FY96 Land Use Plan-1997

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TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
NORTH CAROLINA
FY96 LAND USE PLAN

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TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
NORTH CAROLINA
FY96 LAND USE PLAN
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TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA
FY96 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
P. acre
SECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
A.
ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE .......................... 1-1
B.
POPULATION AND HOUSING ....................................
1-4
1.
Population............................................1-4
a. Permanent Population Growth, 1970-1994 ................
1-4
b. Composition and Age
1-6
2.
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Seasonal Population ..................
1-7
a. Introduction and Methodology .........................
1-7
b. Seasonal Population
1-8
3.
Day Visitor Usage of Pine Knoll Shores ........................
1-8
4.
Housing Characteristics
• 1-9
5.
Summary .:::::::::::: : : ::::: : ::::::::::::::
1-11
C.
ECONOMY.................................................I-12
D.
EXISTING
LAND USE
1.
Introduction ••.••••.•.•.•,• ...........................I-16
1-16
2.
Urban and Developed Land ................................
1-17
a. Residential
I-17
b. Commercial ......................................
1-20
C. Open Space and Recreation ..........................
1-21
d. Institutional • . • ... • • • .............................
e. Municipal
I-21
1-22
f. Utilities .........................................
1-22
g. Forestland.......................................
1-22
h. Transportation ....................................
1-23
3.
Summary ....... .................................. ...I-23
4.
5.
Development Potential ...................................
Existing Ordinances and Land Use Controls ....................
1-24
1-25
6.
Effectiveness of the 1992 Land Use Plan and Policies .............
1-31
E.
DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: PUBLIC FACILITIES ..................
1. Water Supply...........
2. Sewage Disposal .......................................
I-32
I-32
1-33
3.
Drainage ...... ................. ......................1-33
4.
Solid Waste Disposal
I-34
5.
6.
Schools ::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::
Transportation .........................................
1-35
1-37
7.
Police
8.
Fire ................................................1-38
I-38
9.
Emergency Services .....................................
1-38
10.
Recreation...........................................I-38
11.
Electrical Distribution
1-38
12.
Cable Television .......................................
1-39
13.
Administration .........................................
1-39
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F. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY .................. 1-39
1.
Topography/Geology....................................
1-39
2.
Flood Hazard Areas .....................................
1-41
3.
Soils ............ .............................. .... ..I-46
4.
Basinwide Water Quality Management ........................
1-46
5.
Manmade Hazards/Restrictions .............................
1-51
6.
Fragile Areas ..........................................
1-51
a. Coastal Wetlands .................................
1-51
b. Estuarine Waters ..................................
1-51
C. Estuarine Shorelines ................................
1-54
d. Public Trust Areas .................................
1-54
e. Ocean Hazard Areas ...............................
1-54
f. Outstanding Resource Waters .........................
1-55
g. 404 Wetlands ....................................
1-55
h. Maritime Forests ..................................
1-56
i. Slopes in Excess of 12% ............................
1-56
j. Excessive Erosion Areas .............................
1-58
k. Historic and Archaeological Sites ......................
1-58
I. Closed Shellfishing Areas ............................
1-58
M. Other Fragile Areas ................................
1-58
7.
Areas of Resource Potential ...............................
1-59
a. Public Parks .....................................
1-59
b. Marine Resources .................................
1-60
C. Agricultural and Forestlands ..........................
1-60
SECTION II: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
A.
PROJECTED DEMAND FOR DEVELOPMENT .........................
II-1
1. Demographic Trends ....................................
II-1
2. Commercial and Industrial Land Use .........................
II-3
3. Housing Trends ........................................
II-4
4. Transportation .........................................
II-4
5. Public Land Use ........................................
II-5
6. Areas Likely to Experience Major Land Use Changes ..............
II-5
7. Summary ............................................
II-6
B.
PROJECTED PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDS/AVAILABILITY ................
II-6
C.
REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES .....................................
II-8
D.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION .........
11-9
SECTION III: LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ........................... III-1
SECTION IV: POLICY STATEMENTS
A. VISION STATEMENT.........................................IV-2
B. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS ..................... IV-2
C. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES ............... IV-7
D. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS ..... IV-9
E. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES .................... IV-13
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POST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN AND POLICIES
A. INTRODUCTION...........................................IV-14
B. STORM MITIGATION, EVACUATION, AND POST -DISASTER
RECOVERY PLANS
IV-15
1. Storm Hazard Mitigation .................................
IV-15
a. Hazard Mapping .................................
b. Ocean Hazard AEC ...............................
IV-16
IV-16
C. Estuarine Shoreline AEC ............................
IV-17
d. Non -AEC Areas ..................................
2. Hurricane Evacuation Planning ............................
IV-17
IV-17
3. Post -Disaster Recovery Plan ...........................
IV-18
C. ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TEAM ............
IV-19
D. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS ..........
IV-20
E. ORGANIZATION OF RECOVERY OPERATION .......................
IV-22
F. RECOMMENDED RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES .....................
IV-25
1. Bridge Re-entry Permits .................................
IV-25
2. Permitting
IV-26
3. Utility and Facility Reconstruction ..........................
IV-27
4. Temporary Development Moratorium ........................
IV-27
SECTION V: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATIONS ........
V-1
TABLES
PageTable
1 Town of Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County, NC
Summary of Year -Round Population Growth by Township and
Municipality, 1970-1994 ............................
1-5
Table 2 Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1980-1990
Population Characteristics by Age Groups ................
Table 3 Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County, 1980-1990
1-6
Percentage Change in Population by Sex .................
1-6
Table 4 Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Seasonal, Permanent, and Total Peak Population, 1995
1-8
Table 5 Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Building Permits and Construction Costs, 1985-1995 ........
1-9
Table 6 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Housing Summary
Tenure and Vacancy, 1980 and 1990 ...................
1-10
Table 7 Town of Pine Knoll Shores 1990 Housing Conditions
1-10
Table 8 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Labor Force Status - 1990 .......
Table 9 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Mean Household Income, 1989
1-12
1-12
Table 10 Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1990
Employed Persons 16 Years and Older by Industry ..........
1-13
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TABLES (continued)
Pa4e
Table 11
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Employment by Class of Worker, 1990
1-13
Table 12
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Poverty Status, 1990 ...........
1-14
Table 13
Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Fiscal Years 1990 - 1995
General Governmental Revenues and Expenditures by Function
1-15
Table 14
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use by Acreage by General Zoning Category, 1995 .....
1-17
Table 15
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Residential Acreage by Zoning, 1995
1-17
Table 16
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Private Package Treatment and Disposal Systems Regulated by
the Carteret County Health Department, 1990 .............
1-33
Table 17
Enrollment in Carteret County Schools, 1989-1995 .........
1-36
Table 18
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Soil Susceptibility to Flooding .....
1-45
Table 19
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Soil Associations - Degree and Kind of Limitation for State Use
1-46
Table 20
Carteret County Watershed Report
Base and Demographic Information .....................
1-50
Table 21
Carteret County Watershed Report
Open Water Use Classes ............................
1-50
Table 22
Maritime Forest Area - Definition, Function, and Management ..
1-57
Table 23
Town of Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County, NC
Summary of Year -Round Population Growth by Township and
Municipality, 1990-2005 ............................
II-2
Table 24
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Total Peak Population ...........
II-3
Table 25
Hurricane Forces Associated With Town Environments .......
IV-16
MAPS
Map 1
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Existing Land Use ...............
1-18/19
Map 2
Carteret County Water Resources .......................
1-40
Map 3
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Flood Hazard Areas .............
1-42/43
Map 4
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Storm Surge Inundation Areas ......
1-44
Map 5
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Soil Associations ...............
1-47/48
Map 6
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Areas of Environmental Concern ....
1-52/53
Map 7
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Classification Map ..........
III-5/6
APPENDICES
Appendix I Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan Policies Considered But Not Adopted
Appendix II Town of Pine Knoll Shores Citizen Participation Plan
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SECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
A. ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE
This 1995 Land Use Plan Update for the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is prepared in accordance
with requirements of the North Carolina Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA). Specifically,
this document complies with Subchapter 7B, "Land Use Planning Guidelines," of the North
Carolina Administrative Code, as amended, September 28, 1995.
The 7B guidelines define the following intent of land use plans:
"Local governments, through the land use planning process, address issues and
adopt policies that guide the development of their community. Many decisions
affecting development are made by other levels of government, and local
policies must take account of and coincide with established state and federal
policies. Most decisions, however, are primarily of local concern. By carefully
and explicitly addressing these issues, other levels of government will follow
local policies that deal with these issues. State and federal agencies will use
the local land use plans and policies in making project consistency, funding, and
permit decisions. Policies which consider the type of development to be
encouraged, the density and patterns of development, and the methods of
providing beach access are examples of these local policy decisions.
The land use plan shall contain the following basic elements:
1) a summary of data collection and analysis;
2) an existing land use map;
3) a policy discussion;
4) a land classification map."
In addition to these basic elements, the 7B guidelines require that the following issues be
addressed in the plan:
1) Resource Protection
2) Resource Production and Management
3) Economic and Community Development
4) Continuing Public Participation
5) Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery and Evacuation Plans
This land use plan provides a guide for development of the Town of Pine Knoll Shores by
addressing issues and adopting policies that are relevant to the town. Specifically, this land
use plan provides the following:
1) an analysis of existing conditions, including a land use map;
2) a projected land development analysis;
3) a summary of public interests and participation;
4) a land classification system;
5) a detailed section on policy statements;
1-1

6) an analysis of the carrying capacity of public facilities with a demand/supply
analysis, including sewage disposal plans;
7) a summary of 404 wetland areas and issues;
8) an analysis of maritime forest issues;
9) an explanation of the relationship of the policies to the land classification;
10) a discussion of traffic congestion problems on N.C. 58; and
1 1) a discussion of shoreline erosion problems.
It should be noted that the policy section of the plan is the most important part of the
document. State and federal agencies will use the local land use policies in making project
consistency, funding, and permit decisions.
The 1993 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan included policy statements which
addressed the five policy areas. Those policies supported, or in some cases exceeded, the
15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards. The following identifies by policy area those policies
which exceeded the 15A NCAC 7H use standards:
Resource Protection Policy Statements
Industrial Impacts on Fragile Areas: No industrial development of any type shall be located within Pine
Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction. This policy is supported by the town's zoning ordinance.
Miscellaneous Resource Protection
Marinas, Docks, Piers, and Floating Home Development:
(a) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of both upland and open water marinas within its
planning jurisdiction. Modifications to an existing marina (including the development of additional boat
slips) are allowed, provided the external boundaries of the marina are not affected.
(d) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of dry stack storage facilities for boats associated with
or independent of marinas. This policy will be supported through the town's zoning ordinance.
(e) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the location of floating structures and vessels for permanent occupancy
in all public trust areas and estuarine waters. The town will develop and adopt an ordinance designed
to enforce this policy.
Ocean Hazard Areas:
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will support only uses within the ocean hazard areas which are allowed by 15A
NCAC 7H and are consistent with the town's zoning and dune and vegetation protection ordinances.
Maritime Forests: All of the Pine Knoll Shores' maritime forests which are classified as conservation
are located in the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area and the town -owned property located south of
Roosevelt Drive. Except for the North Carolina Aquarium, no development will be allowed. (Note:
There are some maritime forest areas within Pine Knoll Shores which are not classified conservation,
and to which this policy does not apply.)
1-2

t Resource Production and Management Policies
Residential Commercial, and Industrial Development Impacts on Resources:
(a) Residential and commercial development which meets 15A NCAC 7H use standards, Pine Knoll
Shores zoning requirements, and the policies contained in this plan will be allowed in estuarine
shoreline, estuarine water, and public trust areas. Industrial development will be prohibited within Pine
Knoll Shores.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of any privately owned signs in the coastal wetlands,
estuarine waters, and public trust areas. Publicly owned instructional signage will be permitted.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores will vigorously enforce Chapter 21-3.5 of the town's zoning ordinance which
establishes stringent requirements for lot clearing. These requirements address both the construction
of buildings and the clearance of vegetation. Plants of "special concern" are designated and afforded
special protection. The Planning Board will review local ordinances to determine if amendments should
be made to improve the regulation of lot clearing and the protection of maritime forest areas.
Marine Resource Areas:
(a) With the exception of the construction of signs, marinas, and floating structures, Pine Knoll Shores
supports the use standards for estuarine waters and public trust areas as specified in 15A NCAC
7H.0208.
Listed below are some of the sources and documents utilized during preparation of this Land
Use Plan:
-- Carteret County 1991 Land Use Plan Update
_= Town of Pine Knoll Shores 1993 Land Use Plan Update
USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Carteret County
-- NCDOT, Planning and Policies Section
-- Town of Pine Knoll Shores Staff
-- Carteret County Schools
-- North Carolina Division of Archives and History
Flood Insurance Study, Town of Pine Knoll Shores
-- Town of Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Ordinance
-- N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Subdivision Ordinance
Environmental Impact Statement, Carteret County
-- An Assessment of Maritime Forest Resources on the North Carolina Coast,
November 1988
-- North Carolina Division of Community Assistance
-- North Carolina Division of Coastal Management
-- North Carolina Department of Economic and Community Development
-- Town of Pine Knoll Shores Storm Hazard Mitigation Plan and Post Disaster
Reconstruction Plan, 1984
-- Morehead City - Beaufort 1992 Thoroughfare Plan
== History of Pine Knoll Shores (document)
Pine Knoll Shores 1990 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report
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B. POPULATION AND HOUSING
1. Population
a. Permanent Population Growth, 1970-1994
Carteret County is one of the state's fastest growing counties. Based on detailed
demographic estimates provided by the State Data Center for counties and municipalities
through 1994, Carteret County was the sixth fastest growing CAMA-regulated county, and
was 24th in the entire state.
Table 1 provides a complete summary of year-round population growth within Carteret
County. Carteret County's rate of growth from 1970 to 1980 was twice the growth rate of
the 1960s. Since 1980, population growth, although extremely high, has occurred at a
continually decreasing rate. The N.C. State Data Center has forecast this trend to continue
through the year 2003. A large percentage of the growth in Carteret County from 1970-1994
has occurred in the incorporated beach communities and in areas near the extraterritorial
jurisdiction of existing municipalities. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores had an increase in
population between the years 1980 - 1994 of 897 permanent residents for a 138.9%
increase. There are no population figures for the town in 1970 since it had not yet been
incorporated.
The population growth of Carteret County and the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is the result of
many factors including: a national trend of migration to non -metropolitan areas; tourism; and
the emergence of the area as a retirement center.
1-4

an so Im SO` owl
Table 1
Town of Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County, NC
Summary of Year -Round Population Growth by Township and Municipality, 1970 - 1994
Township
Municipality or Area
Year Round Population
Percentage Change
Overall
1970
1980
1990
1994
'70-'80
'80290
'90294
'70294
1) Atlantic
Total Township
814
810
805
803
-0.49%
-0.62%
-0.26%
-1.37%
2) Beaufort
Beaufort
3,368
3,826
3,808
3,997
13.60%
-0.47%
4.96%
18.68%
Unincorporated Areas
2,779
3,166
4,205
4,644
13.93%
32.82%
10.45%
67.12%
Total Township
6,147
6,992
8,013
8,641
13.75%
14.60%
7.84%
40.58%
3) Cedar Island
Total Township
290
333
385
407
14.83%
15.62%
5.71 %
40.34%
4) Davis
Total Township
456
492
535
553
7.89%
8.74%
3.40%
21.31 %
5) Harkers Island
Total Township
1,639
1,910
2,237
2,375
16.53%
17.12%
6.18%
44.92%
6) Harlowe
Total Township
762
956
1,190
1,289
25.46%
24.48%
8.31%
69.15%
7) Marshallberg
Total Township
525
580
646
674
10.48%
11.38%
4.32%
28.36%
8) Merrimon
Total Township
330
426
542
591
29.09%
27.23%
9.05%
79.10%
9) Morehead City
Atlantic Beach
300
941
1,938
2,267
213.67%
105.95%
16.98%
655.67%
Indian Beach
0
54
153
177
N/A
183.33%
15.69%
N/A
Morehead City
5,233
4,359
6,046
6,384
-16.70%
38.70%
5.59%
22.00%
Pine Knoll Shores
0
646
1,360
1,543
N/A
110.53%
13.46%
N/A
Unincorporated Areas
6,396
9,803
10,985
11,485
53.27%
12.06%
4.55%
79.56%
Total Township
11,929
15,803
20,482
21,856
32.48%
29.61 %
6.71 %
83.21 %
10) Newport
Newport
1,735
1,883
2,516
2,778
8.53%
33.62%
10.41%
60.12%
Unincorporated Areas
2,191
3,586
4,817
5,337
63.67%
34.33%
10.80%
143.61 %
Total Township
3,926
5,469
7,333
8,115
39.30%
34.08%
10.67%
106.71 %
11) Sea Level
Total Township
347
540
773
872
55.62%
43.15%
12.74%
151.15%
121 Smyrna
Total Township
517
637
782
843
23.21 %
22.76%
7.84%
63.11 %
13) Stacy
Total Township
257
322
401
434
25.29%
24.53%
8.33%
69.03%
14) Straits
Total Township
1,166
1,520
1,948
2,129
30.36%
28.16%
9.29%
82.58%
15) White Oak
Cape Carteret
616
944
1,008
1,179
53.25%
6.78%
16.96%
91.40%
Emerald Isle
122
865
2,434
2,798
609.02%
181.39%
14.95%
2193.44%
Cedar Point
0
0
628
688
N/A
N/A
9.55%
N/A
Unincorporated Areas
1,758
2,493
2,413
2,379
41.81 %
-3.21 %
-1.40%
35.33%
Total Township
2,496
4,302
6,483
7,044
72.36%
50.70%
8.66%
182.22%
Total Municipalities
11,374
13,518
19,891
21,811
18.85%
47.14%
9.70%
91.76%
Total Unincorporated
Areas
20,229
27,574
32,662
34,813
36.31 %
18.45%
6.59%
72.09%
Total County
31,603
41,092
52,553
56,624
30.03%
27.90%
7.75%
79.19%
Sources: N.C. State Data Center; extrapolation of data
for unincorporated areas
by Holland Consulting
Planners, Inc.
1-5

b. Composition and Age
Since 1980, the median age of the Pine Knoll Shores' population has increased. Pine
Knoll Shores' population aged 55 and over is much higher than the county's percentage of
population over 55. In addition, the town's percentage of population over 65 was 31.4% in
1990, compared to 12% for the state and 11 % for the county in 1990. Once again, this high
percentage of those aged 55 and older is highly indicative of a retirement community (see
Table 2).
Table 2
Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1980-1990
Population Characteristics by Age Groups
1980
Age Group
Number
% of Total
Under 5
12
1.9%
5-14
55
8.5%
15-24
70
10.8 %
25-34
62
9.6%
35-44
60
9.3%
45-54
67
10.4%
55-64
158
24.5%
65 and over
162
25.1 %
Total
646
100.0%
Source: N.C. State Data
Center, Office
of State Planning.
1990
Number % of Total
42
3.1 %
78
5.7%
90
6.6%
99
7.3%
160
11.8%
160
11.8%
304
22.4%
427
31.4%
1,360
100.0%
The town's population composition by sex has remained fairly constant from 1980 to
1990 (see Table 3). During this period, the male population increased by 2.5% while the
female population decreased by 2.5%. There is currently a 49/51 % male/female ratio. The
male/female ratio is consistent with that of Carteret County in 1990.
Table 3
Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County, 1980-1990
Percentage Change in Population by Sex
Pine Knoll Shores Carteret County
1980 % 1990 % 1980 % 1990 %
Male 311 48% 665 49% 20,435 50% 25,968 49%
Female 335 52% 695 51 % 20,657 50% 26,588 51 %
Total 646 100% 1,360 100% 41,092 100% 52,556 100%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning

The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has an extremely small non -white population. The
1980 census data indicated only three American Indian and no black residents. The 1990
census data revealed that the non -white population consisted of 1 American Indian, 7 Korean,
1 Eskimo or Aleut, and 1 classified as other. The non -white population can be expected to
remain relatively low in proportion to the total population in the future. From 1970 to 1990,
the total non -white population in Carteret County has grown at a rate well below the white
population growth rate.
2. Town of Pine Knoll Shores Seasonal Population
a. Introduction and Methodology
Pine Knoll Shores' permanent and year-round population is supplemented by a
significant peak seasonal population. The methodology used in this study will closely follow
a demographic analysis of recreational population for the Albemarle -Pamlico region prepared
by Paul D. Tschetter of East Carolina University in 1988. The advantage of the ECU analysis
is that it relies on an extensive empirical enumeration of marine boat slips, motel rooms, and
campgrounds in addition to private seasonal housing units. The study also includes an
excellent approach to estimating average population by type of individual housing unit. For
purposes of the ECU study (and this demographic analysis), "total seasonal housing units"
includes 1) all single- and multi -family private housing units used by the overnight tourist
population rather than the permanent population; 2) all motel/hotel rooms (including bed and
breakfasts); 3) all seasonal and transient campground sites; and 4) all individual marina wet
slips capable of docking boats of a size and type which can house people overnight. Marina
facilities for fueling/repair only (no overnight dockage), and those that only dock commercial
fishing boats, are excluded from the enumeration of seasonal housing units.
As in the ECU study, an enumeration of seasonal housing units was conducted to arrive
at the totals presented in Table 4. As of October, 1995, there were no campgrounds or
commercial marinas capable of housing people overnight within the Town of Pine Knoll
Shores. The population incurred due to the use of private boat slips has already been
enumerated in the seasonal housing units and permanent population categories. Due to the
lack of current data for private housing units and permanent population for 1995, the figures
from the 1990 U.S. Census (housing units) and 1994 Office of State Planning estimates
(permanent population) have been substituted. Therefore, the figures provided in this plan for
seasonal population and peak seasonal population may be slightly low for 1995 since any
growth in seasonal private housing units from 1990-1995, and permanent population from
1994-1995, have not been considered.
1
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F
Table 4
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Seasonal, Permanent, and Total Peak Population, 1995
1995*
Number
Persons
Seasonal
Housing Type
of Units
Per Unit
Population
Motel/Hotel
516 Ill
4
2,064 [21
Campsites
0
0
0
Boat Slips (Commercial)
0
0
0
Private Housing Units [3)
874
5
4,370 [21
Total
1,390
6,434
Permanent Population 1,543
Peak Seasonal Population 6,434
Total Peak Population 7,977
* The figures for Motel/Hotel, Campsites, and Boat Slips are current as of October, 1995. The most
recent data available for Private Housing Units is 1990 and Permanent Population, 1994.
[11 Based on telephone survey, Holland Consulting Planners, Inc., December, 1995.
121 Seasonal population figures for Motel/Hotel and Private Housing Units are based on a 100%
occupancy rate.
[3) Includes units "vacant -held for occasional use" and "other vacant" as classified by the 1990
U.S. Census.
Source: 1990 U.S. Census; Office of State Planning; and Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
b. Seasonal Population
Table 4 illustrates that the Town of Pine Knoll Shores has a total of 1,390 seasonal
units, a peak seasonal population of 6,434, and a total peak population of 7,977. "Peak
seasonal population" can be defined as the population that would be enumerated in all
seasonal housing units if all of those units were occupied 'at full capacity, based on average
assumed household sizes for each type of unit (one exception, which does not apply in the
case of Pine Knoll Shores, is marina boat slips where the ECU study suggests an occupancy
rate of 85%). Although "peak seasonal population" is based on a number of variables, it is
a very useful statistic for planning purposes, since it provides a logically'derived summary of
the possible total occupancy in seasonal units during peak overnight tourism periods (Memorial
Day, Fourth of July, and Labor Day weekends). "Total peak population" is simply the sum of
the permanent population and peak seasonal population.
3. Day Visitor Usage of Pine Knoll Shores
Day visitation will increase the population of Pine Knoll Shores during the tourist or summer
season. The Pine Knoll Shores Police Department estimated a total population of 40,000
persons on July 4, 1991. The police department estimate was based on motel room capacity
as well as traffic counts. A comprehensive study of day visitation has not been undertaken
since 1991. However, the Pine Knoll Shores Police Department provided a rough estimate
that the total day visitation for July 4, 1995, was in excess of 50,000 persons. The average
[)9

daily traffic count (ADT) west of the Atlantic Beach Bridge in 1994 was 23,300 automobiles.
If one automobile averages two persons, 46,600 persons would have entered Bogue Banks
heading west on N.C. 58. It may be assumed that a considerable amount of this traffic enters
Pine Knoll Shores on a daily basis. In the event that a third bridge is constructed connecting
Bogue Banks to the mainland, the ADT counts on N.C. 58 between the Atlantic Beach bridge
and the location of the newly constructed bridge should decrease. This is due to the fact that
many travelers with destinations in Pine Knoll Shores, Salter Path, and Indian Beach will
choose to access Bogue Banks via the new third bridge rather than the Atlantic Beach bridge.
Some of the town's attractions which may appeal to the day visitor are the Iron Steamer
Fishing Pier, North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores, Bogue Banks Country Club, Pine
Knoll Village business center, and Christmas By The Sea. It should be noted that a large
volume of day visitors has as much impact on the town as does the peak "overnight"
population.
4. 'Housing Characteristics
Since 1980, Pine Knoll Shores has experienced tremendous residential construction growth.
In 1980, there were only 686 dwelling units. By 1990, the number had jumped to 1,542, an
increase of 125%. The town is currently approximately 78% built -out, with 488 vacant lots
remaining for future residential development. At an annual construction rate of 35 residential
units, Pine Knoll Shores may be completely built -out by the year 2009.
From 1985 to September of 1995, Pine Knoll Shores issued 1,437 building permits. These
include permits for residential, commercial, and miscellaneous construction. Between 1990
and September, 1995, there were a total of 185 residential building permits issued. This
provides a general indicator for the number of new homes built during the period. If this figure
were added to the total number of homes provided by the 1990 U.S. Census, it would result
in a total of 1,727 residential homes currently in Pine Knoll Shores. The following table
r provides additional information on building permits in Pine Knoll Shores.
I
Table 5
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Building Permits and Construction Costs, 1985-1995
Year Number of Permits Construction ($)
1985
47
$9,043,500
1986
28
$4,479,200
1987
156
$ 5,893,462
1988
104
$3,365,031
1989
106
$ 5,165,701
1990
123
$3,251,742
1991
153
$5,417,828
1992
169
$4,707,548
1993
201
$5,877,650
1994
189
$8,409,062
Sept. 1995
168
$5,341,062
1990-Sept. 1995
Average Construction $
Per Residential Unit
$118,515
$140, 820
$123,609
$164,218
$180,720
$172,382
Source: Town of Pine Knoll Shores Building Inspector and Pine Knoll Shores Tax Records.
W

As Table 6 indicates, there has been a 201 % increase in housing for occasional or seasonal
use since 1980. Furthermore, there has been a 123% increase in vacant housing from 1980
to 1990. Given the demographic trends of Pine Knoll Shores, it would be a fair assumption
that many of these homes are owned by retirees. Furthermore, these figures support the idea
that the town is developing into a retiree and residential resort community.
Table 6
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Housing Summary
Tenure and Vacancy, 1980 and 1990
Item
1980
1990
Total Units
686
1,542
Total Year -Round Units
396
674
Occupied Units
283
642
Renter
28
112
Owner -occupied
255
530
Vacant Units
403
900
For Sale
45
8
For Rent
13
14
Other Vacant
55
4
Occasional or Seasonal Use
290
874
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
Approximately 55% of the housing units in Pine Knoll Shores are less than 10 years old, and
approximately 95 % of all housing units are less than 20 years old. See Table 7.
Table 7
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
1990 Housing Conditions
Condition and Age
Number
Total Year -Round Units
1,542
Aqe
0-4 yrs.
354
5-9 yrs.
502
10-19 yrs.
611
20-29 yrs.
73
30-39 yrs.
2
40 or more years
0
Condition
Lacking complete bathroom facilities
0
Lacking complete kitchen facilities
6
Lacking central heating equipment
0
% of Total
100.0 %
23.0%
32.6%
39.6%
4.7 %
0.1 %
0.0%
0.0 %
0.4 %
0.0 %
1

Table 7 (Continued)
Type
Single family, detached
703
45.6%
Single family, attached
354
22.9%
Duplex
11
0.7%
3 or 4 units
22
1.4%
5 to 9 units
64
4.2%
10 to 19 units
200
12.9%
20 to 49 units
122
7.9%
50 or more units
42
2.7%
Mobile home
0
0.0%
Other
24
1.6 %
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
Table 7 data indicates that very few, if any, dwelling units in Pine Knoll Shores can be
considered substandard. A large portion, 68.5%, of the housing stock is single family
(attached and detached) homes.
From 1980 to 1990, there has been a significant increase in multi -family dwelling units in Pine
Knoll Shores. In 1980, multi -family dwellings comprised 21.4% of the town's total housing
stock. In 1990, multi -family dwelling units accounted for 29.9% of the total housing stock.
Since 1990, growth in multi -family housing has been limited to the construction of five units
at Bermuda Greens and six units at Dayton Place. An additional twelve units at Bermuda
Greens are expected to be constructed within the next year.
5. Summary
The following provides a summary of significant demographic and housing findings:
-- Pine Knoll Shores has experienced a major population increase from 1980 to
1994 -- 139%.
-- Since 1980, Pine Knoll Shores has experienced the most substantial growth in
the 65 and over age group, 263%, and the 35 to 54 year old age groups,
251 %.
-- Residential units in Pine Knoll Shores have experienced a 123% increase from
1980 to 1990. Approximately 185 single-family homes have been constructed
since 1990.
-- Pine Knoll Shores has virtually no substandard housing.
-- Pine Knoll Shores' primary manmade tourist and day visitor attractions include
the North Carolina Aquarium and the Iron Steamer Fishing Pier. The aquarium
attracted 302,228 persons in 1994. During the summer months, the aquarium
experiences peak day visitation of up to 3,000 persons.

