CAMA Core Land Use Plan-2008

TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
CAMA CORE LAND USE PLAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS:
PAGE
PREFACE .... ..... ..... ....... ..........i
SECTION I: INTRODUCTION ......... ... .......... ....... .......... . 1
SECTION II: HISTORY........................................................2
A. THE BEGINNING........................................................2
B. ORGANIZING A TOWN GOVERNMENT ...... ... ......................
. 3
C. TOWN HALL ..... .................. .............. ... ..... .....3
D. VOLUNTEERS ....................................... ......... ......4
SECTION III: REGIONAL SETTING ............. .............. ........: ......
5
SECTION IV: PINE KNOLL SHORES COMMUNITY CONCERNS AND ASPIRATIONS .......
8
A. KEY ISSUES/DOMINANT GROWTH -RELATED ISSUES .. ..... ............
8
B. PINE KNOLL SHORES COMMUNITY VISION .................................
9
SECTION V: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING AND EMERGING CONDITIONS ................
10
A. POPULATION, HOUSING, AND ECONOMY ..... ..........................
10
1. Pine Knoll Shores Permanent Population ..........................
10
a. Pine Knoll Shores Permanent Population_ ........................
10
b. Population Profile ........................ .. ... ... .
11
C. Population Summary ................. ............... ....
14
2. Housing ................................. .... ................15
a. Housing Occupancy and Tenure .................. ...........
15
b.. Structure Age ........... ............................ .
15
C. Housing Conditions ............. ...... ....... ...
17
d. Single- and Multi -Family Units .. ... ................ . .
17
e. Housing Summary ............. ........................ .
18
3. Employment and Economy .................. .......... :.....
.....................
19
a. Introduction (General Economic Indicators)
19
b. Household Income ................ .......................19
C. Employment/Earnings By Industry ............................
20
d. Employment Commuting Patterns ............................
21
e. Industries ...................:......... .......... ......22
f. Employment and Economy Summary .............. .. ......
22
4. Population Projections ...........................................
22
B. NATURAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS ........... . ............ I ...... ..
23
1. Mapping and Analysis of Natural Features .................. ....... ..
23
a. Topography/Geology ........ ..... .......... .... ...23
b. Climate ............. ...................... ...........24
C. Flood Zones and Storm Surge ................ ........ .....
24 -
d. Man -Made Hazards .............. ............. ...........
31
e. Soils .. .......... ......................... .... ..31
f. Water Supply........ .....................................
33
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan -i- TABLE OF CONTENTS

C.
M
PAGE
g. Fragile Areas...............:..............................33
i. Estuarine Waters and Shorelines .......................
34
ii. Public Trust Areas ....................................
34
iii. Coastal Wetlands ......... ....................... .
35
iv. Ocean Beaches and Shorelines ...........................
37
V. Areas of Excessive Slope : ... ... .................
38
vi. Areas of Excessive Erosion .............................
38
vii. Natural Resource Fragile Areas (including Significant
Natural Heritage Areas and Protected Lands) ..............
38
h. Areas of Resource Potential .............. .. .............
39
i. Regionally Significant Parks ...........................
39
ii. Marinas and Mooring Fields ...........................
39
iii. Floating Homes ............... .... ...... ........
41
iv. Aquaculture ...................... ............. ...41..
V. Channel Maintenance and Interstate Waterways ..........
41
vi. Marine Resources Water Quality ........................
41
vii. Primary Nursery Areas and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation .
43
2.
Environmental Composite Map .................... .......... ....
45
3.
Environmental Conditions ..........................................
48
a. White Oak River Basin ......................................
48
b. Subbasin 03-05-03 (Hydrologic Unit 03020106) ..................
51
C. Water Treatment Facilities ...................................
53
d. Natural Hazards ... ................... ........ ......
54
e. Natural Resources.........................................55
ANALYSIS OF LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT ..............................
55
1.
Existing Land Use ..................... ...................... .
55
2.
Land Use Conflicts ..................... ............. ...... .
56 .
a.. Encroachment of Residential and Urban Type Uses
into Forested Areas ........................... ....... ..
56
b. Residential Development within Flood Hazard Areas .............
56
C. High Density Development in Areas with Soils Having Severe
Septic Tank Limitations ... .... .................... .....
58
3.
Development Trends ....... ............. ......... ..........
58
4.
Historical, Cultural, and Scenic Areas .. .... ........... .....
59
5.
Land Use in Relation to Environmental Composite Map ................ .
59
6.
Land Use Demand Forecast ... ................. ................
60
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING COMMUNITY FACILITIES/SERVICES..................
61
1.
Transportation ........ .............. ......... ..............
61
2.
Health Care ................. .......... ......................61
3.
Law Enforcement................................................63
4.
Fire/Rescue Services.............................................63
5..
Administration . ............... ...............................
64
6.
Water System ...................... ............ ........... .
64
7.
Sewer System ......... .......... ......... ......... ... .
64
8.
Solid Waste ............................ ..... ....... .....67.
9.
Schools.......... ..................... ......................67
10.
Recreation ......... ......... ..... ........ .... ........68
11.
Electric Service .........:.......... .................... ......
68
12.
Telephone/Cable Service .......................... ..... .. ..
68
13.
Wireless Providers ... .. .......... ..........................
68
14.
High Speed Internet ........ ........ ..... ........ .........
70
15.
Stormwater Management ..........................................
70
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan -ii- TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
a. Introduction ........ .
... .... .................... ... 70
b. Existing Drainage Problems ................................. 70
c. Water Quality Problems .................... ......... ..... 70
d. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regulations ............. 72
e. Construction Activities ....................................... 72
f. North Carolina Shoreline Buffering ...... ... .... ........ 72
E LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS ........... ............................ . 73
F. CURRENT PLANS, POLICIES, AND REGULATIONS ................... ..... 76
1. Town of Pine Knoll Shores Code of Ordinances ...... ....... ....... 76
a. Zoning ............ .... ...............76
b. Subdivision Regulations ............... ........ ....... 77
C. Stormwater Management Ordinance ........... . ... .. 77.
d. Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance .......................... 77
e. Public Waters and Boats Ordinance ........................... 79
L Beaches and Dunes Ordinance .... .......................... 79
2. NC State Building Code ....... ............................ ..... 79
3. Hazard Mitigation Plan .............. ......... ................. 80
4. Review of the Pine Knoll Shores 1996 CAMA Land Use Plan .............. 80
SECTION VI: PLAN FOR THE FUTURE ......................... ......... 90
A.
FUTURE DEMANDS:................. ...................... ......90
1.
Introduction ...................................................90,
2.
Housing Trends .......... .......... ...................... ....90
3.
Commercial Land Use ...........................................
91
4.
Transportation...................................................91
5.
Public Land Use .. ..... ...... ... ...................
. 91
6.
Recreation ....................... ......................... ..92
7.
Water System ... ...................... ..... ....... ......
92
8.
Sewer System ................ .......... ........... .....
92
9.
Administration ............................. ....................
93
10.
Police Department and Fire/EMS . ................. ............
93
11.
Storm' water Management .................... .................
. 93.
B.
LAND USE/DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND IMPLEMENTING ACTIONS ..........
93. .
C.
POLICIES REGARDING LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT IN AEC'S ..............
96
D.
LAND USE PLAN MANAGEMENT TOPICS ... ......... .... ..... .........
96
1.
Introduction ............................. ...... .... ..........
96
2.
Impact of CAMA Land Use Plan Policies on Management Topics .........
96
E.
POLICIES AND IMPLEMENTING ACTIONS . ........................
97
1.
Public Access ...................... .........................97
2.
Land Use Compatibility .................. ............ ........
99
3.
Infrastructure Carrying Capacity ....................................
104
4.
Natural Hazard Areas .............................................
107
5..
Water Quality ............... ...... .............. .........
110
6.
Local Areas of Concern ..........................................
115
F.
FUTURE LAND USE ........................ ................ . .119
1.
Introduction ........ ....... ..... ...... ...... ........
119
2.
Land Use Acreage..... .............. ............. .... .....121
3.
Future Land Use Designations (Development Criteria) ................
122
a. Canal ............................ .. ......... ......122
b. Conservation........ .............. ......... ... ...122
C. Government .. ........ . .................... ..123
Pine
Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan -iii- TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
d. Multi -Family .............................................
123
e. Marina .... ..... ................................I...123
f. Mixed Use ........................:... .... ..........124
g. Office and Institutional ...................................124
h. Private Conservation ........:.:......... ................
125
i. Public Access ..................... ............. .......125
j. Recreation (RE-1) .............. ............ ........
125
k. Single -Family Residential ...... ....:.....................
126
1. Utility ........................... ........ .........126
4. Future Land Use in Relation to Zoning. ..... .. ....................
126
5. Land Demand Forecast and Carrying Capacity Discussion .............
128
a. Land Demand Forecast............ . .... .................128
- b. Carrying Capacity Discussion ....... r .......................
129
SECTION VII: TOOLS FOR MANAGING DEVELOPMENT ...........................
131
A.
GUIDE FOR LAND USE DECISION MAKING .................................
131
B.
EXISTING DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM ...... ...... ....................
131
C.
ADDITIONAL TOOLS ............................. ...... ............
131
D.
ACTION PLAN/SCHEDULE..............................................
132
1. Citizen Participation ..............................................
132
2.. Action Plan/Schedule ....................................
132
E.
RESOURCE CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN/POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF LAND USE PLAN POLICIES ........................
134
SECTION VIII: HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN .....................................
145
TABLES
Table 1
Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Population Growth by County
and Municipality ............ ..... ... ..................
10
Table 2
Pine Knoll Shores Seasonal Population ...........................
11
Table 3
Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Racial Composition ....... .
12
Table 4
Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Age Composition ...........
13
Table 5
Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Educational Attainment ......
14
Table 6
Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Housing Occupancy and
Tenure..:.................... ............................
15
Table 7
Pine Knoll Shores Housing Structure ... ........ .... .. ....
16 _
Table 8
Pine Knoll Shores Residential Building Permit Activity : .... ....
17
Table 9
Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County. and North Carolina Housing
Conditions .....:...:....... ..................... .....
17
Table 10
Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Units in Structure and Mobile
HomeCount .. ..................... .............. .......
18
Table 11
Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County and North Carolina Summary of
Economic Indicators ..........................................
19
Table 12
Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Household Income ..........
19
Table.13
Pine Knoll Shores Employment By Industry ........................
20
Table 14
Carteret County and North Carolina Wages by Industry .........
21
Table 15
Pine Knoll Shores Travel Times to Work ..........................
21.
. Table 16
Pine Knoll Shores Permanent and Peak Seasonal Population Forecast
23
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan -iv- TABLE OF CONTENTS .

PAGE
Table 17
Pine Knoll Shores Flood Zones in Acres ... .......... .........
27
Table 18
Pine Knoll Shores Storm Surge Inundation Acreage (Fast and Slow
Moving Hurricanes) ............... .......... ...........
30
Table 19
Pine Knoll Shores Soil Conditions . .. .......................
33
Table 20
Pine Knoll Shores Coastal Wetlands ..... .. ...................
37
Table 21
NC Division of Water Quality Water Body Classifications ...........
42
Table 22
Pine Knoll Shores Alphabetical Listing of Water Bodies ..............
42
Table 23
Pine Knoll Shores Environmental Composite Map Layers ...........
45
Table 24
Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Acreage by Class ......................
46
Table 25
White Oak River Basin Population Distribution .. .. .. .........
48
Table 26
Pine Knoll Shores Registered Animal Operations ..................
49
Table 27
Hydrologic Subdivisions in the White Oak River Basin ..............
" 51
Table 28
Characteristics of Subbasin 03-05-03 ... ..... ................
52
Table 29
Use Support Assessment Summary Growing Area E-2 ..............
52
Table 30
Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Acreage within Flood Hazard Areas ......
54
Table 31
Pine Knoll Shores Existing Land Use Survey .......................
55
Table 32
Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Classification of Undeveloped Properties ...
58
Table 33
Pine Knoll Shores Undeveloped Land in Relation to Environmental
Composite Analysis (Class I -III) ................................
60
Table 34
Pine Knoll Shores Residential Land Use Demand Estimates ..........
60
Table 35
Pine Knoll Shores Package Treatment and Disposal Systems .........
66
Table 36.
Pine Knoll Shores Educational Facilities ..........................
67
Table 37
Pine Knoll Shores Area Private Schools .................. .....
67
Table 38
Pine Knoll Shores Land Suitability Analysis Criteria Table ...........
74
Table 39
Pine Knoll Shores Acreage ....................................
76
Table 40
Pine Knoll Shores - Zoning ......................:....:.......
76
Table 41
Pine Knoll Shores Future Land Use Map Acreages .................
121
Table 42
Future Land Use Plan Compatibility Matrix . ... . ...............
127
Table 43
Pine Knoll Shores Land Demand Forecast . ............. ........
129
Table 44
Pine Knoll Shores Water Capacity Use Forecast ...................
129
Table 45
Pine Knoll Shores Policy Analysis Matrix - Land Use Management
135
Topics................................ .......................
MAPS
Map 1
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Regional Location Map .................
6
Map 2
Town of Pine KnollShores Street Level Map ......................
7
Map 3
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Flood Hazard Area .....................
26
Map 4A
Town of Pine Knoll Shores SLOSH Model Fast Moving Hurricane Storm
Surge Inundation ... ........................... ...........
28
Map 4B
Town of Pine Knoll Shores SLOSH Model Slow Moving Hurricane Storm
Surge Inundation ... ... ........... ..... ............
29
Map 5
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Soil Classification .........................
32
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan -v- TABLE OF CONTENTS

PAGE
Map 6
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Areas of Environmental Concern: Wetlands
36
Map 7
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Significant Natural Heritage Areas and
Protected Lands .........................:...................
40
Map 8.
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Water Quality and Primary Nursery Areas
44
Map 9
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Environmental Composite Map ..........
47
Map 10 .
North Carolina River Basins and Subbasins ......................
50
Map 11
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Existing Land Use .................. ..
57
Map 12
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Existing Municipal Infrastructure ..........
65
Map 13
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Beach Access Sites .....................
69
Map 14
.Town of Pine Knoll Shores Areas of Stormwater Concern ............
71
Map 15
Town of Pine Knoll Shores. Land Suitability Analysis ................
75
Map 16
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Classification ...................
78
Map 17
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Future Land Use Map ...................
120
FIGURES
Figure 1
Original Town Hall .........:............... .. ...... ....
3
Figure 2
Current Town Hall . .................. ............. ... .
4
CHARTS
Graph 1
Pine Knoll Shores Age Composition . ..... ........ . . . .. . . . . . . .
13
Graph 2
Pine Knoll Shores Year Structure Built (Residential) ................
16
APPENDICES
Appendix I
Town of Pine Knoll Shores Citizen Participation Plan
Appendix II
Town of Pine Knoll Shores CAMA Land Use Plan Property Owners
Survey Results
Appendix III
Levels of Service (LOS)
Appendix IV
Hazard Mitigation Plan Mitigation Strategies and Policies
Appendix V
Policy/Implementing Action Definitions of Common Terms

MATRIX OF REQUIRED ELEMENTS
ELEMENT
CAMA CORE LAND USE ELEMENT
DISCUSSED
(a) Organization of the Plan
page i and l
(b) Community Concerns and Aspirations
(1) Significant Existing and Emerging. Conditions
page 8
(2) Key Issues
page 8
(3) A Community Vision
page 9
(c) Analysis of Existing and Emerging Conditions
pages 10-14
(1) Population, Housing, and Economy
(A) Population:
(i) Permanent population growth trends using data from the
two most recent decennial Censuses;
(ii) Current permanent and seasonal population estimates;
(iii) Key population characteristics;
(iv) Age; and
(v) Income
(B) Housing Stock:
pages 15-18
(i) Estimate of current housing stock, including permanent
and seasonal units, tenure, and types of units (single-
family, multi -family, and manufactured); and
(ii) Building permits issued for single-family, multi -family,
and manufactured homes since last plan update
(C) Local Economy
pages 19-22
(D) Projections
pages 22-23
(2) Natural Systems Analysis
pages 23-44
(A) Mapping and Analysis of Natural Features
(i) Areas of Environmental Concern (AECs);
(ii) Soil characteristics, including limitations for septic tanks,
erodibility, and other factors related to I development;
(iii) Environmental Management Commission water quality
classifications and related use support designations, and
Division of Environmental Health shellfish growing areas
and water quality conditions;
(iv) Flood and other natural hazard areas;
(v) Storm surge areas;
(vi) Non -coastal wetlands including forested wetlands, shrub -
scrub wetlands, and freshwater marshes;
(vii) Water supply watersheds or wellhead protection
areas;
(viii) Primary nursery areas, where mapped;
(ix) Environmentally fragile areas; and
(x) Additional natural features or conditions identified by the
local government.
(B) ,Composite Map of Environmental Conditions:.
pages 45-47
(i) Class I
(ii) Class II
(iii) Class III
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan -vii- TABLE OF CONTENTS

ELEMENT
CAMA CORE LAND USE ELEMENT
DISCUSSED
(C) Environmental Conditions
pages 48-55
(i) Water Quality:
(I) Status and changes of surface water quality,
including impaired streams from the most recent NC
Division of water Quality Basinwide Water Quality
Plans, 303(d) List and other comparable data;
(II) Current situation and trends on permanent and,
temporary closures of shellfishing waters as
determined by the Report of Sanitary Survey by the
Shellfish Sanitation Section of the NC Division of
Environmental Health;
(III) Areas experiencing chronic wastewater treatment
system malfunctions; and
(IV) Areas with water quality or public health problems
related to non -point source pollution
(ii) Natural Hazards:
(I) Areas subject to storm hazards such as recurrent
flooding, storm surges, and high winds;
(II) Areas experiencing significant shoreline erosion as
evidenced by the presence of threatened structures
or public facilities; and
(III) Where data is available, estimates of public and
private damage resulting from floods and wind that
has occurred since the last plan update
(iii) Natural Resources:
(I) Environmentally fragile areas or areas where
resource functions may be impacted as a result of
development; and .
(II) Areas containing potentially valuable natural
resources
(3) Analysis of Land Use and Development
pages 55-60
(A) A map of land including the following: residential,
page 57
commercial; industrial, institutional, public, dedicated open
space, agriculture, forestry, confined animal feeding
operations, and undeveloped;
(B) The land use analysis shall including the following:
pages 55-58
(i) Table that shows estimates of the land area allocated to
each land use;
(ii) Description of any land use conflicts;
(iii) Description of any land use -water quality conflicts;
(iv) Description of development trends using indicators; and
(v) Location of areas expected to experience development
during the five years following plan certification by the
CRC and a description of any potential conflicts with
Class II or Class III land identified in the natural systems
analysis
(C) Historic, cultural, and scenic areas designated by a state or
page 59
federal agency or by local government
D Projections of future land needs
paqes 58-60
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan -viii- TABLE OF CONTENTS

ELEMENT
CAMA CORE LAND USE ELEMENT
DISCUSSED
(4) Analysis of Community Facilities
(A) Public and Private Water Supply and Wastewater Systems
pages 64-66
(B) Transportation Systems
page 61
(C) Stormwater Systems
pages 70-73
(D) Other Facilities
pages 61-69
(5) Land Suitability Analysis
pages 73-76
(A) .Water quality;
(B) Land Classes I, II, and III summary environmental analysis;
(C) Proximity to existing developed areas and compatibility with
existing land uses;
(D) Potential impacts of development on areas and sites
designated by local historic commission or the NC
Department of Cultural Resources as historic, culturally
significant, or scenic;
(E) Land use and development requirements of local
development regulations, CAMA Use Standards and other
applicable state regulations, and applicable federal
regulations; and
(F) Availability of community facilities, including water, sewer, .
stormwater, and transportation
(6) Review of Current CAMA Land Use Plan
pages 76-89
(A) Consistency of existing land use and development
ordinances with current CAMA Land Use Plan policies;
(B) Adoption of the land use plan's implementation measures by
the governing body; and
(C) Efficacy of current policies in creating desired land use
patterns and protecting natural systems
(d) Plan for the Future
pages 90-93
(1) Land Use and Development Goals:
(A) Community concerns and aspirations identified at the
beginning of the planning process;
(B) Needs and opportunities identified in the analysis of existing.,
and emerging conditions
(2) Policies:
pages 93-
(A) Shall be consistent with the goals of the CAMA, shall address
119
the CRC management topics for land use plans, and comply
with all state and federal rules;
(B) Shall contain a description of the type and extent of analysis
completed to determine the impact of CAMA Land Use Plan
policies on the management topics, a description of both
positive, and negative impacts of the land use plan policies on
the management topics, and a description of the policies,
methods,' programs; and processes to mitigate any negative
impacts on applicable management topics;
(C) Shall contain a clear statement that the governing body either
accepts state and federal law regarding land uses and
development in AECs or, that the. local government's policies
exceed the requirements of state and federal agencies.

