Land Use Plan Update-1987

PROPERTY OF
DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE
1986 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES , N.C.
JULY 24 , 1987
The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant
provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds
provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is
administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management,
N.O.A.A.
COASTAL RESOURCES COMMISSION CERTIFICATION JULY 84 , 1887
TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES ADOPTION JUNE 28, 1887

1
I,]
11
1987 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
THE TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS - Kenneth A. Hanan - Mayor
Aubrey P. Johnson
Frederic C. Libby
John W. Shedd
Daniel Sotir
Emily 0. White
LAND USE PLAN UPDATE COMMITTEE - Frederic C. Libby, Chairman
Robert D. Armstrong
Arthur E. Browne
Ellen L. Crumley
H. Kenneth Haller
Morgan P. Hammer
Lawrence B. Jerome
Edwin B. Olson
PLANNING CONSULTANT - Paton-Zucchino & Associates, P.A.
Landscape Architects - Land Planners
July 7, 1987
The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant
provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds
provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is
administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management,
N.O.A.A.

PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA
LAND USE PLAN - 1986 UPDATE
' TABLE OF CONTENTS
'
Page
I.
INTRODUCTION
1
'
II.
DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN THE PAST FIVE YEARS
2
'
III.
1986 PROPERTY OWNERS SURVEY
5
IV.
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
7
'
A. Present Conditions
7
1. Population Projection
7
2. Existing Land Use Analysis
9
3. Land Compatibility Problems
13
4. Areas Likely to Experience Changes
in Predominant Land Use
13
5. Current Land Use Regulations
13
B. Constraints: Land Suitability
14
'
1. Hazard Areas
15
2. Areas With Soils Limitations
15
3. Fragile Areas
15
'
4. Areas With Resource Potential
17
5. Areas of Environmental Concern
17
'
C. Constraints: Capacity of Community Facilities
18
V.
POLICY STATEMENTS
19
A. Implementation of 1981 Land Use Plan Policies
19
B. Policy Statements
23
'
1. Resource Protection
24
2. Resource Production and Management
28
3. Economic and Community Development Policies
29
'
4. Continuing Public Participation
31
5. Storm Hazard Mitigation
32

C. Storm Mitigation, Evacuation and
Post Disaster Recovery Plans
33
'
1. Storm Hazard Mitigation
33
2. Hurricane Evacuation Plan
35
3. Post -Disaster Recovery Plan
38
'
41
VI. LAND CLASSIFICATION
'
A. Developed Classification
41
B. Conservation Classification
42
'
VII. RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATION
43
A. Developed Classification
43
'
B. Conservation Classification
44
'
VIII. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
45
IX. ACCEPTANCE OF THE 1986 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
BY THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
45
LIST OF MAPS
Existing Land Use Map
11
'
Future Land Use and Classification Map
12
Hazards Map
16
ILIST OF TABLES
Table
1:
Existing and Projected Living Units.
8
'
Table
2:
Peak Population Summary Comparison 1981-1986.
8
Table
3
1986 and Build -out population by Dwelling
8
Type and Residency.
Table
4
Comparison of Peak Summer Population Estimates.
9
Table
5:
Land Use Acreage by Zoning Classification: 1986.
10
Table
6:
Building Trends in Pine Knoll Shores: 1981-1986
10
I
Table 7: Hurricane Forces Associated with Town Environments. 34
' APPENDICES
Appendix A: 1986 Property Owners Survey 45
Appendix B: Listing of Plans, Policies and Regulations 48
1

' I. INTRODUCTION
This 1911 Land Use Plan Update for Pine Knoll Shores has been prepared in
' accordance with requirements of the North Carolina Coastal Area Management
Act (CAMA), and complies with Subchapter 7B, Land Use Planning Guidelines
of the North Carolina Administrative Code as amended February 11, 1985.
' Land development takes place as the result of a series of decisions by
private individuals and government. If left entirely to chance, the
resulting pattern of development in a locality may well not be in the best
' overall community interest. In order to promote this community interest
for both present and future generations, this land use plan has been
developed, adopted and will be kept current by the Town of Pine Knoll
' Shores.
The land use plan is a framework that will guide town leaders as they make
' decisions affecting development. Private individuals and other levels of
government will also use the plan to guide their land use decisions. Use
of the plan by these groups will lead to more efficient and economical
provision of public services, protection of natural resources, sound
' economic development, and protection of public health and safety.
Many decisions affecting development are made by other levels of
' government, and local policies must take account of and coincide with
established state and federal policies. Most decisions, however, are
primarily of local concern. By carefully and explicitly addressing these
issues, other levels of government will follow local policies that deal
' with these issues. State and federal agencies will use the local land use
plans and policies in making project consistency, funding and permit
decisions.
'
Since the inception of
the land use
planning
requirements under CAMA, the
land use plans have
placed their
emphasis on different aspects of the
planning process. The
focus of the
1976 Land Use Plan was to gather base
'
data about the Town.
The 1981 Land
Use Plan
updated these data and placed
an additional emphasis
on the formulation
of
land use policies. The 1986
Land Use Plan takes
this concept
one step
further by refining former
' policies and tying them to implementation strategies so they can have the
desired impact on the community.
1
1

II. DEVELOPMENTS WITHIN THE PAST FIVE YEARS
A. ZONING AND ANNEXATION
Only limited zoning ordinance and map changes have taken place since
1981. These are: 1) 10.6 acre tract at the corner of Roosevelt Drive
and Pine Knoll Boulevard was rezoned from C-2 to the C-3
classification and later rezoned from C-3 to the Recreation Zone; 2)
A second tract with 500 feet of oceanfront located south of the
Roosevelt Natural Area was rezoned from C-2 to a combination of R-4
and Recreation classifications; 3) In addition, two zoning density
changes were made during this period; multifamily density was reduced
from ten to eight units per acre and motel density was increased from
eight to 22 units per acre; 4) A new zoning classification, the
Institutional Zone, was established and applied to the 63 acre Trinity
Center. This property was annexed in 1984. 5) A six acre C-2 tract
located at the westernmost end of the Town, was also annexed in 1984.
This property is 250 feet wide and extends from the ocean line to the
sound shore line except for that area containing NC Highway 58.
B. RECREATIONAL AREAS
Since the preparation of the Land Use Plan of 1981, existing private
recreational areas have been maintained and expanded. Those areas
include two ocean access parks, a boat basin opening to Bogue Sound
with tie-up and boat launching facilities and a mini park ("Brock
Basin"), a boat basin opening on the canal ("Hall Haven"), a park with
boat launching facilities on Bogue Sound ("McNeill Inlet"), a small
park with a boat launching ramp opening on the canal ("Davis
Landing"), and a small park on the Sound side of Oakleaf Drive
("Garner Park"). The Bogue Banks Country Club and the state -operated
Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area, comprising 93 and 309 acres
respectively, also continue to serve as important recreation resources
for the Town. A small park is presently being developed on the canal
at the eastern end of Ramsey Drive at the intersection of Arborvitae
Court.
'
An additional 10.6 acre tract south
conservation park lands during
of Roosevelt Drive
the past planning
was added to
period. With
public
the exception of the 10.6 acre tract, the Town owns no recreation
area.
In addition, condominium developments
constructed during
the last five
years offer beach access, swimming
pools, tennis courts and other
'
recreational facilities to residents
and guests.
2

C. POLICE, FIRE, AND RESCUE
With the population of the Town increasing, the police force has grown
from five to six policemen and now has three patrol cars with 24-hour
service available throughout the Town.
The fire department has grown too, and while it is still a volunteer
group, the equipment now owned by the Town includes a general fire
truck, a brush fire truck and a "first responder mini -pumper" truck.
There are 28 volunteer firemen (December 1986).
' With the larger population and influx of summer visitors, the rescue
squad has increased in personnel and equipment. Another fully
equipped ambulance was acquired in November of 1983, so now there are
' two ambulances available. The rescue squad is strictly volunteer and,
like the fire department, is ready for service 24 hours a day. There
are 26 members of the rescue squad (December 1986).
ID. UTILITIES
Private utility companies continue to provide water, electric power
'
and telephone service to the Town. These services have been expanded
to meet the Town's needs during the past planning period.
'
In 1981 there were two wells in production and one 150,000 gallon
storage tank. Two additional wells are in production at this time.
One, a ten -inch well produces 500 gallons per minute and a second, an
eight -inch well, produces 425 gallons per minute. Approximately 5,500
'
feet of eight -inch line and approximately 3,000 feet of six-inch line
have been installed. In addition, a 250,000 gallon elevated storage
tank has been erected at the western end of town. There are,
'
therefore, four wells and a storage capacity of 400,000 gallons and a
pumping capacity of two million gallons per day.* The water system is
owned and operated by Carolina Water Service.
'
Pine Knoll Shores is the location of one of Carteret Craven Electric
Membership Corporation's substations. Transmission lines have been
extended, with Pine Knoll Shores and others being served by lines
'
carrying 115,000 volts.
Pine Knoll Shores is now served from a remote electronic telephone
switching facility near the North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll
Shores. Carolina Telephone & Telegraph is in the process of updating
its equipment, and soon the most modern Western Electric switching
' system will serve Pine Knoll Shores.
Single-family lots within the Town are served by individual septic
systems. All undeveloped lots are capable of supporting individual
' septic systems. At this time, all multifamily developments within the
Town have plans for additional sewage capacity to accommodate each
I* Figures supplied by Carolina Water Service.

�l
project's unit build -out. Other than individual package treatment
' systems for condominium, motel and commercial developments, there is
no overall central sewage system for the Town. Part of the western
end of the Town is serviced by a private community system with a
' planned capacity of 240,000 gpd and represents the largest single
sewage system in the Town.
I
E. STORMWATER RUNOFF
Serious flooding developed in several sections of town as a result of
two unusually heavy rainstorms which occurred in the spring of 1983
and the fall of 1985. A special committee under direction of the
Commissioner of Streets and Highways is now studying stormwater runoff
problems from NC Highway 58 and its control within the Town, with a
plan for remedial action to follow. In the past five years,. the
impact of stormwater runoff on water quality has become increasingly
better understood. As coastal communities continue to grow, the
impact of development generated run- off will need more attention if
the quality of coastal waters is to be maintained. The Town
recognizes the specific water quality problems in the Town canals
which, in part, can be attributed to stormwater runoff from NC 58. As
state regulations and policies are enacted to control stormwater
runoff, the Town will need to review its land use regulations to
assure consistency in this effort to maintain high water quality
levels.
F. STREET IMPROVEMENTS
The Town has 10.9 miles of town -owned and maintained streets and has
five miles of N.C. Highway 58. Approximately three miles of Pine
Knoll Shores roads were resurfaced in 1983. No serious problems are
currently evident. An ongoing program provides for future resurfacing
as the need arises. Private contractors continue to be used for
maintenance of town roads and roadway shoulders. Maintenance of NC
Highway 58 continues to be the responsibility of NCDOT. There is
currently a Town capital improvement budget for roadways and bridges
of $60,000 with $ 10,000 being added each year.
Traffic counts show that Highway 58 carries 18-20,000 vehicles per day
in peak (summer) season and 2,500-4,000 vehicles per day in off
(winter) season with the lower number for an average weekday and the
higher number for an average weekend day.*
N.C. Department of Transportation, 1985 study of N.C. 58 in Pine
Knoll Shores.
4

7I
L�
III. 1181 PROPERTY OWNERS SURVEY
All owners of property' in Pine Knoll Shores were mailed a
questionnaire on December 26, 1985, to be returned by January 10,
1986. The purpose was to determine how the property owners feel about
the way the community has developed over the past years, and to obtain
suggestions for future improvements.
A total of 1,507 questionnaires were mailed, of which 881 were
returned for a 58.5% response. Because of this high rate of response,
information collected is significantly representative of all Pine
' Knoll Shores residential property owners.
Nearly 80% of the respondents own a residence, and 20% own unimproved
lots
in Pine Knoll Shores. Among
the residents, 56% own a single-
'
family
home and.44%
own a unit in a
multifamily structure.
Pine Knoll
Shores
is the
principal place of
residence of 36% of
respondents
owning
either
a single-family home or a unit in a
multifamily
'
structure,
and
64% of property owners (single-family or
multifamily)
do not
make Pine
Knoll Shores their
principal place of residence.
' When asked if they are satisfied with the way Pine Knoll Shores is
evolving, 78% said yes. Concerning satisfaction with the present
zoning of Pine Knoll Shores, 81% expressed satisfaction. Those
expressing dissatisfaction based their objections mainly on the
' proliferation of condominiums and motels, and the proposed village
shopping center.
' Approval or disapproval of locating another state -built bridge from
the mainland to Pine Knoll Shores was requested. Of those responding,
54% would disapprove, 39% would approve, and 7% had no opinion.
When advised the State has adopted a program for establishing beach
access facilities for the non-resident general public, 87% would not
favor having such a facility in Pine Knoll Shores, and 13% would favor
' having it here. Only 9% of those expressing an opinion think Pine
Knoll Shores should provide funds for such a facility, and 91% think
the Town should not.
t
5
E

n
u
f!
1
A question about the kind of community that is wanted was repeated
from the 1975 survey. The results are compared:
What Kind of Community is Wanted? 1975 1985
A. Residential and retirement family resort 68% 69%
with commercial developement to serve
community only.
B. Same as above but with more general 11% 9%
commercial.
C. About equal number of single-family homes, 11% 8%
condominiums, motel rooms, with supporting
commercial.
D. Basically a retirement community. 9% 13%
E. Unrestricted development of tourist 1% 1%
attractions.
TOTAL 100% 100%
The foregoing indicates that, currently, 82% of respondents basically
want a retirement community that is a residential family resort with
commercial development to serve the community only. This is up 5%
from the 77% result of the 1975 survey. It should be noted that
categories A. and D. were combined to reach this conclusion.
Further, categories B. and C. dropped slightly from 1975 to 1985.
Certain other questions not relating directly to land use will be
discussed in other sections of this document. Furthermore, a
comprehensive analysis of the survey has been referred to the Board of
Commissioners for its consideration. A copy of the survey form can be
found in the appendix of this report.
[01