C. ECONOMY
Pine Knoll Shores appears to have a strong local economy. 1990 census data revealed that
only 20, or 4.0% of the people actively in the labor force were unemployed. There were
1,226 persons of age that were eligible to be included in the labor force. Of that total, 690,
or 56.3%, were not active in the labor force. They were either disabled, retired, or not
employed by choice. Additional labor force data is provided in Table 8.
Table 8
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Labor Force Status - 1990
Male
Labor Force
Armed Forces
35
Civilian Labor Force:
Employed
257
Unemployed
9
Not in Labor Force
301
Total
602
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
Female Total
5 40
219
11
389
624
476
20
690
1,226
Mean household income is an extremely important indicator of a town's economy. The Town
of Pine Knoll Shores appears to have a strong stable local economy. Table 9 summarizes
mean household income for Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County, and the State of North
Carolina.
Table 9
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Mean Household Income, 1989
Location
Pine Knoll Shores
Carteret County
North Carolina
1989 Mean
Household Income
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
$56,691
$32,162
$33,242
The high mean household income of Pine Knoll Shores is due to the large number of retirees
with substantial retirement income, as well as the high percentage of individuals who own
retail and service businesses. Finance, insurance, real estate, recreation, and entertainment
services account for a substantial percentage of employment in Pine Knoll Shores. Table 10
describes employed persons 16 years and older by industry.
1-12

I
Table 10
Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1990
Employed Persons 16 Years and Older by Industry
Occupation
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
Durable goods
Transportation
Communication, other public utilities
Wholesale trade
Retail trade
Finance, insurance, and real estate
Services:
Business and repair services
Entertainment and recreation
Professional and related services:
Health services
Educational services
Other professional and related services
Public administration
TOTAL EMPLOYED
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
Number
Employed
2
18
7
21
17
8
30
118
54
24
35
37
42
22
41
476
% of Total
0.4 %
3.8 %
1.5%
4.4 %
3.6 %
1.7%
6.3 %
24.8 %
11.3%
5.0 %
7.4 %
7.8 %
8.8 %
4.6 %
8.6 %
100.0 %
Approximately 64% of all workers in Pine Knoll Shores are private wage and salary workers.
Roughly 19% of all workers are employed in either federal, state, or local governments. It
should be noted that a high percentage of government workers adds to economic stability in
an area such as Pine Knoll Shores. The remainder of workers are mainly self-employed (see
ITable 11).
1
Table 11
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Employment by Class of Worker, 1990
Class
Number
Private Wage and Salary Worker
307
Federal Government Worker
41
State Government Worker
26
Local Government Worker
25
Self -Employed Worker
71
Unpaid Family Worker
6
Total
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
476
% of Total
64.5 %
8.6 %
5.5 %
5.2%
14.9%
1 .3%
100.0 %

Table 12 indicates that the Town of Pine Knoll Shores has only a small portion of individuals
that are considered to be below the poverty level. Based on the number of persons
enumerated for poverty status, only 1.1 % of the population was considered to be below 75 %
of poverty level. On the contrary, approximately 90% of the population is reported as having
income 200% of the poverty level and above.
Table 12
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Poverty Status, 1990
Income Level
Individuals
Income below 75% of poverty level 15
Income between 75 and 124% of poverty level 18
Income between 125 and 149% of poverty level 13
Income between 150 and 199% of poverty level 97
Income 200% of poverty level and above 1,217
Total 1,360
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
% of Total
100.0%
Pine Knoll Shores has a relatively new and fiscally sound local government. Over the past six
years, the town's revenues have exceeded expenditures. The largest source of revenue for
the town is taxation, while the largest expenditures have been for public safety. Table 13,
attached, provides detailed information on the different sources of revenues as well as the
various expenditures of Pine Knoll Shores.
The following provides a summary of significant economic data for Pine Knoll Shores.
-- The unemployment rate for Pine Knoll Shores is extremely low.
-- The town's mean household income is a great deal higher than that of Carteret
County and above that of North Carolina.
-- The majority of the town's labor force is employed in the sales and services
industries. Approximately 19% are employed in federal, state, or local
government.
-- The town has had revenues over the last six years which exceeded
expenditures. The major source of revenue is from taxes while the major
expenditures are for public safety.
1-14

Table 13
Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Fiscal Years 1990 - 1995
General Governmental Revenues and Expenditures By Function
REVENUES BY SOURCE
Fiscal Year
Ad Valorem
Other Taxes and
Ended June 30
Taxes
Licenses
Intergovernmental
Permits & Fees
Earnings
Miscellaneous
Total
1995
$604,551
$269,550
$216,431
$45,928
$70,012
$9,545
$1,216,017
1994
582,705
211,362
237,729
37,928
40,587
9,082
1,119,393
1993
475,270
175,175
206,470
31,267
61,118
8,085
957,385
1992
417,713
107,792
174,659
25,638
62,557
5,208
793,567
1991
270,450
169,185
•215,658
28,780
100,760
6,755
791,596
1990
347,583
189,655
215,658
25,123
106,593
2,871
924,224
EXPENDITURES BY FUNCTION
Fiscal Year
General
Environmental
Ended June 30
Government
Public Safety
Transportation
Protection
Cultural
Debt Service
Total
1995
$241,380
$411,664
$136,357
$228,241
--
$41,836
$1,059,478
1994
286,086
379,428
48,643
194,516
13,700
41,870
964,243
1993
186,664
396,231
94,808
195,703
13,700
27,233
941,339
1992
196,428
387,690
34,287
146,586
13,700
22,800
761,854
1991
191,532
364,343
54,795
94,850
13,700
22,750
741,970
1990
198,020
386,065
61,477
72,834
20,500
22,675
761,571
Note: (1) Includes General and Special Revenue Funds.
Source: Pine Knoll Shores Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (Year Ended June 30, 1995).
1-15

D. EXISTING LAND USE
1. Introduction
Prior to incorporation in 1973, the family of Theodore Roosevelt subdivided and sold land in
what was to become Pine Knoll Shores. Individual lots were advertised for sale at prices of
$1,150 to $1,600. The majority of land was being developed for residential use in the eastern
or "old" section of Pine Knoll Shores. Motels such as the Atlantis Lodge, the Royal Pavillion,
and the Seahawk were constructed in the 1960s. These motels accommodated tourists and
many individuals who were in the process of, or planning on building in the community.
Residential subdivision was also occurring in the western sections of Pine Knoll Shores
although at a less rapid rate. In both the eastern and western sections of Pine Knoll Shores,
important property owner organizations were formed that would greatly affect the
development of Pine Knoll Shores.
In 1967, the first homeowners' association was organized in the western section of the town,
Pine Knoll Association, Inc. This group was formed by the Roosevelt interests and included
all property owners of the western or "new" section of town. They placed deed restrictions
on land usage, which served to tightly control development. The eastern or "old" section
formed a homeowners' association in 1970, which was later to be called PIKSCO in 1972.
PIKSCO operated much like the Pine Knoll Association in regulating residential land use,
community parks, and other types of land use. During this period, the Roosevelts provided
streets and street lights, public area maintenance, and various kinds of general maintenance
for the area.
The town was incorporated August 1, 1973. A bill enacted by the General Assembly bounded
the town as follows: on the east by the Morehead Fishing Pier and the eastern limits of the
Bogue Banks Country Club, on the west by the Episcopal Church property, and 2,500 feet into
the water on the Atlantic and Bogue Banks sides of town.
Immediately following incorporation of Pine Knoll Shores, a planning board was appointed to
prepare the town's zoning ordinance. Limitations on height and density were the most
controversial aspects of the proposed ordinance. The height limitations were 2.5 stories or
35 feet in residential areas, 2 stories and 35 feet in commercial districts, 5 stories and 50 feet
in the MF-1 district, 3 stories and 50 feet in the MF-2 district, and 50 feet above the finished
grade in the Recreational 3 and Municipal Services districts. In addition, MF-2 districts were
limited to 10 units per acre. The Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance has been a major
contributor to the preservation, protection, and overall appearance of the town. In 1982, the
ordinance was changed from 8 to 22 units per acre for motels located in MF-1 districts.
Since the 1980s, Pine Knoll Shores' development has increased substantially. Single-family
residential (the most dominant land use), multi -family residential, open space/recreational, and
small amounts of commercial development continue to be the primary land uses. Despite this
increased growth, restrictive covenants established by the Roosevelt family have guided
development so that development continues to be low density. Since the Land Use Plan was
last updated in 1993, almost 100% of all development has been single-family residential. It
should be noted that the town has no extraterritorial jurisdiction.
1-16

1 2. Urban and Developed Land
The number of acres in Pine Knoll Shores dedicated to each of the zoning categories listed in
Table 14 have remained unchanged since 1980. Table 14 provides a summary of land use
acreage by zoning category. (See Map 1, Existing Land Use.)
Table 14
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use By Acreage by General Zoning Category, 1995
Acres % of Total
Single -Family Residential 716 48%
Multi -Family Residential 180 12%
Commercial 92 6%
Institutional 63 4%
Municipal/Utility Service 23 2%
Open Space/Recreational 423 28%
Total 1,497 100%
Sources: Pine Knoll Shores 1993 Land Use Plan Update; Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
a. Residential
Throughout the history of Pine Knoll Shores, residential land use has been the dominant
land use. Since the land use was last assessed in October, 1991, for the 1993 Land Use Plan
update, there has been a total of 102 single-family residential homes built in Pine Knoll Shores.
Multi -family residential development has been almost non-existent with the exception of
Bermuda Greens and Dayton Place. Approximately 29% of all single-family residentially zoned
land remains vacant and available for development (see Table 15).
Table 15
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Residential Acreage by Zoning, 1995
Developed 509
Vacant 207
Total 716
Sources: Pine Knoll Shores 1993 Land Use Plan Update; Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.

PARTIALLY SUPPORTIr
CLOSED SHELLFISH
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SALTER PATH ROAD (NC - 581
A T L A N T 1 C O C E A N
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SCALE
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MULTI -FAMILY RESIDENTIAL
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OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION
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The preparation of this map was financed in
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Carolina Coastal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972, as amended,
S Po,N'%
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PINE KNOLLSHORES
EXISTING LAND USE
0 100 200 300 600 900 F7.
ATLANTIC OCEAN
WEST END SCALE I-18

The majority of the eastern section of Pine Knoll Shores contains low -density
development. Approximately 88% of all single-family residential development has occurred
in this section of town. Seven hundred six (706) of the lots are residentially developed. There
are 370 vacant lots, containing approximately 170 acres, which are available for future
development. There are currently 280 multi -family dwelling units in the eastern section. It
is estimated that there would be approximately 1,076 single-family residential homes in this
section of town if completely built -out. The average size of waterfront lots in the eastern
section of town is three-quarters of an acre, while the inland lots average one-half of an acre.
The western section of town contains the majority of the multi -family dwellings in Pine
Knoll Shores. There are currently 564 multi -family dwelling units in this section of town.
Sixteen (16) acres of land, zoned multi -family, remain vacant and available for future
development. Therefore, if this land were developed, it could accommodate approximately
130 additional multi -family dwelling units. Ninety-two (92) of the lots in the western section
of town have been developed single-family and 72 lots remain vacant. If current zoning
patterns and densities continue, it is estimated that all of Pine Knoll Shores could
accommodate a total of 2,137 residential units.
b. Commercial
Pine Knoll Shores has limited commercial development. The existing commercial
development appears sufficient to serve local needs. Except for motels, there is very little
tourist -oriented commercialization. Existing commercial development consists of a
convenience store, eight motels, an office and professional center located at the intersection
of Pine Knoll Boulevard and Salter Path Road, and a new Christmas shop which opened in
September, 1995. Motels extend down the ocean side of Salter Path Road. An additional
commercial property, the Iron Steamer Fishing Pier, is a major tourist attraction.
As of 1986, approximately 92 acres of land had been zoned for commercial use. As
of 1995, the only additional development of commercial acreage was the addition of a
Christmas Shop on the corner of Oakleaf Drive and Salter Path Road. Because of a limited
amount of vacant land zoned for commercial use, future commercial development should be
limited. In addition, there is a belief by some Pine Knoll Shores residents and/or property
owners that additional commercially zoned property should not be allowed.
In addition to limited commercially -zoned land, Pine Knoll Shores has sign regulations
which tightly control commercial signage. For example, signs in a commercial zone may
include only the name of the premises and operating hours. No off -premises outdoor
advertising signs are permitted.
Commercial marinas are defined in the North Carolina Administrative Code, Subchapter
7H, as any publicly or privately -owned dock, basin, or wet boat storage facility constructed
to accommodate more than 10 boats and providing services for a profit. Pine Knoll Shores
opposes the construction of both upland and open water marinas within its planning
jurisdiction. Adverse environmental impact and traffic congestion are the stated reasons for
the town's ordinance on marinas. However, modifications to an existing marina (including the
development of additional boat slips) are allowed, provided the external boundaries of the
marina are not affected. Fishing piers are permitted in the Multi -Family 1 zoning district.
1 1-20

C. Open Space and Recreation
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has sufficient open space and recreational land uses.
However, there are currently no active indoor recreational facilities. There are approximately
423 acres zoned for recreational land use within the town limits.
A major recreational/cultural attraction is the North Carolina Aquarium. The aquarium
is located on a 25 acre tract which is surrounded by the Theodore Roosevelt 265-acre natural
area.' The natural area is bordered by Highway 58 (Salter Path Road) to the south, and Bogue
Sound to the north. Maritime forests, freshwater ponds, swamp forests, and shrub swamps
are located in the natural area. The Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area is of great importance
to both the natural and cultural environment of Pine Knoll Shores. The North Carolina
Aquarium is one of three in the State of North Carolina. The aquarium attracts thousands of
visitors each year. In 1994, the aquarium attracted 302,228 visitors. Approximately 50%
of this visitation occurred during the months of June, July, and August. During these months,
peak day visitation has reached as high as 3,000 persons. Educational programs are offered
for visitors in order to enhance public knowledge of marine life. The North Carolina Aquarium
was funded through a federal -state partnership and administered by the Office of Marine
Affairs.
In December, 1971, the grandchildren of President Theodore Roosevelt deeded a
290-acre tract of land in western Pine Knoll Shores to the State of North Carolina Department
of Administration. The Deed of Gift specified that the 290 acre tract of land:
"Will be kept in its natural state, maintained as a nature preserve, and used for
the primary purpose of nature and wildlife education, estuarial studies, with
emphasis on marine life, ecological advances, environmental balance and
research in the methods of conservation ..."
The Bogue Banks Country Club (once called Pine Knoll Shores Golf and Country Club)
is a popular setting for social functions. In addition, it is the only 18-hole golf course on
Bogue Banks. A large percentage of the town residents are members of the club. The country
club property is located in the eastern one-half of town and has influenced the development
of this section of Pine Knoll Shores.
There are eight ocean parks located in Pine Knoll Shores. These parks are owned and
maintained by homeowners associations.
d. Institutional
An important institutional land use is the Trinity Center located at the western boundary
of the town. The Trinity Center, owned and operated by the Episcopal Diocese of East
Carolina, serves as a conference center for various groups and organizations. The center also
provides a summer camp with a full-time counseling staff. The center, located on land
donated by the Theodore Roosevelt family, is approximately 65 acres in size. Physical
structures on the Trinity Center property include a dining hall, a conference meeting room, 30
double -occupancy sleeping units, four cabins for summer campers, an administrative building,
a registration building, a manager's quarters, and a swimming pool. These facilities can
' The total area is 290 acres, including the North Carolina Aquarium.
1-21

accommodate up to 144 overnight visitors, and approximately 10,840 people stay at the
center each year.
e. Municipal
The Pine Knoll Shores Town Hall is a modern structure located in the center of town
on Pine Knoll Boulevard. It accommodates the police, fire, and emergency medical services,
as well as town offices. The Roosevelts contributed the land and $20,000 for the
construction of this $235,000 complex. The Town Hall was completed in 1979. In 1995,
the interior was completely altered, in accordance with OSHA and ADA, to make more
efficient use of the available space and to better serve the residents of Pine Knoll Shores.
f. Utilities
Public utility sites are found in five locations in Pine Knoll Shores. Carolina Telephone,
Carteret County electrical utility site, and one of the Carolina Water Service facilities are
located north of Roosevelt Boulevard in the center of town.
Carolina Water Service has four other utility sites. A well site and elevated storage
tank are located in the western section of town adjacent to the Trinity Center. Additional well
sites are located on the block surrounded by Mimosa Boulevard, Loblolly Drive and White Ash
Drive, and at Brock Basin. An unusable well site is located behind Lot 4 on Hawthorne Drive.
This site is too small to meet state size/distance requirements and cannot be utilized as an
approved water supply. The water supply system is privately owned.
Pine Knoll Shores supports public acquisition/ownership of the water system serving
the town or, in the alternative, will support the construction and operation of a new water
1 system throughout the town. In November, 1995, voters approved a bond referendum for
acquisition or construction of a water system.
g. Forestland
Most of the forestland in Pine Knoll Shores is considered maritime forest. Maritime
forests are defined as areas containing native salt tolerant vegetation. The vegetation has a
sheared appearance that is shaped according to the surrounding landscape. These forests
normally contain laurel oak, red cedar, red bay, wild olive, Carolina cherry laurel, yaupon,
loblolly pines, sweet gums, live oaks, and red maple tree types. The laurel oak is a dominant
tree type along with the live oak and red cedar. Areas lying within wetland swales are
classified as maritime swamp forests. The maritime swamp forest is actually rarer than the
upland maritime forest. Dominant tree types are the ash, red maple and sweet gum. The
trees grow slowly because of very low available water capacity, occasional saltwater flooding,
and exposure to salt spray.' These forests are important to Pine Knoll Shores for their
aesthetic and conservation value. Scattered cedar, holly and oak are also common to Pine
Knoll Shores. Substantial development has reduced concentrated maritime forests areas to
those delineated on Map 5, Areas of Environmental Concern and Other Fragile Areas.
' Source: Maritime forest definition provided by Protecting Maritime Forests Through Planning and Design,
Division of Coastal Management.
1 1-22

h. Transportation
Pine Knoll Shores is traversed by N.C. 58 (Salter Path Road) which runs in an east -west
direction. N.C. 58 is the only major thoroughfare through the town. In 1994, an average
daily traffic count of 23,300 automobiles was reported west of Atlantic Beach on N.C. 58.
Due to increased traffic congestion on N.C. 58, NCDOT feels that conversion from two-lane
to four -lane is necessary. The town is generally opposed to this proposal.
The town currently has 11.25 miles of locally maintained roads. In 1995, all of the
town's roads were sealed. All roads in Pine Knoll Shores appear to be in good condition.
The Atlantic Beach and Emerald Isle Bridges provide the only mainland access to Bogue
Banks and Pine Knoll Shores. The issue of another bridge extending from the mainland to
Bogue Banks has been raised by the state. Pine Knoll Shores may be considered as a location
for this bridge. It should be noted that the town is opposed to any such bridge construction.
3. Summary
Pine Knoll Shores' planning efforts have had a favorable impact on growth and development.
Town ordinances have limited commercialization, guided residential development, and
conserved natural areas, creating an appearance of low density development. The following
summarizes land use -related issues that should be addressed by the town in the policy section
of this plan:
-- Residential development and/or land subdivision has occurred in most of the
town's maritime forest areas. In 1991, the town adopted policies dealing with
development in maritime forest areas which are included in Chapter 21,
Sections 3.5.1 and K of the Town Code.
-- Traffic congestion problems exist on N.C. 58 during peak population periods
through the town. The possible four-laning of N.C. 58 and construction of a
third bridge between Bogue Banks and the mainland, although heavily opposed,
will continue to be an issue.
-- Year-round recreational needs should be defined and addressed by the town.
-- Low density residential development will continue to be the predominant land
use.
— Commercial development will continue to be tightly controlled.
-- Natural area protection, in particular protection of the Theodore Roosevelt
Natural Area, will continue to be an important objective. In July, 1995, Flood
Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS) of the town were revised designating the
Roosevelt Natural Area as a Coastal Barrier Resource Area (COBRA). This
designation will discourage development since it prohibits the provision of
federal flood insurance. Private flood insurance may or may not be available.
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1
11
-- Significant erosion along the entire oceanfront caused by hurricanes and
northeasters.
-- Maintaining adequate water supply and pressure to serve future demands.
-- Provision of central sewer service.
4. Development Potential
In 1993, Pine Knoll Shores had limited potential for additional growth. This situation has not
changed. Most of the town, approximately 60%, continues to be zoned for residential
development. Approximately 488 undeveloped lots, or 270 acres of land, remain for both
single-family and multi -family development. Of that total, approximately 14 acres remain
available for multi -family development. At current densities, approximately 260 additional
residential units may be constructed.
The town has maintained a philosophy of tightly controlling commercial development. Only
six percent of the town's land is committed to commercial zoning, and almost all of that land
is developed. The commercially zoned property is located in two small areas. These areas
include a convenience store, a retail shop, and an adjacent tract. The second area is Pine
Knoll Village which contains a bank, professional offices, and the library. It is expected that
Pine Knoll Shores will continue to prohibit any increases in commercial zoning. The limitation
of commercialization has preserved the town's residential character, aided in
controlling/limiting traffic congestion, and enhanced the town's appearance.
The following will influence Pine Knoll Shores' development potential:
-- Only an additional 260 (approximate) residential units may be constructed under
the 1995 zoning patterns in multi -family zones.
-- Recent growth within Carteret County has been substantial -- 79% population
growth since 1970. In fact, from 1980-1994, Carteret County was the sixth
fastest growing CAMA-regulated county and was 24th in the entire state.
-- From 1990 to 1994, Pine Knoll Shores was the third fastest growing
municipality in Carteret County.
-- Pine Knoll Shores has a strong and expanding retirement age population.
-- Pine Knoll Shores has a fiscally sound local government.
-- Pine Knoll Shores' commitment to the preservation of its residential character
is a strong stimulant for further residential development.
-- Pine Knoll Shores has virtually no substandard housing.
-- Pine Knoll Shores has an extremely low tax rate ($.21 per $100 of assessed
value).
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-- Pine Knoll Shores has a strong planning process.
The outlook for continued strong residential development activity is very good. Other types
of development may be expected to be limited to existing zoning patterns. Changes in the
existing predominant land uses are not expected.
5. Existing Ordinances and Land Use Controls
Pine Knoll Shores has an effective land use management program. The town has adopted and
enforces a number of local codes and ordinances which regulate development and land use.
The controls are managed by the Board of Commissioners with the support of the Planning
Board and town's staff. Pine Knoll Shores does not have any extraterritorial jurisdiction.
The following provides a summary of the town's land use -related codes and ordinances with
the major sections of each defined. The numerical references (i.e., 3-1, 5-1, 6-1) are coded
to the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Municipal Code.
State of Emergency and Disaster Control
6-1 Declaration and Post Disaster Relief Plan
6-2 Agency (Post Disaster Recovery Agency)
6-3 Disaster Relief Plan
Traffic
7-1 Definitions
7-2 Obedience to Traffic Regulations and Police Officers
7-3 Traffic Control Devices and Signals
7-4 Stopping, Standing, and Parking
7-5 Miscellaneous Regulations
7-6 Penalties for Parking Violations
7-7 Repeal
Building and Housing
10-1 Code Adopted
10-2 Certificates of Occupancy
10-3 Residential Fence Regulation
10-4 Satellite Receiving Dish
10-5 Housing Numbers - Numerical Street Address
Fire Protection & Prevention
1 1-1 Fire Protection and Prevention Ordinance
11-2 Fire Hydrants Required
1 1-3 General Safety Requirements
1 1-4 Fire Hazards
1 1-5 Enforcement
Streets and Sanitation
13-1 Construction, Repair, and Damage of Streets and Sidewalks
13-2 Obstructing Streets and Sidewalks
13-3 Use and Cleanliness of Streets
13-4 Garbage and Trash Removal
13-5 Littering
1-25

Flood Damage Prevention
14-1 Statutory Authorization, Findings of Facts, Purpose and Objectives
14-2
Definitions
14-3
General Provisions
14-4
Administration
14-5
Provisions for Flood Hazard Reduction
Health
15-1
Debris from Construction Work
15-2
Privies and Septic Tanks
15-3
Sewage Treatment Plants
Public Waters and Waterways
16-1
Definitions
16-2
Building Restrictions
16-3
16-4
General Regulations
Docking Powered Boats
16-5
Living Aboard
16-6
Surfing & Windsurfing
Preservation of Beaches and Dunes
17-1
Definitions
17-2
Permit Required to Drive on Beach & Sand Dunes
17-3
Violations
Signs
18-1 General Provisions
18-2 Permits
18-3 Removal of Signs
18-4 Nonconforming Signs
Minor Development Permits
19-1
Minor Development Permit Required
Subdivision Regulations
20-1
General
20-2
Definition of Terms
20-3
Plat Preparation and Approval
20-4
20-5
Design Standards and Improvements
Administration
Zoninq
21-1
Legal Considerations
21-2
Definitions
21-3
Administration
21-4
Enforcement and Penalties
21-5
Changes and Amendment
21-6
General Provisions
21-7
Zoning Districts and Regulations
21-8
Accessory Uses
21-9
Nonconformity
1 1-26