ELEMENT
CAMA CORE LAND USE ELEMENT
DISCUSSED
(3) Land Use Plan Management Topics.
(A) Public Access
page 97-99 .
(B) Land Use Compatibility
page 99-104
(C) Infrastructure Carrying Capacity
page 104-
107
(D) Natural Hazard Areas
page 107-
109
(E) Water Quality
page 110-
115
(F) Local Areas of Concern
page 115-
118 .
(4) Future Land Use Map
pages 119-
(A) 14-digit hydrological units encompassed by the planning
130
area;
(B) Areas and locations planned for conservation or open space
and a description of compatible land use and activities;
(C) Areas and locations planned for future growth and
development with descriptions of the.following
characteristics:
(i) Predominant and supporting land uses that are
encouraged in each area;
(ii) Overall density and development intensity planned for
each area;
(iii) Infrastructure required to support planned development
in each area
(D) Areas in existing developed areas for infill, preservation, and
redevelopment;
(E) Existing and planned infrastructure, including major roads,
water, and sewer
In addition, the plan shall include an estimate of the cost of any.
page 92 and
community facilities or services that shall be extended or
128-130
developed. The amount of land allocated to various uses shall be.
calculated and compared to the projection of land needs. The
amount of land area thus allocated to various uses may not exceed
projected needs as delineated in Part (c)(3)(A)(iv) - Projection of
Future Land Needs.
(e) Tools for Managing Development
pages 131-
(1) Guide for Land Use Decision -Making
144
(2) Existing Development Program
(3) Additional Tools.
(A) Ordinances:
(i) . Amendments or adjustments in existing development
codes required for consistency with the plan,
(ii)' New ordinances or codes to be developed
(B) Capital Improvements Program.
(C) Acquisition Program
(D) Specific Projects to Reach Goals
4 Action Plan/Schedule
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan -x- TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACE
While the preparation of a comprehensive plan is required by the Coastal Area Management
Act, there are broader and equally important reasons to engage in the planning process.
Basically, planning begins with understanding your community and its people and learning
how to care for them. Local government plans and planning affect people's lives. Tough
choices must be made about the natural, manmade, and financial resources in the community.
The town's budget should be compared to the plan to ensure that public money will be spent
in accordance with the community's goals and objectives.
The planning process also serves to educate us about ourselves, our attitudes towards others,
and our willingness to share a sense of community. Planning is often promoted as a means of
community decision -making through public participation. But planning also may involve
conflict and friction because it may divide us into opposing groups. Some conflict in the
planning process is good. It stimulates us to think and reminds us of the need to understand
and tolerate, and even support, the opinions of others.
A town should not undertake the preparation of a,land use plan without understanding that a
plan should be:
1. Comprehensive in setting goals and objectives for all aspects of the community.
2. Part of a continuous planning process that is timely and responsive to the needs
and desires of the community.
3. The legal basis for land use regulations and a guide for a capital improvements
plan for town budgeting.
Once the plan is prepared, the town must realize that the plan is not the end of the process.
The town must continuously work at accomplishing plan implementation and establishing an
effective planning program. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores must view the preparation of this
document as the first step in a continually evolving process.

SECTION I: INTRODUCTION
The Fiscal Years 2004/2005 - 2008/2009 Core CAMA Land Use Plan is prepared. in accordance
with . the requirements of the North Carolina Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA).
Specifically, this document complies with Subchapter 7B, "CAMA Land Use Planning
Requirements," of the North Carolina Administrative Code, as amended August 1, 2002.
The Subchapter 7B guidelines provide that each of the twenty coastal counties and the
municipalities within those counties prepare and adopt a Core CAMA Land Use Plan .
(hereinafter referred to as the "Plan") that meets the planning requirements adopted by the
Coastal Resources Commission (CRC). If a county chooses not to prepare a plan, the
guidelines specify that the CRC will prepare and adopt a CAMA Land Use Plan for that county
and the municipalities in the county which choose not to prepare their own plan. Municipalities
not preparing their own plan will be included in the plan for the county in which the
municipality is located.
In general, Subchapter 7B requires that a plan include analysis of .existing and emerging
conditions, a plan for the future including specific land use/development goals/policies, and
tools for managing development. The management tools must specify the actions which the
Town of Pine Knoll Shores will take to ensure implementation of this plan.
At the beginning of the preparation of this document, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores adopted
a Citizen Participation Plan which is intended to ensure. that all interested citizens have an
opportunity to participate in the development .of this plan through both oral and written
comments. A copy of the Citizen Participation Plan is included as Appendix I.
Following adoption of the planby the Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners; it was
submitted to the CRC for certification. Certification of the plan was achieved on November 20,
2008.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 1 SECTION I

SECTION II: HISTORY
The following history of Pine Knoll Shores, North Carolina, is a compilation of excerpts from The
Story of Pine Knoll Shores by Authors Mary Korff, Ken Hanan and ArtBrowne of the original
work by Ken Haller. It is an excellent summary and has been utilized verbatim as it appears
'on the Town's website.
A. THE BEGINNING
The story of Pine KnollShores as we know it, begins withAlice Hoffman, who bought substantial
acreage on Bogue Banks (known then as "Isle of the Pines") in 1918. She made her home here,
off and on, until her death in 1953. The property was then willed to her niece, Mrs. Theodore
Roosevelt, Jr., and her four children.
It was these Roosevelts who envisioned the development of the Town of Pine Knoll Shores. To
carry this out, they engaged a nationally known management consultant firm and later a
prominent local engineering firm. Together they came up with a plan which not only set up the
physical structure of the Town, but also established a long range plan, allowing each stage of
development to gel before the next stage was begun. Throughout this development the
Roosevelts stood by to assist and encourage those who came.to carry it out, as we shall see.
Early builders began in the easternmost section of the -Town, constructing mostly vacation
homes. By 1964, lots were selling for $1,150 to $1,600. The first three motels, the Atlantis
Lodge, the Sea Hawk, and the JohnYancey (later the Royal Pavillion), went up on the oceanfront
during this period.
The Roosevelts began to notice that this new community had appeal for permanent residents
as well. It was time to draw up covenants to regulate its growth.
With the further development of the central area, a homeowners association was established
known as Pine Knoll Association, Inc.: This became the organization responsible for
maintaining streets, parks, and waterways; providing utilities such as water; and enforcing
building standards. Later the eastern section would also form an association called PIKSCO.
These associations eventually worked together to incorporate the Town.
With these Homeowners' Associations began the tradition of volunteerism so much a part of the
development of Pine Knoll Shores and which still exists today. The Town had attracted
prominent citizens of the area and retirees from outlying areas who contributed their talents
honed in the professions, business, government, and the military. They gave generously of
their services. Nor were their services confined to their expertise. The Shoreline, the Town
newsletter, was conceived and published by its co-editors, a housewife and a former librarian.
Former corporate vice presidents could be seen helping to clear and maintain public areas,
repairing potholes and building docks, to name but a few examples.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 2 SECTION H

Another very important influence of the Homeowners' Associations was, and continues to be,
their emphasis on residential growth as opposed to commercial development. Farsighted
planning by the Roosevelts' representatives had designated park areas, areas to be kept
natural, those to be developed commercially, and those to be held to single-family dwellings.
Major emphasis of these associations, and later the incorporated Town, was to be on Pine Knoll
Shores as a residential community ... and so it has remained.
B. ORGANIZING A TOWN GOVERNMENT
By the close of the'60s, as the Roosevelts began to bow out, the first Homeowners' Associations
assumed responsibility for many Town functions. By the early 1970s they were recommending -
incorporation.
In January 1972, a public meeting was arranged at which a representative of the North Carolina
League of Municipalities discussed the advantages of incorporation. Asa result of the meeting,
a steering committee of nine volunteers, broadly representative of all sections of the area then
subdivided, was formed to study all aspects of the proposal to incorporate. .
In June the committee reported its findings, and had also prepared a draft of a proposed
charter of incorporation. A second public meeting was held. Most residents were receptive
to the plan. Thus, the committee contacted Carteret County's representative in the North
Carolina General Assembly, submitted the proposed charter and requested that the proposal
be presented for enactment.
The General Assembly responded by ratifying the charter on April 25, 1973. Pine KnollShores
was now officially The Town of Pine Knoll Shored
C. TOWN HALL
Upon incorporation, one of the most
immediate problems facing the new Town
was to find quarters in which to conduct its
business. This problem was solved when.
the owners of the Atlantis Lodge offered a
small office space for the Town Clerk and
use of a large recreation room for public
meetings. Need for a larger and more
permanent office space, however, soon
became apparent. The solution came Figure 1. Oiiginal Town Hall
when the Roosevelts gave the Town the
little house (formerly a part of Mrs. Hoffman's home) that was then the office for the Roosevelts'
resident manager. In July 1974, the house was moved to a 25-acre plot on Pine Knoll Boulevard
donated by the Roosevelts as a Town Hall site. The Pine Knoll Shores Garden Club, already
well organized, provided the landscaping.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 3 SECTION II

This building served for the next five years until the present structure was completed. Serious
consideration of the need for a larger and more adequate Town Hall began as early as 1976.
One of the major considerations was the
desire for the Townes own fire department k - r
and a space .to house its equipment when
acquired.iO
Planning, in conjunction with the architect, s ,
continued until May 1978, when bids for
construction were accepted. Still another
year went b before the building was
Y Y � � z r.
r.
.,
completed, and fire and rescue vehicles
acquired. When the move to the new«'� ""`"""""�
building had been accomplished by May,
1979, there was a joyful official opening •_. , M
ceremony celebrating the result of years ofK .
,RI
planning and effort. Figure 2: Current Town Hall
D. VOLUNTEERS
Critical to the evolution of this community as it is today. has been the contribution of the -
hundreds of dedicated volunteers who have given so freely of their time and talents. In the
years leading up to incorporation, but especially in the years since that time, the spirit of
volunteerism has been a hallmark of the. Town. Counted among the hundreds of unpaid
volunteers are those who have served as firefighters, emergency medical "personnel,
emergency management staff, members of the boards, commissions, committees, and mayors.
Because of these caring, involved townspeople, a distinctive community has been created
. which today offers many advantages to its residents. "Among these are one of the lowest tax
rates of any incorporated towns in this part of the state.
Our residents also have the comfort and security of a first class, well -trained and equipped
combined group of paid employees and volunteers serving as fire, EMS and emergency
management personnel, ready to respond immediately to nearly every type of disaster.
Less tangible but just as beneficial is the ambience created throughout the Town by the spirit
of neighbor helping neighbor. This makes Pine Knoll Shores a community in the truest sense
of the word!

SECTION III: REGIONAL SETTING
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is centrally located on Bogue Banks in south central Carteret
County. Pine Knoll Shores is located between Atlantic Beach to the east and Indian Beach to
the west. North Carolina Highway 58 is the main thoroughfare running the length of the Town's
corporate limits. This highway connects all of the beach communities along. Bogue Banks.
Maps 1 and 2 provide an overview of the Town's regional location, as well as a detailed street
level map which indicates the location of the Town's street rights -of -way.,
Pine Knoll Shores is also centrally located for access by residents of several large urban
centers throughout the state's Coastal Plain and Piedmont regions. For this reason, the Town
is a desirable tourist destination. The following summarizes the distance in miles to several
major urban centers in close proximity to the Town of Pine Knoll Shores: Beaufort (10 miles),
Morehead City (6 miles), New Bern (41 miles), Jacksonville (29 miles), Greenville (83 miles),
Rocky Mount (128 miles), Raleigh (146 miles), and Wilmington (81 miles).
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 5 SECTION III

MAP 1
N
W-+E Pine Knoll Shores
S Carteret County, North Carolina
Regional Location
0
G U
E
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
LConsulting Planners, Inc.
ATLANTI C OCEAN
Miles
0 0.5 1 2 3
Page 6

B
O
G U E
L10j,
v
O
S
0 1,000 2,000
Legend
OPine
Knoll Shores Town Limits
Indian Beach Town Limits
Atlantic Beach Town Limits
�O
Maritime Forest Reserve (Conservation Area)
Hydrology
LYCF
Ar-Jolland Planners, Inc.
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Page 7

SECTION IV: PINE KNOLL SHORES
COMMUNITY CONCERNS AND ASPIRATIONS
A. KEY ISSUES/DOMINANT GROWTH -RELATED ISSUES
It is -very useful for a community to determine the key concerns and growth -related issues at
the beginning of the planning process. In order to solicit input from Pine Knoll Shores citizens,
an issues identification meeting was held on November 11, 2004. Approximately 30 Town
residents attended this work session. The 1,600+ citizens of Pine Knoll Shores were notified
of this meeting via normal open meeting procedures. At this meeting, an open floor discussion
was held regarding issues that Town residents feel will have a significant impact on the future
of Pine' Knoll Shores. The list provided below is a ranking of the issues identified at this
meeting. During the course of this meeting, all issues identified were listed. Subsequent to the
discussion portion of the meeting, all attendees were asked to vote on what they felt were the
most significant concerns or issues listed. There are several issues whose rank is tied, due to
receiving the same number of votes.
RANK
ISSUE
SCORE
1
Maintain strict residential zoning restrictions
13
2 - "
Develop a recreational facility (indoor - senior)/Address issue of providing youth
recreational facilities (multi -use)
.12
3 •
Phase in underground utilities
l l*
3
Solve problems involved with water system (purchase and/or improvements)
11*
3
Develop long term plan for beach renourishment 20-30 years
l l*
3
Maintain the canal
l l*
4
Preserve the maritime forest
10*
4
Identify strategy for use and preservation of Roosevelt natural area
10*
5
Address stormwater management issues
9*
5
Maintain housing standards
9*
6
Address traffic issues along Highway 58
8*
6
Determine a proper use for Roosevelt tract (10 acre) to be gifted to the Town
8*
7
Recognize need for ongoing beach renourishment
7
8
Encourage redevelopment
6*
8
Develop additional access into the canal (ingress/egress) to Intracoastal Waterway
6*
8
Identify central storage area for recreational vehicles (boats, Rvs)
6*
9
Install a central sewer system
5*
9
Take status quo approach to traffic issue
5*
10
Oppose third right-of-way access proposed for the middle of Bogue Banks
4
11
Identify ways to make the Town more senior friendly
3
12
Develop improved Town signage at entrances
2*
12
Address the issue of demographic shift.(housing occupancy)
2*
12
Develop recreational programs (Town -sponsored)
2*
13
Develop a storm (hurricane) shelter
1*
13
Recycle stormwater
I*
13
Provide adequate parldng at beach access sites to comply with section 933 standards
1*
14
Identify potential sites for sewer system infrastructure
0*
15
Address sewer need for commercial operations along Highway 58
0*
16
Develop Town -wide bicycle paths
0*
*Indicates a tie score.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 8 SECTION"IV

Additionally, a land use plan survey was mailed to 1,975 (617 in -Town; 1,358 absentee)
property owners. A total of 959 (333 in -Town; 626 absentee) completed questionnaires were
received. See Appendix II for a comparison of. these results as well as the tabulation of
additional questions from the property owners survey.
B. PINE KNOLL SHORES COMMUNITY VISION
..To, the fullest extent possible, Pine Knoll Shores will strive to
maintain 'a community dedicated to preserving its diverse
forestlands, Roosevelt Natural Area, wetlands, marine life, and
native wildlife while at the same time offering its citizens.a quiet, .
respectable, predominantly single-family "community.
Residential areas will be strictly preserved ;and protected..
Population growth should continue at a moderate growth rate.
Commercial development will. be' limited and not allowed to
infringe upon non-commercial land uses. Pine Knoll Shores will
continue to be a community in which the best possible services.
are provided to its citizens at the most reasonable cost.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 9 SECTION N

SECTION V: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING AND EMERGING CONDITIONS
A. POPULATION, HOUSING, AND ECONOMY
1. Pine Knoll Shores Permanent Population
a. Pine Knoll Shores Permanent Population
The permanent population within Pine Knoll Shores has increased substantially since
the Town's incorporation. Overall the Town has experienced a growth rate of 131.6% since the
1980 Census was released. The 1980 Census was the first census in which Pine Knoll Shores
was reported since the Town was incorporated in 1973. A 1970 figure for total population was
backdated for Census purposes; however, this figure was based on estimates.
Subsequent to experiencing a huge in -migration of 714 persons between 1980 and 1990
for a growth rate of 110.5%, the Town saw a more modest increase of 164 individuals for a
growth rate of 12.1 % between the years 1990 and 2000.. Since 1980, Pine Knoll Shores has
experienced the second highest growth rate of any Town in Carteret County. Emerald Isle has
experienced the most rapid growth by far, with a 303.2% growth rate from 1980 to 2000. A
detailed breakdown of population growth throughout Carteret County is provided in Table 1.
Table 1. Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Population Growth by County and Municipality .
Overall
Municipality 1980 1990 2000 '80 to'90 '90 to'00 '80 to'00
Atlantic Beach 941 . 1,938 1,781 106.0% . -8.1% 89.3%
Beaufort .3,826 3,808 3,771 -0.5% -1.0% -1.4%
Cape Carteret 944 1,008 1,214 6.8% 20.4% . 28.6%
Cedar Point* 0 628 929 628.0% 47.9% 47.9%
Emerald Isle 865 2,434 3,488 181.4% 43.3% 303.2%
Indian Beach 154 153 95 -0.6% -37.9% -38.3%
Morehead City 4,359 6,046 7,691 38.7% 27.2% 76.4%
Newport 1,883 2,516 3,349 33.6% 33.1% 77.9%
Pine Knoll Shores 646 1,360 1,524 110.5% 12.1% 131.6%
Total Municipalities 13,618 19,891 23,842 46.1% 19.9% 74.9%
Total Unincorporated 27,574 •32,662 • 35,537 18.5% . 8.8% 28.9%
Areas
Total County. 41,192 52,553 59,379 27.6% 13.0% 44.1%
* Cedar Point was incorporated in 1988, therefore census data is not available prior to 1990.
Source: US Census Bureau.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 10 SECTION V

