ordinance,
is added protection.
Constraints to Development. Because Bogue Banks is a barrier island, Pine
Knoll Shores includes some low—lying areas that might be prone to flood damage
in the event of unusually high water from hurricanes or other storms.
Policy: The adoption of a flood plain management ordinance in 1979
established flood zones and prescribes standards for construction in these
areas.
Hurricane and Flood Evacuation Plans. Ever since incorporation of the Town it
has had an active civil preparedness program, headed by a Director and staffed
by volunteers assigned to specific geographic segments of the community.
Policy: Detailed plans for evacuation to mainland shelters are in
readiness in the event of potential danger from hurricanes or flooding.
Resource Production and Management
Pine Knoll Shores does not now nor will it ever have commercial agricultural
or forest lands or mineral production areas because of its location on a
barrier island, value of the land, and the character of the community.
Commercial and Recreational Fisheries. Recreational fishing from the one ocean
fishing pier in the community, as well as along the ocean beach and in the
waters of Bogue Sound, is a frequent activity of both residents and visitors.
A limited amount of commercial fishing from the ocean beach has been carried on
for generations by fishermen from the Salter Path area.
Policy: No additional ocean fishing piers will be permitted. Although no
effort i-11 be made to curtail commercial fishing, it is expected that

continued residential development will hasten its decline.
Off -Road Vehicles. Off -road vehicles have been a problem for years on the beach
and dunes of Pine Knoll Shores, particularly during the summer months. Pine
Knoll Shores officials took a leading role in bringing about adoption of a
uniform ordinance by Carteret County and the Towns of Atlantic Beach, Indian
Beach and Pine Knoll Shores which prohibits vehicles (except those of com-
mercial fishermen) from the beach between June 1 and Labor Day. At other times
vehicles may use the beach if they have a required permit. Access is only at
certain designed points.
Policy: The uniform ordinance regulating driving on the beach is strongly
supported. There are no vehicles access points in Pine Knoll Shores.
Economic and Community Development
Tvnes of Development to be Encouraged. 14hile originally conceived as a summer
resort community of vacation homes and resort motels, the character of the Town
has changed dramatically within the past 10 years until now it is basically a
community of year-round residents, approximately two-thirds of whom are retired.
Relatively little land in the Town remains to be subdivided. Based on present
zoning, it is anticipated that there ultimately will be approximately 1,100
single family dwellings and 11670 condominium units. Because the community is
relatively young, no need to redevelop older areas is expected within the next
ten years or longer. The area to be developed for retail sales and services
has been substantially reduced by rezoning within the pact five years.
Policy: Paine Knoll Shores will be developed as a strictly residential
community with only sufficient small retail facilities to meet the needs of
its residents. Density in areas zoned for multi -family dwellings is limited
to 10 living units per acre. A balance between single family and multi-
family dwellings will be maintained and reclassification of land zoned
moderate density residential to single family will be sought whenever feasi-
ble.
Types and Locations of Industries Desired. There is no industry in the Town
other than seven motes and a single ocean fishing pier.
Policy: No expansion of motel facilities is anticipated in view of the
high price of land and the density limitation of the zoning ordinance. No
additional fishing piers or other industry will be permitted.
Commitment to Providing Services. As Pine Knoll Shores continues to grow toward
its ultimate peak population of around 97260 and the tax base increases,.mu-
nicipal services will be expanded to meet the growing needs.
Policy: Police, fi-re, rescue and refuse collection,servi.ces will be
expanded as the need arises.
No participation in a regional sewage disposal plan is contemplated as
septic systems should be adequate for areas zoned for single family dwellings
and areas zoned for moderate density residential use are required to have
tertiary treatment plants. Should present systems ever prove inadequate,

corrective action will be taken, including requiring replacement of defective
on -site sewage systems, rezoning to a lower density, or even a building
moratorium if necessary.
The Town need not provide schools as it is part of the Carteret Couhty system.
The Town will continue to be responsible for maintaining all dedicated roads _
and bridges in the community.
A part of the 27 acre tract where the Town Hall is located may be developed _
as parkland in the future.
When the Town grows sufficiently to require its own maintenance equipment,
a facility to house the equipment will be located on the 27 acre municipally -
owned tract.
The Town will support any effort by either a public or private agency to pro-
vide bus service to the mainland, but it does not intend to establish a
public transport system.
Beach Erosion and Channel Maintenance. Beach erosion does not appear to have
been a problem in Pine Knoll Shores for at least the past twenty years. By
deed covenant, maintenance of the Town's waterways is the responsibility of a
homeowners' association.
policy: No need for action to deal with beach erosion.or waterways main-
tenance is contemplated.
Energy Facility Siting and Development. Any effort to locate an energy -producing
facility vrithin the Town would meet the stiffest kind of resistance.
Policy: The zoning ordinance prohibits location of any energy -producing
facility within the Town.
Beach and Waterfront Access. Five oceanfront areas within the Town are set aside
for parks, as well as four soundfront areas and three on the internal waterways.
All of the oceanfront parks provide pedestrian access to the beach. Six of
the other parks provide boat launching ramps and four also have docking
facilities. All of these park areas are owned by homeowners' associations
which make them available to - members and guests.
Policy: The Town has no plans to take over the mini -parks from the home-
owners' associations. There is no vehicular access to the beach and none
is planned
Commitment to Federal and State Programs. Pine Knoll Shores has actively
supported the objectives of the Coastal Area Management Act since the begin-
ning. It was one of the first of the coastal communities to cooperate
through issuance of minor development permits. Its zoning and other ordi-
nances have been amended to conform with C.A.M.A. guidelines and regulations.
It has adopted a flood plain management ordinance.
Policy: Pine Knoll Shores will continue to cooperate with State and
Federal programs that seek to protect the natural environment. Through

its zoning policies the Town has sought to provide maximum protection to the
maritime forest, as well. as Soundfront areas and oceanfront dunes and veg—
etation. Home and commercial builders are required by regulation to main—
tain substantial portions of their properties in natural vegetation.
_ Continuing Public Participation Polices
Pine Knoll Shores has an enviable history of outstanding public participation
in planning decision —making.
Policy: A monthly newsletter is published by the Town and mailed without
charge to all interested persons. Notices of all meetings of the Board
of Commissioners, as well as public hearings, are published in the local
media. On occasion, a systematic community —wide telephone canvass is con-
ducted to assure wide participation in a public meeting.
iThe Carolina Water Service system depends upon deep wells which tap the Castle
Hayne aquifer. This is the source of water for much of eastern North Carolina,
including the large phosphate mining operations. Pine Knoll Shores, like other
communities similarly situated, must depend upon the State to monitor the use
_ of water from the Castle Hayne aquifer for phosphate mining or other industrial
purposes so as to assure an adequate supply for the growing population of the
coastal communities.

Contents
I. Introduction
II. Developments During Past Five Years
III, 1980 Property Owners Survey
Iv. Present Conditions and Economy
V. Existing Land Use Analysis
vI. Constraints
VII. Land Classification
vlII. Population Projections
IX. policy Statements
X. Appendix
Exhibit I. 1975 Goals
Exhibit II. 1980 Existing Land Use Map
Exhibit III. Future Land Use Map
(Land Classification)
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1981 Update of Land Use Plan
for
Town of Pine Knoll Shores,N. C.
September 1981

T. Introduction
The original Long Range Goals of the Town of Pine Knoll Shores 11 approved in
August 1975, and the more detailed Land Use Plan for the Town, adopted in March
1976, continue in force and effect with but one exception relating to sewage dis-
posal, which will be commented upon in this report. As a consequence, this docu-
ment mainly supplements the original plan by reporting on the growth of the Town
and its progress toward achievement of its long range goals and objectives over
the past five years.
In preparing for the 1981 up -date of the Land Use Plan, a mail questionnaire
survey of property owners was conducted in late 1980 to ascertain their reaction
to developments in Pine Knoll Shores over the -past five years. In addition, the
land use map of the Town was up -dated to reflect zoning changes and building con-
struction that had occurred during the period. From this, a projected land use
map also was prepared. Population projections were prepared for the next five,
ten, and twenty years. The Town's long-range goals and objectives were reviewed
and modified in the light of developments of the past.five years.
Following completion of the property owner's survey, a public hearing was called
by the Planning Board for January 28, 1981, at which the survey results and
other material relating to the Land Use Plan were reviewed for residents. The
meeting, attended by an overflow audience of approximately 125 persons, was pre-
sided over by Curtis H. Johnson, Chairman of the Planning Board. The Coastal
Resources Commission staff was represented by Ms. Gaile Pittman. Mr. Arthur
E. Brofeme, former Commissioner of Planning, outlined zoning changes and other
developments of the past five years and reviewed results of the mail survey.
Mr. Lawrence B. Jerome, Commissioner of Planning, explained the population
projections and outlined proposed changes in the Town's long-range goals, objec-
tives, and policies in the light of recent experience. Mr. Paul Foster, A.I.C.P.,
the Town's planning consultant, was available to discuss the existing and pro-
jected land use maps.
II. Developments During Past Five Years
To provide a proper perspective on the results of the 1980 mail questionnaire
survey of Pine Knoll Shores property owners, as well as the Town's plans for the
future, we believe it will be helpful to review briefly some of the changes that
have taken place during the past five years since the original land use plan
was prepared and adopted.
Zoning. Foremost among these have been zoning changes, since zoning is the basic
mechanism for implementing a land use plan. Consideration here will be limited
to the so-called "Commercial" zones as it is within these zones that the most
significant changes have been made. In 1975 four "Commercial" zones were pro-
vided fnr in the Town's zoning ordinance.
Zone C-1 included a large portion of the Town's oceanfront property. Uses
permitted in this zone were hotels, motels, condominiums, and apartment houses,
all limited to 10 living units per acre.
1See Appendix, Exhibit I for 1975 goals statement.

