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HomeMy WebLinkAboutFY96 Land Use Plan-1997.1 P� d TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES NORTH CAROLINA FY96 LAND USE PLAN 1 TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES NORTH CAROLINA FY96 LAND USE PLAN 1 1 I 1 1 Il TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES, NORTH CAROLINA FY96 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE TABLE OF CONTENTS P. acre SECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS A. ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE .......................... 1-1 B. POPULATION AND HOUSING .................................... 1-4 1. Population............................................1-4 a. Permanent Population Growth, 1970-1994 ................ 1-4 b. Composition and Age 1-6 2. Town of Pine Knoll Shores Seasonal Population .................. 1-7 a. Introduction and Methodology ......................... 1-7 b. Seasonal Population 1-8 3. Day Visitor Usage of Pine Knoll Shores ........................ 1-8 4. Housing Characteristics • 1-9 5. Summary .:::::::::::: : : ::::: : :::::::::::::: 1-11 C. ECONOMY.................................................I-12 D. EXISTING LAND USE 1. Introduction ••.••••.•.•.•,• ...........................I-16 1-16 2. Urban and Developed Land ................................ 1-17 a. Residential I-17 b. Commercial ...................................... 1-20 C. Open Space and Recreation .......................... 1-21 d. Institutional • . • ... • • • ............................. e. Municipal I-21 1-22 f. Utilities ......................................... 1-22 g. Forestland....................................... 1-22 h. Transportation .................................... 1-23 3. Summary ....... .................................. ...I-23 4. 5. Development Potential ................................... Existing Ordinances and Land Use Controls .................... 1-24 1-25 6. Effectiveness of the 1992 Land Use Plan and Policies ............. 1-31 E. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: PUBLIC FACILITIES .................. 1. Water Supply........... 2. Sewage Disposal ....................................... I-32 I-32 1-33 3. Drainage ...... ................. ......................1-33 4. Solid Waste Disposal I-34 5. 6. Schools :::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::::: Transportation ......................................... 1-35 1-37 7. Police 8. Fire ................................................1-38 I-38 9. Emergency Services ..................................... 1-38 10. Recreation...........................................I-38 11. Electrical Distribution 1-38 12. Cable Television ....................................... 1-39 13. Administration ......................................... 1-39 1 Page F. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY .................. 1-39 1. Topography/Geology.................................... 1-39 2. Flood Hazard Areas ..................................... 1-41 3. Soils ............ .............................. .... ..I-46 4. Basinwide Water Quality Management ........................ 1-46 5. Manmade Hazards/Restrictions ............................. 1-51 6. Fragile Areas .......................................... 1-51 a. Coastal Wetlands ................................. 1-51 b. Estuarine Waters .................................. 1-51 C. Estuarine Shorelines ................................ 1-54 d. Public Trust Areas ................................. 1-54 e. Ocean Hazard Areas ............................... 1-54 f. Outstanding Resource Waters ......................... 1-55 g. 404 Wetlands .................................... 1-55 h. Maritime Forests .................................. 1-56 i. Slopes in Excess of 12% ............................ 1-56 j. Excessive Erosion Areas ............................. 1-58 k. Historic and Archaeological Sites ...................... 1-58 I. Closed Shellfishing Areas ............................ 1-58 M. Other Fragile Areas ................................ 1-58 7. Areas of Resource Potential ............................... 1-59 a. Public Parks ..................................... 1-59 b. Marine Resources ................................. 1-60 C. Agricultural and Forestlands .......................... 1-60 SECTION II: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS A. PROJECTED DEMAND FOR DEVELOPMENT ......................... II-1 1. Demographic Trends .................................... II-1 2. Commercial and Industrial Land Use ......................... II-3 3. Housing Trends ........................................ II-4 4. Transportation ......................................... II-4 5. Public Land Use ........................................ II-5 6. Areas Likely to Experience Major Land Use Changes .............. II-5 7. Summary ............................................ II-6 B. PROJECTED PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDS/AVAILABILITY ................ II-6 C. REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES ..................................... II-8 D. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ......... 11-9 SECTION III: LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM ........................... III-1 SECTION IV: POLICY STATEMENTS A. VISION STATEMENT.........................................IV-2 B. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS ..................... IV-2 C. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES ............... IV-7 D. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS ..... IV-9 E. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES .................... IV-13 2 Page POST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN AND POLICIES A. INTRODUCTION...........................................IV-14 B. STORM MITIGATION, EVACUATION, AND POST -DISASTER RECOVERY PLANS IV-15 1. Storm Hazard Mitigation ................................. IV-15 a. Hazard Mapping ................................. b. Ocean Hazard AEC ............................... IV-16 IV-16 C. Estuarine Shoreline AEC ............................ IV-17 d. Non -AEC Areas .................................. 2. Hurricane Evacuation Planning ............................ IV-17 IV-17 3. Post -Disaster Recovery Plan ........................... IV-18 C. ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TEAM ............ IV-19 D. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS .......... IV-20 E. ORGANIZATION OF RECOVERY OPERATION ....................... IV-22 F. RECOMMENDED RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES ..................... IV-25 1. Bridge Re-entry Permits ................................. IV-25 2. Permitting IV-26 3. Utility and Facility Reconstruction .......................... IV-27 4. Temporary Development Moratorium ........................ IV-27 SECTION V: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATIONS ........ V-1 TABLES PageTable 1 Town of Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County, NC Summary of Year -Round Population Growth by Township and Municipality, 1970-1994 ............................ 1-5 Table 2 Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1980-1990 Population Characteristics by Age Groups ................ Table 3 Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County, 1980-1990 1-6 Percentage Change in Population by Sex ................. 1-6 Table 4 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Seasonal, Permanent, and Total Peak Population, 1995 1-8 Table 5 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Building Permits and Construction Costs, 1985-1995 ........ 1-9 Table 6 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Housing Summary Tenure and Vacancy, 1980 and 1990 ................... 1-10 Table 7 Town of Pine Knoll Shores 1990 Housing Conditions 1-10 Table 8 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Labor Force Status - 1990 ....... Table 9 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Mean Household Income, 1989 1-12 1-12 Table 10 Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1990 Employed Persons 16 Years and Older by Industry .......... 1-13 3 TABLES (continued) Pa4e Table 11 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Employment by Class of Worker, 1990 1-13 Table 12 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Poverty Status, 1990 ........... 1-14 Table 13 Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Fiscal Years 1990 - 1995 General Governmental Revenues and Expenditures by Function 1-15 Table 14 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use by Acreage by General Zoning Category, 1995 ..... 1-17 Table 15 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Residential Acreage by Zoning, 1995 1-17 Table 16 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Private Package Treatment and Disposal Systems Regulated by the Carteret County Health Department, 1990 ............. 1-33 Table 17 Enrollment in Carteret County Schools, 1989-1995 ......... 1-36 Table 18 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Soil Susceptibility to Flooding ..... 1-45 Table 19 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Soil Associations - Degree and Kind of Limitation for State Use 1-46 Table 20 Carteret County Watershed Report Base and Demographic Information ..................... 1-50 Table 21 Carteret County Watershed Report Open Water Use Classes ............................ 1-50 Table 22 Maritime Forest Area - Definition, Function, and Management .. 1-57 Table 23 Town of Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County, NC Summary of Year -Round Population Growth by Township and Municipality, 1990-2005 ............................ II-2 Table 24 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Total Peak Population ........... II-3 Table 25 Hurricane Forces Associated With Town Environments ....... IV-16 MAPS Map 1 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Existing Land Use ............... 1-18/19 Map 2 Carteret County Water Resources ....................... 1-40 Map 3 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Flood Hazard Areas ............. 1-42/43 Map 4 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Storm Surge Inundation Areas ...... 1-44 Map 5 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Soil Associations ............... 1-47/48 Map 6 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Areas of Environmental Concern .... 1-52/53 Map 7 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Classification Map .......... III-5/6 APPENDICES Appendix I Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan Policies Considered But Not Adopted Appendix II Town of Pine Knoll Shores Citizen Participation Plan 4 SECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS A. ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE This 1995 Land Use Plan Update for the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is prepared in accordance with requirements of the North Carolina Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA). Specifically, this document complies with Subchapter 7B, "Land Use Planning Guidelines," of the North Carolina Administrative Code, as amended, September 28, 1995. The 7B guidelines define the following intent of land use plans: "Local governments, through the land use planning process, address issues and adopt policies that guide the development of their community. Many decisions affecting development are made by other levels of government, and local policies must take account of and coincide with established state and federal policies. Most decisions, however, are primarily of local concern. By carefully and explicitly addressing these issues, other levels of government will follow local policies that deal with these issues. State and federal agencies will use the local land use plans and policies in making project consistency, funding, and permit decisions. Policies which consider the type of development to be encouraged, the density and patterns of development, and the methods of providing beach access are examples of these local policy decisions. The land use plan shall contain the following basic elements: 1) a summary of data collection and analysis; 2) an existing land use map; 3) a policy discussion; 4) a land classification map." In addition to these basic elements, the 7B guidelines require that the following issues be addressed in the plan: 1) Resource Protection 2) Resource Production and Management 3) Economic and Community Development 4) Continuing Public Participation 5) Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery and Evacuation Plans This land use plan provides a guide for development of the Town of Pine Knoll Shores by addressing issues and adopting policies that are relevant to the town. Specifically, this land use plan provides the following: 1) an analysis of existing conditions, including a land use map; 2) a projected land development analysis; 3) a summary of public interests and participation; 4) a land classification system; 5) a detailed section on policy statements; 1-1 6) an analysis of the carrying capacity of public facilities with a demand/supply analysis, including sewage disposal plans; 7) a summary of 404 wetland areas and issues; 8) an analysis of maritime forest issues; 9) an explanation of the relationship of the policies to the land classification; 10) a discussion of traffic congestion problems on N.C. 58; and 1 1) a discussion of shoreline erosion problems. It should be noted that the policy section of the plan is the most important part of the document. State and federal agencies will use the local land use policies in making project consistency, funding, and permit decisions. The 1993 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan included policy statements which addressed the five policy areas. Those policies supported, or in some cases exceeded, the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards. The following identifies by policy area those policies which exceeded the 15A NCAC 7H use standards: Resource Protection Policy Statements Industrial Impacts on Fragile Areas: No industrial development of any type shall be located within Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction. This policy is supported by the town's zoning ordinance. Miscellaneous Resource Protection Marinas, Docks, Piers, and Floating Home Development: (a) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of both upland and open water marinas within its planning jurisdiction. Modifications to an existing marina (including the development of additional boat slips) are allowed, provided the external boundaries of the marina are not affected. (d) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of dry stack storage facilities for boats associated with or independent of marinas. This policy will be supported through the town's zoning ordinance. (e) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the location of floating structures and vessels for permanent occupancy in all public trust areas and estuarine waters. The town will develop and adopt an ordinance designed to enforce this policy. Ocean Hazard Areas: (a) Pine Knoll Shores will support only uses within the ocean hazard areas which are allowed by 15A NCAC 7H and are consistent with the town's zoning and dune and vegetation protection ordinances. Maritime Forests: All of the Pine Knoll Shores' maritime forests which are classified as conservation are located in the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area and the town -owned property located south of Roosevelt Drive. Except for the North Carolina Aquarium, no development will be allowed. (Note: There are some maritime forest areas within Pine Knoll Shores which are not classified conservation, and to which this policy does not apply.) 1-2 t Resource Production and Management Policies Residential Commercial, and Industrial Development Impacts on Resources: (a) Residential and commercial development which meets 15A NCAC 7H use standards, Pine Knoll Shores zoning requirements, and the policies contained in this plan will be allowed in estuarine shoreline, estuarine water, and public trust areas. Industrial development will be prohibited within Pine Knoll Shores. (b) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of any privately owned signs in the coastal wetlands, estuarine waters, and public trust areas. Publicly owned instructional signage will be permitted. (c) Pine Knoll Shores will vigorously enforce Chapter 21-3.5 of the town's zoning ordinance which establishes stringent requirements for lot clearing. These requirements address both the construction of buildings and the clearance of vegetation. Plants of "special concern" are designated and afforded special protection. The Planning Board will review local ordinances to determine if amendments should be made to improve the regulation of lot clearing and the protection of maritime forest areas. Marine Resource Areas: (a) With the exception of the construction of signs, marinas, and floating structures, Pine Knoll Shores supports the use standards for estuarine waters and public trust areas as specified in 15A NCAC 7H.0208. Listed below are some of the sources and documents utilized during preparation of this Land Use Plan: -- Carteret County 1991 Land Use Plan Update _= Town of Pine Knoll Shores 1993 Land Use Plan Update USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Carteret County -- NCDOT, Planning and Policies Section -- Town of Pine Knoll Shores Staff -- Carteret County Schools -- North Carolina Division of Archives and History Flood Insurance Study, Town of Pine Knoll Shores -- Town of Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Ordinance -- N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning Town of Pine Knoll Shores Subdivision Ordinance Environmental Impact Statement, Carteret County -- An Assessment of Maritime Forest Resources on the North Carolina Coast, November 1988 -- North Carolina Division of Community Assistance -- North Carolina Division of Coastal Management -- North Carolina Department of Economic and Community Development -- Town of Pine Knoll Shores Storm Hazard Mitigation Plan and Post Disaster Reconstruction Plan, 1984 -- Morehead City - Beaufort 1992 Thoroughfare Plan == History of Pine Knoll Shores (document) Pine Knoll Shores 1990 Comprehensive Annual Financial Report I 1 1-3 B. POPULATION AND HOUSING 1. Population a. Permanent Population Growth, 1970-1994 Carteret County is one of the state's fastest growing counties. Based on detailed demographic estimates provided by the State Data Center for counties and municipalities through 1994, Carteret County was the sixth fastest growing CAMA-regulated county, and was 24th in the entire state. Table 1 provides a complete summary of year-round population growth within Carteret County. Carteret County's rate of growth from 1970 to 1980 was twice the growth rate of the 1960s. Since 1980, population growth, although extremely high, has occurred at a continually decreasing rate. The N.C. State Data Center has forecast this trend to continue through the year 2003. A large percentage of the growth in Carteret County from 1970-1994 has occurred in the incorporated beach communities and in areas near the extraterritorial jurisdiction of existing municipalities. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores had an increase in population between the years 1980 - 1994 of 897 permanent residents for a 138.9% increase. There are no population figures for the town in 1970 since it had not yet been incorporated. The population growth of Carteret County and the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is the result of many factors including: a national trend of migration to non -metropolitan areas; tourism; and the emergence of the area as a retirement center. 1-4 an so Im SO` owl Table 1 Town of Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County, NC Summary of Year -Round Population Growth by Township and Municipality, 1970 - 1994 Township Municipality or Area Year Round Population Percentage Change Overall 1970 1980 1990 1994 '70-'80 '80290 '90294 '70294 1) Atlantic Total Township 814 810 805 803 -0.49% -0.62% -0.26% -1.37% 2) Beaufort Beaufort 3,368 3,826 3,808 3,997 13.60% -0.47% 4.96% 18.68% Unincorporated Areas 2,779 3,166 4,205 4,644 13.93% 32.82% 10.45% 67.12% Total Township 6,147 6,992 8,013 8,641 13.75% 14.60% 7.84% 40.58% 3) Cedar Island Total Township 290 333 385 407 14.83% 15.62% 5.71 % 40.34% 4) Davis Total Township 456 492 535 553 7.89% 8.74% 3.40% 21.31 % 5) Harkers Island Total Township 1,639 1,910 2,237 2,375 16.53% 17.12% 6.18% 44.92% 6) Harlowe Total Township 762 956 1,190 1,289 25.46% 24.48% 8.31% 69.15% 7) Marshallberg Total Township 525 580 646 674 10.48% 11.38% 4.32% 28.36% 8) Merrimon Total Township 330 426 542 591 29.09% 27.23% 9.05% 79.10% 9) Morehead City Atlantic Beach 300 941 1,938 2,267 213.67% 105.95% 16.98% 655.67% Indian Beach 0 54 153 177 N/A 183.33% 15.69% N/A Morehead City 5,233 4,359 6,046 6,384 -16.70% 38.70% 5.59% 22.00% Pine Knoll Shores 0 646 1,360 1,543 N/A 110.53% 13.46% N/A Unincorporated Areas 6,396 9,803 10,985 11,485 53.27% 12.06% 4.55% 79.56% Total Township 11,929 15,803 20,482 21,856 32.48% 29.61 % 6.71 % 83.21 % 10) Newport Newport 1,735 1,883 2,516 2,778 8.53% 33.62% 10.41% 60.12% Unincorporated Areas 2,191 3,586 4,817 5,337 63.67% 34.33% 10.80% 143.61 % Total Township 3,926 5,469 7,333 8,115 39.30% 34.08% 10.67% 106.71 % 11) Sea Level Total Township 347 540 773 872 55.62% 43.15% 12.74% 151.15% 121 Smyrna Total Township 517 637 782 843 23.21 % 22.76% 7.84% 63.11 % 13) Stacy Total Township 257 322 401 434 25.29% 24.53% 8.33% 69.03% 14) Straits Total Township 1,166 1,520 1,948 2,129 30.36% 28.16% 9.29% 82.58% 15) White Oak Cape Carteret 616 944 1,008 1,179 53.25% 6.78% 16.96% 91.40% Emerald Isle 122 865 2,434 2,798 609.02% 181.39% 14.95% 2193.44% Cedar Point 0 0 628 688 N/A N/A 9.55% N/A Unincorporated Areas 1,758 2,493 2,413 2,379 41.81 % -3.21 % -1.40% 35.33% Total Township 2,496 4,302 6,483 7,044 72.36% 50.70% 8.66% 182.22% Total Municipalities 11,374 13,518 19,891 21,811 18.85% 47.14% 9.70% 91.76% Total Unincorporated Areas 20,229 27,574 32,662 34,813 36.31 % 18.45% 6.59% 72.09% Total County 31,603 41,092 52,553 56,624 30.03% 27.90% 7.75% 79.19% Sources: N.C. State Data Center; extrapolation of data for unincorporated areas by Holland Consulting Planners, Inc. 1-5 b. Composition and Age Since 1980, the median age of the Pine Knoll Shores' population has increased. Pine Knoll Shores' population aged 55 and over is much higher than the county's percentage of population over 55. In addition, the town's percentage of population over 65 was 31.4% in 1990, compared to 12% for the state and 11 % for the county in 1990. Once again, this high percentage of those aged 55 and older is highly indicative of a retirement community (see Table 2). Table 2 Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1980-1990 Population Characteristics by Age Groups 1980 Age Group Number % of Total Under 5 12 1.9% 5-14 55 8.5% 15-24 70 10.8 % 25-34 62 9.6% 35-44 60 9.3% 45-54 67 10.4% 55-64 158 24.5% 65 and over 162 25.1 % Total 646 100.0% Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning. 1990 Number % of Total 42 3.1 % 78 5.7% 90 6.6% 99 7.3% 160 11.8% 160 11.8% 304 22.4% 427 31.4% 1,360 100.0% The town's population composition by sex has remained fairly constant from 1980 to 1990 (see Table 3). During this period, the male population increased by 2.5% while the female population decreased by 2.5%. There is currently a 49/51 % male/female ratio. The male/female ratio is consistent with that of Carteret County in 1990. Table 3 Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County, 1980-1990 Percentage Change in Population by Sex Pine Knoll Shores Carteret County 1980 % 1990 % 1980 % 1990 % Male 311 48% 665 49% 20,435 50% 25,968 49% Female 335 52% 695 51 % 20,657 50% 26,588 51 % Total 646 100% 1,360 100% 41,092 100% 52,556 100% Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has an extremely small non -white population. The 1980 census data indicated only three American Indian and no black residents. The 1990 census data revealed that the non -white population consisted of 1 American Indian, 7 Korean, 1 Eskimo or Aleut, and 1 classified as other. The non -white population can be expected to remain relatively low in proportion to the total population in the future. From 1970 to 1990, the total non -white population in Carteret County has grown at a rate well below the white population growth rate. 2. Town of Pine Knoll Shores Seasonal Population a. Introduction and Methodology Pine Knoll Shores' permanent and year-round population is supplemented by a significant peak seasonal population. The methodology used in this study will closely follow a demographic analysis of recreational population for the Albemarle -Pamlico region prepared by Paul D. Tschetter of East Carolina University in 1988. The advantage of the ECU analysis is that it relies on an extensive empirical enumeration of marine boat slips, motel rooms, and campgrounds in addition to private seasonal housing units. The study also includes an excellent approach to estimating average population by type of individual housing unit. For purposes of the ECU study (and this demographic analysis), "total seasonal housing units" includes 1) all single- and multi -family private housing units used by the overnight tourist population rather than the permanent population; 2) all motel/hotel rooms (including bed and breakfasts); 3) all seasonal and transient campground sites; and 4) all individual marina wet slips capable of docking boats of a size and type which can house people overnight. Marina facilities for fueling/repair only (no overnight dockage), and those that only dock commercial fishing boats, are excluded from the enumeration of seasonal housing units. As in the ECU study, an enumeration of seasonal housing units was conducted to arrive at the totals presented in Table 4. As of October, 1995, there were no campgrounds or commercial marinas capable of housing people overnight within the Town of Pine Knoll Shores. The population incurred due to the use of private boat slips has already been enumerated in the seasonal housing units and permanent population categories. Due to the lack of current data for private housing units and permanent population for 1995, the figures from the 1990 U.S. Census (housing units) and 1994 Office of State Planning estimates (permanent population) have been substituted. Therefore, the figures provided in this plan for seasonal population and peak seasonal population may be slightly low for 1995 since any growth in seasonal private housing units from 1990-1995, and permanent population from 1994-1995, have not been considered. 1 1 1 1-7 F Table 4 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Seasonal, Permanent, and Total Peak Population, 1995 1995* Number Persons Seasonal Housing Type of Units Per Unit Population Motel/Hotel 516 Ill 4 2,064 [21 Campsites 0 0 0 Boat Slips (Commercial) 0 0 0 Private Housing Units [3) 874 5 4,370 [21 Total 1,390 6,434 Permanent Population 1,543 Peak Seasonal Population 6,434 Total Peak Population 7,977 * The figures for Motel/Hotel, Campsites, and Boat Slips are current as of October, 1995. The most recent data available for Private Housing Units is 1990 and Permanent Population, 1994. [11 Based on telephone survey, Holland Consulting Planners, Inc., December, 1995. 121 Seasonal population figures for Motel/Hotel and Private Housing Units are based on a 100% occupancy rate. [3) Includes units "vacant -held for occasional use" and "other vacant" as classified by the 1990 U.S. Census. Source: 1990 U.S. Census; Office of State Planning; and Holland Consulting Planners, Inc. b. Seasonal Population Table 4 illustrates that the Town of Pine Knoll Shores has a total of 1,390 seasonal units, a peak seasonal population of 6,434, and a total peak population of 7,977. "Peak seasonal population" can be defined as the population that would be enumerated in all seasonal housing units if all of those units were occupied 'at full capacity, based on average assumed household sizes for each type of unit (one exception, which does not apply in the case of Pine Knoll Shores, is marina boat slips where the ECU study suggests an occupancy rate of 85%). Although "peak seasonal population" is based on a number of variables, it is a very useful statistic for planning purposes, since it provides a logically'derived summary of the possible total occupancy in seasonal units during peak overnight tourism periods (Memorial Day, Fourth of July, and Labor Day weekends). "Total peak population" is simply the sum of the permanent population and peak seasonal population. 3. Day Visitor Usage of Pine Knoll Shores Day visitation will increase the population of Pine Knoll Shores during the tourist or summer season. The Pine Knoll Shores Police Department estimated a total population of 40,000 persons on July 4, 1991. The police department estimate was based on motel room capacity as well as traffic counts. A comprehensive study of day visitation has not been undertaken since 1991. However, the Pine Knoll Shores Police Department provided a rough estimate that the total day visitation for July 4, 1995, was in excess of 50,000 persons. The average [)9 daily traffic count (ADT) west of the Atlantic Beach Bridge in 1994 was 23,300 automobiles. If one automobile averages two persons, 46,600 persons would have entered Bogue Banks heading west on N.C. 58. It may be assumed that a considerable amount of this traffic enters Pine Knoll Shores on a daily basis. In the event that a third bridge is constructed connecting Bogue Banks to the mainland, the ADT counts on N.C. 58 between the Atlantic Beach bridge and the location of the newly constructed bridge should decrease. This is due to the fact that many travelers with destinations in Pine Knoll Shores, Salter Path, and Indian Beach will choose to access Bogue Banks via the new third bridge rather than the Atlantic Beach bridge. Some of the town's attractions which may appeal to the day visitor are the Iron Steamer Fishing Pier, North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores, Bogue Banks Country Club, Pine Knoll Village business center, and Christmas By The Sea. It should be noted that a large volume of day visitors has as much impact on the town as does the peak "overnight" population. 4. 'Housing Characteristics Since 1980, Pine Knoll Shores has experienced tremendous residential construction growth. In 1980, there were only 686 dwelling units. By 1990, the number had jumped to 1,542, an increase of 125%. The town is currently approximately 78% built -out, with 488 vacant lots remaining for future residential development. At an annual construction rate of 35 residential units, Pine Knoll Shores may be completely built -out by the year 2009. From 1985 to September of 1995, Pine Knoll Shores issued 1,437 building permits. These include permits for residential, commercial, and miscellaneous construction. Between 1990 and September, 1995, there were a total of 185 residential building permits issued. This provides a general indicator for the number of new homes built during the period. If this figure were added to the total number of homes provided by the 1990 U.S. Census, it would result in a total of 1,727 residential homes currently in Pine Knoll Shores. The following table r provides additional information on building permits in Pine Knoll Shores. I Table 5 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Building Permits and Construction Costs, 1985-1995 Year Number of Permits Construction ($) 1985 47 $9,043,500 1986 28 $4,479,200 1987 156 $ 5,893,462 1988 104 $3,365,031 1989 106 $ 5,165,701 1990 123 $3,251,742 1991 153 $5,417,828 1992 169 $4,707,548 1993 201 $5,877,650 1994 189 $8,409,062 Sept. 1995 168 $5,341,062 1990-Sept. 1995 Average Construction $ Per Residential Unit $118,515 $140, 820 $123,609 $164,218 $180,720 $172,382 Source: Town of Pine Knoll Shores Building Inspector and Pine Knoll Shores Tax Records. W As Table 6 indicates, there has been a 201 % increase in housing for occasional or seasonal use since 1980. Furthermore, there has been a 123% increase in vacant housing from 1980 to 1990. Given the demographic trends of Pine Knoll Shores, it would be a fair assumption that many of these homes are owned by retirees. Furthermore, these figures support the idea that the town is developing into a retiree and residential resort community. Table 6 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Housing Summary Tenure and Vacancy, 1980 and 1990 Item 1980 1990 Total Units 686 1,542 Total Year -Round Units 396 674 Occupied Units 283 642 Renter 28 112 Owner -occupied 255 530 Vacant Units 403 900 For Sale 45 8 For Rent 13 14 Other Vacant 55 4 Occasional or Seasonal Use 290 874 Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning. Approximately 55% of the housing units in Pine Knoll Shores are less than 10 years old, and approximately 95 % of all housing units are less than 20 years old. See Table 7. Table 7 Town of Pine Knoll Shores 1990 Housing Conditions Condition and Age Number Total Year -Round Units 1,542 Aqe 0-4 yrs. 354 5-9 yrs. 502 10-19 yrs. 611 20-29 yrs. 73 30-39 yrs. 2 40 or more years 0 Condition Lacking complete bathroom facilities 0 Lacking complete kitchen facilities 6 Lacking central heating equipment 0 % of Total 100.0 % 23.0% 32.6% 39.6% 4.7 % 0.1 % 0.0% 0.0 % 0.4 % 0.0 % 1 Table 7 (Continued) Type Single family, detached 703 45.6% Single family, attached 354 22.9% Duplex 11 0.7% 3 or 4 units 22 1.4% 5 to 9 units 64 4.2% 10 to 19 units 200 12.9% 20 to 49 units 122 7.9% 50 or more units 42 2.7% Mobile home 0 0.0% Other 24 1.6 % Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning. Table 7 data indicates that very few, if any, dwelling units in Pine Knoll Shores can be considered substandard. A large portion, 68.5%, of the housing stock is single family (attached and detached) homes. From 1980 to 1990, there has been a significant increase in multi -family dwelling units in Pine Knoll Shores. In 1980, multi -family dwellings comprised 21.4% of the town's total housing stock. In 1990, multi -family dwelling units accounted for 29.9% of the total housing stock. Since 1990, growth in multi -family housing has been limited to the construction of five units at Bermuda Greens and six units at Dayton Place. An additional twelve units at Bermuda Greens are expected to be constructed within the next year. 5. Summary The following provides a summary of significant demographic and housing findings: -- Pine Knoll Shores has experienced a major population increase from 1980 to 1994 -- 139%. -- Since 1980, Pine Knoll Shores has experienced the most substantial growth in the 65 and over age group, 263%, and the 35 to 54 year old age groups, 251 %. -- Residential units in Pine Knoll Shores have experienced a 123% increase from 1980 to 1990. Approximately 185 single-family homes have been constructed since 1990. -- Pine Knoll Shores has virtually no substandard housing. -- Pine Knoll Shores' primary manmade tourist and day visitor attractions include the North Carolina Aquarium and the Iron Steamer Fishing Pier. The aquarium attracted 302,228 persons in 1994. During the summer months, the aquarium experiences peak day visitation of up to 3,000 persons. C. ECONOMY Pine Knoll Shores appears to have a strong local economy. 