Peak seasonal population can be defined as the total number of overnight visitors in the
Town of Pine Knoll Shores on the busiest day,of the year, which typically occurs on holiday
weekends such as the Fourth of July and Labor Day. The estimate provided below is based
upon a study conducted by Paul D. Tschetter in 1988 in conjunction with East Carolina
University.
This study was aimed at addressing seasonal population in the Albemarle -Pamlico
region. A summary of estimated persons per unit for different types of lodging units and
residences were provided in the study. Table 2 is a breakdown of how these estimates were
calculated. The private housing units figure was taken from the US Census and accounts for all
of the vacant housing units within Pine Knoll Shores. These units are comprised of both single-
family and multi -family units.
Table 2. Pine Knoll Shores Seasonal Population, 2004
Housing Type Number of Units Persons Per Unit Seasonal Population
Motel/Hotel 569 4.00 . 2,276
Campsites 0 3.50 . 0
Marina Boat Slips 0 3.25 0
Public Beach Access Visitors 118 3.00 354
NC Aquarium Visitors 1 4,000.00* . 4,000
Private Housing Units . 900 5.00 4,500
Total 1,469 11,130
Permanent Population. 1,524
Peak Seasonal Population 11,130
Total Peak Population 12,654 -
*NC Aquarium Visitors figure is current as of July, 2008.
Source: 2000 US Census and Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
b. Population Profile
Table 3 summarizes the racial composition for Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County
from 1980. to' 2000. An overwhelming majority of the population in Pine Knoll Shores is
Caucasian. Caucasians comprise 99.1 %. of the Town's population based on the 2000 US
Census. Only 13 of the Town's 1,524 person permanent population is made up of minorities,
which makes up less than one percent (0.9%) of the total population. This racial composition
has been very consistent. since the Town's incorporation. The contrast of male residents to .
female residents is split fairly even making 47.6% and 52.4% of the population, respectively.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 11 SECTION V

Table 3. Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Racial Composition, 1970-2000
Pine Knoll Shores Carteret County
Total Percentage Total Percentage
1980 Population* 658 100.0% 41,902 100.0%
Caucasian 655 99.5% 36,955 89.9%
African American 0 0.0% 3,857 9.4%
Other 3 0.5% 280 6.7%
1990 Population** 1,367 100.0% 52,556 100.0%
White 1,360 99.5% 47,445 90.3%
Black 0 0.0% 4,385 8.3%.
Asian or Pacific Islander 5 0.4% 293 0.6%
American Indian, Eskimo, Aleut 2 0.1% 269 0.5%
Other 0 0.0% 164 0.3%
2000 Population*** 19524 100.0% 59,383 100.0%
White 1,511 99.1% 53,443 90.0%
Black or African American 1 0.1 %. 4,191 7.1 %
Asian or Pacific Islander 3 0.2% 282 0.5%
American Indian and Alaska Native 2 0.1 % 341 0.6%
Some Other Race 1 0.1 % 392 0.7%
Two or More Races 6 0.4%° . 734 1.2%
Hispanic or Latino (of any race)**** 16 N/A 929 N/A
Male 725 47.6% 29,041 48.9%
Female 799 52.4% 30,342 51.1%
*Racial breakdown available for the 1980 Census.
**Racial breakdown available for the 1990 Census.
***Racial breakdown available for the 2000 Census.
****In the 2000 Census, the Hispanic race was not considered an ethnic group. However, this is the number of
individuals who reported being of Hispanic origin
Source: 2000 US Census.
The population within Pine Knoll Shores is comprised primarily of an older population
base. According to the 2000 Census, only 5.4% of the population is under the age of fifteen,
compared to 16.7% for Carteret County overall. When comparing the 1990 and 2000 Census
figures, it appears that the population of the Town is aging. The retired population between
the two census reports increased by 11.5%, with an increase of 225 individuals. over the age
of 65. This shift can be attributed to the aging of the existing population, as well as in -migration
of retired age individuals. The worldng age population within the -Town compares quite
favorably to the county in that 51.8% of the population is considered worldng age, compared
to 66.0% for the county overall. Table 4 on the following page provides an'overall summary
of age composition for both the 1990 and 2000 Census years. Graph 1 depicts the Town's age
composition for 2000.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 12 SECTION V

Table 4. Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Age Composition, 1990 and 2000
Pine Knoll Shores
Carteret County
✓
1990 % of
2000 % of
1990 Total
Total
2000 Total
Total
2000 % of Total '
0 to 14 years .
123
9.0%
83
5.4%
16.7% .
15 to 34 years
197
14.4%
115
7.5%
21.9%
35 to 54 years
326 `
23.8%
342
22.4%
31.5%
55 to 64 years
295
21.6%
333
21.9%
12.7%
65 to 74 years
330
24.1%
408
26.8%
10.1%
75 and over
96
7.0%
243
15.9%
7.1%
Total population
1,367
100.0%
1,524
100.0%
100.0%
Median Age
N/A
61.8
42.3
School Age Population (5-18)
128
9.4%
104
6.8%
17.7%
Working Age Population (16-64)
800
58.5%
790
51.8%
6.6.0%
Elderly Population (65+)
426
31.2%
651
42.7%
17.2%
Source: 2000 US Census.
Graph 1. Pine Knoll Shores Age Composition, 2000
5.4%
.
15.9%
7.5%
26.8%
21.9%
® 0 to 14 years p 15 to 34 years p 35 to 54 years
® 55 to 64 years ❑ 65 to 74 years ❑ 75 and over
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 13 SECTION V

The educational attainment for Pine Knoll Shores residents is quite high. An
overwhelming majority (96.9%)have a high school education, while approximately 48.1%
reported having a bachelor's degree or higher. Additionally, 18.9% of the permanent
population have received their graduate or professional degrees compared to 6.7% for
Carteret County overall. Table 5 provides a comprehensive breakdown of educational
attainment for permanent residents over 25 years of age for Pine Knoll Shores as well as
Carteret County.
Table 5. Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Educational Attainment, 2000, Based on Persons 25 Years and Over
Pine Knoll Shores Carteret County
Total % of Total % of Total
Less than 9°i grade 11 0.8% 5.1%
Ninth to twelfth grade, no diploma 30 2.2% 12.8%
High school graduate 235 17.2% 29.6%
Some college, no degree 335 24.6%
Associate degree 96 7.0% 6.9%
Bachelor's degree 398 29.2% 13.1%
Graduate/Professional degree 258 18.9% 6.7%°
Total population 25 years and over 1,363 100.0% 100.0%
Percent High School Graduate or higher 96.9%
Percent Bachelor's degree or higher 48.1
Source: 2000 US Census.
C. Population Summary
► Pine Knoll Shores is the second fastest growing municipality in Carteret County
following the Town of Emerald Isle.
► The Pine Knoll Shores permanent population increased by 131.6% since 1980.
► It is estimated that the Town's peak seasonal population is approximately 12,654
persons.
► According to the 2000 US Census, 96.9% of Pine Knoll Shores residents have a
high school degree, while 48.1 % reported, having a bachelor's degree . or
higher.
► The minority population in Pine Knoll Shores is less than one percent (0.9%).
► Between the years of 1990 and 2000, the retired age population (65+) increased
by 11.5%.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 14 SECTION V

2. Housinu
a. Housing Occupancy and Tenure
Housing occupancy within the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is comprised predominantly
of vacant structures. According to the 2000 US Census, 1,286 structures or 62.5% of the Town's
total housing units were determined to be vacant. This large number of vacant housing units
is made almost entirely (98.4%) of residences intended for seasonal, recreational, or
occasional use. Of the 771 housing units that are occupied; 90.8% are owner -occupied. ' The
number of occupied dwelling units has decreased since the 1990 Census, dropping by 4.1%.
Table 6 provides an overview of housing occupancy and tenure for Pine Knoll Shores, as well
as Carteret County overall.
Table 6. Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Housing Occupancy and Tenure, 1990 and 2000
Pine Knoll Shores
Carteret County
1990
2000
2000
Total
% of Total
Total
% of Total
% of Total
Total Housing Units
1,542
100.0%
2,057
100.0%
100.0%
Vacant:
900
58.4%
1,286
62.5%
.38.4%
For rent*
14
1.6%
6
0.5%
5.4%
For sale only*
8
0.9%
12
0.9%
2.9%
Rented or sold, not occupied*
6
0.7%
0
0.0%
2.2%
For seasonal, recreational or
868
96.4%
1,266
98.4%
86.0%
occasional use*
For migrant workers*
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
0.1 %
Other vacant*
4
0.4%°
2
0.2%
3.4%
Occupied:
642
41.6%
771
37.5%
61.6%
Owner -occupied**
530
82.6%
700
90.8%
76.6%
Renter -occupied**
112
17.4%
71
9.2%
23.4%
*Indicates breakdown of vacant household types.
**Indicates breakdown of occupied household types.
Source: US Census Bureau.
b. Structure Age
For all housing structures within Pine Knoll Shores, the median year for construction is
1989. This -establishes the fact that an overwhelming majority of the residential structures
within Pine Knoll Shores are of fairly new construction. Additionally, 83.6 % of the housing units
within Pine Knoll Shores have been constructed since 1980. Development has tapered off
substantially since the rapid growth between 1980 to 1994 during which 1,391 structures or
67.6% of the Town's overall housing stock was constructed. The tables below detail the overall
residential construction activity dating back to pre-1930. Table 7 and Graph 2 provide a
breakdown taken from the 2000 US Census, while Table 8 details the residential building
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 15 SECTION V

permit activity that has occurred since 2000.
Since the 2000 US Census report was released,
there have been a total of 59 single-family units constructed resulting in a 2.9 % increase in the
Town's overall housing stock.
Table 7. Pine Knoll Shores Housing Structure, 2060
Number of
Year Structures
% of Total
1999 to March, 2000.65
3.2%
1995 to 1998 263
12.8%
1990 to 1994* 614
--------------------------
29.8%___
1980 to 1989. 777
37.8%
1970 to 1979 232
11.3%
1960 to 1969 75
3.6%
1950 to 1959 29
1.4%
1940 to 1949 2
0.1
1939 or earlier 0
0.0%
Total Structures 2,057
100.0%
Median Year Structure Built 1989
*The Census reports this data in 10-year intervals until 1990. From 1990 to 1999, data are reported in 5-year
intervals, and a 1-year interval for 1999 to 2000.
Source: US Census Bureau.
Graph 2. Pine Knoll Shores Year Structure Built (Residential)
1939 or earlier
1940 to 1949
1950 to 1959
1960 to 1969
6�
1970 to 1979
a
M
177
1980 to 1989
1990 to 1994
1995 to 1998
1999 to M arch 2000
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800
Total Structures Built
.Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 16 SECTION V ;

Table 8. Pine Knoll Shores Residential Building Permit Activity, 2004
Year # of Permits Construction Value
1998 23 $2,038,800
1999 18 $3,734,920
2000 13 $2,753,270
2001 39 $5,154,209
(includes 24 condo units)
2002 16 $3,719,619
2003 18 $3,164,589
(includes 12 condo units)
2004 30 $7,840,439
(includes 6 condo units)
Total 181 $31,115,546
Source: Town of Pine Knoll Shores.
C. Housing Conditions
The housing stock within Pine Knoll Shores is comprised of larger, well -constructed
homes (see Table 9, below). The average rooms per unit for housing units is 5.9 compared to
5.2 for Carteret County, and 70.8% of all homes have three or more bedrooms. Additionally,
it should be noted that were no reported instances of houses lacking complete or adequate
kitchen and/or plumbing facilities.
Table 9. Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County and North Carolina Housing Conditions
Pine Knoll Shores Carteret County North Carolina
Average Rooms Per Unit 5.9 5.2 8.5
Percent with no bedroom 3.2% 0.561. 1.1%
Percent with 3+ bedrooms 70.8% 62.6% 60.8%
Percent lacking complete kitchen facilities 0.0% 0.4% 1.1%
Percent lacldng complete plumbing 0.0% 0.5% 1.1%
Percent occupied with telephones 100.0% 59.6% 86.2%
Source: US Census Bureau.
d. Single- and Multi -Family Units
Approximately 63.0% of the overall residential structures within Pine Knoll Shores are
single-family residences. Single-family residences are defined as stand-alone housing units
with a single-family or individual living in the overall structure. Pine Knoll Shores was initially,
developed to accommodate single-family dwelling units while preserving the unique maritime
forest landscape throughout what is now the corporate limits of the Town. Through strict
zoning and various other land use controls the Town has achieved this goal.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 17 SECTION V

Thirty-eight percent (37.8%) of the housing units within the Town are considered to be
multi -family units. Multi -family units are structures. that are occupied by three or more
dwellings. There are several large multi -family complexes within the Town, a majority of which
are utilized for seasonal or recreational purposes. It should be noted that there are no mobile
homes within Pine Knoll Shores' jurisdiction. This occurrence contrasts with other communities
along Bogue Banks who accommodate large mobile home subdivisions. The Town will address
this fact in the context of policy statements developed later in the document.
Table 10. Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Units in Structure and Mobile Home Count, 2000
Pine Knoll Shores Carteret County
Units in Structure Total % of Total % of Total
1-unit, detached 981 47.7% 55.7%
1-unit, attached 314 15.3% 4.5%
2 units 2 0.1% 3.7%
3 or 4 units 23 -1.1% 2.9%
5 to 9 units 193 9.4% 2.5%
10 to 19 units 173 8.4% 1.1
20 units or more 369 18.0% 3.9%
Mobile home 0 0.0% 25.7%
Boat, RV, van, etc. 0 0.0% 0.0%
Total 2,055 100.0% 100.0%
Source: US Census Bureau.
e. Housing Summary.
► The total number of dwelling units that are permanently occupied by either
renters or owner -occupants decreased by 4.1 % between 1990 and 2000. This
also means the vacant housing stock increased by 4.1 %.
► The median year for year structure built within Pine Knoll Shores is 1989.
► Approximately 67.6% of the Town's housing stock was constructed between
1980 to 1994.
► According to Pine Knoll Shores building permit activity reports, 59 single-family
residential structures were constructed between 2000 and 2003.
► Residential structures within Pine Knoll Shores on average have 5.9 rooms per
unit.'
► According to the 2000 US Census, 63.0% of the Town's housing stock is
comprised of single-family homes.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 18 SECTION V

3. Employment and Economy_
a. Introduction (General Economic Indicators)
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not rely on commercial activity to drive the Town's
economy. A majority of the Town's annual budget is comprised of proceeds from Ad Valorem
Tax levies and Sales and Use Tax allocation. Table 11 is a summary of economic indicators for .
Pine Knoll Shores with a comparison to Carteret County and North Carolina overall. The per
capita income for the Town is $34, 618, which is quite a bit higher than Carteret County and the
state average. The mean income for the Town's residents according to the 2000 US Census was
$60,860. It should be noted that this figure is more than likely skewed due to the presence of
several households or individuals with much higher than average annual incomes.
Table 11. Pine Knoll Shores, Carteret County and North Carolina Sununary of Economic Indicators
Year Pine Knoll Shores Carteret County North Carolina
Per Capita Income 1999 $34,618 $21,260 $20,307
Mean Income 1999 $60,860 $49,509 $50,814
Unemployment Rate 2000 1.0% 2.9% 3.4%
% of population in labor 2000 36.8% 60.0% 65.7%
Poverty Rate 2000 3.6% 10.7% 15.2%
Source: NC Department of Commerce and US Census Bureau
b. Household Income
The annual household income for Pine Knoll Shores residents is very high for a
municipality in Carteret County. Approximately fifty-four percent (53.8%) of all households
reported making $50,000 or greater. Additionally, the median income for Pine.Knoll Shores
is $53,800. Table 12 summarizes the household incomes for the Town as of 2000. The figures
are based on 760 families recorded M' the context of the 2000 US Census.
Table 12. Pine Knoll Shores and Carteret County Household Income, 2000
Pine Knoll Shores Carteret County
Total % of Total % of Total
Less than $10,000 25 3.3% 9.4%
$10,000 to $14,999 19 2.5% 7.7% '
$15,000 to $24,999 65 8.6% 14.6%
$25,000 to $34,999 101 13.3% 13.5%
$35,000.to $49,999 141 18.6% 18.1%
$50,000 to $74,999 179 23.6% 19.8%
$75,000 to $99,999 105 13.8% 8.8%
$100,000 to $149,999 74 9,7% 5.4%
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 19 SECTION V

Table 12 (continued)
Pine Knoll Shores
Carteret County
Total % of Total
% of Total
$150,000 to $199,999
26 3.4%
1.2%
$200,000 or more
25 3.3%
1.5%
Total Families
760 10.0.0%
100.0%
Median Income
$53,800
$42,307
Source: 2000 US Census.
c. . Employment/EarningsBylndustry
Tables 13 and - 14 below provide an overview of industry categories in which the
working age population of Pine Knoll Shores are employed. These figures account for all
individuals over the age of 16 recorded in the 2000 US Census. The average weekly wage
figures provided in Table 14 are for Carteret County overall and were compiled by the NC
Department of Commerce. The largest employer of Pine Knoll Shores' residents is Education,
Health,. and Social Services making up 23.2% of all jobs. This is followed by Retail Trade
(15.4%) and.Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, and Rental and Leasing (12.6%). The highest
paying jobs within Carteret County based on average weekly wage are as follows:
Professional, Scientific, Management, Administrative, and Waste Management Services ($708);
Education, Health, and Social Services ($631); and Public Administration ($616).
Table 13. Pine Knoll Shores Employment By Industry, 2000.
Industry # Employed %° Employed
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Mining 2 0.4%
Construction 34 6.8%
Manufacturing - 14 2.8%
Wholesale Trade 4 0.8%
Retail Trade 77 15.4%
Transportation, Warehousing, and Utilities 14 2.8%
Information 0 0.0%
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, and Rental and Leasing 63 12.6%
Professional, Scientific, Management, Administrative, and 50 10.0%
Waste Management Services
Education, Health, and Social Services 116 23.2%
Arts, Entertainment, Recreation, Accommodation, and Food 53 10.6%
Services
Other Services (except Public Administration) 24 4.8%
Public Administration - 48 9.6%
Total Persons Employed 16 Years and Over 499 100.0%
Source: US Census Bureau.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 1 1. 20 SECTION V