Each code, ordinance, or land use -related planning document is defined by the following
descriptions:
State of Emergency and Disaster Control
Under the terms of Chapter 6, Section 3 of the Pine Knoll Shores municipal code, the
town adopted the Post Disaster Recovery Plan dated June 1, 1985. That document
provides a recovery and evacuation plan which establishes policies and procedures
designed to reduce the risks associated with future hurricanes. This plan will be
updated as a part of the preparation of the 1996 land use plan.
Traffic
Chapter 7 of the municipal code defines regulatory authority and traffic controls
designed to regulate traffic flow, parking, violation penalties, and traffic control devices
and signals. The regulations apply to all public rights -of -way and are enforced by the
town's police department.
Building and Housinq
Chapter 10 of the code provides regulatory authority for the following:
-- The location, design, materials, equipment, construction, reconstruction,
alteration, repair, maintenance, moving, demolition, removal, use, and
occupancy of every building or structure or any appurtenances connected or
attached to such building or structure;
-- The installation, erection, alteration, repair, use and maintenance of plumbing
systems consisting of house sewers, building drains, waste and vent systems,
hot and cold water supply systems, and all fixtures and appurtenances thereof;
-- The installation, erection, alteration, repair, use and maintenance of mechanical
systems consisting of heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration
systems, fuel burning equipment, and appurtenances thereof;
-- The installation, erection, alteration, repair, use and maintenance of electrical
systems and appurtenances thereof;
-- The installation of insulation;
-- The construction of fences;
-- The location and use of satellite receiving dishes;
-- The numbering of houses.
Chapter 10 specifically adopts the following North Carolina State Codes: building,
plumbing, heating and electrical. Inspection fees are established.
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1 Fire Protection and Prevention
Chapter 11 provides for adoption of the National Fire Code and the N.C. Fire Code
(Volume V of the N.C. State Building Code) entitled Fire Prevention. In addition,
inspections, safety requirements, fire hazards, and locational requirements for fire
hydrants are defined. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores' Fire Chief and Chief Code
Enforcement Official and/or his designee are charged with enforcement responsibility.
Streets and Sanitation
Chapter 13 of the municipal code provides regulations for the construction, repair and
damage of streets and sidewalks. Garbage and trash removal regulations are
established and collection authority is vested with the town. Regulations and penalties
to control littering are established.
Flood Damage Prevention
Chapter 14 of the municipal code provides regulations for flood damage prevention
which are designed to promote the public health, safety and general welfare and to
minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions. Specifically, the regulations
are designed to:
'
-- Restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health, safety and property due
to water or erosion hazards, or which result in damaging increases in erosion
or in flood heights or velocities;
-- Require that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities which serve such
uses, be protected against flood damage at the time of initial construction;
-- Control the alteration of natural flood plains, stream channels, and natural
protective barriers which are involved in the accommodation of flood waters;
-- Control filling, grading, dredging, and other development which may increase
erosion or flood damage; and
-- Prevent or regulate the construction of flood barriers which will unnaturally
divert flood waters or which may increase flood hazards to other lands.
-- The limitation of impervious surfaces to 25% of each lot area in areas
designated as "floodprone."
Penalties for violation of the regulations are established and the Town of Pine Knoll
Shores Building Inspector is designated as the local administrator.
Health
Chapter 15 of the municipal code regulates the following: removal/disposal of debris
from construction work, permitting and construction of privies and septic tanks, and
construction of sewage treatment plants. The following should be noted:
1
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-- The only privies which are allowed are self-contained portable privies at building
sites where no other restroom facility exists.
-- Sewage treatment plants shall not be installed in residential zones R-1, R-2, R-3,
R-4, or recreational zones Rec.-2, Rec.-3.
-- Any liability created by the construction and/or operation of a treatment plant
shall be the sole responsibility of the treatment plant owner.
The town's Building Inspector is responsible for ensuring compliance when building
permits are issued.
Public Waters and Waterways
Chapter 16 of the Pine Knoll Shores municipal code provides building restrictions for
piers, boat slips and boat basins. Maintenance requirements are defined for all
bulkheads, docks, piers, or other structures located along waterways. In addition,
controls are included for boat speed, anchoring, discharge, and dumping of waste,
skiing or surfboarding behind boats, diving from bridges, and boat ramp construction.
It should be noted that no permanent inclined structure for getting a boat in or out of
the water shall be permitted unless it is owned by an association of owners for the
benefit of all members of the association. Building permits are required for all
construction regulated under this chapter.
Preservation of Beaches and Dunes
Chapter 17 of the municipal code regulates the driving of vehicles on beaches and sand
dunes. Permits are required for the driving of vehicles in dune and beach areas.
Permitting is only allowed for the purpose of commercial fishing. As a prerequisite to
issuing a permit, the Town Clerk may require verification that the permittee is actively
engaged in commercial fishing, the verification to be either by production of validly
executed income tax returns showing substantial income from commercial fishing, or
a valid affidavit from a wholesale commercial fish purchaser verifying that the
commercial fisherman has been, within the past twelve (12) months, actively engaged
in the sale of fish to the commercial fishing establishment.
Signs
Chapter 18 of the municipal code regulates the construction and placement of signs.
These regulations are closely coordinated with the Town of Pine Knoll Shores zoning
ordinance. Permits for sign construction are issued by the town's Building Inspector.
Minor Develooment Permits
Chapter 19 of the municipal code specifies that no construction shall be permitted
which requires a Minor Development Permit in accordance with North Carolina General
Statutes 113A-118 until the town has issued a Minor Development Permit in
accordance with the provisions of Article 7 or Chapter 1 13A of the North Carolina
General Statutes, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. The Building
Inspector issues minor permits.
11
1
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"minor
NCGS 113A-118 defines a development" (minor permit required) as any
development other than a "major development" (major permit required). A "major
development" is defined as follows:
"A major development is any development which requires permission, licensing,
approval, certification or authorization in any form from the Environmental
Management Commission, the Department of Human Resources, the State
Department of Economic and Community Development, the State Department
of Administration, the North Carolina Mining Commission, the North Carolina
Pesticides board, the North Carolina Sedimentation Control Board, or any federal
agency or authority; or which occupies a land or water area in excess of 20
acres; or which contemplates drilling for or excavating natural resources on land
or under water; or which occupies on a single parcel a structure or structures
in excess of a ground area of 60,000 square feet."
'
Subdivision Regulations
Chapter 20 of the municipal code provides for adoption of the town's subdivision
regulations. Those regulations provide for the orderly development of the municipality
and its environs, for the coordination of streets within proposed subdivisions with
existing or planned streets 'or with other public facilities; for the dedication or
reservations of rights -of -way easements for street and utility purposes; and for the
distribution of population and traffic which shall avoid congestion and overcrowding,
and which shall create conditions beneficial to or promotive of public health, safety,
and the general welfare. Specifically, the regulations apply to the following
conditions/circumstances:
-- The combination or recombination of portions of previously platted lots where
the total number of lots is not increased and the resultant lots are equal to or
exceed the standards of the town as shown in its subdivision regulations. Any
such combination or recombination of previously platted lots, permitted by this
paragraph, shall be shown on a plat prepared by a registered surveyor and/or
engineer. Said plat shall be presented to the Town Clerk for signature, and shall
be recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds;
-- The division of land into parcels greater than ten 0 0) acres where no street
right-of-way dedication is involved;
-- The public acquisition by purchase of strips of land for the widening or opening
'
of streets;
-- The division of a tract in single ownership whose entire area is no greater than
two (2) acres into not more than three (3) lots, where no street right-of-way
dedication is involved, and where the resultant lots are equal to or exceed the
standards of the municipality, as shown in its subdivision regulations.
'
The subdivision regulations are managed by the Planning Board and Board of
Commissioners with the administrative support of the town's staff.
1 1-30

Zoning
Chapter 21 of the Pine Knoll Shores municipal code provides for adoption of the town's
zoning ordinance. The following provides the definition of the ordinance's purpose:
"... to lessen congestion in the streets; to secure safety from fire, panic, and
other dangers; to promote health and the general welfare; to provide adequate
light and air; to prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue concentration
of population; to facilitate the adequate provisions of transportation, sewage,
parks, and other public requirements; to conserve the value of buildings and
encourage the most appropriate use of land throughout the corporate area; to
protect the area ecology through full cooperation with county and state
authorities ..."
In order to regulate and limit the intensity of the use of lot areas; to regulate and
determine the areas of open space surrounding buildings; to classify, regulate and
restrict the location of certain trades; to regulate the height, size and the location of
buildings; to regulate and control structures and uses designed for specified
businesses, residential, and other uses, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is hereby divided
into zones of which there shall be thirteen (13) known as:
Residential R-1
Residential R-2
Residential R-3
Residential R-4
Recreational 1
Recreational 2
Recreational 3
Multi -Family 1
Multi -Family 2
Commercial
Office Professional
Municipal Service
Institutional
The ordinance is consistent with and supports the town's 1992 land use plan. The
town's Building Inspector is responsible for enforcement.
1992 Pine Knoll Shores CAMA Land Use Plan
The existing Pine Knoll Shores CAMA Land Use Plan was certified on January 29,
1993. The plan satisfies the 15A NCAC 713planning guidelines and meets or exceeds
the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards for AEC's. The plan's policies are
summarized on pages 1-2 and 1-3 of this document.
6. Effectiveness of the 1992 Land Use Plan and Policies
Pine Knoll Shores has effectively implemented the policies and recommendations contained
in the 1992 land use plan. Both the Planning Board and Board of Commissioners have relied
on the plan to guide general policy, zoning, subdivision, and other regulatory decisions. The
policy statements are specific, with clear linkages to the 15A NCAC 7H use standards.
In particular, the town has emphasized implementation of the following policies:
No commercial marinas are permitted.
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1
1
-- No non-commercial vehicles are allowed in dune and beach areas.
-- Zoning and subdivision requests have been carefully reviewed to reduce the
adverse effects of storm water runoff.
-- The low -to -medium density residential character of the town has been
protected.
-- The town has limited increases in commercially zoned properties.
In order to clarify the town's intent for marina expansion, an amendment to the Land Use Plan
was certified by the Coastal Resources Commission (CRC) on January 26, 1995. The
amendment clarifies that while the town opposes the construction of new marinas,
modifications to an existing marina (including the development of additional boat slips) are
allowed, provided the external boundaries of the marina are not affected.
E. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: PUBLIC FACILITIES
1. Water Surmly
Carolina Water Service, a privately -owned company, supplies the Town of Pine Knoll Shores
with water. Water storage is provided by two elevated reservoirs -- one 150,000 gallon and
one 250,000 gallon with a 10,000 gallon pressure tank. On July 4, 1991, the maximum
demand was 1,300,000 gallons per day of water supplied to Pine Knoll Shores. On July 4,
1990, peak demand for water was 1,200,000 gallons per day. The Fire Chief of Pine Knoll
Shores believes that water pressure may not be adequate to provide fire protection if a serious
fire occurred. However, the capacity of the town's system is well above the peak seasonal
demands of the town. The following provides the system capacity by well:
Well Number
Capacity
1 270 gpm*
2 340 gpm
3 650 gpm
4 420 gpm
1,680 gpm
* Gallons per minute.
Source: Carolina Water Service; Town of Pine Knoll Shores.
According to Pine Knoll Shores' town officials, the water quality provided in 1995 by Carolina
Water Service was less than desired by town residents because of cost, smell, and taste.
However, the system does satisfy all minimum state standards. The town has expressed
concerns regarding line sizing, water pressure, and the water rates. The 1995 rates were
higher than those charged in either Atlantic Beach or Emerald Isle.
1-32

2. Sewage Disposal
There is no central sewage collection and treatment system in Pine Knoll Shores. The town
is served by either individual septic tanks or package treatment plants. Table 16 provides a
list of privately owned and operated package treatment plants in Pine Knoll Shores.
Table 16
Private Package Treatment and Disposal Systems
Regulated by the Carteret County Health Department
Town of Pine Knoll Shores - 1990
Design Flow
Name
Gallons/Day
Type
Beachwalk Condominiums
17,340
Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist.
Bogue Shores Club
12,000
Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist.
Coral Bay West
10,000
Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist.
McGinnis Point
30,600
Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist.
Pine Knoll Townes
11,040
Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist.
The Oceans
6,000
Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist.
Ocean Terrace
12,000
Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist.
Beacon's Reach
100,000
Treatment Plant/Conventional
(3 plants total)
Genesis Condominiums
30,500
Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist.
Ocean Glen/Ocean Bay Villas
32,500
Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist.
Source: Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Carteret County; N.C. Division of Water Quality;
Carteret County Division of Environmental Health.
3. Drainage
Pine Knoll Shores has rarely experienced severe flooding. However, during heavy rainfall,
localized flooding does occur on Oak Leaf, Juniper and Yaupon Drives and Willow Road. The
town does not have a master drainage plan. However, the town has adopted a local ordinance
which limits coverage by impervious surfaces to 25% of each lot area in areas designated to
be floodprone. The town is concerned with water quality within the canals located within Pine
Knoll Shores and in the adjacent waters of Bogue Sound. In 1992, the North Carolina Division
of Water Quality contracted with Dr. Kirby William -Smith of the Duke Marine Laboratories in
Beaufort, North Carolina, to conduct a water quality study for the canals and the adjacent
waters of the Bogue Sound. The study was completed in March, 1994. The following quote
taken from the executive summary for the study describes an increasing pollution problem in
Pine Knoll Shores Canal:
"The second set of experiments involved a series of studies of the concentration of fecal
coliform bacteria in estuarine waters within a canal and adjacent waters of Pine Knoll Shores,
Carteret County, North Carolina. The Pine Knoll Shores canal was dredged from high ground
in 1972 and connected to Bogue Sound via two inlets. Since its construction, the canal has
had a continuous decline in water quality which has coincided with an increase in housing units
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constructed along the canal and development of roads and housing within watershed of the
canal. One important manifestation of this decline in water quality was the closure of the canal
to shellfishing in 1984 due to increased fecal coliform counts. Water quality degradation is
apparently continuing in spite of a relatively rapid flushing rate of the canal with Bogue Sound
waters which supply clean water to the canal with every tidal cycle. The study reported here
was not designed to identify the sources of FC within the canal system but rather to elucidate
spatial and temporal patterns in FC counts so that more specific questions as to sources could
be formulated.
The research results suggest the FC contamination of the Pine Knoll Shores canal is continuing
and probably increasing. Major sources of contamination appear to be located in the middle of
the western end of the canal in the vicinity of its southwest corner. Additional sources are also
present in the middle of the eastern part of the canal. The relative importance of the sources
to the overall contamination may have as much to do with the residence time and hydrography
of the canal as with the intensity of the sources. Storm water runoff is a periodic cause of
fecal coliform inputs into the canal but cannot explain the chronic pollution evident at certain
times. The data suggest that the chronic problems are worst when soils are near saturation.
At these times fecal coliform pollution appears even when there has been no surface runoff.
The most likely cause of the chronic contamination in the canal is the sub -surface flow of
contaminated waters through sandy soils which would occur when there was a fresh water
table perched above the level of the canal. This source is suspected but by no means
confirmed as a result of these studies. The Bogue Sound waters along the shore between the
two canal inlets generally has very low fecal coliform counts. Occasional and unpredictably
higher counts are observed. Outflow of canal waters from Hoffman Inlet on a rising tide near
high water may be the source for fecal coliform bacteria along the Bogue Sound shore to the
east as the tide then falls. Other possible sources are birds on docks, surface storm water
runoff, and ground water seepage."
Duke Marine Laboratories has not taken any additional water samples in the Pine Knoll Shores
canal since the preparation of the preceding report. However, the Shellfish Sanitation Branch
of the N.C. Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources has been taking water
samples in two locations of the canal since August, 1990. These test sites are located at
both the east and west entrances of the canal. The data compiled by Shellfish Sanitation does
not indicate a reduction in fecal coliform counts since the Duke Marine Laboratory study was
completed in 1994. However, the data does indicate a fecal coliform level which fluctuates
as a result of precipitation and soil saturation.
4. Solid Waste Disposal
Refuse collection service is provided to the town by a private firm. Refuse is collected once
per week in residential areas, and once per week for businesses. However, adjustments are
made to satisfy seasonal demand.
In 1993, the Carteret County landfill, located on Hibbs Road in the Newport Township, shut
down operations and stopped the acceptance of waste material. By 1994, the county had
met all of the necessary requirements and the closure was made official. The day after the
Hibbs Road landfill stopped accepting waste, the new Tri-County landfill was opened. The Tri-
County landfill is operated by the Coastal Regional Solid Waste Management Authority
(CRSWMA). The management authority is a board of directors appointed by Carteret, Craven,
and Pamlico counties' Boards of Commissioners. There are seven board members. Pamlico
and Carteret counties each have two board members, and Craven County is represented by
1-34

three. The fundamental idea behind this regional approach is that one large landfill is less
expensive to construct and operate than three individual landfills. The landfill is located in
Craven County near Tuscarora. The present site will be expanded by approximately 400 acres
and modified to meet new federal and state regulations regarding environmental safeguards.
Carteret and Pamlico county residents are served via transfer stations located in Newport and
Grantsboro. The expanded facility will have the capacity to serve regional needs through
2010.
In 1992, Pine Knoll Shores contracted with Waste Industries, Inc., for solid waste collection.
The town reduced its total volume of waste by 25% by January, 1993. In order to
accomplish this, the town arranged a recycling program with Waste Industries to collect
recyclables at curbside on a bi-weekly basis. Collection bins for corrugated cardboard and
plastic garden pots are located behind the Pine Knoll Shores Municipal Building. Pine Knoll
Shores has also contracted with Waste Industries to collect yard waste at curbside on a
monthly basis. Solid waste is disposed of in the Tri-County Landfill. After 1993, yard waste
and debris was not accepted at the landfill.
5. Schools
Pine Knoll Shores is served by the Carteret County School System. Kindergarten through third
grade students attend Morehead City Primary which is approximately seven miles away in
Morehead City. Grades 4 through 5 attend Morehead Elementary School at Camp Glen which
is also approximately seven miles away in Morehead City. Grades 6 through 8 attend
Morehead Middle School which is roughly eight miles away in Morehead City. West Carteret
High School, approximately 10 miles away in Morehead City, serves grades 9 through 12.
Table 17 provides detailed information on the Carteret County schools. Based on the 1990
census, there were approximately 119 school age people residing in Pine Knoll Shores.
Eighty-six of those would have attended middle or elementary schools. Thus, approximately
1.4% of Carteret County's total public school enrollment resided in Pine Knoll Shores.
The Carteret County Board of Education receives federal, state, and county assistance. In
FY95-96, the county school system will receive $12.1 million in county assistance. The
county school system serves the entire county and currently includes fourteen (14) schools:
three high schools, three middle schools, and eight elementary schools.
The following table provides a comparison of Carteret County school enrollment in 1989 and
1995.
1-35

C,
I
fl
171
11
1
L,
Table 17
Enrollment in Carteret County Schools, 1989-1995
Atlantic Elementary
Beaufort Elementary
Beaufort Middle
Broad Creek Middle
Cape Lookout High (new)
Morehead Elementary [1l
East Carteret High
Harkers Island Elementary
Morehead Elementary at Camp
Glenn (new)
Camp Glenn Elementary [21
Morehead City Middle
Morehead City Primary (new)
Newport Elementary
Smyrna Elementary
West Carteret High
White Oak Elementary
Total
1995
1989 Change
181
162
+19
530
679
-149
374
353
+21
838
686
+152
47
N/A
N/A
N/A
593
N/A
782
749
+ 33
170
204
-34
390
N/A
N/A
N/A
587
N/A
666
568
+ 98
823
0
+ 823
954
864
+ 90
366
437
-71
1,521
1,431
+90
636
547
+89
8,278
7,859
+419
Ill Since 1989, Morehead Elementary has closed and the building reopened as a new alternative high school called Cape
Lookout. K-3 is now served by the new Morehead City Primary and grades 4-5 by Morehead Elementary at Camp Glenn.
Therefore, no conclusions may be drawn by examining a change in enrollment from 1989-1995.
[21 Since 1989, Camp Glenn Elementary, serving grades K-2, has closed and has since reopened as Morehead Elementary at
Camp Glenn serving grades 4-5. Therefore, no conclusions may be drawn by examining a change in enrollment from 1989-1995.
Source: Carteret County Board of Education.
Table 17 indicates that overall county school enrollment in Carteret County grew by 419
individuals from 1989-1995. This growth in public school enrollment is more than twice that
experienced between 1984-1989. During the early 1980s, public school enrollment in the
county actually decreased, so this steady growth in enrollment may be indicative of a shift
toward public school as opposed to private.
Carteret County's continued devotion toward improving education is evidenced by the recent
passage of a $29 million bond referendum in November, 1994. The bond provides $6.2
million for educational technology. This includes the purchase of instructional computer
equipment and software, and the networking of the county's fourteen schools. The majority
of that equipment has been purchased and received by the schools, and the networking
project will be completed in the fall of 1996.
The remaining bond money will fund construction and renovation projects. A new high school
and a new elementary school will be constructed in the western part of the county. An option
1-36

has been exercised on 90 acres off Highway 24, and final state approval for purchase should
be received in the spring of 1996. Plans call for both schools to be built on the same site with
natural buffers separating them.
Other bond projects include the construction of a new cafeteria and renovations to the main
building at Beaufort Elementary School, the construction of a new classroom building with
media center and office area at Smyrna Elementary School, and renovations to the kitchen at
White Oak Elementary School.
Community expectations for the Carteret County School System are high. The overwhelming
support for the bond referendum and the arrival of a new superintendent have set a
challenging course for this system. Carteret County schools strive for excellence in education
and continue to innovatively address student needs. A five-year strategic plan provides
direction for the school system beyond the year 2000. Called a blueprint for action, that plan
will soon be revised and long-range plans will be extended through 2010. The plan was
developed by a team of parents, business leaders, teachers, retirees, school administrators,
support and classified school staff, and board of education members.
Cape Lookout High School is the system's newest school. It opened in January, 1995, and
is an alternative school offering small class sizes and individualized instruction. It is attended
by students who are having difficulty in the traditional school setting.
The county's voluntary year-round school pilot program was extended another two years
based on its success. Students at Newport Elementary School attend four nine -week quarters.
During the three-week breaks, enrichment and remediation programs are offered. The year-
round program is run along with a traditional calendar program at Newport Elementary.
Geographically, growth is occurring in the western end of the county. Student populations
continue to decrease on the eastern side of the county. West Carteret High, Morehead
Middle, Broad Creek Middle, and Newport Elementary are severely overcrowded. West
Carteret High did get some relief when a new two-story, 21-classroom addition opened in
August, 1995.
6. Transportation
N.C. Highway 58 is the only "major" thoroughfare in Pine Knoll Shores. The town is linked
to the mainland over Bogue Sound by the B. Cameron Langston Bridge in Emerald Isle or the
Atlantic Beach Bridge.
In 1994, the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) conducted traffic counts
through Carteret County. On N.C. 58 at Salter Path, the average daily traffic count (ADT) was
21,100 vehicles. On N.C. 58 west of Atlantic Beach Bridge, the ADT count was 23,300.
Unfortunately, it cannot be assumed that these vehicles actually entered Pine Knoll Shores
town limits. Average daily traffic counts within the town limits are currently unavailable.
However, due to increased traffic congestion, NCDOT believes that conversion of N.C. 58
from a two-lane to a four -lane road is necessary. The town does not agree with widening of
the road.
1-37

' Powell Bill funding for Pine Knoll Shores is based on 11.25 miles of locally maintained roads.
All roads in Pine Knoll Shores appear to be in good condition.
7. Police
' The Town of Pine Knoll Shores maintains a fully -staffed police department. There are
currently seven officers and the Chief of Police. The town maintains five patrol cars. In
' addition, the town has an emergency four-wheel drive vehicle. The four-wheel drive vehicle
is shared by the police and fire departments. Constant training is provided for police officers.
The town feels that police service is adequate to serve the town's needs.
1 8. Fire
I
1
1
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores maintains a volunteer fire department. The Chief of Police is
the Fire Chief. The town hired a part-time fire prevention officer in July, 1994. The fire
station is located at the Town Hall. The town owns two pumpers. One pumper has a
maximum water capacity of 400 gallons per minute; the other pumper a maximum water
capacity of 1,000 gallons per minute. In addition, the town has a fire protection mutual aide
agreement with Atlantic Beach, Salter Path, Emerald Isle, and Morehead City. The fire
department has an Insurance Safety Organization (ISO) rating of 7. The town feels that fire
protection is adequate.
9. Emergency Services
The Pine Knoll Shores Emergency Medical Service provides ambulance services for the town.
The Emergency Medical Squad is equipped with two ambulances and is comprised of 22
volunteers and the members of the police department. If necessary, both the Coast Guard and
Cherry Point Marine Corps Air Station personnel provide emergency services support.
10. Recreation
The town has no public beach or sound access points. However, there are numerous privately
controlled points and beach access. No boat ramps are provided for the general public. Boat
launching is permitted only for those belonging to a town homeowners association.
Major sources of recreation available to the public include the following: the Iron Steamer
Fishing Pier, four tennis courts, an 18-hole golf course, and the North Carolina Aquarium. The
golf course and tennis courts are generally open to the public for a fee. Private community
parks are located throughout the town for homeowners.
11. Electrical Distribution
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is provided electrical service by the Carteret Craven EMC. The
town has never experienced any "major" power shortage problem or "brown" outs.
1-38

12. Cable Television
Cable television service is provided by Time Warner Cable. The cable system provides service
to approximately 1,100 customers.
13. Administration
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores maintains a Mayor - Board of Commissioners form of
government. There are currently 13 full-time employees and two part-time employees. Pine
Knoll Shores has a Planning Board consisting of eight members, a Board of Adjustment
consisting of nine members, and a Community Appearance Committee consisting of seven
members. Pine Knoll Shores' administrative capabilities are adequate to serve the town's
needs.
F. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY
Topography/Geology
The land within Pine Knoll Shores ranges from flat along shorelines and some interior areas to
rolling, undulating topography within the dune areas. Elevation generally ranges from 0 to 36
feet above sea level. Normally the highest elevations above sea level are found in the Newhan
soil associations. These higher elevations are concentrated on a ridge which generally lies
along the route of Salter Path Road. The soil association locations are provided on Map 4,
page 1-44/45. The majority of the town's land has slopes within the 0 to 8 percent range.
However, within some areas, slopes may be as great as 30 percent. The steepest slopes are
found in the Beaches-Newhan, Fripp fine sand, Newhan fine sand, and Newhan Corolla
complex soils. The greatest concentration of slopes in the 30 percent range are found along
the frontal dunes in the Beaches-Newhan complex soils.
Carteret County is underlain by an eastward -thickening wedge of sedimentary deposits of
Pleistocene -age, ranging from 2,000 feet thick in the northwest portions of the county to
almost 7,000 feet thick beneath the easternmost sections of offshore strand. Because of the
depth of the surficial sand/siliceous deposits, little is known of the composition of underlying
deposits. Well logs indicate that shell fragments and calcareous material are consolidated into
a limestone at a depth of less than 120 feet west of Morehead City, and at increasing depths
further eastward. Microfossils obtained from some well samples indicate that the uppermost
consolidated limestone is probably part of the Yorktown formation.
The Carolina Water Service Company obtains water from wells that are supplied by an aquifer
which extends westward under Carteret County. The town has never experienced a water
supply shortage. However, salt water intrusion may be an increasing concern as demand for
water grows. About 2,500 square miles of the Castle Hayne aquifer, including the portion
underlying Carteret County, have been designated as a capacity use area by the N.C.
Groundwater Section due to large (68 MGD in 1986) groundwater withdrawals by the PCS
phosphate mine near Aurora. A capacity use area is defined as an area where the use of
water resources threatens to exceed the replenishment ability to the extent that regulation
may be required. Map 2 delineates the water discharge/recharge areas.
1-39

SA
1 ATLANTIC 0 CEAN q
LOOKOUT
LEGEND
COUNTY BOUNDARY LINE
INCORPORATED AREA AND FORT MACON
NOT UNDER CARTERET COUNTY
PLANNING JURISDICTION
EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION AREAS
NOT UNDER CARTERET COUNTY
PLANNING JURISDICTION
GROUNDWATER RECHARGEIDISCRARGE
TOWN OF CEDAR POINT
CORPORATE LIMIT LINE
SA CLASS SA WATER
SB CLASS SB WATER
SC CLASS SC WATER
C CLASS C WATER
ERET COUNTY
R RESOURCES
MAP 2
1-40

MAP 3
FLOOD HAZARD MAP
TO WN OF
PINE KNOLL SHORES
0 150 300 600 900 FT.
SCALE
ZONE A
TRINI
,•• EN E
ZONE^)[`•)\ COPAL a..u[/.
r
TiTUriONAL I VQj
ZONE C
0
O
nm
THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.
w[lr10rlr
ZONE
J WESTPORT 2
moOl0EID10:4n1■m
LEGEND
ZONE A: AREAS OF 100-YEAR FLOOD; BASE FLOOD
ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS NOT
DETERMINED.
ZONE B: AREAS BETWEEN LIMITS OF THE 10-YEAR FLOOD
AND 500-YEAR FLOOD; OR CERTAIN AREAS
SUBJECT TO 100-YEAR FLOODING WITH AVERAGE
DEPTHS LESS THAN ONE (1) FOOT.
ZONE C: AREAS OF MINIMAL FLOODING.
ZONE V: AREAS OF 100-YEAR COASTAL FLOOD WITH
VELOCITY (WAVE ACTION); BASE FLOOD
ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS
DETERMINED. 9
NOTE: ALL OF THE THEODORE ROOSEVELT NATURAL
AREA, INCLUDING THE NC MARINE RESOURCE
CENTER, IS DESIGNATED AS A COBRA AREA.
NOTE: BECAUSE OF SIZE AND SCALE, THIS MAP CANNOT BE
USED FOR PRECISE FLOOD ZONE LOCATIONS.
m• ZONE A
0
7.1
E
6 U �
0 /
ZONE B
_ r
ZONE B
N. C. DEPT of ADMINISTRATION
ZONE
/ 4 FIDDLERS
L.r
r ,
\a..00Ar o
7e t'At
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ZONE B
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"© _ZONE C 100' .� IIB long
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SALTER PATH ROAD
V _ / _ _ —f—� ` ,, `a r
Li
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•
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BOAT BAII.
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N. C. MARINE CENTER o
0
25.04 ACHES
ZONE B
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,ZONE C
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GENESIS
BC LK OCEANS
WNALIR eAr
ZONE V
_ ZONE V
.A.R
1-42