. 2
Zone C-2 included a large undeveloped area extending from the ocean to Bogue
Sound and running from the Ramada Inn to the Town's western boundary. Uses
permitted in Zone C-2 were the same as those in Zone C-19 except that north of
Salter Path Road single family residences also were permitted on lots of one
acre or more.
Zone C-3 included a large block of land, essentially undeveloped, lying on both
sides of Pine Knoll Blvd. and running from Salter Path Rd. norbh to Bogue Sound.
Uses permitted in this zone were especially broad and included all of those per-
mitted in Zone C-1 plus shopping centers, retail sales and services, institutions
such as churches azid libraries, office and professional buildings, and municipal
services.
Zone C-4 included the property lying along the north side of Salter Path Rd. and
extending from the Town's eastern boundary to and including the Reefstone Con-
dominium property. Uses permitted in this zone were identical to those in Zone
C-3. One effect of this zoning was to make available unusually large acreages
(Zones C-3 and C-4) where retail sale and service establishments and shopping
centers could be developed.
In the 1975 questionnaire survey of property owners, conducted in connection with
development of the Town's original land use plan, a substantial proportion (68
percent) of the respondents expressed a desire (1) to retain the residential
character of the Town rather than to see Pine Knoll Shores develop as a tourist -
oriented resort community with a large transient population and (2) to limit
retail commercial development to those facilities needed to serve the local
community. Responding to the wishes of property owners as expressed in the
1975 survey, Town officials during the past five years have made three major
changes in zoning. The most far-reaching of these changes was to divide the
former Zone C-37 as described above, into four separate use areas:
1. Retail sales and services have been limited to a tract of approximately
15 acres where the ordinance calls for development of a coordinated village
center which may include retail establishments, a post office, banks,
an ABC store, and table -service restaurants.
2. A tract on the east side of Pine Knoll Blvd. is zoned for institutional
uses, banks, and office and professional buildings.
3. Two tracts have been zoned for moderate density residential use (motels,
hotels, condominiums, apartment houses and table -service restaurants).
4. The remaining area is limited to municipal services. Here are presently
located the Town Hall, the over -head water storage tower, an electric
substation and a telephone relay station.
The second zoning change made was to reduce the area in the original Commercial
Zone 4 where shopping centers and retail, sales and services were permitted.
Approximately 80 percent of the land in this zone was reclassified to moderate
density residential (not over 10 living units per acre) where motels, hotels,
condominiums, apartment houses, or single family dwellings are permitted. Zone
C-4 now is limited to a small area on Salter Path Road lying between the Town's
eastern boundary and Oakleaf Drive. Thus retail sales and services in the
Town have been restricted to only two areast the present Zone 4 and the village

center tract.
The third major zoning change was one which reclassified approximately 3200 ft.
of oceanfront property (about 32 acres) lying between the Iron Streamer Pier
and the Ramada Inn from moderate density residential (motels, hotels,
condo—miniums, apartment houses) to single family dwellings. The effect of this change
is to reduce the planned density of the tract from a maximum of 10 living
units per acre under the moderate density residential classification to less
than 2 living units per acre under the present classification since a maximum
ofli2 single family residential lots is planned for the tract.
Another significant zoning development during the past five year period was
the adoption of a flood plain management ordinance which qualified the Townts
residents to participate in the Federal government's regular flood insurance
program. Prior to this, residents could participate in the so—called "emergency"
phase of the Federal insurance program, but only at substantially higher rates
than became effective with the regular phase of the program. The flood plain
management ordinance prescribes construction standards for residential and
commercial structures in the various flood zones.
In addition to zoning, a number of other major changes have taken place in Pine
Knoll Shores within the past five years that bear on the land use plan.
Town Hall. A new municipal complex, designed to adequately meet the Town's needs
or at least ten years, was completed in 1979. It houses all of the municipal
administrative offices, the police, fire and rescue services, and an auditorium
for town meetings and other community events.
Police,_Fire and Rescue Services. Over the five year period as the population
as grown, the police force has been increased from two to five officers and
two more patrol cars have been added. With the additional manpower it is now
possible to provide 24 hour patrol service, something that could not be done
previously. Also, in 1978, the Town's Board of Commissioners established a
fire department and rescue squad as departments of the municipal government.
Each department is manned by volunteers. Two fire —fighting vehicles and an
ambulance have been acquired by the Town. Establishment of these two depart—
ments made it possible to terminate a contract that had been in effect with the
Town of Atlantic Beach to provide fire and rescue services to Pine Knoll Shores.
A direct benefit of inauguration of the Town's tam fire department, together with
certain improvements in the privately —owned water system serving Pine Knoll
Shores, was a substantial reduction in fire insurance rates. All owners of
improved properties, whether residential or commercial, benefited when the
Town's fire insurance rating was lowered to "7". Most of the Town previously
had carried a 1110" rating while the balance had been rated 11911.
Garbage Collection. Prior to 1975, refuse collection in Pine Knoll Shores was a
matter o. 3-naava.Ml contracts between residents and. private collection firms.
At the time the original land use plan was adopted, the Board of Commissioners
had entered into an experimental 6 month contract with a private refuse col—
lection firm to service all residents of the Town, with the cost to be financed
from municipal taxes. The system proved successful and has been continued in the
years since.

4
Sewage Disposal. The 1976 Land Use plan contemplated that the Town of Pine Knoll
ici ate in a regional "201" sewage disposal plan that proposed
Shores would art P
to ]ink communities on the eassehalf ofdBeosgugnedBanks
failed toadjacent
materiali e,�ties
on the mainland. That plan, a Y
Instead, a revised plan was proposed that would have linked only the two towns
of Atlantic Beach and Paine Knot-1 Shores anca would xvicesave sited in the center ofnpineant
for the system in the area zoned P
Knoll Shores.
A public meeting, attended by more than 100 residents, was called by the Board
of Commissioners of Pine Knoll Shores to obtain the sidents to
Environmental
the proposed revised plan. Opposition was overwhelminging. Based on
Protection Administration guidelines, the plan proposed was limited to providing
service for only the 1970 population of the towns plus an increase of 10 percent,
even though the then current population of Pine Knoll Shores was well above this
figure because of the Town's continuing rapid growth. Moreover, the plan was not
designed to include residents of the unincorporated paseaa etweenpotntA lyser Busch and
Pine Knoll Shores where numerous mobileparks
contamination problem.
In addition, it was pointed out that even when houses have been
s�°h density n
all available lots in the Town zoned for singleliit permitted under the State
per acre still will be well below the upper
standards for septic system s•formerly
r�cnerl townedhe oby the sevelt Ramada eirs have
nn andcare eenlarging
tertiary treatment sewage plant Y Knoll
it so as to developed.
Co to
mcdevelopments inthe entire soth resectio s Shores area Town
when fully deve p
are installing tertiary treatment package plants meeting State standards.
Based on the almost unanimous opposition to the proposed revised 201 plan at
the public meeting,
the Board of Commissioners formally withdrew from any fur—
ther participation in or support for the plan.
en
The State's Shellfish Sanitation Laboratory ihe Town'several waterwaysrandatheeadjacentcting
a continuing water sampling program
Sound waters. At no time has a contamination problem been detected. This
monitoring will continue and officials plan to maintain close contact with
the Shellfish Sanitation Laboratory so as to be alert for any threat.
Ex--pansion of Water S stem. Although the Town's water system is privately owned,
has cooperated with Town officials in expanding facilities to meet
the company community
The most significant improvement
the needs of this rapidly growing 000 gallon overhead storage
during the past five years was the erection of a 1is
tank. This was accomplished through
r ugplusnancaddedial swell,anthe systemrom ehasoadeq ate
heirs. 14ith the new storageNew
capacity to serve the entire s ervitcefto all of westaPinehe foreseele fKnoll•Shoresas mains
have been laid so as to provide
well as to most of the eastern section of town develope
al.srand Boguethe eBankstem
was installed. Moreover, by agreement between Town off
Country Club, two fire hydrants have been installed in the club's water system
abilities in the area of the country club
so as to improve firefighting cal
and surrounding residences.