Table 14..Carteret County and North Carolina Wages by Industry, 2000
Average Weekly Earnings
Industry Carteret County North Carolina
Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing, and Mining $381
$496
Construction $431.
$693
Manufacturing $412
$801
Wholesale Trade $454
$960
Retail Trade $265
$439
Transportation, Warehousing, and Utilities $552
$732
Information $352
$928
Finance, Insurance, Real Estate, and Rental and $437
$844
Leasing
Professional, Scientific, Management, Administrative, $708
$1,095
and Waste Management Services
Education, Health, and Social Services $631
$655
Arts,. Entertainment, Recreation, Accommodation, $395
$558
and Food Services
Other Services (except Public Administration) $344
$453
Public Administration $616
$692
Source: NC Department of Commerce.
d. Employment Commuting Patterns
There are very few commercial operations within Pine Knoll Shores, and extremely .
limited office space. Thus, citizens must commute to
neighboring municipalities for
employment. According to the 2000 US Census, the average commuting time for Pine Knoll
Shores residents is 27.7 minutes. Table 15 breaks the overall commuting time for all working
age residents within Town.
Table 15. Pine Knoll Shores Travel Times to Work
Travel Time Total % of Total
Travel Time:
Less than five minutes 21 4.5%
5 to 9 minutes 42 9.1
10 to 14 minutes 98 21.2%
15 to 19 minutes 66 14.3%
20 to 24 minutes 78 16.9%
25 to 29 minutes 24 5.2%
-
30 to 34 minutes 48
35 to 39 minutes 12 2.6% .
40 to 44 minutes 11 2.4%
45 to 59 minutes 25 5.4%
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 21 SECTION V

Table 15 (continued)
Travel Time Total % of Total
60 to 89 minutes 12 2.6%
90 minutes or more 25 5.4%
Total (did not work at home) 462 100.0%
Worked at home 37
Total workers 16 years and over 499
Mean Travel Time: 27.7
Source: 2000 US Census.
e. Industries
As noted above, there is very little commercial activity within Pine Knoll Shores. The
Town does; however, have several large hotels that have a significant impact on the Town's
revenue stream. These hotels are all located along Highway 58, and are scattered throughout .
the Town's jurisdiction. The provision of Town services to these facilities will bean important
issue to discuss in the context of the policy development phase of the plan.
L Employment and Economy Summary
► The per capita income for Pine Knoll Shores residents is $34,618, 2000 _U.S.
Census.
► The 2000 US Census reported that 53.8% of the Town's households had an annual
income of $50,000 or greater.
► The largest employer of Pine Knoll Shores' residents falls under the category of
Education, Health, and Social Services.
► The highest paying jobs in Carteret _County are businesses related to
Professional, Scientific, Management, Administrative, and Waste Management
Services.
► The average commuting time for Pine Knoll Shores residents is 27.7 minutes.
4.. Population Projections
Population is a difficult thing to predict in an area such as Pine Knoll Shores. The primary
reason is that there are many factors involved 'in making this determination. In many
jurisdictions, population growth is a trend that can be tracked back many years. Typically this
trend can be expected to continue into the future. In a beach community such as Pine Knoll
Shores, population is not as easy to predict. In most cases upon incorporation, the population
within a Town increases very rapidly. Pine Knoll Shores population increased by 110.5%
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 22 SECTION V

_ between 1980 and 1990. This growth tapered off very quickly however, which is evidenced
by the modest growth rate from 1990 to 2000 of 12.1 %.
The following provides population projections for both the permanent population and peak
seasonal population for Pine Knoll Shores through the year 2025. These projections are based
on historical growth rates, as well as an estimated population of 1,601 citizens for the year 2005
provided by the North Carolina Office of State Planning. It is projected that permanent
population growth will continue to slow, as more homes within Town are utilized for seasonal,
recreational, or occasional use. The estimates for peak seasonal population growth are based
on trends experienced throughout Bogue Banks. It is also projected that the number of summer
visitors to the community will continue to increase over the next five to ten years.
Table 16. Pine Knoll Shores Permanent and Peak Seasonal Population Forecast, 2000-2025
2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025
Permanent Population 1,524** 1,601** 1,657 1,696 1,724 1,741
Peak Seasonal Population* 11,130 11,898 12,707 13,330 13,970 14,598
Total 12,654 13,499 14,364 15,026 15,694 16,339
Sources:
*Holland Consulting Planners, Inc. (November 2004 and 2005), additional visitors to the expanded North Carolina
Aquarium have also been included in these figures.
**NC Office of State Planning.
B. NATURAL SYSTEMS ANALYSIS
1. Mapping and Analysis of Natural Features
a. Topography/Geology
Carteret County is underlain by an eastward thickening wedge of sedimentary deposits
of Pleistocene -age, ranging from 2,000 feet thick in the northwest portions of the county to
almost 7,000 feet thick beneath the easternmost sections of the offshore strand. Because of the
depth of the surficial sand/siliceous deposits, little is known of the composition of underlying
deposits. Well logs indicate that shell fragments and calcareous material are consolidated into _
limestone at a depth of less than 120 feet west of Morehead City.
Pine Knoll Shores is centrally located along the shores of Bogue Banks, which is
encompassed by water and is predominantly a low-lying area. The Town is bordered on the.
north by Bogue Sound and the south by the Atlantic Ocean, this portion of the Atlantic Ocean
is also referred to as Onslow Bay. Topography along this stretch of the island varies from sea
level or zero along the shoreline to 36 feet further inland. Higher elevations within Pine Knoll
Shores are generally located towards thecenter of the : island _or fall within .the Roosevelt
Natural Area. Pine Knoll Shores is a very unique setting, in that a great deal of the maritime
forest within the Town's jurisdiction has been preserved. Throughout Bogue Banks, a
substantial amount of clear cutting has occurred to allow for increased residential construction..
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 23 SECTION V

Over the years, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores and its citizens have made it a top priority to
preserve the maritime forest environment that exists along this portion of the island. .
The majority of the Town's land is comprised of slopes within the 0 to 8% range;
however, along dune lines the slopes may be as great as 30%. The shoreline along Pine Knoll
Shores is constantly shifting. The Town has a proactive beach renourishment: effort that is
ongoing, and will be specifically addressed during the policy development phase of this plan.
b. Climate
Pine Knoll Shores is hot and humid in the summer, but is frequently cooled by sea
breezes. Winter is cool with occasional, brief cold spells. Rain occurs throughout the year and
is fairly heavy at times. In winter, the average temperature is 47° F, and the average daily
minimum temperature is 38° F. The lowest temperature on record, which occurred on January
13, 1962, is V F. In summer, the average temperature is 780 F and the average daily maximum
temperature is 851 F. The highest recorded temperature, which occurred on July 26, 1952, is
1070 F.
The total average annual precipitation is roughly 52.5 inches. Of this, 30 inches, or 57
usually falls in April through September. The heaviest one day rainfall during the period of
record was 8.5 inches at Morehead City on June 11, 1966. Thunderstorms occur on about 45
days each year, and most occur in summer. The average seasonal snowfall is one inch. The
deepest snowfall accumulation on record is 36 inches.
The average relative humidity in mid -afternoon is about 65%. Humidity is higher at
night, and the average at dawn is about 80%. The sun shines 60% of the time in summer and
50% in winter. The prevailing wind is from the southwest. Average wind speed is 12 miles per
hour in winter and spring.
c. Flood Zones and Storm Surge
Coastal flooding. associated with tropical storm systems and nor'easters is a significant
issue for the Town of Pine Knoll Shores. Coastal flooding is the inundation of land areas along
the oceanic coast by sea waters over, and above, normal tidal action. Such flooding ,can
originate from the ocean front, back bays, sounds, etc. Coastal flooding affects the general
public and maritime interests along much of the U.S. coastline extending from the shoreline
beaches to inland tidal waterways and the tidal portions of river mouths. Factors that
contribute to the severity of coastal flooding include: tidal cycles, persistence and behavior of
the storm that is generating the flooding, topography, shoreline orientation, and bathymetry
of the area.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 24 SECTION V

The most significant concern for Pine Knoll Shores with regards to coastal flooding is the
storm surge that is generated by tropical storm events, including tropical storm systems and
hurricanes. A storm surge is a dome or bulge of water that is caused by wind and pressure .
forces. It is a rise above the normal water level along a shore that is caused by strong onshore .
winds and/or reduced atmospheric pressure. The surge height is the difference of the
observed water level minus the predicted tide.
A storm surge is caused by powerful coastal storms that move toward or adjacent to the .
coastline. It may be worsened by higher than normal astronomical tide levels. Two factors key
in the development of a storm surge:
Low barometric pressure reduces the weight of the air on the ocean surface
causing a slight rising (1 to 2 feet) of the surface of the water. This rising creates
a dome and a new balance of forces.
Wind sweeps around the dome of water and induces currents that spiral toward
the center of the storm. The force of the winds induces high waves that travel
away from the storm. Wind is the dominant force at landfall, often bringing
violent wave action far inland. The battering of these waves causes damage
beyond mere flooding.
There are two different sets of data that will be used in the context of this plan to
determine what portions of Pine Knoll Shores fallwithin a flood hazard area: Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) designated flood zones; and National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) Storm Surge Inundation Model.
The Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS) for Carteret County were recently updated in
response to inaccuracies in the data exposed during Hurricane Floyd in 1999. On September
15, 2000, the first anniversary of the Hurricane Floyd disaster, FEMA and the State of North
Carolina announced an historic agreement to develop a model program to maintain accurate
flood hazard information for the State: Working with FEMA, North Carolina would become the
first Cooperating Technical State and assume the primary ownership and responsibility of the
FIRMs for all North Carolina communities as part of the National Flood Insurance Program..
Carteret County received updated flood maps for the county in November 2002'. Table 17
provides a summaryof the acreage within Pine Knoll Shores that falls within various flood zones
outlined on the new FIRMs. Additionally, Map 3 provides the locations of these flood zones.
In addition to updating the maps, FEMA has also updated the flood zone designations as well
at the criteria associated . with them. The new designations that fall within the Town's
jurisdiction are as follows:
Zone AE: Zone AE is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 1
annual chance floodplains that are determined in the Flood Insurance Study by
detailed or limited detailed methods. In most instances, whole -foot Base Flood
Elevations derived from the detailed hydraulic analyses are shown at selected
intervals within this zone.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 25 SECTION V

if,
v
B
0
O
S
G
U
E
Legend
OCorporate Limits
Hydrology
Flood Hazard Area
AE
Shaded X
VE
X
ol� Consulting Planners, Inc.
AT M A N T I C OCEAN
MAP 3
Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
Flood Hazard Area
Feet
0 1, 000 2, 000 4,000 6,000
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
N
W E
S
Page 26

Zone X: Zone X is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to areas
outside the 0.2% annual chance floodplain.
Zone VE: Zone VE is the flood insurance rate zone that corresponds to the 1 %
annual chance coastal floodplains that have additional hazards associated with
storm waves. Whole -foot Base Flood Elevations derived from the detailed
hydraulic analyses are shown at selected intervals within this zone.
Shaded X: Areas of 0.2 % annual chance flood; areas of 1 % annual chance flood
with average depths of less than one foot or with drainage areas less than one
square mile; and areas protected by levies.
Table 17. Pine Knoll Shores Flood Zones in Acres
% of Total Town
Flood Zone Acres Acreage
AE 451.3 30.74%
X
180.4
VE 194.2
Shaded X 642.4
12.29%
13.23%
43.75%
Total Town Acres* 1,468.3 100.00%
*Includes water and right-of-ways.
Source: Federal Emergency Management Agency.
NOAA National Weather Service forecasters model storm surge using the SLOSH (Sea,
Lake and Overland Surges from Hurricanes) model. The SLOSH model is a "diagnostic" model
in which the hurricane's track, size, and intensity must be specified before the model is run.
When these parameters are put into the model, a model wind field is produced, which in turn
gives the surface stresses. The stresses act as the driving forces to move the water. Friction,
the surface wind stress, and the pressure gradient cause the water to pile up along the coast.
Generally, shallow areas will experience greater storm surges than areas with a shelf that
drops off rapidly. NOAA has run the SLOSH model for coastal areas of the United States
assuming average parameters in order to determine the general locations of storm surge
impact associated with fast and slow moving hurricanes. Table 18 below provides a summary
of the impact that varying storm events will have on the Town of Pine Knoll Shores. Maps 4A
and 4B show the locations of the storm surge inundation.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 27 SECTION V

0
G U E
Legend
OCorporate Limits
Hydrology
SLOSH Model - Fast Moving Hurricane
Category 1 and 2
Category 3
Category 4 and 5 J
MAP 4A
Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
SLOSH MODEL
Fast Movina Hurricane
1,050 2,100
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
ol�� Consulting Planners, Inc. Storm Surge Inundation Page 28

0
G U E
Legend
OCorporate
Limits
Hydrology
SLOSH Model - Slow Moving Hurricane
SURGE
Category 1 and 2
Category 3
Category 4 and 5 J
ol� Consulting Planners, Inc.
MAP 48
Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
SLOSH MODEL
Slow Movina Hurricane
Storm Surae Inundation
1, 000 2, 000
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Page 29

a
0
G U E
0
s
0
Legend
(Z> Corporate Limits Co
Hydrology i Du
Soil Classification Fr
Bn Nc
CH + Ne
CL N )
olmd Consulting Planners, Inc.
1
MAP 5
Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
Soil Classification
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Page 32

Table 19. Pine Knoll Shores Soil Conditions
Map
% of Town
Flooding
Symbol
Soil Name
Acreage
Septic Tank Conditions
Frequency
Bn*
Beaches-Newhan complex
3.3%°
Severe: poor filter, slope
None
CH*
Carteret sand, frequently
1.8%
Severe: flooding, ponding,
Frequent
flooded
Poor filter
CL*
Carteret, sand, low,
.0.1%
Severe: flooding, ponding,
Frequent
frequently flooded
poor filter
Co
Corolla fine sand
2.9%
Severe: wetness, poor filter
Rare
Du*
Duckston fine sand
5.2%°
Severe: flooding, wetness, poor
Frequent
filter
Fr
Fripp fine sand
10.8%
Severe: poor filter, slope
None
Nc
Newhan-Corolla complex
68.2%
Severe: poor filter, slope
None
Ne
Newhan-Urban land
1.0%
Severe: poor filter
None
complex
Nh Newhan fine sand 0.7%
w water 6..0%
*Indicates soil series that are made up of hydric soils.
S ur Soil Survey of Carteret Count- North Carolina.
Severe: poor filter, slope None
n/a n/a
o ce.
f. Water Supply
Groundwater is plentiful throughout Carteret County as well as Pine Knoll Shores. It is
near the surface in most places, particularly during the winter and early spring. Thousands of
feet of sedimentary deposits underlie the area. The upper part of these deposits contains
aquifers that supply water for domestic use. The surficial aquifer ranges from near the surface
to a maximum depth of about 75 feet. The water is generally hard but is low in iron. It should
be noted that the Town of Pine Knoll Shores receives its municipal water supply from a series
of four wells located throughout the Town's corporate limits. The Town purchased this well
system from Carolina Water Service on September 27, 2005.
g. Fragile Areas
In coastal North Carolina, fragile areas are consideredto include coastal wetlands,
ocean beaches and shorelines, estuarine waters and shorelines, public trust waters, natural
resource fragile areas, areas sustaining remnant species, unique geological formations,
registered natural landmarks, swamps, prime wildlife habitats, areas of excessive slope, areas
of excessive erosion, scenic points, archaeological sites, and historical sites. While not
identified as fragile areas in the 15ANCAC 7H use standards, maritime forests and outstanding
resource waters (ORWs) should also be considered fragile areas; The Pine Knoll Shores 15A
NCAC 7H Areas of Environmental Concern (AECs) include estuarine waters and estuarine
shorelines, public .trust areas, coastal wetlands, ocean beaches and shorelines, areas of
excessive slope, areas of excessive erosion, and natural resource fragile areas (including
significant natural heritage areas and protected lands).
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 33 SECTION V

i. Estuarine Waters and Shorelines
The estuarine system consists of deepwater subtidal habitats and adjacent tidal
wetlands that are usually semi -enclosed by land but have open, partly obstructed, or
sporadic access to the open ocean, and in which ocean water is at least occasionally,
diluted by freshwater runoff from the land. The salinity may be periodically increased .
above that of the open ocean by.evaporation. Along some low -energy coastlines there
is appreciable dilution of seawater, although this is not the case in Pine Knoll Shores.
The northern portion of Pine Knoll Shores is immediately adjacent to the Bogue Sound.
This body'of water, is considered to be an estuarine environment. These sheltered
waters support an abundance and diversity of plant and animal life, including marine
mammals, shore birds, fish, crabs, clams and other shellfish, and reptiles. A number
of marine organisms, including many of the commerciallyvaluable fish species, depend
on the estuaries for spawning, nursing, or feeding.
In addition to serving as an important habitat for wildlife, estuaries also serve as
a water filtration system by removing sediments, nutrients, and pollutants before they
reach the ocean. The filtration process creates cleaner water, which is of benefit to both
marine life and people who inhabit the surrounding areas.
Estuarine shorelines are shorelines immediately adjacent to or bordering
estuarine waters. The areas are immediately connected to the estuary and are very
vulnerable to heavy erosion caused by wind and- water. In shoreline areas not
contiguous to waters classified as ORW by the Division of Water Quality, all lands 75
feet leeward from the normal water level are considered to be estuarine shorelines.
The western portion of Bogue Sound (14,256.5 acres) and the Theodore Roosevelt State
Natural area totaling 11,236.4 acres are classified as Outstanding.Resource Waters or
High Quality Waters. Development along estuarine shorelines can exacerbate water
quality problems within estuarine waters, and expedite the threats of shorefront erosion
and flooding.
ii. Public Trust Areas
The public trust area is comprised of submerged lands waterward of the mean
high water line in tidal, coastal, or navigable waters adjacent to Pine Knoll Shores. On
the.ground, the public trust area extends from the water up to a prominent debris line.
or high water mark. In general, if an area is regularly wet by the tides, it is probably
safe to assume that it is in the public trust area. The public trust area is also sometimes
referred to as tidelands, and can be generally defined as "public beach." In almost
every case, private property ends and public trust property begins at the mean high
water line.
These areas aresignificant because the public has rights in these areas,
including navigation and recreation. The public trust areas also support valuable
commercial and sports fisheries, have aesthetic value, and are important resources for
economic development. All of the land within Pine Knoll Shores that falls immediately
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 34 SECTION V .