IV. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
11
A. PRESENT CONDITIONS
Projections of population data have been made using a number of
available sources including the 1980 and July 1984 census estimates,
figures from the 1980 land use plan, town building and land use data,
and information from individuals knowledgable about the Town. It is
difficult to make accurate population projections for beach
communities which have large seasonal population fluctuations and
relatively small permanent populations. For this reason, a series of
standard criteria have been established to assist in projecting
population trends for the Town.
1. Population Projections
The data and projections made in the tables below make a number of
assumptions concerning the peak population projections for the
town: 1) that the percentage of permanent residents for single-
family homes versus multifamily units is 75% and 5% respectively
and in the future is anticipated to be 75% and 20% respectively; 2)
that the occupancy rate is 2.25 per single-family home; 4.0 for
multifamily; and, 3.0 for motel rooms; (These rates are consistent
with professionals knowledgeable about occupancy rates for the
area) and, 3) that the day visitor population is relatively low for
a beach community due to the minimum number of facilities and
services oriented to the day visitor. Only the North Carolina
Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores, the new Trinity Center, the Iron
Steamer Fishing Pier, Bogue Banks Country Club, and the proposed
Pine Knoll Village Shopping Center could be considered as
attractions for day visitors. An assessment of day visitor
population is used only for making ultimate peak seasonal
population projections.
Table 1 compares the existing and projected living units by unit
type. The data suggest that the surge in multifamily construction
during the planning period will stabilize and that as many single-
family units remain to be built as are already constructed in the
Town. The number of motel units will also increase significantly
over current numbers by build -out.
Table 2 reveals a large increase in the multifamily population as
' compared to the single-family population which has a considerably
higher assigned permanent residency factor. The multifamily peak
seasonal population increased significantly, 293% over the period
' with an increase of peak seasonal population of 3,284. The single-
family peak seasonal population increased 57% over the period, a
percentage comparable to the 1976-1981 period.
' Tables 3 and 4 compare peak summer population and total build -out
population by housing type and by resident type. The contribution
of population by each dwelling type through the period is shown in
Table 3. It is of interest to note in Table 3 that the percentage
of year -around residents as compared to peak population for all
7

housing types combined was 23% in 1980, 18% in 1986, and is
projected to be 31% at build -out. These data point to the ready
availability of multifamily zoned land during this period.
Multifamily construction produced 1,101 units during the period.
The next 15 years will result in considerably more single-family
construction and a resultant increase in the percentage of year -
around residents living in the community with a significant
decrease in multifamily construction.
Table 1: Pine Knoll Shores Existing and Projected Living Units*
Single -Family Multifamily Motel Total
Completed or Approved
as of March 1, 1986 561 1,101 515 2,177
Yet to be Built 577 270 216 1,063
Maximum Anticipated 1,138 1,371 731 3,240
(build -out)
Table 2: Pine Knoll Shores Peak Population Summary Comparison*
1981-1986
Person
Dwelling Type
1981
1986
Increase
% Increase
Single -Family
803
1,262
459
57
%
Multifamily
1,120
4,404
3,284
293
%
Motel
1,674
1,545
(129)
-8
%
Institutional-
0
275
275
-
%
Total
3,597
7,486
3,889
108
%
Table 3: 1986 and Build -out Population by Dwelling Type and
Residency*
1986
Single -Family
Institutional
Multifamily
Motel
Total
Year -Around
947
4
220
100
1,271
Summer Peak
1,262
275
4,404
1,545
7,486
Build -out
Year -Around
1,920
4
1,097
200
3,221
Summer Peak
2,561
275
5,484
2,193
10,513
*Data Source: Town Building Inspector
F

Table 4: Comparison
of Peak
Summer
Population
Estimates*
Dwelling Type
1975
1981
1986
Build -out
'
Single -Family
500
803
1,262
2,561
Multifamily
500
1,120
4,404
5,484
Motel
1,700
1,674
1,545
2,193
'
Institutional**
0
0
275
275
Total
2,700
3,597
7,486
**10,513
' The structure of the population for any coastal or beach community
can generally be expected to have a strong trend toward seasonal
populations. Although Pine Knoll Shores possesses this
characteristic, the relative lack of day attractions, services and
facilities for day visitors has led to a greater percentage of the
peak population being permanent residents than may be found in
other similarly sized beach communities on the North Carolina
' coast. Pine Knoll Shores will continue to deal with the
constraints placed on community facilities and services by such a
population composition.
2. Existing Land Use Analysis
' The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is a planned community which not
only has been developed to a considerable degree but also is a
community in which the land use patterns within the Town limits
have been fixed and have remained relatively unchanged during the
past ten years. Much of the undeveloped land has been either
platted for single-family lots, master planned for fixed maximum
' densities and housing types, is in resources protection areas or
assigned as permanent open space in the form of parks, natural
areas, water bodies and beaches. There is no significant
undeveloped property at this time which could be expected to change
' drastically in terms of anticipated land use or density. (See
Existing Land Use Map).
' The land use changes since 1981 have come primarily from
the conversion of undeveloped but already zoned land into
multifamily housing tracts, and single-family home development on
pre -platted lots. All substantially sized land tracts, those
' greater than 25 acres in size, have been developed during the
' *Data Source Town Building Inspector
**Institutional represents the Trinity Center
' ***The build -out population figure of 10,513 differs from the 1981
plan estimate of 9,260 as a result of the increase in occupancy
rates used for determining occupancy in multifamily units; the
' annexation of additional multifamily and institutional lands; and,
the changes in zoning density for multifamily buildings and motels.
2

'
See section IV.A.1 for population projection assumption.
period from 1981 to 1986 or have been planned and zoned for future
'
development.
Within the Town's corporate limits are 1,497 acres of land, water,
vegetated wetlands and beachfront. The length of beach front
'
within Town limits is now 4.7 miles. The Town recently annexed
approximately 69 acres along its western limits and at that point
is contiguous to the Town limits of Indian Beach. To the east, the
'
Town has no intention of further annexation. Atlantic Beach has
This
expressed some interest in the annexation of this property.
situation suggests that all planning projections should focus on
community facilities, services, and upgrading existing developments
'
currently within the Town. Table 5 shows the acreages within the
Town limits for 1986.
'
*Table 5: Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Acreages by Zoning
Classification** : 1986
Single -Family Residential, R-1,R-2,R-3,R-4 716
'
Multifamily Residential, C-2 180
Commercial, C-1 57
Commercial, C-3, C=4, C-5 35
'
Institutional 63
Municipal Services. C 6 23
Recreational: Rec-1, Rec-2 and Rec-3 423
Total Acres*** 1,497
* Planimetered 1986 from town zoning maps.
'
Reference Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Ordinance for definitions.
*** Total Acres includes all roadways within Town limits.
'
Building trends for the town summarized in Table 6 show the
changes since 1981.
'
Table 6: Building Trends in Pine Knoll Shores: 1981-1986
'
1981 1986 Changes in Units
Units Units 1981 - 1986 7. Change
Single -Family 357 561 204 57 7.
'
Multifamily (Condo) 280 1,101 821 293 7.
Motel 558 515 *(-43) -8 7.
'
Totals 1,195 2,177 982 82 9.
*Reduction in motel units resulted in conversion of an existing
motel to condominium units
'
It is evident from the data that the strongest building trend
during the past five years has been the construction of 763
multifamily units with an additional 338 units under
'
construction in 1986. The rate of single-family construction has
remained relatively constant as compared to the 1976-1981 period.
'
10

\_
1ee6
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR
PINE
KNOLL SHORES, N. C.
EXISTING LAND USE 1986
INSTITUTIONAL
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RESIOENTIAL
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The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant
provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds
provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is
administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management,
— ----- N.O.A.A.
PAGE 11

M.
1986
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR
o o • -
'
PINE
KNOLL SHORESs N. C.
[III
fill
°°°°�
FUTURE LAND USE PLAN&. LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP 1986 ° °09 a° °•�° °°' �' °°°
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VA
BOGUE SOUND
6n Be . some
M Ise
ffinliAllaw,:.�.�-------------J� r
LLl_i l I I f The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant
SCALE IN FEET provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds
provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is
administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management,
N.O. A. A.
PAGE 12

' Motel construction did not occur during this period. Approval has
been granted to the site plan of a commercial center which is
expected to be completed in 1987. Although land cost and consumer
demand point to a continuation of multifamily construction during
' the next five years, the amount of available land zoned for this
use is fast becoming exhausted.
' All land for single-family home construction is already platted and
will be increasingly the focus of construction during the coming
years. Very little additional commercial development can be
expected after the construction of the proposed village shopping
' center. Moreover, motel expansion is restricted to only two sites
totalling four acres at the increased permitted density of 22 units
per acre.
' 3. Land Compatibility Problems
' There are very few circumstances which might be considered to be
land use compatibility problems within the Town. The Town was
planned in considerable detail prior to and during the early years
of its incorporation and does not have the problems of industrial
' and strip commercial developments which may create problems in
other communities.
' However, two specific land compatibility problems exist. First,
both the fishing pier and the Ramada Inn were constructed prior to
incorporation of the Town and now represent pre-existing uses which
would not now be allowed under the Town ordinances. Second, there
I
are existing residential areas located in low lying areas which are
subject to periodic flooding.
' 4. Areas Likely to Experience Changes in Predominant Land Use
As previously stated, the land within the corporate limits of Pine
Knoll Shores is currently developed, being developed, or zoned for
' future development.
An oceanfront tract of approximately four acres lies on the
' easternmost edge of the Town limits and is zoned for motel use or
moderate density condominiums. For population projection at build -
out, this property and all other undeveloped tracts were assigned
the highest density use allowable although a lower density use
might ultimately be adopted.
5. Current Land Use Regulations
'
a. Zoning Ordinance
'
The zoning ordinance controls
development design standards
land use,
for all property
development density and
within the Town.
Several changes in the zoning
ordinances
have taken place since
1981 and are outlined in the
earlier
section: Developments
within the Past Five Years
- Zoning
and Annexation. The
'
following zoning districts are
described
in zoning ordinance:
r_�
13

' Single-family residential: R-1, R-2, R-3, and R-4
Multifamily residential: C-1 and C-2
Commercial: C-3, C-4, and C-5
Institutional:
' Municipal Services: C-6
Recreational: Rec-1, Rec-2 and Rec-3
See appendix for a complete list of Town plans, policies and
regulations.
b. Town Subdivision Regulations
The subdivision regulations adopted in 1980 and revised in 1981
and 1982 are used in concert with the zoning ordinance to ensure
that proper development standards are followed. The subdivision
'
regulations detail specific site development requirements which
are applied to buildings, roadways, utilities and site amenities
and are reviewed for consistency by the Town Planning Board and
'
building inspector during the plan approval process and during
the construction period. The subdivision regulations have been
revised for specific issues by approval of the Board of
Commissioners, most of which are technical and have not caused
'
significant changes in land use or Town policy concerning land
use.
'
c. Enforcement Provisions
All planning and development issues are reviewed by the Town
Planning Board and then passed on with recommendations to the
'
Town Board of Commissioners for final action. A full-time
building inspector serves as in-house staff, field inspector
during construction, permit officer and permit enforcement
'
officer.
d. State and Federal Regulations
The State guides land use in the coastal area through the
implementation of the Coastal Area Management act which has set
' forth standards for development in areas designated as Areas of
Environmental Concern. Development projects that require
federal permits or authorization are also reviewed for
' consistency by the NCDCM. The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
govern development through standards set forth in federal
regulations and monitored through a permit review program.
' B. CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY
The major constraints for future development within the Town have been
identified and mapped during the past land use plan updates. Current
zoning and land use ordinances take these constraints into
consideration in limiting future growth.
14

'
1. Hazard Areas
'
There are no man-made hazards such as airports, industrial storage
tanks, or power plants within or immediately adjacent to the Town.
There are, of course, a number of natural hazard areas which are
characteristic of any beach community. The entire oceanfront of
'
five miles is designated as Ocean Hazard AEC and is a major
constraint to development. The Town ordinances for many years have
generally been more restrictive than the CAMA oceanfront setback
'
for detached residential structures and have maintained a minimum
100 foot setback from the toe of the primary dune for all
structures. Most of the beachfront areas which are developed do
not lie within the flood insurance hazard zones.
The second major natural hazard area is the low lying area
adjacent to Bogue Sound. Much of this area is susceptible to storm
flooding. Only a limited amount of soundfront property within the
Town remains undeveloped.
Two specific military and industrial land uses in the surrounding
area represent a slight but potential hazard to the Town. These
potential hazards are the possibility of aircraft crashes from the
Bogue Marine Airstrip on the mainland and from the possibility of
'
an industrial accident from the port at Morehead City which might
require evacuation of town residents.
'
2. Areas With Soil Limitations
The Town is generally underlaid with the Newhan-Corolla soils which
are characteristic of the dune and Swale topography of the island.
'
These soils do not generally pose serious constraints to land
development although the Corolla soils found in the lower lying
'
natural swales have a shallow water table and are prone to
flooding during heavy rains such as may accompany a hurricane or a
severe northeast storm. In recent years, some flooding of low
lying residential lots has occured in these areas. There are no
undeveloped tracts within the Town in which the soils pose a major
'
limitation to residential or commercial development. See the
Hazard Map (map 3) showing potential flood hazard zones.
3. Fragile Areas
Natural areas within the Town which are considered fragile and
could be damaged or destroyed by inappropriate or poorly planned
development have been mapped and are well documented in the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood maps, Corps of Engineers
studies,
and are defined by N.C. Division of
Coastal Management
'
(NCDCM)
standards. There are no known
sites of special
archaeological
significance in the Town. The
key coastal wetlands
'
areas of
coastal
concern are the primary dunes along
marshes which border the estuarine
the beach front, the
shoreline, estuarine
waters,
the wooded freshwater swamps of the
interior, maritime
forests,
and the public trust waters which
include shellfish
I
waters.
1
15

1988
COMPREHENSIVE PLAN FOR
PINE
KNOLL SHORES, N.C.
MAP
,H;^A�ZARDS
�c
FLOOD ZONE
OCEAN HAZARD A.E.C.
BOOUH BOUND
ATLANTIC OCEAN
N
-r-• -• �•• �• �N� .was nnan,:" in part through a grant
provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds
provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is
administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management,
N.0.A.A. PAGE 16
- ----- — — ---- --- --- — -- — ----—