5
Electric Power Substation. Carteret -Graven Electric Membership Corporation which
provides electric power to all of Pine Knoll Shores has taken steps to improve
delivery of electricity to the community by installing a 115,000 volt substation
in the area zoned for municipal services. Since installation of this facility,
power outages in the community have been less frequent occurrences than pre-
viously. Provision has been made for doubling the capacity of the substation
when needed.
Telephone Relay Station. In the same area as the electric power substation,
Carolina Telephone and Telegraph Company has installed a telephone relay station
designed to increase the phone system capacity in this community.
Third Bridge to Mainland_. A development of considerable importance to Bogue
Banks and particularly to residents of Pine Knoll Shores has been revived
interest in a third bridge to the mainland. When it appeared that the State -
had lost interest in the possibility, of a new bridge to the mainland, officials
of Pine Knoll Shores took the lead in bringing together officials of the
surrounding towns and the County so as to present a unified and effective expression
of local concern over the need for a bridge. The effort was successful to,the
extent that a third bridge to the mainland has been placed on the State's 7-year
bridge plan list. An environmental impact study, commissioned by the State, will
be instrumental in locating proposed sites for the bridge.
Salter Path Road Improvement. A matter of much concern to residents and visitors
to Pine Knoll Shores for years was the poor condition of Salter Path Road since
it is the only Ughway access to and through the community. During the past
five year period the StateDepartment of Transportation has undertaken a complete
rebuilding of the highway from Emerald Isle to Atlantic Beach. This has involved
straightening, regrading, widening, and resurfacing over the entire length.
Work on the highway (now Highway 58 South) has been completed.
Additional Recreation Areas. With the rapid development of the west Pine Knoll
Shores area, several new recreation areas have been added. All are owned and
controlled by homeotmers' associations. Included are two ocean access parks,
another with tennis courts and a chi.ldren's playground area, and finally a
boat basin opening tb Bogue Sound with a boat launching facility and adjacent
mini -park.
Community Appearance Commission. In 1976 the Town's zoning ordinance was amended
to establish a Comity Appearance Commission whose function is to advise the
Town Building Inspector and Board of Commissioners on matters affecting the
visual quality and aesthetic characteristics of the Town, particulary the rela-
tionship between structures, both residential and commercial, and the environ-
ment. The Commission, in cooperation with homeowners' association architectural
review committees, has worked with prospective developers and homebuilders to
overcome potential problems and to assure that designs and materials harmonize
well with the natural environment and are compatible with Town programs and
policies. Especially important has been its work with condominium developers
and those proposing commercial structures since there is no provision for review
of this type of construction by a homeowners' association architectural review
committee.

6
III, 1980 Property Owners Survey
A mail questionnaire survey of property owners conducted in late 1980 was designed
to determine their reaction to the way the community has developed over the
past five yearst features of the Town they like most and least, and suggestions
for future improvement. The survey sought to distinguish differences in responses
as between owners of single family residences, condominiums or townhousest and
unimproved lots. It also indentified such characteristics as family size' employ-
ment' and plans for future residence in the Town.
Survev Response. A total of 1102 questionnaires were mailed out to property owners.
Of these' 563 were returned and tabulated giving a response rate of 51 percent
for all types of property owners. As shown in Table 1 below, owners of 247
single family residences responded. Since there were 357 such residences com-
pleted at the end of 1980, this gives a response rate of 69 percent. Of the
280 condominium units completed and occupied at the end of 1980, Mmers of 124
responded7 or a response rate -of 44 percent. There were 192 responses from
owners of unimproved lots' but since many owned more than one lot? these 192
owners represented a total of 288 lots or 41 percent of the 703 lots not yet
built on.
Table 1.
Residence
Type
Year-round
Part-time
Total
Rates of Response to 1980 Property Owners Questionnaire
Owners of
single family
residences
159
89
247
Percent of
existing units 69
Number of returns
Owners of Owners of
Condominiums unimproved lots
10 --
114 —
124 192
44 41
According to the 1980 Federal census, approximately 75 percent of single family
homes in Pine Knoll Shores are occupied by year-round residents, while only
approximately 5 percent of condominium or townhouse units are occupied on a
year-round basis. Consequently, it is not surprising that nearly two-thirds of
the questionnaire responses from owners of single family homes came from year-
round residents. On the other hand, more than 90 percent of the responses from
owners of condominium units came from part --time or seasonal residents.
An examination of family size reveals that a very large percentage of year-round
residents are one or two member families (more than three -fourths of those living
in single family homes and 90 percent of those in condominiums). On the other
hand, part-time residents have larger families and presumably are.mostly younger
people. Almost half of the owners of single family homes who occupy them part-
time reported families of 3, 4, or more members, while more than half of the
condominium owners who occupy part-time are in this same category.
Sixty-five percent of the year-round residents who responded are retired and
another 13 percent are employed only part-time.

Owners who occupy single family homes and condominiums part-time and owners of
unimproved lots were asked their plans for making Pine Knoll Shores their year-
round residence in the future. Of the 314 who responded to this question, 53
percent gave a positive response, 43 percent were negative, and 4 percent were
undecided. Half of the owners of single family homes and three -fourths of the
owners of unimproved lots reported planning to become year-round residents,
but two-thirds of the condominium owners indicated they had no plans to make
Pine Knoll Shores their permanent residence.
Those who plan to make this their year --round residence in the future were asked
when such residence might occur. Nearly three -fourths of the 165 who responded
reported they will move here within the next five years.
Approval of Way Town is Developing. One of the most important questions asked in
the survey was whether the respondents approved of the way the Town is developing.
As shown in Table 2 below, 513 owners responded to this question. Of these, 4499
or 88 percent, indicated approval. Moreover, this approval did not vary signifi-
cantly between the owners of various types of property: 87 percent for owners
of single family homes, 82 percent for condominium owners and 92 percent for lot
owners.
Table 2. Approval of the Way the Town is Developing
Number of Responses
Owner type Yes No Total
Single family home
Year-round 137 16 153
Part—time 69 14 83
Total 206 30 236
Condominium
Year-round 9 0 9
Part—time 87 21 108
Total 96 21 117
Lot owner 147 13 160
Total 449 64 513
The 64 owners who reported disapproval of the way the Town is developing gave
many different reasons for their attitude. Some of the disapproval appears to
have been based on inadequate information since the approval rate is higher among
year-round residents (who may be assumed to be better informed) than among non-
residents or part-time residents. Over half of the negative responses were con-
cerned with condominium and commercial over -development. Among the other reasons
given were: too much destruction of natural vegetation, lack of a shopping center
or post office, need for higher minimum square footage requirement for single
family homes, and need for better control of driving on the beach.
Approval of Present Zonin&. A similar and related question was whether property
owners approve of the present zoning regulations. There were 487 responses to

0
this question, of which an overwhelming 91 percent indicated approval. Here
again as shown in Table 3 below, there was no significant variation between
owners of various types of property. Ninety—two percent of owners of single
family homes and unimproved lots approved and 89 percent of those ovni.ng
condominiums. Only 42 respondents indicated disapproval.
Table 3. Approval of Present Zoning
Number of Responses
Owner Type
Yes
No
Total
Single family home
Year—round
139
11
150
Part—time
71
7
78
Total
210
18
228
Condominium
Year—round
7
1
8
Part—time
76
9
85
Total
83
10
93
Lot owners
152
14
166
Total
445
42
487
Those voicing disapproval gave a number of different reasons. Approximately
one—half of the total felt a need to reduce the area presently zoned for
multi —family dwellings or commercial use. Some respondents believed too
many small "tract type" homes were being allowed; others that the State
building code should be tightened (even though this is not a matter of zoning
regulation).
Well Planned Community. When property owners were asked what they like most
about Pine Knoll Shores, 356 respondents, or nearly 60 percent, mentioned the
atmosphere created through a well planned community (see Table 4 below).
An additional 20 mentioned citizen participation in local government, while
16 singled out the police, fire and rescue services. Among the 'other"
features mentioned were such items as the Roosevelt Natural Area State Park,
Bogue Banks Country Club, absence of mobile homes, friendliness of the
townspeople, and preservation of the environment.

Vj
Table 4- Features Liked Most About Pine Knoll Shores
Features Owners of Owners of Owner Total
single family condominiums of lots
residences
r
Good town 76 110 232
planning
Quiet, clean, 43 46 35 124
well —maintained
community
Citizen participation
10
— 10
20
in government
Police, fire, and
8
7 1
16
rescue services
Other
14.7
29 50
226
Total
284
128 206
618
Least Liked Features. A question concerning what property owners like least about
Pine Knoll Shores drew no such unanimity of opinion as did the previous question.
The three features most frequently mentioned were need for a new bridge to the
mainland (not necessarily terminating in Pine Knoll Shores), too many condominiums
planned or constructed, and homeowners' association involvement with boat launching
facilities and beach access areas. Additional areas of concern were lack of a
shopping center in the community, lack of a bridge over the canal at the west end
of Mimosa Blvd., and what was termed "inadequate" street maintenance.
Over and above these matters, a number of other concerns were expressed that
do not relate directly to land use planning. Amnng these were such complaints
as too many unleashed dogs, lack of community church, too small lots, and lack
of a post office. It must be emphasized, however, that the incidence of such
complaints was minimal in relation to the large number of favorable responses to
the community.
Suggestions to Improve Fine Knoll Shores. A final "open-ended" question in the
survey gave property owners an opportunity to make any other suggestions they
wished about actions that, in their opinion, would improve Pine Knoll Shores.
A total of 246 suggestions were offered, of which a little over onE-third were
related to land use planning. These largely reiterated opinions expressed
earlier in the questionnaire regarding zoning or the way the Town is developing.
The suggestions most frequently mentioned were to reduce planned density and
restrict future condominium growth, encourage establishment of a village shopping
center, improve street lighting, and transfer homeowners' association recreational
facilities to the Town.
Several other suggestions, not related tQ land use planning, included such ideas
as establishment of bus service to the mainland, hiring life guards for the beach,
organization of a "community watch" program, and better control of litter on the
streets.