adjacent to waters of both the Bogue Sound and Atlantic Ocean are considered public
trust areas, and follow this general rule. Additionally, the canal network that traverses
through the eastern portion of Town is also considered a public trust water.
This doctrine applies to all shorelines except privately -owned lakes to which the
public has no right of access. In determining whether the public has acquired rights in
artificially created bodies of water, the following factors shall be considered:
(1) the use of the body of water by the public;
(2) the length of time. the public has used the area;
(3) the value of public resources in the body of water;
(4) whether the public resources in the body of water are mobile to the
extent that they can move into natural bodies of water;
(5) whether the creation of the artificial body of water required permission
from the state; and
(6) the value of the body of water to the public for navigation from one
public area to another public area.
The public trust areas must be determined through in -field analysis and
definition.
iii. Coastal Wetlands
Wetland is a generic term for all the different kinds of wet habitats where the
land is wet for some period of time each year but not necessarily permanently wet.
Many wetlands occur in areas where surface water collects or where underground .
water discharges to the surface, making the area wet for extended periods of time.
Other wetlands occur along our coasts, such as salt marshes, and are created by the,
tide. The federal Clean Water Act defines wetlands as "areas that are inundated or
saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration sufficient to support,
and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically
adapted for life in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps,
marshes, . bogs, and similar areas." Wetlands have both upland . and aquatic
characteristics; and, thus,. they often have a richer flora and fauna than other
environments. In practice, wetlands are hard to define, precisely because they are
transition zones. It is important to recognize that an area does not have to be wet all
year long to be considered a wetland - as few as two or three consecutive weeks of
wetness a year is all it takes for this determination to be made.
Within Pine Knoll Shores, there are approximately 213 acres of wetlands. These
wetlands vary in their characteristics. The location of the. wetland. areas within the
Town's jurisdiction are shown on Map 6, and a summary of wetland acres are provided
in Table. 20. The map of. wetland location is intended to be used for general location
purposes only. On -site analysis must be performed in. order to determine the exact
location of all wetlands. It should be noted that a majority of the wetland acres within
Pine Knoll Shores are located within the Roosevelt Natural Area.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 35 SECTION V

0
e O
O S
G U E
Legend
OCorporate
Limits
+
Cutover Pine Flat
Hydrology
Depressional Swamp Forest
Wetlands
Estuarine Shrub/Scrub
i
Cleared Depressional Swamp Forest
Mm
Freshwater Marsh
Cleared Pine Flat
Maritime Forest
Cutover Depressional Swamp Forest
Pine Flat
Cutover Estuarine Shrub/Scrub
g
Salt/Brackish Marsh
Cutover Maritime Forest
1 inch = 1,625 feet
A T L A N T I C O C E A N Feet
0 1,000 2,000 4,000 6,000
Af
MAP 6
Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
Areas of Environmental Concern:
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
olland Consulting Planners, Inc. Wetlands
Page 36

Section 404 of the Clean Water Act establishes a program to regulate the
discharge of dredged and fill material into waters of the United States, including.
wetlands. Activities in waters of the United States that are regulated under this program
include fills for development, water resource projects (such as dams and levees),
infrastructure development (such as highways and airports), and conversion of
wetlands to uplands for farming and forestry. The basic premise of the program is that
no discharge of dredged or fill material can be permitted if a practicable alternative
exists that is less damaging to -the aquatic environment or if the nation's waters would
be significantly degraded. A majority of the wetlands within Pine Knoll Shores fall
under the jurisdiction of Section 404 of the .Clean Water Act.
Table 20. Pine Knoll Shores Coastal Wetlands
% of Total
Wetland Type Acres Town Acres
Cleared Depressional Swamp Forest 0.12 0.05%
Cleared Pine Flat . 0.57 0.27%
Cutover Depressional Swamp Forest 0.02 0.01
Cutover Estuarine Shrub/Scrub 0.17 0.08%
Cutover Maritime Forest 0.39 0.18%
Cutover Pine Flat 1.82 0.86%
Depressional Swamp Forest 0.92 0.43%
Estuarine Shrub/Scrub 35.51 16.69%
Freshwater Marsh 5.24 2.46%
Maritime Forest 28.18 13.24%
Pine Flat 72.21 33.93%
SaltBracldsh Marsh 67.64 31.79%
Total 212.79 100.00%
Source: North Carolina CIA and National Wetlands Inventory.
iv. Ocean Beaches and Shorelines
Ocean beaches and shorelines are lands consisting of unconsolidated soil
materials that extend from the mean low water line landward to a point where either (1)
the growth of vegetation occurs, or (2) a distinct change in slope or elevation alters the
configuration of the land form, whichever is farther landward. The entire southern
length of Pine Knoll Shores is considered anocean beach and shoreline. Pine Knoll
Shores contains approximately five miles of ocean erodible areas and high hazard flood
areas, but no unvegetated beach area: (a dynamic area that is subject to rapid
unpredictable landform change from wind and wave action). Unvegetated beach areas
are only designated following detailed studies by the Coastal Resources Commission. .
There are no inlet hazard areas within or adjacent to the corporate limits of Pine Knoll
Shores.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 37 SECTION V

V. Areas of Excessive Slope
Areas of excessive slope are considered to be areas with slopes in excess of
12 %. The general lay of the land within Pine Knoll Shores is fairly flat; however, there
are dune lines where slopes may exceed 30%. The grade and slope of these areas is
constantly shifting, and this factor has very little impact on land use and/or
development within the Town of Pine Knoll Shores.
vi. Areas. of Excessive Erosion
The ocean shoreline along Bogue Banks is extremely vulnerable to erosion
associated with coastal storm events, primarily because the natural flow of sediment that
would replenish this shoreline has been diverted offshore by the dredging and channel
maintenance activities at the Morehead City Port. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has
proactively addressed this issue over the past few years through a Town -funded beach
renourishment effort. In. addition to this, Pine. Knoll Shores is constantly working to
establish a long-term comprehensive beach renourishment programwith the assistance
of the US Army Corps of Engineers Section 933 program. In order to comply with the
criteria for this program, the Town must provide a public beach access at precise one-
half mile intervals. This issue will be addressed in further detail throughout this
document.
Using current and historical aerial photography and sophisticated computer
software, the Division of Coastal Management evaluates erosion rates about every five
years. The most recent, study conducted in 1998 indicates that the erosion rate along
the ocean shoreline. within Pine Knoll Shores is approximately two feet per year..
vii. Natural Resource Fragile Areas (including Significant Natural
Heritage Areas and Protected Lands)
Naturalresource fragile areas are generally recognized to be of educational,
scientific, or cultural value because of the natural features of the particular site.
Features in these areas serve to distinguish them from the vast "majority of the
landscape. These areas include complex natural areas, areas that sustain remnant
species, pocosins, wooded swamps, prime wildlife habitats, or registered natural
landmarks.
The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program of the Division of Parks and
Recreation works to identify and facilitate protection of the most ecologically significant
natural areas remaining in the, state. Natural areas may be identified because they
provide important habitat for rare species or because they contain outstanding
examples of the rich natural diversity of this state. Within the Town of Pine Knoll Shores
the only recorded natural -resource fragile area is the Roosevelt Natural Area. The
Roosevelt Natural Area is a 265-acre nature preserve adjacent to the NC Aquarium, and
showcases the Barrier Island ecosystem including maritime forest and marsh habitats.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan
38
SECTION V

The marsh habitat is a rich area for shellfish and abundant birdlife. A discussion
regarding marking walking trails within the Roosevelt Natural Area will be included in
the policy. statement portion of the plan. The NC Department of Environmental and
Natural Resources has identified two protected lands within the planning.jurisdiction
of Pine Knoll Shores: the Salter Path Dunes. Natural Area and the North Carolina
Aquarium. The Salter ' Path Dunes Natural Area follows the same boundary as the
Roosevelt Natural Area. Map 7 provides the locations of these sites.
h. Areas of Resource Potential
i. Regionally Significant Parks
There are no regionally significant parks located within the corporate limits of
Pine Knoll Shores.
U. Marinas and Mooring Fields
Marinas are defined as any publicly- or privately -owned dock, basin, orwet boat
storage facility constructed to accommodate more than ten boats and providing any of
the following services: permanent or transient docking spaces, dry storage, fueling
facilities, haulout facilities, and repair service. Excluded from this definition are boat
ramp facilities allowing access only,. temporary docking and none of the preceding
services.
Within the Town of Pine Knoll Shores, there are no commercially operated
marinas. There are, however, a substantial number of docking facilities throughout the
Town that are privately -owned. Additionally, there are several private marinas that are
maintained by Homeowners' Associations. Pine Knoll Shores is unique in that there is
a network of canals running throughout the central portion of the Town's corporate
limits. There are private docking facilities located throughout these canals that are
maintained by individual property owners.
A "freestanding mooring" is any means to attach a ship, boat, vessel, floating.
structure, or other watercraft to a stationary underwater device, mooring buoy, buoyed
anchor, or piling (as long as the piling is not associated with an existing or proposed
pier, dock, or boathouse). When more than one freestanding mooring is used in the
same general vicinity, it is commonly referred to as a mooring field. Pine Knoll Shores
has not regulated the establishment of mooring fields within its planning jurisdiction
and mooring fields have not been a problem. However, the Town recognizes that the
establishment of mooring fields could lead to the degradation of water quality. -
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 39 SECTION V

J
O
G U E
Legend
OCorporate Limits
►10:
v
O
CJ
Hydrology
Protected Lands
DENR MARINE AFFAIRS SALTER PATH DUNES NATURALAREA
DENR- NORTH CAROLINA AQUARIUM
Significant Natural Heritage Areas
1 E2 ROOSEVELT NATURAL AREA J
A T L A N T I C
O C E A N
MAP 7
Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
Sianificant Natural Heritaqe Areas
01
0 1,000 2,000
1 inch = 1,625 feet
I I Feet
4,000 6,000
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
PRO
1\,l
olCand Protected Lands Page 40
Consulting Planners, Inc.

iii. Floating Homes
A floating home or structure is any structure, not a boat, supported by means of
flotation, designed to be used without a permanent foundation, which is used or
intended for human habitation or commerce. A structure will be considered a floating
structure when it is inhabited or used for commercial purposes for more than thirty days
in any one location. A boat may be deemed a floating structure when its means of
propulsion has been removed or rendered inoperative and it contains at least 200
square feet of living space area.
There are currently no floating homes within Pine Knoll Shores. Pine Knoll
Shores does not support the location of floating homes within the Town's jurisdiction.
iv. Aquaculture
As defined under N.C. General Statute 106-758, aquaculture is the propagation
and rearing of aquatic species in controlled or selected environments, including, but
not limited to, ocean ranching. Aquaculture has not been an issue within the planning
jurisdiction of Pine Knoll Shores.
V. Channel Maintenance and Interstate Waterways
There are navigable channels throughout Bogue Sound adjacent to Pine Knoll
Shores. These channels are marked and periodically dredged. At lower tides,
navigation into and out of shoreline within Pine Knoll Shores must go through these
marked channels. The waters of the Bogue Sound are generally very shallow even at
high tides; therefore, these marked navigation channels are essential for recreational
boaters and commercial fisherman. The Town's Homeowners Associations maintain the
network of channels that run throughout the central portion of the Pine Knoll Shores
corporate limits. These channels are public trust waters used for access to private
docking facilities. In order to ensure ingress and egress from these channels, periodic
maintenance of the navigation channel is required. Water quality within these channels
has also been identified as a concern by Pine Knoll Shores residents. This issue will be
discussed further later in the plan and will be addressed within the context of policy
statements.
vi. Marine Resources Water Quality
The North Carolina Division of Water Quality assigns water quality classifications
to all named waters of the State of North Carolina. The classifications are based upon
the existing or contemplated best usage of the various streams and segments of streams
within a basin, as determined through studies, evaluations, and comments received at
public hearings. The state water classification system is broken down as follows:
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 41 SECTION V

Table 21. NC Division of Water Quality Water Body Classifications
PRIMARY FRESHWATER AND SALTWATER CLASSIFICATIONS*
CLASS
BEST USES
C and SC
Aquatic life propagation/protection and secondary recreation
B and SB
Primary recreation and Class C uses
SA
Waters classified for commercial shellfish harvesting
WS
Water Supply watershed. There are five WS classes ranging from WS-I through WS-V.
WS classifications are assigned to watersheds based on land use characteristics of the
area. Each water supply classification has a set of management strategies to protect the
surface water supply. WS-I provides the highest level of protection and WS-V provides
the least protection. A Critical Area (CA) designation is also listed for watershed areas
within a half -mile and draining to the water supply intake or reservoir where an intake is
located.
SUPPLEMENTAL CLASSIFICATIONS
CLASS
BEST USES
Sw
Swamp Waters: Recognizes waters that will naturally be more acidic (have lower pH
values) and have lower levels of dissolved oxygen.
Tr
Trout Waters: Provides protection to freshwaters for natural trout propagation and
survival of stocked trout.
HQW
High Quality Waters: Waters possessing special qualities including excellent water
quality, Native or Special Native Trout Waters, Critical habitat areas, or WS-I and WS-II
water supplies.
ORW
Outstanding Resource Waters: Unique and special surface waters that are unimpacted by
pollution and have some outstanding resource values.
NSW
Nutrient Sensitive Waters: Areas with water quality problems associated with excessive
plant growth resulting from nutrient enrichment.
* Primary classifications beginning with an "S" are assigned to saltwaters.
Source: NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources.
There are only two segments or water bodies that have been rated and lie
adjacent to the jurisdiction of Pine Knoll Shores. Table 22 provides a listing of all water
bodies within the Town that have been classified by the NC Division of Water Quality.
Also included are their stream index numbers and assigned classification.
Table 22. Pine Knoll Shores Alphabetical Listing of Water Bodies
Stream Index
Name of Stream Description Number Class
Bogue Sound (including From a line across Bogue Sound from the 20-36-(8.5) SA; HQW
Intracoastal Waterway to southwest side of the mouth of Gales Creek
Beaufort Inlet) to Rock Point to Beaufort
Atlantic Ocean The waters of the Atlantic Ocean contiguous
to that portion of the White Oak River Basin
that extend from the northern boundary of
White Oak River Basin (southwest side of
Drum Inlet) to the southern boundary of
White Oak River Basin (northern boundary
of Cape Fear River Basin) at the southwest
side of the mouth of Goose Bay in the
Intracoastal Waterway.
99-(4) SB
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 42 SECTION V

Table 22 (continued)
Stream Index
Name of Stream
Description
Number
Class
Roosevelt Natural Area
All of the fresh waters within the property
20-36-9.5-(1)
C; Sw; ORW
Swamp
boundaries of the natural area including
swamp forest, shrub swamp and ponds
Roosevelt Natural Area
All of the saline waters within the
20-36-9.5-(2)
SA; Sw;
Swamp
boundaries of the natural area including
ORW
brackish marsh and salt marsh
Source: NC Division of Water Quality.
vii. Primary Nursery Areas and Submerged Aquatic Vegetation
Bogue Sound and adjacent streams are extremely important to fisheries
production and support significant commercial and recreational fisheries. The above
listed areas are documented spawning and nursery areas. These areas also function as
nursery areas for species such as spot, croaker, weakfish, flounder, striped bass, white
perch, yellow perch, blue crabs and other commercially and recreationally important
species (refer to Map 8).
The North Carolina Marine Fisheries Commission (MFC) has adopted definitions
in rule for anadromous spawning and nursery areas. Anadromous fish spawning areas
are those areas where evidence of spawning of anadromous fish has been documented
by direct observation of spawning, capture of running ripe females, or capture of eggs
or early larvae [NCAC 15A 3I.0101 (20) (C)]. Anadromous fish nursery areas are those
areas in the riverine and estuarine systems utilized by post -larval and later juvenile
anadromous fish [NCAC 15A 3I.0101 (20) (D)].
There are no anadromous fish spawning areas or primary nursery areas
immediately adjacent to the corporate limits of Pine Knoll Shores. There are however,
nursery areas located along the northern bank of Bogue Sound and also within
tributaries feeding into Bogue Sound. These areas are identified on Map 8.
Submerged aquatic vegetation (SAV) is an important habitat utilized by finfish
and invertebrates. Beds of SAV are one of the critical habitat types defined by MFC
[NCAC 15A 3I.0101 (20) (A)]. There are no instances of SAVs within or adjacent to Pine
Knoll Shores' jurisdiction.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 43 SECTION V

Legend
Hydrology
OCorporate
Limits
®
Fish Sampling Community Sites
Ambient Water Quality Monitoring Stations
Anadromous Fish Spawning Areas
Nursery Areas
ol� Consulting Planners, Inc.
A T L H N 1 I l�
u U L A N
Pine
Knoll
Shores
Land
Use Plan
Water Quality
and
Primary
Nursery Areas
Miles
0 0.5 1 2 3
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Page 44

2. Environmental Composite Map
Under the updated CAMA Planning Guidelines, there is a requirement for the preparation of
an Environmental Composite Map. The preparation of this map involves an overlay analysis
of geographic data layers involving natural features and environmental conditions. The layers
are classified into three categories based on their environmental sensitivity. The intent of this
analysis is to break the jurisdiction into three separate land classifications in an effort to identify
what portions of land are most and least suitable for future development with respect to
environmental conditions and sensitive areas. A land suitability analysis will also be
performed in the context of this plan that will incorporate community facilities into an analysis
similar to the environmental composite map. The following table details the Geographic
Information System (GIS) data that was utilized in the preparation of the environmental
composite map.
Table 23. Pine Knoll Shores Environmental Composite Map Layers
Layer
Class I
Class II
Class III
Coastal Wetlands
✓
Exceptional or Substantial Non -Coastal Wetlands
✓
Beneficial Non -Coastal Wetlands
✓
Estuarine Waters
✓
Soils with Slight or Moderate Septic Limitations
✓
Public Trust Areas/Estuarine Shorelines
✓
Flood Zones
✓
Storm Surge Areas
✓
HQW/ORW Watersheds
✓
Water Supply Watersheds
✓
Significant Natural Heritage Areas
✓
Protected Lands
✓
NC Division of Coastal Management has provided the Town with a model that breaks the
Town's jurisdiction into one -acre pieces of land. Breaking the Town's planning jurisdiction into
these one -acre divisions distorts the outcome of this analysis, mainly because a majority of the
lots within the Town are smaller than one -acre in total area. In order to produce an
environmental composite map that more accurately depicts the true nature and location of
environmentally sensitive areas within Pine Knoll Shores, a different approach was taken.
Table 23 above lists all of the GIS data that was utilized in the preparation of the environmental
composite map. Additionally, this table lists whether each data layer was classified as Class
I, II, or III. This classification corresponds to the development potential of a defined area with
respect to environmentally sensitive areas located throughout the Pine Knoll Shores planning
jurisdiction. The following provides a definition of the three classes:
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 45 SECTION V