1
Local and state regulations designed to protect the primary dunes
and estuarine marshes
have been enforced and have left
the Town
with a relatively intact natural primary dune system
and fringe
marsh. Early development of the Town, prior to strict
state and
federal laws protecting
interior wetlands, replaced interior wooded
'
swamp areas with canals
and residential development. At
this point
the only major remnant
of the wooded swamps left intact
is located
within the state-owned
Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area.
The vast
' majority of soundfront public trust shellfish waters along the
Town's shoreline are currently open to the taking of shellfish.
The interior canals located in the single family residential areas
' have been intermittently opened and closed to the taking of
shellfish. There is no evidence at this time to suggest that
development patterns within the Town will lead to the closure of
additional shellfish areas.
' 4. Areas With Resource Potential
' The beach area and marshes represent areas of significant resource
potential particularly in terms of commercial fisheries habitat and
recreational uses.
' Other than the beachfront and coastal marsh areas which are
protected from encroachment and damage from development, there is
only one other area within the Town which is large enough and of
' enough biological significance to be considered an area with unique
resource potential, and that is the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area
Area which covers 300 plus acres which was donated to the State of
North Carolina by the Roosevelt heirs with the condition that the
land remain "forever wild".
5. Areas of Environmental Concern
Through the Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA), the Coastal
Resources Commission (CRC) has designated four categories of Areas
of Environmental Concern (AEC's): the Estuarine Waters which
includes coastal wetlands, the Ocean Hazard Area, Public Water
Supplies and Natural and Cultural Resource Areas. The two AEC's
which are most prevalent in the Town are the Estuarine Shoreline
and the Ocean Hazard Area. See the Policy sections for Areas of
Enviromental Concern for further discussion.(page 24 thru 28)
The CRC gives high priority to the protection and coordinated
management of these AEC's to safeguard and perpetuate their
biological, economic, recreational and aesthetic values. A
development permit system is in place with standards which are
designed to assure compatible development with the natural
environment and to reduce the likelihood of damage to public
resources and private property. These standards are used to
supplement the local standards embodied in the Town's zoning and
subdivision ordinances.
The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers also governs additional resource
areas which in some cases overlap the CRC areas of environmental
concern. These resource areas include "404 Wetlands" and all
17

1
"Section 10 Waters".
' C. CONSTRAINTS: CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY FACILITIES
The development of community facilities has generally exceeded the
' current needs of the Town. There are no current critical facility or
service shortages and plans have been made to accommodate anticipated
future population growth needs.
' The central water system in the Town is owned and operated by a
private utility, Carolina Water Service. All residential and
' commercial development, other than a few homes which are on individual
wells, are served by the central water system. Two new wells,
producing 925 gpm, have been added to the two existing wells.
' Current water usage averages 833,000 gallons per day during the summer
months and 233,000 gallons per day during the off-peak winter months.
Pump capacity is 2.5 million gallons per day. Estimates indicate that
' an additional well may be needed in five to six years and an
additional storage tank may be needed in fifteen years.* All wells
draw from the Castle Hayne aquifer. The capacity of the four wells of
the Carolina Water Service is over two million gallons per day which
' is more than adequate to supply the needs of the Town's projected
peak population over the next ten years. Additional wells can be
added to increase capacity as the need arises. Water storage capacity
' is now at 400,000 gallons with the recent addition of a second
elevated storage tank with a 250,000 gallon capacity which was
constructed during the past year.
' Single-family lots within the Town are served by individual septic
systems. All undeveloped lots are capable of supporting individual
septic systems. At this time, all multifamily developments within the
Town have plans for additional sewage capacity to accommodate each
'
project's unit build -out. Other than individual package treatment
systems for condominium, motel and commercial developments, there is
'
no overall central sewage system for the Town. The western end of
the Town is serviced by a private community system with a planned
capacity of 240,000 gpd and represents the largest single sewage
system in the Town.
Refuse collection and disposal through contract with a private firm is
satisfactory and adequate land fill space is provided in the central
tcounty
landfill.
The Town's needs for fire, rescue, and police protection are
continually assessed and additions in personnel and equipment are
'
provided as needs dictate.
-Figures provided by Carolina Water Service.
18
1

V. POLICY STATEMENTS
A. IMPLEMENTATION OF 1981 LAND USE PLAN POLICIES
t The 1981 Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan outlined a series of specific
goals and policies formulated to direct the growth of the community
during the five year planning period which ended in 1986. The
' following is a summary of the 1981 policies, a brief assessment of
their effectiveness and an analysis of the implementation actions taken
by the Town during the past five years.
' 1. Areas of Environmental Concern
a. Ocean Hazard Area:
As provided in the zoning ordinance, no structure may be erected
within 100 feet of the toe of the frontal dune other than raised
pedestrian walkways and platform overlooks. No vehicular
accesses to the beach are permitted.
b. Bogue Sound and Inland Canals:
As provided in the Residential Property Zones ordinances, no
single-family home may be erected within 100 feet of mean high
water on Bogue Sound nor within 30 feet of any interior
waterway. In the Commercial Residential Zone 2 the set back
from Bogue Sound of allowable single-family homes is governed by
CAMA regulations.
c. Coastal Wetlands:
Coastal wetlands are to be kept in their natural state, unless
excepted by the Coastal Resources Commission by special permit.
d. Estuarine and Public Trust Waters:
As provided in the zoning ordinance, the only construction
permitted in these areas is for bulkheading to prevent erosion
and private boat docks of limited size.
e. Areas of Conservation:
Conservation areas include the 309 acre Roosevelt State Park and
10.6 adjacent acres and they will be kept in their natural state
except for the 25 acres set aside for the North Carolina
Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores Center.
f. Constraints to Development:
In recognition of the unique and fragile nature of the Town's
area and related potential problems, ordinances have been
adopted which generally:
1) limit the ultimate number of residential units to about
19

2,500 units in a town of about 1,500 acres;
2) limit the ultimate number of motel units to about 731 rooms;
3) require that at least 35% of all developed land be kept in
a natural state, with more in the single-family residential
zones;
4) limit the height of buildings to 35 feet in residential zones
and 50 feet in commercial and multifamily unit zones;
5) specify restrictions on construction in flood zones.
2. Resource Production and Management
The Town has no natural resources for development other than its
land area, which mainly is designated for residential living. The
zoning ordinance restricts business development to motels, a
fishing pier (predating the Town), and a limited area set aside for
future retail, service and professional activity. In so far as it
is feasible, this retail development will be directed towards
serving the needs and desires of the Town's residents.
Vehicles are not permitted to operate in dune, maritime forest or
' conservation areas. There are no public vehicular accessways to
the ocean beach within the Town. The Town endorses and enforces
the Bogue Banks uniform ordinance regulating the use of vehicles on
the beach.
' 3. Economic and Community Development
a. Types of Development to be Encouraged
The Town has been and will continue to be developed primarily
as a residential community with a few motels and one fishing
pier, and a limited area has been set aside for future retail,
office, service, and institutional facilities. Density in the
multifamily residential zones has now been reduced from 10 to 8
units per acre. In addition, there are about 1,138 lots in the
town that are limited to single-family residences. Present
business zones are believed to be excessive, and steps are
being taken to rezone the excess areas to a residential
classification.
b. Types and Location of Industries Desired
While the Town is mainly residential, tourism is important to
the business establishments in town. In the zone in which
motels are permitted, there are only two pieces of property left
that might be suitable for a small motel. However, the
permitted density has been increased from eight sleeping units
per acre to 22. Although the present density of existing motels
generally exceeds the previously allowed eight per acre
limitation by reason of grandfather clauses, there nevertheless
20

is room
for further expansion as
the result of the increase in
'
permitted
Retail,
density. No additional fishing piers will be allowed.
professional, and service establishments will be
permitted
in the business zone,
subject to restrictions set
forth in
the zoning ordinance.
Future Land
Uses
c.
L
1
The Town is completely zoned to define the manner in which its
land is to be used. Therefore, in the absence of extenuating
circumstances or unforeseen developments, the land will be used
as indicated in the attached land use map except that some
commercial areas might be rezoned to residential.
4. Commitment to Providing Services
As the Town grows toward its ultimate peak population of 10,513,
it will expand its services to meet the expanded needs of its
residents. This continues the 1981 policy for this issue.
a. Police, Fire and Rescue Services
Police, fire, and rescue services will continue to expand as the
need arises.
b. Water Services
The Town will continue to work with Carolina Water Service and
the Public Utilities Commission to assure that facilities and
service meet the Town's growing needs.
c. Sewage Disposal
The Town will continue to work with its present sewage disposal
methods until or unless such methods are shown to be inadequate,
at which time appropriate remedial actions will be promptly
initiated. At present, the Town has no intention of
participating in a central or regional sewage system.
d. Garbage and Trash Disposal
Refuse collection and disposal through contract with a private
firm, with the cost paid for out of tax revenues, will be
continued.
e. Other Utility Services
The Town will continue to rely on The Carteret -Craven Electric
Membership Corporation and the Carolina Telephone and Telegraph
Company to provide expanded facilities and services to meet its
growing needs.
f. Recreation Facilities
The Town will continue to rely on developers and homeowner
21

associations to provide added facilities to satisfy the
desires
'
of a growing population.
g. Schools and Education
As part of the Carteret County School System, the Town
has no
obligation to provide any school facilities or services.
Residents of the Town pay taxes to the county for such services.
'
h. Roads and Bridges
The Town will maintain all dedicated roads and bridges
in the
community, other than State Highway 58. It will also
oversee
the maintenance of private roads to assure they continue
to meet
state standards. The Town continues to oppose a third
island
bridge terminating within the its limits, and also
opposes
'
widening of State Highway 58 within town limits.
i. Other Capital Improvements
The Town has no plans for significant capital improvements at
the present time. However, it has accumulated substantial
reserves to cover the cost of future improvements and major
maintenance projects.
j. Public Transportation
The Town does not plan to establish a public transportation
system in the foreseeable future. However, it will participate
in any study by the County or the other communities on Bogue
Banks of the need for bus service to the mainland.
k. Beach Erosion
Although there has been some beach erosion during the past five
years, no buildings have been endangered because of the Town's
100 foot setback requirement. At present, the Town is treating
tidal water erosion as a problem of the individual property
owner, and it has no intention of subsidizing restoration
efforts. However, any loss of beach and dunes is in fact of
vital interest to the Town at large, and it will take a strong
stewardship position in overseeing all remedial steps taken in
the event of erosion.
1. Energy Facility and Development
The Town by ordinance prohibits the erection of energy -producing
facilities within its limits. It depends on the Carteret -Craven
Electrical Membership Corporation to supply the Town's energy
needs.
m. Beach and Waterfront Access
Although there are numerous beach access areas for the
residents, property owners and their guests, all owned and
22
Ll

'
maintained b Y
their
respective property owners' associations
P P P Y ,
the Town does
not
provide any access to the beach for the
'
general public,
and
it has no plans to do so.
n. Future Zoning Changes
'
The Town's zoning
ordinances are well established, and
developers are
proceeding
on the basis of such ordinances. Any
'
future changes
to reduce the
will
area
be relatively minor in nature and will tend
of business zones and enlarge residential
zones. In no
event
will the permissible density in residential
or motel zones
be increased.
'
o. Public Participation
' Public hearings have been held during the development of this
Land Use Plan update. Furthermore, since implementation is
accomplished through enactment of widely publicized town
ordinances, additional public hearings will occur. The Town
' has always enjoyed a high degree of public participation with
respect to its administration, and is expected to continue to
do so.
' B. POLICY STATEMENTS
The most important part of any land use plan prepared under the
Coastal Area Management Act is the formulation of specific policies
regarding growth, development and management objectives. The plan
must strike a delicate balance between the desires and objectives of
the citizens, the local government of Pine Knoll Shores, and the CAMA
Program overseen by the Coastal Resources Commission. By statute, all
land use regulations and governing policies must be consistent with
performance standards set forth by the CRC for all Areas of
Environmental Concern (See GS 113A-111). Local, state, and federal
regulations and programs will be consistent with good management
practices, preservation of the natural environment, and a high quality
of life for residents of Pine Knoll Shores. Our overriding objective
is to create and maintain a quiet residential community in the natural
setting of the existing maritime forest of the barrier island.
This Land Use Plan Update has been prepared, and is approved, as a
planning tool to be used by the current and future Commissioners of
the Town of Pine Knoll Shores in making land use decisions. This Land
Use Plan Update is not intended to preempt zoning decisions by the
existing or future Commissioners of the Town of Pine Knoll Shores.
Changes in zoning, if compatible with the general policy of this Land
Use Plan, are appropriate, and can be made in the future by the
governing body of the Town of Pine Knoll Shores. Boundaries or
particular uses may be expanded or contracted, and specific numerical
criteria applicable to zones may be altered, if such changes are
compatible with, on an overall community basis, the overriding
objective of the Town to create and maintain a quiet residential
community in the natural setting of the existing maritime forest of
the barrier island.
23