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Sir
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LEGEND
ZONE A: AREAS OF 100-YEAR FLOOD; BASE FLOOD
ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS NOT
DETERMINED.
ZONE B: AREAS BETWEEN LIMITS OF THE 10-YEAR FLOOD
AND 500-YEAR FLOOD; OR CERTAIN AREAS
SUBJECT TO 100-YEAR FLOODING WITH AVERAGE
DEPTHS LESS THAN ONE (1) FOOT.
ZONE C: AREAS OF MINIMAL FLOODING.
ZONE V: AREAS OF 100-YEAR COASTAL FLOOD WITH
VELOCITY (WAVE ACTION); BASE FLOOD
ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS
DETERMINED.
NOTE: BECAUSE OF SIZE AND SCALE, THIS MAP CANNOT BE
USED FOR PRECISE FLOOD ZONE LOCATIONS.
NOTE: ALL OF THE THEODORE ROOSEVELT NATURAL
AREA, INCLUDING THE NC MARINE RESOURCE
CENTER, IS DESIGNATED AS A COBRA AREA.
°L ® - -- -- -L-�-- -• -•t' � � I. � O ii O ip 0• O '-'- --- -- -- - _•ac :.© ��� �' •Q •f O 9 0 � Q ��• , p p O% O' O� � � p O O � ��� ��ZONEY�-� __1•^ !!i !! lrr.
0O © ® ♦ p• L 0• ' pO - - -- - -� n.r.«. r -_ZONE A
' 9 • ti © ® m O t• r i :: • O 9 // - - AD (N.C. tl1 -
9 p e s ® 9 t• O O O p L ,ALL HAVEN t ,ee.l � - --� -- r SALTER PATN FD //!/!!/i%ITTIi, I I
Q `►let- `e".•,' •ML i, 1 .?'! •/ ! / / ... .........
.Q cell r►tt.o r +.. 0.,�, O i .�ep�OO � rle[, � /rr !!/u////ram// I I 3
. .. _ _ �- p'. MAP
ONE A ©' ® I ° o - - I 1.. ZONE Cr - Qi _[ ..,r.-—rHOLIDAY INN— fLEriHG
®6 �, o °' �s n n e • Y ., _ - _ ^. ^o ' o _ -�- -- ZONE..Cr.
FLOOD HAZARD MP
...... et E O 6 © O © _ Q p p r. r - - - e'r .u000 o.:rl E~B ZONE V _
9 ,tQ - p C__ti __ - 'e Q O. O O• 01•. 9 ®___-_ - - .-__ , .o r _� �- - _ ----c'-._ _ •♦, n•L,00e Dew[ ___ __- \,' e -.- __ ___ __- �` �-___ __ - ___ ___--,—
Q ® teltt
r
es VI
ZONE B —x, - o p __ ------ - - TOWN O F
oz
/ ,..' p -- _ - areal[ -------- PINE KNOLL SHORES
r �
-441" - - t 1 --
_ _ --- -- ATLANTIC
' �� TOwNES _ - .. � • � - THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
EAN PINE KNOLL ' �'`° `' • - THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
I I
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
TERRA o �50 300 600 90o FT.
Z N � - PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
ZONE 1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, SCALE
---- NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. 143
EAST END

2. Flood Hazard Areas
While large areas of Pine Knoll Shores lie within the 100-year floodplain, the greatest threat
is flooding resulting from storm surge and local ponding of water. Approximately 15 to 20
percent of the town's land area lies at ten feet above mean sea level or less and is potentially
subject to flooding (see Map 3). In July, 1995, the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS) of the
town were revised designating the Roosevelt Natural Area as a Coastal Barrier Resource Area
(COBRA). This designation will further discourage development in this area since it prohibits
the provision of federal flood insurance. Private flood insurance may or may not be available.
The greatest storm surge impact will occur from hurricanes. Map 4 shows the general areas
of Pine Knoll Shores which may be affected by hurricane -generated storm surge. The various
' categories of storm surge areas are defined as follows:
Category 1. Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees,
foliage, and unanchored mobile homes. No appreciable wind damage to other
structures. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Storm surge possibly 4 to 5
feet above normal. Low-lying roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft
in exposed anchorage torn from moorings.
Category 2. Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to shrubbery
and tree foliage; some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed mobile homes.
'
Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some damage to roofing materials of
buildings; some window and door damage. No major wind damage to buildings. Storm
surge possibly 6 to 8 feet above normal. Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes
'
inland cut by rising water 2 to 4 hours before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable
damage to piers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in unprotected anchorages torn from
moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline residences and low-lying island areas required.
Category 3. Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large trees
blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown down. Some damage to
roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. Some structural
damage to small buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. Storm surge possibly 9 to 12
feet above normal. Serious flooding at coast and many smaller structures near coast
destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged by battering waves and floating
debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before
hurricane center arrives. Approximately 25% of Pine Knoll Shores could be flooded.
'
Category 4. Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; all
signs down. Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows, and doors. Complete
'
failure of roofs on many small residences. Complete destruction of mobile homes.
Storm surge possibly 13 to 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors of
structures near shore due to flooding and battering by waves and floating debris.
Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center
arrives. Major erosion of beaches. Over 40% of Pine Knoll Shores could be flooded.
' Category 5. Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down;
considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down. Very severe and extensive
damage to windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many residences and
industrial buildings. Extensive shattering of glass in windows and doors. Some
-41

r r
1b1A
,
Y
Ir r r w IIIIIIIr r
The proParallon of this map was financed
In part through a grant provided by the
North Carolina Coastal Management
Program, through funds provided by the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972,
as amended, which Is administered by the
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
Management, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
r ter W r= r= r r r
/ I
/ 1
•..• ...•............... ........
....•..................................
.....•..•...................................
.•............................................
...................................................
.....................................................
• • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •
LEGEND
CATEGORY 1-2 SURGE AREA
CATEGORY 3 ADDITIONAL SURGE AREA
CATEGORY 4-5 ADDITIONAL SURGE AREA
0 1/2 1 2
SCALE IN MILES
I
I
CORPORATE LIMIT t
PINE KNOLL SHORES
STORM SURGE
INUNDATION AREAS
MAP 4

1
' complete building failures. Small buildings overturned or blown away. Complete
destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge possibly greater than 18 feet above normal.
' Major damage to lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level.
Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center
arrives. One hundred percent of Pine Knoll Shores could be flooded.
' The town also suffers from intermittent flooding from rainfall and storm water runoff.
Approximately 157 lots located in the eastern section of town between Cypress Drive and
Salter Path Road have been designated by a local ordinance as floodprone. The ordinance
' limits coverage by impervious surfaces to 25% of each lot area. The soil associations shown
on Map 5 provide an indication of the locations of high water table areas. The water table
depths, flooding frequency, and permeability rates are provided in Table 18.
1
I
I
n
11
Flooding resulting from sea level rise may be a long-term problem. Over the last 100 years,
the sea level has risen approximately one foot. Most experts agree that the rate of sea level
rise will increase over the next one hundred years. The maximum increase has been forecast
to be as much as four to seven feet. An increase of that magnitude would be disastrous to
Pine Knoll Shores. Approximately 20% or more of the town could be inundated. The impact
of sea level rise has serious adverse transportation and access implications for all of Bogue
Banks. Many inland Carteret County roads could be inundated and impede access to Bogue
Banks. The rate of rise should be carefully monitored.
Table 18
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Soil Susceptibility to Flooding
Map
Symbol
Soil Types
Depth to Seasonal
High Water Table
Flooding
Permeability
% Slope
Bn
Beaches-Newhan
Beach - 0 to 3.0'
Frequent
Rapid
0-30
Complex
Foredunes 6.0'
Rare
6.3"/hr.
Cl
Carteret sand,
0 to 3.0'
Frequent (daily)
Rapid
-
low
6.3"/hr.
Co
Corolla find sand
1.5 to 3.0'
Rare to Common
Very rapid
-
Storm Tides
20"/hr.
Du
Duckstone fine
1.0 to 2.0'
Rare to Common
Very rapid
-
sand
Storm Tides
20"/hr.
Fr
Fripp fine sand
6.0'
Rare Storm Tides
Rapid
2-30
6.3"/hr.
Ch
Carteret sand,
1.0 to 3.0'
Frequent
Rapid
-
high
(monthly)
6.3"/hr.
Nh
Newhan fine
6.0'
None
Very rapid
2-30
sand
20"/hr.
Nc
Newhan-Corolla
---- See ratings
for individual soil ----
0-30
Complex
Ne
Newhan Urban
---- See ratings
for individual soil
0-8
Land Complex
1 The sand soils are highly pervious with questionable filtering capacities. Thus, contamination of
groundwater is possible.
Source: Soil Survey of Carteret County, North Carolina, United States Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service.
1-45

1
3. Soils
A detailed soils survey of Carteret County has been completed by the Soil Conservation
Service. Based on that survey, there are nine different soil associations located within Pine
Knoll Shores. These associations are delineated on Map 5 and their conditions for site
development are provided in Table 19. Most soils within Pine Knoll Shores have some
limitations to development.
Table 19
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Soil Associations - Degree and Kind of Limitation for State Use
Map Dwellings Streets & Roads Septic Tank
Symbol Soil Types Filter Field
Bn Beaches-Newhan
Complex
CI Carteret sand,
low
Co Corolla find sand
Du Duckstone fine
sand
Fr
Fripp fine sand
Ch
Carteret sand,
high
Nh
Newhan fine
sand
Nc
Newhan-Corolla
Complex
Ne
Newhan Urban
Land Complex
Very severe/
flooding
Very severe/
flooding
Severe/wet
Severe/wet
Very severe/
flooding
Very severe/
flooding/wet
Severe/wet
Storm Tides
Severe/wet
Very severe/
flooding
Very severe/
flooding/wet
Severe/wet'
Severe/wet'
Severe floods Moderate floods Slight'
Very severe/ Very severe/ Very severe/
flooding/wet flooding/wet flooding/wet
Slight Slight Slight'
---- See ratings for individual soil ----
---- See ratings for individual soil
' The sand soils are highly pervious with questionable filtering capacities. Thus, contamination of
groundwater is possible.
Source: Soil Survey of Carteret County, North Carolina, United States Department of Agriculture, Soil
Conservation Service.
LJI
4. Basinwide Water Quality Management
The North Carolina Division of Water Quality has initiated a basinwide approach to state water
quality management. The overall goal of basinwide management is to develop consistent and
effective long range waterquality management strategies that protect the quality and intended
uses of North Carolina's surface waters while accommodating population increases and
economic growth.
I-46
1

The preparation of this map was financed in
part through a grant provided by the North
Carolina Coastal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972, as amended,
which is administered by the Office of Ocean
and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
EAST END
ATLANTIC
SALTER PATH ROAD (err
KEY TO SOIL TYPES
MAP
SYMBOL
Bn
Cl
Co
Du
Fr
Ch
Nh
Nc
No
NAME
BEACHES-NEWHAN COMPLEX
CARTERET SAND, LOW
COROLLA FINE SAND
DUCKSTON FINE SAND
FRIPP FINE SAND
CARTERET SAND, HIGH
NEWHAN FINE SAND
NEWHAN-COROLLA COMPLEX
NEWHAN-URBAN LAND COMPLEX
NOTE: THIS MAP IS BASED ON INFORMATION FROM
THE SOIL SURVEY OF CARTERET COUNTY,
O 100 200 3o0 600 900 FT.
NNKZZINC
s cwt
TOWN OF
PINE KNOLL SHORES
SOILS MAP.
MAP 5
1-48

KEY TO SOIL TYPES
MAP
SYMBOL NAME The preparation of this map was financed in
Bn BEACHES-NEWHAN COMPLEX _ part through a grant provided by the North
CI CARTERET SAND, LOW Carolina Coastal Management- Program, -
CI COROLLA -FINE SAND through funds provided by the Coastal Zone
Du COROLLA- FINE SAND Management Act of 1972, as amended,
Fr DUCKFRIPP FINE SAND which is administered by the Office of Ocean
Ch CARTERET SAND, HIGH and Coastal Resource Management, National
Nh NEWHAN FINE SAND Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Nc NEWHAN-COROLLA COMPLEX
- No NEWHAN-URBAN LAND COMPLEX U
6
C[MT[R O
r tN\\ two/• NI�
N
INST/t
t�
r'1 I
n
--
u
N
U
0
S
•t lttttt
t
Nc
CH
NOTE: THIS MAP IS BASED ON INFORMATION FROM ' •" 'r "`
THE SOIL SURVEY OF CARTERET COUNTY,
NORTH CAROLINA, PRODUCED BY THE USDA N C
SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE.
K RCE CENTER Z ! Poo•trta r Poor, rep
1604 =tttt.-!
0 100 200 300 t00 900 For. D U t'
SCALE NC ; ;''t•••r�•, ;.At. ,
• �/ K4/r 'r'rdi �
CH , �Du
Nc Y1
•I! I[ u
Jlo
O - N. C. DEPT. of ADMINISTRATION
I I
.. _,... CH Nc
O ,
� •t•rro•r 9/MM 0 f A O •CL I �' Du ' XI.OL YfLt
�'�.^. .♦ •. I � O f10i0t[RS i I I
MALX r' O t.q► . r C� Du
r/ L 9
O
/r r. r• r. I I N c
Du -
TOWN OF
PINE KNOLL SHORES
/ / tNx O \ .. \h•\
?rly��Il r • mTTII�i TAR` 1r / . ^ ^r •-.__• rw n -- __ — _• I •...•� w • G•
1N• ..rrl• 1•.t ' tQ
CO AL A/[ E t j ^_ N SALT[R PALM ROAD �•O" ..
R ♦hl I'I -I� (=�� t�19k3 � O � Q • r' � O ••.• wnu u•i . n..rr —
((D r . • . On ,. •r UOOOO •�. y�♦r1 '• o•••-Ir .. 1 r 7 a
Ir[�rl•oRr t � — —-••�>Ktmrntls� =u n }r-r;,-F r-------...Y
-SALTER PATH ROAD • !! Irl 1, ! ,•, •• " •• •�„ t o
OCEAN ![BRAG[
I Jt'�t" .. " �• e ® ® 0 0 0 0 / ! ' goo
r •• • et• Vr � '� ' • • 1[�lt�t
a ////A�� S;' ' . r i ' ♦ i �, �.., .r„ ©® ® ® e ®m
//// R /♦ ♦ roc• on
VE v/ �• Fig/.�tN.l NtN1 M Wrl.: = �•'b-
A T L A N T I C• O C E A N
WEST END
SOILS MAP
MAP 5
1-47

The State of North Carolina has been divided into seventeen major river basins. For each river
basin, water quality problems are identified and appropriate management strategies developed.
The plan features basinwide permitting of pollution discharges, integration of existing point
and nonpoint source control programs, and preparation of a basinwide management plan
report.
The purpose of the basinwide management plan is to communicate to policy makers, the
regulated community, and the general public, the state's rationale, approaches, and long-term
strategies for each basin. Preparation of a basinwide management plan is a five-year process.
In general, this process involves the following five major phases of development:
-- Collecting pertinent water quality and related information,
-- Analyzing the information and targeting problem areas,
-- Development management strategies,
-- Circulating a draft plan for public review and comment, and
-- Finalizing the plan.
Pine Knoll Shores is located in the White Oak basin. The White Oak Basinwide Management
' Plan was submitted for staff review in January, 1996, and received Environmental
Management Commission approval in January, 1997.
I
Some of the major issues being addressed in the White Oak basinwide plan are the following:
Long-term Growth Management
' == Wastewater management (non -discharge, regionalization, ocean outfall).
Urban stormwater runoff/water quality.
-- Role of local land use planning.
' Shellfish Water Closures
-- Increases in number of acres closed.
' == Examine link between growth and closures.
Opportunities for restoration and prevention.
Animal Operation Waste Management
-- Between 1990-1994, swine population in the White Oak Basin more than
doubled.
Nutrients/Toxic Dinoflagellate
-- Reduction in nitrogen and phosphorous levels.
Issues which directly affect Pine Knoll Shores include:
-- Shellfish water closures.
-- Urban stormwater runoff including nutrient runoff.
-- Improvement of water quality in partially supporting waters.
The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service has identified 24 watersheds within the
White Oak Basin. Each watershed has been assigned a fourteen -digit code for the purpose
of identification. Watershed 03020106030082 encompasses all of Atlantic Beach, Indian
Beach, Pine Knoll Shores, and the eastern portion of Emerald Isle. The primary water body
for this watershed is the Bogue Sound. Tables 20 and 21 include data for this watershed.
1-49

Table 20
Carteret County Watershed Report
Base and Demographic Information
Area (Acres) Estimated Population
Person Per Acre
River
Primary
% Chg.
Incorporated Area
Basin
14-digit code Waterbody
Total Land Water 1980 1990 80-90
1980 1990 Overlapping Wshed
White
03020106030082 Bogue
8,588.0 4,702.7 3,885.2 3,301 4,222 27.9%
0.70 0.90 Atlantic Beach
Oak
Sound
Indian Beach
Pine Knoll Shores
Source: North Carolina Division of Water Quality.
Table 21
Carteret County Watershed Report
Open Water Use Classes
Primary Class
Supplemental Class
River Basin Primary Use
14-digit code Waterbody Class
Description
% of
% of
Acreage Total
Acreage Total
White Oak 03020106030082 Bogue Sound C
Freshwater Class C
10.7 0%
ORW
Outstanding Resource Waters
1,047.7 12%
SA
Saltwater Class A
4,837.5 56%
SW
Swamp Waters
418.7 4%
Note: The water acreage figures provided under Open Water Use Classes should not be compared to the total water acreage figure shown under the
Base and Demographic Information. These figures have been derived from two separate data sources and are not expected to be similar. The
acreage figures provided under Open Water Use Classes have been determined by DEM to be the more accurate of the two.
Source: North Carolina Division of Water Quality.
1-50

' 5. Manmade Hazards/Restrictions
' There are no significant manmade hazards located in Pine Knoll Shores. However, there are
several propane, gas, diesel, fuel and oil tanks scattered throughout Pine Knoll Shores. The
town maintains an above -ground 4,000 gallon fuel storage tank which is diked. This tank was
t constructed in 1991 to replace a submerged tank which had experienced a minor spill.
Additional fuel storage tanks are maintained by the telephone company and golf course. There
are no retail or wholesale fuel or chemical storage tanks located in the town.
' There was no offshore oil exploration or drilling underway in 1995. However, future
exploration and/or drilling could pose a threat for the Pine Knoll Shores beaches.
' 6. Fragile Areas
In coastal North Carolina, fragile areas are considered to include coastal wetlands, ocean
' hazard areas, shorelines, estuarine waters and shorelines, public trust waters, complex natural
areas, areas sustaining remnant species, unique geological formations, registered natural
landmarks, swamps, prime wildlife habitats, areas of excessive slope, areas of excessive
' erosion, scenic points, archaeological sites, historical sites, and 404 wetlands. While not
identified as fragile areas in the 15A NCAC 7H use standards, maritime forests and
outstanding resource waters (ORWs) should also be considered fragile areas. Pine Knoll
' Shores' corporate limits include or are adjacent to estuarine waters and shorelines, coastal
wetlands, public trust waters, ocean hazard areas, maritime forests, 404 wetlands, ORWs,
archaeological sites, excessive slopes, and excessive erosion areas. Map 6 provides a
' delineation of the Fragile Areas. These are areas which could easily be damaged or destroyed
by inappropriate or poorly planned development.
' a. Coastal Wetlands
The coastal wetlands are generally delineated on Map 6, Areas of Environmental
' Concern. However, it is emphasized that the specific locations of coastal wetlands can be
determined only through on -site investigation and analysis. Coastal wetlands are defined as
salt marshes regularly- or irregularly -flooded by tides including wind tides, provided this shall
not include hurricane or tropical storm tides. These areas must contain at least one, but not
necessarily all of the following marsh plant species: Cordgrass, Black Needlerush, Glasswort,
Salt Grass, Sea Lavendar, Bulrush, Saw Grass, Cat -tail, Salt Meadow Grass, and Salt Reed
Grass. The coastal wetlands are vital to the complex food chain found in estuaries. They
' provide marine nursery areas and are essential to a sound commercial fishing industry.
Coastal wetlands also serve as barriers against flood damage and control erosion between the
estuary and uplands.
' b. Estuarine Waters
' Estuarine waters are generally those waters found in estuaries, sounds, bays, and salt
water shorelines. The Atlantic Ocean is also considered to be estuarine waters. They are the
dominant component and bonding element of the entire estuarine system, integrating aquatic
influences from both the land and the sea. The estuarine waters are among the most
productive natural environments within Pine Knoll Shores. The waters support the valuable
commercial and sports fisheries of the coastal area which are comprised of estuarine
' dependent species such as menhaden, flounder, shrimp, crabs, and oysters.
' I-51

LEGEND
AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
COASTAL WETLANDS
(APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS;
EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE
DETERMINED THROUGH IN -FIELD
VERIFICATIONS.)
2. OCEAN HAZARD AREAS
�y OCEAN HAZARD AREAS ARE THOSE
AREAS DEFINED BY 15A NCAC 7H
SECTION .0300. THESE AREAS
INCLUDE ALL BEACHES, PRIMARY
DUNES, AND FRONTAL DUNES AND
OTHER AREAS IN WHICH GEO-
LOGIC. VEGETATIVE AND SOIL
CONDITIONS INDICATE A
SUBSTANTIAL POSSIBILITY OF
EXCESSIVE EXPANSION OR FLOOD
DAMAGE.
3. ESTUARINE SHORELINE AREAS - IN SHORELINE
AREAS NOT CONTIGUOUS TO WATERS CLASSIFIED
AS OUTSTANDING RESOURCE WATERS BY THE
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION. ALL
LAND 75 FEET LANDWARD FROM THE MEAN HIGH
WATER LEVEL OR NORMAL WATER LEVEL ARE
CONSIDERED TO BE ESTUARINE SHORELINES.
EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE DETERMINED THROUGH
IN -FIELD VERIFICATIONS.
4. PUBLIC TRUST AND ESTUARINE WATERS AREAS _
ALL WATERS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF
PINE KNOLL SHORES ARE EITHER ESTUARINE
WATERS OR PUBLIC TRUST AREAS AS DEFINED BY
15A NCAC 7H.0206 ESTUARINE WATERS AHD .0207
PUBLIC TRUST AREAS.
OTHER FRAGILE AREAS
MARITIME FORESTS
(APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS;
EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE
DETERMINED THROUGH IN -FIELD
VERIFICATIONS.)
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;d=ay' � fit• •� J
vn THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
WEST END 1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.
O B O OIFmo 1sa..N
�����
1
O
MAP 6
TO WN OF
FINE KNOLL 5 1`110 RES
AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
AND OTHER FRAGILE AREAS
OCEAN 7(RRACC
$CA"
1-52

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9 i 6 {. ''® ®� '; 6 � .. -•" O p p O 9 :i O 9 : •i Or r ®r � .1 O • O � R O ®� [f</ t,�! �O •q / /lt1lJ—
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EAST END
A T L A N I I V a, —- .-
THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.
LEGEND
AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
1. COASTAL WETLANDS
(APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS;
EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE
DETERMINED THROUGH IN -FIELD
VERIFICATIONS.)
2. „ ♦ , ,. OCEAN HAZARD AREAS
OCEAN HAZARD AREAS ARE THOSE
AREAS DEFINED BY 15A NCAC 7H
��— SECTION .0300. THESE AREAS
INCLUDE ALL BEACHES, PRIMARY
DUNES, AND FRONTAL DUNES AND
OTHER AREAS IN WHICH GEO-
LOGIC, VEGETATIVE AND SOIL
CONDITIONS INDICATE A
SUBSTANTIAL POSSIBILITY OF
EXCESSIVE EXPANSION OR FLOOD
DAMAGE.
3. ESTUARINE SHORELINE AREAS - IN SHORELINE
AREF.S NOT CONTIGUOUS TO WATERS CLASSIFIED
AS OUTSTANDING RESOURCE WATERS BY THE
ENVL tONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION. ALL
LAND 75 FEET LANDWARD FROM THE MEAN HIGH
WATER LEVEL OR NORMAL WATER LEVEL ARE
CONSIDERED TO BE ESTUARINE SHORELINES.
EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE DETERMINED THROUGH
INFIELD VERIFICATIONS.
4. PUBLIC TRUST AND ESTUARINE WATERS AREAS
ALL WATERS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF
PINE KNOLL SHORES ARE EITHER ESTUARINE
WATERS OR PUBLIC TRUST AREAS AS DEFINED BY
15A NCAC 7H.0206 ESTUARINE WATERS AND .0207
PUBLIC TRUST AREAS.
OTHER FRAGILE AREAS
1. ��---Try MARITIME FORESTS
(APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS;
EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE
DETERMINED THROUGH INFIELD
VERIFICATIONS.)
" MAP 6
TOWN OF
PIAIF" KIVnI l SPnPF'.S
AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
AND OTHER.FRAGILE AREAS
0 100 200 300 600 900 FT.
SCALE

1 C. Estuarine Shorelines
Estuarine shorelines are those non -ocean shorelines that are especially vulnerable to
erosion, flooding, or other adverse effects of wind and water. They are intimately connected
to the estuary. The estuarine shoreline area extends from the mean high water level or normal
' water level along the estuaries, sounds, bays, and brackish waters for a distance of 75 feet
landward. For those estuarine shorelines immediately contiguous to waters classified as
Outstanding Resource Waters, the estuarine shoreline shall extend landward from the mean
' high water level for 575 feet. Development within the estuarine shorelines influences the
quality of estuarine life and is subject to the damaging processes of shorefront erosion and
flooding.
' d. Public Trust Areas
Public trust areas are all waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the lands thereunder from
' the mean high water mark to the seaward limit of state jurisdiction; all natural bodies of water
subject to measurable lunar tides and lands thereunder to the mean high water mark; all
navigable natural bodies of water and lands thereunder to the mean high water level or mean
water level as the case may be, except privately -owned lakes to which the public has no right
of access; all water in artificially created bodies of water containing significant public fishing
resources or other public resources which are accessible to the public by navigation from
' bodies of water in which the public has rights of navigation; and all waters in artificially
created bodies of water in which the public has acquired rights by prescription, custom, usage,
dedication, or any other means. In determining whether the public has acquired rights in
artificially created bodies of water, the following factors shall be considered:
(1) the use of the body of water by the public,
(2) the length of time the public has used the area,
(3) the value of public resources in the body of water,
(4) whether the public resources in the body of water are mobile to the extent that
they can move into natural bodies of water,
(5) whether the creation of the artificial body of water required permission from the
state, and
' (6) the value of the body of water to the public for navigation from one public area
to another public area.
' These areas are significant because the public has rights in these areas, including
navigation and recreation. The public trust areas also support valuable commercial and sports
fisheries, have aesthetic value, and are important resources for economic development.
' It is impossible to map the public trust area. The areas must be determined through
in -field analysis and definition.
e. Ocean Hazard Areas
Ocean hazard areas consist of ocean erodible areas, high hazard flood areas, inlet
hazard areas, and unvegetated beach areas. Ocean hazard landforms include ocean dunes,
beaches, and shorelines. Ocean dunes include both primary dunes and frontal dunes. Primary
dunes are the first mounds of sand located landward of the ocean beaches having an elevation
' equal to the mean flood level (in a storm having a one percent chance of being equaled or
1
1-54

exceeded in any given space) for the areas plus six feet. The primary dune extends landward
to the lowest elevation in the depression behind that same mound of sand. In areas where
there is a primary dune, that dune shall be deemed to be the frontal dune. Where there is no
primary dune, the frontal dune is deemed to be the first mound of sand located landward of
the ocean beach having sufficient vegetation, height, continuity and configuration to offer
protective value. The dunes are essential to the protection of oceanfront areas. The ocean
hazard area is also significant because it provides a nesting area for the sea turtle, which is
an endangered species.
Ocean beaches and shorelines are lands consisting of unconsolidated soil materials that
extend from the mean low water line landward to a point where either (1) the growth of
vegetation occurs, or (2) a distinct change in slope or elevation alters the configuration of the
land form, whichever is farther landward. The entire southern length of Pine Knoll Shores is
an ocean beach. Pine Knoll Shores contains ocean erodible areas and high hazard flood areas,
but no unvegetated beach area (a dynamic area that is subject to rapid unpredictable landform
change from wind and wave action). Unvegetated beach areas are only designated following
detailed studies by the Coastal Resources Commission. There are not any inlet hazard areas
in Pine Knoll Shores.
f. Outstanding Resource Waters
Under the authority of the North Carolina General Statute (N.C.G.S.) 143-214.1, the
North Carolina Environmental Management Commission designated certain waters within North
Carolina as Outstanding Resource Waters (ORWs) in 1988 and 1989. These areas were
designated because they were considered to be significant marine resource areas having
relatively clean and pristine waters, and having significant value as recreational and natural
resource areas. The Roosevelt Natural Area swamp was designated as an ORW on June 1,
1988. The area includes all of the fresh waters within the property boundaries of the natural
area, including swamp forests, shrubs, swamps and ponds. In addition, the area includes all
of the saline waters within the boundaries of the natural area including brackish marsh and salt
marsh. The fresh waters are classified C and the saline waters are classified SA.
g. 404 Wetlands
404 wetlands are areas covered by water or that have waterlogged soils for long
periods during the growing season. Plants growing in wetlands are capable of living in soils
lacking oxygen for at least part of the growing season. 404 wetlands include, but are not
limited to, bottomlands, forests, swamps, pocosins, pine savannahs, bogs, marshes, and wet
meadows.
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requires that anyone interested in depositing
dredged or fill material into "waters of the United States," including wetlands, must apply for
and receive a permit for such activities. The Wilmington office of the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers has regulatory authority in Pine Knoll Shores. While there may be scattered wetland
areas located within Pine Knoll Shores, the specific locations of wetlands areas must be
determined through on -site analysis. It should be noted that in some Areas of Environmental
Concern, both the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the regulatory requirements of the
Coastal Area Management Act may have overlapping jurisdiction. Simultaneous to the
preparation of this plan, amendments to the federal definition of wetlands were being
considered which could reduce the areas afforded protection under the wetlands legislation.
1-55