1990 census data revealed that only 20, or 4.0% of the people actively in the labor force were unemployed. There were 1,226 persons of age that were eligible to be included in the labor force. Of that total, 690, or 56.3%, were not active in the labor force. They were either disabled, retired, or not employed by choice. Additional labor force data is provided in Table 8. Table 8 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Labor Force Status - 1990 Male Labor Force Armed Forces 35 Civilian Labor Force: Employed 257 Unemployed 9 Not in Labor Force 301 Total 602 Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning. Female Total 5 40 219 11 389 624 476 20 690 1,226 Mean household income is an extremely important indicator of a town's economy. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores appears to have a strong stable local economy. Table 9 summarizes mean household income for Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County, and the State of North Carolina. Table 9 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Mean Household Income, 1989 Location Pine Knoll Shores Carteret County North Carolina 1989 Mean Household Income Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning. $56,691 $32,162 $33,242 The high mean household income of Pine Knoll Shores is due to the large number of retirees with substantial retirement income, as well as the high percentage of individuals who own retail and service businesses. Finance, insurance, real estate, recreation, and entertainment services account for a substantial percentage of employment in Pine Knoll Shores. Table 10 describes employed persons 16 years and older by industry. 1-12 I Table 10 Town of Pine Knoll Shores, 1990 Employed Persons 16 Years and Older by Industry Occupation Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining Construction Manufacturing Nondurable goods Durable goods Transportation Communication, other public utilities Wholesale trade Retail trade Finance, insurance, and real estate Services: Business and repair services Entertainment and recreation Professional and related services: Health services Educational services Other professional and related services Public administration TOTAL EMPLOYED Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning. Number Employed 2 18 7 21 17 8 30 118 54 24 35 37 42 22 41 476 % of Total 0.4 % 3.8 % 1.5% 4.4 % 3.6 % 1.7% 6.3 % 24.8 % 11.3% 5.0 % 7.4 % 7.8 % 8.8 % 4.6 % 8.6 % 100.0 % Approximately 64% of all workers in Pine Knoll Shores are private wage and salary workers. Roughly 19% of all workers are employed in either federal, state, or local governments. It should be noted that a high percentage of government workers adds to economic stability in an area such as Pine Knoll Shores. The remainder of workers are mainly self-employed (see ITable 11). 1 Table 11 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Employment by Class of Worker, 1990 Class Number Private Wage and Salary Worker 307 Federal Government Worker 41 State Government Worker 26 Local Government Worker 25 Self -Employed Worker 71 Unpaid Family Worker 6 Total Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning. 476 % of Total 64.5 % 8.6 % 5.5 % 5.2% 14.9% 1 .3% 100.0 % Table 12 indicates that the Town of Pine Knoll Shores has only a small portion of individuals that are considered to be below the poverty level. Based on the number of persons enumerated for poverty status, only 1.1 % of the population was considered to be below 75 % of poverty level. On the contrary, approximately 90% of the population is reported as having income 200% of the poverty level and above. Table 12 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Poverty Status, 1990 Income Level Individuals Income below 75% of poverty level 15 Income between 75 and 124% of poverty level 18 Income between 125 and 149% of poverty level 13 Income between 150 and 199% of poverty level 97 Income 200% of poverty level and above 1,217 Total 1,360 Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning. % of Total 100.0% Pine Knoll Shores has a relatively new and fiscally sound local government. Over the past six years, the town's revenues have exceeded expenditures. The largest source of revenue for the town is taxation, while the largest expenditures have been for public safety. Table 13, attached, provides detailed information on the different sources of revenues as well as the various expenditures of Pine Knoll Shores. The following provides a summary of significant economic data for Pine Knoll Shores. -- The unemployment rate for Pine Knoll Shores is extremely low. -- The town's mean household income is a great deal higher than that of Carteret County and above that of North Carolina. -- The majority of the town's labor force is employed in the sales and services industries. Approximately 19% are employed in federal, state, or local government. -- The town has had revenues over the last six years which exceeded expenditures. The major source of revenue is from taxes while the major expenditures are for public safety. 1-14 Table 13 Town of Pine Knoll Shores, Fiscal Years 1990 - 1995 General Governmental Revenues and Expenditures By Function REVENUES BY SOURCE Fiscal Year Ad Valorem Other Taxes and Ended June 30 Taxes Licenses Intergovernmental Permits & Fees Earnings Miscellaneous Total 1995 $604,551 $269,550 $216,431 $45,928 $70,012 $9,545 $1,216,017 1994 582,705 211,362 237,729 37,928 40,587 9,082 1,119,393 1993 475,270 175,175 206,470 31,267 61,118 8,085 957,385 1992 417,713 107,792 174,659 25,638 62,557 5,208 793,567 1991 270,450 169,185 •215,658 28,780 100,760 6,755 791,596 1990 347,583 189,655 215,658 25,123 106,593 2,871 924,224 EXPENDITURES BY FUNCTION Fiscal Year General Environmental Ended June 30 Government Public Safety Transportation Protection Cultural Debt Service Total 1995 $241,380 $411,664 $136,357 $228,241 -- $41,836 $1,059,478 1994 286,086 379,428 48,643 194,516 13,700 41,870 964,243 1993 186,664 396,231 94,808 195,703 13,700 27,233 941,339 1992 196,428 387,690 34,287 146,586 13,700 22,800 761,854 1991 191,532 364,343 54,795 94,850 13,700 22,750 741,970 1990 198,020 386,065 61,477 72,834 20,500 22,675 761,571 Note: (1) Includes General and Special Revenue Funds. Source: Pine Knoll Shores Comprehensive Annual Financial Report (Year Ended June 30, 1995). 1-15 D. EXISTING LAND USE 1. Introduction Prior to incorporation in 1973, the family of Theodore Roosevelt subdivided and sold land in what was to become Pine Knoll Shores. Individual lots were advertised for sale at prices of $1,150 to $1,600. The majority of land was being developed for residential use in the eastern or "old" section of Pine Knoll Shores. Motels such as the Atlantis Lodge, the Royal Pavillion, and the Seahawk were constructed in the 1960s. These motels accommodated tourists and many individuals who were in the process of, or planning on building in the community. Residential subdivision was also occurring in the western sections of Pine Knoll Shores although at a less rapid rate. In both the eastern and western sections of Pine Knoll Shores, important property owner organizations were formed that would greatly affect the development of Pine Knoll Shores. In 1967, the first homeowners' association was organized in the western section of the town, Pine Knoll Association, Inc. This group was formed by the Roosevelt interests and included all property owners of the western or "new" section of town. They placed deed restrictions on land usage, which served to tightly control development. The eastern or "old" section formed a homeowners' association in 1970, which was later to be called PIKSCO in 1972. PIKSCO operated much like the Pine Knoll Association in regulating residential land use, community parks, and other types of land use. During this period, the Roosevelts provided streets and street lights, public area maintenance, and various kinds of general maintenance for the area. The town was incorporated August 1, 1973. A bill enacted by the General Assembly bounded the town as follows: on the east by the Morehead Fishing Pier and the eastern limits of the Bogue Banks Country Club, on the west by the Episcopal Church property, and 2,500 feet into the water on the Atlantic and Bogue Banks sides of town. Immediately following incorporation of Pine Knoll Shores, a planning board was appointed to prepare the town's zoning ordinance. Limitations on height and density were the most controversial aspects of the proposed ordinance. The height limitations were 2.5 stories or 35 feet in residential areas, 2 stories and 35 feet in commercial districts, 5 stories and 50 feet in the MF-1 district, 3 stories and 50 feet in the MF-2 district, and 50 feet above the finished grade in the Recreational 3 and Municipal Services districts. In addition, MF-2 districts were limited to 10 units per acre. The Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance has been a major contributor to the preservation, protection, and overall appearance of the town. In 1982, the ordinance was changed from 8 to 22 units per acre for motels located in MF-1 districts. Since the 1980s, Pine Knoll Shores' development has increased substantially. Single-family residential (the most dominant land use), multi -family residential, open space/recreational, and small amounts of commercial development continue to be the primary land uses. Despite this increased growth, restrictive covenants established by the Roosevelt family have guided development so that development continues to be low density. Since the Land Use Plan was last updated in 1993, almost 100% of all development has been single-family residential. It should be noted that the town has no extraterritorial jurisdiction. 1-16 1 2. Urban and Developed Land The number of acres in Pine Knoll Shores dedicated to each of the zoning categories listed in Table 14 have remained unchanged since 1980. Table 14 provides a summary of land use acreage by zoning category. (See Map 1, Existing Land Use.) Table 14 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use By Acreage by General Zoning Category, 1995 Acres % of Total Single -Family Residential 716 48% Multi -Family Residential 180 12% Commercial 92 6% Institutional 63 4% Municipal/Utility Service 23 2% Open Space/Recreational 423 28% Total 1,497 100% Sources: Pine Knoll Shores 1993 Land Use Plan Update; Holland Consulting Planners, Inc. a. Residential Throughout the history of Pine Knoll Shores, residential land use has been the dominant land use. Since the land use was last assessed in October, 1991, for the 1993 Land Use Plan update, there has been a total of 102 single-family residential homes built in Pine Knoll Shores. Multi -family residential development has been almost non-existent with the exception of Bermuda Greens and Dayton Place. Approximately 29% of all single-family residentially zoned land remains vacant and available for development (see Table 15). Table 15 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Residential Acreage by Zoning, 1995 Developed 509 Vacant 207 Total 716 Sources: Pine Knoll Shores 1993 Land Use Plan Update; Holland Consulting Planners, Inc. PARTIALLY SUPPORTIr CLOSED SHELLFISH Ji Ind des Canal s / ,:,�.: _ a'. �j ♦ � ) •ter'. '✓ -,. a ', 'J f 1/1�, ,+ � • 1.. � � � s' � � �1' •! '� ,•tr' '�1NN1'aF••P.Llltii._�_ :✓ !•'♦� , �..'� 'J.' _ 'I .,,t ,���'}ff• � � � fr.j� � � •.. 1 . ����, 1 p,j' ♦ `� '��•f iyr / .;.. ,�, 8'' �i�[�vpq �t� •''r e[i[t •. ' l' l • ����.�� 8 i �ii;,J :, °[•e[ '•:�\\91 ,;.✓.;�,'', ,�'�iY'tl'� � ®09 ;,. �J.t 'c:�•)-,("ir_ ,i r. ., The preparation of this map was financed in e+ oa _ •ri•;';• '.c• -o' _WD part through a grant provided by the North : _; -- a •l`°'• �t Carolina Coastal Management Program, `� _� we Jry : !_ y ° �••. o p�' `•: through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, w•R•�• �,•:' ,.'e ` •• which is administered by the Office of Ocean Management, National al Resource Mana � .. -.,. •,1 � �` �' ��-'" and Coast 9 _ _ ,,'.$ - �. e+ . '�; • o Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. • • , ' •1°••�•• Il . l \' " � �A f � © rJQ :.) . /Ch.�VT;�V. i•,I'� O l O 1O /, g, ' ' . _ �•;. ,> (t-���fl��� � ,. • • J, �,'� r •. -11.E--` SALTER PATH ROAD (NC - 581 A T L A N T 1 C O C E A N EAST END o 100 zoo 30o roo 900 FT. SCALE LEGEND RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPED AFTER 1987)= MULTI -FAMILY RESIDENTIAL COMMERCIAL HOTEUMOTEL (COMMERCIAL) INSTITUTIONAL MUNICIPAL _MW OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION :_::•:y VACANT RESIDENTIAL (DEVELOPED AFTER OCT. 1 991 ) TOWN KNOL L OF SNORES EXISTING LAND USE MAP I M U n L LEGEND RESIDENTIAL (DEVELOPED AFTER OCT. 1991) RESIDENTIAL RESIDENTIAL (DEVELOPED AFTER 1987) j -,'-, .-,Y', MULTI -FAMILY RESIDENTIAL �•,i ii'i"i: i �'i'iei:•: Elm OPEN SPACE AND RECREATION PARTIALLY SUPPORTING WATERS/ ELLFIS RING AR EAS CLOSED SH - SALTER PATH ROAD The preparation of this map was financed in part through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, S Po,N'% which is administered by the Office of Ocean . •` _y t.l-" ' = and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. E....... U 6X. ;•pn .�; .iw :::;::::::::::::: 0 ',•�'' '�' gip. -- 6 •��� ;�: / .......:L :p •E•:•li[s • .•:-� .•r�•i.. .!4u?!t . PVRD .�H .Eit•:•'� ::• ': i O / e C �. 1 0 ma`s' o :1 ro a' O •0 C t:{ tzr... .Q • i. n - o 8' s t 1•: T•• r• n• o" 1 .. r: 't• P 7:. }; 9� � T 00 3: O o 0 7• , I•Q N 0 o •O 0 .:J o. p. .Q �o o' o O O° e O' a • .i. A• p Q Q )Q o- O Q y� v �e •V SYt'. ;Q A o• • e O 1' 0 1 J 3 •p. `QP 'r. `mil,• o •t:: 0 0 yr O. • }• v .r .r. J.• ..j 0 eA ,1. z• '1• '1 l 'J J e. •'ti r ti 1 O o 1 �e M. �A r1 1 p p' •A o •'1 O. r� w •+ao•. wr •r r PINE KNOLLSHORES EXISTING LAND USE 0 100 200 300 600 900 F7. ATLANTIC OCEAN WEST END SCALE I-18 The majority of the eastern section of Pine Knoll Shores contains low -density development. Approximately 88% of all single-family residential development has occurred in this section of town. Seven hundred six (706) of the lots are residentially developed. There are 370 vacant lots, containing approximately 170 acres, which are available for future development. There are currently 280 multi -family dwelling units in the eastern section. It is estimated that there would be approximately 1,076 single-family residential homes in this section of town if completely built -out. The average size of waterfront lots in the eastern section of town is three-quarters of an acre, while the inland lots average one-half of an acre. The western section of town contains the majority of the multi -family dwellings in Pine Knoll Shores. There are currently 564 multi -family dwelling units in this section of town. Sixteen (16) acres of land, zoned multi -family, remain vacant and available for future development. Therefore, if this land were developed, it could accommodate approximately 130 additional multi -family dwelling units. Ninety-two (92) of the lots in the western section of town have been developed single-family and 72 lots remain vacant. If current zoning patterns and densities continue, it is estimated that all of Pine Knoll Shores could accommodate a total of 2,137 residential units. b. Commercial Pine Knoll Shores has limited commercial development. The existing commercial development appears sufficient to serve local needs. Except for motels, there is very little tourist -oriented commercialization. Existing commercial development consists of a convenience store, eight motels, an office and professional center located at the intersection of Pine Knoll Boulevard and Salter Path Road, and a new Christmas shop which opened in September, 1995. Motels extend down the ocean side of Salter Path Road. An additional commercial property, the Iron Steamer Fishing Pier, is a major tourist attraction. As of 1986, approximately 92 acres of land had been zoned for commercial use. As of 1995, the only additional development of commercial acreage was the addition of a Christmas Shop on the corner of Oakleaf Drive and Salter Path Road. Because of a limited amount of vacant land zoned for commercial use, future commercial development should be limited. In addition, there is a belief by some Pine Knoll Shores residents and/or property owners that additional commercially zoned property should not be allowed. In addition to limited commercially -zoned land, Pine Knoll Shores has sign regulations which tightly control commercial signage. For example, signs in a commercial zone may include only the name of the premises and operating hours. No off -premises outdoor advertising signs are permitted. Commercial marinas are defined in the North Carolina Administrative Code, Subchapter 7H, as any publicly or privately -owned dock, basin, or wet boat storage facility constructed to accommodate more than 10 boats and providing services for a profit. Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of both upland and open water marinas within its planning jurisdiction. Adverse environmental impact and traffic congestion are the stated reasons for the town's ordinance on marinas. However, modifications to an existing marina (including the development of additional boat slips) are allowed, provided the external boundaries of the marina are not affected. Fishing piers are permitted in the Multi -Family 1 zoning district. 1 1-20 C. Open Space and Recreation The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has sufficient open space and recreational land uses. However, there are currently no active indoor recreational facilities. There are approximately 423 acres zoned for recreational land use within the town limits. A major recreational/cultural attraction is the North Carolina Aquarium. The aquarium is located on a 25 acre tract which is surrounded by the Theodore Roosevelt 265-acre natural area.' The natural area is bordered by Highway 58 (Salter Path Road) to the south, and Bogue Sound to the north. Maritime forests, freshwater ponds, swamp forests, and shrub swamps are located in the natural area. The Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area is of great importance to both the natural and cultural environment of Pine Knoll Shores. The North Carolina Aquarium is one of three in the State of North Carolina. The aquarium attracts thousands of visitors each year. In 1994, the aquarium attracted 302,228 visitors. Approximately 50% of this visitation occurred during the months of June, July, and August. During these months, peak day visitation has reached as high as 3,000 persons. Educational programs are offered for visitors in order to enhance public knowledge of marine life. The North Carolina Aquarium was funded through a federal -state partnership and administered by the Office of Marine Affairs. In December, 1971, the grandchildren of President Theodore Roosevelt deeded a 290-acre tract of land in western Pine Knoll Shores to the State of North Carolina Department of Administration. The Deed of Gift specified that the 290 acre tract of land: "Will be kept in its natural state, maintained as a nature preserve, and used for the primary purpose of nature and wildlife education, estuarial studies, with emphasis on marine life, ecological advances, environmental balance and research in the methods of conservation ..." The Bogue Banks Country Club (once called Pine Knoll Shores Golf and Country Club) is a popular setting for social functions. In addition, it is the only 18-hole golf course on Bogue Banks. A large percentage of the town residents are members of the club. The country club property is located in the eastern one-half of town and has influenced the development of this section of Pine Knoll Shores. There are eight ocean parks located in Pine Knoll Shores. These parks are owned and maintained by homeowners associations. d. Institutional An important institutional land use is the Trinity Center located at the western boundary of the town. The Trinity Center, owned and operated by the Episcopal Diocese of East Carolina, serves as a conference center for various groups and organizations. The center also provides a summer camp with a full-time counseling staff. The center, located on land donated by the Theodore Roosevelt family, is approximately 65 acres in size. Physical structures on the Trinity Center property include a dining hall, a conference meeting room, 30 double -occupancy sleeping units, four cabins for summer campers, an administrative building, a registration building, a manager's quarters, and a swimming pool. These facilities can ' The total area is 290 acres, including the North Carolina Aquarium. 1-21 accommodate up to 144 overnight visitors, and approximately 10,840 people stay at the center each year. e. Municipal The Pine Knoll Shores Town Hall is a modern structure located in the center of town on Pine Knoll Boulevard. It accommodates the police, fire, and emergency medical services, as well as town offices. The Roosevelts contributed the land and $20,000 for the construction of this $235,000 complex. The Town Hall was completed in 1979. In 1995, the interior was completely altered, in accordance with OSHA and ADA, to make more efficient use of the available space and to better serve the residents of Pine Knoll Shores. f. Utilities Public utility sites are found in five locations in Pine Knoll Shores. Carolina Telephone, Carteret County electrical utility site, and one of the Carolina Water Service facilities are located north of Roosevelt Boulevard in the center of town. Carolina Water Service has four other utility sites. A well site and elevated storage tank are located in the western section of town adjacent to the Trinity Center. Additional well sites are located on the block surrounded by Mimosa Boulevard, Loblolly Drive and White Ash Drive, and at Brock Basin. An unusable well site is located behind Lot 4 on Hawthorne Drive. This site is too small to meet state size/distance requirements and cannot be utilized as an approved water supply. The water supply system is privately owned. Pine Knoll Shores supports public acquisition/ownership of the water system serving the town or, in the alternative, will support the construction and operation of a new water 1 system throughout the town. In November, 1995, voters approved a bond referendum for acquisition or construction of a water system. g. Forestland Most of the forestland in Pine Knoll Shores is considered maritime forest. Maritime forests are defined as areas containing native salt tolerant vegetation. The vegetation has a sheared appearance that is shaped according to the surrounding landscape. These forests normally contain laurel oak, red cedar, red bay, wild olive, Carolina cherry laurel, yaupon, loblolly pines, sweet gums, live oaks, and red maple tree types. The laurel oak is a dominant tree type along with the live oak and red cedar. Areas lying within wetland swales are classified as maritime swamp forests. The maritime swamp forest is actually rarer than the upland maritime forest. Dominant tree types are the ash, red maple and sweet gum. The trees grow slowly because of very low available water capacity, occasional saltwater flooding, and exposure to salt spray.' These forests are important to Pine Knoll Shores for their aesthetic and conservation value. Scattered cedar, holly and oak are also common to Pine Knoll Shores. Substantial development has reduced concentrated maritime forests areas to those delineated on Map 5, Areas of Environmental Concern and Other Fragile Areas. ' Source: Maritime forest definition provided by Protecting Maritime Forests Through Planning and Design, Division of Coastal Management. 1 1-22 h. Transportation Pine Knoll Shores is traversed by N.C. 58 (Salter Path Road) which runs in an east -west direction. N.C. 58 is the only major thoroughfare through the town. In 1994, an average daily traffic count of 23,300 automobiles was reported west of Atlantic Beach on N.C. 58. Due to increased traffic congestion on N.C. 58, NCDOT feels that conversion from two-lane to four -lane is necessary. The town is generally opposed to this proposal. The town currently has 11.25 miles of locally maintained roads. In 1995, all of the town's roads were sealed. All roads in Pine Knoll Shores appear to be in good condition. The Atlantic Beach and Emerald Isle Bridges provide the only mainland access to Bogue Banks and Pine Knoll Shores. The issue of another bridge extending from the mainland to Bogue Banks has been raised by the state. Pine Knoll Shores may be considered as a location for this bridge. It should be noted that the town is opposed to any such bridge construction. 3. Summary Pine Knoll Shores' planning efforts have had a favorable impact on growth and development. Town ordinances have limited commercialization, guided residential development, and conserved natural areas, creating an appearance of low density development. The following summarizes land use -related issues that should be addressed by the town in the policy section of this plan: -- Residential development and/or land subdivision has occurred in most of the town's maritime forest areas. In 1991, the town adopted policies dealing with development in maritime forest areas which are included in Chapter 21, Sections 3.5.1 and K of the Town Code. -- Traffic congestion problems exist on N.C. 58 during peak population periods through the town. The possible four-laning of N.C. 58 and construction of a third bridge between Bogue Banks and the mainland, although heavily opposed, will continue to be an issue. -- Year-round recreational needs should be defined and addressed by the town. -- Low density residential development will continue to be the predominant land use. — Commercial development will continue to be tightly controlled. -- Natural area protection, in particular protection of the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area, will continue to be an important objective. In July, 1995, Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS) of the town were revised designating the Roosevelt Natural Area as a Coastal Barrier Resource Area (COBRA). This designation will discourage development since it prohibits the provision of federal flood insurance. Private flood insurance may or may not be available. 1-23 1 11 -- Significant erosion along the entire oceanfront caused by hurricanes and northeasters. -- Maintaining adequate water supply and pressure to serve future demands. -- Provision of central sewer service. 4. Development Potential In 1993, Pine Knoll Shores had limited potential for additional growth. This situation has not changed. Most of the town, approximately 60%, continues to be zoned for residential development. Approximately 488 undeveloped lots, or 270 acres of land, remain for both single-family and multi -family development. Of that total, approximately 14 acres remain available for multi -family development. At current densities, approximately 260 additional residential units may be constructed. The town has maintained a philosophy of tightly controlling commercial development. Only six percent of the town's land is committed to commercial zoning, and almost all of that land is developed. The commercially zoned property is located in two small areas. These areas include a convenience store, a retail shop, and an adjacent tract. The second area is Pine Knoll Village which contains a bank, professional offices, and the library. It is expected that Pine Knoll Shores will continue to prohibit any increases in commercial zoning. The limitation of commercialization has preserved the town's residential character, aided in controlling/limiting traffic congestion, and enhanced the town's appearance. The following will influence Pine Knoll Shores' development potential: -- Only an additional 260 (approximate) residential units may be constructed under the 1995 zoning patterns in multi -family zones. -- Recent growth within Carteret County has been substantial -- 79% population growth since 1970. In fact, from 1980-1994, Carteret County was the sixth fastest growing CAMA-regulated county and was 24th in the entire state. -- From 1990 to 1994, Pine Knoll Shores was the third fastest growing municipality in Carteret County. -- Pine Knoll Shores has a strong and expanding retirement age population. -- Pine Knoll Shores has a fiscally sound local government. -- Pine Knoll Shores' commitment to the preservation of its residential character is a strong stimulant for further residential development. -- Pine Knoll Shores has virtually no substandard housing. -- Pine Knoll Shores has an extremely low tax rate ($.21 per $100 of assessed value). 1-24 -- Pine Knoll Shores has a strong planning process. The outlook for continued strong residential development activity is very good. Other types of development may be expected to be limited to existing zoning patterns. Changes in the existing predominant land uses are not expected. 5. Existing Ordinances and Land Use Controls Pine Knoll Shores has an effective land use management program. The town has adopted and enforces a number of local codes and ordinances which regulate development and land use. The controls are managed by the Board of Commissioners with the support of the Planning Board and town's staff. Pine Knoll Shores does not have any extraterritorial jurisdiction. The following provides a summary of the town's land use -related codes and ordinances with the major sections of each defined. The numerical references (i.e., 3-1, 5-1, 6-1) are coded to the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Municipal Code. State of Emergency and Disaster Control 6-1 Declaration and Post Disaster Relief Plan 6-2 Agency (Post Disaster Recovery Agency) 6-3 Disaster Relief Plan Traffic 7-1 Definitions 7-2 Obedience to Traffic Regulations and Police Officers 7-3 Traffic Control Devices and Signals 7-4 Stopping, Standing, and Parking 7-5 Miscellaneous Regulations 7-6 Penalties for Parking Violations 7-7 Repeal Building and Housing 10-1 Code Adopted 10-2 Certificates of Occupancy 10-3 Residential Fence Regulation 10-4 Satellite Receiving Dish 10-5 Housing Numbers - Numerical Street Address Fire Protection & Prevention 1 1-1 Fire Protection and Prevention Ordinance 11-2 Fire Hydrants Required 1 1-3 General Safety Requirements 1 1-4 Fire Hazards 1 1-5 Enforcement Streets and Sanitation 13-1 Construction, Repair, and Damage of Streets and Sidewalks 13-2 Obstructing Streets and Sidewalks 13-3 Use and Cleanliness of Streets 13-4 Garbage and Trash Removal 13-5 Littering 1-25 Flood Damage Prevention 14-1 Statutory Authorization, Findings of Facts, Purpose and Objectives 14-2 Definitions 14-3 General Provisions 14-4 Administration 14-5 Provisions for Flood Hazard Reduction Health 15-1 Debris from Construction Work 15-2 Privies and Septic Tanks 15-3 Sewage Treatment Plants Public Waters and Waterways 16-1 Definitions 16-2 Building Restrictions 16-3 16-4 General Regulations Docking Powered Boats 16-5 Living Aboard 16-6 Surfing & Windsurfing Preservation of Beaches and Dunes 17-1 Definitions 17-2 Permit Required to Drive on Beach & Sand Dunes 17-3 Violations Signs 18-1 General Provisions 18-2 Permits 18-3 Removal of Signs 18-4 Nonconforming Signs Minor Development Permits 19-1 Minor Development Permit Required Subdivision Regulations 20-1 General 20-2 Definition of Terms 20-3 Plat Preparation and Approval 20-4 20-5 Design Standards and Improvements Administration Zoninq 21-1 Legal Considerations 21-2 Definitions 21-3 Administration 21-4 Enforcement and Penalties 21-5 Changes and Amendment 21-6 General Provisions 21-7 Zoning Districts and Regulations 21-8 Accessory Uses 21-9 Nonconformity 1 1-26 Each code, ordinance, or land use -related planning document is defined by the following descriptions: State of Emergency and Disaster Control Under the terms of Chapter 6, Section 3 of the Pine Knoll Shores municipal code, the town adopted the Post Disaster Recovery Plan dated June 1, 1985. That document provides a recovery and evacuation plan which establishes policies and procedures designed to reduce the risks associated with future hurricanes. This plan will be updated as a part of the preparation of the 1996 land use plan. Traffic Chapter 7 of the municipal code defines regulatory authority and traffic controls designed to regulate traffic flow, parking, violation penalties, and traffic control devices and signals. The regulations apply to all public rights -of -way and are enforced by the town's police department. Building and Housinq Chapter 10 of the code provides regulatory authority for the following: -- The location, design, materials, equipment, construction, reconstruction, alteration, repair, maintenance, moving, demolition, removal, use, and occupancy of every building or structure or any appurtenances connected or attached to such building or structure; -- The installation, erection, alteration, repair, use and maintenance of plumbing systems consisting of house sewers, building drains, waste and vent systems, hot and cold water supply systems, and all fixtures and appurtenances thereof; -- The installation, erection, alteration, repair, use and maintenance of mechanical systems consisting of heating, ventilating, air conditioning, and refrigeration systems, fuel burning equipment, and appurtenances thereof; -- The installation, erection, alteration, repair, use and maintenance of electrical systems and appurtenances thereof; -- The installation of insulation; -- The construction of fences; -- The location and use of satellite receiving dishes; -- The numbering of houses. Chapter 10 specifically adopts the following North Carolina State Codes: building, plumbing, heating and electrical. Inspection fees are established. 1-27 1 Fire Protection and Prevention Chapter 11 provides for adoption of the National Fire Code and the N.C. Fire Code (Volume V of the N.C. State Building Code) entitled Fire Prevention. In addition, inspections, safety requirements, fire hazards, and locational requirements for fire hydrants are defined. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores' Fire Chief and Chief Code Enforcement Official and/or his designee are charged with enforcement responsibility. Streets and Sanitation Chapter 13 of the municipal code provides regulations for the construction, repair and damage of streets and sidewalks. Garbage and trash removal regulations are established and collection authority is vested with the town. Regulations and penalties to control littering are established. Flood Damage Prevention Chapter 14 of the municipal code provides regulations for flood damage prevention which are designed to promote the public health, safety and general welfare and to minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions. Specifically, the regulations are designed to: ' -- Restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health, safety and property due to water or erosion hazards, or which result in damaging increases in erosion or in flood heights or velocities; -- Require that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities which serve such uses, be protected against flood damage at the time of initial construction; -- Control the alteration of natural flood plains, stream channels, and natural protective barriers which are involved in the accommodation of flood waters; -- Control filling, grading, dredging, and other development which may increase erosion or flood damage; and -- Prevent or regulate the construction of flood barriers which will unnaturally divert flood waters or which may increase flood hazards to other lands. -- The limitation of impervious surfaces to 25% of each lot area in areas designated as "floodprone." Penalties for violation of the regulations are established and the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Building Inspector is designated as the local administrator. Health Chapter 15 of the municipal code regulates the following: removal/disposal of debris from construction work, permitting and construction of privies and septic tanks, and construction of sewage treatment plants. The following should be noted: 1 1-28 -- The only privies which are allowed are self-contained portable privies at building sites where no other restroom facility exists. -- Sewage treatment plants shall not be installed in residential zones R-1, R-2, R-3, R-4, or recreational zones Rec.-2, Rec.-3. -- Any liability created by the construction and/or operation of a treatment plant shall be the sole responsibility of the treatment plant owner. The town's Building Inspector is responsible for ensuring compliance when building permits are issued. Public Waters and Waterways Chapter 16 of the Pine Knoll Shores municipal code provides building restrictions for piers, boat slips and boat basins. Maintenance requirements are defined for all bulkheads, docks, piers, or other structures located along waterways. In addition, controls are included for boat speed, anchoring, discharge, and dumping of waste, skiing or surfboarding behind boats, diving from bridges, and boat ramp construction. It should be noted that no permanent inclined structure for getting a boat in or out of the water shall be permitted unless it is owned by an association of owners for the benefit of all members of the association. Building permits are required for all construction regulated under this chapter. Preservation of Beaches and Dunes Chapter 17 of the municipal code regulates the driving of vehicles on beaches and sand dunes. Permits are required for the driving of vehicles in dune and beach areas. Permitting is only allowed for the purpose of commercial fishing. As a prerequisite to issuing a permit, the Town Clerk may require verification that the permittee is actively engaged in commercial fishing, the verification to be either by production of validly executed income tax returns showing substantial income from commercial fishing, or a valid affidavit from a wholesale commercial fish purchaser verifying that the commercial fisherman has been, within the past twelve (12) months, actively engaged in the sale of fish to the commercial fishing establishment. Signs Chapter 18 of the municipal code regulates the construction and placement of signs. These regulations are closely coordinated with the Town of Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance. Permits for sign construction are issued by the town's Building Inspector. Minor Develooment Permits Chapter 19 of the municipal code specifies that no construction shall be permitted which requires a Minor Development Permit in accordance with North Carolina General Statutes 113A-118 until the town has issued a Minor Development Permit in accordance with the provisions of Article 7 or Chapter 1 13A of the North Carolina General Statutes, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder. The Building Inspector issues minor permits. 11 1 1 Ll 1-29 "minor NCGS 113A-118 defines a development" (minor permit required) as any development other than a "major development" (major permit required). A "major development" is defined as follows: "A major development is any development which requires permission, licensing, approval, certification or authorization in any form from the Environmental Management Commission, the Department of Human Resources, the State Department of Economic and Community Development, the State Department of Administration, the North Carolina Mining Commission, the North Carolina Pesticides board, the North Carolina Sedimentation Control Board, or any federal agency or authority; or which occupies a land or water area in excess of 20 acres; or which contemplates drilling for or excavating natural resources on land or under water; or which occupies on a single parcel a structure or structures in excess of a ground area of 60,000 square feet." ' Subdivision Regulations Chapter 20 of the municipal code provides for adoption of the town's subdivision regulations. Those regulations provide for the orderly development of the municipality and its environs, for the coordination of streets within proposed subdivisions with existing or planned streets 'or with other public facilities; for the dedication or reservations of rights -of -way easements for street and utility purposes; and for the distribution of population and traffic which shall avoid congestion and overcrowding, and which shall create conditions beneficial to or promotive of public health, safety, and the general welfare. Specifically, the regulations apply to the following conditions/circumstances: -- The combination or recombination of portions of previously platted lots where the total number of lots is not increased and the resultant lots are equal to or exceed the standards of the town as shown in its subdivision regulations. Any such combination or recombination of previously platted lots, permitted by this paragraph, shall be shown on a plat prepared by a registered surveyor and/or engineer. Said plat shall be presented to the Town Clerk for signature, and shall be recorded in the office of the Register of Deeds; -- The division of land into parcels greater than ten 0 0) acres where no street right-of-way dedication is involved; -- The public acquisition by purchase of strips of land for the widening or opening ' of streets; -- The division of a tract in single ownership whose entire area is no greater than two (2) acres into not more than three (3) lots, where no street right-of-way dedication is involved, and where the resultant lots are equal to or exceed the standards of the municipality, as shown in its subdivision regulations. ' The subdivision regulations are managed by the Planning Board and Board of Commissioners with the administrative support of the town's staff. 1 1-30 Zoning Chapter 21 of the Pine Knoll Shores municipal code provides for adoption of the town's zoning ordinance. The following provides the definition of the ordinance's purpose: "... to lessen congestion in the streets; to secure safety from fire, panic, and other dangers; to promote health and the general welfare; to provide adequate light and air; to prevent the overcrowding of land; to avoid undue concentration of population; to facilitate the adequate provisions of transportation, sewage, parks, and other public requirements; to conserve the value of buildings and encourage the most appropriate use of land throughout the corporate area; to protect the area ecology through full cooperation with county and state authorities ..." In order to regulate and limit the intensity of the use of lot areas; to regulate and determine the areas of open space surrounding buildings; to classify, regulate and restrict the location of certain trades; to regulate the height, size and the location of buildings; to regulate and control structures and uses designed for specified businesses, residential, and other uses, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is hereby divided into zones of which there shall be thirteen (13) known as: Residential R-1 Residential R-2 Residential R-3 Residential R-4 Recreational 1 Recreational 2 Recreational 3 Multi -Family 1 Multi -Family 2 Commercial Office Professional Municipal Service Institutional The ordinance is consistent with and supports the town's 1992 land use plan. The town's Building Inspector is responsible for enforcement. 1992 Pine Knoll Shores CAMA Land Use Plan The existing Pine Knoll Shores CAMA Land Use Plan was certified on January 29, 1993. The plan satisfies the 15A NCAC 713planning guidelines and meets or exceeds the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards for AEC's. The plan's policies are summarized on pages 1-2 and 1-3 of this document. 6. Effectiveness of the 1992 Land Use Plan and Policies Pine Knoll Shores has effectively implemented the policies and recommendations contained in the 1992 land use plan. Both the Planning Board and Board of Commissioners have relied on the plan to guide general policy, zoning, subdivision, and other regulatory decisions. The policy statements are specific, with clear linkages to the 15A NCAC 7H use standards. In particular, the town has emphasized implementation of the following policies: No commercial marinas are permitted. 1-31 1 1 -- No non-commercial vehicles are allowed in dune and beach areas. -- Zoning and subdivision requests have been carefully reviewed to reduce the adverse effects of storm water runoff. -- The low -to -medium density residential character of the town has been protected. -- The town has limited increases in commercially zoned properties. In order to clarify the town's intent for marina expansion, an amendment to the Land Use Plan was certified by the Coastal Resources Commission (CRC) on January 26, 1995. The amendment clarifies that while the town opposes the construction of new marinas, modifications to an existing marina (including the development of additional boat slips) are allowed, provided the external boundaries of the marina are not affected. E. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: PUBLIC FACILITIES 1. Water Surmly Carolina Water Service, a privately -owned company, supplies the Town of Pine Knoll Shores with water. Water storage is provided by two elevated reservoirs -- one 150,000 gallon and one 250,000 gallon with a 10,000 gallon pressure tank. On July 4, 1991, the maximum demand was 1,300,000 gallons per day of water supplied to Pine Knoll Shores. On July 4, 1990, peak demand for water was 1,200,000 gallons per day. The Fire Chief of Pine Knoll Shores believes that water pressure may not be adequate to provide fire protection if a serious fire occurred. However, the capacity of the town's system is well above the peak seasonal demands of the town. The following provides the system capacity by well: Well Number Capacity 1 270 gpm* 2 340 gpm 3 650 gpm 4 420 gpm 1,680 gpm * Gallons per minute. Source: Carolina Water Service; Town of Pine Knoll Shores. According to Pine Knoll Shores' town officials, the water quality provided in 1995 by Carolina Water Service was less than desired by town residents because of cost, smell, and taste. However, the system does satisfy all minimum state standards. The town has expressed concerns regarding line sizing, water pressure, and the water rates. The 1995 rates were higher than those charged in either Atlantic Beach or Emerald Isle. 1-32 2. Sewage Disposal There is no central sewage collection and treatment system in Pine Knoll Shores. The town is served by either individual septic tanks or package treatment plants. Table 16 provides a list of privately owned and operated package treatment plants in Pine Knoll Shores. Table 16 Private Package Treatment and Disposal Systems Regulated by the Carteret County Health Department Town of Pine Knoll Shores - 1990 Design Flow Name Gallons/Day Type Beachwalk Condominiums 17,340 Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist. Bogue Shores Club 12,000 Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist. Coral Bay West 10,000 Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist. McGinnis Point 30,600 Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist. Pine Knoll Townes 11,040 Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist. The Oceans 6,000 Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist. Ocean Terrace 12,000 Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist. Beacon's Reach 100,000 Treatment Plant/Conventional (3 plants total) Genesis Condominiums 30,500 Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist. Ocean Glen/Ocean Bay Villas 32,500 Treatment Plant/Rotary Dist. Source: Draft Environmental Impact Statement, Carteret County; N.C. Division of Water Quality; Carteret County Division of Environmental Health. 3. Drainage Pine Knoll Shores has rarely experienced severe flooding. However, during heavy rainfall, localized flooding does occur on Oak Leaf, Juniper and Yaupon Drives and Willow Road. The town does not have a master drainage plan. However, the town has adopted a local ordinance which limits coverage by impervious surfaces to 25% of each lot area in areas designated to be floodprone. The town is concerned with water quality within the canals located within Pine Knoll Shores and in the adjacent waters of Bogue Sound. In 1992, the North Carolina Division of Water Quality contracted with Dr. Kirby William -Smith of the Duke Marine Laboratories in Beaufort, North Carolina, to conduct a water quality study for the canals and the adjacent waters of the Bogue Sound. The study was completed in March, 1994. The following quote taken from the executive summary for the study describes an increasing pollution problem in Pine Knoll Shores Canal: "The second set of experiments involved a series of studies of the concentration of fecal coliform bacteria in estuarine waters within a canal and adjacent waters of Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County, North Carolina. The Pine Knoll Shores canal was dredged from high ground in 1972 and connected to Bogue Sound via two inlets. Since its construction, the canal has had a continuous decline in water quality which has coincided with an increase in housing units 1-33 E Ll constructed along the canal and development of roads and housing within watershed of the canal. One important manifestation of this decline in water quality was the closure of the canal to shellfishing in 1984 due to increased fecal coliform counts. Water quality degradation is apparently continuing in spite of a relatively rapid flushing rate of the canal with Bogue Sound waters which supply clean water to the canal with every tidal cycle. The study reported here was not designed to identify the sources of FC within the canal system but rather to elucidate spatial and temporal patterns in FC counts so that more specific questions as to sources could be formulated. The research results suggest the FC contamination of the Pine Knoll Shores canal is continuing and probably increasing. Major sources of contamination appear to be located in the middle of the western end of the canal in the vicinity of its southwest corner. Additional sources are also present in the middle of the eastern part of the canal. The relative importance of the sources to the overall contamination may have as much to do with the residence time and hydrography of the canal as with the intensity of the sources. Storm water runoff is a periodic cause of fecal coliform inputs into the canal but cannot explain the chronic pollution evident at certain times. The data suggest that the chronic problems are worst when soils are near saturation. At these times fecal coliform pollution appears even when there has been no surface runoff. The most likely cause of the chronic contamination in the canal is the sub -surface flow of contaminated waters through sandy soils which would occur when there was a fresh water table perched above the level of the canal. This source is suspected but by no means confirmed as a result of these studies. The Bogue Sound waters along the shore between the two canal inlets generally has very low fecal coliform counts. Occasional and unpredictably higher counts are observed. Outflow of canal waters from Hoffman Inlet on a rising tide near high water may be the source for fecal coliform bacteria along the Bogue Sound shore to the east as the tide then falls. Other possible sources are birds on docks, surface storm water runoff, and ground water seepage." Duke Marine Laboratories has not taken any additional water samples in the Pine Knoll Shores canal since the preparation of the preceding report. However, the Shellfish Sanitation Branch of the N.C. Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources has been taking water samples in two locations of the canal since August, 1990. These test sites are located at both the east and west entrances of the canal. The data compiled by Shellfish Sanitation does not indicate a reduction in fecal coliform counts since the Duke Marine Laboratory study was completed in 1994. However, the data does indicate a fecal coliform level which fluctuates as a result of precipitation and soil saturation. 4. Solid Waste Disposal Refuse collection service is provided to the town by a private firm. Refuse is collected once per week in residential areas, and once per week for businesses. However, adjustments are made to satisfy seasonal demand. In 1993, the Carteret County landfill, located on Hibbs Road in the Newport Township, shut down operations and stopped the acceptance of waste material. By 1994, the county had met all of the necessary requirements and the closure was made official. The day after the Hibbs Road landfill stopped accepting waste, the new Tri-County landfill was opened. The Tri- County landfill is operated by the Coastal Regional Solid Waste Management Authority (CRSWMA). The management authority is a board of directors appointed by Carteret, Craven, and Pamlico counties' Boards of Commissioners. There are seven board members. Pamlico and Carteret counties each have two board members, and Craven County is represented by 1-34 three. The fundamental idea behind this regional approach is that one large landfill is less expensive to construct and operate than three individual landfills. The landfill is located in Craven County near Tuscarora. The present site will be expanded by approximately 400 acres and modified to meet new federal and state regulations regarding environmental safeguards. Carteret and Pamlico county residents are served via transfer stations located in Newport and Grantsboro. The expanded facility will have the capacity to serve regional needs through 2010. In 1992, Pine Knoll Shores contracted with Waste Industries, Inc., for solid waste collection. The town reduced its total volume of waste by 25% by January, 1993. In order to accomplish this, the town arranged a recycling program with Waste Industries to collect recyclables at curbside on a bi-weekly basis. Collection bins for corrugated cardboard and plastic garden pots are located behind the Pine Knoll Shores Municipal Building. Pine Knoll Shores has also contracted with Waste Industries to collect yard waste at curbside on a monthly basis. Solid waste is disposed of in the Tri-County Landfill. After 1993, yard waste and debris was not accepted at the landfill. 5. Schools Pine Knoll Shores is served by the Carteret County School System. Kindergarten through third grade students attend Morehead City Primary which is approximately seven miles away in Morehead City. Grades 4 through 5 attend Morehead Elementary School at Camp Glen which is also approximately seven miles away in Morehead City. Grades 6 through 8 attend Morehead Middle School which is roughly eight miles away in Morehead City. West Carteret High School, approximately 10 miles away in Morehead City, serves grades 9 through 12. Table 17 provides detailed information on the Carteret County schools. Based on the 1990 census, there were approximately 119 school age people residing in Pine Knoll Shores. Eighty-six of those would have attended middle or elementary schools. Thus, approximately 1.4% of Carteret County's total public school enrollment resided in Pine Knoll Shores. The Carteret County Board of Education receives federal, state, and county assistance. In FY95-96, the county school system will receive $12.1 million in county assistance. The county school system serves the entire county and currently includes fourteen (14) schools: three high schools, three middle schools, and eight elementary schools. The following table provides a comparison of Carteret County school enrollment in 1989 and 1995. 1-35 C, I fl 171 11 1 L, Table 17 Enrollment in Carteret County Schools, 1989-1995 Atlantic Elementary Beaufort Elementary Beaufort Middle Broad Creek Middle Cape Lookout High (new) Morehead Elementary [1l East Carteret High Harkers Island Elementary Morehead Elementary at Camp Glenn (new) Camp Glenn Elementary [21 Morehead City Middle Morehead City Primary (new) Newport Elementary Smyrna Elementary West Carteret High White Oak Elementary Total 1995 1989 Change 181 162 +19 530 679 -149 374 353 +21 838 686 +152 47 N/A N/A N/A 593 N/A 782 749 + 33 170 204 -34 390 N/A N/A N/A 587 N/A 666 568 + 98 823 0 + 823 954 864 + 90 366 437 -71 1,521 1,431 +90 636 547 +89 8,278 7,859 +419 Ill Since 1989, Morehead Elementary has closed and the building reopened as a new alternative high school called Cape Lookout. K-3 is now served by the new Morehead City Primary and grades 4-5 by Morehead Elementary at Camp Glenn. Therefore, no conclusions may be drawn by examining a change in enrollment from 1989-1995. [21 Since 1989, Camp Glenn Elementary, serving grades K-2, has closed and has since reopened as Morehead Elementary at Camp Glenn serving grades 4-5. Therefore, no conclusions may be drawn by examining a change in enrollment from 1989-1995. Source: Carteret County Board of Education. Table 17 indicates that overall county school enrollment in Carteret County grew by 419 individuals from 1989-1995. This growth in public school enrollment is more than twice that experienced between 1984-1989. During the early 1980s, public school enrollment in the county actually decreased, so this steady growth in enrollment may be indicative of a shift toward public school as opposed to private. Carteret County's continued devotion toward improving education is evidenced by the recent passage of a $29 million bond referendum in November, 1994. The bond provides $6.2 million for educational technology. This includes the purchase of instructional computer equipment and software, and the networking of the county's fourteen schools. The majority of that equipment has been purchased and received by the schools, and the networking project will be completed in the fall of 1996. The remaining bond money will fund construction and renovation projects. A new high school and a new elementary school will be constructed in the western part of the county. An option 1-36 has been exercised on 90 acres off Highway 24, and final state approval for purchase should be received in the spring of 1996. Plans call for both schools to be built on the same site with natural buffers separating them. Other bond projects include the construction of a new cafeteria and renovations to the main building at Beaufort Elementary School, the construction of a new classroom building with media center and office area at Smyrna Elementary School, and renovations to the kitchen at White Oak Elementary School. Community expectations for the Carteret County School System are high. The overwhelming support for the bond referendum and the arrival of a new superintendent have set a challenging course for this system. Carteret County schools strive for excellence in education and continue to innovatively address student needs. A five-year strategic plan provides direction for the school system beyond the year 2000. Called a blueprint for action, that plan will soon be revised and long-range plans will be extended through 2010. The plan was developed by a team of parents, business leaders, teachers, retirees, school administrators, support and classified school staff, and board of education members. Cape Lookout High School is the system's newest school. It opened in January, 1995, and is an alternative school offering small class sizes and individualized instruction. It is attended by students who are having difficulty in the traditional school setting. The county's voluntary year-round school pilot program was extended another two years based on its success. Students at Newport Elementary School attend four nine -week quarters. During the three-week breaks, enrichment and remediation programs are offered. The year- round program is run along with a traditional calendar program at Newport Elementary. Geographically, growth is occurring in the western end of the county. Student populations continue to decrease on the eastern side of the county. West Carteret High, Morehead Middle, Broad Creek Middle, and Newport Elementary are severely overcrowded. West Carteret High did get some relief when a new two-story, 21-classroom addition opened in August, 1995. 6. Transportation N.C. Highway 58 is the only "major" thoroughfare in Pine Knoll Shores. The town is linked to the mainland over Bogue Sound by the B. Cameron Langston Bridge in Emerald Isle or the Atlantic Beach Bridge. In 1994, the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) conducted traffic counts through Carteret County. On N.C. 58 at Salter Path, the average daily traffic count (ADT) was 21,100 vehicles. On N.C. 58 west of Atlantic Beach Bridge, the ADT count was 23,300. Unfortunately, it cannot be assumed that these vehicles actually entered Pine Knoll Shores town limits. Average daily traffic counts within the town limits are currently unavailable. However, due to increased traffic congestion, NCDOT believes that conversion of N.C. 58 from a two-lane to a four -lane road is necessary. The town does not agree with widening of the road. 1-37 ' Powell Bill funding for Pine Knoll Shores is based on 11.25 miles of locally maintained roads. All roads in Pine Knoll Shores appear to be in good condition. 7. Police ' The Town of Pine Knoll Shores maintains a fully -staffed police department. There are currently seven officers and the Chief of Police. The town maintains five patrol cars. In ' addition, the town has an emergency four-wheel drive vehicle. The four-wheel drive vehicle is shared by the police and fire departments. Constant training is provided for police officers. The town feels that police service is adequate to serve the town's needs. 1 8. Fire I 1 1 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores maintains a volunteer fire department. The Chief of Police is the Fire Chief. The town hired a part-time fire prevention officer in July, 1994. The fire station is located at the Town Hall. The town owns two pumpers. One pumper has a maximum water capacity of 400 gallons per minute; the other pumper a maximum water capacity of 1,000 gallons per minute. In addition, the town has a fire protection mutual aide agreement with Atlantic Beach, Salter Path, Emerald Isle, and Morehead City. The fire department has an Insurance Safety Organization (ISO) rating of 7. The town feels that fire protection is adequate. 9. Emergency Services The Pine Knoll Shores Emergency Medical Service provides ambulance services for the town. The Emergency Medical Squad is equipped with two ambulances and is comprised of 22 volunteers and the members of the police department. If necessary, both the Coast Guard and Cherry Point Marine Corps Air Station personnel provide emergency services support. 10. Recreation The town has no public beach or sound access points. However, there are numerous privately controlled points and beach access. No boat ramps are provided for the general public. Boat launching is permitted only for those belonging to a town homeowners association. Major sources of recreation available to the public include the following: the Iron Steamer Fishing Pier, four tennis courts, an 18-hole golf course, and the North Carolina Aquarium. The golf course and tennis courts are generally open to the public for a fee. Private community parks are located throughout the town for homeowners. 11. Electrical Distribution The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is provided electrical service by the Carteret Craven EMC. The town has never experienced any "major" power shortage problem or "brown" outs. 1-38 12. Cable Television Cable television service is provided by Time Warner Cable. The cable system provides service to approximately 1,100 customers. 13. Administration The Town of Pine Knoll Shores maintains a Mayor - Board of Commissioners form of government. There are currently 13 full-time employees and two part-time employees. Pine Knoll Shores has a Planning Board consisting of eight members, a Board of Adjustment consisting of nine members, and a Community Appearance Committee consisting of seven members. Pine Knoll Shores' administrative capabilities are adequate to serve the town's needs. F. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY Topography/Geology The land within Pine Knoll Shores ranges from flat along shorelines and some interior areas to rolling, undulating topography within the dune areas. Elevation generally ranges from 0 to 36 feet above sea level. Normally the highest elevations above sea level are found in the Newhan soil associations. These higher elevations are concentrated on a ridge which generally lies along the route of Salter Path Road. The soil association locations are provided on Map 4, page 1-44/45. The majority of the town's land has slopes within the 0 to 8 percent range. However, within some areas, slopes may be as great as 30 percent. The steepest slopes are found in the Beaches-Newhan, Fripp fine sand, Newhan fine sand, and Newhan Corolla complex soils. The greatest concentration of slopes in the 30 percent range are found along the frontal dunes in the Beaches-Newhan complex soils. Carteret County is underlain by an eastward -thickening wedge of sedimentary deposits of Pleistocene -age, ranging from 2,000 feet thick in the northwest portions of the county to almost 7,000 feet thick beneath the easternmost sections of offshore strand. Because of the depth of the surficial sand/siliceous deposits, little is known of the composition of underlying deposits. Well logs indicate that shell fragments and calcareous material are consolidated into a limestone at a depth of less than 120 feet west of Morehead City, and at increasing depths further eastward. Microfossils obtained from some well samples indicate that the uppermost consolidated limestone is probably part of the Yorktown formation. The Carolina Water Service Company obtains water from wells that are supplied by an aquifer which extends westward under Carteret County. The town has never experienced a water supply shortage. However, salt water intrusion may be an increasing concern as demand for water grows. About 2,500 square miles of the Castle Hayne aquifer, including the portion underlying Carteret County, have been designated as a capacity use area by the N.C. Groundwater Section due to large (68 MGD in 1986) groundwater withdrawals by the PCS phosphate mine near Aurora. A capacity use area is defined as an area where the use of water resources threatens to exceed the replenishment ability to the extent that regulation may be required. Map 2 delineates the water discharge/recharge areas. 1-39 SA 1 ATLANTIC 0 CEAN q LOOKOUT LEGEND COUNTY BOUNDARY LINE INCORPORATED AREA AND FORT MACON NOT UNDER CARTERET COUNTY PLANNING JURISDICTION EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION AREAS NOT UNDER CARTERET COUNTY PLANNING JURISDICTION GROUNDWATER RECHARGEIDISCRARGE TOWN OF CEDAR POINT CORPORATE LIMIT LINE SA CLASS SA WATER SB CLASS SB WATER SC CLASS SC WATER C CLASS C WATER ERET COUNTY R RESOURCES MAP 2 1-40 MAP 3 FLOOD HAZARD MAP TO WN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES 0 150 300 600 900 FT. SCALE ZONE A TRINI ,•• EN E ZONE^)[`•)\ COPAL a..u[/. r TiTUriONAL I VQj ZONE C 0 O nm THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. w[lr10rlr ZONE J WESTPORT 2 moOl0EID10:4n1■m LEGEND ZONE A: AREAS OF 100-YEAR FLOOD; BASE FLOOD ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS NOT DETERMINED. ZONE B: AREAS BETWEEN LIMITS OF THE 10-YEAR FLOOD AND 500-YEAR FLOOD; OR CERTAIN AREAS SUBJECT TO 100-YEAR FLOODING WITH AVERAGE DEPTHS LESS THAN ONE (1) FOOT. ZONE C: AREAS OF MINIMAL FLOODING. ZONE V: AREAS OF 100-YEAR COASTAL FLOOD WITH VELOCITY (WAVE ACTION); BASE FLOOD ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS DETERMINED. 9 NOTE: ALL OF THE THEODORE ROOSEVELT NATURAL AREA, INCLUDING THE NC MARINE RESOURCE CENTER, IS DESIGNATED AS A COBRA AREA. NOTE: BECAUSE OF SIZE AND SCALE, THIS MAP CANNOT BE USED FOR PRECISE FLOOD ZONE LOCATIONS. m• ZONE A 0 7.1 E 6 U � 0 / ZONE B _ r ZONE B N. C. DEPT of ADMINISTRATION ZONE / 4 FIDDLERS L.r r , \a..00Ar o 7e t'At OL�R ZONE B O O Jl JO if l) J\ E O �• O ZONE B LA, POA :. w If r. qr n CORA .. ....... rrII F _ NE B AL RlC E 2 ; i, 0 0 \'J O•/ r� O r n - E "© _ZONE C 100' .� IIB long f o l J O �J �r I s�i -• ---.. EG f L K l _ r 1�• IYt 5tx FA-- ZON _ _ tiw..wz,1ttt4�L�L� . r r ... SALTER PATH ROAD V _ / _ _ —f—� ` ,, `a r Li O Oct •�` P / - 2z N- C OIrAa f••C AIS ••1 '�f 1 U EAN LVVE ZONE,— s- IOYBB ACCI11 • ZONE A IidJ'� BOAT BAII. �I i or L o N. C. MARINE CENTER o 0 25.04 ACHES ZONE B Ems;/, IIf , I I I ZONE B ZONE A ONE I; ZONE A I-1 ' � I .• Nf•If I I _ ZONE A , r00' /U11(A [OBI I �raarssai�iifB7��V�� c o 0 0 o C OVA •Y ` 0 R 1 u N[A Q n•• as [ONI A ZONE B I 0005[rrar ♦AO.r Tr y y,• • TOTAL r ZO E B ZONE ` '+ O r J 8•• HO psEy / • 0.l ECT 'to• b � ZONE A e z� - PO KIOL Vj1 L " O , ZONE B 'Cr-1)O� O I / / z-"vE 1 ir••N• ZONE C ,•IrrIN \ 1 .1 ,,r•.Ir '0`20NE B ,ZONE C 300' C EAN TERRACE GENESIS BC LK OCEANS WNALIR eAr ZONE V _ ZONE V .A.R 1-42 c BOGU£ SOUND • ZONE A Sir \ \ oo �� e o ° o � ® ♦;: � � �. � ;� ' � � N � i ` - p ZON i � ,. 