10
IV. Present Conditions and Economy
Although originally conceived as a resort community of motels and vacation
residences with attendant commercial enterprises, the nature of Pine Knoll Shores
has changed dramatically within the past ten years. It has developed basically
as a residential community with a substantial year—round population and little -
interest in tourism, except as it affects the seven existing motels and single
ocean fishing pier. There is presently only one small retail sales establish—
ment in the Town. Both the 1975 and 1980 mail surveys of property owners made
it clear that the Town's citizens desired only enough commercial development to
serve the needs of the community's residents.
owing to high land values together with the density limitations of the Town's
zoning ordinance, it is unlikely that the number of motel rooms in the community
will be expanded. The zoning ordinance also will not permit additional ocean
fishing piers.
V. Existing Land Use Analysis
Single Family Residences. Of the Town's total area of 1430 acres, 716 acres, or
50 percent, has been laid out in subdivisions exclusively for single family
dwellings. In all, these contain 1103 lots on which 357 homes had been completed
as of the end of 1980. Five years earlier there were approximately 100 fewer
homes existing. Of the lots in the Town none are less than 79500 square feet in
area and the majority are over 107000 square feet, while many Soundfront and
oceanfront lots are considerably larger.
Of the total of 239850 feet of ocean frontage, over 11,000 feet, or approximately
one-half, is zoned for single family dwellings only. This is an increase of more
than 3,000 feet so zoned since 1975. Of this frontage, approximately 51200 feet
had been built on as of the end of 1980,-representing an increase of 1,700 feet
from the total of 3,500 feet built on five years earlier.
Moderate Density Residential. In the area of Pine Knoll Shores lying west
of the Ramada Inn and the Roosevelt Natural Area extending to the Town's boundary,
there had been no development in 1975. This entire area of 150 acres is zoned
for moderate density residential use such as condominiums, apartment houses, or
motels. Since that time four subdivisions have been approved for the area, 60
condominium units had been completed as of the end of 1980 and more are under
construction. Additional condominium units have been built within the past
five years in (1) the Reefstone Condominium area, (2) immediately west of the
John Yancey Motel, and (3) between the Pine Knoll Townes Condominiums and the
Whaler Inn. Construction is continuing in the latter area. It is not expected
that more motel rooms will be added in the Town due to the density limitation
and the high cost of land.
Retail Commercial. As discussed earlier, one of the most significant changes
a has taken place since 1975 is the reduction in the area where retail
sales and service establishments, including shopping centers, are permitted.
Presently, such establishments are limited to approximately 19.5 acres in two
tracts. One of these is located at the intersection of Salter Path Road and
Pine Knoll Boulevard, while the other is at the intersection of Salter Path Road
and Oakleaf Drive. Five years ago the area zoned for retail commercial use was
several times as large.

Recreati-on Areas. ;Jhereas in 1975
use, that total has been increased
Roosevelt 1:atural Area
Pogue Banks Country Club
Tom Ball property
.•'atertray s
11
Total
there i•.ere 1�66 :?cre•s yet a='i('.e for recreational
to 473 acres :i.:ncludlll•- ilhe fo]..loi:-ing:
acres
309
93
27
24
20
473
Added during the past five years vere two ocean access parks, a tennis -children is
playground area, and boat basin, all in west Pine Knoll Shores. A fourth mini -
park, adjacent to the boat basin has been conxitted by the developers but exact
location has not yet been selected. More recreational areas will be added in
west Pine Knoll Shores as that section of the To= develops further.
Zit view of the fact that nearly one-third of the entire acreage of the Town
is devoted to recreational use, it is clear that Fine Knoll Shores has now and
hill continue to have ample open space for future needs.
Laid Use ComT)ati.bility
There are no significant land use compatibility in Rine Knoll Shores.
:;wither has u-nPlanned development been a problem. both conditions exise l:.rgciy
.rom the fact that the area cor;1prising the entire Toi-r.:1 originally was o�r1ed by
the Roosevelt heirs. They carefully plaruied each stage iin the cormunity's devel-
opment. Since the Toim was incorporated in 1973 and zoning and subdivision
ordinances enacted, the Roosevelt interests have continued to work closely t,rith
Tot•rn officials to ensure that their development plans are consistelit with the
To;::Z's goals.
Are-aas e;;neri encing changes in predominant land -.use have been discussed earlier
:i.T.i the ::eCtiO'_': On ZOnllig modification during the -past fi'Je �'r-.ai S.
i:ithin Dire Knoll Shores there are four types of areas of en-oroiim� tal co: cur_:,
,ns established by the Coastal Resources Commission.; and one area of
Areas of Environmental Concern
1. Ocean hazard area, which includes ocean erodible and high hazard flood areas,
i.e., an area extending along the entire oceanfront beginning'at the line
of stable vegetation on the frontal dune and extending landward 110 feet;
no structures may be erected within 60 feet landward from the line of stable
vegetation on the frontal dune.
2. Shorelines of Bogue Sound and inland canals, i.e., an area beginning at
the mean high water line and extending 75 feet landi•:ard.
3. Coastal t;etlands, i.e., marshlands on tine Logue Sound shoreline.
4. Estuarine and public trust waters which include the Tou•ri's rraterirays.
Area of Conservation
1. Roosevelt natural Area Sta'.•e Park, dedicated by the donors as a wild, na1C"-ra1
area. The park includes an musually fine stand of nature maritime forest,
prime vi.ldlife habitat, wooded sv;a-:::ps, and marshland.

12
VI.
Constraints
Land Suitability. Hazard areas exist in Pine Knoll Shores along the oceanfront
and soundfront. These are areas of environmental concern. Under the Town's
zoning ordinance, no dwellings are allowed within these areas. There are no
max -made hazard areas in the Town.
Soils do not present a limitation to development within Pine Knoll Shores, nor
are there excessive slope areas.
There are no areas with resource potential such as might be used for commercial
agriculture, forestry, or miring. Commercial fishing is carried on in the
ocean and sound adjacent to Paine Knoll Shores and will be continued, but this
is not a constraint to development.
Capacity of Community Facilities. As mentioned earlier, the Town's water needs
are supplied primarily by the central system operated by the Carolina Water
Service. A small number of homes also are still dependent upon individual
deep wells. The three wells -operated by Carolina Water Service, as well as
the other individual wells all draw from the Castle Hayne aquifer. Pine
Knoll Shores, like other communities similarly situated, must depend upon the
State to monitor the industrial use of water from the Castle Hayne aquifer
to assure an adequate supply for the growing population in the coastal area.
The capacity of the three wells of the Carolina Water Service is over 1.8
million gallons per day which is more than adequate to supply the needs of
the Town's projected peak population over the next ten years. Wells can and
will be added to increase capacity as the need arises in future periods.
Maximum water usage at peak periods of the day still is only approximately
one --fourth the capacity of the Carolina Water Service.
Sewage disposal needs of Pine Knoll Shores are being met by a combination of
individual septic systems for single family dwellings and package treatment
plants of varying capacities for multi -family dwellings and motels. A
tertiary treatment plant in the west Pine Knoll Shores area has sufficient
capacity to meet the needs of that entire section of the Town when fully devel-
oped. Smaller tertiary treatment plants serving condominium projects in other
parts of the community are being istall.ed as required by the State.
VII. Land Classification
Detailed plans have been adopted covering the existing and future land use of
the 1430 acres that comprise Pine ,Knoll Shores. These are enforcedby both
local ordinances, particul.ary zoning, and private covenants. For uniformity
and to assist State and Federal officials in observing locally approved
coastal plans, the State has establised a system classifying land into five
broad types: (1) developed, (2) transitional, (3) comm►unity, (4) rural and
(5) conservation.
Because of the rather advanced state of detailed land subdivision in accordance
with a strict development policy coming from citizen mandate, this small munici-
pality has land falling in only two of these categories: developed and con-
servation. In view of this unique situation and to clarify it, the plan com-
bines•a future Land.Use Plan and land classification on one map in the Appendix.

13
Basically the future land use map is the zoning map.
Developed Land
The purpose of the developed class is to provide for continued intensive urban
type development.
Areas in this classification include lands currently platted, developed, or in
the process of being developed for urban type use at densities exceeding 500
dwelling units per square mile (1980 peak population for Pine Knoll Shores is
1500 per square mile) that are provided with usual municipal or public services
including public water, recreational facilities, police and fire protection.
Normally such a classification would also include public sewer. However,
because of the low density of residential development and the suitability of
the sandy soils for individual septic systems, the Town has adopted a policy
not to participate in building a central sewage system. However, individual
small sewage treatment plants are being required for the limited number of
condominium projects. This developed classification in Pine Knoll Shores in-
cludes the following zoning districts:
Single family detached residential: R-1, Rr-21 R-31 and R-4
Multi -family residential: C-1 and C-2
Commercial: C-3, C-4 and C-5
Conservation Land
The purpose of the conservation class is to provide for effective long-term
management of significant, limited, or irreplaceable areas. This management
is to protect natural, cultural, recreational, productive and scenic values.
The conservation class applies to wetlands, ocean and Sound shorelands, the
309 acre Roosevelt Natural Area State Park, the country club, and the
several mini -parks. It includes the following zoning districts:
Recreational districts: REC.-1, REC.-21 and REC,-3
Present Land Use Regulations. The Roosevelt interests required rather rigid
restrictive covenants to apply to all land sales or donations in the Pine
Knoll Shores area. In 1973, the Town Government established a Planning Board
and passed a Zoning Ordinance which gave many of these private restrictions
the additional force of local public law. The Town employs a full.,time
Building Inspector who enforces the following regulations affecting land use
and environment:
1. Pine Knoll Shores' Zoning Ordinance. Minimum residential lot size is
7500 square feet. Except for low density resort accommodations, retail
sales, service and professional activity, no other uses are allowed.
Resort and other business buildings shall not cover more than 250 of
the land and are required to leave no less than 35% of the land in its
natural state. Maximum density for resort accommodation is ten units
per acre. An approved plan must precede all land development designed
in a manner to preserve a maximum of natural land form, trees, and other
vegetation. All required open spaces and buffer zones shall remain in
their natural state regardless of elevation. No unnatural solid or
liquid waste discharge is allowed into any waters.