1
I
I
1
I
h. Maritime Forests
The preservation of maritime forests has become an increasingly significant issue in
coastal North Carolina. For a number of years, the Coastal Resources Commission (CRC) has
debated the establishment of state -imposed use standards (regulations) for the protection of
maritime forest areas. In 1990, the CRC decided to delay state action and afford local
governments an opportunity to establish regulations. In February, 1991, the town's Board of
Commissioners amended Chapter 21, Sections 7.10 and 7.14, of the Town Code to provide
protection for Pine Knoll Shores' maritime forest areas.
Establishing a clear definition of what constitutes maritime forest areas and defining
which areas should be protected has been difficult. Generally, maritime forests are areas
containing native salt tolerant vegetation. Exposure to salt spray causes the vegetation to
have a sheared appearance that is shaped according to contours of adjacent land forms. The
forests contain laurel oak, red cedar, red bay, wild olive, Carolina cherry laurel, yaupon,
loblolly pine, sweet gum, live oak, and red maple as the dominant tree types. Areas lying
within wetland swales are classified as maritime swamp forests. The maritime swamp forest
is actually rarer than the upland maritime forest. Dominant tree types are the ash, red maple
and sweet gum. The trees grow slowly because of very low available water capacity,
occasional salt water flooding, and exposure to salt spray. The forests are important animal
habitats.
Map 6, Areas of Environmental Concern and Other Fragile Areas, provides a general
delineation of Pine Knoll Shores' maritime forest areas. However, it is emphasized that exact
locations must be determined through in -field verification. Except for the Roosevelt Natural
Area and a 33 acre area adjacent to the east side of the Roosevelt Natural Area, the town's
maritime forest areas have already had subdivision plats approved for their development. The
33 acre area is in four tracts. Three are owned by Pine Knoll Shores and one by the Beacons
Reach Master Association. The area owned by the Beacons Reach Master Association has
been designated by the State of North Carolina as the replacement area for waste disposal
upon failure of the treatment facilities at either the McGinnis Point or Beacons Reach
subdivisions. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not intend by adoption of this land use plan
to prohibit that utilization.
Table 22 provides a further definition of maritime forest areas, their ecological
significance, and some basic management criteria. It should be noted that, with proper
controls, development may occur within maritime forest areas. However, development has
destroyed or damaged most of the maritime forest areas on Bogue Banks.
' I. Slopes in Excess of 12%
In Pine Knoll Shores, slopes of 12% or greater are predominantly found only in the
frontal ocean dune areas. However, some scattered slopes in excess of 12% do exist in the
areas with the following soil types: Fripp fine sand, Newhan fine sand, and Newhan Corolla.
Excessive slopes have not been a deterrent to development in Pine Knoll Shores.
1-56
1

Table 22
Maritime Forest Area
Definition, Function, and Management
S
STC
SOUND
conur PJ�e/
OCEAN
FRONT
• . •.. •:. •. •........:..............:.: •........ •:........: .. ...•I ...,',.,.; _
.. •..:. . .1.,.I .I
4LSPRAY
1.
Iliuu� i I
II
WIND
I
I I I
RY GUM
I
_ ta_ toE_ •
__. INTERIOR
DUNE & SWALE_ _
FOREDUNE
SALT SHEAR sCRUa DUNE THICKET
INTERIOR FOREST
FORESTED wETLANDS HIGH RIDGE FOREST
Wax Myrtle
Live Oak
Lobloi y Pine
Live Oak
Yaupon Holly
Yaupon Holly
Lobloly Pine
Red any
Red Cedar
Live Oak
o
Intermittent low dunes
American Holy
Wax Myrtle
Exposed forest on
Red Cedar
o
�
and wetlands
Stable upland forests
Forested freshwater
high, steep relic
dunes
Oceanfront forests
m
on broader Islands
wedandsininterdune
subjected to extreme salt spray
Swale$
Storm protection
Wind protection
Maintains water quality
Deflects salt Spray Primary dune protection
Wildlife
Island stabilization
Shallow aquifer
Stormresistanoe Interior forest buffer
z
Wind buffer
Climate control
recharge
Nutrientcycling High aesthetic value
u 4
Nutrienitcycling
Wildlilehabitat
O'
Nutrient cycling
W�
Maintain as
Avoid isolationg trees
No filing of
Avoid building on
No disturbance of
z
undeveloped
shrublw nd
Limit clearing to build-
wetlands
slopes over 40%
leading edge
5
ing and access
Direct stormwater to
Avoid ridgetop
Restore with plantings when breached
w
Clear fa access only
Integrate roads with
wetlands
development
Minimize grading A canopy opening$
5
Maintain salt spray
typography
Minimize
Avoid road cuts
edge intact
Limit impervious
disturbance
across ridge
s=iff a
Source: Protecting Maritime Forests Through Planning and Design, Division of Coastal
Management, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources.
1-57

k
I
1
1
j. Excessive Erosion Areas
Excessive erosion areas include ocean and sound erodible areas. Permanent
construction within those areas should be limited unless stabilization along the affected
shoreline can be accomplished. 15A NCAC 7H use standards prohibit permanent stabilization
of ocean shorelines.
k. Historic and Archaeological Sites
There do not appear to be any nationally significant historic or archaeological sites
within Pine Knoll Shores. However, some historic and prehistoric period archaeological sites
have been recorded within Pine Knoll Shores. In addition, there is a historical marker located
adjacent to N.C. 58 which notes that Verrazano, an Italian explorer, landed in the area.
Located immediately off of the Pine Knoll Shores ocean shoreline is the Iron Steamer wreck.
Most of the sites were recorded by local amateurs and artifact collectors. Few have been
evaluated by an experienced archaeologist and only a small portion of the area has been
systematically surveyed for sites.
Based on the available information, prehistoric activities in the area primarily involved
the seasonal exploitation of shellfish and other marine resources. Sites associated with these
activities tend to be relatively small, characterized by accumulations of discarded shell
(referred to as shell midden), broken bits of pottery vessels, and stone tools. Such sites are
easily disturbed by contemporary land use activities and natural shoreline erosion. Of the
known sites, most have been disturbed and are not considered significant. Howevef, several
sites may contain significant information and warrant further investigation.
The North Carolina Division of Archives and History files are incomplete and no in-depth
historical research has been conducted for Pine Knoll Shores. Any development within Pine
Knoll Shores should be reviewed for possible impacts on potentially significant archaeological
sites and historic structures. If significant sites are identified within the area, efforts should
be made to protect them from unnecessary or avoidable adverse impacts. Any development
activity in Pine Knoll Shores should be coordinated with the Division of Archives and History.
I. Closed Shellfishing Areas
The areas that have been closed to shellfishing are concentrated in the town's canal
system and the waters of the Bogue Sound between Hoffman Inlet and McNeil Inlet. The
general location of these areas have been provided on Map 1. It should be noted that the
areas closed to shellfishing, identified on Map 1, are synonymous with the partially supporting
waters described on the page 1-60.
M. Other Fragile Areas
There are no inlet hazard areas, natural resource areas, complex natural areas, or any
coastal geologic formations as defined by 15A NCAC 7H located in Pine Knoll Shores. The
Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area is an extensive 290-acre area of which 265 acres are in a
natural state. The area has been designated under the Coastal Barrier Resources Act
(COBRA). This area is discussed in detail in the following section, Areas of Resource
Potential.
I-58

7. Areas of Resource Potential
a. Public Parks
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores contains several small neighborhood parks. However,
these have only local significance. The most important park or natural area is the 290-acre
Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area. Twenty-five (25) acres of the 290-acre area have been
designated for the North Carolina Aquarium which is located in the northeast center of the
natural area. The property is managed by the North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation.
As stated in section I.D.2.c., the property must be maintained in its natural state.
In March, 1979, the North Carolina General Assembly dedicated the natural area as a
component of a State Nature and Historic Preserve (N.C.G.S. 143-260.8). In April, 1984, the
North Carolina Coastal Federation petitioned the Division of Water Quality to classify the
waters of the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area as Outstanding Resource Waters. The petition
passed and defined the following outstanding resource values and recommended quality
standards:
Roosevelt Natural Area, Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County:
(A) Outstanding resource values. The Roosevelt Natural Area is owned by the
people of North Carolina and managed by the Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources. The Deed of Gift specifies that this natural area
will be maintained by the state "to provide the people of the State of North
Carolina with a tract of land, and its adjacent marshes, riparian and littoral
rights, which will be kept in its natural state, maintained as a nature preserve,
and used for the primary purposes of nature and wildlife education, estuarine
studies, with emphasis on marine life, ecological advances, environmental
balance and research in the methods of conservation."
(B) Quality standards applicable to the Roosevelt Natural Area:
(i) Sewage and industrial wastes: none.
(ii) Stormwater runoff: The quality and quantity of stormwater draining to
the waters of the Roosevelt Natural Area shall be maintained at natural
levels. Stormwater disposal from development with ten percent or less
effective impervious cover as specified in Rule 2H.0408 of this
subchapter is considered to comply with this standard if the direction of
drainage is not altered. Stormwater released from any other control or
disposal systems in areas draining to the Roosevelt Natural Area shall be
at rates and volumes and of such quality as to duplicate natural drainage
and not alter the hydrology of the Roosevelt Natural Area. 1
Immediately east of the natural area there is some commercially zoned property. A
second commercial area is located adjacent to the southeast corner of the area. In addition,
residential and municipal development exists adjacent to the natural areas. All of this
development has created some impervious surfaces. While detailed drainage studies have not
been prepared, the natural area and its waters could be adversely affected by stormwater
runoff from adjacent properties. This situation should be carefully monitored by both the town
and the state.
-59

r
11
1
b. Marine Resources
Scattered subaquatic vegetation is found on Bogue Sound along the Pine Knoll Shores
shoreline. All subaquatic vegetation should be protected as an important part of Pine Knoll
Shores' and Bogue Sound's maritime environment. Disturbance of the vegetation is regulated
through the CAMA major permitting process.
All waters of Bogue Sound within and adjacent to Pine Knoll Shores are designated in
an SA classification. The North Carolina Division of Water Quality defined SA as "waters
suitable for the taking of shellfish for market purposes, primary recreation, fish and wildlife
propagation, and secondary recreation." There are not any primary nursery areas located in
or adjacent to Pine Knoll Shores.
In addition, surface waters (streams, lakes, or estuaries) are rated as either fully
supporting (S), support -threatened (ST), partially supporting (PS), or nonsupporting (NS) by
the Division of Water Quality Section. The terms refer to whether the classified uses of the
water (such as water supply, aquatic life protection and swimming) are being fully supported,
partially supported, or are not supported. For instance, saltwaters classified for commercial
shellfish harvesting (SA) would be rated as fully supporting if bacterial levels in the water were
low enough to allow harvesting. However, if fecal coliform bacteria levels were too high to
allow shellfish to be harvested, but not too high to prevent swimming, then the waters would
be rated as partially supporting since they only support the swimming. If the waters were
impacted to the point that even swimming was disallowed, the waters would be rated as
nonsupporting. Partially supporting (PS) waters have been identified within Pine Knoll Shores.
The location of these areas has been provided on Map 1.
C. Agricultural and Forestlands
There are no significant agriculturally productive or commercially productive forestlands
located in Pine Knoll Shores. However, there are extensive maritime forest areas in and
adjacent to the Roosevelt Natural Area as delineated on Map 6.

I
SECTION II: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
A. PROJECTED DEMAND FOR DEVELOPMENT
1 1. Demographic Trends
Coastal Area Management Act planning guidelines require that population projections prepared
by the N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Budget and Management be utilized in
projecting year-round population for Land Use Plans from 1994-2005. Table 23 outlines
estimated 1994, and projected 2000 and 2005 year-round population for Pine Knoll Shores
and Carteret County townships and municipalities. Individual township and municipal
projections are based on the assumption that the relative growth rates by specific areas will
remain the same from 1994-2005 as those which occurred 1980-1994.
o
By 2005, Pine Knoll Shores will contain 3.06 /o of the county s total population compared to
2.72% in 1994. However, Pine Knoll Shores will remain the third largest Carteret County
beach community and sixth largest municipality.
The 60-year old and older age group (retirement age) should comprise an increasingly large
segment of Pine Knoll Shores' population. Such an increase would be consistent with both
national and regional demographic trends. In addition, Pine Knoll Shores' low tax structure
and single-family residential character make it particularly attractive as a retirement
community. The town should plan for providing the special services required by an
increasingly older population.
The town will continue its pattern of low density, single-family residential development. 1990
data indicated an average of 2.12 persons per occupied household. This relatively low
persons per household size (Carteret County 1987 persons per occupied household 2.49) is
characteristic of a large retirement age population. If the persons per household average
continues at approximately 2.1, the total permanent year-round population at build -out should
be approximately 2,000. This assumes 50% occupancy of all residential units for year-round
permanent population and a total dwelling unit inventory at "build -out" of 1,907 units. Based
on an average annual construction rate of 35 dwelling units per year, "build -out" could occur
in the 2005 to 2010 time period.
Any population increases will impact the existing transportation system, increase demand for
water supply, increase the need for central sewage disposal, increase the demand for all town
services, and increase the potential for groundwater pollution from septic tank usage. The
service demands generated by population increases must be judged by both year-round and
peak seasonal population.
1

Table 23
Town of Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County, NC
Summary of Year -Round Population Growth by Township and Municipality, 1990 - 2005
Township
Municipality or Area
Year Round Population
Percentage Change
Overall
1990
1994
2000
2005
'94200
'00-'05
'94205
1) Atlantic
Total Township
805
803
799
796
-0.49%
-0.35%
-0.84%
2) Beaufort
Beaufort
3,808
3,997
4,351
4,600
8.85%
5.72%
15.08%
Unincorporated Areas
4,205
4,644
5,467
6,045
17.71 %
10.58%
30.16%
Total Township
8,013
8,641
9,818
10,645
13.61 %
8.43%
23.19%
3) Cedar Island
Total Township
385
407
448
477
10.11 %
6.46%
17.23%
4) Davis
Total Township
535
553
587
611
6.15%
4.08%
10.48%
5) Harkers Island
Total Township
2,237
2,375
2,634
2,816
10.90%
6.91 %
18.56%
6) Harlowe
Total Township
11190
1,289
1,474
1,604
14.37%
8.84%
24.48%
7) Marshallberg
Total Township
646
674
726
763
7.75%
5.06%
13.20%
8) Merrimon
Total Township
542
591
683
747
15.54%
9.46%
26.46%
9) Morehead City
Atlantic Beach
1,938
2,267
2,846
3,252
25.52%
14.30%
43.47%
Indian Beach
153
177
222
254
25.39%
14.24%
43.24%
Morehead City
6,046
6,384
7,017
7,462
9.91 %
6.34%
16.88%
Pine Knoll Shores
1,360
1,543
1,886
2,127
22.21%
12.78%
37.82%
Unincorporated Areas
10,985
11,485
12,420
13,078
8.15%
5.30%
13.88%
Total Township
20,482
21,856
24,390
26,173
11.60%
7.31 %
19.75%
10) Newport
Newport
2,516
2,778
3,269
3,614
17.66%
10.55%
30.08%
Unincorporated Areas
4,817
5,337
6,312
6,997
18.26%
10.86%
31.09%
Total Township
7,333
8,115
9,580
10,611
18.05%
10.75%
30.75%
11) Sea Level
Total Township
773
872
1,056
1,186
21.16%
12.28%
36.05%
12) Smyrna
Total Township
782
843
958
1,039
13.61 %
8.42%
23.18%
13) Stacy
Total Township
401
434
497
541
14.40%
8.85%
24.52%
14) Straits
Total Township
1,948
2,129
2,468
2,706
15.91 %
9.65%
27.10%
15) White Oak
Cape Carteret
1,008
1,179
1,499
1,724
27.16%
15.02%
46.25%
Emerald Isle
2,434
2,798
3,480
3,959
24.36%
13.77%
41.49%
Cedar Point
628
688
800
879
16.33%
9.87%
27.81 %
Unincorporated Areas
2,413
2,379
2,316
2,271
-2.66%
-1.92%
-4.53%
Total Township
6,483
7,044
8,095
8,834
14.92%
9.13%
25.41 %
Total Municipalities
Total Unincorporated Areas
Total County
19,891 21,811 25,369 27,870 16.31 % 9.86% 27.78%
32,662 34,813 38,840 41,673 11.57% 7.29% 19.70%
52,553 56,624 64,209 69,543 13.40% 8.31 % 22.82%
Sources: N.C. State Data Center; extrapolation of data for unincorporated areas by Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
11-2
r � � I� I� 1■� mil► � � r� - �� � � � rlr I� >• I�

Overall population growth in Pine Knoll Shores will be impacted by population growth in
Carteret County and in the nearby municipalities. Despite the expected decrease in the annual
growth rate over the 1990s, the population growth rate in Carteret County will still be more
than double the North Carolina rate over the next ten years. From 1994-2005, the state
population is estimated to show a 9.9% increase. The Carteret County population is
anticipated to grow 22.8% over the same period.
Pine Knoll Shores' permanent population will increase at a rate 1.7 times that of the county.
In addition, the town's rate of growth for overall total peak population is expected to be higher
than the county's. This growth does not include day visitors. Based on the 1995 town
estimates of 50,000 peak day visitors, the 2000 and 2005 peak populations with day visitors
will be approximately 58,890 and 59,650, respectively. Table 24 provides a summary of the
peak population forecast. This forecast is based on an assumed 100% occupancy of the
town's seasonal units. The occupancy rates utilized were four persons per motel unit and five
persons per private seasonal housing units. Planning for services should be based on total
population with day visitors.
Table 24
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Total Peak Population
Peak
Year
Permanent
Seasonal
Total
Ratio
j2000
1994
1,543
6,434
7,007
7,977
8,893
4.2
3.7
1,886
2005
2,127
7,527
9,654
3.5
Source: Holland Consulting Planners,
Inc.
IAs indicated in Table 24, the ratio of peak seasonal to permanent population is expected to
decrease during the planning period.
2. Commercial and Industrial Land Use
If current zoning patterns are maintained, there will be very little commercial development
during the planning period. In 1995, there were only two commercially zoned vacant parcels
of property. The largest was a parcel of approximately 5.5 acres located on the northeast
corner of the intersection of Oakleaf Drive and Salter Path Road. The second was a single
parcel of commercially zoned land of approximately 1.4 acres fronting on the north side of
Salter Path Road approximately 500 feet west of the Pine Knoll Boulevard intersection. The
town did not anticipate the additional zoning of any commercial property.
There was no industrially zoned property. In fact, the Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance does
not include an industrial category.
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The existing commercial development is generally well designed and presents minimal conflicts
with adjacent non-commercial uses. During the 1994 to 2005 planning period, the following
will limit commercial development:
-- The Pine Knoll Shores philosophy of not increasing commercial zoning;
-- Increasing land values;
-- Increasing traffic congestion on N.C. 58, Salter Path Road;
-- Continuing lack of central sewage treatment facilities;
-- Continuing opposition by Pine Knoll Shores to the construction of commercial
marinas.
3. Housing Trends I
From the late '80s through 1990, dwelling unit starts averaged over 80 per year. However,
by 1995 this had declined to an average of 35 dwelling units per year. This average is
expected to drop slightly during the planning period as the town approaches "build -out".
Approximately 240 additional residential units may be constructed during the planning period.
Of that total, approximately 110 may be multi -family units. Most residential development will
continue to be low density, single-family at an average of one-half acre per unit.
The following problems will confront continued residential development:
-- Maintaining municipal services at a level adequate to support the growing
population.
-- Increasing problems with groundwater pollution and malfunctioning septic
tanks. I
-- Maintaining adequate water supply and pressure to service the additional
260(+) dwelling units. AM
4. Transportation
The key transportation issue facingPine Knoll Shores will be the possible widening p g of Salter
Path Road (N.C. 58). The last major improvement to Salter Path Road was the addition of turn
lanes in the early 1980s. Since then, traffic congestion has dramatically increased. Some
Bogue Banks municipalities have expressed interest in having N.C. 58 widened to four or five
lanes. Pine Knoll Shores has indicated opposition to the widening.
The North Carolina Department of Transportation Salter Path Road right-of-way varies from
80 feet to 100 feet in width. Thus, sufficient right-of-way exists for the widening. Widening
of the highway may be temporarily disruptive to Pine Knoll Shores and could have a permanent
impact on adjacent land uses. Widening of the highway may not be supportive of Pine Knoll
Shores' predominantly residential character.
The 1996-2002 North Carolina Department of Transportation Transportation Improvement
Program proposes widening the paved shoulders on N.C. 58. This improvement will include
.8 miles in Pine Knoll Shores and the section of N.C. 58 extending from Oakleaf Drive in Pine
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Knoll Shores to Cedar Lane in Atlantic Beach. The project is scheduled for Fiscal Year 1996
at an estimated cost of $600,000. This project will not add a traffic lane.
A second major transportation issue will be the possible construction of a third bridge from
Bogue Banks to the Carteret County mainland. Pine Knoll Shores does not want the
construction of a new bridge to result in an increase in traffic in the town.
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has made the following recommendations for the fiscal year
96-97 Transportation Improvement Program: -
-- Turn off lanes from Highway 58 at Oakleaf Drive, Mimosa Boulevard, and Pine Knoll
Boulevard,
Bike paths/trails on Highway 58 (Salter Path Road),
-- Opposed to third bridge ending in Pine Knoll Shores town limits.
The policies section of this plan addresses both the widening of N.C. 58 and the construction
of a third bridge.
5. Public Land Use
There are no major changes in public land use anticipated. The town has a modern and
functionally efficient municipal building. In 1995, the interior of the municipal building was
completely- altered, in accordance with OSHA and ADA, to make more efficient use of the
available space and to better serve the residents of Pine Knoll Shores. Except for acquisition
of shoreline access sites, no major acquisitions of town property during the planning period
are anticipated. The North Carolina Aquarium will continue to be the major public facility
attracting overnight and day visitors to Pine Knoll Shores. The Aquarium has recently
contracted an architect to develop construction documents for an expansion project scheduled
to take place prior to Spring, 1997. The expansion will include new exhibits, classrooms,
storage facilities, and additional parking. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is in full support of
this expansion project. The Trinity Center, an Episcopal Church Conference Center, will
continue as a facility having regional significance. The town is expected to continue a policy -
of "tightly" controlling the location and development of shoreline access facilities.
6. Areas Likely to Experience Maior Land Use Changes
No major changes in existing land use patterns or zoning are expected. The town has
maintained an active planning program designed to control incompatible land uses and
maintain predominantly low -density residential development. It is expected that the town will
continue to closely monitor growth and implement policies designed to accomplish:
-- Maintenance of low -density residential development;
-- Protection of the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area;
-- Prohibition of commercial marinas;
— Tight control of commercial development and expansion;
-- Prohibition of the widening of N.C. 58.
-- Opposition to construction of a third bridge between Bogue Banks and the
Carteret County mainland.
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Knoll Shores to Cedar Lane in Atlantic Beach. The project is scheduled for Fiscal Year 1996
at an estimated cost of $600,000. This project will not add a traffic lane.
A second major transportation issue will be the possible construction of a third bridge from
Bogue Banks to the Carteret County mainland. Pine Knoll Shores does not want the
construction of a new bridge to result in an increase in traffic in the town.
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has made the following recommendations for the fiscal year
96-97 Transportation Improvement Program:
-- Turn off lanes from Highway 58 at Oakleaf Drive, Mimosa Boulevard, and Pine Knoll
Boulevard,
-- Bike paths/trails on Highway 58
-- Opposed to third bridge ending
(Salter Path Road),
in Pine Knoll Shores town limits.
The policies section of this plan addresses both the widening of N.C. 58 and the construction
of a third bridge.
5. Public Land Use
There are no major changes in public land use anticipated. The town has a modern and
functionally efficient municipal building. In 1995, the interior of the municipal building was
completely altered, in accordance with OSHA and ADA, to make more efficient use of the
available space and to better serve the residents of Pine Knoll Shores. No major acquisitions
of town property during the planning period are anticipated. The North Carolina Aquarium will
continue to be the major public facility attracting overnight and day visitors to Pine Knoll
Shores. The Aquarium has recently contracted an architect to develop construction
documents for an expansion project scheduled to take place prior to Spring, 1997. The
expansion will include new exhibits, classrooms, storage facilities, and additional parking. The
Town of Pine Knoll Shores is in full support of this expansion project. The Trinity Center, an
Episcopal Church Conference Center, will continue as a facility having regional significance.
The town is expected to continue a policy of "tightly" controlling the location and development
of shoreline access facilities.
6. Areas Likely to Experience Maior Land Use Changes
No major changes in existing land use patterns or zoning are expected. The town has
maintained an active planning program designed to control incompatible land uses and
maintain predominantly low -density residential development. It is expected that the town will
continue to closely monitor growth and implement policies designed to accomplish:
-- Maintenance of low -density residential development;
-- Protection of the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area;
-- Prohibition of commercial marinas;
-- Tight control of commercial development and expansion;
-- Prohibition of the widening of N.C. 58.
-- Opposition to construction of a third bridge between Bogue Banks and the
Carteret County mainland.
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7. Summary
Pine Knoll Shores' greatest growth issue may be the need for development of a central sewer
system. Both ground and surface water pollution may become a significant problem as
evidenced by the build up of pollution in the Pine Knoll Shores canal. As with all Bogue Banks
municipalities, plans for the development of a system must be closely coordinated with
Carteret County. Other key issues which will impact growth and development are summarized
as follows:
-- Protection of Areas of Environmental Concern and Other Fragile Areas.
-- Providing for the service demands generated by an expanding permanent and
seasonal population.
-- Ensuring adequate water and sewer utilities, including improvement of water
quality.
-- Maintaining adequate planning for storm hazard mitigation and post -disaster
recovery planning.
B. PROJECTED PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDS/AVAILABILITY
By 2005, peak seasonal population will outnumber the permanent year-round population by
almost four times. This demand for services will increase dramatically during periods of peak
day visitor traffic. Pine Knoll Shores' facilities and services must be designed to accommodate
peak seasonal and, to some extent, day visitor traffic.
While the volume of water supplied by the Carolina Water Service appeared adequate in 1995,
careful attention should be paid to planning for an adequate water supply through 2005,
including an improvement in water quality and a reduction in the water rates. By 2005, the
town's year-round population will have increased by 38% and the peak seasonal population
by 17%. The town's Fire Chief has expressed some concerns with the adequacy of the
system's water pressure. Continued growth may lessen that pressure unless adequate
elevated storage is provided.
In addition to a growth in demand, salt water intrusion into the groundwater supply may
become a problem. In eastern North Carolina, phosphate production utilizes approximately 60
million gallons of water per day. This consumption may have a negative impact on the Castle
Hayne Aquifer and contribute to salt water intrusion. The ability of the aquifer systems to
supply groundwater to accommodate the growth expected to occur within Carteret County
should be carefully monitored. A specific plan should be cooperatively prepared by the town
and Carolina Water Service to ensure the adequacy of supply, pressure, and quality of water.
Central sewer service will continue to be a need that will increase as the town's population
increases. In July, 1994, the Carteret County Interlocal Agency (CCIA) was formed to
address the need for regional sewage collection. All nine incorporated municipalities within
the county are voting members of the agency. The task assigned to this agency was that of
determining if land application methods for wastewater treatment and disposal were viable
alternatives for the municipalities in Carteret County. Funding was obtained from state,
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county, and local sources; the scope of work was defined; feasibility study bids were let; and
the firm of Camp, Dresser & McKee was chosen to perform the study. As a result of the
CCIA's efforts, major state funding was also granted for a long-term regional wastewater
study for Carteret, Craven, Onslow, and Pamlico counties which would be undertaken during
the same approximate time frame as the CCIA study.
The Interlocal Agency study has now been completed and the results and findings of the study
generally conclude that land application treatment and disposal methods alone cannot feasibly
meet the wastewater disposal needs of all of Carteret County's municipalities. Under current
state and federal guidelines, there is simply not enough suitable land area available in Carteret
County to handle the projected wastewater volume. However, the study does conclude that
land application in conjunction with existing treatment and disposal facilities could be a
feasible alternative provided state permitting allows for such a system.
At the present time, the CCIA is overseeing Phase II of the study funded in part through a
Division of Coastal Management regional planning grant. This study is intended to examine
the possibilities of increasing the permitted discharge at each of the three existing wastewater
treatment plants. In addition, this study will focus on funding scenarios for the continuation
of a county -wide sewer system. Due to complications caused by Hurricane Fran, this study
has gone over schedule and is not expected to be complete until August, 1997.
The findings of the Four County Regional Task Force Study were unveiled in August, 1996.
In this study, six separate scenarios were examined for the treatment and disposal of
wastewater for the four -county area. These scenarios are as follows:
-- Status quo. This plan calls for improving existing treatment plants and
continuing to rely on septic tanks in unincorporated areas.
-- Consolidation of existing facilities with continued surface water discharge
(streams). Similar to the first option, this also would call for the upgrade of
existing facilities to handle independent package systems.
-- Ocean outfall discharge. This plan has two alternatives, both with multiple
treatment plants. Alternative one calls for one ocean outfall (a pipe which
carries treated wastewater miles into the ocean). Under the proposal, the pipe
would be somewhere in the Swansboro area. Alternative two calls for two
points of ocean entry, one near Swansboro and one north of Cape Lookout.
-- Maximum water reuse. The key concepts under this proposal are golf course
irrigation, wetlands restoration and forest land application. Secondary reuse
potential includes agricultural irrigation, landscape irrigation, and industrial
reuse. Under this proposal, in the extreme long-term, the water may be
reclaimed for a drinking source or used for deep well injection to provide a
saltwater barrier in the aquifer.
-- Maximum use of natural systems. This proposal calls for a surface discharge
system that relies primarily on land application or constructed wetlands as
means of effluent polishing (the purifying of treated wastewater).