Class I — Land that contains only minimal hazards and limitations that can be addressed
by commonly accepted land planning and development practices. Class I land will
generally support the more intensive types of land uses and development. Overall land
that falls within this category should be considered developable with regards to
environmental factors.
Class II — Land that has hazards and limitations for development that can be addressed
by restrictions on land uses, special site planning, or the provision of public services
such as water and sewer. Land in this class will generally support only the less
intensive uses, such as low density residential, without significant investment in
services. Land in this class either falls within the boundary of a natural hazard area, or
is within or immediately adjacent to environmentally sensitive areas.
Class III — Land that has serious hazards and limitations. Land in this class will
generally support very low intensity uses, such as conservation and open space. Land
falling within this class should be considered conservation areas, due to the presence
of either public trust areas or extremely environmentally sensitive areas.
Map 9 displays the outcome of the environmental composite overlay analysis. This map was
compiled by merging all of the GIS data listed under each of the classes above. All data listed
under Class III was merged to form the boundaries shown on the environmental composite
map. This process was repeated for Classes I and II. The following table provides a summary
of the land area within Pine Knoll Shores that falls within each of the defined classes.
Table 24. Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Acreage by Class (as determined through Environmental Composite Analysis)
Acres
%of Total
Class I
16.3
1.3%
Class II
804.5
63.7%
Class III
442.0
35.0%
TOTAL*
1,262.8
100.0%
*This figure does not include water or right-of-ways.
Sources: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc., and NC Center for Geographic Analysis.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 46 SECTION V

B
O
G U E
Legend
OCorporate
Limits
Environmental Composite
Class 1
Class 2
Class 3
Hydrology J
ol� Consulting Planners, Inc.
►�.
v
0
S
00
1 inch = 1,600 feet
A T L AN T I C O C E q IV Feet
0 1,000 2,000 4,000 6,000
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
MAP 9 Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Pine Knoll Shores N
Land Use Plan W E
S
Environmental Composite
Page 47

3. Environmental Conditions
a. White Oak River Basin
The White Oak River Basinwide Water Quality Plan was adopted by the Division of
Water Quality (DWQ) in 1997 and updated in November 2001. The following are the goals of
DWQ's basinwide program:
► Identify water quality problems and restore full use to impaired waters;
► Identify and protect high value resource waters;
► Protect unimpaired waters while allowing for reasonable economic growth;
► Develop appropriate management strategies to protect and restore water
quality;
► Assure equitable distribution of waste assimilative capacity for dischargers; and
► Improve public awareness and involvement in the management of the state's
surface waters.
As existing and future land uses are considered within Pine Knoll Shores, these goals
should be kept in mind. Within the White Oak River Basin, Pine Knoll Shores is located entirely
within subbasin 03-05-03. The White Oak River Basin and subbasin boundaries are shown on
Map 10. It should be noted that there are currently two designated outstanding resource
waters located within or immediately adjacent to the Pine Knoll Shores planning jurisdiction.
The White Oak River Basin lies entirely within the southern coastal plain. The basin
includes four separate river systems: the New River and its tributaries in the southwestern
section; the White Oak River and its tributaries; the Newport River and its tributaries; and the
North River in the eastern section. The basin also includes Bogue and Core Sounds. Pine Knoll
Shores' jurisdiction is bordered to the north by Bogue Sound. The White Oak River Basin
encompasses all or portions of four counties and sixteen municipalities. Table 25 provides
population information for these areas within the White Oak River Basin. This information was
provided by the NC Division of Water Quality from the update to the White Oak River
Basinwide Water Quality Plan which is not yet available for distribution.
Table 25. White Oak River Basin Population Distribution
Area in the White Oak
River Basin
1990 Population
2000 Population
% Change
Carteret County
52,407
59,383
13.3%
Atlantic Beach
1,938
1,781
-8.1%
Beaufort
3,808
3,771
-1.0%
Bogue
351
590
68.1 %
Cape Carteret
1,013
1,214
19.8%
Cedar Point
628
929
47.9%
Emerald Isle
2,434
3,488
43.3%
Indian Beach
153
95
-37.9%
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 48 SECTION V

Table 25 (continued)
Area in the White Oak
River Basin
1990 Population
2000 Population
% Change
Morehead City
6,046
7,691
27.2%
Newport
2,516
3,349
33.1%
Peletier
304
487
60.2%
Pine Knoll Shores
1,360
1,524
12.1%
Craven County
81,812
91,523
11.9%
Jones County
9,361
10,419
11.3%
Maysville
892
1,002
12.3 %
Onslow County
149,838
150,355
0.3%
Jacksonville
30,398
66,715
119.5%
North Topsail Beach*
947
843
-11.0%
Richlands
996
928
-6.8%
Swansboro
1,165
1,459
25.2%
Source: NC Department of Water Quality DRAFT White Oak River Basinwide Water Quality Plan (not available for
distribution).
The following table provides a summary of registered animal operations within White
Oak River subbasin 03-05-03. It should be noted that the only registered animal operations
within this subbasin consist of swine production. Additionally, none of these facilities are
located in close proximity to Pine Knoll Shores or Bogue Banks. These facilities are centrally
located within the mainland portion of Carteret County.
Table 26. Pine Knoll Shores Registered Animal Operations
Swine*
Total Steady State
Subbasin No. of Facilities No. of Animals Live Weight**
03-05-03 2 951 542,655
*There are no other registered animal operations located within subbasin 03-05-03.
**Steady State Live Weight (SSLW) is the result, in pounds, after a conversion factor has been applied to the number
(head count) of swine, cattle, or poultry on a farm. The conversion factors, which come from the Natural. Resource
Conservation Service (NRCS) guidelines, vary depending on the type of animals on the farm and the type of
operation (for example, there are five types of hog farms). Since the amount of waste produced varies by the size
of the animal, SSLW is the best way to compare the sizes of the farms.
Source: NC Division of Water Quality DRAFT White Oak River Basinwide Water Quality Plan (not available for
distribution) .
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 49 SECTION V

LYC
ff ol� Consulting Planners, Inc. MAP 10
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
r7North Carolina
" River Basins and Subbasins
S WATAUGA NEW
ROANOKE CHOWAN
PASQUOTANK
FRENCH CATAWBA
YADKIN
LITTLE BROAD TAR-PAMLICO
NESSEE BROAD NE SE
HIWASSEE SAVANNAH
RITE OA
LUMBER CAPE FEAR
m
r)
o `
Legend
03-Q5- 03-05- 4 River Basins
o -02 Subbasins
os
Pine Knoll Shores
Town of
Pine Knoll Shores
Miles
-1 0 20 40 80 120 160
1 inch = 21 miles White Oak River Basin

b. Subbasin 03-05-03 (Hydrologic Unit 03020106)
Most federal government agencies, including the US Geological Survey (USGS) and the
US Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), use a system of defining watersheds that
is different from that used by the Division of Water Quality (DWQ) and many other state
agencies in North Carolina. Under the federal system, the White Oak River Basin is made up
of two hydrologic areas referred to as hydrologic units. One of these units includes the entire
White Oak River Basin, except the New River watershed area, which is assigned to the other
unit. Each hydrologic unit is defined by an 8-digit number. DWQ has a two -tiered system in
which the state is subdivided into 17 river basins with each basin further subdivided into
subbasins. Table 27 compares the two systems. The White Oak River Basin is subdivided by
DWQ into five subbasins.
Table 27. Hydrologic Subdivisions in the White Oak River Basin
Watershed Name and USGS 8-digit DWQ Subbasin
Major Tributaries Hydrologic Units 6-digit Codes
New River 03030001
03-05-02
Bogue-Core Sounds 03020106
03-05-01
White Oak River
03-05-01
Newport River
03-05-03
North River
03-05-04
Jarrett Bay and Nelson Bay
03-05-04
Core Sound and Back Sound
03-05-05
Sources: NC Division of Water Quality White Oak Basinwide Water Quality Management Plan, and US Geological
Survey.
Water quality within subbasin 03-05-03 is generally good. The Division of Marine
Fisheries has classified waters in this subbasin to have Fair to Good commercial fisheries value.
Oyster production is considered fair and clam production is good. Some problems do exist
within the subbasin, which can mainly be attributed to increased development along Bogue
Banks, as well as the northern shore of the Bogue Sound. Subbasin 03-05-03 lies in the center
of Carteret County, extending from the U.S. Forest Service's Croatan National Forest to the
Town of Beaufort and the Beaufort Inlet. Most of this subbasin is comprised of the estuarine
waters of Bogue and Core sounds. The only source of surface freshwater throughout the
subbasin is the Newport River.
Most of the development within the subbasin is occurring within Morehead City, Atlantic
Beach, Beaufort, Newport, and Bogue Banks. There are eight individual National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) wastewater discharge permits in this subbasin with a
total permitted flow of 4.75 MGD. The Town of Morehead City WWTP has the largest of these
permits with a total permitted flow of 2.5 MGD and discharges into Calico Creek. The following
table summarizes the characteristics of subbasin 03-05-03.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 51 SECTION V

Table 28. Characteristics of Subbasin 03-05-03
Land and Water Area (sq. miles):
Total Area
228
Land Area
168
Water Area
60
Land Cover (%):
Forest/Wetland
59%
Surface Water
26%
Urban
4%
Cultivated Crop
6.5%
Pasture/Managed Herbaceous
4%
Monitored Stream Statistics:
Aquatic Life
Total Streams
15.1 mi/5,788.1 ac
Total Supported
5,847.9 mi
Total Impaired
140.2 ac
Total Not Rated
15.1 mi
Recreation:
Total Streams
11.2 mi/17,912.9 ac
Total Supported
11.2 mi/ 17,764.7 ac
Total Impaired
8.0 ac
Total Not Rated
140.2 mi
Shellfish Harvesting:
Total Streams
5.2 mi/23,867.4 ac
Total Supported
19,357.1 mi
Total Impaired
5.2 mi/14,510.3 ac
Source: NC Division of Water Quality DRAFT White Oak River Basinwide Water Quality Plan.
Pine Knoll Shores lies within the Division of Environmental Health's Growing Area E-2.
Of the six rated areas within the E-2 growing area, only one is approved for Shellfish
Harvesting. Four of the areas are prohibited for Shellfish Harvesting and one area is
Conditionally Approved - Closed. The stressors in those areas not opened for shellfish
harvesting are fecal coliform bacteria. The following table provides information regarding
these areas.
Table 29. Use Support Assessment Summary Growing Area E-2
Aquatic Life Recreation Shellfish Harvesting
AU Number Classification
Rating Rating Rating
Stressors
20-36-(8.5)bl SA HQW
No data No data Supporting
Approved area immediately
adjacent to Salter Path prohibited area
20-36-(8.5)b2 SA HQW
No data Supporting Impaired
Fecal coliform bacteria
DEH prohibited area adjacent to Salter Path on sound side of outer banks
20-36-(8.5)cl SA HQW
Supporting Supporting Impaired
Fecal coliform bacteria
DEH Conditionally Approved Closed area near jumping Run Creek
20-36-(8.5)c2 SA HQW
No data No data Impaired
Fecal coliform bacteria
DEH Conditionally Approved Closed area near jumping Run Creek
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 52 SECTION V

Table 29 (continued)
Aquatic Life Recreation Shellfish Harvesting
AU Number Classification Rating Rating Rating Stressors
20-36-(8.5)d SA HQW No data No data Impaired Fecal coliform bacteria
DEH closed area in unnamed bay approximately 2500 meters east of line across
Bogue Sound from the southwest side of mouth of Gales Creek to Rock Point
20-36-(8.5)e SA HQW No data No data Impaired Fecal coliform bacteria
DEH closed area in unnamed bay approximately 3500 meters east of line across
Bocce Sound from the southwest side of mouth of Gales Creek to Rock Point
Source: NC Division of Water Quality DRAFT White Oak River Basin Water Quality Management Plan (not available
for distribution).
C. Water Treatment Facilities
Communities along Bogue Banks have been concerned with wastewater treatment and
a long term strategy for dealing with wastewater for many years . According to the Carteret
County Department of Environmental Health (DEH), it is anticipated that Pine Knoll Shores will
continue to rely on private septic tank systems and package treatment plants. Reliance on
these systems has slowed growth and redevelopment of large multi -family and hotel
complexes due to the significant expense associated with package treatment facilities. At this
time, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores has made a decision to not support the installation of a
central sewer system. This decision was made based on the premise that not providing central
sewer will ultimately help control growth. There are currently 12 package plants located within
the jurisdiction of Pine Knoll Shores. These systems vary in age and require weekly
maintenance. All facilities have operators who are responsible for weekly maintenance and
upkeep of the systems. Additionally, the county health department inspects the systems
annually to ensure that there are no problems or deficiencies that need to be addressed. As
these facilities age, the health department requires that upgrades and/or replacement systems
be put in place.
There are a large number of private septic tank systems located throughout Pine Knoll
Shores. Although the soil survey reports that soils within Pine Knoll Shores are poorly suited
for septic tank systems, the existing systems appear to be in good working order. According
to the Carteret County DEH, there are no significant problems with private septic tank systems
within Pine Knoll Shores.
Carteret County is currently working on a comprehensive database that will locate and
document problems experienced with septic systems throughout the county, including Pine
Knoll Shores. Once completed, this system will allow for the county to identify specific areas
where there is a concentration of septic tank problems, and can address these problems before
they have a significant effect on water quality. At this time, however, there do not seem to be
any problems of note with respect to wastewater treatment facilities in Pine Knoll Shores.
Carteret County DEH reports that surface runoff, and the contaminants associated with it, have
had a much greater impact on water quality in Bogue Sound than septic tank systems or
package treatment plants. One of the biggest problems affecting water quality is the runoff of
waste associated with pets and wildlife along Bogue Banks and the northern shore of Bogue
Sound. Additionally, there are no public health hazards currently within the jurisdiction of Pine
Knoll Shores.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 53 SECTION V

d. Natural Hazards
Pine Knoll Shores is very vulnerable to the effects of natural hazards in the form of
hurricanes, coastal flooding, and nor'easters. One of the most significant impacts of these
events is the flooding and beach erosion that occurs. The Town has a proactive approach to
dealing with the issue of beach erosion; however, there is no straight forward approach to
ensuring the safety of personal property when a hurricane and/or flooding event occurs. The
locations of both flood zones and storm surge inundation areas have been discussed in detail
earlier in the plan (refer to page 24). These two areas aim to define boundaries around
portions of land that will potentially flood in storm events of varying magnitude.
In order to further define how significant an impact a major storm event may have on
the Town of Pine Knoll Shores, the following table provides the acreage within the AE and VE
flood zones by land use type. A detailed discussion regarding flood hazard areas within Pine
Knoll Shores, including definitions of flood zone designations, is provided on page 25 and 27
of the plan. These two flood zones are considered to be high hazard areas, where there is a
one percent annual chance of a flooding event. The primary distinction between these two
zones is that properties within the VE zone are also vulnerable to coastal wave action. All
properties within these two zones are required to carry federal flood insurance. Additionally,
development within these areas must comply with the Town's Flood Damage Prevention
Ordinance, which has provisions for construction and finished floor elevation to increase the
safety of a structure if a flooding event occurs. Table 30 provides the Town's acreage that falls
within the AE and VE flood zones by land use. According to this table, 142.2 acres or 11.0%
of Pine Knoll Shores' 454.8 residential land use acres fall within a flood hazard area. This
includes both single- and multi -family housing units.
Table 30. Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Acreage within Flood Hazard Areas
Acreage by
% of Total
Land Use
Land Use
Town Acreage
Association Owned Property
9.6
0.7%
Canal
12.8
1.0%
Commercial/Hotel
11.6
0.9%
Common Area
65.2
5.0%
Multi -Family Residential
9.9
0.8%
Marina
2.6
0.2%
Municipally Owned
40.1
3.1 %
Office & Professional
0.1
0.0%
Institutional
34.0
2.6%
Public Beach Access
3.1
0.2 %
Recreational
243.4
18.7%
Single -Family Residential
132.3
10.2%
Utility
5.3
0.4%
Vacant
40.4
3.1 %
Total
610.2
47.0%
Sources: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc., Carteret County GIS, and NC Center for Geographic Analysis.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 54 SECTION V

e. Natural Resources
Pine Knoll Shores is home to many natural resources including significant natural
heritage areas, wetlands, public trust areas, and state defined protected lands. These areas
have been discussed in detail earlier in the plan. This discussion begins on page 33 of the plan
and includes maps showing the locations of all natural resources and areas of environmental
concern within the Pine Knoll Shores jurisdiction.
C. ANALYSIS OF LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT
1. Existing Land Use
In order to address future development within Pine Knoll Shores, it is necessary to establish a
snapshot of what is currently developed within the Town's planning jurisdiction. This is
achieved by conducting a detailed land use survey, which allows for a review of existing land
use patterns. This review will assist in identifying land use patterns, conflicts, and trends that
exist within the Town's planning jurisdiction. The process and data associated with it will
provide a solid foundation for decisions about future land use and policy development.
A detailed land use survey of Pine Knoll Shores was conducted for the Town's entire planning
jurisdiction. This survey was completed through the use of aerial photography and on -site
windshield surveys. The existing land use map was then submitted to the Land Use Planning
Committee for review to address any errors. Land use within Pine Knoll Shores has been
divided into the following land use categories: association owned property, canal,
commercial/hotel, common area, multi -family, marina, municipally owned, office &
professional, institutional, public beach access, recreational, single-family residential, utility,
and vacant. Map 11 provides the locations of varying land uses within Pine Knoll Shores, and
Table 31 summarizes the land use acreage resulting from the existing land use survey.
According to the land use survey, approximately 35% of the acreage within Pine Knoll Shores
is residential. Single-family housing takes up the most acreage followed by recreational. A
majority of this acreage is located within the Roosevelt Natural Area.
Table 31. Pine Knoll Shores Existing Land Use Survey
Acreage by
% of Total
Land Use
Land Use
Town Acreage
Association Owned Property
16.6
1.3%
Canal
12.3
0.9%
Commercial/Hotel
24.1
1.9%
Common Area
117.9
9.1 %
Multi -Family
21.8
1.7 %
Marina
2.8
0.2%
Municipally Owned
56.2
4.3%
Office & Professional
2.1
0.2%
Institutional
51.3
3.9%
Public Beach Access
3.8
0.3%
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 55 SECTION V