14
2. Boat Slip Regulation. Only docking facilities projecting into open water
are ,allowed.
3. Soil Sedimentation and Erosion Control Law. The Building Inspector assists
the County and State in enforcing these.
4. Pine Knoll Shores' Subdivision Development Ordinance.
5. North Carolina State Building Code.
6. Sewage Disposal Regulations. Enforced by Carteret County Health Department.
VIII. Population Projections
A series of population projections extending to the year 2000 and beyond has been
made for use as a guide to the need for future community services. These pro—
jections have been based on the 1980 Federal census, the property owners' survey,
existing and projected number of living units, and growth rates over the past
5 years. Table 5 (below) shows the present and the maximum ultimate number of
living units in the Town, based on zoning enacted to carry out the Land Use Plan.
Table 5.
Completed as of
December 31, 1980
Yet to be built
Maximum anticipated
Exi.stinZ and Projected Living Units
Number of Living Units
Single family Condominium Motel
residences units rooms
357 z o 590
746
1103
1390 0
1670 590
Total
1.227
2136
3363
As of December 31, 1980, there were 1227 living units completed in the Town,
including 357 single family residences, 280 condominium units, and 590 motel
rooms. Since there are 1103 lots presently zoned for single family residences,
it is contemplated there will be an additional. 746 such homes. Based on pre—
sent building trends in the areas now zoned for multi —family residences, it is
estimated that an additional 1390 condominium units can be expected, or an
ultimate total of 1670 such units. In view of the density limit of 10 living
units per acre, it is anticipated that no motel rooms will be added to the
present 590.
Preliminary data from the 1980 Federal census placed the 1980 year—round
population of Paine Knoll Shores at 675. Assuming a minimum occupancy of 100
persons in motels at one time gives a total year—round figure of 775 as
shown in Table 6 (below).

Number
of versons by type of
living
units
Single
family Condominium
Motels
Total
residences units
12
Year—round
615
60
100
.775
Summer peak
803
840
1770
3413
Ultimate
Year—round
1860
1000
100
2960
Summer peak
2480
5010
1770
9260
Based on the number of living units shown in Table 57 it is estimated that the
1980 summer peak population was 3413. This assumes that, on the average, there
ere 2.25 persons living in single family residences, 3 persons living in each
condominium unit, and 3 persons in each motel room.
By contrast, it is estimated that the ultimate population of the Town could be
2960 year—round and 9260 at the summer peak. This estimate assumes that all
the lots zoned for single family residences will be built on and all the land
now zoned for multi —family dwellings will be fully utilized. In arriving at
the year—round ultimate population estimates, it is further assumed that approxi—
mately 75 percent of the single family residences will be occupied year—round,
the same as at present. However, it is assumed that the year—round occupancy of
condominium units will rise from approximately 5 percent at present to around
20 percent in later years.
Based on building rates over the past several years, it also has been possible
to project peak summer populations for the years 1985, 1990, and 2000. These
are shown in Table 7 (below).
Table 7. Peak Summer Population Estimates for 1975 and 1
nnei PrniAn+3-nns for 1985. 1990 and 2000
1975
1980
1985
1990
2000
Single family
residences
500
803
1150
1600
2400
Condominiums
500
840
1750
2900
4700
Motels
1770
1770
1770
1770
1770
Total
2770
3413
4670
6270
8870'
By'the year 1985 it is estimated that the peak population will have reached 46709
an increase of 1257 from 1980. This is expected to increase further to 6270
by 1990 and to 8870 by the year 2000.

TY.. Policy Statements
A. Resource Protection
?ire Y,,oll Shores thZre are four ty;-es of are as of environrne;aal cuncer.i,
�st.ab7_;_ .hed by the ;oastal Resources and one area of conser^: ation:
Areas of Environmental Concern
1. Ocean hazard area, which includes ocean erodible and high hazard flood areas,
i.e., an area extending along the entire oceanfront beginning at the line
of stable vegetation on the frontal dune and extending landward 110 feet;
no structures may be erected within 60 feet landward from the line of stable
vegetation on the frontal dune.
Policy: As provided in the zoning ordinance, no structures may be erected
or maintained within 100 feet landward from the toe of the frontal dune
other than raised pedestrian walkways and platform overlooks. There is
.,o vehicular access throush this area.
2. Shorelines of Bogue Sound and.inland canals, i.e., an area beginning at
the mean high crater line and extending 75 feet landward.
oli. c�-: The zoning ordii -Ice prov-i.des that no building fronting on Rogue
SoLn r:.ay be erected nearer than 100 feet from the mean high water nark.
3. Coastal wetlands, i.e., marshlands on the Bogue Sound shoreline. These
-sre located primarily within the Roosevelt Natural Area State Park.
Policy: Coastal wetlands are to be retained in their natural condition.
Protection of these areas is provided through State and Federal laws and
regulations.
4. Estuarine and public trust waters i•riaich include the Toim's waterways.
Policy: By ordinance, only bulkheading to prevent erosion and boat docks
of limited size and prescribed location are permitted.
Area of Conservation
1. Roosevelt 1,atural Area State Park. By dedication of the donors, this area
must remain in perpetuity as a wild, natural area. This is particularly
appropriate as the park includes an unusually fine stand of mature maritime
forest, prime wildlife habitat, Brooded swamps, and marshlands.
Policy: Designation, under the zoning ordinance, as a recreational zone is
added protection agaInst other possible use. -
Constraints to DeveloDment. Since Bogue Banks is a barrier island, the Town of
Pine Knoll Shores includes some low --lying areas that might be prone to flood
damage in the event of unusually high t•rater from hurricanes or other storms.
Gosecuentl, the Toim has participated in the Federal flood insurance program
since 1973

17
Hurricane and Flood Evacuation Plans. Officials of Pine Knoll Shores recognized
at an early stage the vulnerability of any community located on a coastal barrier
island and, since the organization of the Town in 1973, have had in operation an
active civil preparedness program. It is headed by a Director and staffed by
volunteers assigned to specific geographic segments of the community. The
program includes detailed plans for evacuation to the mainland in the event of
potential danger from hurricane or flooding. These plans contemplate that the
Civil Preparedness Director will become officer -ire -charge in the Town, including
command of the regular emergency services, in the event of an actual disaster.
Policy: Detailed plans for evacuation to mainland shelters are in readiness
in the event of potential danger from hurricanes or flooding.
B. Resource Production and Management
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not now nor will it ever have commercial
agricultural or forest lands or mineral production areas because of its location
on a barrier island, its size, the value of land, and the character of the
community.
Commercial and Recreational Fisheries. There is within the Town one ocean fishing
Fier which was in existence before the community was incorporated. Recreational
fishing from the pier, as well as along the ocean beach and in the waters of
Bogue Sound adjacent to the Town, is a frequent activity of both residents and
visitors. A limited amount of commercial fishing from the ocean beach has been
carried on for generations by fishermen from the Salter Path area. However,
this activity appears to be declining as more of the oceanfront property in
Pine Knoll Shores is developed and the population using the beach for recreation
increases.
Policy: No additional ocean fishing piers will be permitted. Although no
effort will be made to curtail commercial fishing, it is expected that
continued residential development in the west Pine Knoll. Shores area will
hasten its decline.
Off —Road Vehicles. Off —road vehicles have been a problem on the Pine Knoll Shores
beaches, particularly during the summer months. Not only were the vehicles a
hazard to bathers and others on the beach, but the dunes and dune vegetation were
being destroyed at unauthorized points of access to the beach. As a result, one
of the early ordinances passed by the Town's Board of Commissioners was a total
ban on the use of motor vehicles on the beach at any time of year. When the
local courts refused to convict violators because there was a long local. tradition
of driving on the beach, it became obvious that another approach to the problem
was needed.
Town officials consequently conferred with officials of the County and other
communities on Bogue Banks about the possibility of a uniform ordinance to
apply island —wide. Such an ordinance was developed and has been adopted by
Carteret County, as well as the towns of Atlantic Beach, Indian Beach and Pine
Knoll Shores. Emerald Isle has adopted its own similar but not identical
ordinance.
The uniform ordinance prohibits vehicles from the beach between June 1 and Labor
Day, except for vehicles of commercial fishermen (those holding valid North
Carolina commercial fishing licenses). During the balance of the year vehicles