'
1. RESOURCE PROTECTION
'
a. AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN: ESTUARINE SYSTEM*
Pine Knoll Shores recognizes the primary concern of the Coastal
Resources Commission in terms of protecting resources and
'
issuing permits for the areas of environmental concern (AEC's).
The Estuarine System is a highly productive biological habitat
'
and also supports human uses such as boating, swimming, hunting
and fishing. The Town also shares this concern for the
protection and management of these environmentally sensitive
lands, vegetation and waters. The existing sound front setback
requirement is greater than state requirements for single
'
family structures. Pine Knoll Shore's current town regulations
regarding AEC's are consistent with state and federal
regulations. By statute, all local land use regulations and
'
governing policies must be consistent with performance standards
set forth by the CRC for all Areas of Environmental Concern (See
GS 113A-111).
(1) Coastal Wetlands*
' Coastal wetlands provide vital habitat for wildlife and
waterfowl. They protect water quality by trapping sediments
and pollutants. They reduce flooding and hinder shoreline
erosion. They produce nutrients and decayed plant material
' that feed marine life. Shrimp, oysters, crabs, flounder,
menhaden, and other fishes depend on coastal wetlands as
nursery areas, protective shelters, and sources of food. Man
' harvests various products of the wetlands when he fishes,
hunts, and gathers shellfish from the sounds and the ocean.
' The first priority of land uses in and adjacent to coastal
wetlands should be the allowance of only those uses which
promote conservation of these sensitive areas which will
prevent the imposition of irreversible damage to the
' wetlands. The Town through its zoning and subdivision
ordinances provides standards to minimize development related
impact on these valuable resources.
' (2) Estuarine Waters And Estuarine Shoreline*
Estuarine waters transport nutrients and plankton, control
' salinity, and cleanse the estuarine system of pollutants.
They support a multitude of productive habitats, such as mud
flats, submerged vegetation beds, shellfish beds, and
' spawning areas. The estuarine waters also support boating,
swimming, hunting , fishing, and other human activities.
r,
' *See Gs 113A-111 Subchapter 7H 15NCAC for specific use and performance
standards for all Areas of Environmental Concern.
24

Pine Knoll Shores recognizes that certain actions occurring
within the estuarine shoreline, which is defined as the area
extending 75 feet landward of the mean high water line of
estuarine waters, could possibly have a substantial adverse
effect upon the quality of these waters.
Pine Knoll Shores will permit only those uses in which:
(a) A substantial chance of pollution from the development
will not occur.
(b) Development does not have any further adverse impact
on estuarine resources.
(c) Development does not further interfere with existing
public rights or access to, or use of, navigable
waters or public resources.
(3) Public Trust Areas*
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to promote the
conservation and management of CAMA defined public trust
areas which cover all lands underneath waterways and the
minerals and biological resources that these submerged
lands contain. Appropriate uses include those which
protect public rights for navigation and recreation.
Projects which would directly or indirectly block or
impair existing navigation channels, increase shoreline
erosion, deposit soils below mean high tide, cause
adverse water circulation patterns, violate water quality
standards or cause degradation of shellfish waters shall
not be allowed.
POLICY STATEMENT: Estuarine System
Pine Knoll Shores continues to support the protection and coordinated
management of the estuarine system. The Town recognizes that certain
actions within the estuarine shoreline could possibly have a substantial
effect upon the quality of these waters. Only water dependent uses will be
permitted in coastal wetlands, estuarine water and public trust areas.
The Town will strive to insure that any development occurring within the
system is compatible with natural characteristics, so as to minimize
significant loss of private property and public resources.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Estuarine Svstem
Pine Knoll Shores believes that the existing development permit systems
administered by state and federal agencies combined with enforcement of the
Town's zoning ordinance represent an adequate system to protect the areas
of environmental concern.
-See GS 113A-111 Subchapter 7H 15NCAC for specific use and performance
standards for all Areas of Environmental Concern
25

b. AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN: OCEAN HAZARD AREA*
' The areas along the Atlantic Ocean shoreline have a
vulnerability to erosion or other adverse effects of wind and
water.
' Due to the Pine Knoll Shores setback requirements, at present
there are no immediately threatened areas. Some beach residents
' and developers have used dune restoration to recover some
beachfront areas subjected to erosion.
' It is important to consider policies which are aimed both at
protecting the land forms (dunes and beach) and any structures
which are allowed to be constructed in these areas.
' The Town zoning ordinance restricts any construction within the
Ocean Hazard Area or any alteration of the area controlled by
setback requirements.
' POLICY STATEMENT: Ocean Hazard Area
' All land uses in the Ocean Hazard category shall be consistent with the
Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinances which allow commercial and residential
development set back 100 feet from the oceanside toe of the frontal dune or
within 100 feet of the mean highwater mark of the Atlantic Ocean. The town
is committed to keep the minimum building set back consistent with CAMA
setback standards.
' When existing dunes are restored through private efforts, this shall be
accomplished in a manner which minimizes damage to existing vegetation.
Any areas filled shall be replanted immediately for stabilization.
1
The entire town as well as individual property owners benefit from these
dunes. Therefore, the Town has a strong interest in the protection and/or
increase of the frontal dunes. The Town on behalf of the State and its
citizens exercises supervision and law enforcement of the land and ocean
area which touches the dune. It will continue to participate in measures
to further protect the frontal dunes system. The Town does not, however,
plan to become a financial partner in any major beach restoration program
which may be proposed for the beach front areas, except in situations that
affect the Town as a whole.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Ocean Hazard Areas
Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its local zoning regulations
cited above which support the CAMA major and minor permitting system and
the Corps of Engineers 404 dredge and fill permit program.
*See GS 113A-111 Subchapter 7H 15 NCAC for specific use and performance
standards for all Areas of Environmental Concern.
26

c. DEVELOPMENT IN AREAS WITH CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT
There are areas within the Town limits, including portions of
the golf course and adjacent lots, which are subject to flooding
during hurricanes and other storms. A study is being made to
alleviate flooding during unusually heavy rainfall and plans
will be formulated to correct the problem after the study
is completed. Areas with constraints to development are
delineated on the Hazards Map.
POLICY STATEMENT: Development In Areas With Constraints
Pine Knoll Shores ordinances are very strict with regard to future growth
and building. It is the Town's objective to see that future growth and
building proceeds in a manner which will not jeopardize the fragile
ecological environment that comprises this barrier island. The Town will
continue to control the type and extent of development which takes place in
areas with natural constraints.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Development In Areas With Constraints
(1) Enforcement of Town Ordinances
Under existing local zoning ordinances all building plans and
site development plans must be reviewed by the following:
- Community Appearance Commission
- Building Inspector
Under existing local subdivision ordinances all subdivision
plans must be approved by the Planning Board and by the Board
of Commissioners.
(2) Hurricane and Flood Evacuation Needs and Plan
A disaster plan has been established to handle not only
evacuation but also to control post disaster recovery. (See
page 35 thru page 40)
(3) Protection of Potable Water Supplies
The Castle Hayne aquifer is the Town's source of potable
water. Development within town poses no direct threat to the
quality or quantity of the water supply.
(4) Use of Package Treatment Plants
In Pine Knoll Shores, single-family homes utilize on site
septic tanks, whereas condominiums and motels utilize package
treatment plants or septic systems. Present plans call for
a continuation of this approach with periodic review with
public health agencies to assure that the health and welfare
of citizens is not threatened by construction or operation of
treatment plants. The Town recognizes the problem of poorly
maintained package plants and sees the need for the County
27

Health Department to maintain adequate manpower for plant
' inspections.
(5) Storm water runoff
' At present, several areas in town are flood prone and are
under study for remedial engineering. Likewise, ordinances
have been considered to limit impervious surfaces so that as
' much natural absorption as possible of stormwater runoff can
be realized.
' Zoning and subdivision regulations will be evaluated as
planning tools to reduce stormwater impact on shellfish
waters. The Town has requested assistance from the State to
correct storm water runoff from Highway 58 (Salter Path Road)
' into the town canal and needs full support of the Coastal
Resources Commission to effect this needed change.
(6) Marina And Floating Home Development
Pine Knoll Shores follows CAMA principles concerning marina
and floating home developments. There are no commercial
marinas permitted by zoning ordinances. Overboard discharge
of waste and overnight occupancy of boats within town waters
are prohibited.
(7) Industrial Impacts on Fragile Areas
There are no industrial facilities or major energy producing
facilities in Pine Knoll Shores and none are permitted by
zoning ordinance.
(8) Development Near The Estuarine Shoreline
Development standards in the Pine Knoll Shores ordinances,
which in some cases are more restrictive than CAMA, will
continue to control future development near the estuarine
shoreline to minimize loss of private property and public
resources. In order to promote the quality of estuarine
waters, the Town will permit only those uses which are
compatible with both the estuarine shoreline and which
protect the value of the estuarine system. The Town, through
its subdivision ordinance, imposes a minimum single family
residential building setback of 100 feet along the estuarine
shoreline and a similar setback of 30 feet along canals.
2. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not now nor will it ever have
dense commercial development, agriculturally productive lands,
forest lands for timbering purposes, or mineral production areas
because of its location on a barrier island, its size, the value of
land, and the character of the community.
FT.

POLICY STATEMENT: Resource Production And Management
Pine Knoll Shores is a residential -recreational community. As such, it is
the Town's objective to maintain a stewardship role toward the beaches,
estuarine shorelines, and canals.
The Town will act to preserve and manage prime nursery areas, existing
vegetation and maritime forests and will continue to protect the
shorelines, improve water quality in the Sound side, and prevent fouling of
the fresh water supply.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Resource Production And Management
' Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce all local regulations pertaining
to ecological preservation and management, and will support state and
federal initiatives relative to maintaining and enhancing water quality.
The Town will also continue to review and strengthen ordinances as required
to assure the implementation of this policy.
a. Commercial And Recreational Fisheries
There is one ocean fishing pier within the Town, which was in
existence before the community was incorporated. Recreational
fishing from the pier as well as along the ocean beach and in
the waters of Bogue Sound adjacent to the Town is a frequent
activity of both residents and visitors. A limited amount of
commercial fishing from the ocean beach has been carried on for
generations by commercial fishermen. However, this activity
appears to be declining as more of the oceanfront property in
Pine Knoll Shores is developed and the population using the
beach for recreation increases.
b. Off -Road Vehicles
The Town continues to prohibit any non-commercial or non -
emergency vehicular traffic on the beach area. Only duly
licensed vehicles of commercial fishermen are permitted on the
Atlantic Ocean beach area of Pine Knoll Shores, and only
approved access routes and areas must be used in travelling onto
and away from the beach. Such use will not take place during
periods when young turtles are making their run for the ocean.
Emergency vehicles are permitted at any time for emergency
situations.
3. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
In general, future residential, commercial and institutional land
development is limited because of land availability and zoning
restrictions.
1
29

IPOLICY STATEMENT: Economic And Community Development
' All of Pine Knoll Shores has been zoned, with the intent being to maintain
a residential -recreational atmosphere throughout the Town. Density
requirements restrict building intensity. Local ordinances spell out
densities for various areas in order to allow orderly growth and assure a
' good quality of life for our citizens. The Town is committed to
preservation, not to intensive development. Efforts will continue to
convert existing commercial zones to single-family residential zones. The
Town supports state and federal programs for community improvements
including land planning, dredging, beach nourishment, emergency management
and federal and state permitting programs regulating coastal development.
' POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Economic And Community Development
The Town will continue to encourage development that is conducive to a fine
residential -recreational community, using the Land Use Plan as a guide.
a. Local Commitment To Providing Services To Development
' Before any building permit is issued in Pine Knoll Shores, all
required services must be available. Local ordinances establish
requirements for any proposed development.
No participation in a regional sewage disposal plan is
contemplated as septic systems should be adequate for areas
' zoned for single-family dwellings. Most of the western end of
the Pine Knoll Shores area is served by a tertiary treatment
plant of adequate capacity, and other moderate density
residential projects are required to have their own tertiary
t treatment plants. Should present sewage disposal systems prove
inadequate, corrective action will be taken, including requiring
replacement of defective on -site systems, rezoning to a lower
' density, or a building moratorium if necessary.
Refuse collection through contract with a private collection
firm, with the cost borne from the basic property tax, will be
' continued.
The Town will continue to rely upon Carolina Water Service, the
' Carteret -Craven Electric Membership Corporation and Carolina
Telephone and Telegraph Company to expand utility facilities and
services to meet the needs of the community as it continues to
' grow .
b. Redevelopment Of Existing Developed Areas
' Because of the short history of the Town, most construction is
still quite new. No immediate need for redevelopment can be
foreseen during the upcoming planning period. A disaster
recovery plan which specifies requirements for redevelopment
after storms has been adopted . ( See page 35 thru page 40 )
' c. Committment To State And Federal Programs
1
30

Pine Knoll Shores is receptive to state and federal programs
'
which enhance or improve the Town's facilities for the benefit
of its citizens and is committed to state and federal efforts
to preserve the island environment. These programs, which the
Town supports include land planning, dredging, beach
'
nourishment, emergency management and federal and state
permitting programs regulating coastal development.
'
d. Assistance To Canal Maintenance
At this time, canal maintenance within the Town is a function
of established homeowners' associations without town financial
'
assistance. However, the Town exercises oversight of the canal.
e. Tourism And Beach And Waterfront Access
'
Tourism in Pine Knoll Shores is accommodated by six motels and
many condominium rental units. The Iron Steamer Pier also
provides fishing and beach use facilities. Oceanfront
'
development within town limits is almost complete, and since the
Town owns no water front property, future public access to the
area will remain much as it is. As a policy, the Town does not
support the development of a public beach access facility within
'
the Town limits. An ocean beach public access planned for west
of Pine Knoll Shores in Indian Beach will adequately service
'
the need for public beach access in this section of the island.
Three hundred acres of the Town's total land area is set aside
in perpetuity for the people of North Carolina and is designated
the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area by the State. Many
'
thousands of out of town visitors come to the Natural Area and
the Marine Resources Center each year, thus making it one of the
'
most visited recreational, educational areas in the State. In
1985 335,000 visitors came to the center and projections show
375,000 visitors will have been to the center in 1986. In late
1986, the name of the Marine Resources Center was changed to the
'
North Carolina Aquarium Pine Knoll Shores. In addition, the
Town owns 10.6 acres adjoining the Theodore Roosevelt Natural
Area which is zoned for similar uses and purposes.
f. Types, Density And Location Of Development
A shopping center is now under development. Motel and
'
condominium zones are controlled by local ordinances that
restrict densities and business use. Single-family lots are
also controlled by local ordinances to provide for the
'
maintenance of natural growth areas and to protect the
landscape and visual character of the Town.
'
4. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
All landowners in Pine Knoll Shores received questionnaires
'
concerning current issues in the 1986 Land Use Plan. The results
were tabulated and studied carefully to help guide the decisions
31

made for the plan. A summary of the results are discussed in
' Section III of this report.(See pages 5 & 6 of this report)
Public Hearings are also held to provide additional input into the
Land Use Plan process. All Town meetings are open to the public
' and public participation is encouraged.
POLICY STATEMENT: Continuing Public Participation
' The Town will continue to encourage public participation in all aspects of
town decision -making. All formal and informal avenues of soliciting public
input on policy issues facing the Town will be maintained.
' POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Continuing Public Participation
' Implementation of the Land Use Plan is largely through town zoning
ordinances. Since pending action on these ordinances is widely publicized
through the Town's newsletter, local newspaper and other media, and is
preceded by public hearings, a continued high level of public participation
' is expected.
5. STORM HAZARD MITIGATION
In 1985, the Town adopted a Post -Disaster Recovery and Evacuation
Plan which established the policies and procedures to reduce the
' risks associated with future hurricanes.(See pages 35 thru 40)
POLICY STATEMENTS: Storm Hazard Mitigation
Recognizing the potential impact that a major hurricane could have on the
Town, Pine Knoll Shores has adopted a series of policies which will reduce
the potential for hurricane related damage. All of the policies below have
' been established as part of the Post Disaster Recovery Plan and are
included as part of this 1986 Land Use Plan Update.
a. Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its subdivision and
' zoning ordinances which dictate responsible land use and
development standards for high hazard zones within the Town.
' b. Pine Knoll Shores will adhere to the standards set forth in
CAMA and the FEMA regulations for land use and development
standards in the Ocean Hazard AEC, Estuarine Shoreline AEC and
the Flood Zones.
c. Pine Knoll Shores will continue to make accessible to its
citizens through public notices, workshops and its hurricane
' preparedness plans the policies and procedures associated with
mitigating the impact of hurricanes through public awareness.
' d. The Town will consider the redesign and construction of
stormciamaged facilities, public utilities and roadways and their
replacement in terms of minimizing the likelihood of future
storm related damage.
POLICY IMPLEMENTATION: Storm Hazard Mitigation
32

Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its subdivision and zoning
t ordinances, the state building code, and support the state and federal
programs and regulations which are designed to mitigate the potential
deleterious effects of hurricanes and other major storms.
' C. STORM MITIGATION, EVACUATION, AND POST -DISASTER RECOVERY PLANS
' Like all coastal communities, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is
acutely aware of the hazards associated with coastal storms. The
destructive forces of serious storms are particularly acute for
communities which are located on barrier islands. Since the
' incorporation of the Town in 1973 there has been no major hurricane in
the area comparable to the class five Hazel and Donna hurricanes which
unleashed their destructive forces on the North Carolina coast in the
' fifties and early sixties. Very few of the current town residents
have experienced storms of this magnitude and may be unaware of the
extent of destruction associated with such storms.
' This section of the 1986 Land Use Plan has been prepared to assist the
Town in preparing management policies for major storms so that they
may be better prepared for the major hurricane which may eventually
occur in
this area. In 1985,
the Town adopted a
Post -Disaster
Recovery and Evacuation Plan which
established the
policies and
procedures
in an effort to reduce
the risks associated
with future
hurricanes.
These policies in
combination with
Storm Hazard
'
Mitigation
discussion are outlined
in the following sections.
t1. STORM HAZARD MITIGATION
' Hurricanes bring with them forces which cause damage and potential
loss of life through high winds, flooding, wave action, and
erosion. Storm hazard mitigation policies and procedures, properly
conceived and implemented, can be critical in the reduction of the
' dangers and potential impact on the Town and its citizens.
Mitigation is not only important to minimizing loss of property and
life, but also for avoiding potential damages in the long run which
' might result from improper land planning and land management
practices.
a. Hazard Mapping
The vulnerability of Pine Knoll Shores to the effects of high
winds, flooding and storm surge, wave action and erosion can be
' summarized best by identifying the land areas within the Town
which are naturally most susceptible to these forces. Two
documents, The Federal Insurance Administration's Flood Hazard
Boundary Map and the Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan, identify
' these areas which include flood hazard zones and Areas of
Environmental Concern. These potential hazard areas are
delineated on the Hazard Map and can be more specifically
' defined by reviewing the FEMA maps and the Carteret County
SLOSH* maps. Table 7 summarizes the hazards which can be
33

'
expected to be associated with the four general zones
found
within the Town.
Table 7: Hurricane forces associated with Town environments
Environment High Winds Flooding Wave Action
Erosion
Ocean Hazard, AEC x x x
x
Estuar. Shore. AEC x x x
x
'
V-Zone Flood x x x
x
A -Zone Flood x x
Outside Identified
'
Hazard Areas x
The areas or environments listed above with their
associated
'
hazards effect will require land use policies which
type and distribution of land uses designed to minimize
control the
the
potential damage from future hurricanes. At this
time, Pine
Knoll Shores has implemented provisions in its local
zoning and
'
subdivision ordinances which are consistent with a
policy of
minimizing hurricane damage by controlling land
use and
assigning restrictive development standards to these
high -risks
'
environments.
b. Ocean Hazard AEC
'
This area includes ocean erodible and high hazard flood areas as
defined by the Division of Coastal Management extending along
the entire oceanfront beginning at the line of stable vegetation
on the frontal primary dune and extending landward 100 feet.
'
This area has been subject to accelerated erosion in recent
years, in some locations eroding up to 30 feet in the past five
'
years. The town recognizes the inherent danger in the
oceanfront area and continues to require through its zoning
ordinance a minimum 100 foot setback for all structures except
raised pedestrian walkways and platform overlooks.
'
c. Estuarine Shoreline AEC
'
This hazard area extends only 75 feet landward of the mean high
water line as defined by the Division of Coastal Management.
However, the entire estuarine shoreline environment is subject
to an extended hazard zone depending on low lying topography
which is subject to varying degrees of flooding and wave action.
'
The flood prone areas are delineated on the Hazard Maps. The
Town's zoning and subdivision ordinances are consistent with
development standards required for this area by DCM and the
'
Federal Emergency Management Agency and in fact require a 100-
foot single-family residence building setback from the
shoreline.
1
' *Sea and Lake Overland Surges from Hurricanes.
It should be noted that all areas lying within the town are
1
34

subject to some destructive aspect of hurricane damage through
high winds, flooding, wave action or erosion. If even a limited
portion or percentage of the Town were impacted from the effects
of a major hurricane, the potential for damages in dollars can
be significant. Implementation of mitigation of hurricane
damage through proper land development policies and conformance
with state building codes can be expected to result in a
significant reduction in the extent and cost of loss of property
and lives in the town when a major hurricane strikes.
2. HURRICANE EVACUATION PLAN*
Pine Knoll Shores has an active civil preparedness program in
operation, which includes specific procedures to be followed during
pre -hurricane conditions. The following section outlines these
procedures as stated in the plan. (Because of problems in the
evacuation for Hurricane Charlie in August 1986, the Carteret
County Emergency Management Board is currently preparing a study,
the findings of which will be implemented county -wide in 1987. The
NCDCM will be involved in recovery operations.)
Condition 3: Hurricane Watch
a. The conditions will be announced over radio and television
channels by the National Weather Service.
b. All individuals should prepare for evacuation.
c. Citizens should notify Town Hall (247-4353) of invalids or
other persons requiring evacuation assistance. These persons
will be evacuated immediately to prepared shelters by ambulance
or other vehicles.
Condition 2: Hurricane Warning
a. The evacuation order will be issued over radio and television
channels. Police will cruise town streets and issue evacuation
order by loud speaker. The Pine Knoll Shores Civil Preparedness
Organization will notify individual residences.
b. Citizens should turn off electricity for selected lines, ie.
freezer, at main junction box, and water at valve.
c. All citizens and others should prepare to evacuate.
d. Persons who evacuate RVs and trailers should do so immediately.
They will not be permitted to cross the bridges when winds are
high, nor will they be permitted to reenter Bogue Banks during
the crisis.
Condition 1: Evacuation
a. Evacuation will be announced simultaneously by all Bogue Banks
communities 18 to 36 hours before anticipated landfall.
Evacuation up to 75 miles or more inland is recommended.
*The Hurricane Evacuation Plan and the Post Disaster Recovery Plan
are printed here as they appear in official Town records
b. Evacuation Routes:
35

(1)
Persons located east of the Whaler Inn go east on NC 58
'
(Salter Path Road). Use Atlantic Beach Bridge.
(2)
Persons located west of the Whaler Inn go west on NC 58,
use Emerald Isle Bridge.
c. Evacuation Shelters:
'
(1)
Atlantic Beach Bridge evacuees may use these shelters:
• West Carteret High School - 1/2 mile east of US 70 and
Country Club Road.
• Senior Citizen's Center - Morehead City, 1600 Fisher
'
Street, 2 blocks north of Arendell Street at 16th
Street.
'
Morehead Middle School - Morehead City, near Morehead
Plaza, on Country Club Blvd. 1/4 mile north of Bridges
Street.
Morehead Elementary School - 1108 Bridges Street, 1
'
block north of Arendell Street, at llth Street.
Newport Schools, Havelock and points west.
(2)
Emerald Isle Bridge evacuees may use these shelters:
'
White Oak Elementary School - on NC 24, 1/2 mile east
of traffic light at junction of NC 58 and NC 24.
Use NC 58 and US 17 to Maysville, New Bern and Kinston.
Do not attempt to use NC 24 to Morehead City or
Swansboro. Low lying areas will probably be flooded.
1. Bridge Reentry Permits (Available at Town Hall)
a. Reentry permits will be required to pass through road blocks at
' either bridge to Bogue Banks. Town officials, police, fire,
rescue, and civil preparedness organization personnel will be
issued special permits for early reentry to inspect the Town
for safe public reentry. Pine Knoll Shores residents and others
' who are authorized to return after the island has officially
been declared safe for reentry may apply for permits at Town
Hall. Others must remain on the mainland until conditions are
stabilized and
normal traffic can be resumed.
Pine Knoll
'
Shores permits
are on blue cards (Each town has
a different
color). They
are numbered serially and dated
for control.
During reentry,
permits are to be placed on the
dash in full
'
view at all times.
At check points on NC 58 at
each end of
Pine Knoll Shores,
the permit will be marked
to restrict
persons to the
areas they are authorized to enter.
The Pine
' Knoll Shores police will check cards to intercept intruders.
b. Pine Knoll Shores residents will be issued reentry permits on
' the basis of one per family. Two permits may be issued in
exceptional cases. Applicants must show proof of residency.
Permits must be kept in a secure place. If lost, reentry will
not be permitted before normal traffic is resumed.
' c. Short term renters (vacationers) will not be issued permits.
1
36

Ll
Personal property tax records will be checked for proof of
'
residency upon application.
d. Reentry permits will only be issued upon personal application
at Town Hall during normal duty hours.
e. Non-resident owners of improved properties (not vacant lots)
may be issued permits on the basis of one per owner. They may
apply in writing showing the address of the property for a tax
'
record check, and must enclose a self-addressed envelope, 6" x
9" or larger, bearing sufficient postage, or they may apply at
'
the Town Hall in person.
f. Owners and managers of motels and other businesses may apply
for reentry permits for themselves and employees who are
required before normal traffic is resumed. The manager, or his
'
representative, must submit a written application listing the
number of reentry permits required and the position of each
person who will receive one. These permits must be retained
'
under the control of the manager for issue before the storm
strikes.
' 2. Damage Assessment Procedures
a. To qualify for NC State and Federal disaster relief assistance,
' Pine Knoll Shores must report the extent of property damage
sustained and the dollar value of loss to Carteret County
within 24 hours of the event of disaster. County must submit a
' consolidated report to State within 48 hours.
b. The Pine Knoll Shores Civil Preparedness Organization as part
' of a county -wide program will conduct a damage assessment
survey of all individual residences to determine the percentage
of damage sustained by each house.
' c. Condominium associations must report the percentage of damage
sustained by each unit of the association's residences to Town
Hall within 24 hours.
' d. Motels and other businesses must report the extent of damage
sustained as a percentage figure, and the estimated dollar
value of loss within 24 hours of the disaster event.
' e. Detailed damage assessments will be conducted by the Building
Inspectors office at a later date, prior to the issue of
' permits for reconstruction.
3. Volunteer Civic Duty
' Upon reentry to Pine Knoll Shores, all citizens are urged to go to
the Town Hall to report on the safety of their family and to
volunteer to help the Town recover from the disaster. There will
be a need for more than 100 volunteers with all types of skills
from clerical to labor. The safety report is needed for reply to
queries from relatives and others outside the area.
37

' 3. POST -DISASTER RECOVERY PLAN
The purpose of this plan is to assist the Mayor and town officials to
' prepare for actions required for an orderly and expeditious
restoration of vital services and living conditions in a post -
disaster environment. The successful implementation of the plan is
dependent upon the cooperation of the citizens of Pine Knoll Shores,
I
who are expected to volunteer for public duty in the various tasks
identified in the plan.
' a. TIMING
This plan will go into effect when directed by official decree
of the Mayor or his authorized representative. The decree will
activate the Emergency Operations Center (EOC), the Disaster
' Information Center (DIC) and other operation groups identified
in the plan.
' b. IDENTIFICATION OF ACTIONS AND RESPONSIBILITIES
These actions are not necessarily listed in order of priority.
The Mayor, or designated town official in charge of overall
' recovery, will identify the actions to be performed and their
priority in the official decree that places this plan into
effect.
(1) Personal Injuries and Public Health. The Commissioner
of
'
Rescue will
insure that the Rescue Squad is manned
and
organized to
coordinate effectively the activities
of
'
supplemental
helicopters
ambulance squads and medical evacuation
in transporting casualties and sick persons
to
hospitals within or outside of Carteret County.
t (2) Post -evacuation Reentry and Security of Public and Private
Properties. The Commissioner of Police will coordinate the
actions of Pine Knoll Shores law enforcement forces with
' citizen volunteers and with externally furnished resources
to provide crime control. Unauthorized persons will be
prevented from entering the town by manned blockades of its
land and water approaches.
1 (3) Fire and Explosion Control. The Commissioner of Fire
Department will coordinate the activities of the local fire
fighting forces with
externally provided resources to
'
insure the
control of
fires and prevention of potential
explosions.
Hazardous
conditions caused by a hurricane or
other disaster will
be closely monitored and actions
'
coordinated
with Utilities
Liaison/Coordinator to be
appointed by
the Mayor.
' (4) Federal and State Disaster Relief. The Director of Civil
Preparedness, with the Building Inspector, will conduct and
submit the Preliminary Damage Assessment Report and other
' reports required by the Carteret County Emergency
Management Office, the North Carolina Office of Coastal
Management, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to
38