Table 31 (continued)
Acreage by % of Total
Land Use Land Use Town Acreage
Recreational 403.9 31.1%
Single -Family Residential
Utility
Vacant
Total*
433.0
33.3%
13.9
1.1%
139.9
10.8%
1,299.5 100.0%
*This figure does not include right-of-ways.
Sources: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc., Carteret County CIS, and NC Center for Geographic Analysis.
2. Land Use Conflicts
Land use conflicts often exist within a Town's planning jurisdiction resulting from a variety of
circumstances. Issues leading to land use conflicts can result from a lack of proper land use
controls, demand for increased development, and development of land not suited for a
particular land use. The rate of development within Pine Knoll Shores has been very rapid
dating back to the early 1980s. Because of this demand, several problems have arisen with
respect to land use. These issues can be summarized as follows:
a. Encroachment of Residential and Urban Type Uses into Forested Areas
Pine Knoll Shores has done an excellent job over the years of preserving the maritime
forest and maintaining the natural landscape that exists throughout the Town's jurisdiction.
Over time, however, portions of the forest have given way to development. The Town's
proactive approach to protecting wooded areas will assist with the effort of preserving natural
areas. It is recognized that portions of the forest will continue to be cleared in order to
accommodate future development. This issue will be addressed in the policy development
portion of the plan.
b. Residential Development within Flood Hazard Areas
The vulnerability of Pine Knoll Shores to coastal flooding and cyclonic tropical storms
has been discussed several times within the context of this plan. The Town recognizes that
development within flood hazard areas is going to occur due to the Town being located almost
entirely within the floodplain. The Town's strategy to address this issue will be to continue
enforcement of land use controls that increase the safety of residential and non-residential
structures that are built within defined flood zones. Additionally, the Town has recently
adopted a FEMA-approved hazard mitigation plan that details the Town's vulnerability to all
natural hazards. This document also outlines specific goals, objectives, and implementing
actions that will be carried out to increase the safety of Town citizens and property in the event
of a natural disaster.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 56 SECTION V

49
O
G
U E
1I
XA
v
0
S
AT L AN T I C O C E AN
Legend
O Corporate Limits Multi -Family Single Family Residential
Hydrology Marina 0 Public Beach Access
NC Aquarium 4F Municipally Owned dr Association Owned Property
Existing Land Use Office and Professional Common Area
Canal 4F Institutional Utility
Commercial/Hotel Open Space/Recreational Vacant
ol�� Consulting Planners, Inc.
MAP 11
Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
Existing Land Use
1 inch = 1,700 feet
Feet
0 1,000 2,000 4,000 6,000
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Page 57

C. High Density Development in Areas with Soils Having Severe Septic Tank
Limitations
There is currently no central sewer system serving the municipalities along Bogue
Banks. Sewage treatment within Pine Knoll Shores is primarily handled either through
individual septic tank systems or package treatment plants. Use of these facilities is a concern
for the Town, and has been identified as a key issue within this planning process. This issue
has been an impediment to new construction and redevelopment, within the Town's
jurisdiction. This issue will be discussed further in the Community Facilities/Services portion
of the plan.
3. Development Trends
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has developed very rapidly over the last 30 years. From the
Town's origin, Pine Knoll Shores has been developed as a primarily residential area to
accommodate both permanent and seasonal residents. The Town has implemented strict land
use controls in an effort to maintain this residential character.
According to the existing land use survey, approximately 304, or 14%, of the Town's total
parcel count remains. vacant. All but ten of the 304 parcels have already been platted for
single-family residential development. The vacant property within Pine Knoll Shores is
scattered throughout the Town's jurisdiction; however, a majority of the vacant parcels fall
within the central portion of Town, south of Oakleaf Drive, which consists of single-family
homes. It is anticipated that a majority of the vacant land within Pine Knoll Shores will be
_developed as single-family residential homes. There are several larger vacant parcels that are
located along Pine Knoll Boulevard that could potentially support a future development. Two
of these properties are currently municipally -owned parcels. There. has been discussion of
converting one of these properties into a boat/recreational vehicle storage area that would be
operated by the Town.
In order to provide a forecast of how vacant land will be developed throughout the Town's
jurisdiction, an overlay. analysis was performed based on the existing land use survey and the
Town's zoning map. Based on this analysis, the zoning district of each undeveloped parcel has
been identified. Table 32 provides a summary of how all vacant parcels will be developed, if
this development follows existing zoning patterns.
Table 32. Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Classification of Undeveloped Properties
% of Total Acreage by ' % of Total
Zoning District Parcels Vacant Parcels •Land Use Vacant Acreage
MFl, hin 56 18.4% 29.3 20.9%
Op 1 0.3% 9.3 6.7%
Rl, R2, R3, R4. 245 80.6% 100.9 72.1%
REC2, REC3 2 0.7% 0.4 0.3%
Total 304 100.0% 139.9 100.0%
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 58 SECTION V

Each of the zoning classifications listed in the table above include several different zoning
districts. The following summarizes which zoning districts have been included in the table, as
well as the intended use of each zoning district as defined in the Town's zoning ordinance:
► Multi -Family District (MF1, MF2) the principal use of land is for multi -family
dwellings.
► Office & Professional (OP) - the principal use of land is for office and professional
service facilities to serve the needs of.the community.
► Residential Districts (R1, R2, R3, R4) - the principal use of land is for dwellings.
► Recreation Districts (REC2, REC3) - the principal use of land is for recreation,
both public and private.
According to this information, 295 acres, or 96% of the Town's undeveloped land is zoned for
either single- or multi -family development. A majority of this land, 86% of the vacant parcels, .
is zoned to be developed as single-family homes. It is difficult to judge how rapidly this
development will take place. The Pine Knoll Shores planning and inspections office has issued'
an average of 17 single-family residential building permits per year between the years of 1997
and 2004. There were also building permits issued for the construction of 42 multi -family units.
It is anticipated that development of this undeveloped property will occur across the Town's
jurisdiction. It is not expected that rapid development will occur in specific portions of the
Town's jurisdiction.
4. Historical. Cultural. and Scenic Areas
There are several Protected Lands and state -defined Natural Heritage areas that fall within the
planning jurisdiction of Pine Knoll Shores. These areas have been thoroughly discussed in the
Natural Systems Analysis portion of this plan (refer to page 23). All fragile areas are discussed
and maps detailing the locations of these areas are provided.
5. Land Use in Relation_ to Environmental Composite Ma
The environmental composite map (Map 9) was discussed beginning on page 45 of the plan.
This map is intended to delineate the Town's jurisdiction in accordance with environmentally
sensitive areas. For a detailed discussion of how this map was compiled, and what the various
classes mean, refer to Section B(2). The following table provides a summary of how the
undeveloped parcels .in Pine Knoll Shores relate to the classes established on the
environmental composite map. If a parcel was located in more than one class as defined in the
environmental composite analysis, the most environmentally sensitive concern was assigned
to that parcel. .
Pine Knoll Shores Core, Land Use Plan 59 SECTION V

Table 33. Pine Knoll Shores Undeveloped Land in Relation to Environmental Composite Analysis (Class I -III)
Environmental Composite
Acreage by
% of Total
Map (Class I - III)
Land Use
Vacant Acreage
Class I
2.7
Class II
116.9
83.6Vo
Class 111
20.3
14.5%
Total
139.9
100.0%
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc., and NC Center for Geographic Analysis.
6. Land Use Demand Forecast
In order to gauge the rate of growth within the Town of Pine Knoll Shores, it is necessary to
establish an estimate of how rapidly development is ' expected to occur within the Town's
planning jurisdiction. Many times land use demand is established.based on the growth rate
of a Town's population. Pine Knoll Shores, as well as other barrier. island communities, faces
—a different situation than a typical inland municipality.
One issue is that there is no space to grow. The Town has no means through which to expand.
The Town cannot establish an Extraterritorial jurisdiction, and within North Carolina it is not
legal to annex portions of a neighboring municipal jurisdiction. Another issue is that Pine Knoll
Shores has grown so rapidly, there are not many remaining vacant parcels. Within Pine Knoll
Shores, only approximately 140 of the Town's 1,299.5 total acres remain undeveloped.
The Town does not have a problem supporting the permanent or seasonal population in terms _
of housing. There is more than adequate housing to support these two populations. As the
housing stock increases, so will the peak seasonal population until total build -out occurs. Due
to the unique nature .of development within Pine Knoll Shores, residential development
estimates have been established based on building permit activity over the last five years.. The
following table provides a summary of these estimates.
Table 34. Pine Knoll Shores Residential Land Use Demand Estimates
2005** 2010 2015 2020
Built -Upon Residential Acreage 441 478 516 554
(Single- and Multi -Family)*
Residential Unit Increase 1,913 1,988 2,063 2,138
*Residential acreage increase is based on the average lot size of all remaining undeveloped land within the Pine
Knoll Shores jurisdiction. The average lot size is one-half .(0.5) acre.
**Figure based on the existing land use survey. .
Sources: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc., and Pine Knoll Shores Planning Department.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 60 SECTION V

D. ANALYSIS OF EXISTING COMMUNITY FACILITIES/SERVICES
1. Transportation
A majority of the roads within the planning jurisdiction of Pine Knoll Shores are local access
streets, with the exception of NC Highway 58 which runs the entire length of the Town's
corporate limits. NC Highway 58 is the primary road running along Bogue Banks, and connects
the.island to Cape Carteret to the west and Morehead City to the east. All of the roads within
Pine Knoll Shores are maintained by the Town, with the exception of private drives which are
located within several of the single-family and multi -family developments and NC Highway 58.
According to the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT), there are
approximately 20.9 miles of public right-of-way within Pine Knoll Shores' jurisdiction. As
stated, a majority of these streets are local access streets serving the residential portions of
Town. NCDOT collects traffic count data on an annual basis at key intersections throughout the
state. A traffic count for the intersection of Pine Knoll Boulevard and NC Highway 58 was
reported in the 2005 NCDOT Traffic Survey. Based on this information, the average daily traffic
count (AADT) for this intersection was 10,000 automobiles in 2005. The 2005 data is the most
recent traffic count data currently available for the Town of Pine Knoll Shores.
There are currently no major road projects underway within the jurisdiction of Pine Knoll
Shores. There has been discussion in recent years regarding the installation of a third bridge
access to Bogue Banks located somewhere towards the middle of the island. Construction of
this bridge is strongly opposed by the residents of Pine Knoll Shores. This issue was identified
and discussed at the Town -wide issues identification meeting held in November 2004. This
issue will be addressed further in the policy statement section of the plan.
The Level of Service (LOS) for NC Highway 58 is an A or B in the off-season. During the height
of the summer, around the.fourth of July, the LOS for this road can be as low as a D. The road
cannot be significantly widened due to the availability of land and environmental concerns that
exist in the area. Overall, the LOS is acceptable for that area. Appendix III shows the levels
of congestion associated with the various levels of service. LOS D is considered the "practical
capacity" of a facility, or that at which the public begins to express dissatisfaction.
2. Health Care
Citizens of Pine Knoll Shores have access to a wide variety of local physicians, as well as
regional care facilities. The nearest comprehensive health care provider is Carteret County
General Hospital. The hospital has 117 beds with an average of 87 inpatients each day and
performs over 410 surgeries each month. The hospital anticipates the need for 18 additional
beds in the near future. In addition, over 4,000 outpatient tests or treatments are provided
each month. Services provided by the hospital include:
►. Cancer care center
► Radiology imaging center
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 61 SECTION V

► Outpatient clinics for neurology and blood transfusions
► Nuclear medicine
► CT Scanning
► Mobile lithotrypsy
Laser surgery
Laparoscopic surgery
► Maternity facilities
► Urgent and emergency care
► Extended care facilities
► Home health
► Hospice
The. following list provides the name, function, and location of a variety of healthcare providers
that are in close proximity to Pine Knoll Shores and serve the citizens of Bogue Banks:
Mental Health Care
Brynn Marr Behavioral Healthcare System -Jacksonville, NC --
Urgent and Medical Care
The Heart Center of Eastern NC Morehead City, NC
Eastern Carteret Medical Center Sea Level, NC
Beaufort Care Beaufort, NC
ECIM Urgent Medical Care Cape Carteret, NC
Emerald Isle Primary Care Emerald Isle, NC
Med Center One Atlantic Beach, NC
Beach Care Urgent Medical Care Center Morehead City, NC .
Carteret Urgent Care Center Morehead City, NC
Carteret Surgery Center Morehead City, NC
Phvsical Therapist
Beaufort Physical. Therapy Beaufort, NC
Carteret Physical Therapy Morehead City, NC
Cape Carteret Physical Therapy Cape Carteret, NC
In addition to this list of varying healthcare providers, there are several dentist offices located
on Bogue Banks, as well as in Morehead City and Beaufort.
For services not provided at Carteret County General Hospital, citizens of Pine Knoll Shores
also have regional access to both Craven County Regional Medical Center, located in New
Bern, and University Health Systems of Eastern North Carolina located in Pitt County. The Pitt
County facility is located approximately 110 miles from Pine KnollShores, and provides service
to 29 counties throughout eastern North Carolina. University Health Systems includes Pitt
County Memorial Hospital in Greenville, NC, community hospitals, physician practices, home
health, and other independently operated health services. University Health Systems is.
affiliated with the Brody School of Medicine at East Carolina University.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 62
SECTION V .

3. Law Enforcement
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores Police Department provides law enforcement services for all of
the Town's corporate limits. The staff consists of nine officers, including the Police Chief. Two
officers are on duty at all times. The full-time staff is supported by three part-time officers.
Nine patrol cars are maintained. Based on National Standards, a community would normally .
provide two staff police personnel per 1,000 persons in population. The Town has a 2000
population of 1,524, and therefore exceeds the two per 1,000 population ratio.
Peak seasonal population was established for the Town earlier in the plan. The estimated peak
population based on these estimates, is 12,654. If the Town's three part-time officers are
factored into the overall police staffing count, Pine Knoll Shores still exceeds the recommended
ratio for police personnel even during summer . months when the Town's population
substantially increases. Future needs regarding police and fire/EMS protection will be
discussed later in the plan.
4. Fire/Rescue Services
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores operates a full-time fire department. The department has a staff
of three paid EMT/firefighters, a fire inspector, and a Fire Chief. This staff is supported by a,
number of volunteers. Department fleet includes one 75-f6ot ladder truck, two 1,500• GPM
pumpers, one 1,000 GPM pumper, two Rescue Basic EMS Transport Units, two service vehicles,
and one command unit. The Town of Pine Shores currently maintains a mutual aid agreement
with all other municipal and volunteer fire departments within Carteret County. The Pine Knoll
Shores Fire Department assists the other departments along Bogue Banks, including the Salter.
Path Fire Department, the Atlantic Beach Fire Department, and the Emerald Isle Fire
Department, much more frequently than those located onthe mainland. The mutual aid ,
agreement that the Town maintains with Salter Path and, Atlantic Beach is considered an
automatic mutual aid agreement. This means that when a response call is requested in either
jurisdiction, the Pine Knoll Shores Fire Department is also contacted regarding the incident.
According to the Town's Emergency Services Director, response time for the Pine Knoll Shores
Fire Department averaged 3.5 minutes over the last year.
In addition to the Town's Fire/EMS staff, there is a paramedic stationed within the Town seven
days a week. The paramedic operates out of the Fire/EMS facility, but all equipment and
compensation for the paramedic is paid by Carteret County. It should be noted that this
paramedic does not just serve Pine Knoll Shores, but may be dispatched to incidents
throughout the county.
There are currently four 9l l command centers located throughout Carteret County. These call
centers are located in Emerald Isle, Atlantic Beach, Morehead City, and Beaufort. Emergency
calls occurring within Pine Knoll Shores are dispatched through the central command center
located in Beaufort.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 63 SECTION V

The Insurance Services Office (ISO) makes an independent evaluation of many departments
every ten years or when major changes have occurred. Many insurance companies use the ISO
rating as one factor in setting the amount of premium that is paid on aparticular property.
Departments are rated from a Class 1 (the best) to Class 10 (unprotected). The Insurance
Services Office (ISO) rating for the Town of Pine Knoll Shores is 6.
5. Administration
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is governed by a Council -Manager form of government. The
Town's personnel are broken down into five defined departments including: Administration,
Police, Fire/EMS and Emergency Management, Planning/Inspections, and Public Service. The
Town currently employs 20 full-time employees. Pine Knoll Shores has five acting Town
Commissioners, and maintains an active Planning Board, Board of Adjustment, Community
Appearance Commission, and Recreational Advisory. Committee. .
6. Water Svstem
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores owns and'operates 94,288 linear feet of water line, two elevated
storage tanks, and four wells within the Town. The Town purchased the system from Carolina
Water Service on September 27, 2005. The locations of all. water lines, storage tanks, and wells
within Pine Knoll Shores are shown on Map 12:. The Town's water system is permitted for a
maximum capacity of 1.2 million gallons per day (mgd). Through operation of the Town's
existing four well sites, the Town's system is capable of producing approximately 982,000
gallons of treated potable water per day. Consumption of the Town's water resources varies.
substantially from winter months to peak summer months. During peak summer months, the
Town utilizes approximately 680,000 gallons per day (.68 mgd) comprising approximately 58%
of the Town's total permitted water system capacity. This demand drops to as low as 244,000
gallons per day (.24 mgd) during winter months.
The water supplied to Pine Knoll Shores is gathered from wells, which are tapped into the
Castle Hayne Aquifer running beneath portions of Carteret County. The Castle Hayne aquifer,
underlying the eastern half of the North Carolina coastal plain, is the most productive aquifer
in the state and the primary water source for the Town. It is primarily limestone and sand. The
Castle Hayne aquifer is noted for its thickness (more than 300 feet in places) and the ease of
water movement within it, both of which contribute to high well yields. It lies fairly close to the
surface toward the south and west, deepening rapidly toward the east.
T. Sewer System
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores relies on a combination of private septic tank systems and
package treatment plants for wastewater treatment. A majority of single-family homes utilize
private septic tank systems. While these systems are suitable for moderate density residential
development, these systems are not suitable for high density developments.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 64 SEGUON v

B
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G U E
►l
v
O
S
J
A T L A N T I C
Legend
Corporate Limits Existing Wells
Hydrology ® Well Sites
Water Lines Community Facilities
® Water Tank Fire and EMS Station
�
- YII Town Hall
J
O C E A N
0 1,150 2,300
1 inch = 1,700 feet
I IF
4,600 6,90(
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Iland Planners, Inc. Existinq Municipal Infrastructure Page 65

Within Pine Knoll Shores, privately -owned central collection, treatment, and disposal systems
are being utilized by high density and multi -family developments. These systems consist of
mechanical package plants for wastewater treatment with land disposal of the effluent
accomplished through nitrification line, rotary distributors, or low pressure disposal fields.
These privately -operated package treatment plants are permitted and regulated by Carteret
County Department of Environmental Health (DEH). Table 35 provides a listing of all package
treatment plants within Pine Knoll Shores, including their capacity and condition. The
information regarding the condition of the plants was provided by Carteret County DEH.
Table 35. Pine Knoll Shores Package Treatment and Disposal Systems
Capacity
Complex
(GPD)
Operator
Type
Condition
Ameri-Suites
13,800
Don O'Mara
Subsurface-LPP
New System
Coral Bay West
10,000
Kevin Mullineux
Subsurface -Siphon-
Older System
Conversion Lines
Pine Knoll Townes II
11,040
Don O'Mara
Subsurface-LPP
Older System
Ocean Terrace
12,000
Don O'Mara
Subsurface -Conversion Lines
Older System
Genesis
30,500
Ernie Guthrie
Rotor Fields
Older System
Oceans
6,000
Don O'Mara
Subsurface -Conversion Lines
In Good Working Order
Whaler Inn
20,000
Dan Fortin
Subsurface-LPP
Fairly New System
Beach Walk Villas
17,340
Don O'Mara
Subsurface -Conversion Lines
Older System
Bogue Shore Club
12,000
Chuck Barnes
Subsurface-LPP
Older System
McGinnis Point
30,600
Don O'Mara
Subsurface-LPP
Drain Field Recently
Replaced
Beacons Reach
135,000
Don O'Mara
Re-Use/Spray Irrigation
In Good Working Order
Source: Carteret County Department of Environmental Health.
As noted, the systems above are responsible for treating high density multi -family
developments. Private septic tanks are relied upon for the treatment of waste from individual
housing units. According to the Carteret County DEH, there are no recurring septic tanks
problems. One concern of the County Health Department is that as redevelopment occurs
higher density development will take place and will potentially create problems with respect
to water treatment due to the lack of land available for utilization as a drain field. In order to
address this issue, many developers are moving toward new septic tank technologies. The
new systems are supposed to extend the life of a drain field, can be used in poor soil
conditions, take less space than standard septic systems, and are supposed to be better for the
environment. The establishment of a central sewer system within Pine Knoll Shores is not
viewed as a feasible option at this point. Sewage treatment will be discussed further in the
future demands and policy statement sections of the plan.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 66 SECTION V