18
are allowed on the beach provided they have acquired the prescribed permit which
may be issued by the County or one of the participating municipalities. Further-
more, access to the beach is permitted only at certain designated points. There
are no access points in Pine Knoll Shores. Driving on the beach is limited to
the area between mean high and low tide lines in order not to damage the base of
the dunes.
Enforcement of the uniform ordinances has been placed in the hands of a County
officer who is equipped with an off -road vehicle and who patrols the beach
strand regularly.
Policy: The uniform ordinance regulating driving on the beach is strongly
supported. There are no vehicular access points to the beach in Pine Knoll
Shores.
C.- Economic and Community Development.
Tunes of Development to be Encouraged
Although the barrier islands of the coast of North Carolina are typically resort
and summer vacation areas, there is a growing demand in these areas for attractive
and comfortable year-round homes for moderate income families. Pine Knoll Shores
is one of the areas meeting this need.
While originally conceived as a summer resort community of vacation homes and
resort motels, the character of the Town has changed dramatically within the
space of ten years until now it is basically a community of year-round residents,
approximately two-thirds of whom are retired. Presently) about three -fourths of
all the single family residences are occupied year-round. Peak summer population
is substantially greater than the year-round population because of the guests of
residents and influx into summer homes and motels.
Relatively little land in the Town remains to be subdivided. Based on present
zonings it is anticipated that there ultimately will be approximately 11100
single family dwellings and 1,670 condominium units. The area to be developed
for retail sales and services has been substantially reduced by rezoning within
the past five years. Because the community is relatively young., no need to
redevelop older areas is expected within the next ten years or longer.
Policy: Pine Knoll Shores will be developed as a strictly residential
community with only sufficient small retail facilities to meet the needs of
its residents. Density in areas zoned for multi -family dwellings is limited
to 10 living units per acre. A balance between single family and multi -family
dwellings will be maintained and reclassification of land zoned moderate
density residential to single family will be sought whenever feasible.
es and Locations of Industries Desired. There is no industry in the Town other
than seven motels, a single ocean fishing pier, and one small convenience store.
Policy: No expansion of motel facilities is anticipated in view of the
high price of land and the density limitation of the zoning ordinance. No
additional fishing piers or other industry will be permitted.

19
ure Land Uses. The attached map shows projected future land uses, based on the
Town's present zoning and subdivision ordinances. Barring some major disaster,
the rate of home building on land allocated to single family dwelLi:ngs should
continue at a relatively steady rate. Although somewhat more sensitive to
fluctuations in the nation's economy, the rate of building of condominiums or
other multi —family dwellings can be expected to move ahead at a fairly steady
rate, especially in the west Pine Knoll Shores area.
As this growth continues and population increases, there will be a growing need
for the development of a village shopping center on the land set aside for this
purpose at the intersection of Salter Path Road and pine Knoll Boulevard.
Other retail facilities may be added in the smaller area zoned for this use at
the intersection of Salter Path Road and Oakleaf Drive.
With continued growth it is contemplated that the demand for medical and other
professional services within the community will lead to the development of
offices and professional
facilities
the area
Boulevard
zoned for this purpose. Churhbuildingsand library facilities also are per—
mitted in this area.
Open space and recreational facilities appear to be amply provided for into the
foreseeable future.
Land allocated for municipal services, other than the 27 acres owned by the Town
and upon which the Town Hall is located, appears to be adequate for future needs.
This land already supports a tertiary treatment sewage disposal plant with ca—
pacity to serve all of west Pine Knoll Shores, the overhead storage tank of
Carolina Water Service, the Carteret —Craven Electric Membership Corporation
electric substation, and the Carolina Telephone and Telegraph Company telephone
relay station. Even so, ample land remains available zoned for additional
services when needed.
D. Commitment to Providing Services.
As Pine Knoll Shores continues to grow toward its ultimate peak population of
around 9260 and the tax base increases, the Town proposes to expand its services
to meet the growing needs.
Police Fire and Rescue Services. From 1975 to 1980 the Town's police force
was doubled in size to meet the needs of the growing population and especially
to provide 2ly-hr. patrolling. As the Town continues to grow, particularly in
the west Pine Knoll Shores area with its relatively higher density, it is
planned to further expand the police force and add patrol cars as needed.
Establishment of the Town's vim fire protection and rescue services as depart—
ments of the municipal government, though manned on a volunteer basis, has
provided the Town a number of benefits. Service has been enhanced by virtue
of much faster response to emergencies than was possible under the Atlantic
Beach contract when equipment had to come about 4 miles from Atlantic Beach.
Costs have been controlled to the extent that annual amortization charges on
the purchase of fire trucks and ambulance have been fixed, whereas the annual
contract fees paid to Atlantic Beach rose eacli year because they were pegged
to the Town's rising tax valuation base. Finally, establishment of the fire
department with adequate equipment and trained personnel, together with

20
improvement of the Carolina Water Service system, led to a substantial reduction
in fire insurance rates for owners of all improved properties.
Policy: Police, fire and rescue services will be further expanded as the need
arises.
Water Service. As pointed out earlier, Carolina Water Service, the privately —
owned company providing water service to the community, has substantially ex—
panded and improved its facilities since 1975. Foremost was the erection of a
135,000 gallon overhead storage tank to provide reserve capacity and pressure
for the entire Town. In addition, the company has extended its distribution
system to provide water throughout the west Pine Knoll Shores area. A new
deep well has been added in that same area to further enhance the service.
Mains have been extended into some of the eastern section of Town and fire
hydrants provided in an area previously dependent on individual wells on each
property. Additional mains can be added as demand warrants.
The xarolina Water Service system depends upon deep wells which tap the Castle
Hayne aquifer. This is the source of water for much of eastern North Carolina,
including the large phosphate mining operations. So long as phosphate mining
or other industrial operations are not permitted by the State to seriously
deplete this aquifer there should be an ample water supply for the Town. This
community,like others similarly situated, must depend upon the State to monitor
the industrial use of water from the Castle Hayne aquifer so as to assure an
adequate supply for the growing population of eastern North Carolina.
Relatively few living units (less than 100) still derive their water from
individual deep wells in the older eastern end of Town, which was not originally
served by the water company. These wells also draw their water from the Castle
Hayne Aquifer.
Policy: The Town will continue to work with Carolina Water Service, as it
has in the pasti to ensure that facilities are adequate to meet the community's
growing needs.
Sew e Disposal. The 1976 Land Use Plan contemplated that Pine Knoll Shores
would join with adjacent towns in a 11201" regional sewage disposal plan. In
the interim the Town has reversed its position and no longer supports a regional
plan. The reasons for its reversal are these: At public hearings on a draft
regional plan for the area, it became clear that, under E.P.A. guidelines for
11201" plans, the system was designed to serve only the 1970 population of the
area plus an increase of 10 percent. Pine Knoll Shores population is many times
greater than in 1970. Further, the system was designed to serve only incorporated
municipalities and not unincorporated areas between them. While Atlantic Beach
and Pine Knoll Shores were included in the draft plan, the unincorporated area
separating them (in which several densely populated mobile home parks are located)
was not included even though there is a severe threat of contamination from
such parks.
Finally, at a public hearing called by the Board of Commissioners of Pine Knoll
Shores to obtain the reaction of its citizens to the draft 11201" plan, there
was almost unanimous opposition to the plan. It was pointed out that, based on
present information and State guidelines, a central sewage disposal system for
the Town was not needed. Even when fully built upon, the sections of Town zoned
for single family homes still would have a density less than one—half the upper
f

21
limit prescribed by the State as suitable for individual septic systems. The
Roosevelt heirs have provided a central sewage disposal system with tertiary
treatment plant of adequate capacity to serve the entire west Pine Knoll Shores
area. Condominium developments in all other areas of the Town are required by
the State to have their own package plants providing tertiary treatment. Finally,
the draft 11201" plan called for a treatment plant to be located in the center of
Pine Knoll Shores, a location that was universally opposed by Town residents.
As a result, the Board of Commissioners, following this hearing, formally with—
drew from any further participation in the proposed regional plan.
In order to keep alert to any possible threat of contamination of the Town's
waters, the Planning Board has initiated a plan for regularly monitoring the
water in the Town's waterways and Bogue Sound adjacent to Pine Knoll Shores.
In addition, the State's Shellfish Sanitation Laboratory plans -to continue
sampling regularly the canals and adjacent Sound waters of Pine Knoll Shores.
To date they have found no contamination.
Polic : No participation in a regional sewage disposal plan is contemplated
as (1, septic systems should be adequate for areas zoned for single family
dwellings, (2) the entire west Pine Knoll Shores area already is served by
a tertiary treatment plant of adequate capacity, and (3) other moderate
density residential projects are required to have their own tertiary treat—
ment plants. Should present sewage disposal systems prove inadequate, cor—
rective action will be taken, including requiring replacement of defective
on —site systems, rezoning to a lower density, or even a building moratorium
if necessary.
Garbage and Trash Collection. The program under which the Town assumed respon—
sibility for all trash and garbage collection, except from motels and business
establishments, through contract with a private collection service, has proved
eminently successful. The service has been satisfactory and the cost not unrea—
sonable.
Policy: Refuse collection through contract with a private collection firm,
t-ath the cost borne from the basic property tax, will be continued. Should
the service ever prove to be unacceptable, consideration will be given to a
municipally —operated sanitation service.
Utilitv Services. With the recent addition by Carteret —Craven Electric Membership Cor—
poration of a new 115,000 volt substation within the community, no problems
of power supply are anticipated, particularly since the substation is designed
so that it can be doubled in capacity when needed.
V
Carolina Telephone and Telegraph Company will continue to provide telephone
service to the community. The recently constructed telephone relay station within
the Town plus the addition of another telephone exchange will amply serve the
needs of the community for the foreseeable future.
Policy: The Town will continue to rely upon the Carteret —Craven Electric
Membership Corporation and Carolina Telephone and Telegraph Company to expand
utility facilities and services to meet the needs of the community as it
continues to grow.