1
enable the Town of Pine Knoll Shores and its property
owners to obtain financial relief.
(S) Public Utilities. The Utilities Liaison/Coordinator,
appointed by the Mayor prior to the onset of the hurricane,
will establish liaison with the public utilities companies
(electric, telephone, and water) to provide two-way
information between the utility companies and the Pine
Knoll Shores Emergency Operations Center to ensure the
expeditious restoration of service in accordance with
mutually agreed -upon priorities.
(6) Highway and Street Accessibility. The Commissioner of
Streets and Public Buildings will conduct damage surveys of
public buildings and streets, establish priorities, arrange
for contract labor, and coordinate the removal of debris
and unsafe conditions from the town's streets and highways.
(7) Emergency and Transient Housing. The Director of Civil
Preparedness will report on the availability of housing
suitable for emergency use. The Emergency Housing
Coordinator (EHC), to be designated by the Mayor, will
establish priorities and assign quarters for Pine Knoll
Shores residents displaced by the disaster. The Mayor will
also find temporary shelter for the National Guard, the Red
Cross and other disaster relief services, other authorized
state and federal personnel, and authorized public
information media personnel who may be on duty in town for
extended periods.
(8) Reconstruction Control. The Building Inspector will issue
building permits in accordance with federal, state and
local governmental procedures and in accordance with
priorities established by the Board of Commissioners for
the reconstruction of municipal facilities, public
housing, condominiums, commercial establishments and
residences.
(9) Disaster Information Center. The Mayor will designate a
Disaster Information Coordinator (DIC), who will establish
the information center which will be the focal point for
the gathering and dissemination of information. All town
officials will submit periodic situation and progress
reports to the center regarding developments in their areas
of responsibility and they will be provided with
information from others as it affects their operations.
The Mayor will establish policies for the release of
information to the residents of the town and to the public
information media.
(10) Communications. This annex will be prepared when more
information is available concerning communications
personnel and equipment that may be provided by the Civil
Air Patrol and nearby military establishments. It is
anticipated that a within -town citizens band network
39

connecting the highway check points, waterfront observation
' points and the police may be organized using portable,
battery -operated walkie-talkies.
' (11) Volunteer Manning Requirements. The Town Clerk will
organize the assignment of volunteers to perform the tasks
identified in this plan.
1 40

1
VI. LAND CLASSIFICATION
The land classification system provides a framework to identify the future
' use of all lands and provides a means of assisting the implementation of
the land use policies adopted by the Town. The land classification system
allows for long range planning to provide for the protection of sensitive
coastal environments, to recognize different intensities and types of land
' use, and to provide means by which varying levels of development intensity
are accommodated or restricted by the appropriate level of community
facilities and services. The land classification does not usurp the power
' or intent of the local zoning ordinance. It does provide a basis for the
development and modification of local zoning ordinance.
The land classification system as defined in the Coastal Area Management
' Act divides land use into five general land use classifications. These
classifications are generally described below in this brief excerpt from
CAMA regulation (7B.0204) (c):
' "Urban land uses and higher intensity uses which presently
require the traditional urban services should be directed to
' lands classified Developed. Areas developing or anticipated to
develop at urban densities which will eventually require urban
services should be directed to lands classified Transition. Low
density development in settlements which will not require sewer
' services should be directed to areas classified as Community.
Agriculture, forestry, mineral extraction and other similar low
intensity uses and very low density, dispersed residential uses
' should be directed to lands classified Rural. Generally, public
or private water or sewer systems will not be provided in areas
classified rural as an incentive for intense development."
' The intent of these classifications is to provide guidance to the Town in
its preparation of land -use decisions and policy formulation. The map
provides a representation of the relationships between different land uses
' and how local land -use policies migh best be formulated.
Two of five land use classifications are present within the Town limits:
Developed, and Conservation, and are currently mapped on the land use plan.
' A. DEVELOPED CLASSIFICATION
' The purpose of the Developed classification is to provide for
continued development and redevelopment of existing areas which have
experienced urban growth. These areas are currently urban in
' character where minimal undeveloped land remains and have in place or
will soon have municipal or public services. Pine Knoll Shores is
largely developed at this time with existing development on most large
tracts and municipal services in place to service projected
I
development on the remaining tracts.
1 41

I
B. CONSERVATION CLASSIFICATION
The purpose of the Conservation classification is to provide for the
' effective long-term management and protection of significant, limited,
or irreplaceable areas. Management is needed due to the natural,
cultural, recreational, scenic, or natural productive values which
are of local, regional, or state-wide concern. All CAMA areas of
' environmental concern which lie within the Town are currently mapped
in the Conservation classification, including public trust waters,
estuarine waters, coastal wetlands, wooded swamps and ocean hazard
I
areas. All private and public recreation areas and parks come under
this classification as does the largest undeveloped tract in the town,
The Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area. The Town has recently acquired a
10.6-acre parcel adjacent to the Natural Area which has been added to
' the Conservation classification category within the Town.
1 42

' VII. RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATION
To insure effective and consistent planning, the land use policies adopted
by the Town must relate directly to the Land Classification system as
' defined by CAMA and be consistent with the Land Classification Map. Land
use allowed under the Town zoning ordinance must comply with the general
intent of the land uses as described in the land classification system.
A. DEVELOPED CLASSIFICATION
Pine Knoll Shores is a community which has been nearly completely
' developed. A few undeveloped tracts of land remain in the Town which
are zoned for residential or commercial use. The areas within the
Town already developed for residential or commercial uses and the
' undeveloped tracts zoned for future development fall within the
Developed class as defined by the CAMA land classification system.
The Developed class was specifically designed to accommodate more
' intensive land uses, including residential, commercial, community
facilities and transportation uses. Areas in the Developed
Classification are characterized by the availability of basic services
such as water, sewer, and community support services, or such services
1 are expected to be made available to these areas during the next five
years. These uses are consistent with the zoning classifications
assigned to these areas by the Town.
J
IJ�
43

B. CONSERVATION CLASSIFICATION
The Conservation classification is applied to areas that because of
their unique, productive, limited, cultural or natural features should
either not be developed at all or, if developed done so in an
extremely limited and cautious fashion. Urban services, public or
private, should not be provided in these areas as a catalyst to
stimulate intense development. In Pine Knoll Shores, these areas are
generally limited to the Areas of Environmental Concern, both in the
estuarine and ocean hazards systems, and in the 309-acre Theodore
Roosevelt Natural Area. The Town zoning ordinance provides for the
protection and in some cases, preservation of these areas. The Town's
intentions for land uses and development practices for areas
classified as Conservation on the Land Classification map are outlined
in the policy statements in Section II of this plan.
44

VIII. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
Five public meetings were held for the purpose of gaining public
input into the Land Use Plan Update.
' October 1, 1985
' A public meeting was held Monday, October 1, 1985 at 7:30 p.m. in the
town hall. The meeting was held to inform citizens of the issues to
be addressed in this year's update plan and to receive any
suggestions from the citizens.
' January 29, 1986
' A public meeting was held Wednesday, January 29, 1986 at 7:30 p.m. in
the town hall. The meeting was held to report the results of the
surveys that were mailed on December 26, 1985.
May 15, 1986
A public meeting was held Thursday, May 15, 1986 at 7:30 p.m. in the
' town hall. The meeting was held to review the Land Use Plan Policy
Statements and to receive comments from town citizens.
' May 26, 1987
Public meetings were held on May 26, 1987 at 2:00 p.m. and 7:30 p.m.
to review the 1986 Land Use Plan Update. The Public input was noted
' and presented to the Town Board at its meeting on June 9, 1987.
Eight committee work sessions were held August 15, 1985; August 20,
' 1985; November 19, 1985; December 4, 1985; January 23, 1986; February
27, 1986; March 25, 1986; and June 6, 1986. All of the committee
work sessions were open to the public. Committee work session dates
were posted in the town hall prior to the meeting.
1 An integral part of the public particiation process was the
administration of a property owners survey which took place as a part
' of the Land Use Plan Update. A total of 1,507 surveys were mailed on
December 26, 1985. 881 surveys were returned. A more detailed
summary of the survey is outlined on page five of this report.
I
IX. ACCEPTANCE BY TOWN BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
At an advertised special meeting on June 28, 1987 of the Board of
' Commissioners of Pine Knoll Shores, the 1986 Land Use Plan Update was
accepted by unanimous vote of those commissioners present (one
commissioner was absent).
45

Appendix A
THE TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
P. O BOX 757 - ATLANTIC BEACH. N. C. 28512
December 26, 1985
To all property owners in Pine Knoll Shores:
In 1976 the Town, as required by N.C. State law, prepared its first
Land Use Plan and, also as required, prepared the five year update of the
plan in 1981. Another update is required during 1986 and work is already
proceeding on that document. A Land Use Plan determines the manner in
which a town develops and, as property owners, your input is very import-
ant in the formulation of that plan. The attached survey/questionnaire
will be used by the Land Use Plan Update Committee in drafting the plan
which will be submitteed to the town commissioners for their review and
possible approval.
Please respond as soon as you can, but not later than January 10, 1986,
so that your thoughts and ideas may be considered by the committee. Y-our
participation in this update survey will be appreciated as it has in the two
earlier surveys.
It should be noted that our town is still in a growth phase and it
is expected to grow for some time to come. Some of the changes during the
past five years included:
1. a reduction of maximum allowable density in multi -family zoned
areas from ten to eight per acre
2. an increase of maximum allowable density in motels/hotels from
eight to twenty-two per acre
3. annexation of property at the western end of town and the
establishment of an institutional zoned area and a commercial -residential
zoned area containing two condominium projects
4. issuance of a landscape permit to prepare for construction of a
shopping center in the Commercial Zone 3 area
5. rezoning of about 10 acres of Commercial -Residential Zone 2 to
Commercial Zone 3
6. permission for Carolina Water Co. to erect a 250,000 gallon
water tank on property in the Institutional Zone at the far west end
of the town
7. acceptance of a Post Disaster Recovery Plan for the town which
was prepared by the Civil Preparedness Committee
8. increase in year round population to 763 permanent residents
9. issuance of building permits for $14,862,050 value of residential
property, $37,180,900 value of commercial property and $1,500,000 value
of institutional property
Please answer the enclosed questions to the best of your ability,
adding comments you think necessary and return the survey no later than
January 10, 1986, addressed postage paid envelope included'.
The information you supply will be used in strict confidence and in
tabulated form only. Individual questionnaires will be destroyed after
tabulation. Tabulated information will be made available at the town hall.
Thank you in advance for your participation in this every five year
event.
F.C. Libby
Town Commissioner and
Chairman Land Use Plan Update Committee
46

12-26-85
1986 Land Use Plan Update - Questionnaire
CONFIDENTIAL
1. If you own a residence in Pine Knoll Shores,
(a) Is it a single family residence ( ),
unit in a multi -family structure ( )
(b) Is Pine Knoll Shores your principal place of residence?
yes ( ) no ( )
If not, do you plan to make it so in the future?
yes ( ) no ( )
2. If you own an unimproved lot in Pine Knoll Shores,
(a) How many lots do you own? ( )
(b) Do you plan to build and live in Pine Knoll Shores?
yes ( ) no ( ) part-time ( ) full-time
3. Are you satisfied with the way Pine Knoll Shores is evolving?
yes ( ) no ( )
If not, what are your objections and why?
How in your opinion can improvements be accomplished?
4. Are you satisfied with the present zoning of Pine Knoll Shores?
yes ( ) no ( )
If not, what specific changes would you recommend?
5. The State is planning another bridge from the mainland to
Bogue Banks and one of the alternative approaches would be
into Pine Knoll Shores. Would you approve or disapprove
of such a location:
approve ( ) disapprove ( ) no opinion ( )
6. The State has adopted a program for establishing beach access
facilities for the nonresident general public. Would you
favor having such a facility in Pine Knoll Shores?
yes ( ) no ( )
If yes, do you think Pine Knoll Shores should provide funds
for the facility?
yes ( ) no ( )
7. What other comments or suggestions do you have for improving
Pine Knoll Shores in the future?
47
Footnote: If you wish to expand your answers, use additional
sheets of paper.

In the 1975 survey the following questions were asked. (questions 1 do 2)
In the light of development since then, how would you answer
these questions today?
1. What kind of community do you want?
(a) Residential and retirement family resort with commercial
development to serve community only
(b) Same as above but with more general commercial
(c) About equal number of single family homes, condominiums,
motel rooms, with sunnorting commercial
(d) Basically a retirement community
(e) Unrestricted development of tourist ittr,actions
2. Would you be willing to pay additional taxes for more community
services?
Yes ( ) No ( )
Better Fire Protection
yes( )
no
Increased Police Protection
yes( )
no
Municipal Contracted Garbave Collection
yes )
no
Central Sewage System
yes )
no
Improved 'plater System
yes )
no
Beach Patrol
yes )
no
Youth Club and Activities
yes( )
no
Beach Life Guard
yes( )
no
3. Would you favor amending zoning ordinances to require larger
square footage in single family residences?
Yes ( ) No ( )
4. The Town is currently studying the surface water problems
caused by recent heavy rains. Assuming u permanent solution can
be found for the problem, would you be willing to pay Additional
taxes to finance such a project?
Yes ( ) No ( )
M.