8, z � S :'� � c � o � p o ,.vr--�� Q >� • %a /-1y p e 9t © 6 I -� p ,J IS f f p . �°''� ` ® Z • E o \ le °' b _ w r r 4 (',. sf GS —- - - - r 1. Z Q N UUUUJ o 0 o a :o to f I ZONE A \ i ® '�x m ONE B B � O g i. n�ora�, O ',J � N G O O C' O O ldf O O O �� y ii`// !/!// p � ,�►( McGINNIS POINT O �\ 'r,� r7 • t L 1 3 _ O O � •r eelvt L ® � O O O ', jj7Ti�t� vrL1' B vo. ®�t • \ \ 'Illi• .' p .. - - - -- - _• �' � ,..n -. © t i C O t• O ' .0 9 O: � O j;t �- _ I I ®/ E site ac :t .G.6-®�6i©SO SO © O _ N •B �^n 6 0 O p tp: �O� O+ f� O 7`p O e e err O ® • fl\ '\..\ ♦ I ® .,,�p L r . • I ' � O O O � _ ► O' . e ., ,o ♦ p � • Q ZO E C r ofi \ lL' © 0 e L C .ZO c C p Yy • O p o �r c ^� o /• r Q ,; ® °©� E t O ©` 9 © �1•, ,• N e e.wL r © 'e •� j L p O t / / r _ ' { ZONE C t; © r- -;: a era, -._ ZO "e ^ ® ~, , Q. wr• � - - - -- _ -- r O. z i •. i.: O 'O jO • .00 • ; crrnLlt oewt Y r •_ u - •� fAl / S `� o ° • a +°• F© -�- _ e o >< LL - _ -- o' • o, o �B ZON CYIITMYT 1 � /' •- 44 ` O^ , el MLLt - _ Q , p L O A ®•- �'. 6 �.® I.O` �' !' O^ � 'j. �°► ®O.O�" rJ 6 c. �' ^- -' ,-O .O ^ `,O U � O ��J- 0 o Q o� •,,.o'•' + _• � • '•<. • O •� » •p •o o', - „ ;�.,, w o r o � � 0. �--- 1' ZON A 9 - ,Irr[e'1 ® ®` r e� 4© i t / c♦ •i Q - b t' _ }O'9 \ © © O. 1 Lp �J ,\l / ZON MloLarer `. ® •' ,. 'ter.. •y o r . �•O , •?.. _ •_ O• 0e :O 0 �` `tr \ ./Q 6 c �• ®• � ' '® Q � O i0• . % .r© i y ' °• I.' O O © o C •� (y O p O e � � �� � �f I e © o' Eta ` i�®° -' ° t,,'a o LL m o'" o o_ L e • 1�' ® 0 ,,. ',.. ��'� o ° o 8 NE rr C ZON s s. vt t O' .. I ' ® O ® �O aavL w0 1 O O V�7+ •Q $ O — SO J.s11 .rli c Lo1LaL _ 'p 10• 'tO ® _ t �Q c•ct O t*�,♦ O .O ©: ° :O ®i SO•, r ®�. O` ® %�(�/.f {/JJJ/i,u,(/fJ/ems �J�h('}!!Jll111L1/ IJ itui/ < is; • E © - u: - - - ;® ` ®. �•.\ C Q O O i8 ® e•• O O• 'O . • O' r ♦ O• 0 O t: BILl CHR/ST N 4luJiii� i.. . /r./// /ri///it/�tl1lL� `✓ ~ + !t oy i p O p0 �• ®' 'e e •`: p 0 0 �� ®- 0 ® ;g '_O O O p 6 00' �o O( Yo e, sg p O 6 p AGE Es -•-/ 'fL— ZONE A t - i ® r - '® ti�Y`;'�©'•' , O �• 3 _ ®�Q O __ .R ,,Ey.. e � ® O p t` !` .� � L I 0 i E i A i : 6 ® ® O I m O O O O n' � m ' , 9 • - O e ° ; Q �! .+ ✓ . O Q _ a,v t O" b 0 : Q• e . © a :• ... p • O � ��-( m � c- ., ' �--j _ O. • o 'r.-r.. tom. t ji/ E E O o 1 . o L L T, 'Q ©O a p OO j0, hr ,O � �' ' e •'.A '.. ;; w.-..:--; O r 6 . p p i ® �� f tw ��� f r� .•cf� � v LEGEND ZONE A: AREAS OF 100-YEAR FLOOD; BASE FLOOD ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS NOT DETERMINED. ZONE B: AREAS BETWEEN LIMITS OF THE 10-YEAR FLOOD AND 500-YEAR FLOOD; OR CERTAIN AREAS SUBJECT TO 100-YEAR FLOODING WITH AVERAGE DEPTHS LESS THAN ONE (1) FOOT. ZONE C: AREAS OF MINIMAL FLOODING. ZONE V: AREAS OF 100-YEAR COASTAL FLOOD WITH VELOCITY (WAVE ACTION); BASE FLOOD ELEVATIONS AND FLOOD HAZARD FACTORS DETERMINED. NOTE: BECAUSE OF SIZE AND SCALE, THIS MAP CANNOT BE USED FOR PRECISE FLOOD ZONE LOCATIONS. NOTE: ALL OF THE THEODORE ROOSEVELT NATURAL AREA, INCLUDING THE NC MARINE RESOURCE CENTER, IS DESIGNATED AS A COBRA AREA. °L ® - -- -- -L-�-- -• -•t' � � I. � O ii O ip 0• O '-'- --- -- -- - _•ac :.© ��� �' •Q •f O 9 0 � Q ��• , p p O% O' O� � � p O O � ��� ��ZONEY�-� __1•^ !!i !! lrr. 0O © ® ♦ p• L 0• ' pO - - -- - -� n.r.«. r -_ZONE A ' 9 • ti © ® m O t• r i :: • O 9 // - - AD (N.C. tl1 - 9 p e s ® 9 t• O O O p L ,ALL HAVEN t ,ee.l � - --� -- r SALTER PATN FD //!/!!/i%ITTIi, I I Q `►let- `e".•,' •ML i, 1 .?'! •/ ! / / ... ......... .Q cell r►tt.o r +.. 0.,�, O i .�ep�OO � rle[, � /rr !!/u////ram// I I 3 . .. _ _ �- p'. MAP ONE A ©' ® I ° o - - I 1.. ZONE Cr - Qi _[ ..,r.-—rHOLIDAY INN— fLEriHG ®6 �, o °' �s n n e • Y ., _ - _ ^. ^o ' o _ -�- -- ZONE..Cr. FLOOD HAZARD MP ...... et E O 6 © O © _ Q p p r. r - - - e'r .u000 o.:rl E~B ZONE V _ 9 ,tQ - p C__ti __ - 'e Q O. O O• 01•. 9 ®___-_ - - .-__ , .o r _� �- - _ ----c'-._ _ •♦, n•L,00e Dew[ ___ __- \,' e -.- __ ___ __- �` �-___ __ - ___ ___--,— Q ® teltt r es VI ZONE B —x, - o p __ ------ - - TOWN O F oz / ,..' p -- _ - areal[ -------- PINE KNOLL SHORES r � -441" - - t 1 -- _ _ --- -- ATLANTIC ' �� TOwNES _ - .. � • � - THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART EAN PINE KNOLL ' �'`° `' • - THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA I I COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS TERRA o �50 300 600 90o FT. Z N � - PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF ZONE 1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, SCALE ---- NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. 143 EAST END 2. Flood Hazard Areas While large areas of Pine Knoll Shores lie within the 100-year floodplain, the greatest threat is flooding resulting from storm surge and local ponding of water. Approximately 15 to 20 percent of the town's land area lies at ten feet above mean sea level or less and is potentially subject to flooding (see Map 3). In July, 1995, the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS) of the town were revised designating the Roosevelt Natural Area as a Coastal Barrier Resource Area (COBRA). This designation will further discourage development in this area since it prohibits the provision of federal flood insurance. Private flood insurance may or may not be available. The greatest storm surge impact will occur from hurricanes. Map 4 shows the general areas of Pine Knoll Shores which may be affected by hurricane -generated storm surge. The various ' categories of storm surge areas are defined as follows: Category 1. Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees, foliage, and unanchored mobile homes. No appreciable wind damage to other structures. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Storm surge possibly 4 to 5 feet above normal. Low-lying roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in exposed anchorage torn from moorings. Category 2. Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to shrubbery and tree foliage; some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed mobile homes. ' Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. No major wind damage to buildings. Storm surge possibly 6 to 8 feet above normal. Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes ' inland cut by rising water 2 to 4 hours before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage to piers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in unprotected anchorages torn from moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline residences and low-lying island areas required. Category 3. Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large trees blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown down. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. Some structural damage to small buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. Storm surge possibly 9 to 12 feet above normal. Serious flooding at coast and many smaller structures near coast destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged by battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Approximately 25% of Pine Knoll Shores could be flooded. ' Category 4. Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; all signs down. Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows, and doors. Complete ' failure of roofs on many small residences. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge possibly 13 to 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors of structures near shore due to flooding and battering by waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of beaches. Over 40% of Pine Knoll Shores could be flooded. ' Category 5. Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down. Very severe and extensive damage to windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many residences and industrial buildings. Extensive shattering of glass in windows and doors. Some -41 r r 1b1A , Y Ir r r w IIIIIIIr r The proParallon of this map was financed In part through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which Is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. r ter W r= r= r r r / I / 1 •..• ...•............... ........ ....•.................................. .....•..•................................... .•............................................ ................................................... ..................................................... • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • LEGEND CATEGORY 1-2 SURGE AREA CATEGORY 3 ADDITIONAL SURGE AREA CATEGORY 4-5 ADDITIONAL SURGE AREA 0 1/2 1 2 SCALE IN MILES I I CORPORATE LIMIT t PINE KNOLL SHORES STORM SURGE INUNDATION AREAS MAP 4 1 ' complete building failures. Small buildings overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge possibly greater than 18 feet above normal. ' Major damage to lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. One hundred percent of Pine Knoll Shores could be flooded. ' The town also suffers from intermittent flooding from rainfall and storm water runoff. Approximately 157 lots located in the eastern section of town between Cypress Drive and Salter Path Road have been designated by a local ordinance as floodprone. The ordinance ' limits coverage by impervious surfaces to 25% of each lot area. The soil associations shown on Map 5 provide an indication of the locations of high water table areas. The water table depths, flooding frequency, and permeability rates are provided in Table 18. 1 I I n 11 Flooding resulting from sea level rise may be a long-term problem. Over the last 100 years, the sea level has risen approximately one foot. Most experts agree that the rate of sea level rise will increase over the next one hundred years. The maximum increase has been forecast to be as much as four to seven feet. An increase of that magnitude would be disastrous to Pine Knoll Shores. Approximately 20% or more of the town could be inundated. The impact of sea level rise has serious adverse transportation and access implications for all of Bogue Banks. Many inland Carteret County roads could be inundated and impede access to Bogue Banks. The rate of rise should be carefully monitored. Table 18 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Soil Susceptibility to Flooding Map Symbol Soil Types Depth to Seasonal High Water Table Flooding Permeability % Slope Bn Beaches-Newhan Beach - 0 to 3.0' Frequent Rapid 0-30 Complex Foredunes 6.0' Rare 6.3"/hr. Cl Carteret sand, 0 to 3.0' Frequent (daily) Rapid - low 6.3"/hr. Co Corolla find sand 1.5 to 3.0' Rare to Common Very rapid - Storm Tides 20"/hr. Du Duckstone fine 1.0 to 2.0' Rare to Common Very rapid - sand Storm Tides 20"/hr. Fr Fripp fine sand 6.0' Rare Storm Tides Rapid 2-30 6.3"/hr. Ch Carteret sand, 1.0 to 3.0' Frequent Rapid - high (monthly) 6.3"/hr. Nh Newhan fine 6.0' None Very rapid 2-30 sand 20"/hr. Nc Newhan-Corolla ---- See ratings for individual soil ---- 0-30 Complex Ne Newhan Urban ---- See ratings for individual soil 0-8 Land Complex 1 The sand soils are highly pervious with questionable filtering capacities. Thus, contamination of groundwater is possible. Source: Soil Survey of Carteret County, North Carolina, United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1-45 1 3. Soils A detailed soils survey of Carteret County has been completed by the Soil Conservation Service. Based on that survey, there are nine different soil associations located within Pine Knoll Shores. These associations are delineated on Map 5 and their conditions for site development are provided in Table 19. Most soils within Pine Knoll Shores have some limitations to development. Table 19 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Soil Associations - Degree and Kind of Limitation for State Use Map Dwellings Streets & Roads Septic Tank Symbol Soil Types Filter Field Bn Beaches-Newhan Complex CI Carteret sand, low Co Corolla find sand Du Duckstone fine sand Fr Fripp fine sand Ch Carteret sand, high Nh Newhan fine sand Nc Newhan-Corolla Complex Ne Newhan Urban Land Complex Very severe/ flooding Very severe/ flooding Severe/wet Severe/wet Very severe/ flooding Very severe/ flooding/wet Severe/wet Storm Tides Severe/wet Very severe/ flooding Very severe/ flooding/wet Severe/wet' Severe/wet' Severe floods Moderate floods Slight' Very severe/ Very severe/ Very severe/ flooding/wet flooding/wet flooding/wet Slight Slight Slight' ---- See ratings for individual soil ---- ---- See ratings for individual soil ' The sand soils are highly pervious with questionable filtering capacities. Thus, contamination of groundwater is possible. Source: Soil Survey of Carteret County, North Carolina, United States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. LJI 4. Basinwide Water Quality Management The North Carolina Division of Water Quality has initiated a basinwide approach to state water quality management. The overall goal of basinwide management is to develop consistent and effective long range waterquality management strategies that protect the quality and intended uses of North Carolina's surface waters while accommodating population increases and economic growth. I-46 1 The preparation of this map was financed in part through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. EAST END ATLANTIC SALTER PATH ROAD (err KEY TO SOIL TYPES MAP SYMBOL Bn Cl Co Du Fr Ch Nh Nc No NAME BEACHES-NEWHAN COMPLEX CARTERET SAND, LOW COROLLA FINE SAND DUCKSTON FINE SAND FRIPP FINE SAND CARTERET SAND, HIGH NEWHAN FINE SAND NEWHAN-COROLLA COMPLEX NEWHAN-URBAN LAND COMPLEX NOTE: THIS MAP IS BASED ON INFORMATION FROM THE SOIL SURVEY OF CARTERET COUNTY, O 100 200 3o0 600 900 FT. NNKZZINC s cwt TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES SOILS MAP. MAP 5 1-48 KEY TO SOIL TYPES MAP SYMBOL NAME The preparation of this map was financed in Bn BEACHES-NEWHAN COMPLEX _ part through a grant provided by the North CI CARTERET SAND, LOW Carolina Coastal Management- Program, - CI COROLLA -FINE SAND through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Du COROLLA- FINE SAND Management Act of 1972, as amended, Fr DUCKFRIPP FINE SAND which is administered by the Office of Ocean Ch CARTERET SAND, HIGH and Coastal Resource Management, National Nh NEWHAN FINE SAND Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Nc NEWHAN-COROLLA COMPLEX - No NEWHAN-URBAN LAND COMPLEX U 6 C[MT[R O r tN\\ two/• NI� N INST/t t� r'1 I n -- u N U 0 S •t lttttt t Nc CH NOTE: THIS MAP IS BASED ON INFORMATION FROM ' •" 'r "` THE SOIL SURVEY OF CARTERET COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA, PRODUCED BY THE USDA N C SOIL CONSERVATION SERVICE. K RCE CENTER Z ! Poo•trta r Poor, rep 1604 =tttt.-! 0 100 200 300 t00 900 For. D U t' SCALE NC ; ;''t•••r�•, ;.At. , • �/ K4/r 'r'rdi � CH , �Du Nc Y1 •I! I[ u Jlo O - N. C. DEPT. of ADMINISTRATION I I .. _,... CH Nc O , � •t•rro•r 9/MM 0 f A O •CL I �' Du ' XI.OL YfLt �'�.^. .♦ •. I � O f10i0t[RS i I I MALX r' O t.q► . r C� Du r/ L 9 O /r r. r• r. I I N c Du - TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES / / tNx O \ .. \h•\ ?rly��Il r • mTTII�i TAR` 1r / . ^ ^r •-.__• rw n -- __ — _• I •...•� w • G• 1N• ..rrl• 1•.t ' tQ CO AL A/[ E t j ^_ N SALT[R PALM ROAD �•O" .. R ♦hl I'I -I� (=�� t�19k3 � O � Q • r' � O ••.• wnu u•i . n..rr — ((D r . • . On ,. •r UOOOO •�. y�♦r1 '• o•••-Ir .. 1 r 7 a Ir[�rl•oRr t � — —-••�>Ktmrntls� =u n }r-r;,-F r-------...Y -SALTER PATH ROAD • !! Irl 1, ! ,•, •• " •• •�„ t o OCEAN ![BRAG[ I Jt'�t" .. " �• e ® ® 0 0 0 0 / ! ' goo r •• • et• Vr � '� ' • • 1[�lt�t a ////A�� S;' ' . r i ' ♦ i �, �.., .r„ ©® ® ® e ®m //// R /♦ ♦ roc• on VE v/ �• Fig/.�tN.l NtN1 M Wrl.: = �•'b- A T L A N T I C• O C E A N WEST END SOILS MAP MAP 5 1-47 The State of North Carolina has been divided into seventeen major river basins. For each river basin, water quality problems are identified and appropriate management strategies developed. The plan features basinwide permitting of pollution discharges, integration of existing point and nonpoint source control programs, and preparation of a basinwide management plan report. The purpose of the basinwide management plan is to communicate to policy makers, the regulated community, and the general public, the state's rationale, approaches, and long-term strategies for each basin. Preparation of a basinwide management plan is a five-year process. In general, this process involves the following five major phases of development: -- Collecting pertinent water quality and related information, -- Analyzing the information and targeting problem areas, -- Development management strategies, -- Circulating a draft plan for public review and comment, and -- Finalizing the plan. Pine Knoll Shores is located in the White Oak basin. The White Oak Basinwide Management ' Plan was submitted for staff review in January, 1996, and received Environmental Management Commission approval in January, 1997. I Some of the major issues being addressed in the White Oak basinwide plan are the following: Long-term Growth Management ' == Wastewater management (non -discharge, regionalization, ocean outfall). Urban stormwater runoff/water quality. -- Role of local land use planning. ' Shellfish Water Closures -- Increases in number of acres closed. ' == Examine link between growth and closures. Opportunities for restoration and prevention. Animal Operation Waste Management -- Between 1990-1994, swine population in the White Oak Basin more than doubled. Nutrients/Toxic Dinoflagellate -- Reduction in nitrogen and phosphorous levels. Issues which directly affect Pine Knoll Shores include: -- Shellfish water closures. -- Urban stormwater runoff including nutrient runoff. -- Improvement of water quality in partially supporting waters. The USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service has identified 24 watersheds within the White Oak Basin. Each watershed has been assigned a fourteen -digit code for the purpose of identification. Watershed 03020106030082 encompasses all of Atlantic Beach, Indian Beach, Pine Knoll Shores, and the eastern portion of Emerald Isle. The primary water body for this watershed is the Bogue Sound. Tables 20 and 21 include data for this watershed. 1-49 Table 20 Carteret County Watershed Report Base and Demographic Information Area (Acres) Estimated Population Person Per Acre River Primary % Chg. Incorporated Area Basin 14-digit code Waterbody Total Land Water 1980 1990 80-90 1980 1990 Overlapping Wshed White 03020106030082 Bogue 8,588.0 4,702.7 3,885.2 3,301 4,222 27.9% 0.70 0.90 Atlantic Beach Oak Sound Indian Beach Pine Knoll Shores Source: North Carolina Division of Water Quality. Table 21 Carteret County Watershed Report Open Water Use Classes Primary Class Supplemental Class River Basin Primary Use 14-digit code Waterbody Class Description % of % of Acreage Total Acreage Total White Oak 03020106030082 Bogue Sound C Freshwater Class C 10.7 0% ORW Outstanding Resource Waters 1,047.7 12% SA Saltwater Class A 4,837.5 56% SW Swamp Waters 418.7 4% Note: The water acreage figures provided under Open Water Use Classes should not be compared to the total water acreage figure shown under the Base and Demographic Information. These figures have been derived from two separate data sources and are not expected to be similar. The acreage figures provided under Open Water Use Classes have been determined by DEM to be the more accurate of the two. Source: North Carolina Division of Water Quality. 1-50 ' 5. Manmade Hazards/Restrictions ' There are no significant manmade hazards located in Pine Knoll Shores. However, there are several propane, gas, diesel, fuel and oil tanks scattered throughout Pine Knoll Shores. The town maintains an above -ground 4,000 gallon fuel storage tank which is diked. This tank was t constructed in 1991 to replace a submerged tank which had experienced a minor spill. Additional fuel storage tanks are maintained by the telephone company and golf course. There are no retail or wholesale fuel or chemical storage tanks located in the town. ' There was no offshore oil exploration or drilling underway in 1995. However, future exploration and/or drilling could pose a threat for the Pine Knoll Shores beaches. ' 6. Fragile Areas In coastal North Carolina, fragile areas are considered to include coastal wetlands, ocean ' hazard areas, shorelines, estuarine waters and shorelines, public trust waters, complex natural areas, areas sustaining remnant species, unique geological formations, registered natural landmarks, swamps, prime wildlife habitats, areas of excessive slope, areas of excessive ' erosion, scenic points, archaeological sites, historical sites, and 404 wetlands. While not identified as fragile areas in the 15A NCAC 7H use standards, maritime forests and outstanding resource waters (ORWs) should also be considered fragile areas. Pine Knoll ' Shores' corporate limits include or are adjacent to estuarine waters and shorelines, coastal wetlands, public trust waters, ocean hazard areas, maritime forests, 404 wetlands, ORWs, archaeological sites, excessive slopes, and excessive erosion areas. Map 6 provides a ' delineation of the Fragile Areas. These are areas which could easily be damaged or destroyed by inappropriate or poorly planned development. ' a. Coastal Wetlands The coastal wetlands are generally delineated on Map 6, Areas of Environmental ' Concern. However, it is emphasized that the specific locations of coastal wetlands can be determined only through on -site investigation and analysis. Coastal wetlands are defined as salt marshes regularly- or irregularly -flooded by tides including wind tides, provided this shall not include hurricane or tropical storm tides. These areas must contain at least one, but not necessarily all of the following marsh plant species: Cordgrass, Black Needlerush, Glasswort, Salt Grass, Sea Lavendar, Bulrush, Saw Grass, Cat -tail, Salt Meadow Grass, and Salt Reed Grass. The coastal wetlands are vital to the complex food chain found in estuaries. They ' provide marine nursery areas and are essential to a sound commercial fishing industry. Coastal wetlands also serve as barriers against flood damage and control erosion between the estuary and uplands. ' b. Estuarine Waters ' Estuarine waters are generally those waters found in estuaries, sounds, bays, and salt water shorelines. The Atlantic Ocean is also considered to be estuarine waters. They are the dominant component and bonding element of the entire estuarine system, integrating aquatic influences from both the land and the sea. The estuarine waters are among the most productive natural environments within Pine Knoll Shores. The waters support the valuable commercial and sports fisheries of the coastal area which are comprised of estuarine ' dependent species such as menhaden, flounder, shrimp, crabs, and oysters. ' I-51 LEGEND AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN COASTAL WETLANDS (APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS; EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE DETERMINED THROUGH IN -FIELD VERIFICATIONS.) 2. OCEAN HAZARD AREAS �y OCEAN HAZARD AREAS ARE THOSE AREAS DEFINED BY 15A NCAC 7H SECTION .0300. THESE AREAS INCLUDE ALL BEACHES, PRIMARY DUNES, AND FRONTAL DUNES AND OTHER AREAS IN WHICH GEO- LOGIC. VEGETATIVE AND SOIL CONDITIONS INDICATE A SUBSTANTIAL POSSIBILITY OF EXCESSIVE EXPANSION OR FLOOD DAMAGE. 3. ESTUARINE SHORELINE AREAS - IN SHORELINE AREAS NOT CONTIGUOUS TO WATERS CLASSIFIED AS OUTSTANDING RESOURCE WATERS BY THE ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION. ALL LAND 75 FEET LANDWARD FROM THE MEAN HIGH WATER LEVEL OR NORMAL WATER LEVEL ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ESTUARINE SHORELINES. EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE DETERMINED THROUGH IN -FIELD VERIFICATIONS. 4. PUBLIC TRUST AND ESTUARINE WATERS AREAS _ ALL WATERS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF PINE KNOLL SHORES ARE EITHER ESTUARINE WATERS OR PUBLIC TRUST AREAS AS DEFINED BY 15A NCAC 7H.0206 ESTUARINE WATERS AHD .0207 PUBLIC TRUST AREAS. 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I__ _J-.___ft. _tt._Y�_ - _ - �•� _._... tart __ �- ,� .' .. .• __ EAST END A T L A N I I V a, —- .- THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. LEGEND AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN 1. COASTAL WETLANDS (APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS; EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE DETERMINED THROUGH IN -FIELD VERIFICATIONS.) 2. „ ♦ , ,. OCEAN HAZARD AREAS OCEAN HAZARD AREAS ARE THOSE AREAS DEFINED BY 15A NCAC 7H ��— SECTION .0300. THESE AREAS INCLUDE ALL BEACHES, PRIMARY DUNES, AND FRONTAL DUNES AND OTHER AREAS IN WHICH GEO- LOGIC, VEGETATIVE AND SOIL CONDITIONS INDICATE A SUBSTANTIAL POSSIBILITY OF EXCESSIVE EXPANSION OR FLOOD DAMAGE. 3. ESTUARINE SHORELINE AREAS - IN SHORELINE AREF.S NOT CONTIGUOUS TO WATERS CLASSIFIED AS OUTSTANDING RESOURCE WATERS BY THE ENVL tONMENTAL MANAGEMENT COMMISSION. ALL LAND 75 FEET LANDWARD FROM THE MEAN HIGH WATER LEVEL OR NORMAL WATER LEVEL ARE CONSIDERED TO BE ESTUARINE SHORELINES. EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE DETERMINED THROUGH INFIELD VERIFICATIONS. 4. PUBLIC TRUST AND ESTUARINE WATERS AREAS ALL WATERS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF PINE KNOLL SHORES ARE EITHER ESTUARINE WATERS OR PUBLIC TRUST AREAS AS DEFINED BY 15A NCAC 7H.0206 ESTUARINE WATERS AND .0207 PUBLIC TRUST AREAS. OTHER FRAGILE AREAS 1. ��---Try MARITIME FORESTS (APPROXIMATE LOCATIONS; EXACT LOCATIONS MUST BE DETERMINED THROUGH INFIELD VERIFICATIONS.) " MAP 6 TOWN OF PIAIF" KIVnI l SPnPF'.S AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN AND OTHER.FRAGILE AREAS 0 100 200 300 600 900 FT. SCALE 1 C. Estuarine Shorelines Estuarine shorelines are those non -ocean shorelines that are especially vulnerable to erosion, flooding, or other adverse effects of wind and water. They are intimately connected to the estuary. The estuarine shoreline area extends from the mean high water level or normal ' water level along the estuaries, sounds, bays, and brackish waters for a distance of 75 feet landward. For those estuarine shorelines immediately contiguous to waters classified as Outstanding Resource Waters, the estuarine shoreline shall extend landward from the mean ' high water level for 575 feet. Development within the estuarine shorelines influences the quality of estuarine life and is subject to the damaging processes of shorefront erosion and flooding. ' d. Public Trust Areas Public trust areas are all waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the lands thereunder from ' the mean high water mark to the seaward limit of state jurisdiction; all natural bodies of water subject to measurable lunar tides and lands thereunder to the mean high water mark; all navigable natural bodies of water and lands thereunder to the mean high water level or mean water level as the case may be, except privately -owned lakes to which the public has no right of access; all water in artificially created bodies of water containing significant public fishing resources or other public resources which are accessible to the public by navigation from ' bodies of water in which the public has rights of navigation; and all waters in artificially created bodies of water in which the public has acquired rights by prescription, custom, usage, dedication, or any other means. In determining whether the public has acquired rights in artificially created bodies of water, the following factors shall be considered: (1) the use of the body of water by the public, (2) the length of time the public has used the area, (3) the value of public resources in the body of water, (4) whether the public resources in the body of water are mobile to the extent that they can move into natural bodies of water, (5) whether the creation of the artificial body of water required permission from the state, and ' (6) the value of the body of water to the public for navigation from one public area to another public area. ' These areas are significant because the public has rights in these areas, including navigation and recreation. The public trust areas also support valuable commercial and sports fisheries, have aesthetic value, and are important resources for economic development. ' It is impossible to map the public trust area. The areas must be determined through in -field analysis and definition. e. Ocean Hazard Areas Ocean hazard areas consist of ocean erodible areas, high hazard flood areas, inlet hazard areas, and unvegetated beach areas. Ocean hazard landforms include ocean dunes, beaches, and shorelines. Ocean dunes include both primary dunes and frontal dunes. Primary dunes are the first mounds of sand located landward of the ocean beaches having an elevation ' equal to the mean flood level (in a storm having a one percent chance of being equaled or 1 1-54 exceeded in any given space) for the areas plus six feet. The primary dune extends landward to the lowest elevation in the depression behind that same mound of sand. In areas where there is a primary dune, that dune shall be deemed to be the frontal dune. Where there is no primary dune, the frontal dune is deemed to be the first mound of sand located landward of the ocean beach having sufficient vegetation, height, continuity and configuration to offer protective value. The dunes are essential to the protection of oceanfront areas. The ocean hazard area is also significant because it provides a nesting area for the sea turtle, which is an endangered species. Ocean beaches and shorelines are lands consisting of unconsolidated soil materials that extend from the mean low water line landward to a point where either (1) the growth of vegetation occurs, or (2) a distinct change in slope or elevation alters the configuration of the land form, whichever is farther landward. The entire southern length of Pine Knoll Shores is an ocean beach. Pine Knoll Shores contains ocean erodible areas and high hazard flood areas, but no unvegetated beach area (a dynamic area that is subject to rapid unpredictable landform change from wind and wave action). Unvegetated beach areas are only designated following detailed studies by the Coastal Resources Commission. There are not any inlet hazard areas in Pine Knoll Shores. f. Outstanding Resource Waters Under the authority of the North Carolina General Statute (N.C.G.S.) 143-214.1, the North Carolina Environmental Management Commission designated certain waters within North Carolina as Outstanding Resource Waters (ORWs) in 1988 and 1989. These areas were designated because they were considered to be significant marine resource areas having relatively clean and pristine waters, and having significant value as recreational and natural resource areas. The Roosevelt Natural Area swamp was designated as an ORW on June 1, 1988. The area includes all of the fresh waters within the property boundaries of the natural area, including swamp forests, shrubs, swamps and ponds. In addition, the area includes all of the saline waters within the boundaries of the natural area including brackish marsh and salt marsh. The fresh waters are classified C and the saline waters are classified SA. g. 404 Wetlands 404 wetlands are areas covered by water or that have waterlogged soils for long periods during the growing season. Plants growing in wetlands are capable of living in soils lacking oxygen for at least part of the growing season. 404 wetlands include, but are not limited to, bottomlands, forests, swamps, pocosins, pine savannahs, bogs, marshes, and wet meadows. Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requires that anyone interested in depositing dredged or fill material into "waters of the United States," including wetlands, must apply for and receive a permit for such activities. The Wilmington office of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers has regulatory authority in Pine Knoll Shores. While there may be scattered wetland areas located within Pine Knoll Shores, the specific locations of wetlands areas must be determined through on -site analysis. It should be noted that in some Areas of Environmental Concern, both the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the regulatory requirements of the Coastal Area Management Act may have overlapping jurisdiction. Simultaneous to the preparation of this plan, amendments to the federal definition of wetlands were being considered which could reduce the areas afforded protection under the wetlands legislation. 1-55 1 I I 1 I h. Maritime Forests The preservation of maritime forests has become an increasingly significant issue in coastal North Carolina. For a number of years, the Coastal Resources Commission (CRC) has debated the establishment of state -imposed use standards (regulations) for the protection of maritime forest areas. In 1990, the CRC decided to delay state action and afford local governments an opportunity to establish regulations. In February, 1991, the town's Board of Commissioners amended Chapter 21, Sections 7.10 and 7.14, of the Town Code to provide protection for Pine Knoll Shores' maritime forest areas. Establishing a clear definition of what constitutes maritime forest areas and defining which areas should be protected has been difficult. Generally, maritime forests are areas containing native salt tolerant vegetation. Exposure to salt spray causes the vegetation to have a sheared appearance that is shaped according to contours of adjacent land forms. The forests contain laurel oak, red cedar, red bay, wild olive, Carolina cherry laurel, yaupon, loblolly pine, sweet gum, live oak, and red maple as the dominant tree types. Areas lying within wetland swales are classified as maritime swamp forests. The maritime swamp forest is actually rarer than the upland maritime forest. Dominant tree types are the ash, red maple and sweet gum. The trees grow slowly because of very low available water capacity, occasional salt water flooding, and exposure to salt spray. The forests are important animal habitats. Map 6, Areas of Environmental Concern and Other Fragile Areas, provides a general delineation of Pine Knoll Shores' maritime forest areas. However, it is emphasized that exact locations must be determined through in -field verification. Except for the Roosevelt Natural Area and a 33 acre area adjacent to the east side of the Roosevelt Natural Area, the town's maritime forest areas have already had subdivision plats approved for their development. The 33 acre area is in four tracts. Three are owned by Pine Knoll Shores and one by the Beacons Reach Master Association. The area owned by the Beacons Reach Master Association has been designated by the State of North Carolina as the replacement area for waste disposal upon failure of the treatment facilities at either the McGinnis Point or Beacons Reach subdivisions. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not intend by adoption of this land use plan to prohibit that utilization. Table 22 provides a further definition of maritime forest areas, their ecological significance, and some basic management criteria. It should be noted that, with proper controls, development may occur within maritime forest areas. However, development has destroyed or damaged most of the maritime forest areas on Bogue Banks. ' I. Slopes in Excess of 12% In Pine Knoll Shores, slopes of 12% or greater are predominantly found only in the frontal ocean dune areas. However, some scattered slopes in excess of 12% do exist in the areas with the following soil types: Fripp fine sand, Newhan fine sand, and Newhan Corolla. Excessive slopes have not been a deterrent to development in Pine Knoll Shores. 1-56 1 Table 22 Maritime Forest Area Definition, Function, and Management S STC SOUND conur PJ�e/ OCEAN FRONT • . •.. •:. •. •........:..............:.: •........ •:........: .. ...•I ...,',.,.; _ .. •..:. . .1.,.I .I 4LSPRAY 1. Iliuu� i I II WIND I I I I RY GUM I _ ta_ toE_ • __. INTERIOR DUNE & SWALE_ _ FOREDUNE SALT SHEAR sCRUa DUNE THICKET INTERIOR FOREST FORESTED wETLANDS HIGH RIDGE FOREST Wax Myrtle Live Oak Lobloi y Pine Live Oak Yaupon Holly Yaupon Holly Lobloly Pine Red any Red Cedar Live Oak o Intermittent low dunes American Holy Wax Myrtle Exposed forest on Red Cedar o � and wetlands Stable upland forests Forested freshwater high, steep relic dunes Oceanfront forests m on broader Islands wedandsininterdune subjected to extreme salt spray Swale$ Storm protection Wind protection Maintains water quality Deflects salt Spray Primary dune protection Wildlife Island stabilization Shallow aquifer Stormresistanoe Interior forest buffer z Wind buffer Climate control recharge Nutrientcycling High aesthetic value u 4 Nutrienitcycling Wildlilehabitat O' Nutrient cycling W� Maintain as Avoid isolationg trees No filing of Avoid building on No disturbance of z undeveloped shrublw nd Limit clearing to build- wetlands slopes over 40% leading edge 5 ing and access Direct stormwater to Avoid ridgetop Restore with plantings when breached w Clear fa access only Integrate roads with wetlands development Minimize grading A canopy opening$ 5 Maintain salt spray typography Minimize Avoid road cuts edge intact Limit impervious disturbance across ridge s=iff a Source: Protecting Maritime Forests Through Planning and Design, Division of Coastal Management, North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources. 1-57 k I 1 1 j. Excessive Erosion Areas Excessive erosion areas include ocean and sound erodible areas. Permanent construction within those areas should be limited unless stabilization along the affected shoreline can be accomplished. 15A NCAC 7H use standards prohibit permanent stabilization of ocean shorelines. k. Historic and Archaeological Sites There do not appear to be any nationally significant historic or archaeological sites within Pine Knoll Shores. However, some historic and prehistoric period archaeological sites have been recorded within Pine Knoll Shores. In addition, there is a historical marker located adjacent to N.C. 58 which notes that Verrazano, an Italian explorer, landed in the area. Located immediately off of the Pine Knoll Shores ocean shoreline is the Iron Steamer wreck. Most of the sites were recorded by local amateurs and artifact collectors. Few have been evaluated by an experienced archaeologist and only a small portion of the area has been systematically surveyed for sites. Based on the available information, prehistoric activities in the area primarily involved the seasonal exploitation of shellfish and other marine resources. Sites associated with these activities tend to be relatively small, characterized by accumulations of discarded shell (referred to as shell midden), broken bits of pottery vessels, and stone tools. Such sites are easily disturbed by contemporary land use activities and natural shoreline erosion. Of the known sites, most have been disturbed and are not considered significant. Howevef, several sites may contain significant information and warrant further investigation. The North Carolina Division of Archives and History files are incomplete and no in-depth historical research has been conducted for Pine Knoll Shores. Any development within Pine Knoll Shores should be reviewed for possible impacts on potentially significant archaeological sites and historic structures. If significant sites are identified within the area, efforts should be made to protect them from unnecessary or avoidable adverse impacts. Any development activity in Pine Knoll Shores should be coordinated with the Division of Archives and History. I. Closed Shellfishing Areas The areas that have been closed to shellfishing are concentrated in the town's canal system and the waters of the Bogue Sound between Hoffman Inlet and McNeil Inlet. The general location of these areas have been provided on Map 1. It should be noted that the areas closed to shellfishing, identified on Map 1, are synonymous with the partially supporting waters described on the page 1-60. M. Other Fragile Areas There are no inlet hazard areas, natural resource areas, complex natural areas, or any coastal geologic formations as defined by 15A NCAC 7H located in Pine Knoll Shores. The Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area is an extensive 290-acre area of which 265 acres are in a natural state. The area has been designated under the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (COBRA). This area is discussed in detail in the following section, Areas of Resource Potential. I-58 7. Areas of Resource Potential a. Public Parks The Town of Pine Knoll Shores contains several small neighborhood parks. However, these have only local significance. The most important park or natural area is the 290-acre Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area. Twenty-five (25) acres of the 290-acre area have been designated for the North Carolina Aquarium which is located in the northeast center of the natural area. The property is managed by the North Carolina Division of Parks and Recreation. As stated in section I.D.2.c., the property must be maintained in its natural state. In March, 1979, the North Carolina General Assembly dedicated the natural area as a component of a State Nature and Historic Preserve (N.C.G.S. 143-260.8). In April, 1984, the North Carolina Coastal Federation petitioned the Division of Water Quality to classify the waters of the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area as Outstanding Resource Waters. The petition passed and defined the following outstanding resource values and recommended quality standards: Roosevelt Natural Area, Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County: (A) Outstanding resource values. The Roosevelt Natural Area is owned by the people of North Carolina and managed by the Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources. The Deed of Gift specifies that this natural area will be maintained by the state "to provide the people of the State of North Carolina with a tract of land, and its adjacent marshes, riparian and littoral rights, which will be kept in its natural state, maintained as a nature preserve, and used for the primary purposes of nature and wildlife education, estuarine studies, with emphasis on marine life, ecological advances, environmental balance and research in the methods of conservation." (B) Quality standards applicable to the Roosevelt Natural Area: (i) Sewage and industrial wastes: none. (ii) Stormwater runoff: The quality and quantity of stormwater draining to the waters of the Roosevelt Natural Area shall be maintained at natural levels. Stormwater disposal from development with ten percent or less effective impervious cover as specified in Rule 2H.0408 of this subchapter is considered to comply with this standard if the direction of drainage is not altered. Stormwater released from any other control or disposal systems in areas draining to the Roosevelt Natural Area shall be at rates and volumes and of such quality as to duplicate natural drainage and not alter the hydrology of the Roosevelt Natural Area. 1 Immediately east of the natural area there is some commercially zoned property. A second commercial area is located adjacent to the southeast corner of the area. In addition, residential and municipal development exists adjacent to the natural areas. All of this development has created some impervious surfaces. While detailed drainage studies have not been prepared, the natural area and its waters could be adversely affected by stormwater runoff from adjacent properties. This situation should be carefully monitored by both the town and the state. -59 r 11 1 b. Marine Resources Scattered subaquatic vegetation is found on Bogue Sound along the Pine Knoll Shores shoreline. All subaquatic vegetation should be protected as an important part of Pine Knoll Shores' and Bogue Sound's maritime environment. Disturbance of the vegetation is regulated through the CAMA major permitting process. All waters of Bogue Sound within and adjacent to Pine Knoll Shores are designated in an SA classification. The North Carolina Division of Water Quality defined SA as "waters suitable for the taking of shellfish for market purposes, primary recreation, fish and wildlife propagation, and secondary recreation." There are not any primary nursery areas located in or adjacent to Pine Knoll Shores. In addition, surface waters (streams, lakes, or estuaries) are rated as either fully supporting (S), support -threatened (ST), partially supporting (PS), or nonsupporting (NS) by the Division of Water Quality Section. The terms refer to whether the classified uses of the water (such as water supply, aquatic life protection and swimming) are being fully supported, partially supported, or are not supported. For instance, saltwaters classified for commercial shellfish harvesting (SA) would be rated as fully supporting if bacterial levels in the water were low enough to allow harvesting. However, if fecal coliform bacteria levels were too high to allow shellfish to be harvested, but not too high to prevent swimming, then the waters would be rated as partially supporting since they only support the swimming. If the waters were impacted to the point that even swimming was disallowed, the waters would be rated as nonsupporting. Partially supporting (PS) waters have been identified within Pine Knoll Shores. The location of these areas has been provided on Map 1. C. Agricultural and Forestlands There are no significant agriculturally productive or commercially productive forestlands located in Pine Knoll Shores. However, there are extensive maritime forest areas in and adjacent to the Roosevelt Natural Area as delineated on Map 6. I SECTION II: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS A. PROJECTED DEMAND FOR DEVELOPMENT 1 1. Demographic Trends Coastal Area Management Act planning guidelines require that population projections prepared by the N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Budget and Management be utilized in projecting year-round population for Land Use Plans from 1994-2005. Table 23 outlines estimated 1994, and projected 2000 and 2005 year-round population for Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County townships and municipalities. Individual township and municipal projections are based on the assumption that the relative growth rates by specific areas will remain the same from 1994-2005 as those which occurred 1980-1994. o By 2005, Pine Knoll Shores will contain 3.06 /o of the county s total population compared to 2.72% in 1994. However, Pine Knoll Shores will remain the third largest Carteret County beach community and sixth largest municipality. The 60-year old and older age group (retirement age) should comprise an increasingly large segment of Pine Knoll Shores' population. Such an increase would be consistent with both national and regional demographic trends. In addition, Pine Knoll Shores' low tax structure and single-family residential character make it particularly attractive as a retirement community. The town should plan for providing the special services required by an increasingly older population. The town will continue its pattern of low density, single-family residential development. 1990 data indicated an average of 2.12 persons per occupied household. This relatively low persons per household size (Carteret County 1987 persons per occupied household 2.49) is characteristic of a large retirement age population. If the persons per household average continues at approximately 2.1, the total permanent year-round population at build -out should be approximately 2,000. This assumes 50% occupancy of all residential units for year-round permanent population and a total dwelling unit inventory at "build -out" of 1,907 units. Based on an average annual construction rate of 35 dwelling units per year, "build -out" could occur in the 2005 to 2010 time period. Any population increases will impact the existing transportation system, increase demand for water supply, increase the need for central sewage disposal, increase the demand for all town services, and increase the potential for groundwater pollution from septic tank usage. The service demands generated by population increases must be judged by both year-round and peak seasonal population. 1 Table 23 Town of Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County, NC Summary of Year -Round Population Growth by Township and Municipality, 1990 - 2005 Township Municipality or Area Year Round Population Percentage Change Overall 1990 1994 2000 2005 '94200 '00-'05 '94205 1) Atlantic Total Township 805 803 799 796 -0.49% -0.35% -0.84% 2) Beaufort Beaufort 3,808 3,997 4,351 4,600 8.85% 5.72% 15.08% Unincorporated Areas 4,205 4,644 5,467 6,045 17.71 % 10.58% 30.16% Total Township 8,013 8,641 9,818 10,645 13.61 % 8.43% 23.19% 3) Cedar Island Total Township 385 407 448 477 10.11 % 6.46% 17.23% 4) Davis Total Township 535 553 587 611 6.15% 4.08% 10.48% 5) Harkers Island Total Township 2,237 2,375 2,634 2,816 10.90% 6.91 % 18.56% 6) Harlowe Total Township 11190 1,289 1,474 1,604 14.37% 8.84% 24.48% 7) Marshallberg Total Township 646 674 726 763 7.75% 5.06% 13.20% 8) Merrimon Total Township 542 591 683 747 15.54% 9.46% 26.46% 9) Morehead City Atlantic Beach 1,938 2,267 2,846 3,252 25.52% 14.30% 43.47% Indian Beach 153 177 222 254 25.39% 14.24% 43.24% Morehead City 6,046 6,384 7,017 7,462 9.91 % 6.34% 16.88% Pine Knoll Shores 1,360 1,543 1,886 2,127 22.21% 12.78% 37.82% Unincorporated Areas 10,985 11,485 12,420 13,078 8.15% 5.30% 13.88% Total Township 20,482 21,856 24,390 26,173 11.60% 7.31 % 19.75% 10) Newport Newport 2,516 2,778 3,269 3,614 17.66% 10.55% 30.08% Unincorporated Areas 4,817 5,337 6,312 6,997 18.26% 10.86% 31.09% Total Township 7,333 8,115 9,580 10,611 18.05% 10.75% 30.75% 11) Sea Level Total Township 773 872 1,056 1,186 21.16% 12.28% 36.05% 12) Smyrna Total Township 782 843 958 1,039 13.61 % 8.42% 23.18% 13) Stacy Total Township 401 434 497 541 14.40% 8.85% 24.52% 14) Straits Total Township 1,948 2,129 2,468 2,706 15.91 % 9.65% 27.10% 15) White Oak Cape Carteret 1,008 1,179 1,499 1,724 27.16% 15.02% 46.25% Emerald Isle 2,434 2,798 3,480 3,959 24.36% 13.77% 41.49% Cedar Point 628 688 800 879 16.33% 9.87% 27.81 % Unincorporated Areas 2,413 2,379 2,316 2,271 -2.66% -1.92% -4.53% Total Township 6,483 7,044 8,095 8,834 14.92% 9.13% 25.41 % Total Municipalities Total Unincorporated Areas Total County 19,891 21,811 25,369 27,870 16.31 % 9.86% 27.78% 32,662 34,813 38,840 41,673 11.57% 7.29% 19.70% 52,553 56,624 64,209 69,543 13.40% 8.31 % 22.82% Sources: N.C. State Data Center; extrapolation of data for unincorporated areas by Holland Consulting Planners, Inc. 11-2 r � � I� I� 1■� mil► � � r� - �� � � � rlr I� >• I� Overall population growth in Pine Knoll Shores will be impacted by population growth in Carteret County and in the nearby municipalities. Despite the expected decrease in the annual growth rate over the 1990s, the population growth rate in Carteret County will still be more than double the North Carolina rate over the next ten years. From 1994-2005, the state population is estimated to show a 9.9% increase. The Carteret County population is anticipated to grow 22.8% over the same period. Pine Knoll Shores' permanent population will increase at a rate 1.7 times that of the county. In addition, the town's rate of growth for overall total peak population is expected to be higher than the county's. This growth does not include day visitors. Based on the 1995 town estimates of 50,000 peak day visitors, the 2000 and 2005 peak populations with day visitors will be approximately 58,890 and 59,650, respectively. Table 24 provides a summary of the peak population forecast. This forecast is based on an assumed 100% occupancy of the town's seasonal units. The occupancy rates utilized were four persons per motel unit and five persons per private seasonal housing units. Planning for services should be based on total population with day visitors. Table 24 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Total Peak Population Peak Year Permanent Seasonal Total Ratio j2000 1994 1,543 6,434 7,007 7,977 8,893 4.2 3.7 1,886 2005 2,127 7,527 9,654 3.5 Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc. IAs indicated in Table 24, the ratio of peak seasonal to permanent population is expected to decrease during the planning period. 2. Commercial and Industrial Land Use If current zoning patterns are maintained, there will be very little commercial development during the planning period. In 1995, there were only two commercially zoned vacant parcels of property. The largest was a parcel of approximately 5.5 acres located on the northeast corner of the intersection of Oakleaf Drive and Salter Path Road. The second was a single parcel of commercially zoned land of approximately 1.4 acres fronting on the north side of Salter Path Road approximately 500 feet west of the Pine Knoll Boulevard intersection. The town did not anticipate the additional zoning of any commercial property. There was no industrially zoned property. In fact, the Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance does not include an industrial category. II-3 The existing commercial development is generally well designed and presents minimal conflicts with adjacent non-commercial uses. During the 1994 to 2005 planning period, the following will limit commercial development: -- The Pine Knoll Shores philosophy of not increasing commercial zoning; -- Increasing land values; -- Increasing traffic congestion on N.C. 58, Salter Path Road; -- Continuing lack of central sewage treatment facilities; -- Continuing opposition by Pine Knoll Shores to the construction of commercial marinas. 3. Housing Trends I From the late '80s through 1990, dwelling unit starts averaged over 80 per year. However, by 1995 this had declined to an average of 35 dwelling units per year. This average is expected to drop slightly during the planning period as the town approaches "build -out". Approximately 240 additional residential units may be constructed during the planning period. Of that total, approximately 110 may be multi -family units. Most residential development will continue to be low density, single-family at an average of one-half acre per unit. The following problems will confront continued residential development: -- Maintaining municipal services at a level adequate to support the growing population. -- Increasing problems with groundwater pollution and malfunctioning septic tanks. I -- Maintaining adequate water supply and pressure to service the additional 260(+) dwelling units. AM 4. Transportation The key transportation issue facingPine Knoll Shores will be the possible widening p g of Salter Path Road (N.C. 58). The last major improvement to Salter Path Road was the addition of turn lanes in the early 1980s. Since then, traffic congestion has dramatically increased. Some Bogue Banks municipalities have expressed interest in having N.C. 58 widened to four or five lanes. Pine Knoll Shores has indicated opposition to the widening. The North Carolina Department of Transportation Salter Path Road right-of-way varies from 80 feet to 100 feet in width. Thus, sufficient right-of-way exists for the widening. Widening of the highway may be temporarily disruptive to Pine Knoll Shores and could have a permanent impact on adjacent land uses. Widening of the highway may not be supportive of Pine Knoll Shores' predominantly residential character. The 1996-2002 North Carolina Department of Transportation Transportation Improvement Program proposes widening the paved shoulders on N.C. 58. This improvement will include .8 miles in Pine Knoll Shores and the section of N.C. 58 extending from Oakleaf Drive in Pine -4 Knoll Shores to Cedar Lane in Atlantic Beach. The project is scheduled for Fiscal Year 1996 at an estimated cost of $600,000. This project will not add a traffic lane. A second major transportation issue will be the possible construction of a third bridge from Bogue Banks to the Carteret County mainland. Pine Knoll Shores does not want the construction of a new bridge to result in an increase in traffic in the town. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has made the following recommendations for the fiscal year 96-97 Transportation Improvement Program: - -- Turn off lanes from Highway 58 at Oakleaf Drive, Mimosa Boulevard, and Pine Knoll Boulevard, Bike paths/trails on Highway 58 (Salter Path Road), -- Opposed to third bridge ending in Pine Knoll Shores town limits. The policies section of this plan addresses both the widening of N.C. 58 and the construction of a third bridge. 5. Public Land Use There are no major changes in public land use anticipated. The town has a modern and functionally efficient municipal building. In 1995, the interior of the municipal building was completely- altered, in accordance with OSHA and ADA, to make more efficient use of the available space and to better serve the residents of Pine Knoll Shores. Except for acquisition of shoreline access sites, no major acquisitions of town property during the planning period are anticipated. The North Carolina Aquarium will continue to be the major public facility attracting overnight and day visitors to Pine Knoll Shores. The Aquarium has recently contracted an architect to develop construction documents for an expansion project scheduled to take place prior to Spring, 1997. The expansion will include new exhibits, classrooms, storage facilities, and additional parking. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is in full support of this expansion project. The Trinity Center, an Episcopal Church Conference Center, will continue as a facility having regional significance. The town is expected to continue a policy - of "tightly" controlling the location and development of shoreline access facilities. 6. Areas Likely to Experience Maior Land Use Changes No major changes in existing land use patterns or zoning are expected. The town has maintained an active planning program designed to control incompatible land uses and maintain predominantly low -density residential development. It is expected that the town will continue to closely monitor growth and implement policies designed to accomplish: -- Maintenance of low -density residential development; -- Protection of the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area; -- Prohibition of commercial marinas; — Tight control of commercial development and expansion; -- Prohibition of the widening of N.C. 58. -- Opposition to construction of a third bridge between Bogue Banks and the Carteret County mainland. 11-5 1 I 1 I L i I Knoll Shores to Cedar Lane in Atlantic Beach. The project is scheduled for Fiscal Year 1996 at an estimated cost of $600,000. This project will not add a traffic lane. A second major transportation issue will be the possible construction of a third bridge from Bogue Banks to the Carteret County mainland. Pine Knoll Shores does not want the construction of a new bridge to result in an increase in traffic in the town. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has made the following recommendations for the fiscal year 96-97 Transportation Improvement Program: -- Turn off lanes from Highway 58 at Oakleaf Drive, Mimosa Boulevard, and Pine Knoll Boulevard, -- Bike paths/trails on Highway 58 -- Opposed to third bridge ending (Salter Path Road), in Pine Knoll Shores town limits. The policies section of this plan addresses both the widening of N.C. 58 and the construction of a third bridge. 5. Public Land Use There are no major changes in public land use anticipated. The town has a modern and functionally efficient municipal building. In 1995, the interior of the municipal building was completely altered, in accordance with OSHA and ADA, to make more efficient use of the available space and to better serve the residents of Pine Knoll Shores. No major acquisitions of town property during the planning period are anticipated. The North Carolina Aquarium will continue to be the major public facility attracting overnight and day visitors to Pine Knoll Shores. The Aquarium has recently contracted an architect to develop construction documents for an expansion project scheduled to take place prior to Spring, 1997. The expansion will include new exhibits, classrooms, storage facilities, and additional parking. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is in full support of this expansion project. The Trinity Center, an Episcopal Church Conference Center, will continue as a facility having regional significance. The town is expected to continue a policy of "tightly" controlling the location and development of shoreline access facilities. 6. Areas Likely to Experience Maior Land Use Changes No major changes in existing land use patterns or zoning are expected. The town has maintained an active planning program designed to control incompatible land uses and maintain predominantly low -density residential development. It is expected that the town will continue to closely monitor growth and implement policies designed to accomplish: -- Maintenance of low -density residential development; -- Protection of the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area; -- Prohibition of commercial marinas; -- Tight control of commercial development and expansion; -- Prohibition of the widening of N.C. 58. -- Opposition to construction of a third bridge between Bogue Banks and the Carteret County mainland. II-5 7. Summary Pine Knoll Shores' greatest growth issue may be the need for development of a central sewer system. Both ground and surface water pollution may become a significant problem as evidenced by the build up of pollution in the Pine Knoll Shores canal. As with all Bogue Banks municipalities, plans for the development of a system must be closely coordinated with Carteret County. Other key issues which will impact growth and development are summarized as follows: -- Protection of Areas of Environmental Concern and Other Fragile Areas. -- Providing for the service demands generated by an expanding permanent and seasonal population. -- Ensuring adequate water and sewer utilities, including improvement of water quality. -- Maintaining adequate planning for storm hazard mitigation and post -disaster recovery planning. B. PROJECTED PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDS/AVAILABILITY By 2005, peak seasonal population will outnumber the permanent year-round population by almost four times. This demand for services will increase dramatically during periods of peak day visitor traffic. Pine Knoll Shores' facilities and services must be designed to accommodate peak seasonal and, to some extent, day visitor traffic. While the volume of water supplied by the Carolina Water Service appeared adequate in 1995, careful attention should be paid to planning for an adequate water supply through 2005, including an improvement in water quality and a reduction in the water rates. By 2005, the town's year-round population will have increased by 38% and the peak seasonal population by 17%. The town's Fire Chief has expressed some concerns with the adequacy of the system's water pressure. Continued growth may lessen that pressure unless adequate elevated storage is provided. In addition to a growth in demand, salt water intrusion into the groundwater supply may become a problem. In eastern North Carolina, phosphate production utilizes approximately 60 million gallons of water per day. This consumption may have a negative impact on the Castle Hayne Aquifer and contribute to salt water intrusion. The ability of the aquifer systems to supply groundwater to accommodate the growth expected to occur within Carteret County should be carefully monitored. A specific plan should be cooperatively prepared by the town and Carolina Water Service to ensure the adequacy of supply, pressure, and quality of water. Central sewer service will continue to be a need that will increase as the town's population increases. In July, 1994, the Carteret County Interlocal Agency (CCIA) was formed to address the need for regional sewage collection. All nine incorporated municipalities within the county are voting members of the agency. The task assigned to this agency was that of determining if land application methods for wastewater treatment and disposal were viable alternatives for the municipalities in Carteret County. Funding was obtained from state, W. t i I I county, and local sources; the scope of work was defined; feasibility study bids were let; and the firm of Camp, Dresser & McKee was chosen to perform the study. As a result of the CCIA's efforts, major state funding was also granted for a long-term regional wastewater study for Carteret, Craven, Onslow, and Pamlico counties which would be undertaken during the same approximate time frame as the CCIA study. The Interlocal Agency study has now been completed and the results and findings of the study generally conclude that land application treatment and disposal methods alone cannot feasibly meet the wastewater disposal needs of all of Carteret County's municipalities. Under current state and federal guidelines, there is simply not enough suitable land area available in Carteret County to handle the projected wastewater volume. However, the study does conclude that land application in conjunction with existing treatment and disposal facilities could be a feasible alternative provided state permitting allows for such a system. At the present time, the CCIA is overseeing Phase II of the study funded in part through a Division of Coastal Management regional planning grant. This study is intended to examine the possibilities of increasing the permitted discharge at each of the three existing wastewater treatment plants. In addition, this study will focus on funding scenarios for the continuation of a county -wide sewer system. Due to complications caused by Hurricane Fran, this study has gone over schedule and is not expected to be complete until August, 1997. The findings of the Four County Regional Task Force Study were unveiled in August, 1996. In this study, six separate scenarios were examined for the treatment and disposal of wastewater for the four -county area. These scenarios are as follows: -- Status quo. This plan calls for improving existing treatment plants and continuing to rely on septic tanks in unincorporated areas. -- Consolidation of existing facilities with continued surface water discharge (streams). Similar to the first option, this also would call for the upgrade of existing facilities to handle independent package systems. -- Ocean outfall discharge. This plan has two alternatives, both with multiple treatment plants. Alternative one calls for one ocean outfall (a pipe which carries treated wastewater miles into the ocean). Under the proposal, the pipe would be somewhere in the Swansboro area. Alternative two calls for two points of ocean entry, one near Swansboro and one north of Cape Lookout. -- Maximum water reuse. The key concepts under this proposal are golf course irrigation, wetlands restoration and forest land application. Secondary reuse potential includes agricultural irrigation, landscape irrigation, and industrial reuse. Under this proposal, in the extreme long-term, the water may be reclaimed for a drinking source or used for deep well injection to provide a saltwater barrier in the aquifer. -- Maximum use of natural systems. This proposal calls for a surface discharge system that relies primarily on land application or constructed wetlands as means of effluent polishing (the purifying of treated wastewater). -- Three service areas. This calls for breaking the four -county area into three groups: Onslow County and Carteret coastal communities, Craven County and the remainder of Carteret County, and Pamlico County. Discharge limits of wastewater would be restricted to current permitted flow with an emphasis on improving water reuse. Septic tanks would continue to be used extensively in unincorporated areas. Each of these scenarios had an associated cost of between $700-$800 million. Since the completion of this study, the Four County Regional Task Force has returned to its governing body seeking permission and funds to continue their efforts. If successful, the next goal of the task force will be to establish a Wastewater Authority. At the time the Four County study is completed, both the Interlocal Agency and the Regional Task Force will meet with state officials to review the findings of both studies and what options and alternatives may be permitted for both short-term and long-term strategies for the treatment and disposal of area wastewater. If Pine Knoll Shores is not served by a central sewer system, a policy of low -to -moderate density development will have to be maintained. However, it will be difficult, if not impossible, to control the demands placed on sewage disposal facilities by day visitors. A clear sewer policy developed in concert with policies for growth density is essential. During the planning period, Pine Knoll Shores must continue to reduce its volume of solid waste. Town efforts to implement an effective recycling program will continue. The town expected to continue to contract out solid waste collection through the planning period. An additional problem which has not been adequately defined is inadequate storm drainage. In the 1991 citizens' attitude survey, storm drainage problems were mentioned repeatedly. Attention was focused on the eastern section of town and the Yaupon Road/Juniper Road/Golf Course area, in particular. While severe flooding has only occasionally occurred, there have been recurring minor problems. The town has undertaken numerous studies to define a solution. However, none have resulted in an implemented course of action, and there is not a storm drainage plan. The town does have a contract with Youngblood Construction Company to provide for emergency pumping of stormwater from streets. The town should, as a minimum, pursue the development of a stormwater control ordinance designed to limit stormwater runoff from future developments. C. REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES Over 95% of the development in Pine Knoll Shores is less than twenty years old. There is not a need for the redevelopment of existing areas. Any demand for substantial redevelopment will be the result of damage occurring from a major storm. Any Category 3 or greater storm would result in substantial damage to Pine Knoll Shores. There would be a major loss of both residential and commercial properties. Policies to govern reconstruction have been adopted and may be found in Chapter 6 Section 3 of the Municipal Code. It is important to note that many oceanfront structures do not conform with CAMA setback regulations. As a result, if destroyed or damaged more than 50% of their value, these structures could not be rebuilt. RM There are no major or apparent infrastructure problems. The Carolina Water Service appears to be in good repair. The Carteret -Craven Electric Membership Corporation (EMC) electrical distribution system is also in good repair. However, the town should discuss with the EMC any options which may be available for the placement of utilities underground following a major natural disaster. D. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION This plan was reviewed by the Carteret County Planning Department prior to certification by the Coastal Resources Commission. In addition, the town participated in an intergovernmental meeting on August 21, 1996, which was attended by representatives of Carteret County and the municipalities within the county. The purpose of the meeting was to identify issues of common concern. This review was provided to help ensure consistency of this plan with Carteret County's planning efforts. Intergovernmental coordination and cooperation will continue through the ten-year planning period. This will be essential to accomplish effective planning for public utilities, thoroughfare projects, community facilities, housing needs, and environmental protection. The Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners and Planning Board will be responsible for ensuring adequate coordination with Carteret County, Bogue Banks and mainland municipalities, and other government entities as may be required. 1 I ri I SECTION III: LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM The CAMA regulations require the establishment of a specific land classification system to support the local government's policy statements. This system should reflect developing land use patterns within the town and provide a framework to be utilized by Pine Knoll Shores to identify future land uses. The 15A NCAC 7B requirements provide for the following land classifications: developed, urban transition, limited transition, community, rural, rural with services, and conservation. In applying these classifications, Pine Knoll Shores should carefully consider where and when various types of development should be encouraged. Additionally, the areas of environmental concern requiring protection should be recognized by the land classification system. Each applicable land classification must be represented on a land classification map. (See Map 7, Pine Knoll Shores Land Classification Map.) The following land classifications will apply in Pine Knoll Shores' jurisdiction: Developed areas included in the developed land classification are currently urban in character, with no or minimal undeveloped land remaining. Municipal types of services, with the exception of central sewer service, are in place or are expected to be provided within the next five to ten years. Land uses include residential, commercial, public/semi-public, and other urban land uses at the following densities which are prescribed by 15A NCAC 76: ° 500 dwelling units per square mile, or ° three dwelling units per acre, or ° where a majority of lots are 15,000 square feet or less. Pine Knoll Shores was well below these urban densities in 1990, having an average town -wide residential density of approximately .97 dwelling units per acre. Within Pine Knoll Shores, the developed classification is subdivided into the following sub -classifications: Developed Single -Family Residential (DSF) - These areas are utilized for low -density, single-family residential development. Minimum allowable lot sizes are 7,500 square feet up to 10,000 square feet per dwelling unit. Specifically, the following defines the intent of this category: — To encourage the construction of and the continued use of the land for single-family dwellings; — To restrict commercial use and prohibit industrial use of the land and to prohibit any other use which would substantially interfere with development of dwellings in these districts; — To discourage any use which would generate traffic on minor streets other than normal street traffic to serve residences on those streets; III-1 To discourage the continuance of existing uses that would not be permitted as new uses under the provisions of these districts; To discourage any use which because of its character or size would necessitate requirements and costs for public services, such as police and fire protection, water supply and sewerage, substantially in excess of such requirements and costs if the district were developed solely for dwellings. Developed Multi -Family Residential (DMF) - The principal land use in this category is for multi -family dwelling units. This classification includes both the town's MF-1 and MF-2 zoning districts. In the MF-1 district, condominium/apartment units are allowed up to eight units per acre, and motel units are allowed up to 22 units per acre. In the MF-2 district, up to 15 living units per acre are allowed. Specifically, the following defines the intent of this category: — To provide for the construction of and the continued use of the land for multi -family dwellings; — To restrict commercial use and prohibit industrial use of the land and to prohibit any other use which would substantially interfere with the development of multi -family dwellings in these districts; — To discourage the continuance of existing uses that would not be permitted as new uses under the provisions of this district; Developed Commercial (DC) - In the developed commercial category, the principal uses of land are commercial, service uses, offices, and professional service facilities. Specifically, the following defines the intent of this category: — To provide for the planning and construction of commercial uses, offices, service uses, and professional service facilities to serve the needs of the town; — To promote a unified and functional character for such an area; — To protect the value of neighboring properties; — To protect the natural environment as much as possible; — To protect the public from unnecessary health and traffic hazards. Developed Recreational (DR) - The principal use of land in this category is recreation. This includes both public and privately owned and operated recreational facilities. Specifically, the following defines the intent of this category: — To encourage the development of recreation facilities throughout the community; — To restrict those uses which would substantially interfere with the nature of these districts. IlliK • Developed Institutional (DI) -The developed institutional category includes governmental (non -recreational), administrative, community service, utility, religious activities, and educational facilities. The classification includes both the institutional and municipal service zoning districts. Specifically, the following defines the intent of this category: — To provide for the location of those governmental, administrative, police, fire, emergency medical, utility and service facilities necessary for the safe operation of the town; — To protect the value of neighboring properties; — To protect the natural environment as much as possible; — To protect the public from unnecessary health and traffic hazards; — To provide for the location of religious and educational facilities and related accessory uses. • Conservation (C) - The following areas of environmental concern and "404" wetlands and maritime forests (not areas of environmental concern) are included in the conservation classification: — Coastal Wetlands: This classification includes all areas of salt marsh or other marsh subject to regular or occasional flooding by tides, including wind tides. However, tidal flooding is understood not to include hurricane or tropical storm tides. Development which meets the minimum use standards of 15A NCAC 7H, Pine Knoll Shores zoning, and the policies contained in this plan shall be allowed in areas classified as coastal wetlands. Estuarine Shoreline: All areas lying 0-75 feet landward of the mean high water level of estuarine waters are classified as estuarine shorelines. Because of map size and scale, these areas cannot be accurately mapped. Precise locations must be determined in the field. Except for maritime forest areas, signs, marinas, and uses consistent with Pine Knoll Shores zoning, the policies contained in this plan and the 15A NCAC 7H use standards shall be allowed in estuarine shoreline areas. Within maritime forest areas, minimum design standards shall apply which exceed 15A NCAC 7H. In addition, signs and dredging for marinas shall not be permitted.* — ORW Estuarine Shorelines: All areas lying 0-575 feet landward of the mean high water level of estuarine waters designated as Outstanding Resource Waters are classified as ORW estuarine shorelines. Because of map size and scale, these areas cannot be accurately mapped. Precise locations must be determined in the field. Uses permitted by the Roosevelt Natural Swamp Area ORW Management Plan, 15A NCAC 7H, and the policies contained in this plan shall be allowed.* *NOTE: In estuarine shorelines and estuarine and public trust waters, Pine Knoll Shores will allow reconstruction of marinas, docks, and piers to their prior size provided the external boundaries of the marina are not affected and all other applicable policies of this plan are satisfied. -- Estuarine and Public Trust Waters: All public trust areas and estuarine waters are included in this classification. All waters in Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction are classified as estuarine waters as described by 15A NCAC 7H.0206 or public trust areas as described by 15A NCAC 7H.0207. Except for marinas, floating structures and signs, uses permitted by the policies contained in this plan and 15A NCAC 7H shall be allowed.'` Ocean Hazard Areas: This classification includes all ocean hazard areas. These areas include lands along the Atlantic shoreline where, because of their special vulnerability to erosion or other adverse effects of sand, wind and water, uncontrolled or incompatible development could unreasonably endanger life or property. These areas include beaches, frontal dunes, inlet lands, and other lands with excessive erosion or flood damage potential. Development shall be permitted which is allowed by the policies contained in this plan, the Pine Knoll Shores' Zoning Ordinance, and 15A NCAC 71-1.0306. Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW): This area includes all of the fresh waters within the property boundaries of the Roosevelt Natural Area including swamp forests, shrub swamps and ponds which were designated by the Environmental Management Commission under authority granted by N.C.G.S. 143-214.1. In addition, the area includes all of the saline waters within the Roosevelt Natural Area including brackish marsh and salt marsh. Allowed uses will be those permitted by the use standards included in the Roosevelt Natural Swamp Area ORW Management Plan, 15A NCAC 7H, the Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance, and the policies contained in this plan. The policies dealing with signs are more restrictive than the ORW Management Plan and 15A NCAC 7H. The following provides the Management Strategy Specific to the Roosevelt Natural Area: 'The Roosevelt Natural Area, including all fresh and saline waters within the property boundaries of the natural area, will have only new development which complies with the low density option in the stormwater rules as specified in 2H. 1 003(a)(2) within 575 feet of the Roosevelt Natural Area (if the development site naturally drains to the Roosevelt Natural Area.)" — 404 Wetlands: This classification includes areas of 404 wetlands which meet the wetlands definition contained in Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Only uses consistent with the policy statements section of this plan and the Pine Knoll Shores' Zoning Ordinance will be allowed. These areas are not delineated on the Land Classification Map. Specific locations must be determined in the field by representatives of the Wilmington office of the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. The town concurs with the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers' standards and does not intend to develop more restrictive standards. — Maritime Forests: All maritime forest areas classified as conservation are located in the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area or on town -owned property located on the south side of Roosevelt Boulevard. Except for the North Carolina Aquarium, no development is allowed in the natural area. Except for a small area located along the south side of Roosevelt Boulevard adjadent to the Roosevelt Natural Area, there are no significant maritime forest areas located outside of the Roosevelt Natural Heritage Area. 'NOTE: In estuarine shorelines and estuarine and public trust waters, Pine Knoll Shores will allow reconstruction of marinas, docks, and piers to their prior size provided the external boundaries of the marina are not affected and all other applicable policies of this plan are satisfied. 1 t 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 I 1 1 E N U 0 5 E U 8 0 B • ; = N. C. MARINE RESOURCE CENTER • 1�0. AMU C N. 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Io o� ________ _ �\\ \ Y _ THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART o,.:•. --- T' I C 0 C E A N THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA KNOLL TOWNES __ - ,+O O �r 0 A T L A N COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS OCEAN t 61 (j TERRA© PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF II I 1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE v I OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT, _ NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION. . ____�---- EAST END PINE TOWN OF KNOLL SHORES 0 100 200 !cO E:^0 _ 0 r7, KALE I SECTION IV: POLICY STATEMENTS I Policy statements are extremely important and have a day-to-day impact on individual citizens within Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction. The statements will have an impact in several areas, including: -- CAMA minor and major permitting as required by N.C.G.S. 113A-118 prior to undertaking any development in any area of environmental concern. -- Establishment of local planning policy. — Review of proposed projects requiring state or federal assistance or approval to determine consistency with local policies. The Coastal Resources Commission requires all governments to specify stated development policies under each one of five broad topics. These topics include: -- Resource Protection Resource Production and Management == Economic and Community Development Continuing Public Participation -- Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans During 1995 and 1996, the NCAC 7B CAMA planning guidelines were revised. The revised guidelines included new requirements for the development of policy statements. These changes included the following policy statement additions: -- A general vision policy statement describing the type of community that the local government would like to become within the next ten years. — A basic statement as to the community attitude toward resource protection. — A policy addressing the protection of wetlands identified as being of the highest functional significance on maps supplied by the Division of Coastal Management. — A policy addressing moorings and mooring fields. -- A policy addressing water quality problems and management measures designed to reduce or eliminate local sources of surface water quality problems. -- A statement as to the community attitude toward resource production and management. I IV-1 -- A statement as to the community attitude toward economic and community development. -- A policy addressing commitment to state and federal programs, including housing rehabilitation, community development block grants, housing for low and moderate income level citizens, water and sewer installation, and rural water systems. -- A policy addressing assistance to interstate waterways. The policies contained in this section are based on the objectives of the citizens of Pine Knoll Shores and satisfy the objectives of the Coastal Resources Commission. The land use planning committee closely supervised the development of these policies. The policies outlined in the following section will provide a guide for advising and regulating development of available land resources in Pine Knoll Shores through 2001. Policies which were considered, but not adopted, are provided in Appendix I. A. VISION STATEMENT To the fullest extent possible, Pine Knoll Shores will strive to maintain a community dedicated to preserving its forestlands, wetlands, marine and wildlife, while at the same time offering its citizens a quiet respectable community. B. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS Community Attitude Toward Resource Protection Pine Knoll Shores is supportive of resource protection. The town will pursue policies and actions which are protective of the town's resources. Of particular concern is the improvement of water quality in the town's canals. Physical Limitations Soils To mitigate existing septic tank problems and other restrictions on development posed by soil limitations, Pine Knoll Shores will: (a) Enforce all current regulations of the N.C. State Building Code and support Carteret County Health Department in all matters relating to septic tank installation/replacement in areas with soils restrictions. (b) Coordinate all development activity with appropriate county and state regulatory personnel. (c) Pine Knoll Shores will insist that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provide stringent regulation/enforcement of the 404 wetlands permit process in Pine Knoll Shores, and will IV-2 pL-j cooperate with them in the regulation/enforcement process. This will include wetlands identified as being of the highest functional significance on maps supplied by the Division of Coastal Management. Development must be consistent with Chapter 21, Section 7.10 c.(a) of the Town Code. (d) Pine Knoll Shores will maintain low -density residential development (4 dwelling units/acre or less in single-family residential areas, and 8 dwelling units or less per acre in multi -family residential areas) in order to decrease soil contamination and groundwater pollution from septic tanks. (e) Support and cooperate with the efforts of Carteret County to develop a central sewer system to serve the developed areas of the county, including the municipalities. Flood Hazard Areas (a) Pine Knoll Shores will coordinate any development within the special flood hazard area with the North Carolina Division of Coastal Management, FEMA, and the U.S. Corps of Engineers. �i flood damage ■ (b) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its existing zoning and prevention ordinances and follow the storm hazard mitigation plan. (See Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans). (c) The town will continue to support and implement the community rating system which allows for reduced flood insurance rates. Groundwater/Protection of Potable Water Supplies (a) It is the policy of Pine Knoll Shores to conserve its surficial groundwater resources by supporting CAMA and N.C. Division of Water Quality stormwater runoff regulations, and by coordinating local development activities involving chemical storage or underground storage tank installation/abandonment with Carteret County Emergency Management personnel and the Groundwater Section of the N.C. Division of Water Quality. (b) Pine Knoll Shores will support a regional multi jurisdictional study of the limestone aquifer underlying Carteret County. Such a study would aid in determining the optimum locations for wells and the long-term viability of the town's water supply. The issue of salt water intrusion should be addressed by the study. (c) Pine Knoll Shores is concerned with the overall quality of the surface waters within the White Oak River watershed. The town will support regional and multi jurisdictional efforts to improve and protect water quality. (d) Pine Knoll Shores will encourage and support water conservation efforts. Motels and rental units will be encouraged to post notices encouraging water conservation by occupants. I IV-3 (e) Pine Knoll Shores will support planning by the Carolina Water Service and the town itself for an adequate long- range water supply. Public and private water conservation efforts will be encouraged. (f) Pine Knoll Shores supports public acquisition/ownership of the water system serving the town. Stormwater Runoff (a) Pine Knoll Shores recognizes the value of water quality maintenance to the protection of fragile areas and to the provision of clean water for recreational purposes. The town will support existing state regulations relating to stormwater runoff resulting from development (Stormwater Disposal Policy 15 NCAC 2H.001-.1003). (b) In Pine Knoll Shores, no storm drains or drainage ditches shall be constructed which discharge directly into estuarine waters, public trust waters, or estuarine shorelines. Some form of water retention area or settling basin must be provided. Discharge into coastal wetlands is considered acceptable if associated construction and development does not damage coastal wetland areas. (c) To improve stormwater drainage, Pine Knoll Shores will pursue the development of a town -wide stormwater control ordinance. Drainage from developed land areas shall have rate of flow and volume characteristics as near to predevelopment conditions as reasonable. (d) Pine Knoll Shores encourages the use of monitored pilot projects using advanced technology to treat stormwater runoff. (e) Nutrient -sensitive corridors should be established around all our sounds, bays, and feeder streams. Special attention should be given to reducing nutrient and sediment enriched runoff in these areas. The town will pursue possible methods of controlling the excess fertilization of lawns. The town will also pursue a public awareness program. Surface Water Quality The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports regular testing of the water in the canals located within the town. The North Carolina Marine Fisheries Division of Shellfish Sanitation has conducted tests for fecal coliform. The town supports continuation of this testing on a regular basis. In addition, the town supports regular testing (at least once per year) for toxic pollutant levels. The town will seek funding sources for establishment of a testing program. Manmade Hazards (a) Pine Knoll Shores will coordinate the regulation of underground storage tanks with the North Carolina Division of Water Quality. Pine Knoll Shores will support 15A NCAC 2N, Sections .0100 -.0800 which includes the criteria and standards applicable to underground storage tanks. IV-4 (b) With the exception of bulk fuel storage tanks used for retail sales, and individual heating fuel storage tanks, Pine Knoll Shores opposes the bulk storage of manmade hazardous materials within its jurisdiction. (c) Pine Knoll Shores is opposed to the establishment of toxic waste dump sites or incinerators within Carteret County. Cultural/Historical Resources There do not appear to be any nationally significant historic or archaeological sites within Pine Knoll Shores. However, in order to protect any discovered sites, Pine Knoll Shores will: (a) Coordinate all housing code enforcement/redevelopment projects with the N.C. Division of Archives and History, to ensure that any significant architectural details or buildings are identified and preserved. (b) Coordinate all town public works projects with the N.C. Division of Archives and History, to ensure the identification and preservation of significant archaeological sites. Industrial Impacts on Fragile Areas No industrial development of any type shall be located within Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction. This policy is supported by the town's zoning ordinance. IMISCELLANEOUS RESOURCE PROTECTION Package Treatment Plant Use Pine Knoll Shores will support the construction of package treatment plants which do not discharge waste in any areas classified as coastal wetlands or freshwater wetlands (404) and are approved and permitted by the State Division of Water Quality and by the Carteret County Health Department/Division of Health Services. If any package plants are approved, Pine Knoll 1 Shores supports requirement of a specific contingency plan specifying how ongoing private operation and maintenance of the plant will be provided, and detailing provisions for assumption of the plant into a public system should the private operation fail. Marinas. Docks, Piers and Floating Home Development Pine Knoll Shores will enforce the following policies to govern floating homes and marina development. Marinas are considered to be any publicly or privately owned dock constructed to accommodate more than ten boats, as defined by 15A NCAC 7H.208(b)(5). (a) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of both upland and open water marinas within its planning jurisdiction. Modifications to an existing marina (including the development of additional boat slips) are allowed, provided the external boundaries of the marina are not affected. (b) The construction of all docks and piers shall minimize or eliminate adverse effects on coastal wetlands and subaquatic vegetation. IV-5 (c) Existing marinas, docks and piers may be reconstructed to their prior size so long as all other applicable policies of this plan are satisfied and met when reconstruction occurs. (d) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of dry stack storage facilities for boats associated with or independent of marinas. This policy will be supported through the town's zoning ordinance. (e) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the location of floating structures and vessels for permanent occupancy in all public trust areas and estuarine waters. The town will investigate the development of an ordinance designed to enforce this policy. Moorinq Fields Pine Knoll Shores is concerned with the potential for the development of mooring fields. The town opposes the development of mooring fields and will investigate the development of an ordinance to regulate the establishment of mooring fields. Development of Sound and Estuarine Islands There are no sound or estuarine islands within Pine Knoll Shores jurisdiction. This policy does not apply. Ocean Hazard Areas (a) Pine Knoll Shores will support only uses within the ocean hazard areas which are allowed by 15A NCAC 7H and are consistent with the town's zoning and dune and vegetation protection ordinances. (b) Pine Knoll Shores supports beach nourishment and relocation as the preferred erosion control measures for ocean hazard areas. (c) The town objects to the construction of permanent shoreline stabilization structures in ocean hazard areas and any changes in state standards which would allow such structures. Inlet Hazard Areas There are no inlet hazard areas in Pine Knoll Shores. Bulkhead Construction Except for ocean hazard areas, Pine Knoll Shores does not oppose bulkhead construction within its jurisdiction as long as construction fulfills the use standards set forth in 15A NCAC 7H. The town is opposed to bulkhead construction in ocean hazard areas. Sea Level Rise (a) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to receive and review reports on sea level rise and revise as necessary all local building and land use related ordinances to establish setback i IV-6 I standards, long-term land use plans, density controls, buffer vegetation protection requirements, and building designs which will facilitate the movement of structures. (b) Pine Knoll Shores will allow the construction of bulkheads which satisfy 15A NCAC 7H in all non -ocean hazard areas to protect structures and property from rising sea level. Maritime Forests All of Pine Knoll Shores' maritime forests which are classified as conservation are located in the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area and the town -owned property located south of Roosevelt Boulevard. There are no other significant areas of maritime forests located within the town. Except for the North Carolina Aquarium, no development will be allowed. Water Quality Management (a) Pine Knoll Shores supports addressing the following issues in the development of the White Oak Basinwide Management Plan: Long-term Growth Management Wastewater management (non -discharge, regionalization, ocean outfall). — Urban stormwater runoff/water quality. — Role of local land use planning. Shellfish Water Closures _ Increases in number of acres closed. Examine link between growth and closures. Opportunities for restoration and prevention. Animal Operation Waste Management Between 1990-1994, swine population in the White Oak Basin more than doubled. i Nutrients/Toxic Dinoflagellate -- Reduction in nitrogen and phosphorous levels. (b) Pine Knoll Shores supports development and adoption of a local ordinance by Carteret County to regulate swine production. (c) The Pine Knoll Shores Planning Department will undertake a review of all local land use regulation ordinances to determine if revisions should be undertaken to respond to specific water quality management problems. C. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES Community Attitude Toward Resource Production Pine Knoll Shores opposes any resource production activities that would detract from the town's low to moderate density residential/natural environment character. The town will continue to be primarily a residential community. I IV-7 Recreation Resources I (a) All lands classified as conservation and natural recreation areas are considered valuable passive recreation areas. Except as otherwise provided for in these policy statements, these areas shall be protected in their natural state, and development should not be allowed. (b) Pine Knoll Shores considers existing public and private shoreline access facilities adequate to serve the needs of its residents and visitors. Productive Agricultural Lands There are no productive agricultural lands found in Pine Knoll Shores; therefore, no policy statement is necessary. Productive Forest Lands There are no productive forest lands found in Pine Knoll Shores; therefore, no policy statement is necessary. , Aquaculture Activities Aquaculture is considered the cultivation of aquatic plants and animals under controlled conditions. Pine Knoll Shores objects to any discharge of water from aquaculture activities that will degrade in any way the receiving waters. The town objects to withdrawing water from aquifers or surface sources if such withdrawal will endanger water quality or water supply from the aquifers or surface sources. Residential. Commercial, and Industrial Development Impacts on Resources (a) Residential and commercial development which meets 15A NCAC 7H use standards, Pine Knoll Shores zoning requirements, and the policies contained in this plan will be allowed in estuarine shoreline, estuarine water, and public trust areas. Industrial development will be prohibited within Pine Knoll Shores. (b) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of any privately owned signs in the coastal wetlands, estuarine waters, and public trust areas. Publicly owned instructional signage will be permitted. (c) Pine Knoll Shores will vigorously enforce Chapter 21-3.5 of the town's zoning ordinance which establishes stringent requirements for lot clearing. These requirements address both the construction of buildings and the clearance of vegetation. Plants of "special concern" are designated and afforded special protection. The Planning Board will review local ordinances to determine if amendments should be made to improve the regulation of lot clearing and the protection of maritime forest areas. IV-8 I Recreation Resources (a) All lands classified as conservation and natural recreation areas are considered valuable passive recreation areas. Except as otherwise provided for in these policy statements, these areas shall be protected in their natural state, and development should not be allowed. (b) Pine Knoll Shores supports the state's shoreline access policies as set forth in Chapter 15A, Subchapter 7M of the North Carolina Administrative Code. The town will conform to CAMA and other state and federal environmental regulations affecting the development of shoreline access areas. The town will prepare a shoreline access plan and seek funding as necessary for the construction of additional shoreline access facilities. Productive Agricultural Lands There are no productive agricultural lands found in Pine Knoll Shores; therefore, no policy statement is necessary. Productive Forest Lands There are no productive forest lands found in Pine Knoll Shores; therefore, no policy statement is necessary. Aouaculture Activities Aquaculture is considered the cultivation of aquatic plants and animals under controlled conditions. Pine Knoll Shores objects to any discharge of water from aquaculture activities that will degrade in any way the receiving waters. The town objects to withdrawing water from aquifers or surface sources if such withdrawal will endanger water quality or water supply from the aquifers or surface sources. Residential. Commercial. and Industrial Development Imoacts on Resources (a) Residential and commercial development which meets 15A NCAC 7H use standards, Pine Knoll Shores zoning requirements, and the policies contained in this plan will be allowed in estuarine shoreline, estuarine water, and public trust areas. Industrial development will be prohibited within Pine Knoll Shores.' (b) Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of any privately owned signs in the coastal wetlands, estuarine waters, and public trust areas. Publicly owned instructional signage will be permitted. (c) Pine Knoll Shores will vigorously enforce Chapter 21-3.5 of the town's zoning ordinance which establishes stringent requirements for lot clearing. These requirements address both the construction of buildings and the clearance of vegetation. Plants of "special concern" are designated and afforded special protection. The Planning Board will review local ordinances to determine if amendments should be made to improve the regulation of lot clearing and the protection of maritime forest areas. IV-8 1 Marine Resource Areas (a) With the exception of the construction of signs, marinas, and floating structures, Pine Knoll Shores supports the use standards for estuarine waters and public trust areas as specified in 15A NCAC 7H.0208. (b) Pine Knoll Shores reserves the right to review and comment on policies and requirements of the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries which govern commercial and recreational fisheries and activities, including trawling and netting activities. (c) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the designation of its beach area as a sea turtle sanctuary by the State of North Carolina. Peat -or Phosphate Mining There are no peat or phosphate deposits located within Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction. Off -Road Vehicles Pine Knoll Shores allows permitted commercial fishing and emergency off -road vehicles in the beach area. Other vehicles are prohibited by local ordinances. D. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS Community Attitude Toward Economic and Community Development Pine Knoll Shores will support growth and development only at low to medium densities, consistent with the town's goal of maintaining a town -wide residential single-family density ceiling of 4 dwelling units/acre, a multi -family density of 8 dwelling units/acre, and a motel/hotel maximum density of 22 living units per acre. The town will not permit any industrial development. Water Supply Pine Knoll Shores will support preparation of a long-range study to assess the cost, quantity and quality of the town's water supply. The town will consider acquiring the Carolina Water Service Company system. Sewer System (a) Pine Knoll Shores supports the development of a sewage collection system. The town would support treatment of waste in a centralized Bogue Banks and/or Carteret County sewage treatment system. (b) In the absence of a waste treatment plant and collection system, Pine Knoll Shores will support the issuance of permits for the construction of septic tanks for residential, commercial, and public/semi-public land uses. 1 IV-9 (c) Pine Knoll Shores encourages work toward denitrification and phosphorous reduction of i all discharges to our estuaries. (d) Pine Knoll Shores encourages the use of monitored pilot projects using advanced technology for wastewater treatment. Solid Waste (a) Pine Knoll Shores supports Carteret County's participation in a regional multi -county approach to solid waste management. This includes disposal of solid waste in the Tri- County Landfill (b) Pine Knoll Shores will cooperate with any efforts to educate people and businesses on waste reduction and recycling. The town vigorously supports recycling and supports setting up practical collection methods and education efforts to achieve a high degree of county -wide recycling. (c) Pine Knoll Shores supports the siting of recyclable collection centers within developed commercial and developed institutional land classifications. Energy Facility Siting and Development (a) There are no electric generating or other power generating plants located in or proposed for location within Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction. The town will not support the location of permanent energy generating facilities within its jurisdiction. (b) Pine Knoll Shores supports Carteret County's policy of reviewing proposals for development of non-nuclear electric generating plants within Carteret County on a case -by -case basis, judging the need for the facility by the county against all identified possible adverse impacts. Pine Knoll Shores objects to all nuclear power plant construction. The town reserves the right to comment on the impacts of any energy facility proposed for location within Carteret County. (c) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores opposes offshore drilling for both oil and gas. Redevelopment of Developed Areas The only significant redevelopment issue facing Pine Knoll Shores through 2000 will be reconstruction following a hurricane or other natural disaster. The town will allow the reconstruction of any structures demolished by natural disaster which will comply with all applicable local and state regulations and the policies contained in this plan. The town will not spend any local funds in order to acquire unbuildable lots but will accept donations of such unbuildable lots. Pine Knoll Shores will work with any owners who may have to move any threatened structures to safer locations. The town will support reconstruction only at densities specified by current zoning regulations. Types and Locations of Desired Industry Pine Knoll Shores opposes industrial development of any type. This policy is supported by the town's zoning ordinance. IV-10 Communitv Facilities Pine Knoll Shores considers its existing community facilities to be adequate to serve the town's needs during the planning period. This policy statement does not apply to water and sewer facilities. The town will investigate the possibility of expanding the Municipal Building meeting room. Commitment to State and Federal Proarams Pine Knoll Shores is receptive to state and federal programs, particularly those which provide improvements to the town. The town will continue to support fully such programs, especially the following: North Carolina Department of Transportation road and bridge improvement as defined by the Transportation policies, the CAMA planning process and permitting programs, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regulatory and permitting efforts, dredging and channel maintenance by the U.S..". Corps of Engineers, and federal and state projects which provide efficient and safe boat access for commercial and sport fishing. There is no demand for housing rehabilitation programs nor housing for low to moderate income families and individuals. However, the town does support the construction of housing and care facilities for the elderly. Assistance in Channel Maintenance Pine Knoll Shores will support efforts of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and state officials to provide proper channel maintenance. Usable spoil material for beach nourishment will be accepted from any dredging operation for spoil taken outside of Pine Knoll Shores regardless of the location of the service. The town will work to provide/locate spoil sites for dredge spoil taken from within Pine Knoll Shores' jurisdiction. Assistance in Interstate Waterways Pine Knoll Shores considers the interstate waterway to be a valuable economic asset. The town will provide assistance in maintaining the waterway by helping to obtain or providing dredge spoil sites and, when possible, providing easements across town -owned property for work. Tourism Tourism is important to Pine Knoll Shores and will be supported by the town. Pine Knoll Shores will implement the following policies to further the development of tourism: (a) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities of the North Carolina Division of Travel and Tourism; specifically, the monitoring of tourism -related industry, and efforts to promote tourism -related commercial activity. (b) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities of the Carteret County Tourism Development Bureau. (c) Pine Knoll Shores supports the state's shoreline access policies as set forth in Chapter 15A, Subchapter 7M of the North Carolina Administrative Code. The town will conform to CAMA and other state and federal environmental regulations affecting the development of shoreline access areas. The town will prepare a shoreline access plan and seek funding as necessary for the construction of additional shoreline access facilities. Transportation (a) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not support construction of a third bridge ending in the Pine Knoll Shores town limits. IV-11 Community Facilities Pine Knoll Shores considers its existing community facilities to be adequate to serve the town's needs during the planning period. This policy statement does not apply to water and sewer facilities. The town will investigate the possibility of expanding the Municipal Building meeting room. Commitment to State and Federal Pro -rams Pine Knoll Shores is receptive to state and federal programs, particularly those which provide improvements to the town. The town will continue to support fully such programs, especially the following: North Carolina Department of Transportation road and bridge improvement as defined by the Transportation policies, the CAMA planning process and permitting programs, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers regulatory and permitting efforts, dredging and channel maintenance by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, and federal and state projects which provide efficient and safe boat access for commercial and sport fishing. There is no demand for housing rehabilitation programs nor housing for low to moderate income families and individuals. However, the town does support the construction of housing and care facilities for the elderly. Assistance in Channel Maintenance Pine Knoll Shores will support efforts of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and state officials to provide proper channel maintenance. Usable spoil material for beach nourishment will be accepted from any dredging operation for spoil taken outside of Pine Knoll Shores regardless of the location of the service. The town will work to provide/locate spoil sites for dredge spoil taken from within Pine Knoll Shores' jurisdiction. Assistance in Interstate Waterways Pine Knoll Shores considers the interstate waterway to be a valuable economic asset. The town will provide assistance in maintaining the waterway by helping to obtain or providing dredge spoil sites and, when possible, providing easements across town -owned property for work. Tourism Tourism is important to Pine Knoll Shores and will be supported by the town. Pine Knoll Shores will implement the following policies to further the development of tourism: (a) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities of the North Carolina Division of Travel and Tourism; specifically, the monitoring of tourism -related industry, and efforts to promote tourism -related commercial activity. (b) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities of the Carteret County Tourism Development Bureau. (c) Pine Knoll Shores considers existing public and private shoreline access facilities adequate to serve the needs of its residents and visitors. Transportation (a) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not support construction of a third bridge ending in the Pine Knoll Shores town limits. (b) Pine Knoll Shores is opposed to any widening of U.S. 58 to provide four lanes. The town prefers widening to three lanes. (c) Pine Knoll Shores reserves the right to comment on other specific transportation improvements. (d) Pine Knoll Shores supports the concept of mass transportation as a demonstrated need develops. Development/Growth Obiectives Through enforcement of local ordinances including zoning, subdivision and the dune and vegetation ordinance, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores will strive to accomplish the following growth objectives: (a) Maintain commercial zoning in areas existing in 1992. (b) Maintain single-family residential developments at 4 units per acre or less, multi -family residential development at 8 dwelling units per acre or less, and motels/hotels at 22 living units per acre or less. (c) Prohibit marina development. r (d) Support development of a town -wide stormwater control ordinance. (d) Strive to protect the dunes and maritime forest areas. (e) Ensure an adequate water supply. (f) Support the development of a town -wide sewer collection system. The town will review all local ordinances to ensure consistency with these policies. Land Use Trends The town's land use trends have been thoroughly discussed in other sections of this plan. Those trends include: (a) Maintaining Pine Knoll Shores' low density residential development. (b) Increasing congestion on U.S. 58. (c) Increasing pressure for the development of central sewer service. (d) Increasing peak population with associated traffic congestion and demand for services (e) Continuing stormwater/drainage problems. (f) Increasing development threatening Areas of Environmental Concern. (g) Continuing protection of maritime forest areas. These land use trends should be monitored by the town and controlled through existing local, state, and federal land use regulations including CAMA, "404" regulations, sanitary regulations, and the town's subdivision and zoning ordinances and building inspection program. IV-12 1 (1) Traffic congestion; (2) Controlling increases in commercial zoning; (3) Protecting the environment with emphasis on dunes and sound areas; (4) Storm drainage; (5) Provision of a central sewer system. IE. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES 1 As required by 15A NCAC 7B, Pine Knoll Shores prepared and adopted a "Citizen Participation Plan" (see Appendix II). The plan outlined the methodology for citizen involvement. The Board of Commissioners appointed a Land Use Plan Advisory Committee which included the following members: Lois Heffelfinger, Joan Lamson, Beal Marks, Al Schmidt, Charlotte Sheard, Don Smith, and Evan Roderick. Public involvement was generated through public information meetings and advertising in local newspapers and radio stations. Adjacent jurisdictions were contacted and asked if they desired to be directly notified of meetings at which the land use plan update would be discussed. A public information meeting, advertised in the Carteret County News and Times, was conducted by the Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners at the outset of the project on October 10, 1995, at 2:00 p.m., at the Pine Knoll Shores Municipal Building. Subsequently, meetings of the Land Use Plan Advisory Committee, open to the public, were conducted on November 28, 1995; February 6, 1996; February 20, 1996; April 2, 1996; April 15, 1996; and June 12, 1996, to discuss development of the land use plan. A public information meeting was conducted on July 11, 1996, to allow the public an opportunity to comment on the draft plan prior to its submittal to the Division of Coastal Management. This meeting was advertised in the Carteret County News and Times on June 30, 1996, and on local radio stations. The preliminary plan was submitted to the Coastal Resources Commission for comment on July 25, 1996. Following receipt of CRC comments, the plan was amended, and a formal public hearing on the final document was conducted on June 10, 1997. The public hearing was advertised in the Carteret County News and Times on May 7, 1997. The plan was approved by the Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners on June 10, 1997, and submitted to the Coastal Resources Commission for certification. The plan was certified on July 25, 1997. Continuing Citizen input will be solicited, primarily through the Planning Board, with advertised and adequately publicized public meetings held to discuss special land use issues and to keep citizens informed. I IV-13 POST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN AND POLICIES A. INTRODUCTION I Recognizing the potential impact that a major hurricane could have on the town, Pine Knoll Shores adopted a series of policies designed to reduce the potential for hurricane related damage. Those policies were established as part of the Post Disaster Recovery Plan which was adopted in 1985, and are summarized as follows: (a) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its subdivision and zoning ordinances which dictate responsible land use and development standards for high hazard zones within the town. (b) Pine Knoll Shores will adhere to the standards set forth in CAMA and the FEMA regulations for land use and development standards in the ocean hazard area of environmental concern (AEC), estuarine shoreline AEC and the flood zones. (c) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to make accessible to its citizens through public notices, workshops, and its hurricane preparedness plans the policies and procedures associated with mitigating the impact of hurricanes through public awareness. (d) The town will consider the redesign and construction of storm damaged facilities, public utilities and roadways and their replacement in terms of minimizing the likelihood of future storm related damage. (e) Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its subdivision and zoning ordinances, the state building code, and support the state and federal programs and regulations which are designed to mitigate the potential deleterious effects of hurricanes and other major storms. While post -disaster planning is important, the town recognizes that proper preventive action is the best way to reduce flood and storm related damage. On December 15, 1991, the town adopted a community rating system which regulates construction standards and reduces insurance premiums. The town has a detailed Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance which was adopted in 1987. That ordinance has the following purposes and objectives: Purposes (a) Restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health, safety and property due to water or erosion hazards, or which result in damaging increases in erosion or in flood heights or velocities; (b) Require that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities which serve such uses, be protected against flood damage at the time of initial construction; (c) Control the alteration of natural flood plains, stream channels, and natural protective I barriers which are involved in the accommodation of flood waters; i IV-14 ' (d) Control filling, grading, dredging, and other development which may increase erosion or flood damage; and (e) Prevent or regulate the construction of flood barriers which will unnaturally divert flood waters or which may increase flood hazards to other lands. ' Objectives I(a) To protect human life and health; (b) To minimize expenditure of public money for costly flood control projects, (c) To minimize the need for rescue and relief efforts associated with flooding and generally undertaken at the expense of the general public; (d) To minimize prolonged business interruptions; (e) To minimize damage to public facilities and utilities such as water and gas mains, electric, telephone and sewer lines, streets and bridges located in flood plains; (f) To help maintain a stable tax base by providing for the sound use and development of flood prone areas in such a manner as to minimize flood blight areas; and (g) To ensure that potential home buyers are notified that property is in a flood area. B. STORM MITIGATION, EVACUATION, AND POST -DISASTER RECOVERY PLANS Like all coastal communities, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is acutely aware of the hazards associated with coastal storms. The destructive forces of serious storms are particularly acute for communities which are located on barrier islands. Since the incorporation of the town in 1973, there has been no major hurricane in the area comparable to the Class 5 Hazel and Donna hurricanes which unleashed their destructive forces on the North Carolina coast in the fifties and early sixties. Very few of the current town residents have experienced storms of this magnitude and may be unaware of the extent of destruction associated with such storms. This section of the land use plan has been prepared to assist the town in preparing management policies for major storms so that they may be better prepared for the major hurricane which may eventually occur in this area. In 1985, the town adopted a Post -Disaster Recovery and Evacuation Plan which established the policies and procedures in an effort to reduce the risks associated with future hurricanes. This post -disaster recovery plan is an update of the 1985 plan. These policies, in combination with the storm hazard mitigation discussion, are outlined in the following sections. 1. Storm Hazard Mitigation ' Hurricanes bring with them forces which cause damage and potential loss of life through high winds, flooding, wave action, and erosion. Storm hazard mitigation policies and procedures, properly conceived and implemented, can be critical in the reduction of the dangers and potential 1 impact on the town and its citizens. Mitigation is not only important to minimizing loss of property IIVA 5 and life, but also for avoiding potential damages in the long run which might result from improper , land planning and land management practices. a. Hazard Mapping The vulnerability of Pine Knoll Shores to the effects of high winds, flooding and storm surge, Wave action and erosion can be summarized best by identifying the land areas within the town which are naturally most susceptible to these forces. Two documents, the Federal Insurance Administration's Flood Hazard Boundary Map and the Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan, identify these areas which include flood hazard zones and Areas of Environmental Concern. These potential hazard areas are delineated on the hazard map and can be more specifically defined by reviewing the FEMA maps and the Pine Knoll Shores storm surge map (see Maps 3 and 6). Table 25 summarizes the hazards which can be expected to be associated with the four general zones found within the town. Table 25: Hurricane Forces Associated with Town Environments High Wave Environment Winds Flooding Action Erosion Ocean Hazard, AEC x x x x Estuarine Shoreline AEC x x x x V-Zone Flood x x x x A -Zone Flood x x Outside Identified Hazard Areas x The areas or environments listed above with their associated hazards will require land use policies which control the type and distribution of land uses designed to minimize the potential damage from future hurricanes. At this time, Pine Knoll Shores has implemented provisions in its local zoning and subdivision ordinances, and the flood damage prevention ordinance, which are consistent with a policy of minimizing hurricane damage by controlling land , use and assigning restrictive development standards to these high -risks environments. b. Ocean Hazard AEC The ocean hazard areas consist of ocean erodible areas, high hazard flood areas, inlet hazard areas, and unvegetated beach areas. Ocean hazard landforms include ocean dunes, beaches, and shorelines. Ocean dunes include both primary dunes and frontal dunes. Primary dunes are the first mounds of sand located landward of the ocean beaches having an elevation equal to the mean flood level (in a storm having a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given space) for the areas plus six feet. The primary dune extends landward to the lowest elevation in the depression behind that same mound of sand. In areas where there is a primary dune, that dune shall be deemed to be the frontal dune. Where there is no primary dune, the frontal dune is deemed to be the first mound of sand located landward of the ocean beach having sufficient vegetation, height, continuity and configuration to offer protective value. The dunes are essential to the protection of oceanfront areas. The town recognizes the inherent danger in the oceanfront area and continues to require through its zoning ordinance a minimum , 100 foot setback from the oceanside toe of the frontal dune or within 100 feet of the mean high water mark of the Atlantic Ocean, whichever extends landward farther for all structures except raised pedestrian walkways and platform overlooks. IV-16 1 C. Estuarine Shoreline AEC This hazard area extends only 75 feet landward of the mean high water line as defined by the Division of Coastal Management in areas adjacent to non-ORW waters, and 575 feet landward of the mean high water line in areas adjacent to ORW waters. However, the entire estuarine shoreline environment is subject to an extended hazard zone depending on low-lying topography which is subject to varying degrees of flooding and wave action. The flood prone areas are delineated on the hazard maps. The town's zoning and subdivision ordinances and flood damage prevention ordinance are consistent with development standards required for this area by DCM and the Federal Emergency Management Agency, and in fact require a 100 foot single-family residence building setback from the shoreline. d. Non -AEC Areas All areas within the town are subject to some destructive aspect of hurricane damage through high winds, flooding, wave action or erosion. If even a limited portion or percentage of the town were impacted from the effects of a major hurricane, the potential for damages in dollars can be significant. Implementation of mitigation of hurricane damage through proper land development policies and conformance with state building codes can be expected to result in a significant reduction in the extent and cost of loss of property and lives in the town when a major hurricane strikes. 2. Hurricane Evacuation Planning Pine Knoll Shores has an active Emergency Management Plan in operation, which includes specific procedures to be followed during pre -hurricane conditions. The following section outlines these procedures as stated in the plan. Condition 3: Hurricane Watch a. The conditions will be announced over radio and television channels by the National Weather Service. b. All individuals should prepare for evacuation. C. Citizens should notify Town Hall of invalids or other persons requiring evacuation assistance. These persons will be evacuated immediately to prepared shelters by ambulance or other vehicles. Condition 2: Hurricane Warning a. The evacuation order will be issued over radio and television channels. Police will cruise town streets and issue evacuation order by loud speaker. The Pine Knoll Shores Emergency Management Organization will notify individual residences. b. Citizens should turn off electricity for selected lines at main junction box, and Iwater at valve. Freezers should not be disconnected. C. All citizens and others should prepare to evacuate. IIVA 7 d. Persons who evacuate RVs and trailers should do so immediately. They will not be permitted to cross the bridges when winds are high, nor will they be permitted to re-enter Bogue Banks during the crisis. Condition 1: Evacuation a. Evacuation will be announced simultaneously by all Bogue Banks communities 18 to 36 hours before anticipated landfall. Evacuation up to 75 miles or more inland is recommended. (1) All persons located in Pine Knoll Shores will evacuate East onto Route 58, via the Atlantic Beach high-rise bridge. (2) Egress onto Route 58 from the North can only be made from Pine Knoll Boulevard and Oakleaf Drive, Mimosa Boulevard, Coral Drive, and Murex Drive. (3) Road blocks will be set up within a minimum of six (6) hours or before sunset the day of evacuation, or sooner, if necessary. (4) A curfew may be imposed by the Mayor/Town Board. Full cooperation is mandatory on everyone's part. People without valid reasons to be out are subject to being cited and escorted home. b. Evacuation Shelters: A list of current designated evacuation shelters shall be posted at all times in the Pine Knoll Shores Municipal Building. 3. Post -Disaster Recovery Plan A post -disaster plan provides a program that will permit a local government to deal with the aftermaths of a storm in an organized and efficient manner. The plan provides the mechanisms, procedures, and policies that will enable a local community to learn from its storm experiences and to rebuild the community in a wise and practical manner. A post -disaster reconstruction plan encompasses three distinct reconstruction periods: 1. The emergency period is the reconstruction phase immediately after a storm. The emphasis is on restoring public health and safety, assessing the nature and extent of storm damage, and qualifying for and obtaining whatever federal and state assistance might be available. 2. The restoration period covers the weeks and months following a storm disaster. The emphasis during this period is on restoring community facilities, utilities, essential businesses, etc., so that the community can once again function in a normal manner. 3. The replacement reconstruction period is the period during which the community is rebuilt. The period could last from months to years depending on the nature and extent of the damaged incurred. IV-18 1 r� 1 It is important that local officials clearly understand the joint federal -state -local procedures for providing assistance to rebuild after a storm so that local damage assessment and reconstruction efforts are carried out in an efficient manner that qualifies the community for the different types of assistance that are available. The requirements are generally delineated in the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288) which authorizes a wide range of financial and direct assistance to both local communities and individuals. The sequence of procedures to be followed after a major disaster in order to qualify for assistance are as follows: 1. The initial situation report must be submitted to the Carteret County EMO within 12 hours. 2. Pine Knoll Shores damage assessment teams survey storm damage within the community and report the extent of damage to the PKS Chief Code Enforcement Official (CCEO) and the Town Clerk who will forward completed reports to the Carteret County Emergency Management Coordinator within 24 hours after the disaster is declared over. If the Building Inspector and Town Clerk are not available, the report will be compiled and reported to the Carteret County Emergency Management Coordinator by a person designated by the Mayor/Town Council. 3. Damage information is compiled and summarized by Carteret County and then is reported to the N.C. Division of Emergency Management (DEM) within 48 hours. 4. DEM makes recommendations to the Governor regarding state actions. 5. The Governor may request Presidential declaration of "emergency" or "major disaster" which would make a variety of resources available to communities and individuals. 6. Federal assistance usually ends one month after the Presidential declaration of "emergency" or "major disaster". Federal assistance on "permanent" work ends after 18 months. C. ORGANIZATION OF LOCAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TEAM A local damage assessment team should include individuals who are qualified to give reliable estimates of the original value of structures, an estimated value of sustained damages, and a description of the repairs and costs that will be needed to rebuild each structure. The total team may consist of the following: Town Officials Mayor Commissioners Administrative Chief Code Enforcement Official Town Clerk/Deputy Clerk Tax Collector Emergency Management Director Deputy Directors Area Coordinators/Alternates Others Motel Managers Condo Assoc. Presidents Developers Citizen Volunteers IV-19 The Deputy or Damage/Chief Code Enforcement Official should head the Damage Assessment Team. Other members of the team may include volunteers such as building contractors and local realtors. Town personnel and volunteers must be recruited, organized and trained prior to a storm occurrence. There should also be back-ups or alternates to ensure the availability of adequate resources. The Mayor and Board of Commissioners should immediately undertake a recruitment effort to secure the necessary volunteers and to establish a training program to familiarize the members of the damage assessment team with required damage classification procedures and reporting requirements. In doing so, it must be recognized that it might be very difficult to fill certain positions, such as the building contractor position, because the services of individuals with such skills will likely be in a great demand after a storm disaster. D. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROCEDURES AND REQUIREMENTS Damage assessment is defined as rapid means of determining a realistic estimate of the amount , of damage caused by a natural or man-made disaster. For a storm disaster, it is expressed in terms of 1) number of structures damaged; 2) magnitude of damage by structure type; 3) , estimated total dollar loss; and 4) estimated total dollar loss covered by insurance. After a major storm event, members of the Damage Assessment Team should report to the Emergency Operations Center for a briefing prior to deployment. There are about 1,540 dwelling units in the town. The extent of damage will depend on the magnitude of the storm and where landfall occurs along the Atlantic coast. Because of the potentially large job at hand, the limited personnel resources available to conduct the assessments, and the limited time within which the initial assessment must be made, the first phase of the assessment should consist of only an external visual survey of damaged structures. A more detailed second phase assessment can be made after the initial damage reports are filed. The initial damage assessment should make an estimate of the extent of damage incurred by each structure and identify the cause (wind, flooding, wave action, combination, etc.) of the damage to each structure. Damaged structures should be classified in accordance with the suggested state guidelines as follows: 1. DESTROYED - More than 80% of value to repair; unusable, uninhabitable. 2. MAJOR DAMAGE - More than 30% of value of a structure; uninhabitable. 3. MINOR DAMAGE - 30% or less of the value of a structure; uninhabitable. 