22
Recreation Facilities. Pine Knoll Shores is unusually well supplied with outdoor
recreation facilities. Basic is the nearly five miles of ocean beach. In addition,
there are twelve mini —parks operated by the homeowner's associations. These
include five on the ocean, three on the sound, three on the Pine Knoll Shores
waterway, and one tennis—children's playground area. Within the Town's boundaries
the State operates the 300 acre Roosevelt Natural Area State Park and Marine
Resources Center. Also within the Town is the Bogue Banks Country Club with
an 18 hole golf course, clubhouse, swimming pool and tennis courts.
Policy: A part of the Town's own 27 acre tract where the Town Hall is located
may be developed as parkland in the future.
Schools and Education. Pine Knoll Shores is a part of the Carteret County school
system. Children are bussed to Morehead City. Post high school and adult edu—
cation is available at Carteret Technical College.
Policy: The Town need not provide schools as it is part of the Carteret
County school system.
Roads and Bridges. New roads and bridges in pine Knoll Shores will be constructed
by subdivision developers at their cost. However, there is the possibility that
the Town itself might decide to construct a new bridge across the canal at the
west end of Mimosa Blvd. If so, it would have to be financed from public funds.
The Board of Commissioners has appointed a citizens' committee to investigate the
feasibility of such a bridge, its estimated cost and possible sources of funds.
Before the Board of Commissioners takes any action on a proposed bridge, a
public hearing will be held to determine property owners response to the proposal.
This would have to be followed by a referendum before a bond issue could be
authorized.
Rebuilding, straightening and widening of Salter Path Road (now Highway 58 South)
as a two—lane highway throughout pine Knoll Shores has been completed. As the
principal east —west traffic artery through the Town, it is now able to handle a
heavier flow with considerably greater safety.
As pointed out earlier, the prospect of a third bridge from Bogue Banks to the
mainland has improved considerable, largely due to efforts spearheaded by officials
of Pine Knoll Shores. They were able to enlist the combined support of all local
officials in the area for a third bridge and the group succeeded in having it
placed on the State's 7—year bridge -building plan.
An environmental impact study, commissioned by the NC Department of Transportation,
determined two possible locations for such a bridge. The first alternative
(which was preferred by those conducting the study) was to have the southern
terminus of the bridge east of Pine Knoll Shores in the area of Atlantic Beach.
The second alternative was to have the terminus in Pine Knoll Shores at the
location of Pine Knoll.Boulevard.
Based on informal surveys, it is clear that there would be strong opposition
from Pine Knoll Shores residents to the second alternative location. It would
in effect divide the Town, separating that portion lying east of Pine Knoll
Boulevard from the remainder. The increased traffic flow through the community
would be objectionable to residents and could pose a serious problem for
the operation of the Town's emergency vehicles. Since the Town Hall is located

23
on Pine Knoll Boulevard very close to what would be the end of the bridge, the
heavy flow of bridge traffic could seriously interfere with the movement of
police, fire and rescue vehicles from the Town Hall in response to emergency
calls.
Policy: The Town will continue to be responsible for maintaining all dedi-
cated roads and bridges in the community. Pine Knoll Shores strongly sup-
ports need for a third bridge from Bogue Banks to the mainland and just as
strongly opposes its location within the Town.
Other Capital Improvements. The municipal complex visualized in the Town's 1976
Land Use Plan was completed in 1979.
Policy: When the Town grows sufficiently to need its own maintenance equip-
ment, a facility to house it will be located on the 27 acre tract of Town -
owned property on Pine Knoll Boulevard.
Public Transportation. At present there is no public transport system linking
Pine Knoll Shores to Morehead City or other communities on the mainland.
Policy: The Town will support any effort by either a public or private agency
to provide bus service to the mainland, but it does not intend to establish
a public transport system.
Beach Erosion. Beach erosion does not appear to have been a problem in Pine Knoll
Shores for at least the past twenty years. Perhaps the fact that the beach on
Bogue Banks faces south, rather than east like most North Carolina beaches, may
be a mitigating factor. Also, there is some geological evidence to suggest
that the coastline in the area of Bogue Banks is not sinking at the same rate
as many East Coast areas or may even be stable.
By deed covenant, maintenance of the Town's waterways is the responsibility
of a homeowners' association.
Policy_ No need for action to deal with beach erosion or waterways main-
tenance is contemplated.
Ener;-y Facility and Development. Except for the electric utility substation
located in the area zoned for municipal services, there are no energy facilities
comtemplated in the Town. Furthermore, any effort to locate an energy -pro-
ducing facility, such as an oil refinery, within the community would meet
the stiffest kind of resistance.
Policy: The zoning ordinance prohibits location of any energy -producing
facility within the Town.
Beach and Waterfront Access. There are presently five oceanfront areas within
the Town set aside for parks, as well as four soundside areas and three others
on the internal waterways. At least one more oceanfront park area is planned.
Six parks provide boat launching facilities and four also have docking facilities.
All of these park areas are owned and controlled by homeowners' associations -
which make them available to Pine Knoll Shores' residents and guests.

24
Policy: The Town has no plans to take over the mini -parks from the homeowner's
associations. There are no areas for vehicular access to the beach within the
Town and none are planned.
Future Zoning Changes. The Town does not intend under any circumstances to relax
its present zoning ordinances to permit an increase in population density. On '
the other hand, it will encourage owners of unimproved property in Zones C-1
and C-2 to convert such property to single family residential zoning whenever
the opportunity presents itself.
E. Commitment to State and Federal Programs.
Pine Knoll Shores has actively supported the objectives of the Coastal Area
Management Act since the Town was incorporated. It was one of the first of the
coastal communities to enter into an agreement with the Coastal Resources
Commission to cooperate through the issuance of minor development permits.
It will continue to cooperate with C.R.C. and will abide by all applicable rules
and regulations.
It is worth noting that the Town's zoning and other ordinances have been amended
to conform with CAMA guidelines and regulations. Moreover, the Town's
regulations concerning building in areas of environmental concern, such as ocean-
front and soundfront properties, are even more restrictive than those of the
Coastal Resources Commission.
Policy: Pine Knoll Shores will continue to cooperate with State and Federal
programs that seek to protect the natural environment. Through its zoning
policies the Town has sought to provide maximum protection to the maritime
forest, as well as soundfront areas and oceanfront dunes and vegetation.
Home and commercial builders are required by regulation to maintain sub-
stantial portions of their properties in natural vegetation and are encouraged
to retain even more to the extent possible.
F. Continuing Public Participation
Pine Knoll Shores has an enviable history of outstanding public participation in
planning and decision -making. To keep property -owners alert to issues, the Town
publishes a monthly newsletter which is mailed without charge to all interested
citizens; it publishes notices of all meetings of the Board of Commissioners,
as well as all public hearings, in the local newspaper and other local media;
and, on occasion, when a hearing or meeting is to be held on a particularly
vital issue a systematic community -wide telephone canvass is conducted to assure
wide participation.
In preparing the present up -date of the land use plan, as pointed out earlier,
a mail questionnaire survey of all property-oimers was conducted in October 1980.
Of the 1102 property -owners who received questionnaire, 51 percent responded,
an unusually high rate for such a survey. Following tabulation of the survey
results, a public hearing was held on January 28, 1981, attended by approximately
125 persons, at which the findings from the survey were presented for discussion
and questions. Upon completion of the draft 1981 up -date of the Land Use Plan,
the draft was placed on display for 30 days at the Town Hall and a public hearing
to obtain comments on the plan was held on September 29, 1981.

25
Policy: Implemention of the Land Use Plan is largely through Town ordinances.
Since pending action on these ordinances is widely publicized through the Town's
wnewsletter, local newspaper and other media, and is preceded by public hearings,
a continued high level of public participation is to be expected.

APPENDIX
EXHIBIT I, 1975 GOALS
Long Range Goals and Objectives of
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores
. The following is a statement of policy concerning the
Town's long range goals and objectives as developed by its
Planning Board and approved by its duly elected Board of
Commissioners on August 14, 1975. It attempts to reflect
to the extent practicable the desires of the Town's resi-
dents as expressed at various public meetings and in re-
plies to a general questionaire that was mailed to all
residential property owners in May, 1975•
The purpose of this statement is to provide a founda-
tion for planning and developing an outstanding town that
meets the desires and aspirations of the majority,of its
residents.
Although the barrier islands of the coast of North
Carolina are typically resort and summer vacation'areas,
there also is a need and demand in these areas for at-
tractive and comfortable year around living facilities
for moderate income families. The Town of Pine Knoll
Shores was designed to fill this need. It is essen-
tially a year around residential community, with a
limited number of summer homes and commercial resort motels.
Because of the Town's present population density restrict-
ions,it is unlikely that there will be any substantial in-
crease in the number of motels in the future. No industry
is contemplated, other than the motels, one fishing pier,
and a small business center to serve community needs.
At present, the Town is less than 20'% developed and
has about 680 full time residents. The majority are re-
tired individuals and. the rest are people who are employed
in nearby communities. Peak summer population is substan-
tially greater because of the many guests of residents and
the influx into summer homes and motels.