-- Three service areas. This calls for breaking the four -county area into three
groups: Onslow County and Carteret coastal communities, Craven County and
the remainder of Carteret County, and Pamlico County. Discharge limits of
wastewater would be restricted to current permitted flow with an emphasis on
improving water reuse. Septic tanks would continue to be used extensively in
unincorporated areas.
Each of these scenarios had an associated cost of between $700-$800 million. Since the
completion of this study, the Four County Regional Task Force has returned to its governing
body seeking permission and funds to continue their efforts. If successful, the next goal of
the task force will be to establish a Wastewater Authority.
At the time the Four County study is completed, both the Interlocal Agency and the Regional
Task Force will meet with state officials to review the findings of both studies and what
options and alternatives may be permitted for both short-term and long-term strategies for the
treatment and disposal of area wastewater.
If Pine Knoll Shores is not served by a central sewer system, a policy of low -to -moderate
density development will have to be maintained. However, it will be difficult, if not
impossible, to control the demands placed on sewage disposal facilities by day visitors. A
clear sewer policy developed in concert with policies for growth density is essential.
During the planning period, Pine Knoll Shores must continue to reduce its volume of solid
waste. Town efforts to implement an effective recycling program will continue. The town
expected to continue to contract out solid waste collection through the planning period.
An additional problem which has not been adequately defined is inadequate storm drainage.
In the 1991 citizens' attitude survey, storm drainage problems were mentioned repeatedly.
Attention was focused on the eastern section of town and the Yaupon Road/Juniper Road/Golf
Course area, in particular. While severe flooding has only occasionally occurred, there have
been recurring minor problems.
The town has undertaken numerous studies to define a solution. However, none have resulted
in an implemented course of action, and there is not a storm drainage plan. The town does
have a contract with Youngblood Construction Company to provide for emergency pumping
of stormwater from streets. The town should, as a minimum, pursue the development of a
stormwater control ordinance designed to limit stormwater runoff from future developments.
C. REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES
Over 95% of the development in Pine Knoll Shores is less than twenty years old. There is not
a need for the redevelopment of existing areas. Any demand for substantial redevelopment
will be the result of damage occurring from a major storm. Any Category 3 or greater storm
would result in substantial damage to Pine Knoll Shores. There would be a major loss of both
residential and commercial properties. Policies to govern reconstruction have been adopted
and may be found in Chapter 6 Section 3 of the Municipal Code. It is important to note that
many oceanfront structures do not conform with CAMA setback regulations. As a result, if
destroyed or damaged more than 50% of their value, these structures could not be rebuilt.
RM

There are no major or apparent infrastructure problems. The Carolina Water Service appears
to be in good repair. The Carteret -Craven Electric Membership Corporation (EMC) electrical
distribution system is also in good repair. However, the town should discuss with the EMC
any options which may be available for the placement of utilities underground following a
major natural disaster.
D. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
This plan was reviewed by the Carteret County Planning Department prior to certification by
the Coastal Resources Commission. In addition, the town participated in an intergovernmental
meeting on August 21, 1996, which was attended by representatives of Carteret County and
the municipalities within the county. The purpose of the meeting was to identify issues of
common concern. This review was provided to help ensure consistency of this plan with
Carteret County's planning efforts. Intergovernmental coordination and cooperation will
continue through the ten-year planning period. This will be essential to accomplish effective
planning for public utilities, thoroughfare projects, community facilities, housing needs, and
environmental protection. The Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners and Planning Board
will be responsible for ensuring adequate coordination with Carteret County, Bogue Banks and
mainland municipalities, and other government entities as may be required.
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SECTION III: LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
The CAMA regulations require the establishment of a specific land classification system to
support the local government's policy statements. This system should reflect developing land
use patterns within the town and provide a framework to be utilized by Pine Knoll Shores to
identify future land uses.
The 15A NCAC 7B requirements provide for the following land classifications: developed, urban
transition, limited transition, community, rural, rural with services, and conservation. In applying
these classifications, Pine Knoll Shores should carefully consider where and when various types
of development should be encouraged. Additionally, the areas of environmental concern
requiring protection should be recognized by the land classification system. Each applicable land
classification must be represented on a land classification map. (See Map 7, Pine Knoll Shores
Land Classification Map.)
The following land classifications will apply in Pine Knoll Shores' jurisdiction:
Developed areas included in the developed land classification are currently urban in
character, with no or minimal undeveloped land remaining. Municipal types of services,
with the exception of central sewer service, are in place or are expected to be provided
within the next five to ten years. Land uses include residential, commercial,
public/semi-public, and other urban land uses at the following densities which are
prescribed by 15A NCAC 76:
° 500 dwelling units per square mile, or
° three dwelling units per acre, or
° where a majority of lots are 15,000 square feet or less.
Pine Knoll Shores was well below these urban densities in 1990, having an average
town -wide residential density of approximately .97 dwelling units per acre.
Within Pine Knoll Shores, the developed classification is subdivided into the following
sub -classifications:
Developed Single -Family Residential (DSF) - These areas are utilized for low -density,
single-family residential development. Minimum allowable lot sizes are 7,500 square feet
up to 10,000 square feet per dwelling unit. Specifically, the following defines the intent
of this category:
— To encourage the construction of and the continued use of the land for
single-family dwellings;
— To restrict commercial use and prohibit industrial use of the land and to prohibit
any other use which would substantially interfere with development of dwellings
in these districts;
— To discourage any use which would generate traffic on minor streets other than
normal street traffic to serve residences on those streets;
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To discourage the continuance of existing uses that would not be permitted as
new uses under the provisions of these districts;
To discourage any use which because of its character or size would necessitate
requirements and costs for public services, such as police and fire protection,
water supply and sewerage, substantially in excess of such requirements and
costs if the district were developed solely for dwellings.
Developed Multi -Family Residential (DMF) - The principal land use in this category is for
multi -family dwelling units. This classification includes both the town's MF-1 and MF-2
zoning districts. In the MF-1 district, condominium/apartment units are allowed up to
eight units per acre, and motel units are allowed up to 22 units per acre. In the MF-2
district, up to 15 living units per acre are allowed. Specifically, the following defines the
intent of this category:
— To provide for the construction of and the continued use of the land for
multi -family dwellings;
— To restrict commercial use and prohibit industrial use of the land and to prohibit
any other use which would substantially interfere with the development of
multi -family dwellings in these districts;
— To discourage the continuance of existing uses that would not be permitted as
new uses under the provisions of this district;
Developed Commercial (DC) - In the developed commercial category, the principal uses
of land are commercial, service uses, offices, and professional service facilities.
Specifically, the following defines the intent of this category:
— To provide for the planning and construction of commercial uses, offices, service
uses, and professional service facilities to serve the needs of the town;
— To promote a unified and functional character for such an area;
— To protect the value of neighboring properties;
— To protect the natural environment as much as possible;
— To protect the public from unnecessary health and traffic hazards.
Developed Recreational (DR) - The principal use of land in this category is recreation.
This includes both public and privately owned and operated recreational facilities.
Specifically, the following defines the intent of this category:
— To encourage the development of recreation facilities throughout the community;
— To restrict those uses which would substantially interfere with the nature of these
districts.
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• Developed Institutional (DI) -The developed institutional category includes governmental
(non -recreational), administrative, community service, utility, religious activities, and
educational facilities. The classification includes both the institutional and municipal
service zoning districts. Specifically, the following defines the intent of this category:
— To provide for the location of those governmental, administrative, police, fire,
emergency medical, utility and service facilities necessary for the safe operation
of the town;
— To protect the value of neighboring properties;
— To protect the natural environment as much as possible;
— To protect the public from unnecessary health and traffic hazards;
— To provide for the location of religious and educational facilities and related
accessory uses.
• Conservation (C) - The following areas of environmental concern and "404" wetlands and
maritime forests (not areas of environmental concern) are included in the conservation
classification:
— Coastal Wetlands: This classification includes all areas of salt marsh or other
marsh subject to regular or occasional flooding by tides, including wind tides.
However, tidal flooding is understood not to include hurricane or tropical storm
tides. Development which meets the minimum use standards of 15A NCAC 7H,
Pine Knoll Shores zoning, and the policies contained in this plan shall be allowed
in areas classified as coastal wetlands.
Estuarine Shoreline: All areas lying 0-75 feet landward of the mean high water
level of estuarine waters are classified as estuarine shorelines. Because of map
size and scale, these areas cannot be accurately mapped. Precise locations must
be determined in the field. Except for maritime forest areas, signs, marinas, and
uses consistent with Pine Knoll Shores zoning, the policies contained in this plan
and the 15A NCAC 7H use standards shall be allowed in estuarine shoreline
areas. Within maritime forest areas, minimum design standards shall apply which
exceed 15A NCAC 7H. In addition, signs and dredging for marinas shall not be
permitted.*
— ORW Estuarine Shorelines: All areas lying 0-575 feet landward of the mean
high water level of estuarine waters designated as Outstanding Resource Waters
are classified as ORW estuarine shorelines. Because of map size and scale,
these areas cannot be accurately mapped. Precise locations must be determined
in the field. Uses permitted by the Roosevelt Natural Swamp Area ORW
Management Plan, 15A NCAC 7H, and the policies contained in this plan shall be
allowed.*
*NOTE: In estuarine shorelines and estuarine and public trust waters, Pine Knoll Shores will allow
reconstruction of marinas, docks, and piers to their prior size provided the external boundaries of the
marina are not affected and all other applicable policies of this plan are satisfied.

-- Estuarine and Public Trust Waters: All public trust areas and estuarine waters
are included in this classification. All waters in Pine Knoll Shores' planning
jurisdiction are classified as estuarine waters as described by 15A NCAC 7H.0206
or public trust areas as described by 15A NCAC 7H.0207. Except for marinas,
floating structures and signs, uses permitted by the policies contained in this plan
and 15A NCAC 7H shall be allowed.'`
Ocean Hazard Areas: This classification includes all ocean hazard areas. These
areas include lands along the Atlantic shoreline where, because of their special
vulnerability to erosion or other adverse effects of sand, wind and water,
uncontrolled or incompatible development could unreasonably endanger life or
property. These areas include beaches, frontal dunes, inlet lands, and other
lands with excessive erosion or flood damage potential. Development shall be
permitted which is allowed by the policies contained in this plan, the Pine Knoll
Shores' Zoning Ordinance, and 15A NCAC 71-1.0306.
Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW): This area includes all of the fresh
waters within the property boundaries of the Roosevelt Natural Area including
swamp forests, shrub swamps and ponds which were designated by the
Environmental Management Commission under authority granted by N.C.G.S.
143-214.1. In addition, the area includes all of the saline waters within the
Roosevelt Natural Area including brackish marsh and salt marsh. Allowed uses
will be those permitted by the use standards included in the Roosevelt Natural
Swamp Area ORW Management Plan, 15A NCAC 7H, the Pine Knoll Shores
zoning ordinance, and the policies contained in this plan. The policies dealing
with signs are more restrictive than the ORW Management Plan and 15A NCAC
7H.
The following provides the Management Strategy Specific to the Roosevelt Natural Area: 'The
Roosevelt Natural Area, including all fresh and saline waters within the property boundaries of
the natural area, will have only new development which complies with the low density option in
the stormwater rules as specified in 2H. 1 003(a)(2) within 575 feet of the Roosevelt Natural Area
(if the development site naturally drains to the Roosevelt Natural Area.)"
— 404 Wetlands: This classification includes areas of 404 wetlands which meet the
wetlands definition contained in Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Only uses
consistent with the policy statements section of this plan and the Pine Knoll
Shores' Zoning Ordinance will be allowed. These areas are not delineated on the
Land Classification Map. Specific locations must be determined in the field by
representatives of the Wilmington office of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers.
The town concurs with the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers' standards and does
not intend to develop more restrictive standards.
— Maritime Forests: All maritime forest areas classified as conservation are
located in the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area or on town -owned property
located on the south side of Roosevelt Boulevard. Except for the North Carolina
Aquarium, no development is allowed in the natural area. Except for a small area
located along the south side of Roosevelt Boulevard adjadent to the Roosevelt
Natural Area, there are no significant maritime forest areas located outside of the
Roosevelt Natural Heritage Area.
'NOTE: In estuarine shorelines and estuarine and public trust waters, Pine Knoll Shores will allow
reconstruction of marinas, docks, and piers to their prior size provided the external boundaries of the
marina are not affected and all other applicable policies of this plan are satisfied.

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PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
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KNOLL TOWNES __ - ,+O O �r 0 A T L A N COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
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PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
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_ NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. .
____�---- EAST END
PINE
TOWN OF
KNOLL SHORES
0 100 200 !cO E:^0 _ 0 r7,
KALE

I
SECTION IV: POLICY STATEMENTS
I
Policy statements are extremely important and have a day-to-day impact on individual citizens
within Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction. The statements will have an impact in several
areas, including:
-- CAMA minor and major permitting as required by N.C.G.S. 113A-118 prior
to undertaking any development in any area of environmental concern.
-- Establishment of local planning policy.
— Review of proposed projects requiring state or federal assistance or
approval to determine consistency with local policies.
The Coastal Resources Commission requires all governments to specify stated development
policies under each one of five broad topics. These topics include:
-- Resource Protection
Resource Production and Management
== Economic and Community Development
Continuing Public Participation
-- Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans
During 1995 and 1996, the NCAC 7B CAMA planning guidelines were revised. The revised
guidelines included new requirements for the development of policy statements. These changes
included the following policy statement additions:
-- A general vision policy statement describing the type of community
that the local government would like to become within the next ten
years.
— A basic statement as to the community attitude toward resource
protection.
— A policy addressing the protection of wetlands identified as being
of the highest functional significance on maps supplied by the
Division of Coastal Management.
— A policy addressing moorings and mooring fields.
-- A policy addressing water quality problems and management
measures designed to reduce or eliminate local sources of surface
water quality problems.
-- A statement as to the community attitude toward resource
production and management.
I IV-1

-- A statement as to the community attitude toward economic and
community development.
-- A policy addressing commitment to state and federal programs,
including housing rehabilitation, community development block
grants, housing for low and moderate income level citizens, water
and sewer installation, and rural water systems.
-- A policy addressing assistance to interstate waterways.
The policies contained in this section are based on the objectives of the citizens of Pine Knoll
Shores and satisfy the objectives of the Coastal Resources Commission. The land use planning
committee closely supervised the development of these policies.
The policies outlined in the following section will provide a guide for advising and regulating
development of available land resources in Pine Knoll Shores through 2001. Policies which were
considered, but not adopted, are provided in Appendix I.
A. VISION STATEMENT
To the fullest extent possible, Pine Knoll Shores will strive to maintain a community dedicated
to preserving its forestlands, wetlands, marine and wildlife, while at the same time offering its
citizens a quiet respectable community.
B. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS
Community Attitude Toward Resource Protection
Pine Knoll Shores is supportive of resource protection. The town will pursue policies and actions
which are protective of the town's resources. Of particular concern is the improvement of water
quality in the town's canals.
Physical Limitations
Soils
To mitigate existing septic tank problems and other restrictions on development posed by soil
limitations, Pine Knoll Shores will:
(a) Enforce all current regulations of the N.C. State Building Code and support Carteret
County Health Department in all matters relating to septic tank installation/replacement
in areas with soils restrictions.
(b) Coordinate all development activity with appropriate county and state regulatory
personnel.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores will insist that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provide stringent
regulation/enforcement of the 404 wetlands permit process in Pine Knoll Shores, and will
IV-2

pL-j
cooperate with them in the regulation/enforcement process. This will include wetlands
identified as being of the highest functional significance on maps supplied by the Division
of Coastal Management. Development must be consistent with Chapter 21, Section 7.10
c.(a) of the Town Code.
(d) Pine Knoll Shores will maintain low -density residential development (4 dwelling units/acre
or less in single-family residential areas, and 8 dwelling units or less per acre in
multi -family residential areas) in order to decrease soil contamination and groundwater
pollution from septic tanks.
(e) Support and cooperate with the efforts of Carteret County to develop a central sewer
system to serve the developed areas of the county, including the municipalities.
Flood Hazard Areas
(a)
Pine Knoll Shores will coordinate any development within the special flood hazard area
with the North Carolina Division of Coastal Management, FEMA, and the U.S. Corps of
Engineers.
�i
flood damage
■
(b)
Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its existing zoning and
prevention ordinances and follow the storm hazard mitigation plan. (See Storm Hazard
Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans).
(c)
The town will continue to support and implement the community rating system which
allows for reduced flood insurance rates.
Groundwater/Protection of Potable Water Supplies
(a)
It is the policy of Pine Knoll Shores to conserve its surficial groundwater resources by
supporting CAMA and N.C. Division of Water Quality stormwater runoff regulations, and
by coordinating local development activities involving chemical storage or underground
storage tank installation/abandonment with Carteret County Emergency Management
personnel and the Groundwater Section of the N.C. Division of Water Quality.
(b)
Pine Knoll Shores will support a regional multi jurisdictional study of the limestone aquifer
underlying Carteret County. Such a study would aid in determining the optimum locations
for wells and the long-term viability of the town's water supply. The issue of salt water
intrusion should be addressed by the study.
(c)
Pine Knoll Shores is concerned with the overall quality of the surface waters within the
White Oak River watershed. The town will support regional and multi jurisdictional efforts
to improve and protect water quality.
(d) Pine Knoll Shores will encourage and support water conservation efforts. Motels and
rental units will be encouraged to post notices encouraging water conservation by
occupants.
I IV-3

(e) Pine Knoll Shores will support planning by the Carolina Water Service and the town itself
for an adequate long- range water supply. Public and private water conservation efforts
will be encouraged.
(f) Pine Knoll Shores supports public acquisition/ownership of the water system serving the
town.
Stormwater Runoff
(a) Pine Knoll Shores recognizes the value of water quality maintenance to the protection of
fragile areas and to the provision of clean water for recreational purposes. The town will
support existing state regulations relating to stormwater runoff resulting from development
(Stormwater Disposal Policy 15 NCAC 2H.001-.1003).
(b) In Pine Knoll Shores, no storm drains or drainage ditches shall be constructed which
discharge directly into estuarine waters, public trust waters, or estuarine shorelines.
Some form of water retention area or settling basin must be provided. Discharge into
coastal wetlands is considered acceptable if associated construction and development
does not damage coastal wetland areas.
(c) To improve stormwater drainage, Pine Knoll Shores will pursue the development of a
town -wide stormwater control ordinance. Drainage from developed land areas shall have
rate of flow and volume characteristics as near to predevelopment conditions as
reasonable.
(d) Pine Knoll Shores encourages the use of monitored pilot projects using advanced
technology to treat stormwater runoff.
(e) Nutrient -sensitive corridors should be established around all our sounds, bays, and feeder
streams. Special attention should be given to reducing nutrient and sediment enriched
runoff in these areas. The town will pursue possible methods of controlling the excess
fertilization of lawns. The town will also pursue a public awareness program.
Surface Water Quality
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports regular testing of the water in the canals located within
the town. The North Carolina Marine Fisheries Division of Shellfish Sanitation has conducted
tests for fecal coliform. The town supports continuation of this testing on a regular basis. In
addition, the town supports regular testing (at least once per year) for toxic pollutant levels. The
town will seek funding sources for establishment of a testing program.
Manmade Hazards
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will coordinate the regulation of underground storage tanks with the
North Carolina Division of Water Quality. Pine Knoll Shores will support 15A NCAC 2N,
Sections .0100 -.0800 which includes the criteria and standards applicable to
underground storage tanks.
IV-4

(b) With the exception of bulk fuel storage tanks used for retail sales, and individual heating
fuel storage tanks, Pine Knoll Shores opposes the bulk storage of manmade hazardous
materials within its jurisdiction.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores is opposed to the establishment of toxic waste dump sites or
incinerators within Carteret County.
Cultural/Historical Resources
There do not appear to be any nationally significant historic or archaeological sites within Pine
Knoll Shores. However, in order to protect any discovered sites, Pine Knoll Shores will:
(a) Coordinate all housing code enforcement/redevelopment projects with the N.C. Division
of Archives and History, to ensure that any significant architectural details or buildings are
identified and preserved.
(b) Coordinate all town public works projects with the N.C. Division of Archives and History,
to ensure the identification and preservation of significant archaeological sites.
Industrial Impacts on Fragile Areas
No industrial development of any type shall be located within Pine Knoll Shores' planning
jurisdiction. This policy is supported by the town's zoning ordinance.
IMISCELLANEOUS RESOURCE PROTECTION
Package Treatment Plant Use
Pine Knoll Shores will support the construction of package treatment plants which do not
discharge waste in any areas classified as coastal wetlands or freshwater wetlands (404) and
are approved and permitted by the State Division of Water Quality and by the Carteret County
Health Department/Division of Health Services. If any package plants are approved, Pine Knoll
1 Shores supports requirement of a specific contingency plan specifying how ongoing private
operation and maintenance of the plant will be provided, and detailing provisions for assumption
of the plant into a public system should the private operation fail.
Marinas. Docks, Piers and Floating Home Development
Pine Knoll Shores will enforce the following policies to govern floating homes and marina
development. Marinas are considered to be any publicly or privately owned dock constructed
to accommodate more than ten boats, as defined by 15A NCAC 7H.208(b)(5).
(a) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of both upland and open water marinas
within its planning jurisdiction. Modifications to an existing marina (including the
development of additional boat slips) are allowed, provided the external boundaries of the
marina are not affected.
(b) The construction of all docks and piers shall minimize or eliminate adverse effects on
coastal wetlands and subaquatic vegetation.
IV-5

(c) Existing marinas, docks and piers may be reconstructed to their prior size so long as all
other applicable policies of this plan are satisfied and met when reconstruction occurs.
(d) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of dry stack storage facilities for boats
associated with or independent of marinas. This policy will be supported through the
town's zoning ordinance.
(e) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the location of floating structures and vessels for permanent
occupancy in all public trust areas and estuarine waters. The town will investigate the
development of an ordinance designed to enforce this policy.
Moorinq Fields
Pine Knoll Shores is concerned with the potential for the development of mooring fields. The
town opposes the development of mooring fields and will investigate the development of an
ordinance to regulate the establishment of mooring fields.
Development of Sound and Estuarine Islands
There are no sound or estuarine islands within Pine Knoll Shores jurisdiction. This policy does
not apply.
Ocean Hazard Areas
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will support only uses within the ocean hazard areas which are allowed
by 15A NCAC 7H and are consistent with the town's zoning and dune and vegetation
protection ordinances.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores supports beach nourishment and relocation as the preferred erosion
control measures for ocean hazard areas.
(c) The town objects to the construction of permanent shoreline stabilization structures in
ocean hazard areas and any changes in state standards which would allow such
structures.
Inlet Hazard Areas
There are no inlet hazard areas in Pine Knoll Shores.
Bulkhead Construction
Except for ocean hazard areas, Pine Knoll Shores does not oppose bulkhead construction within
its jurisdiction as long as construction fulfills the use standards set forth in 15A NCAC 7H. The
town is opposed to bulkhead construction in ocean hazard areas.
Sea Level Rise
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to receive and review reports on sea level rise and revise
as necessary all local building and land use related ordinances to establish setback
i
IV-6 I

standards, long-term land use plans, density controls, buffer vegetation protection
requirements, and building designs which will facilitate the movement of structures.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores will allow the construction of bulkheads which satisfy 15A NCAC 7H
in all non -ocean hazard areas to protect structures and property from rising sea level.
Maritime Forests
All of Pine Knoll Shores' maritime forests which are classified as conservation are located in the
Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area and the town -owned property located south of Roosevelt
Boulevard. There are no other significant areas of maritime forests located within the town.
Except for the North Carolina Aquarium, no development will be allowed.
Water Quality Management
(a) Pine Knoll Shores supports addressing the following issues in the development of the
White Oak Basinwide Management Plan:
Long-term Growth Management
Wastewater management (non -discharge, regionalization, ocean outfall).
— Urban stormwater runoff/water quality.
— Role of local land use planning.
Shellfish Water Closures
_ Increases in number of acres closed.
Examine link between growth and closures.
Opportunities for restoration and prevention.
Animal Operation Waste Management
Between 1990-1994, swine population in the White Oak Basin more than doubled.
i Nutrients/Toxic Dinoflagellate
-- Reduction in nitrogen and phosphorous levels.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores supports development and adoption of a local ordinance by Carteret
County to regulate swine production.
(c) The Pine Knoll Shores Planning Department will undertake a review of all local land use
regulation ordinances to determine if revisions should be undertaken to respond to
specific water quality management problems.
C. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES
Community Attitude Toward Resource Production
Pine Knoll Shores opposes any resource production activities that would detract from the town's
low to moderate density residential/natural environment character. The town will continue to be
primarily a residential community.
I IV-7