Apnendix B
Listing of State and Federal Regulations Affecting Costal Land and Water
Resources
N.C. DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
(DIVISIONS OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT AND COASTAL MANAGEMENT)
STATE CONTROLS
-Permits to discharge to surface
waters or operate waste water
treatment plants or oil discharge
permits; NPDES Permits, (G.S. 143-
213)
-Permits for wastewater treatment
systems with a capacity over 3000
gallons/day (G.S. 143-215.3)
-Permits for withdrawal of surface or
ground waters in capacity use areas
(G.S. 143-215.109)
-Permits for air pollution abatement
facilities and sources (G.S. 143-
215-109)
-Permits for construction of complex
sources; e.g. parking lots,
subdivision, stadiums, etc. (G.S.
143-215-109)
-Permits for construction of a well
over 100,000 gallons/day (G.S. 87-88)
-Permits to dredge and /or fill in
estuarine waters, tidelands, etc.
(G.S. 113-229)
-Permits to Undertake development in
areas of Environmental Concern
(G.S. 113A-118)
NOTE: Minor C.A.M.A development
permits are issued by the local
government.
i •

N.C. DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
(DIVISION OF EARTH RESOURCES)
STATE CONTROLS
-Permits to alter or construct a
dam (G.S. 143-215.66)
-Permits to mine (G.S. 74-51)
-Permits to drill and exploratory
oil or gas well (G.S. 113-381)
-Permits to conduct geographical
exploration (G.S. 113-391)
(SECRETARY OF NRCD)
STATE CONTROLS
-Sedimentation erosion control
plans for any land disturbing
activity of over one contiguous
acre (G.S. 113A-54)
-Permits to construct an oil
refinery
N.C. DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION
STATE CONTROLS
-Easements to fill where lands are
proposed to be raised above the
normal high water mark or
navigable waters by filling (G.S.
146.6 (c) )
N.C. DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES
STATE CONTROLS
-Approval to operate a solid waste
disposal site or facility (G.S.
130-166.16)
-Approval to install individual ground
absorption sewage disposal systems of
3,000 gallons or less design capacity -
(G.S. 130-166)
50

I
N.C. DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES
(CONT'D)
-Approval for construction of any
public water supply facility that
furnishes water to 15 or more year-
round residences or 25 or more year-
round residents.
N.C. DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES
(DIVISION OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY)
FEDERAL
-National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
-The Archeological and Historic Preservation Act of
1974, Public Law 93-291
-Executive Order 11593, Protection and Enhancement
of Cultural Environment, 16 U.S.C. 470 (Supp.
1,1971)
-National Environmental Policy Act, Public Law
19-190, 42 U.S.0 4321 F.L. Sep. (1970)
-Community Development Act of 1974, Public Law
98-383: Environmental Review Procedures for the
Community Development Block Grant Program (40 CER
iPart
58)
1—
-Procedures for the Protection of Historic and
Cultural Properties (36 CFR Part 800)
-The Department of Transportation Act of 1966,
Public Law 89-670
-Identification and Administration of Cultural
Resources. Procedures of Individual Federal
Agencies.
State
-G.S. 121-12 (a) Protection of Properties in the
National Register.
51

N.C. DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES
(DIVISION OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY)
(CONT'D)
-State Environmental Policy Act, Article 1 of
Chapter 113A of the General Statues
-Executive Order XVI
-Indian Antiquities, G.S. 70.1-4
-Salvage of Abandoned Shipwreck and other
underwater Archeological Sites: G.S. 121-22,
23; 143B-62 (1) g, (3)
-Archeological Salvage in Highway Construction
G.S. 136-42.1
-Provisions for Cultural Resources in Dredging
and filling operations, G.S. 113-229
52

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
(ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS)
FEDERAL CONTROLS
-Permits required under Sections 9 and 10 of
the Rivers and Harbors of 1899; permits to
construct in navigable waters.
-Permits required under Section 404 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972;
Permits to control the discharges of dredge
or filled material into waters of the United
States.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
(COAST GUARD)
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF INTERIOR
(THE GEOLOGICAL SURVEY, BUREAU OF LAND MANAGEMENT)
FEDERAL CONTROLS
-Permits for bridges, causeways, pipelines over
navigable waters; required under the General
Bridge Act of 1946 and the Rivers and Harbors
Act of 1899
-Deep water port permits
-Permits required for off -shore drilling
-Approvals of OCS pipeline corridor rights -of -way
U.S. NUCLEAR REGULATORY COMMISSION
FEDERAL CONTROLS
-Licenses for siting, construction and operation
of nuclear power plants, required under the
Atomic Energy Act of 1954 and Title II of the
Energy Reorganization Act of 1974
53

U.S. ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION
FEDERAL CONTROLS
-Permits for construction, operations and
maintenance of interstate pipelines facilities
required under the Natural Gas Act of 1974
-Orders of interconnection of electric transmission
facilities under Section 202 (b) of the Federal
Power Act.
-Permission required for abandonment of natural
gas pipeline and associated facilities under
Section 7C (b) of the Natural Gas Act of 1938
-Licenses for non-federal hydroelectric projects
and associated transmission lines under Sections
4 and 15 of the Federal Power Act.
54

PINE KNOLL SHORES' 1975 SURVEY OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY OWNERS
750
questionaires were mailed out and 410 or 55% were returned.
°
0
In this tabulation the actual number of responses is given for most questions
with type of
answer
usually given in percentages.
QUESTION
ALL RESPONDENTS
PERMANENT RESIDENTS
SEASONAL
RESIDENTS
UNDEVELOPED LOT OWNERS
CATEGORY OF RESIDENTIAL PROPERTY OI�JNERS
410
100°%
90
22%
ill
27%
209
51%
1.
UJHAT KIND OF COMMUNITY DO YOU WANT?
421
93
115
213
(a) Residential and retirement family resort with
commercial development to serve community only
68%
60°%
69%
71%
(b) Same as above but with more general commercial
11%
14%
10°%
10'%
(c) About equal number of single family homes,
10°
condominiums, motel rooms, with supporting commercial
11%
12%
125
(d) Basically a retirement community
9%
1301.
8%
8%
(e) Unrestricted development of tourist attractions
1%
1%
1%
1%
2.
HOW WOULD YOU LIKE TO SEE THE POPULATION OF
358 300
278
82
71
69
100
76
69
176
153
140
PINE KNOLL SHORES GROW IN FUTURE YEARS?
Years
Years
Years
Years
Increase
5 yr 10 yr
69%
25 yr
5 yr 10
yr 25 yr
5 yr
10 yr 25 yr
5 yr
10 yr 25 yr
slightly
71%
57%
62%
72%
59%
65%
68%
62%
740%
72%
52%
Stay the same
17% 20%
33%
17%
17%
250%
22%
26%
36%
130%
18%
37%
Increase greatly
130% 7/°
9%
2O%o
11%
16%
12%
3%
2%
11%
7/
°
Decrease
1% 2%
1%
1%
0
0
1%
3%
0
2%
3%
22%%
3.
ARE YOU SATISFIED WITH THE '�"JAY
361188
THE TOWN IS DEVELOPING?
yes
78%
8p°/
89%
72%
no
141
20°%
11%
12%
undecided
8%
0
0
16%
4.
ARE YOU SATISFIED WITH THE
337
74
69
194
PRESENT ZONING ORDINANCE?
yes
64%
84%
84%
50°%
no
130%
16%
16%
11%
don't know
23010
0
0
39%
5.
WOULD YOU BE WILLING TO PAY ADDITIONAL
371
90
96
185
TAXES FOR MORE COMMUNITY SERVICES?
yes
57%
70%
57%
51%
no
38%
30%
39°%
42%
(Positive responses tabulated by adding all
don't know
50/6
0
4011
7%
points given on a 1 to 5 priority scale)
Better Fire Protection
745
262
240
243
Increased Police Protection
624
136
229
259
Municipal Contracted Garbage Collection
546
164
165
217
Central Sewage System
535
152
136
247
Improved Water System
418
115
98
205
Beach Patrol
200
78
67
55
Youth Club and Activities
125
56
55
36
Beach Life Guard
111
24
43
44
6.
HOW DO YOU FEEL ABOUT ALLOWING COMMERCIAL
Few
More
No More
ore
Unlimited
p� gv�
No More --I`' 9F
Unlimited
No More AMo e
Unlimited
DEVELOPMENT OF THE FOLLOWING?
No More Unlimited
Mobile Homes 375
99% (both less then 1%)
99%
85%
0
14%
1%
1%
100°%
83010
0
16%
0
1%
98%
74%
< 2%
25%
<1%
1%
Fishing Piers 362
A artments 365
79% 20% 1%
70°0 29% 1%
65%
31%
41
67%
33%
0
74%
25%
K
1%
Marinas 288
56% 42% 2%
49%
46%
5%
41%
58%
1%
75%
25%
0
Condominiums 371
54/'/- 43% 30%
34%
61%
50%,
58%
41%
1%
61%
37%
2%
Commercial 363
46% 51% 30%,
30%
59%
110/0
45%
530%
2%
52%
48%
1%
7.
ARE YOU IN FAVOR OF MAKING SALTER PATH
363
81
100
182
ROAD INTO A FOUR LANE HIGHWAY?
yes
38%
32%
37%
42%
no
62%
68%
63%
58%
8.
AGE DISTRIBUTION OF RESPONDENTS
401
88
110
202
20 through 29
5%
6%
0
8%
30 through 39
130%
1o°%
130%
130%
40 through 49
18%
17%
23%
50 through 59
34%
17%
39%
38%
60 through 69
27%
5410
27%
16%
70 and over
3010
6%
4,
2%
9.
PRESENT ANNUAL INCOME
359 or 88%
72 or
8(Y%
97 or
87%
190 or
9 1 %
under $10,000
1%
4%
0
1%
between
$10,000 & $15,000
11%
250110
4%
9%
between
315,000 & $20,000
16%
22%
11%
17%
between
520,000 & $30)000
31%
31% °
19%
o➢
38/° ° a=
°r
between
$30,000 & $45,000
230%
140//0
230%
26%
over $45,000
18%
4%
43%
9% o=
specifically refused to answer
28
14
0
14 C➢
D D
10.
INCOME SOURCE OF PRESENT AND EXPECTED
335
88
92
2, 9
167 Z m
G a
PINE KNOLL SHORES RESIDENTS
Retired
62%
62%
66%
61% no
Employed full time
19%
31%
19%
11% n
Employed part time
19%
7%
150/0
26%
11.
HOW MANY PERSONS LIVING IN YOUR
169
87
82
PINE KNOLL SHORES HOUSE?
One
5%
9%
1%
Two
58%
68%
48%
Three
14%
14%
13%
Four
16%
6%
27%
Five plus
7%
3%
11%
12.
HOUSEHOLDS REPORTING SCHOOL AGE OR YOUNGER CHILDREN 85 or 21%
15 or
17%
31 or
28%
39 or
19%
13.
IF YOU ARE RETIRED AND LIVING IN PINE KNOLL SHORES,
t+4 or 80°%
of Retirees
WHAT IS YOUR ESTI14ATED ANNUAL COST OF LIVING?
2,500
to $5,000 7%
$6,000
to $9,000 25%
$10,000
to $12,000 43%
$13,000
to $18,000 20%o
$20,000
to $25,000 50/6
14. WHEN WAS YOUR HOUSE COMPLETED?
185
89
96
Before
1965
7%
140%
1966 thru 1971 17%
27%
1972 thru 1974 66%
530/o
1975
1 o°%
6%
15. DO YOU EVER PLAN TO LIVE HERE PERMANENTLY?
286
86
200
yes
68%
62%
71%
no
22%
29%
18%
maybe
10%
9%
11%
WHEN?35
176
141
1975 thru 1979
59
59
15
1980 thru 1984
53
8
D
45 m
1985 thru 1989
32
7
25 z
1990 plus
12
5
7
don't know
20
0
20
16.
UNDEVELOPED LOT OWNERS PRIMARY &
Primary Secondary
SECONDARY REASONS FOR BUYI14G
225
89
Retirement Home 39%
27%
Investment
26%
43%
Year -Round Home 22%
11%
Seasonal Home
130%
19% o
212
17.
IF YOU DO NOT BUILD, WILL YOU HOLD OR
Hold
53%
SELL THE PROPERTY?
Sell
39%
Undecided
8%
18.
TYPE OF PINE KNOLL SHORES HOUSE
191
90
101
Single family
69%
9o°%
°
Condominium
30a
lo%
48%
Apartment
1%
0
1%
19.
WHAT TYPE OF BUSINESSES DO YOU FEEL ARE MOST
IMPORTANT FOR THE BRIDGE ROAD COMMERCIAL AREA?
(Responses tabulated by totaling point assignments
given on a 1 to 10 priority scale)
Food Store
Drug Store
2787
2609
150%
14%
619
15%
661
1301.
1507
15010
Post Office
2081
11%
572
465
14%
11%
696
510
13%
10°%
1341
1106
14%
11%
Bank
Gasoline Station
1927
1455
10°%
8%394
436
11%
500
10°%
91
991
10°%
Professional Building
8j
341
9%
8%
405
322
8%
6%
791
7%
8%
Hardware
A.B.C. Store
11454 3i6
1212
6%
232
6%
358
7%
726
7%
Variety Store
988
5%
290
7%
°
364
7%
558
6%
°
Fishing Tackle and Sports Store
889
4%
189
190
4%
311
259
6%
488
5%
Marine Supplies
702
°0
107
4%
3%
201
5%
4%
440
394
4%
°°
4%
uaomen s Ready to Wear
Reach Supplies
639
602
3
°
3%
138
°
3%
194
4%
307
3"%
Pien s Ready to Wear
521
2%
87
119
2%
3%
212
153
L%
3%
303
249
3%
3010
19182
4179774t�
987 7
20.
DO YOU FEEL THAT THE ARCHITECTURAL DESIGN OF THE
COMMERCIAL AREA SHOULD BE CONTROLLED BY THE TOWN? yes
94%
93%
91%
96%
no
6%
7%
9%
4%
IF YES, WHAT SHOULD THE DESIGN BE?
331
64
101
189
Contemporary
32%
39/
�4%
33�
Williamsburg
21%
25%
21%
20°%
Cap
Cape Cod
Combination of above
28%
25%
22%
33%13%
Other
6%
100/018%
12%
1%
150%
2%
21.
IF THE STATE BUILDS A THIRD BRIDGE TO
BOGUS BANKS, WHERE SHOULD IT BE?
370
92
91
187
East of Pine Knoll Shores
25%
32%
26%
20°%
West of Pine Knoll Shores
450%
36%
50°%
48%
In Pine Knoll Shores
°
22%
30°%
21/
19%
No third bridge
°
30
°
2%
°
3�
°
3%
Undecided
10°%
22.
SHOULD THE TOWN PROVIDE
yes no
yes
no
yes
no
yes
no
Public Parking Areas? 373
Public Boat Ramps. 364
28% 72%
°
22%
78%
22%
78%
35%
65%
Public Beach Access? 380
26%
26% 74%
16%
84%
35%
6
24%
7 6%
33°%
67%
%
23.
DO YOU NOW OPJN
An inboard or outboard motor boat?
yes
130
37
31
62
A sail boat?
no
229
38
44
71
114
7
6
25
DO YOU EXPECT TO BUY
no
o
1
32
43
91
A motor boat?
yes
102
21
25
55
A sail boat?
no
97
19
37
41
yes
44
9
8
27
no
89
22
24
43
undecided
13
9
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■