4. HABITABLE - Damage amounting to 15 % or less of value of structure; usable for intended purpose. Note: CAMA regulations consider a structure to be destroyed if damaged more than 50% of its value, and a CAMA permit will be required for reconstruction of such structures. It will be necessary to thoroughly document each assessment. In many cases, mail boxes and , other information typically used to identify specific structures will not be found. Consequently, the Damage Assessment Team must be provided with tax maps, other maps, and photographic equipment in order to record and document its field observations. Enough information to complete the Damage Assessment Worksheet must be obtained on each damaged structure. IV-20 The second phase of the Damage Assessment Operation will be to estimate the value of the damages sustained. This operation should be carried out in the Emergency Operations Center under the direction and supervision of the Building Inspector. Specific administrative employees in Town Hall should be assigned to assist in carrying out this task. In order to estimate total damage values, it will be necessary to have the following information available for use at the Emergency Operations Center. 1. A set of property tax maps identical to those utilized by the damage assessment field team. 2. Copies of all town property tax records. This information should indicate the ' estimated value of all commercial and residential structures within the town. Because time will be of the essence, it is recommended that the town immediately commence a project listing the property values of existing structures in Carteret County on the appropriate lots of the property tax maps that will be kept at the Emergency Operations Center. While somewhat of a tedious job, it should be manageable if it is initiated now and completed over a 2 to 3 month period. The information will prove invaluable if a storm disaster does occur. This set of tax maps should be updated annually prior to the hurricane season. The town should update property tax information annually before the hurricane season. This information should then be kept available in the Emergency Operations Center for estimating the value of sustained damages covered by hazard insurance. In order to produce the damage value information required, the following methodology is recommended: 1. The number of businesses and residential structures that have been damaged within the town should be summarized by damage classification category. 2. The value of each damaged structure should be obtained from the marked set of town tax maps and multiplied by the following percentages for appropriate damage classification category: ° Destroyed - over 80% ° Major Damage - over 30% ° Minor Damage (uninhabitable) - 30% or less ° Habitable - 15% 3. The total value of damages for the town should then be summarized and reported, as required, to the County Emergency Operations Center. 4. The estimated value loss covered by hazard insurance should then be determined by: 1) estimating full coverage for all damaged structures for situations where the average value of such coverage exceeds the amount of damage to the structure; ' and 2) multiplying the number of structures where damage exceeds the average value of insurance coverage by the average value of such coverage. I IV-21 The Damage Assessment Plan is intended to be the mechanism for estimating overall property damage in the event of a civil disaster. The procedure recommended above represents an approach for making a relatively quick, realistic "order of magnitude" damage estimate after a disaster. E. ORGANIZATION OF RECOVERY OPERATION , Damage assessment operations are oriented to take place during the emergency period. After the emergency operations to restore public health and safety and the initial damage assessments are completed, the state guidelines suggest that a Recovery Task Force to guide restoration and reconstruction activities be created. In Pine Knoll Shores, the Mayor and Board of Commissioners will assume the responsibilities of such Task Force. The Mayor and Board of ' Commissioners will direct day-to-day operations. The following must be accomplished: 1. Establishing re-entry procedures. 2. Establishing an overall restoration schedule. 3. Setting restoration priorities. 4. Determining requirements for outside assistance and requesting such assistance when beyond local capabilities. 5. Keeping the appropriate county and state officials informed using Situation and Damage Report. 6. Keeping the public informed. 1 7. Assembling and maintaining records of actions taken and expenditures and obligations incurred. 1 8. Proclaiming a local "state of emergency" if warranted. 9. Commencing cleanup, debris removal and utility restoration activities which would r include coordination of restoration activities undertaken by private utility companies. 10. Undertaking repair and restoration of essential public facilities and services in , accordance with priorities developed through the situation evaluations. 11. Assisting private businesses and individual property owners in obtaining information on the various types of assistance that might be available to them from federal and state agencies. In Before the Storm, a sequence and schedule for undertaking local reconstruction and restoration activities is presented. The schedule was deliberately left vague because specific reconstruction needs will not be known until after a storm hits and the magnitude of the damage can be assessed. The following sequence of activities and schedule is submitted as a guide IV-22 I which should be considered by the Mayor, Board of Commissioners, and Damage Assessment Team, and revised as necessary after the damage assessment activities are completed. Activity Time Frame 1) Complete initial damage assessment. Immediately after storm passes. 2) Complete second phase damage Completed within 24 hours after the assessment. storm. 3) Prepare summary of master reconstruction Completed one week after second schedule. phase damage assessment is completed. 4) Decision with regard to imposition of One week after second phase temporary development moratorium. damage assessment is completed. 5) Set reconstruction priorities and prepare Completed one week after summary master reconstruction schedule. of reconstruction needs is completed. 6) Begin repairs to critical utilities and As soon as possible after disaster. facilities. 7) Permitting of reconstruction activities for all One week after second phase structures receiving minor damages not damage assessment is completed. included in development moratorium areas. 8) Permitting of reconstruction activities for all Two weeks after second phase structures receiving major damages not damage assessment is completed. included in development moratorium areas. 9) Initiate assessment of existing mitigation Two weeks after second phase policies. damage assessment is completed. 10) Complete reevaluation of hazard areas and The length of the period for mitigation policies in areas subjected to conducting reevaluations and development moratorium. receiving input from the state should not exceed two months. 11) Review mitigation policies and development Two months after temporary standards for areas subjected to development moratorium is imposed. development moratorium and lift (Subject to change based on development moratorium. circumstances encountered.) 12) Permit new development. Upon suspension of any temporary development moratorium. IThe following provides 9 rovides an assignment of responsibilities: ' 1. Personal Injuries and Public Health. The Commissioner of Rescue will insure that the Emergency Medical Service is manned and organized to coordinate effectively the activities of supplemental ambulance squads and medical evacuation helicopters in transporting casualties and sick persons to hospitals within or outside of Carteret County. IV-23 2. Post -Evacuation Re-entry and Security of Public and Private Properties. The 1 Commissioner of Police will coordinate the actions of Pine Knoll Shores law enforcement forces with citizen volunteers and with externally furnished resources to ensure crime , control. Unauthorized persons will be prevented from entering the town by manned blockades of its land and water approaches. 3. Fire and Explosion Control. The Commissioner of Fire Department will coordinate the , activities of the local fire fighting forces with externally provided resources to insure the control of fires and prevention of potential explosions. Hazardous conditions caused by a hurricane or other disaster will be closely monitored and actions coordinated with Utilities Liaison/Coordinator to be appointed by the Mayor and Board of Commissioners. 4. Federal and State Disaster Relief. The Director of Civil Preparedness, with the Chief ' Code Enforcement Official, will conduct and submit the preliminary damage assessment report and other reports required by the Carteret County Emergency Management Office, the North Carolina Office of Coastal Management, and the Federal Emergency Management Agency to enable the Town of Pine Knoll Shores and its property owners to obtain financial relief. 5. Public Utilities. The Utilities Liaison/Coordinator, appointed prior to the onset of the , hurricane, will establish liaison with the public utilities companies (electric, telephone, and water) to provide two-way information between the utility companies and the Pine Knoll Shores Emergency Operations Center to ensure the expeditious restoration of service in accordance with mutually agreed -upon priorities. 6. Highway and Street Accessibility. The Commissioner of Streets and Public Buildings will ' conduct damage surveys of public buildings and streets, establish priorities, arrange for contract labor, and coordinate the removal of debris and unsafe conditions from the town's streets and highways. 7. Emergency and Transient Housing. The Director of EMO will report on the availability of housing suitable for emergency use. The Emergency Housing Coordinator (EHC) will establish priorities and assign quarters for Pine Knoll Shores' residents displaced by the disaster. The Mayor and Board of Commissioners will also find temporary shelter for the ' National Guard, the Red Cross and other disaster relief services, other authorized state and federal personnel, and authorized public information media personnel who may be on duty in town for extended periods. 8. Reconstruction Control. The Chief Code Enforcement Officer will issue building permits in accordance with federal, state and local governmental procedures and in accordance with priorities established by the Board of Commissioners for the reconstruction of municipal facilities, public housing, condominiums, commercial establishments and residences. 9. Disaster Information Center. A Disaster Information Coordinator (DIC) will establish the information center which will be the focal point for the gathering and dissemination of information. All town officials will submit periodic situation and progress reports to the center regarding developments in their areas of responsibility and they will be provided with information from others as it affects their operations. The Mayor and Board of IV-24 I Commissioners will establish policies for the release of information to the residents of the town and to the public information media. 10. Communications. This annex will be prepared when more information is available concerning communications personnel and equipment that may be provided by the Civil Air Patrol and nearby military establishments. It is anticipated that a within -town citizens band network connecting the highway check points, waterfront observation points, and the police may be organized using portable, battery -operated walkie talkies. 11. Volunteer Manning Requirements. The EMO will organize the assignment of volunteers to perform the tasks identified in this plan. ' 12. Volunteer Civic Duty. Upon re-entry to Pine Knoll Shores, all citizens are urged to go to the Town Hall to report on the safety of their family and to volunteer to help the town recover from the disaster. There will be a need for more than 100 volunteers with all types of skills from clerical to labor. The safety report is needed for reply to queries from relatives and others outside the area. The volunteers who will be enlisted before an emergency will go to their pre -assigned stations. F. RECOMMENDED RECONSTRUCTION POLICIES All the following policies have been designed to be 1) considered and adopted by the Mayor and Commissioners of Pine Knoll Shores prior to a storm, and 2) implemented, as appropriate, after a storm occurs: 1. Bridge Re-entry Permits (Available at Town Hall) a. Re-entry permits will be required to pass through roadblocks at either bridge to Bogue Banks. These permits must be applied for at the Town Hall prior to evacuation. Town officials, police, fire, emergency medical, and emergency management organization personnel will be issued special permits for early re-entry to inspect the town for safe public re-entry. Pine Knoll Shores residents ' and others who are authorized to return after the island has officially been declared safe for re-entry may apply for permits at Town Hall. Others must remain on the mainland until conditions are stabilized and normal traffic can be resumed. Pine Knoll Shores permits are on blue cards (each town has a different color). They are numbered serially and dated for control. During re-entry, permits are to be placed on the dash in full view at all times. At check points on N.C. 58 at each end of Pine Knoll Shores, the permit will be marked to restrict persons to the areas they are authorized to enter. The Pine Knoll Shores police will check cards to intercept intruders. �1 b. Pine Knoll Shores residents will be issued re-entry permits on the basis of one per family. Two permits may be issued in exceptional cases. Applicants must show proof of residency. These permits must be validated at the town hall each year. No validation will be done or passes issued after condition one (evacuation) has been declared. Prior to the evacuation, arrangement for special passes for business people to pass through Pine Knoll Shores once condition one IV-25 2 (evacuation) has been declared shall be obtained through the Pine Knoll Shores , Police Department. C. Short-term renters (vacationers) will not be issued permits. Personal property tax records will be checked for proof of residency upon application. d. Re-entry permits will only be issued upon personal application at Town Hall during , normal duty hours. e. Non-resident owners of improved properties (not vacant lots) may be issued permits on the basis of one per owner. They may apply in writing showing the address of the property for a tax record check, and must enclose a self-addressed envelope, 6" x 9" or larger, bearing sufficient postage, or they may apply at the , Town Hall in person. f. Owners and managers of motels and other businesses may apply for re-entry permits for themselves and employees who are required before normal traffic is resumed. The manager, or his representative, must submit a written application listing the number of re-entry permits required and the position of each person who will receive one. These permits must be retained under the control of the manager for issue before the storm strikes. Permitting , a. Building permits to restore structures located outside of designated AEC areas that were previously built in conformance with local codes, standards, and the provisions of the North Carolina Building Code shall be issued automatically. b. All structures suffering major damages as defined in the Town's Damage Assessment Plan shall be repaired or rebuilt to conform with the provisions of the CAMA regulations (including setbacks), North Carolina Building Code, the Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Ordinance, and the Pine Knoll Shores Floodplain Management Regulations. C. All conforming structures suffering minor damage as defined in the Pine Knoll ' Shores Damage Assessment Plan shall be permitted to be rebuilt to their original state before the storm condition. d. For all structures in designated AECs, a determination shall be made for each AEC as to whether the provisions of the CAMA regulations (including setbacks), N. C. Building Code, the state regulations for Areas of Environmental Concern, ' the Pine Knoll Shores Floodplain Management Regulations appeared adequate in minimizing storm damages. For areas where the construction and use requirements appear adequate, permits shall be issued in accordance with permitting policies a, b and c. For AECs where the construction and use requirements do not appear to have been adequate in mitigating damages, a Temporary Development Moratorium for all structures located within that specific , AEC shall be imposed. IV-26 I II e. Permits shall not be issued in areas subject to a temporary development moratorium until such a moratorium is lifted by the Pine Knoll Shores Board of ' Commissioners. 3. Utility and Facility Reconstruction a. The town will encourage the Carolina Water Service to repair all damaged water systems components so as to be elevated above the 100-year floodplain or shall be floodproofed, with the methods employed and the construction being certified by a registered professional engineer. b. Overhead power lines and utility poles along Highway 58 present the greatest obstacle to the safe evacuation of residents in the event of a major storm disaster. Relocating these lines underground or moving them away from rights -of -way would be very costly at this time. However, if major damage occurs as a result of a storm, the cost effectiveness would improve and public safety considerations might override economic considerations. Pine Knoll Shores encourages the relocation of overhead power lines underground or away from evacuation routes if substantial damage to the existing system is sustained during a major storm. C. The potable water supply will be turned off in the event of evacuation. 1 4. Temporary Development Moratorium ' Under certain circumstances, interim development moratoriums can be used in order to give a local government time to assess damages, to make sound decisions and to learn from its storm experiences. Such a moratorium must be temporary and it must be reasonably related to the public health, safety and welfare. Pine Knoll Shores will suffer heavy and serious damages should a major storm make its landfall in its vicinity. Consequently, the town should be prepared to issue temporary development moratoriums as appropriate. 1 It is not possible to determine prior to a storm whether a temporary development moratorium will be needed. Such a measure should only be used if damage in a particular area is very serious and if redevelopment of the area in the same manner as previously existed would submit the residents of the area to similar public health and safety problems. In Pine Knoll Shores, such a situation is most likely to occur in one or more of the AECs. The Pine Knoll Shores policy regarding the proclamation of temporary development moratoriums shall be: a. To determine for each AEC whether the provisions of N. C. Building Code, the state guidelines for AECs, and the Pine Knoll Shores Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance appeared adequate in minimizing storm damages. For AECs where the construction and use requirements do not appear adequate, a temporary ' development moratorium for all structures located within that specific AEC shall be imposed. IV-27 L b. After imposing a temporary development moratorium for an AEC, the Town of ' Pine Knoll Shores shall request that the Coastal Resources Commission conduct a special analysis for the town and all other similar communities in order to ' determine how local regulations for those hazard areas, which are based on state and/or federal guidelines or requirements, should be improved or modified. A response from the state within a reasonable time period as determined through , negotiations should be requested. C. The temporary building moratorium in all AECs shall be lifted after local ordinances and regulations have been revised based on state recommendations or decisions of the Mayor and Board of Commissioners. Reconstruction shall be permitted in accordance with existing regulations and requirements. LI IV-28 I LJI' PI SECTION V: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATIONS As required by the 15A NCAC 713 planning guidelines, the Pine Knoll Shores land use plan must describe the linkage between the policies section and the Pine Knoll Shores land classification map. The land uses which are appropriate in each land classification must be defined. The Pine Knoll Shores zoning map is consistent with the land classification map, Map 6, and the policies contained in this plan. The Pine Knoll Shores land classification system divides all land into either developed or conservation areas. Each major category is further subdivided as follows: (1) Developed -- Developed Single -Family Residential, Developed Multi -Family Residential, Developed Recreation, Developed Commercial, Developed Institutional; and (2) Conservation -- Coastal Wetlands, Estuarine Shoreline, Estuarine and Public Trust Waters, Ocean Hazard Areas, 404 Wetlands, and Maritime Forests. IThe following provides a summary of uses allowed in each of the developed categories. I fJ fJ Table of Permitted Uses Town of Pine Knoll Shores Permitted Use DSF DR DMF DC DI ABC Store P Admin. Prop. Mgt. Sales, Maint. Offices, PKS Property P P P P Apartment Houses P Banks P Barber, Beauty Shops P Beach Walkway, Platform P P P P Boat Ramp, Mooring P P P Bulkhead; see Waterways Ord. Business - General P Business - Retail P P Camps, nonprofit P Churches P P Cleaners P Club Houses P P P Condominiums P Coop. Apartments P Country Club P Docks P P P P Dormitory P Educational Facilities P P P V-1 Table of Permitted Uses (Continued) Permitted Use DSF DR DMF DC DI Fences P P P P P Financial Institutions P Game Facilities P P Garage/Carport, Attched P P P Gasoline Station P Golf Course P Home Occupations P Hospitals P Hotels P Library P Motels P Natural Area P Office, Professional Serv. P Parks P Postal Facility P Restaurants, Table Serv. Only P P P Seminars, Mtgs., Ed. Mtgs. P P P Sheds/Equipment Storage P P P Shops, Shores - Drinks, Sundries for Residents/ Guests P P P Signs, see Sign Ordinance Single -Family Residence P P P Storage, Warehousing, Maint. Fac. P P Swimming Pools P P P P Tennis Courts P P P Town Admin., Fire, Rescue, Police P utility P Wildlife Rehab P DSF - Developed Single -Family Residential: Includes zoning districts R , R2, R and R. DR - Developed Recreation: Includes zoning districts RE , RE2, and RE DMF - Developed Multi -Family Residential: Includes zoning districts MF and MF2. DC - Developed Commercial: Includes zoning districts OP and C. DI - Developed Institutional: Includes zoning districts MS and IN. P = Permitted Use V-2 I ' These definitions are intended to be consistent with the current Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance. IT IS EMPHASIZED THAT AT ALL TIMES THE PINE KNOLL SHORES ZONING ORDINANCE SHOULD BE REVIEWED TO DEFINE ALLOWABLE USES. In addition, the zoning ordinance requirements overlap with Areas of Environmental Concern. For example, estuarine shoreline areas may be located within areas zoned for single-family residential development. ' In such cases, the more restrictive requirements of the 15A NCAC 7H use standards, the policies contained in this plan, and the Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance shall apply. The Developed and Conservation categories are further defined as follows: Developed Categories ' Development will continue through the planning period (1991-2000) with "build -out" occurring beyond the planning period in the 2000 to 2010 time frame. The entire town will require full urban services to accommodate the following land uses: single and multi -family residential, commercial, parks and open space, transportation, and community facilities. Industrial development will not be permitted in Pine Knoll Shores. Urban services will include police protection, fire protection, medical care, emergency medical services, water service, transportation, and appropriate administrative support. The developed category policies set the following growth management objectives: — Maintain predominantly low -density, single-family residential development at 4 dwelling units per acre or less. ' — Maintain multi -family residential development at an average of 8 dwelling units per acre or less. ' — Maintain motel/hotel development at a maximum density of 22 living units per acre. — Limit growth/expansion of commercial areas. — Improve control of stormwater runoff. ' -- Protect developed recreational categories. P 9 ' — Prohibit the development of land uses which conflict with single-family residential development. Conservation Categories ' The conservation class is designed to provide for the effective long-term management of significant or irreplaceable areas which include Areas of Environmental Concern. These conservation areas are described in the Fragile Areas section on page 1-48, and specifically defined as land classification in Section IV. Development in all conservation areas will satisfy the more restrictive requirements of the policies contained in this plan, the 15A NCAC 7H use standards, or the Pine Knoll Shores zoning ordinance. The conservation class policies and V-3 standards included in this plan are more restrictive than the 15A NCAC 7H use standards in the following areas: — Prohibition of marinas. — Prohibition of privately owned and constructed signage. — Prohibition of floating structures. — Prohibition of dry stack storage facilities. — Prohibition of development in the Theodore Roosevelt Natural Area maritime forest. — Prohibition of storm drains or drainage ditches which discharge directly into estuarine waters, public trust waters, or estuarine shorelines. In addition, the package treatment plant use policy which is included on page IV-5 is more restrictive than the federal requirements for development in freshwater wetlands, but not more restrictive than 15A NCAC 7H. V-4 APPENDIX I TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES LAND USE PLAN POLICIES CONSIDERED BUT NOT ADOPTED ' B. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS ' Stormwater Runoff -- Protecting riparian buffer areas — _Pine Knoll Shores wishes to maintain a 75 foot wide vegetated buffer along all ORW, HQW, SA, and SB waters. This policy applies to all development in estuarine shoreline areas of environmental concern (AECs) that require a CAMA permit. Only water -dependent development (docks, marinas, etc.) shall be permitted within a riparian buffer, and then only if there is no alternative location for the proposed development outside the buffer and if the impacts to the buffer have been minimized. Lots already platted at the time this policy takes effect, that would be made unbuildable by this policy, can be developed for nonwater-dependent uses provided that the effect of the development on the buffer zone is minimized as much as possible. In Pine Knoll Shores, any development requiring a CAMA permit will be considered 'low I density development" only if it has 15% or less built -upon area. "Stormwater controls" are required for any development with built -upon area of greater than 15%. -- Pine Knoll Shores opposes the present exemption for logging, agriculture, and mining from the 1973 Sedimentation Pollution Control Act. Since these are the biggest contributors to land -disturbing activities, they should be required to file a plan, have it ' reviewed, and be inspected for compliance just as any other construction is. ' C. MISCELLANEOUS RESOURCE PROTECTION Mooring Fields ' -- Pine Knoll Shores does not object to the establishment of mooring fields within its planning jurisdiction. E. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS Sewer System — All centralized wastewater treatment plans shall include the following: 1. Plans for increased sewage treatment (including central systems, package treatment plants, and septic systems), based upon projected population growth, must recognize the secondary pollution arising from growth induced by increased treatment capacity and must assure that the assimilative capacity of coastal lands, wetlands, and waters to absorb point and nonpoint source pollution is not ' exceeded. 2. Estimates of the cost of reducing wastewater volume and pollutant concentration ' through water conservation and pollution prevention planning must be made and compared to the costs of collecting and treating additional wastewater. ' 3. Reuse of treated water must be considered as a first alternative. Plans for land application of treated wastewater should ensure that the application lands are not ditched and do not drain to waters classified for shellfish harvesting. ' 4. Nondischarge treatment technologies, such as connection to existing treatment facilities, land application, or subsurface systems, must be considered as the first , alternative. 5. Incorporation of small communities with failing septic systems and malfunctioning small on -site facilities (package plants) into centralized wastewater systems must be a priority. 6. Public funds for treatment facilities should be targeted to low income communities with failing wastewater systems that are causing water quality impairment. 7. Long-term maintenance plans, including monitoring of on -site wastewater treatment facilities, must be provided. — Pine Knoll Shores will identify and obtain federal and state grants to implement a program of identifying, mitigating, and upgrading all failing or failed septic systems in the town. Energy Facility Siting and Development -- In the event that offshore oil or gas is discovered, Pine Knoll Shores will not oppose drilling operations and onshore support facilities in Carteret County for which an Environmental Impact Statement has been prepared with a finding of no significant impact on the environment. Pine Knoll Shores supports and requests full disclosure of development plans, with mitigative measures that will be undertaken to prevent adverse impacts on the environment, the infrastructure, and the social systems of Carteret County. Pine Knoll Shores also requests full disclosure of any adopted plans. Offshore drilling and the development of onshore support facilities in Carteret County may have severe costs for the town and county as well as advantages. The costs must be bome by the company(ies) with profit(s) from offshore drilling and onshore support facilities. Transportation — The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not support construction of a third bridge. -- Additional needed transportation improvements include the following: 1. Pedestrian stop light on Highway 58 at Mimosa Boulevard. 2. Cut back, clean out of vegetation in swales along Highway 58. 3. Bike paths/trails on Highway 58 (Salter Path Road). F I I APPENDIX II TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PLAN PREPARATION OF LAND USE PLAN FISCAL YEAR 1995-96 The Pine Knoll Shores has received a FY95-96 Coastal Area Management Act grant for the update of its existing Land Use Plan. This update will be coordinated with the update of the Carteret County Land Use Plan, which is being updated simultaneously. Adequate citizen participation in the development of the Plan is essential to the preparation of a document responsive to the needs of the citizens of Pine Knoll Shores. To ensure such input, the following citizen participation program will be utilized by the town. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Update Committee will be responsible for supervision of the project. The committee will report to and coordinate plan development with the Pine Knoll Shores Planning Board and the Board of Commissioners. Following is a list of the committee members: Lois Heffelfinger Joan Lamson Beal Marks Al Schmidt Charlotte Sheard Don Smith Evan Roderick The committee will work with the town's planning consultant to ensure that the final product will survey existing land use, identify policies, recommend strategies/actions, and identify Areas of Environmental Concern. Emphasis will be placed on policies to protect trees and maritime forest areas; and assessing water and sewer needs, the adequacy of dune protection, and the demand ' for services generated by seasonal population. A completely new land classification map will be provided. Specifically, the planning consultant and the Land Use Update Committee will be responsible for ensuring accomplishment of the following: I — Establishment of policies to deal with existing and anticipated land use issues. — Preparation of a land classification map. — Preparation of hurricane mitigation and post -disaster recovery plans and policies. — Assessment of opportunities for participation in state and federal programs. — An updated Land Use Plan based on an effective citizen participation process. The following schedule will be utilized: October, 1995 — complete identification of existing land use problems, develop socioeconomic base data, and review community facilities needs. 2. October, 1995 — Conduct initial meeting with the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners, and have the Citizen Participation Plan adopted. 7 LJ 3. October, 1995 — The Board of Commissioners will conduct a public information meeting. The meeting will be advertised in a local newspaper. The town will specifically discuss the policy statements contained in the 1992 Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan. The significance of the policy statements to the CAMA land use planning process shall be described. The process by which the Town of Pine Knoll Shores will solicit the views of a wide cross-section of citizens in the development of the updated policy statements will be explained. 4. October, 1995 - May, 1996 — Continue preparation of a draft Land Use Plan and conduct meetings with the Pine Knoll Shores Planning Board. 5. June, 1996 -- Present complete draft sections of the plan and preliminary policy statements to the Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners. 6. July, 1996 — Review draft Land Use Plan with Board of Commissioners, conduct a public information meeting for review of the proposed plan, and submit draft of completed Land Use Plan to the Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources staff for review and comment. 7. Following receipt of Coastal Resources Commission comments (estimate October or November, 1996) — Present proposed Land Use Plan to Board of Commissioners for adoption, and conduct a formal public hearing. All meetings of the Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan Update Committee at which the update of the Land Use Plan will be discussed will be advertised in a local newspaper. All meetings will be open to the public. The town will encourage and consider all economic, social, ethnic, and cultural viewpoints. No major non-English speaking groups are known to exist in Pine Knoll Shores. 11/28/95 LI �J 11 11 LI I [I