Recreation Resources I
(a) All lands classified as conservation and natural recreation areas are considered valuable
passive recreation areas. Except as otherwise provided for in these policy statements,
these areas shall be protected in their natural state, and development should not be
allowed.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores considers existing public and private shoreline access facilities
adequate to serve the needs of its residents and visitors.
Productive Agricultural Lands
There are no productive agricultural lands found in Pine Knoll Shores; therefore, no policy
statement is necessary.
Productive Forest Lands
There are no productive forest lands found in Pine Knoll Shores; therefore, no policy statement
is necessary.
,
Aquaculture Activities
Aquaculture is considered the cultivation of aquatic plants and animals under controlled
conditions. Pine Knoll Shores objects to any discharge of water from aquaculture activities that
will degrade in any way the receiving waters. The town objects to withdrawing water from
aquifers or surface sources if such withdrawal will endanger water quality or water supply from
the aquifers or surface sources.
Residential. Commercial, and Industrial Development Impacts on Resources
(a) Residential and commercial development which meets 15A NCAC 7H use standards,
Pine Knoll Shores zoning requirements, and the policies contained in this plan will be
allowed in estuarine shoreline, estuarine water, and public trust areas. Industrial
development will be prohibited within Pine Knoll Shores.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of any privately owned signs in the coastal
wetlands, estuarine waters, and public trust areas. Publicly owned instructional signage
will be permitted.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores will vigorously enforce Chapter 21-3.5 of the town's zoning ordinance
which establishes stringent requirements for lot clearing. These requirements address
both the construction of buildings and the clearance of vegetation. Plants of "special
concern" are designated and afforded special protection. The Planning Board will review
local ordinances to determine if amendments should be made to improve the regulation
of lot clearing and the protection of maritime forest areas.
IV-8 I

Recreation Resources
(a) All lands classified as conservation and natural recreation areas are considered valuable
passive recreation areas. Except as otherwise provided for in these policy statements,
these areas shall be protected in their natural state, and development should not be
allowed.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores supports the state's shoreline access policies as set forth in Chapter
15A, Subchapter 7M of the North Carolina Administrative Code. The town will conform to
CAMA and other state and federal environmental regulations affecting the development
of shoreline access areas. The town will prepare a shoreline access plan and seek
funding as necessary for the construction of additional shoreline access facilities.
Productive Agricultural Lands
There are no productive agricultural lands found in Pine Knoll Shores; therefore, no policy
statement is necessary.
Productive Forest Lands
There are no productive forest lands found in Pine Knoll Shores; therefore, no policy statement
is necessary.
Aouaculture Activities
Aquaculture is considered the cultivation of aquatic plants and animals under controlled
conditions. Pine Knoll Shores objects to any discharge of water from aquaculture activities that
will degrade in any way the receiving waters. The town objects to withdrawing water from aquifers
or surface sources if such withdrawal will endanger water quality or water supply from the aquifers
or surface sources.
Residential. Commercial. and Industrial Development Imoacts on Resources
(a) Residential and commercial development which meets 15A NCAC 7H use standards, Pine
Knoll Shores zoning requirements, and the policies contained in this plan will be allowed
in estuarine shoreline, estuarine water, and public trust areas. Industrial development will
be prohibited within Pine Knoll Shores.'
(b) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of any privately owned signs in the coastal
wetlands, estuarine waters, and public trust areas. Publicly owned instructional signage
will be permitted.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores will vigorously enforce Chapter 21-3.5 of the town's zoning ordinance
which establishes stringent requirements for lot clearing. These requirements address
both the construction of buildings and the clearance of vegetation. Plants of "special
concern" are designated and afforded special protection. The Planning Board will review
local ordinances to determine if amendments should be made to improve the regulation
of lot clearing and the protection of maritime forest areas.
IV-8

1 Marine Resource Areas
(a) With the exception of the construction of signs, marinas, and floating structures, Pine
Knoll Shores supports the use standards for estuarine waters and public trust areas as
specified in 15A NCAC 7H.0208.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores reserves the right to review and comment on policies and requirements
of the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries which govern commercial and
recreational fisheries and activities, including trawling and netting activities.
(c) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the designation of its beach area as a sea turtle
sanctuary by the State of North Carolina.
Peat -or Phosphate Mining
There are no peat or phosphate deposits located within Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction.
Off -Road Vehicles
Pine Knoll Shores allows permitted commercial fishing and emergency off -road vehicles in the
beach area. Other vehicles are prohibited by local ordinances.
D. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS
Community Attitude Toward Economic and Community Development
Pine Knoll Shores will support growth and development only at low to medium densities,
consistent with the town's goal of maintaining a town -wide residential single-family density ceiling
of 4 dwelling units/acre, a multi -family density of 8 dwelling units/acre, and a motel/hotel
maximum density of 22 living units per acre. The town will not permit any industrial
development.
Water Supply
Pine Knoll Shores will support preparation of a long-range study to assess the cost, quantity and
quality of the town's water supply. The town will consider acquiring the Carolina Water Service
Company system.
Sewer System
(a) Pine Knoll Shores supports the development of a sewage collection system. The town
would support treatment of waste in a centralized Bogue Banks and/or Carteret County
sewage treatment system.
(b) In the absence of a waste treatment plant and collection system, Pine Knoll Shores will
support the issuance of permits for the construction of septic tanks for residential,
commercial, and public/semi-public land uses.
1 IV-9

(c) Pine Knoll Shores encourages work toward denitrification and phosphorous reduction of
i
all discharges to our estuaries.
(d) Pine Knoll Shores encourages the use of monitored pilot projects using advanced
technology for wastewater treatment.
Solid Waste
(a) Pine Knoll Shores supports Carteret County's participation in a regional multi -county
approach to solid waste management. This includes disposal of solid waste in the Tri-
County Landfill
(b) Pine Knoll Shores will cooperate with any efforts to educate people and businesses on
waste reduction and recycling. The town vigorously supports recycling and supports
setting up practical collection methods and education efforts to achieve a high degree of
county -wide recycling.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores supports the siting of recyclable collection centers within developed
commercial and developed institutional land classifications.
Energy Facility Siting and Development
(a) There are no electric generating or other power generating plants located in or proposed
for location within Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction. The town will not support the
location of permanent energy generating facilities within its jurisdiction.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores supports Carteret County's policy of reviewing proposals for
development of non-nuclear electric generating plants within Carteret County on a
case -by -case basis, judging the need for the facility by the county against all identified
possible adverse impacts. Pine Knoll Shores objects to all nuclear power plant
construction. The town reserves the right to comment on the impacts of any energy
facility proposed for location within Carteret County.
(c) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores opposes offshore drilling for both oil and gas.
Redevelopment of Developed Areas
The only significant redevelopment issue facing Pine Knoll Shores through 2000 will be
reconstruction following a hurricane or other natural disaster. The town will allow the
reconstruction of any structures demolished by natural disaster which will comply with all
applicable local and state regulations and the policies contained in this plan. The town will not
spend any local funds in order to acquire unbuildable lots but will accept donations of such
unbuildable lots. Pine Knoll Shores will work with any owners who may have to move any
threatened structures to safer locations. The town will support reconstruction only at densities
specified by current zoning regulations.
Types and Locations of Desired Industry
Pine Knoll Shores opposes industrial development of any type. This policy is supported by the
town's zoning ordinance.
IV-10

Communitv Facilities
Pine Knoll Shores considers its existing community facilities to be adequate to serve the town's
needs during the planning period. This policy statement does not apply to water and sewer
facilities. The town will investigate the possibility of expanding the Municipal Building meeting
room.
Commitment to State and Federal Proarams
Pine Knoll Shores is receptive to state and federal programs, particularly those which provide
improvements to the town. The town will continue to support fully such programs, especially the
following: North Carolina Department of Transportation road and bridge improvement as defined
by the Transportation policies, the CAMA planning process and permitting programs, the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers regulatory and permitting efforts, dredging and channel maintenance
by the U.S..". Corps of Engineers, and federal and state projects which provide efficient and
safe boat access for commercial and sport fishing. There is no demand for housing rehabilitation
programs nor housing for low to moderate income families and individuals. However, the town
does support the construction of housing and care facilities for the elderly.
Assistance in Channel Maintenance
Pine Knoll Shores will support efforts of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and state officials to
provide proper channel maintenance. Usable spoil material for beach nourishment will be
accepted from any dredging operation for spoil taken outside of Pine Knoll Shores regardless of
the location of the service. The town will work to provide/locate spoil sites for dredge spoil taken
from within Pine Knoll Shores' jurisdiction.
Assistance in Interstate Waterways
Pine Knoll Shores considers the interstate waterway to be a valuable economic asset. The town
will provide assistance in maintaining the waterway by helping to obtain or providing dredge spoil
sites and, when possible, providing easements across town -owned property for work.
Tourism
Tourism is important to Pine Knoll Shores and will be supported by the town. Pine Knoll Shores
will implement the following policies to further the development of tourism:
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities of the North Carolina Division of
Travel and Tourism; specifically, the monitoring of tourism -related industry, and efforts to
promote tourism -related commercial activity.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities of the Carteret County Tourism
Development Bureau.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores supports the state's shoreline access policies as set forth in Chapter
15A, Subchapter 7M of the North Carolina Administrative Code. The town will conform to
CAMA and other state and federal environmental regulations affecting the development
of shoreline access areas. The town will prepare a shoreline access plan and seek
funding as necessary for the construction of additional shoreline access facilities.
Transportation
(a) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not support construction of a third bridge ending in
the Pine Knoll Shores town limits.
IV-11

Community Facilities
Pine Knoll Shores considers its existing community facilities to be adequate to serve the town's
needs during the planning period. This policy statement does not apply to water and sewer
facilities. The town will investigate the possibility of expanding the Municipal Building meeting
room.
Commitment to State and Federal Pro -rams
Pine Knoll Shores is receptive to state and federal programs, particularly those which provide
improvements to the town. The town will continue to support fully such programs, especially the
following: North Carolina Department of Transportation road and bridge improvement as defined
by the Transportation policies, the CAMA planning process and permitting programs, the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers regulatory and permitting efforts, dredging and channel maintenance
by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and federal and state projects which provide efficient and
safe boat access for commercial and sport fishing. There is no demand for housing rehabilitation
programs nor housing for low to moderate income families and individuals. However, the town
does support the construction of housing and care facilities for the elderly.
Assistance in Channel Maintenance
Pine Knoll Shores will support efforts of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and state officials to
provide proper channel maintenance. Usable spoil material for beach nourishment will be
accepted from any dredging operation for spoil taken outside of Pine Knoll Shores regardless
of the location of the service. The town will work to provide/locate spoil sites for dredge spoil
taken from within Pine Knoll Shores' jurisdiction.
Assistance in Interstate Waterways
Pine Knoll Shores considers the interstate waterway to be a valuable economic asset. The town
will provide assistance in maintaining the waterway by helping to obtain or providing dredge spoil
sites and, when possible, providing easements across town -owned property for work.
Tourism
Tourism is important to Pine Knoll Shores and will be supported by the town. Pine Knoll Shores
will implement the following policies to further the development of tourism:
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities of the North Carolina Division of
Travel and Tourism; specifically, the monitoring of tourism -related industry, and efforts
to promote tourism -related commercial activity.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities of the Carteret County Tourism
Development Bureau.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores considers existing public and private shoreline access facilities
adequate to serve the needs of its residents and visitors.
Transportation
(a) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not support construction of a third bridge ending in
the Pine Knoll Shores town limits.

(b) Pine Knoll Shores is opposed to any widening of U.S. 58 to provide four lanes. The town
prefers widening to three lanes.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores reserves the right to comment on other specific transportation
improvements.
(d) Pine Knoll Shores supports the concept of mass transportation as a demonstrated need
develops.
Development/Growth Obiectives
Through enforcement of local ordinances including zoning, subdivision and the dune and
vegetation ordinance, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores will strive to accomplish the following
growth objectives:
(a) Maintain commercial zoning in areas existing in 1992.
(b) Maintain single-family residential developments at 4 units per acre or less, multi -family
residential development at 8 dwelling units per acre or less, and motels/hotels at 22 living
units per acre or less.
(c) Prohibit marina development. r
(d) Support development of a town -wide stormwater control ordinance.
(d) Strive to protect the dunes and maritime forest areas.
(e) Ensure an adequate water supply.
(f) Support the development of a town -wide sewer collection system.
The town will review all local ordinances to ensure consistency with these policies.
Land Use Trends
The town's land use trends have been thoroughly discussed in other sections of this plan. Those
trends include:
(a) Maintaining Pine Knoll Shores' low density residential development.
(b) Increasing congestion on U.S. 58.
(c) Increasing pressure for the development of central sewer service.
(d) Increasing peak population with associated traffic congestion and demand for services
(e) Continuing stormwater/drainage problems.
(f) Increasing development threatening Areas of Environmental Concern.
(g) Continuing protection of maritime forest areas.
These land use trends should be monitored by the town and controlled through existing local,
state, and federal land use regulations including CAMA, "404" regulations, sanitary regulations,
and the town's subdivision and zoning ordinances and building inspection program.
IV-12

1 (1) Traffic congestion;
(2) Controlling increases in commercial zoning;
(3) Protecting the environment with emphasis on dunes and sound areas;
(4) Storm drainage;
(5) Provision of a central sewer system.
IE. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES
1 As required by 15A NCAC 7B, Pine Knoll Shores prepared and adopted a "Citizen Participation
Plan" (see Appendix II). The plan outlined the methodology for citizen involvement. The Board
of Commissioners appointed a Land Use Plan Advisory Committee which included the following
members: Lois Heffelfinger, Joan Lamson, Beal Marks, Al Schmidt, Charlotte Sheard, Don
Smith, and Evan Roderick. Public involvement was generated through public information
meetings and advertising in local newspapers and radio stations. Adjacent jurisdictions were
contacted and asked if they desired to be directly notified of meetings at which the land use plan
update would be discussed.
A public information meeting, advertised in the Carteret County News and Times, was conducted
by the Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners at the outset of the project on October 10,
1995, at 2:00 p.m., at the Pine Knoll Shores Municipal Building. Subsequently, meetings of the
Land Use Plan Advisory Committee, open to the public, were conducted on November 28, 1995;
February 6, 1996; February 20, 1996; April 2, 1996; April 15, 1996; and June 12, 1996, to
discuss development of the land use plan.
A public information meeting was conducted on July 11, 1996, to allow the public an opportunity
to comment on the draft plan prior to its submittal to the Division of Coastal Management. This
meeting was advertised in the Carteret County News and Times on June 30, 1996, and on local
radio stations.
The preliminary plan was submitted to the Coastal Resources Commission for comment on July
25, 1996. Following receipt of CRC comments, the plan was amended, and a formal public
hearing on the final document was conducted on June 10, 1997. The public hearing was
advertised in the Carteret County News and Times on May 7, 1997. The plan was approved by
the Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners on June 10, 1997, and submitted to the Coastal
Resources Commission for certification. The plan was certified on July 25, 1997.
Continuing Citizen input will be solicited, primarily through the Planning Board, with advertised
and adequately publicized public meetings held to discuss special land use issues and to keep
citizens informed.
I IV-13

POST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN AND POLICIES
A. INTRODUCTION I
Recognizing the potential impact that a major hurricane could have on the town, Pine Knoll
Shores adopted a series of policies designed to reduce the potential for hurricane related
damage. Those policies were established as part of the Post Disaster Recovery Plan which was
adopted in 1985, and are summarized as follows:
(a) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its subdivision and zoning ordinances which
dictate responsible land use and development standards for high hazard zones within the
town.
(b) Pine Knoll Shores will adhere to the standards set forth in CAMA and the FEMA
regulations for land use and development standards in the ocean hazard area of
environmental concern (AEC), estuarine shoreline AEC and the flood zones.
(c) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to make accessible to its citizens through public notices,
workshops, and its hurricane preparedness plans the policies and procedures associated
with mitigating the impact of hurricanes through public awareness.
(d) The town will consider the redesign and construction of storm damaged facilities, public
utilities and roadways and their replacement in terms of minimizing the likelihood of future
storm related damage.
(e) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its subdivision and zoning ordinances, the state
building code, and support the state and federal programs and regulations which are
designed to mitigate the potential deleterious effects of hurricanes and other major
storms.
While post -disaster planning is important, the town recognizes that proper preventive action is
the best way to reduce flood and storm related damage. On December 15, 1991, the town
adopted a community rating system which regulates construction standards and reduces
insurance premiums. The town has a detailed Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance which was
adopted in 1987. That ordinance has the following purposes and objectives:
Purposes
(a) Restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health, safety and property due to water
or erosion hazards, or which result in damaging increases in erosion or in flood heights
or velocities;
(b) Require that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities which serve such uses, be
protected against flood damage at the time of initial construction;
(c) Control the alteration of natural flood plains, stream channels, and natural protective I
barriers which are involved in the accommodation of flood waters;
i
IV-14

' (d) Control filling, grading, dredging, and other development which may increase erosion or
flood damage; and
(e) Prevent or regulate the construction of flood barriers which will unnaturally divert flood
waters or which may increase flood hazards to other lands.
' Objectives
I(a) To protect human life and health;
(b) To minimize expenditure of public money for costly flood control projects,
(c) To minimize the need for rescue and relief efforts associated with flooding and generally
undertaken at the expense of the general public;
(d) To minimize prolonged business interruptions;
(e) To minimize damage to public facilities and utilities such as water and gas mains,
electric, telephone and sewer lines, streets and bridges located in flood plains;
(f) To help maintain a stable tax base by providing for the sound use and development of
flood prone areas in such a manner as to minimize flood blight areas; and
(g) To ensure that potential home buyers are notified that property is in a flood area.
B. STORM MITIGATION, EVACUATION, AND POST -DISASTER RECOVERY PLANS
Like all coastal communities, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is acutely aware of the hazards
associated with coastal storms. The destructive forces of serious storms are particularly acute
for communities which are located on barrier islands. Since the incorporation of the town in
1973, there has been no major hurricane in the area comparable to the Class 5 Hazel and
Donna hurricanes which unleashed their destructive forces on the North Carolina coast in the
fifties and early sixties. Very few of the current town residents have experienced storms of this
magnitude and may be unaware of the extent of destruction associated with such storms.
This section of the land use plan has been prepared to assist the town in preparing management
policies for major storms so that they may be better prepared for the major hurricane which may
eventually occur in this area. In 1985, the town adopted a Post -Disaster Recovery and
Evacuation Plan which established the policies and procedures in an effort to reduce the risks
associated with future hurricanes. This post -disaster recovery plan is an update of the 1985
plan. These policies, in combination with the storm hazard mitigation discussion, are outlined
in the following sections.
1. Storm Hazard Mitigation
' Hurricanes bring with them forces which cause damage and potential loss of life through high
winds, flooding, wave action, and erosion. Storm hazard mitigation policies and procedures,
properly conceived and implemented, can be critical in the reduction of the dangers and potential
1 impact on the town and its citizens. Mitigation is not only important to minimizing loss of property
IIVA 5

and life, but also for avoiding potential damages in the long run which might result from improper ,
land planning and land management practices.
a. Hazard Mapping
The vulnerability of Pine Knoll Shores to the effects of high winds, flooding and storm
surge, Wave action and erosion can be summarized best by identifying the land areas within the
town which are naturally most susceptible to these forces. Two documents, the Federal
Insurance Administration's Flood Hazard Boundary Map and the Pine Knoll Shores Land Use
Plan, identify these areas which include flood hazard zones and Areas of Environmental
Concern. These potential hazard areas are delineated on the hazard map and can be more
specifically defined by reviewing the FEMA maps and the Pine Knoll Shores storm surge map
(see Maps 3 and 6). Table 25 summarizes the hazards which can be expected to be associated
with the four general zones found within the town.
Table 25:
Hurricane Forces Associated with Town Environments
High Wave
Environment Winds Flooding Action Erosion
Ocean Hazard, AEC x x x x
Estuarine Shoreline AEC x x x x
V-Zone Flood x x x x
A -Zone Flood x x
Outside Identified Hazard Areas x
The areas or environments listed above with their associated hazards will require land
use policies which control the type and distribution of land uses designed to minimize the
potential damage from future hurricanes. At this time, Pine Knoll Shores has implemented
provisions in its local zoning and subdivision ordinances, and the flood damage prevention
ordinance, which are consistent with a policy of minimizing hurricane damage by controlling land ,
use and assigning restrictive development standards to these high -risks environments.
b. Ocean Hazard AEC
The ocean hazard areas consist of ocean erodible areas, high hazard flood areas, inlet
hazard areas, and unvegetated beach areas. Ocean hazard landforms include ocean dunes,
beaches, and shorelines. Ocean dunes include both primary dunes and frontal dunes. Primary
dunes are the first mounds of sand located landward of the ocean beaches having an elevation
equal to the mean flood level (in a storm having a one percent chance of being equaled or
exceeded in any given space) for the areas plus six feet. The primary dune extends landward
to the lowest elevation in the depression behind that same mound of sand. In areas where there
is a primary dune, that dune shall be deemed to be the frontal dune. Where there is no primary
dune, the frontal dune is deemed to be the first mound of sand located landward of the ocean
beach having sufficient vegetation, height, continuity and configuration to offer protective value.
The dunes are essential to the protection of oceanfront areas. The town recognizes the inherent
danger in the oceanfront area and continues to require through its zoning ordinance a minimum ,
100 foot setback from the oceanside toe of the frontal dune or within 100 feet of the mean high
water mark of the Atlantic Ocean, whichever extends landward farther for all structures except
raised pedestrian walkways and platform overlooks.
IV-16

1 C. Estuarine Shoreline AEC
This hazard area extends only 75 feet landward of the mean high water line as defined
by the Division of Coastal Management in areas adjacent to non-ORW waters, and 575 feet
landward of the mean high water line in areas adjacent to ORW waters. However, the entire
estuarine shoreline environment is subject to an extended hazard zone depending on low-lying
topography which is subject to varying degrees of flooding and wave action. The flood prone
areas are delineated on the hazard maps. The town's zoning and subdivision ordinances and
flood damage prevention ordinance are consistent with development standards required for this
area by DCM and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and in fact require a 100 foot
single-family residence building setback from the shoreline.
d. Non -AEC Areas
All areas within the town are subject to some destructive aspect of hurricane damage
through high winds, flooding, wave action or erosion. If even a limited portion or percentage of
the town were impacted from the effects of a major hurricane, the potential for damages in
dollars can be significant. Implementation of mitigation of hurricane damage through proper land
development policies and conformance with state building codes can be expected to result in a
significant reduction in the extent and cost of loss of property and lives in the town when a major
hurricane strikes.
2. Hurricane Evacuation Planning
Pine Knoll Shores has an active Emergency Management Plan in operation, which includes
specific procedures to be followed during pre -hurricane conditions. The following section outlines
these procedures as stated in the plan.
Condition 3: Hurricane Watch
a. The conditions will be announced over radio and television channels by the
National Weather Service.
b. All individuals should prepare for evacuation.
C. Citizens should notify Town Hall of invalids or other persons requiring evacuation
assistance. These persons will be evacuated immediately to prepared shelters
by ambulance or other vehicles.
Condition 2: Hurricane Warning
a. The evacuation order will be issued over radio and television channels. Police will
cruise town streets and issue evacuation order by loud speaker. The Pine Knoll
Shores Emergency Management Organization will notify individual residences.
b. Citizens should turn off electricity for selected lines at main junction box, and
Iwater
at valve. Freezers should not be disconnected.
C. All citizens and others should prepare to evacuate.
IIVA 7

d. Persons who evacuate RVs and trailers should do so immediately. They will not
be permitted to cross the bridges when winds are high, nor will they be permitted
to re-enter Bogue Banks during the crisis.
Condition 1: Evacuation
a. Evacuation will be announced simultaneously by all Bogue Banks communities 18
to 36 hours before anticipated landfall. Evacuation up to 75 miles or more inland
is recommended.
(1) All persons located in Pine Knoll Shores will evacuate East onto Route 58,
via the Atlantic Beach high-rise bridge.
(2) Egress onto Route 58 from the North can only be made from Pine Knoll
Boulevard and Oakleaf Drive, Mimosa Boulevard, Coral Drive, and Murex Drive.
(3) Road blocks will be set up within a minimum of six (6) hours or before sunset
the day of evacuation, or sooner, if necessary.
(4) A curfew may be imposed by the Mayor/Town Board. Full cooperation is
mandatory on everyone's part. People without valid reasons to be out are subject
to being cited and escorted home.
b. Evacuation Shelters: A list of current designated evacuation shelters shall be
posted at all times in the Pine Knoll Shores Municipal Building.
3. Post -Disaster Recovery Plan
A post -disaster plan provides a program that will permit a local government to deal with the
aftermaths of a storm in an organized and efficient manner. The plan provides the mechanisms,
procedures, and policies that will enable a local community to learn from its storm experiences
and to rebuild the community in a wise and practical manner.
A post -disaster reconstruction plan encompasses three distinct reconstruction periods:
1. The emergency period is the reconstruction phase immediately after a storm. The
emphasis is on restoring public health and safety, assessing the nature and extent of
storm damage, and qualifying for and obtaining whatever federal and state assistance
might be available.
2. The restoration period covers the weeks and months following a storm disaster. The
emphasis during this period is on restoring community facilities, utilities, essential
businesses, etc., so that the community can once again function in a normal manner.
3. The replacement reconstruction period is the period during which the community is
rebuilt. The period could last from months to years depending on the nature and extent
of the damaged incurred.
IV-18

1
r�
1
It is important that local officials clearly understand the joint federal -state -local procedures for
providing assistance to rebuild after a storm so that local damage assessment and reconstruction
efforts are carried out in an efficient manner that qualifies the community for the different types
of assistance that are available. The requirements are generally delineated in the Disaster Relief
Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288) which authorizes a wide range of financial and direct assistance to
both local communities and individuals. The sequence of procedures to be followed after a
major disaster in order to qualify for assistance are as follows:
1. The initial situation report must be submitted to the Carteret County EMO within 12 hours.
2. Pine Knoll Shores damage assessment teams survey storm damage within the
community and report the extent of damage to the PKS Chief Code Enforcement Official
(CCEO) and the Town Clerk who will forward completed reports to the Carteret County
Emergency Management Coordinator within 24 hours after the disaster is declared over.
If the Building Inspector and Town Clerk are not available, the report will be compiled and
reported to the Carteret County Emergency Management Coordinator by a person
designated by the Mayor/Town Council.
3. Damage information is compiled and summarized by Carteret County and then is
reported to the N.C. Division of Emergency Management (DEM) within 48 hours.
4. DEM makes recommendations to the Governor regarding state actions.
5. The Governor may request Presidential declaration of "emergency" or "major disaster"
which would make a variety of resources available to communities and individuals.
6. Federal assistance usually ends one month after the Presidential declaration of
"emergency" or "major disaster". Federal assistance on "permanent" work ends after 18
months.
C. ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TEAM
A local damage assessment team should include individuals who are qualified to give reliable
estimates of the original value of structures, an estimated value of sustained damages, and a
description of the repairs and costs that will be needed to rebuild each structure. The total team
may consist of the following:
Town Officials
Mayor
Commissioners
Administrative
Chief Code Enforcement Official
Town Clerk/Deputy Clerk
Tax Collector
Emergency Management
Director
Deputy Directors
Area Coordinators/Alternates
Others
Motel Managers
Condo Assoc. Presidents
Developers
Citizen Volunteers
IV-19

The Deputy or Damage/Chief Code Enforcement Official should head the Damage Assessment
Team. Other members of the team may include volunteers such as building contractors and
local realtors. Town personnel and volunteers must be recruited, organized and trained prior to
a storm occurrence. There should also be back-ups or alternates to ensure the availability of
adequate resources.
The Mayor and Board of Commissioners should immediately undertake a recruitment effort to
secure the necessary volunteers and to establish a training program to familiarize the members
of the damage assessment team with required damage classification procedures and reporting
requirements. In doing so, it must be recognized that it might be very difficult to fill certain
positions, such as the building contractor position, because the services of individuals with such
skills will likely be in a great demand after a storm disaster.
D. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS
Damage assessment is defined as rapid means of determining a realistic estimate of the amount ,
of damage caused by a natural or man-made disaster. For a storm disaster, it is expressed in
terms of 1) number of structures damaged; 2) magnitude of damage by structure type; 3) ,
estimated total dollar loss; and 4) estimated total dollar loss covered by insurance.
After a major storm event, members of the Damage Assessment Team should report to the
Emergency Operations Center for a briefing prior to deployment. There are about 1,540 dwelling
units in the town. The extent of damage will depend on the magnitude of the storm and where
landfall occurs along the Atlantic coast. Because of the potentially large job at hand, the limited
personnel resources available to conduct the assessments, and the limited time within which the
initial assessment must be made, the first phase of the assessment should consist of only an
external visual survey of damaged structures. A more detailed second phase assessment can
be made after the initial damage reports are filed.
The initial damage assessment should make an estimate of the extent of damage incurred by
each structure and identify the cause (wind, flooding, wave action, combination, etc.) of the
damage to each structure.
Damaged structures should be classified in accordance with the suggested state guidelines as
follows:
1. DESTROYED - More than 80% of value to repair; unusable, uninhabitable.
2. MAJOR DAMAGE - More than 30% of value of a structure; uninhabitable.
3. MINOR DAMAGE - 30% or less of the value of a structure; uninhabitable.
4. HABITABLE - Damage amounting to 15 % or less of value of structure; usable for
intended purpose.
Note: CAMA regulations consider a structure to be destroyed if damaged more than 50% of its
value, and a CAMA permit will be required for reconstruction of such structures.
It will be necessary to thoroughly document each assessment. In many cases, mail boxes and ,
other information typically used to identify specific structures will not be found. Consequently,
the Damage Assessment Team must be provided with tax maps, other maps, and photographic
equipment in order to record and document its field observations. Enough information to
complete the Damage Assessment Worksheet must be obtained on each damaged structure.
IV-20