Resort Commercial Development —The seven motel com-
plexes along the strand are occupying a total of 34 acres of land.
Among these there are presently 590 guest rooms. Assuming an
average of three people to a room, 1770 transient persons are
added to the town's night-time population during peak tourist
seasons.
Resort commercial development caused some major land use
problem before the incorporation of the Town of Pine Knoll
Shores. The chief trouble came from the disregard of the fragile
natural -physical balance of a barrier island by most of the
ocean -front motel builders. Only two motels are built well
behind the protecting frontal dune with elevated walkways for
access to the beach. One, but only one, is carefully sited to fit
the contour of the secondary dune system and to disturb a
minimum amount of the protective maritime scrub growth.
The construction of the five other motels and a condomin-
ium project generally began with bulldozers clearing away the
covering growth and leveling the sand dunes for the full width
of the property from Salter Path Road to from four to eight feet
above the mean high water mark. In this process there was
leveled or seriously damaged 2550 feet (10.7%) of the 23,850
foot long frontal dune protecting the Town from the incursions
of the ocean during storms and hurricanes. Further, the level-
ing of the land has greatly increase(+ the potential of flood
erosion on Salter Path, the main access road to Pine Knoll
Shores.
The seven motel complexes and the two condominium pro-
jects are using individual package plants from sewage treat-
ment. Even the best of these are subject to malfunctions and
can cause pollution of ground and surface waters.
Other Commercial —There are presently only six other com-
mercial establishments in Pine Knoll Shores. 127 acres of land
are available for more such development. In the survey, pre-
viously sited, an overwhelming majority of respondents wanted
only retail and service businesses and professional services to
support the needs of residents, both permanent and seasonal. If
this preference is heeded, Pine Knoll Shores will need only 2Y2
to 5 acres of land for well -planned community shopping and
services. Evrn with a low density, spread -out business area, ten
acres would be more than adequate. Zoning Ordinance revi-
sions to correct this problem are now being negotiated.
Present Land Use Regulations —The Roosevelt interests re-
quired rather rigid restrictive covenants to apply to all land sales
or donations in the Pine Knoll Shores area. In 1973, the Town
Government established a Planning Board and passed a Zoning
Ordinance which gave many of these private restrictions the
additional force of local public law. The Town employs a
full-time Building Inspector who enforces the following regula-
tions affecting land use and environment:
11 PINE KNOLL SHORES' ZONING ORDINANCE. Minimum
residential lot size is 7500 square feet. Except for low density
resort accommodations, retail sales, service and professional
activity, no other uses are allowed. Resort and other business
buildings shall not cover more than 25% of the land and are
required to leave no less than 35% of the land in its natural
state. Maximum density for resort accommodation is ten units
per acre. An approved plan must precede all land development
designed in a manner to preserve a maximum of natural land
form, trees, and other vegetation. No building may be erected
closer than 100 feet from the mean high water mark of the
ocean and all required open spaces and buffer zones shall
remain in their natural state regardless of elevation. No un-
natural solid or liquid waste discharge is allowed into any
waters.
21 BOAT SLIP REGULATION. Only docking facilities projecting
into open water are allowed.
3] OUTER BANKS LAND PROTECTION ORDINANCE, and 4]
SOIL SEDIMENTATION AND EROSION CONTROL LAW. The
Building Inspector assists the County and State in enforcing
these.
51 PINE KNOLL SHORES' SUBDIVISION DEVELOPMENT
ORDINANCE
61 NORTH CAROLINA STATE BUILDING CODE.
7] SEPTIC TANK REGULATIONS. Enforced by Carteret County
Health Department.
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THE LAND USE PLAN
Public Participation —Using the results of the survey of
property owners' desires, needs, and judgements along with the
existing land use survey; the Planning Board prepared a draft
Goals and Objectives Statement. A public meeting was adver-
tised for June 26, 1975, to discuss the results of the survey and
the Statement. This open meeting was presided over by Mayor
James W. Redfield. Mr. Stan Hecker, Staff Director of the
Coastal Resource Commission, explained the Coastal Area Man-
agement Act. The Town's Planning Consultant, Paul Foster,
A.I.P., presented the findings of the survey. Mr. Larry Jerome,
Chairman of the Town Planning Board, discussed the proposed
Statement of Goals and Objectives. Chairman Jerome empha-
sized that this was a draft proposal and requested public input
to refine the Statement. Ninety-three persons attended the
meeting.
Long Range Goals —Over the ensuing weeks, the Town Plan-
ning Board incorporated additional ideas into the draft State-
ment and submitted it for approval. On August 14, 1975, the
Town Board of Commissioners unanimously approved these
which are summarized below:
The purpose of these Goals and Objectives is to provide
a foundation for planning and developing an outstanding
Town that meets, to the extent practical, the desires of
the Town's homeowners and non-resident lot owners as
expressed at various public meetings and in replies to ques-
tionnaires.
Pine Knoll Shores shall continue to be a residential and
retirement family resort with commercial development
only to the extent necessary to serve the community.
Additional traditional motel development is unlikely with a
resort commercial growth limited to low density seasonal
accommodations, such as condominiums, cooperatives
and apartments. In any case, the Town expects to ac-
commodate a maximum future peak summer population
ranging from 4300 to 7800 persons.
Police and fire protection, water, sewage and garbage
service will be expanded to accommodate this growth.
Recognizing that much of the Town lies within fragile areas
of environmental concern, the Town will strive through its
ordinances, regulations, and decisions of elected and ap-
pointed officials to maintain and protect the natural ter-
rain and environment to the extent possible. In particu-
lar, it will also take necessary measures to protect the
ocean and sound shorelines, the frontal dunes, the salt
marshes, and the maritime forests. It will also take neces-
sary measures to protect the quality of the water along
the sound and ocean fronts and in the Town's internal
waterway.
Population and Economy —In contrast to most communities,
Pine Knoll Shores' existing and future population has little
relation to local job markets or birth rates. The majority of
residents are retired and living on previously earned income.
Those whose source of income is the transient or seasonal
resident are importing money earned in other parts of the
county. If the nation's economy is good, this leisure industry
prospers. If not, it diminishes. This is particularly true of the
motel and condominium activity.
.Following are two projections of future population; one based
on the answers to lot owners' questionnaires and the other
based on the actual rate of growth to date. Both include peak
season conditions because the Town must develop its services
to meet peak population needs.
LOT OWNERS' QUESTIONNAIRES
Present
1980
1985
2000
Residential
1,000
1,600
2,100
3,500
Motels
800
800
800
800
Total
1,800
2,400
2,900
4,300
PROJECTIONS OF RECENT
GROWTH EXPERIENCE
Residential 1,000 3,000 4,100 7,000
Motels 800 800 800 800
Total 1,800 3,800 4,900 7,800
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Additional Public Services —As Pine Knoll Shores grows, an
increased tax base will make it possible to provide additional
community services. That there is a desire for these is evident in
the returns of the survey. The Town now has an adequate local
street system for future residential needs. Power and water are
supplied by out-of-town companies that seem to be able to
adequately take care of growing needs. The existing deep well
system can pump one million gallons of water per day without
aquifer draw down. This is adequate for a population of 10,000.
There is only one large public works project that the Town may
have to contend with: sewage collection and treatment.
Allocation of Future Land Uses —Barring an economic col-
lapse, war or other catastrophy, the land allocated to residential
use and which has already been subdivided should continue to
be filled in with homes at a regular rate. As this takes place,
market demand should cause the establishment of a community
shopping area. Community recreation and open space for
residents is already adequately provided for.
The past problems caused by the unregulated overloading of
ocean -front property by resort commercial facilities has already
been discussed. At the present density allowed, it will be
possible to preserve a maximum of maritime forest and protect
the dune and beach grass formations. This may be accomplish-
ed by either concentrating allowed accommodations in one part
of a property, or through scattering them in clusters on the land.
In either case, the remainder of the land is left in its natural
state. This will make it possible to preseve a maximum amount
of maritime forest and to protect the vital dune formations.
Ground and Surface Water Pollution —In spite of the exist-
ence of an adequate central water supply, about half of the
dwelling units in the Town have individual wells. All of the
single-family homes use septic tanks. The danger of septic tank
effluent polluting these wells is omnipresent.
The March 9, 1976, "Carrying Capacity" report of the Coastal
Resources Commission states that "up to a certain density .. .
the land is quite capable of absorbing human waste from onsite
sewage disposal systems without detrimental effects on the
quality of ground and surface water." The low residential
densities planned for Pine Knoll Shores may eliminate the need
for a central sewage system. However, the N.C. Division of
Health Service's new regulations (yet to be put in use) state that
no portion of any residential septic tank absorption field may be
closer than 100 feet to the mean high water mark.
Of the existing residential lots, 36% (372) front either the
ocean, sound, or waterway. By putting the septic drainage field
on the road side of a dwelling, it will be easy to meet this
condition on all except 25 waterway lots.
DESIGNATION OF AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
Background —The Coastal Area Management Act requires
that local land use plans shall give special attention to the
protection and appropriate development of Areas of Environ-
mental Concern. The developers of Pine Knoll Shores had taken
measures for protection and appropriate development of fragile
areas well before State legislation was passed. One of the first
acts of local government after its creation in 1973 was to set up
stringent guides for environmental protection through a Zoning
Ordinance. Strong State technical and enforcement assistance
will greatly enhance the Town's efforts to protect Areas of En-
vironmental Concern.
Following are the recommended areas for environmental
concern:
Coastal Wetland —All low tidal (Spartina Alternaflora) and high
marsh (Spartina Patens) should be kept in their natural state
with no building (except docks) and no filling or effluent
discharge and with buffer strip protection from adjoining de-
velopment. These wetlands exist intermittently with maritime
scrub thickets and maritime forests along the whole of the
Bogue Sound shore.
Natural Resource Area —The whole of the Roosevelt Natural
Area (309 acres) should be kept in its natural state as a preserve
for present and future generations. Intensive public access
should be restricted to small portions close to the existing
entrance road or other specifically designated areas where
access can be well controlled. Access should only be permitted
in a manner that will have minimum deleterious effect on the
ecological balance by using elevated walks and providing
guides. New building should be limited and only be allowed as
expansion of the existing facility.
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Primary Dune System and Ocean Beach —No building should be
allowed on the total length of ocean beach or the primary dune
system behind it except for elevated access walkways designed
to cause minimum harm to these formations.
Flood Plain —Building in the flood plain, as recently defined by
the Federal Insurance Administration, should be restricted to
residential structures with habitable portions of the building
elevated above the 100-year frequency flood level.
Climax Maritime Forests [Complex Natural Areas] —Bands of
relatively high forests parallel the coast along the total length of
the Town. Dr. Eugene P. Odum, the eminent ecologist, has said
that recent studies indicate that at least 1000 years may be
required for the development of a climax forest from the
beginnings of a bare dune' Yet a few days of bulldozing
operation can return this land to unstable sand, inviting wind
and water erosion and eventual flooding. Anyone familiar with
North Carolina's coastal areas knows how little of this type of
forest is left in the State. Dr. John Clark, noted marine ecologist,
has stated that "dense (barrier) island forest areas may be
ecologically suited for human use ... and little ecological
damage need result ... if proper constraints are invoked."'
Any development in the Climax Maritime Forests should be
carefully controlled. Residential and resort commercial ac-
commodations that are allowed should not exceed the zoned
density of ten units per acre. These should be concentrated or
clustered within a project in a manner to preserve a maximum of
trees and shrubs. Accessory facilities should be limited to those
that serve residents or overnight guests only. Vehicular access
should be designed to destroy an absolute minimum of trees.
No other land uses should be allowed.
FOLLOW-UP AND COORDINATION
Implementation of the Plan —The elected officials will con-
tinue to take vigorous action to provide for orderly development
of Pine Knoll Shores consistent with the well -expressed desires
of the citizens. The people have spoken for low density
residential emphasis and minimum damage to the unique
coastal environment. Several hundred copies of the complete
Land Use Plan Report, on which this synopsis is based, will be
available for those interested in more complete information.
Review and Revision —The Town Planning Board expects to
repeat the 1975 survey of residential property owners in five to
seven years. A tabulation will be made to determine the
citizens' appraisal of the 1976 Plan and any changes will be
incorporated in a revised Plan.
Coordination with Carteret County —During the preparation
of this Plan, coordination with Carteret County planning ac-
tivities was continuous. The more detailed Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan as generalized under the County Land Classifica-
tion system was officially presented to the County Commis-
sioners for approval.
tODUM, EUGENEP. 1963ECOLOGY, Holt, Rinehart & Winston,
New York p. 87
2CLARK, JOHN 1974 COASTAL ECOSYSTEMS, Conservation
Foundation, Washington, D.C. p.78
MARCH 1976
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
H. Kenneth Haller, Mayor
James W. Ramsey, Mayor Pro Tem
Arthur F. Browne, for Planning
H.W. McBride
L. Hayes McCulley
Mary Catherine Smith
PLANNING BOARD
Larry Jerome, Chairman
Dean Brossman
Robert Ames
Wayne Cleveland
John Collier
Frank Johnson
Lerae Kesel
William MacDonald
Paul Foster, AIP, Advisor
SISAIVNV 3Sn dNVI 9NIlSIX3
NOImOOblNl
Because no approved plan exists for Carteret County, the Coastal Resources
Commission is unable to evaluate the consistency of this plan with the county
land use plan as required by the Coastal Area Management Act. However, this
plan is satisfactory in all other respects. Accordingly, this plan has been approved
contingent on a finding by the Coastal Resources Commission that it is consistent
with an approved land use plan for Carteret County.