27
Following are two projections of future population;
one based on the answers to lot owners' questionaires and
the other based on the actual rate of growth to date.
Both reflect peak season conditions because the Town must
develop its services to meet peak population needs. At
best, these computations are only rough approximations,
but they do give some indication of the kind of growth the
Town can expect, even with its existing zoning ordinances
and population density limitations.
Present
1980
'1985
2000
Lot owners' questionaires
Residential
13,000
1,600
2,100
3,500
Motels
800
800
800
800
1, 00
2,400
2,900
4,300
Projection of actual growth
Residential
1-,-Goo
32-000
­4000 *
7,800
Motels
800
800
800
800
12800
, 00
4,900
7200
. This projected population will be concentrated in
about 1,350 of the Town Is 1,'780 acres. In addition to
about 1,070 single family residences, there will be at
least seven motels and several thousand multi -family resi-
dential units, such as condominiums, cooperatives, and
apartments. It is anticipated that most of the Town's
commercially zoned property will be developed with multi-
family facilities in order to take advantage of the ten
unit per acre density` provision in the zoning ordinances.
In order to accommodate the needs of an estimated
future peak population of between 4,300 and 7,800 people,
the Town proposes to gradually expand its services as set
forth below.
Police protection - The Town presently has its own police
force. As the Town grows, this force will be enlarged to
assure adequate police protection at all times. However,
in view of the limited area of the Town and the probabil-
ity that business development will be relatively small,
it is unlikely that the police force will need to be in-
creased at the -same rate that the population increases.

.. 8
Fire protection - The Town is presently negotiating with
e Town of At—lantic Beach for fire protection services.
Up till now, only the east end of the Town has had an ar-
rangement with Atlantic Beach. The rest of the Town is
dependent upon the good will of Atlantic Beach and Salter
Path -for_hel-p .if -the need. -.arises. The Town itself -has no
firefighting equipment. For the future, the Town has
several alternatives, any one of which would be satisfac-
tory: (1) continue its arrangement with Atlantic Beach,
but add a substation within the Town in order to reduce
fire insurance rates; (2) join a consolidated Bogue Banks
Fire District if one is established; or (3) form an inde-
pendent Volunteer Fire Department, a costly and long drawn
out process. These options will be continously evaluated
as the Town grows. Another factor in improving the Town's
fire fighting capability will be the erection of an ele-
vated water storage tank, discussed in more detail under
Water Service below.
Water service - Present plans are to have Carolina Water
Service , nc., continue to provide the Town Is water needs.
Part of the eastern end of the Town depends upon indivi-
dual wells on each property. However, if this source should
become unsatisfactory, the water company can extend its
lines to serve the area. As the system expands, it will
be necessary to erect an elevated water storage tank to
assure adequate pressure during peak consumption periods.
A side benefit of such a tank is a surer source of water
for fire fighting purposes with a commensurate reduction
in fire insurance rates.
If at any time it should appear advantageous to do
so, the Town will consider purchasing the water system
and operating it as a municipal facility.
Sewerage Disposal - For the present, the Town will con-
tinue to rely upon private septic tank systems, built and
installed in compliance with strict State and County
standards. For the future? however, the Town is tenta-
tively committed to participation in a district sewer
system, most of the cost of which will be paid for out of
Federal and State funds, with the remainder to be financed

29
by local revenue bonds. The preliminary plans for the
treatment and disposal plant have already been developed
and approved, but it will probably be several years be-
fore the necessary local referendums are completed and
actual construction is started. It is generally agreed
that the Town is limited as to the number of septic systems
ation
itwatershave hout andculting imatelyttheno
sur-
rounding
Town'sfresh grater
sources.
Gar ba a and Trash Collection - The Town plans to be re-
sponsible for all general trash and garbage collection,
except for motels and businesses. On a trial basis, it
has entered into a six-month contract with Atlantic Dis-
posal Co., the cost to be met out of tax revenues.
this arrangement proves successful, it will be continued.
When the Town's growth merits it, consideration will be
given -to a municipally operated sanitation service.
Electric Service — The Town will continue --to. rely upon
the Carteret -Craven Electric Membership Corp. to supply
its electric power needs. 110 foreseeable problems of
supply are anticipated.
Gas Service - The Town has no intention of installing a
natura or manufactured gas distribution system. All
energy requirements will be met with electricity and oil.
Recreation Facilities - The Town is well endowed with
outdoor recreational facilities. In addition to about
five miles of ocean beach, it has eight small parks that
are operated by the property owners associations (3 on
the ocean, 2 on the sound, and 3 on Pine Knoll Naterway.)
Also, within the Town limits, the State operates a 300
acre park containing a marine science center and museum.
The Pine Knoll Shores Golf and Country Club is located in
the Town, with an 18 hole golf course, a large clubhouse,
a swimming pool, and four tennis courts. Finally, the
Town itself owns a tract of 27 acres, some of which will
probably be developed into public parkland in the future.
ochools and Education - The Town comes under the Car-
teret County school system and, therefore, need provide no
schools of its osrn- At present, the children are bussed
to schoolr, in Forehead City. Post high school courses
and adult education are available at Carteret Technical
Institute, also in Morehead City. The Town does not
ajar, to supplement presently available educational
facilities.

30
Roads and 'Bridges - `-Phe Town mill naintain all roads and
ridges that are dedicated to it. Generally, all new
roads and bridges rill be constructed by subdivision devel-
opers at their cost. The Town will sup_nort any effort to
nave the AState improve Salter Path Road as the principal
traffic artery through the Town, provided it is continued
as a two-lane highway. If a third bridge is built across
P,ogue Sound from the mainland. the Town will support the
majority views of its residents as to the bridge's pre-
ferred location.
?^jbli.c Tr_-rsnortation - The To -an does not intend to estab-
lish any public zrans»ortation system, but it will give
serious consideration to any effort by the County or
a. private enterprise to establish a Bogue Banks 'Pusline
along Salter I'ath Road - in the light of the threatened
future ener* crisis.
Other Capital Inz)rovere_.ts - included in the' Town's lonE
range nl?Tis are u, nec. cor.A.urity center to include :or1n
offices, police headquarters, a fire station or sub-
station, and a necting hall. '.lso, as the ''.our, becomes
larger, it will need so -me maintenance equipment and a
place to house it. These facilities vi11 be located or
the Toy r_'s property on Bridge Road.
•-_ "a a nj - Pecogr_izing that :much of the
Coastal I.anc. .,_.n.:. e;ae_.�
Tov.M lies Y.i .in fragile areas of environmental concern,
tpe TT, vrill stri ve 'hrour its ordinances, regulations,
and decisiono of elected and arpointed officials to
maintain and nrotect the natural terrain and environ-
ment to the extent possible. in particular, 'it will pro-
tect the ocear. and sound shorelines, the frontal dunes,
the salt marshes, and the maritime forests. It %,rill
also ta;:e necessary meazurez to protect the quality of
the water alone the sour,"` and ocean fronts and in the
mop is internal waterways. it Trill abide by all apuli.-
cable rules and re ulations promulgated by the Coastal
Resources Commission.

31
The foregoing objectives are considered valid for the
forseeable future. £owever, they will be reviewed per-
iodically and, where appropriate, modifications will be
proposed for the Town's consideration.
Notes on Goals - It has been subsequently determined that
the acreage figures given in the Goals were overstated.
The acreages given in the text of the land use analysis
are to be considered more accurate.
In computing the population projections, a figure of 400,
motel rooms with a peak occupancy of two persons. per room.
was used. The actual number of rooms is 590 and three per-
sons per room is deemed•as a more correct peak occupancy.
Since the Goals were adopted, two steps toward achievement
have been taken:.1) An agreement has been made for adjacent
Atlantic Beach to provide fire protection for the whole
Town of Pine Knoll Shores; and 2) the Town Board of Com-
missioners has passed a resolution to cooperate with all
of the area local government units in working to -provide
sewage collection and treatment on a regional basis. This
involved approval of the EPA (Section 201) Regional Plan.
On water quantity, the existing deep well system can pump
one million gallons of water per day without aquifer draw
dorm. This is adequate for a population of 10,000.
The Planning Advisor is convinced that making Salter Path
Road a high capacity facility would harm the Town by crea-
ting a barrier to north -south traffic and pedestrian move-
ment and by causing general congestion.

F
F
t
i
ATLANTIC OCEAN

COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR
PINE KNOLL SHORES, N. C.
-EXISTING LAND USE 19BO
ZD RESIDENTIAL
COMMERCIAL
MUNICIPAL SERVICES
�� OPEN SPACE 6 RECREATION
D MARSH
BOGUS SOUND
ATLANTIC OCEAN