The second phase of the Damage Assessment Operation will be to estimate the value of the
damages sustained. This operation should be carried out in the Emergency Operations Center
under the direction and supervision of the Building Inspector. Specific administrative employees
in Town Hall should be assigned to assist in carrying out this task.
In order to estimate total damage values, it will be necessary to have the following information
available for use at the Emergency Operations Center.
1. A set of property tax maps identical to those utilized by the damage assessment
field team.
2. Copies of all town property tax records. This information should indicate the
' estimated value of all commercial and residential structures within the town.
Because time will be of the essence, it is recommended that the town immediately
commence a project listing the property values of existing structures in Carteret
County on the appropriate lots of the property tax maps that will be kept at the
Emergency Operations Center. While somewhat of a tedious job, it should be
manageable if it is initiated now and completed over a 2 to 3 month period. The
information will prove invaluable if a storm disaster does occur. This set of tax
maps should be updated annually prior to the hurricane season.
The town should update property tax information annually before the hurricane season. This
information should then be kept available in the Emergency Operations Center for estimating the
value of sustained damages covered by hazard insurance.
In order to produce the damage value information required, the following methodology is
recommended:
1. The number of businesses and residential structures that have been damaged
within the town should be summarized by damage classification category.
2. The value of each damaged structure should be obtained from the marked set of
town tax maps and multiplied by the following percentages for appropriate
damage classification category:
° Destroyed - over 80%
° Major Damage - over 30%
° Minor Damage (uninhabitable) - 30% or less
° Habitable - 15%
3. The total value of damages for the town should then be summarized and
reported, as required, to the County Emergency Operations Center.
4. The estimated value loss covered by hazard insurance should then be determined
by: 1) estimating full coverage for all damaged structures for situations where the
average value of such coverage exceeds the amount of damage to the structure;
' and 2) multiplying the number of structures where damage exceeds the average
value of insurance coverage by the average value of such coverage.
I IV-21

The Damage Assessment Plan is intended to be the mechanism for estimating overall property
damage in the event of a civil disaster. The procedure recommended above represents an
approach for making a relatively quick, realistic "order of magnitude" damage estimate after a
disaster.
E. ORGANIZATION OF RECOVERY OPERATION ,
Damage assessment operations are oriented to take place during the emergency period. After
the emergency operations to restore public health and safety and the initial damage assessments
are completed, the state guidelines suggest that a Recovery Task Force to guide restoration and
reconstruction activities be created. In Pine Knoll Shores, the Mayor and Board of
Commissioners will assume the responsibilities of such Task Force. The Mayor and Board of '
Commissioners will direct day-to-day operations. The following must be accomplished:
1. Establishing re-entry procedures.
2. Establishing an overall restoration schedule.
3. Setting restoration priorities.
4. Determining requirements for outside assistance and requesting such assistance
when beyond local capabilities.
5. Keeping the appropriate county and state officials informed using Situation and
Damage Report.
6. Keeping the public informed. 1
7. Assembling and maintaining records of actions taken and expenditures and
obligations incurred. 1
8. Proclaiming a local "state of emergency" if warranted.
9. Commencing cleanup, debris removal and utility restoration activities which would r
include coordination of restoration activities undertaken by private utility
companies.
10. Undertaking repair and restoration of essential public facilities and services in ,
accordance with priorities developed through the situation evaluations.
11. Assisting private businesses and individual property owners in obtaining
information on the various types of assistance that might be available to them
from federal and state agencies.
In Before the Storm, a sequence and schedule for undertaking local reconstruction and
restoration activities is presented. The schedule was deliberately left vague because specific
reconstruction needs will not be known until after a storm hits and the magnitude of the damage
can be assessed. The following sequence of activities and schedule is submitted as a guide
IV-22 I

which should be considered by the Mayor, Board of Commissioners, and Damage Assessment
Team,
and revised as necessary after the damage assessment activities are completed.
Activity
Time Frame
1)
Complete initial damage assessment.
Immediately after storm passes.
2)
Complete second phase damage
Completed within 24 hours after the
assessment.
storm.
3)
Prepare summary of master reconstruction
Completed one week after second
schedule.
phase damage assessment is
completed.
4)
Decision with regard to imposition of
One week after second phase
temporary development moratorium.
damage assessment is completed.
5)
Set reconstruction priorities and prepare
Completed one week after summary
master reconstruction schedule.
of reconstruction needs is
completed.
6)
Begin repairs to critical utilities and
As soon as possible after disaster.
facilities.
7)
Permitting of reconstruction activities for all
One week after second phase
structures receiving minor damages not
damage assessment is completed.
included in development moratorium areas.
8)
Permitting of reconstruction activities for all
Two weeks after second phase
structures receiving major damages not
damage assessment is completed.
included in development moratorium areas.
9)
Initiate assessment of existing mitigation
Two weeks after second phase
policies.
damage assessment is completed.
10)
Complete reevaluation of hazard areas and
The length of the period for
mitigation policies in areas subjected to
conducting reevaluations and
development moratorium.
receiving input from the state should
not exceed two months.
11)
Review mitigation policies and development
Two months after temporary
standards for areas subjected to
development moratorium is imposed.
development moratorium and lift
(Subject to change based on
development moratorium.
circumstances encountered.)
12)
Permit new development.
Upon suspension of any temporary
development moratorium.
IThe following provides 9 rovides an assignment of responsibilities:
' 1. Personal Injuries and Public Health. The Commissioner of Rescue will insure that the
Emergency Medical Service is manned and organized to coordinate effectively the
activities of supplemental ambulance squads and medical evacuation helicopters in
transporting casualties and sick persons to hospitals within or outside of Carteret County.
IV-23

2. Post -Evacuation Re-entry and Security of Public and Private Properties. The 1
Commissioner of Police will coordinate the actions of Pine Knoll Shores law enforcement
forces with citizen volunteers and with externally furnished resources to ensure crime ,
control. Unauthorized persons will be prevented from entering the town by manned
blockades of its land and water approaches.
3. Fire and Explosion Control. The Commissioner of Fire Department will coordinate the ,
activities of the local fire fighting forces with externally provided resources to insure the
control of fires and prevention of potential explosions. Hazardous conditions caused by
a hurricane or other disaster will be closely monitored and actions coordinated with
Utilities Liaison/Coordinator to be appointed by the Mayor and Board of Commissioners.
4. Federal and State Disaster Relief. The Director of Civil Preparedness, with the Chief '
Code Enforcement Official, will conduct and submit the preliminary damage assessment
report and other reports required by the Carteret County Emergency Management Office,
the North Carolina Office of Coastal Management, and the Federal Emergency
Management Agency to enable the Town of Pine Knoll Shores and its property owners
to obtain financial relief.
5. Public Utilities. The Utilities Liaison/Coordinator, appointed prior to the onset of the ,
hurricane, will establish liaison with the public utilities companies (electric, telephone, and
water) to provide two-way information between the utility companies and the Pine Knoll
Shores Emergency Operations Center to ensure the expeditious restoration of service in
accordance with mutually agreed -upon priorities.
6. Highway and Street Accessibility. The Commissioner of Streets and Public Buildings will '
conduct damage surveys of public buildings and streets, establish priorities, arrange for
contract labor, and coordinate the removal of debris and unsafe conditions from the
town's streets and highways.
7. Emergency and Transient Housing. The Director of EMO will report on the availability
of housing suitable for emergency use. The Emergency Housing Coordinator (EHC) will
establish priorities and assign quarters for Pine Knoll Shores' residents displaced by the
disaster. The Mayor and Board of Commissioners will also find temporary shelter for the '
National Guard, the Red Cross and other disaster relief services, other authorized state
and federal personnel, and authorized public information media personnel who may be
on duty in town for extended periods.
8. Reconstruction Control. The Chief Code Enforcement Officer will issue building permits
in accordance with federal, state and local governmental procedures and in accordance
with priorities established by the Board of Commissioners for the reconstruction of
municipal facilities, public housing, condominiums, commercial establishments and
residences.
9. Disaster Information Center. A Disaster Information Coordinator (DIC) will establish the
information center which will be the focal point for the gathering and dissemination of
information. All town officials will submit periodic situation and progress reports to the
center regarding developments in their areas of responsibility and they will be provided
with information from others as it affects their operations. The Mayor and Board of
IV-24 I

Commissioners will establish policies for the release of information to the residents of the
town and to the public information media.
10. Communications. This annex will be prepared when more information is available
concerning communications personnel and equipment that may be provided by the Civil
Air Patrol and nearby military establishments. It is anticipated that a within -town citizens
band network connecting the highway check points, waterfront observation points, and
the police may be organized using portable, battery -operated walkie talkies.
11. Volunteer Manning Requirements. The EMO will organize the assignment of volunteers
to perform the tasks identified in this plan.
' 12. Volunteer Civic Duty. Upon re-entry to Pine Knoll Shores, all citizens are urged to go to
the Town Hall to report on the safety of their family and to volunteer to help the town
recover from the disaster. There will be a need for more than 100 volunteers with all
types of skills from clerical to labor. The safety report is needed for reply to queries from
relatives and others outside the area. The volunteers who will be enlisted before an
emergency will go to their pre -assigned stations.
F. RECOMMENDED RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES
All the following policies have been designed to be 1) considered and adopted by the Mayor and
Commissioners of Pine Knoll Shores prior to a storm, and 2) implemented, as appropriate, after
a storm occurs:
1. Bridge Re-entry Permits (Available at Town Hall)
a. Re-entry permits will be required to pass through roadblocks at either bridge to
Bogue Banks. These permits must be applied for at the Town Hall prior to
evacuation. Town officials, police, fire, emergency medical, and emergency
management organization personnel will be issued special permits for early
re-entry to inspect the town for safe public re-entry. Pine Knoll Shores residents
' and others who are authorized to return after the island has officially been
declared safe for re-entry may apply for permits at Town Hall. Others must
remain on the mainland until conditions are stabilized and normal traffic can be
resumed. Pine Knoll Shores permits are on blue cards (each town has a different
color). They are numbered serially and dated for control. During re-entry, permits
are to be placed on the dash in full view at all times. At check points on N.C. 58
at each end of Pine Knoll Shores, the permit will be marked to restrict persons to
the areas they are authorized to enter. The Pine Knoll Shores police will check
cards to intercept intruders.
�1
b. Pine Knoll Shores residents will be issued re-entry permits on the basis of one per
family. Two permits may be issued in exceptional cases. Applicants must show
proof of residency. These permits must be validated at the town hall each year.
No validation will be done or passes issued after condition one (evacuation) has
been declared. Prior to the evacuation, arrangement for special passes for
business people to pass through Pine Knoll Shores once condition one
IV-25

2
(evacuation) has been declared shall be obtained through the Pine Knoll Shores ,
Police Department.
C. Short-term renters (vacationers) will not be issued permits. Personal property tax
records will be checked for proof of residency upon application.
d. Re-entry permits will only be issued upon personal application at Town Hall during ,
normal duty hours.
e. Non-resident owners of improved properties (not vacant lots) may be issued
permits on the basis of one per owner. They may apply in writing showing the
address of the property for a tax record check, and must enclose a self-addressed
envelope, 6" x 9" or larger, bearing sufficient postage, or they may apply at the ,
Town Hall in person.
f. Owners and managers of motels and other businesses may apply for re-entry
permits for themselves and employees who are required before normal traffic is
resumed. The manager, or his representative, must submit a written application
listing the number of re-entry permits required and the position of each person
who will receive one. These permits must be retained under the control of the
manager for issue before the storm strikes.
Permitting ,
a. Building permits to restore structures located outside of designated AEC areas
that were previously built in conformance with local codes, standards, and the
provisions of the North Carolina Building Code shall be issued automatically.
b. All structures suffering major damages as defined in the Town's Damage
Assessment Plan shall be repaired or rebuilt to conform with the provisions of the
CAMA regulations (including setbacks), North Carolina Building Code, the Pine
Knoll Shores Zoning Ordinance, and the Pine Knoll Shores Floodplain
Management Regulations.
C. All conforming structures suffering minor damage as defined in the Pine Knoll '
Shores Damage Assessment Plan shall be permitted to be rebuilt to their original
state before the storm condition.
d. For all structures in designated AECs, a determination shall be made for each
AEC as to whether the provisions of the CAMA regulations (including setbacks),
N. C. Building Code, the state regulations for Areas of Environmental Concern, '
the Pine Knoll Shores Floodplain Management Regulations appeared adequate
in minimizing storm damages. For areas where the construction and use
requirements appear adequate, permits shall be issued in accordance with
permitting policies a, b and c. For AECs where the construction and use
requirements do not appear to have been adequate in mitigating damages, a
Temporary Development Moratorium for all structures located within that specific ,
AEC shall be imposed.
IV-26 I

II
e. Permits shall not be issued in areas subject to a temporary development
moratorium until such a moratorium is lifted by the Pine Knoll Shores Board of
' Commissioners.
3. Utility and Facility Reconstruction
a. The town will encourage the Carolina Water Service to repair all damaged water
systems components so as to be elevated above the 100-year floodplain or shall
be floodproofed, with the methods employed and the construction being certified
by a registered professional engineer.
b. Overhead power lines and utility poles along Highway 58 present the greatest
obstacle to the safe evacuation of residents in the event of a major storm disaster.
Relocating these lines underground or moving them away from rights -of -way
would be very costly at this time. However, if major damage occurs as a result
of a storm, the cost effectiveness would improve and public safety considerations
might override economic considerations. Pine Knoll Shores encourages the
relocation of overhead power lines underground or away from evacuation routes
if substantial damage to the existing system is sustained during a major storm.
C. The potable water supply will be turned off in the event of evacuation.
1 4. Temporary Development Moratorium
' Under certain circumstances, interim development moratoriums can be used in order to give a
local government time to assess damages, to make sound decisions and to learn from its storm
experiences. Such a moratorium must be temporary and it must be reasonably related to the
public health, safety and welfare.
Pine Knoll Shores will suffer heavy and serious damages should a major storm make its landfall
in its vicinity. Consequently, the town should be prepared to issue temporary development
moratoriums as appropriate.
1 It is not possible to determine prior to a storm whether a temporary development moratorium will
be needed. Such a measure should only be used if damage in a particular area is very serious
and if redevelopment of the area in the same manner as previously existed would submit the
residents of the area to similar public health and safety problems. In Pine Knoll Shores, such
a situation is most likely to occur in one or more of the AECs.
The Pine Knoll Shores policy regarding the proclamation of temporary development moratoriums
shall be:
a. To determine for each AEC whether the provisions of N. C. Building Code, the
state guidelines for AECs, and the Pine Knoll Shores Flood Damage Prevention
Ordinance appeared adequate in minimizing storm damages. For AECs where
the construction and use requirements do not appear adequate, a temporary
' development moratorium for all structures located within that specific AEC shall
be imposed.
IV-27

L
b. After imposing a temporary development moratorium for an AEC, the Town of '
Pine Knoll Shores shall request that the Coastal Resources Commission conduct
a special analysis for the town and all other similar communities in order to '
determine how local regulations for those hazard areas, which are based on state
and/or federal guidelines or requirements, should be improved or modified. A
response from the state within a reasonable time period as determined through ,
negotiations should be requested.
C. The temporary building moratorium in all AECs shall be lifted after local
ordinances and regulations have been revised based on state recommendations
or decisions of the Mayor and Board of Commissioners. Reconstruction shall be
permitted in accordance with existing regulations and requirements.
LI
IV-28 I

LJI'
PI
SECTION V: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATIONS
As required by the 15A NCAC 713 planning guidelines, the Pine Knoll Shores land use plan must
describe the linkage between the policies section and the Pine Knoll Shores land classification
map. The land uses which are appropriate in each land classification must be defined. The Pine
Knoll Shores zoning map is consistent with the land classification map, Map 6, and the policies
contained in this plan.
The Pine Knoll Shores land classification system divides all land into either developed or
conservation areas. Each major category is further subdivided as follows: (1) Developed --
Developed Single -Family Residential, Developed Multi -Family Residential, Developed Recreation,
Developed Commercial, Developed Institutional; and (2) Conservation -- Coastal Wetlands,
Estuarine Shoreline, Estuarine and Public Trust Waters, Ocean Hazard Areas, 404 Wetlands,
and Maritime Forests.
IThe following provides a summary of uses allowed in each of the developed categories.
I
fJ
fJ
Table of Permitted Uses
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Permitted Use
DSF
DR
DMF
DC
DI
ABC Store
P
Admin. Prop. Mgt. Sales, Maint. Offices,
PKS Property
P
P
P
P
Apartment Houses
P
Banks
P
Barber, Beauty Shops
P
Beach Walkway, Platform
P
P
P
P
Boat Ramp, Mooring
P
P
P
Bulkhead; see Waterways Ord.
Business - General
P
Business - Retail
P
P
Camps, nonprofit
P
Churches
P
P
Cleaners
P
Club Houses
P
P
P
Condominiums
P
Coop. Apartments
P
Country Club
P
Docks
P
P
P
P
Dormitory
P
Educational Facilities
P
P
P
V-1

Table of Permitted Uses (Continued)
Permitted Use
DSF
DR
DMF
DC
DI
Fences
P
P
P
P
P
Financial Institutions
P
Game Facilities
P
P
Garage/Carport, Attched
P
P
P
Gasoline Station
P
Golf Course
P
Home Occupations
P
Hospitals
P
Hotels
P
Library
P
Motels
P
Natural Area
P
Office, Professional Serv.
P
Parks
P
Postal Facility
P
Restaurants, Table Serv. Only
P
P
P
Seminars, Mtgs., Ed. Mtgs.
P
P
P
Sheds/Equipment Storage
P
P
P
Shops, Shores - Drinks, Sundries for
Residents/ Guests
P
P
P
Signs, see Sign Ordinance
Single -Family Residence
P
P
P
Storage, Warehousing, Maint. Fac.
P
P
Swimming Pools
P
P
P
P
Tennis Courts
P
P
P
Town Admin., Fire, Rescue, Police
P
utility
P
Wildlife Rehab
P
DSF - Developed Single -Family Residential: Includes zoning districts R , R2, R and R.
DR - Developed Recreation: Includes zoning districts RE , RE2, and RE
DMF - Developed Multi -Family Residential: Includes zoning districts MF and MF2.
DC - Developed Commercial: Includes zoning districts OP and C.
DI - Developed Institutional: Includes zoning districts MS and IN.
P = Permitted Use
V-2 I

' These definitions are intended to be consistent with the current Pine Knoll Shores zoning
ordinance. IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT AT ALL TIMES THE PINE KNOLL SHORES ZONING
ORDINANCE SHOULD BE REVIEWED TO DEFINE ALLOWABLE USES. In addition, the zoning
ordinance requirements overlap with Areas of Environmental Concern. For example, estuarine
shoreline areas may be located within areas zoned for single-family residential development.
' In such cases, the more restrictive requirements of the 15A NCAC 7H use standards, the policies
contained in this plan, and the Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance shall apply.
The Developed and Conservation categories are further defined as follows:
Developed Categories
' Development will continue through the planning period (1991-2000) with "build -out" occurring
beyond the planning period in the 2000 to 2010 time frame. The entire town will require full
urban services to accommodate the following land uses: single and multi -family residential,
commercial, parks and open space, transportation, and community facilities. Industrial
development will not be permitted in Pine Knoll Shores. Urban services will include police
protection, fire protection, medical care, emergency medical services, water service,
transportation, and appropriate administrative support.
The developed category policies set the following growth management objectives:
— Maintain predominantly low -density, single-family residential development at 4
dwelling units per acre or less.
' — Maintain multi -family residential development at an average of 8 dwelling units per
acre or less.
' — Maintain motel/hotel development at a maximum density of 22 living units per
acre.
— Limit growth/expansion of commercial areas.
— Improve control of stormwater runoff.
' -- Protect developed recreational categories.
P 9
' — Prohibit the development of land uses which conflict with single-family residential
development.
Conservation Categories
' The conservation class is designed to provide for the effective long-term management of
significant or irreplaceable areas which include Areas of Environmental Concern. These
conservation areas are described in the Fragile Areas section on page 1-48, and specifically
defined as land classification in Section IV. Development in all conservation areas will satisfy
the more restrictive requirements of the policies contained in this plan, the 15A NCAC 7H use
standards, or the Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance. The conservation class policies and
V-3

standards included in this plan are more restrictive than the 15A NCAC 7H use standards in the
following areas:
— Prohibition of marinas.
— Prohibition of privately owned and constructed signage.
— Prohibition of floating structures.
— Prohibition of dry stack storage facilities.
— Prohibition of development in the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area maritime
forest.
— Prohibition of storm drains or drainage ditches which discharge directly into
estuarine waters, public trust waters, or estuarine shorelines.
In addition, the package treatment plant use policy which is included on page IV-5 is more
restrictive than the federal requirements for development in freshwater wetlands, but not more
restrictive than 15A NCAC 7H.
V-4

APPENDIX I
TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES LAND USE PLAN
POLICIES CONSIDERED BUT NOT ADOPTED
' B. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS
' Stormwater Runoff
-- Protecting riparian buffer areas — _Pine Knoll Shores wishes to maintain a 75 foot wide
vegetated buffer along all ORW, HQW, SA, and SB waters. This policy applies to all
development in estuarine shoreline areas of environmental concern (AECs) that require
a CAMA permit. Only water -dependent development (docks, marinas, etc.) shall be
permitted within a riparian buffer, and then only if there is no alternative location for the
proposed development outside the buffer and if the impacts to the buffer have been
minimized. Lots already platted at the time this policy takes effect, that would be made
unbuildable by this policy, can be developed for nonwater-dependent uses provided that
the effect of the development on the buffer zone is minimized as much as possible.
In Pine Knoll Shores, any development requiring a CAMA permit will be considered 'low
I
density development" only if it has 15% or less built -upon area. "Stormwater controls"
are required for any development with built -upon area of greater than 15%.
-- Pine Knoll Shores opposes the present exemption for logging, agriculture, and mining
from the 1973 Sedimentation Pollution Control Act. Since these are the biggest
contributors to land -disturbing activities, they should be required to file a plan, have it
' reviewed, and be inspected for compliance just as any other construction is.
' C. MISCELLANEOUS RESOURCE PROTECTION
Mooring Fields
' -- Pine Knoll Shores does not object to the establishment of mooring fields within its
planning jurisdiction.
E. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS
Sewer System
— All centralized wastewater treatment plans shall include the following:
1. Plans for increased sewage treatment (including central systems, package
treatment plants, and septic systems), based upon projected population growth,
must recognize the secondary pollution arising from growth induced by increased
treatment capacity and must assure that the assimilative capacity of coastal lands,
wetlands, and waters to absorb point and nonpoint source pollution is not
' exceeded.

2. Estimates of the cost of reducing wastewater volume and pollutant concentration
'
through water conservation and pollution prevention planning must be made and
compared to the costs of collecting and treating additional wastewater.
'
3. Reuse of treated water must be considered as a first alternative. Plans for land
application of treated wastewater should ensure that the application lands are not
ditched and do not drain to waters classified for shellfish harvesting.
'
4. Nondischarge treatment technologies, such as connection to existing treatment
facilities, land application, or subsurface systems, must be considered as the first
,
alternative.
5. Incorporation of small communities with failing septic systems and malfunctioning
small on -site facilities (package plants) into centralized wastewater systems must
be a priority.
6. Public funds for treatment facilities should be targeted to low income communities
with failing wastewater systems that are causing water quality impairment.
7. Long-term maintenance plans, including monitoring of on -site wastewater
treatment facilities, must be provided.
— Pine Knoll Shores will identify and obtain federal and state grants to implement a
program of identifying, mitigating, and upgrading all failing or failed septic systems in the
town.
Energy Facility Siting and Development
-- In the event that offshore oil or gas is discovered, Pine Knoll Shores will not oppose
drilling operations and onshore support facilities in Carteret County for which an
Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared with a finding of no significant
impact on the environment. Pine Knoll Shores supports and requests full disclosure of
development plans, with mitigative measures that will be undertaken to prevent adverse
impacts on the environment, the infrastructure, and the social systems of Carteret
County. Pine Knoll Shores also requests full disclosure of any adopted plans. Offshore
drilling and the development of onshore support facilities in Carteret County may have
severe costs for the town and county as well as advantages. The costs must be bome
by the company(ies) with profit(s) from offshore drilling and onshore support facilities.
Transportation
— The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not support construction of a third bridge.
-- Additional needed transportation improvements include the following:
1. Pedestrian stop light on Highway 58 at Mimosa Boulevard.
2. Cut back, clean out of vegetation in swales along Highway 58.
3. Bike paths/trails on Highway 58 (Salter Path Road).

F
I
I
APPENDIX II
TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PLAN
PREPARATION OF LAND USE PLAN
FISCAL YEAR 1995-96
The Pine Knoll Shores has received a FY95-96 Coastal Area Management Act grant for the
update of its existing Land Use Plan. This update will be coordinated with the update of the
Carteret County Land Use Plan, which is being updated simultaneously. Adequate citizen
participation in the development of the Plan is essential to the preparation of a document
responsive to the needs of the citizens of Pine Knoll Shores. To ensure such input, the following
citizen participation program will be utilized by the town.
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Update Committee will be responsible for supervision
of the project. The committee will report to and coordinate plan development with the Pine Knoll
Shores Planning Board and the Board of Commissioners. Following is a list of the committee
members:
Lois Heffelfinger
Joan Lamson
Beal Marks
Al Schmidt
Charlotte Sheard
Don Smith
Evan Roderick
The committee will work with the town's planning consultant to ensure that the final product will
survey existing land use, identify policies, recommend strategies/actions, and identify Areas of
Environmental Concern. Emphasis will be placed on policies to protect trees and maritime forest
areas; and assessing water and sewer needs, the adequacy of dune protection, and the demand
' for services generated by seasonal population. A completely new land classification map will be
provided. Specifically, the planning consultant and the Land Use Update Committee will be
responsible for ensuring accomplishment of the following:
I
— Establishment of policies to deal with existing and anticipated land use issues.
— Preparation of a land classification map.
— Preparation of hurricane mitigation and post -disaster recovery plans and policies.
— Assessment of opportunities for participation in state and federal programs.
— An updated Land Use Plan based on an effective citizen participation process.
The following schedule will be utilized:
October, 1995 — complete identification of existing land use problems, develop
socioeconomic base data, and review community facilities needs.
2. October, 1995 — Conduct initial meeting with the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Board of
Commissioners, and have the Citizen Participation Plan adopted.

7
LJ
3. October, 1995 — The Board of Commissioners will conduct a public information meeting.
The meeting will be advertised in a local newspaper. The town will specifically discuss
the policy statements contained in the 1992 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan.
The significance of the policy statements to the CAMA land use planning process shall
be described. The process by which the Town of Pine Knoll Shores will solicit the views
of a wide cross-section of citizens in the development of the updated policy statements
will be explained.
4. October, 1995 - May, 1996 — Continue preparation of a draft Land Use Plan and conduct
meetings with the Pine Knoll Shores Planning Board.
5. June, 1996 -- Present complete draft sections of the plan and preliminary policy
statements to the Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners.
6. July, 1996 — Review draft Land Use Plan with Board of Commissioners, conduct a public
information meeting for review of the proposed plan, and submit draft of completed Land
Use Plan to the Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources staff for
review and comment.
7. Following receipt of Coastal Resources Commission comments (estimate October or
November, 1996) — Present proposed Land Use Plan to Board of Commissioners for
adoption, and conduct a formal public hearing.
All meetings of the Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan Update Committee at which the update of
the Land Use Plan will be discussed will be advertised in a local newspaper. All meetings will
be open to the public. The town will encourage and consider all economic, social, ethnic, and
cultural viewpoints. No major non-English speaking groups are known to exist in Pine Knoll
Shores.
11/28/95
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