8. Solid Waste
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores contracts out its solid waste collection services to Waste
Industries. Town residents pay for this service through their annual tax bill. Curb side trash
collection runs once per week for household waste and bi-weekly for recyclables. Yard debris
is removed once per month. All trash and debris collected by Waste Industries is taken to the
Tri-County Landfill located near Tuscarora in Craven County. This facility serves Carteret,
Pamlico, and Craven Counties, and was opened in 1994. The Tri-County Landfill currently has
one cell that is at capacity, one that is being utilized, and a third is being constructed.
According to 2003 estimates, the landfill has the capacity to operate for approximately 30 more
years.
9. Schools
The school age population of Pine Knoll Shores is served by the Carteret County School
System. All schools serving the area are located on the mainland of Carteret County. Bus
service provides transportation to and from these schools on a daily basis. Table 36 provides
a summary of the schools serving Pine Knoll Shores, along with some general statistics about
those facilities. All schools have recreational facilities in place to serve students. The Coastal
Carolina Boys and Girls Club was recently constructed near Morehead City Primary School.
This facility offers an after school program throughout the school year, as well as summer
activities and programs.
Table 36. Pine Knoll Shores Educational Facilities
School
Enrollment
Staff
Recreational Facilities
Morehead City Primary (PreK - 3)
681
120
Playground, Indoor Gym
Morehead City Elementary (4 - 5)
302
45
Full Size Gym, Multi -purpose Room,
Playground, General Open Athletic Field
Morehead City Middle (6 - 8)
582
66
Indoor Gym, Soccer Field, Softball Field
West Carteret High School (9 - 12)
1,198
134
Gym, Athletic Fields, Track
Source: Carteret County Schools.
In addition to the Carteret County School System, there are several private schools that are
available to the school aged population of Pine Knoll Shores. The following table provides a
listing of these schools and their respective student body population.
Table 37. Pine Knoll Shores Area Private Schools
School Grades Student Population
Beaufort Christian Academy PreK - 12 108
Tiller School*
Cape Lookout Marine Science School*
Carteret Academy
St. Egbert Elementary School
*These are designated charter schools.
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
K-6 104
9-12 116
5-12 67
K-9 134
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 67 SECTION V

Higher education is offered for Pine Knoll Shores citizens through Carteret Community
College, located in Morehead City. The school offers more than 100 courses, and students can
pursue programs leading to a certificate, diploma, or associate degree. East Carolina
University is a major four-year university, and is part of the University of North Carolina system.
The university is located in Greenville, North Carolina, roughly 100 miles from Pine Knoll
Shores.
10. Recreation
Since development of the Town's 1996 CAMA Land Use Plan, Pine Knoll Shores has worked
very diligently to establish a number of public beach access points. At the time the 1996 plan
was adopted, the Town did not have any public accesses. At this time, the Town has
established five public beach access points with plans for additional access points in
accordance with Army Corps of Engineer requirements. The locations of the public, private,
and state-owned access points are shown on Map 13. Aside from the natural recreational
resources that are so prominent in Pine Knoll Shores, there are also several other outdoor
activities available to Town citizens and visitors. There is a semi -private golf course and tennis
facility located within the eastern portion of Town, which is open to the public. The Town is
interested in establishing some additional recreation opportunities, and identified this as a key
issue at the Town's public input meeting. The Board of Commissioners has created the
Recreation Advisory Committee to study future needs. The need for a central recreation facility
will be discussed further in the future demands and policy statement sections of the plan.
11. Electric Service
Electric service within Pine Knoll Shores is provided by the Carteret -Craven Electric
Cooperative. This organization is one of 27 electric cooperatives throughout North Carolina.
There are currently 2,613 customers within Pine Knoll Shores being served by Carteret -Craven
Electric Cooperative.
12. Telephone/Cable Service
Telephone service within Pine Knoll Shores is provided by EMBARQ Corporation, and cable
television service is provided by Time Warner Cable.
13. Wireless Providers
Cellular telephone service is available through all major carriers in Pine Knoll Shores. The
most common service providers serving the area are as follows: Alltel, AT&T, Sprint PCS, US
Cellular, and Verizon. There are cellular antenna located within the Town's planning
jurisdiction; on top of a water tower and on top of the Clamdigger Inn.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 68 SECTION V

v
B O
O S
G U E
UK
00- Legend
OCorporate Limits + State Owned Site
Hydrology i Association Owned Access Sites
Public Beach Access Sites
rPublic Water Access
Parking
Proposed Public Water Access
Proposed Parking
ZYCAV
olland Planners, Inc.
ATLANTIC OCEAN
MAP 13
Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
Beach Access Sites
1 inch = 1,700 feet
Feet
0 1,150 2,300 4,600 6,900
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration,
Page 69

14. High Speed Internet
High speed internet service providers serving Pine Knoll Shores residents include the
following: Starfish Internet, CoastalNet, Time Warner Cable (Roadrunner), and Embarq.
15. Stormwater Management
a. Introduction
Stormwater is pure rainwater plus anything the rain carries along with it. In urban areas,
rain that falls on the roof of a house, or collects on paved areas like driveways, roads, and
footpaths is carried away through a system of pipes that is separate from the sewerage system.
Unlike sewage, stormwater is not treated. In some cases it's filtered through traps, usually
located at the end of the pipe system, but it still flows directly from streets and gutters into the
canal, Bogue Sound, and ocean. Straight from the street to waterways inhabited by fish and
other aquatic animals and plants in these estuarine environments. There are three main types
of stormwater pollution: litter, such as cigarette butts, cans, paper or plastic bags; chemical
pollution, such as detergents, oil or fertilizers; and 'natural' pollution, such as leaves, garden
clippings, or animal droppings. According to the Carteret County Health Department, the most
significant problem with respect to pollutants in stormwater runoff is pet and animal waste.
b. Existing Drainage Problems
Overall stormwater drainage is not a significant problem within Pine Knoll Shores.
There is, however, a low-lying area situated between portions of Cedar Road and the eastern
extent of the Town's corporate limits. This area is centrally located between Cypress Drive to
the north and Salter Path Road to the south. This area experiences heavy ponding of water, and
in some cases floods during heavy rain events. The boundaries of this stormwater drainage
problem area is shown on Map 14. The Town will continue to address drainage and stormwater
runoff through updated ordinances and regulations.
C. Water Quality Problems
Stormwater runoff is a significant problem with respect to water quality. Water quality
within and adjacent to the corporate limits of Pine Knoll Shores has been discussed in detail in
the Natural Systems Analysis (Page 41) and Environmental Conditions (Page 48) sections of the
plan. Pine Knoll Shores is currently in the process of planning to update its stormwater
management policies. These policies will address collection, treatment, and disposal.
Addressing these problems through development of enhanced stormwater management
policies will help to reduce the impact the Town's runoff is having on the waters of Bogue
Sound.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 70 SECTION V

0
G U E
Legend
Corporate Limits
Hydrology
Areas of Stormwater Concern
� J
olland Consulting Planners, Inc.
tY
eoe BOG
F c
o +
MAP 14
'-Ine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
Areas of Stormwater Concern
I,VVV L, VVV
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
N
W - E
s
Page 71
i

d. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) Regulations
The EPA has begun implementation of Phase II of the National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES). These policies apply to municipalities with populations greater
than 10,000 and with densities of 1,000 per square mile. For municipalities that meet these
parameters, submittal of a stormwater management plan is required. Phase II regulations
apply to all entities that meet these criteria based on both the 1990 and 2000 census. This will
apply only if the entity is operating a Small MS4 (Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer
System). MS4's are defined as a publicly -owned conveyance or system of conveyances
designed or used for collecting and conveying stormwater. MS4's are not combined with
sewer and are not part of a publicly -owned treatment facility. At this time, the Town of Pine
Knoll Shores is not required to meet the new EPA Phase II Stormwater Management Program
regulations.
Pine Knoll Shores is moving ahead with proactive efforts in anticipation of Phase II
and/or Division of Coastal Management regulations.
e. Construction Activities
Stormwater runoff from construction activities can have a significant impact on water
quality, contributing sediment and other pollutants exposed at construction sites. The NPDES
Stormwater Program requires operators of both large and small construction sites to obtain
authorization to discharge stormwater under a NPDES construction stormwater permit. In 1990,
the Phase I Stormwater Management Program regulations addressed large construction
operations that disturbed five (5) or more acres of land. The NPDES program also addresses
small construction activities - those that disturb less than five (5) acres of land - which were
included in the Phase II final rule. Construction activities that disturb over one (1) acre of land
are required to develop and implement a stormwater pollution prevention plan specifically
designed for the construction site. The development implementations of the plan follow the
basic phases listed below:
(1) Site Planning and Design Development Phase
(2) Assessment Phase
(3) Control Selection/Design Phase
(4) Certification/Verification/Approval Phase
(5) Implementation/Construction Phase
(6) Final Stabilization/Termination Phase
f. North Carolina Shoreline Buffering
In August 2000, the State of North Carolina developed a 30 foot buffering rule for all new
development in the 20 coastal counties governed by the Coastal Area Management Act
(CAMA). This rule applies to all navigable waters, excluding the ocean, which has previously
established setback requirements. The development of this buffer does not restrict the
construction of water dependent structures, such as docks and boat ramps. The benefits of the
buffering include the following:
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 72 SECTION V

(1) Flood Control - by reducing the velocity and providing a collection area for
stormwater runoff and precipitation. Buffers encourage water infiltration into the
ground, rather than flooding low-lying areas.
(2) Groundwater Recharge - buffers are also beneficial to recharging the ground
water supply and promoting groundwater flow.
(3) Soil Erosion Prevention - vegetated buffers stabilize the soil and reduce
sedimentation.
(4) Conservation of Coastal Riparian Wildlife Habitats -these natural areas provide
breeding, nesting, and habitat, and protect wildlife from predication. Vegetated
buffers help increase the diversity of wildlife while providing site for foraging
and corridors for dispersal.
E. LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS
A thorough analysis of all impediments to development, as well as existing community
facilities, has been completed in the preceding sections. All of these variables factor into
suitability for development for a specific piece of property. In order to assess what affect the
various man-made and environmental constraints will have on development throughout Pine
Knoll Shores, an overlay analysis was performed. This overlay analysis is a Geographic
Information System (GIS)-based process geared toward evaluating the suitability of land for
development. The procedure is very similar to the practice developed by Ian McHarg, in
which geospatial data layers are referenced to each other in an effort to determine what
portions of a land mass appear to be the most favorable sites for a specific land use.
The overall process utilized Arcview GIS software with the Spatial Analyst extension along with
data layers provided by the North Carolina Center for Geographic Information and Analysis
(NCGLA) . The analysis takes into consideration a number of factors, including natural systems
constraints, compatibility with existing land uses and development patterns, existing land use
policies, and the availability of community facilities. The end product of this analysis is a land
suitability map that shows underutilized land that is suited or not suited for development (see
Map 15). This map can be used as a foundation for the discussion and formation of Town -wide
land use policy and should be compared to the future land use map.
Land suitability analysis involves the application of criteria to the landscape to assess where
land is most and least suitable for development of structures and infrastructure. A computer
application is not essential for this analysis, but greatly simplifies the process. There are eight
key steps to completing the overlay analysis:
(1) Define criteria for the analysis
(2) Define data needed
(3) Determine what GIS analysis operations should be performed
(4) Prepare the data
(5) Create a model
(6) Run the model
(7) Analyze results
(8) Refine model as needed
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 73 SECTION V

All of these steps have been completed, and as noted above, the end product is displayed on
Map 15. There were no additions or adjustments to the default layer sets and weighting factors
provided by the Division of Coastal Management to the Town for the existing land suitability
analysis map. Prior to producing the map, data was compiled and each data layer in
conjunction with criteria was assigned a weight. The Town was then divided into one -acre
squares. Each of these one -acre squares of land was given a score based on how that
respective piece of property related to each data layer. The score for each data layer was
multiplied against that given layer's weight. The scores for each layer were added together
to determine a suitability rating for that one -acre square of property. The suitability rating falls
into four primary categories: least suitable, low suitability, medium suitability, and high
suitability.
The following table summarizes all data layers used, including the criteria and weight assigned
to each layer.
Table 38. Pine Knoll Shores Land Suitability Analysis Criteria Table
Layer Name
Least
Suitable
Criteria and Rating
Low Medium
Suitability Suitability
High
Suitability
Assigned
Weight
0
-2
1
+2
Coastal Wetlands
Exclusion*
Inside
—
Outside
—
Exceptional & Substantial Non-
Exclusion*
Inside
—
Outside
—
Coastal Wetlands
Estuarine Waters
Exclusion*
Inside
--
Outside
—
Protected Lands
Exclusion*
Inside
--
Outside
—
Storm Surge Areas
Weighted
—
Inside
--
Outside
2
Soils (Septic Limitations)
Weighted
--
Severe
Moderate
Slight
2
Flood Zones
Weighted
—
Inside
--
Outside
2
HQW/ORW Watersheds
Weighted
—
Inside
--
Outside
1
Natural Heritage Areas
Weighted
—
<500'
--
>500'
1
Hazardous Substance Disposal
Weighted
--
<500'
--
>500'
1
Sites
NPDES Sites
Weighted
--
<500'
—
>500'
1
Wastewater Treatment Plants
Weighted
—
<500'
--
>500'
1
Discharge Points
Weighted
--
<500'
--
>500'
1
Land Application Sites
Weighted
--
<500'
--
>500'
1
Developed Land
Weighted
--
> 1 mi
..5 - 1 mi
<.5 mi
1
Roads
Weighted
—
> 1 mi
.5 - 1 mi
<.5 mi
2
Water Pipes
Weighted
—
>.5 mi
.25 - .5 mi
<.25 mi
3
Sewer Pipes
Weighted
--
>.5 mi
.25 - .5 mi
<.25 mi
3
*Data layers that are slated as exclusion have a
suitability of 0 or 1, meaning
that if a
specific one -acre piece of
property falls within one of these areas, it is automatically considered least suitable for
development.
Source: NCGIA and CAMA.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 74 SECTION V

0 03020106030080
14 03020106030082
O 0
G U E S �rrr rr, rr 11 r
Legend
Corporate Limits
14-Digit Hydrologic Code
Hydrology
Land Suitabilty
Least Suitable
Low Suitability
Moderate Suitability
High Suitability
MAP 15
Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
Land Suitability Analysis
1 inch = 1,625 feet
Feet
4,000 6,000
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
N
W� l r
S.
Page 75
,f-jolland Planners, Inc.

Overall, land in Pine Knoll Shores is moderately suitable for development. Table 39 provides
a summary of land suitability acreage based on the results of the overlay analysis.
Table 39. Pine Knoll Shores Acreage
Suitability
Acreage
% of Total
Least Suitable
413
28.1 %
Low Suitability
215
14.6%
Medium Suitability
720
49.0%
High Suitability
120
8.2%
Total
1,468
100.0%
Source: Holland Consulting Planners (April, 2003); North Carolina Center for Geographic Information and Analysis.
F. CURRENT PLANS, POLICIES, AND REGULATIONS
1. Town of Pine Knoll Shores Code of Ordinances
Land development within Pine Knoll Shores is regulated by a Code of Ordinances. The Code
of Ordinances was last updated and adopted by the Board of Commissioners on May 13, 2008.
The ordinance is a comprehensive approach to controlling land development within the
corporate limits of Pine Knoll Shores. The following provides a summary of the Town's
ordinances that pertain to development or environmentally sensitive areas.
a. Zoning
On the Town's official zoning map, 13 zoning districts are established for the corporate
limits. Pine Knoll Shores does not have any extraterritorial jurisdiction. Specific requirements
are set forth regarding permitted uses in each district as well as the minimum lot sizes, yard
setbacks, and building heights. Map 16 and Table 40 provide the location and acreage figures
of all zoning districts within Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction. The two largest zoning
districts within the Town's planning jurisdiction are R-2 and REC3. These two districts account
for 45% of Pine Knoll Shores' total jurisdiction. Fifty-eight percent (57.7%) of Pine Knoll Shores
is zoned residential use, 8.8% is zoned for non-residential uses, and 33.5% is zoned for
recreational uses. For a detailed description of each of the zoning districts provided in this
table, refer to the Town's current Code of Ordinances.
Table 40. Pine Knoll Shores - Zoning
Districts
Acres
% of Total
Residential
742.9
57.7%
R-1
126.1
9.8%
R-2
280.8
21.8%
R-3
38.1
3.0%
R-4
35.7
2.8%
MF1
53.6
4.2%
M172
208.6
16.2 %
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 76 SECTION V

Table 40 (continued)
Non -Residential
C
INSTIT
MS
OP
Recreation
REC1
REC2
REC3
TOTAL
113.6
8.8%
7.8
0.6%
51.3
4.0%
45.2
3.5%
9.3
0.7%
431.5
33.5%
24.9
8.0%
103.2
1.9%
303.4
23.6%
1,288.0*
100.0%
*This figure does not include water or right-of-ways.
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc., and Town of Pine Knoll Shores.
b. Subdivision Regulations
The subdivision regulations for the Town of Pine Knoll Shores are intended to contain
all criteria pertaining to the subdivision of individual tracts of land into smaller lots. This
ordinance is intended to establish sound and orderly development principles in an effort to
prevent overcrowding and integrate future developments into the Town's existing road and
utility infrastructure network. The subdivision regulations also contain provisions requiring the
establishment of right-of-way easements required for public utilities installation.
C. Stormwater Management Ordinance
An ordinance is currently under consideration which will require all proposed
construction within the Town of Pine Knoll Shores to submit a stormwater management plan for
review and approval by the Town's building inspector. The ordinance is intended to ensure
that individual property owners are responsible for managing stormwater. Properly
addressing the issue of stormwater will help minimize the impact that construction will have
on adjacent properties, as well as water quality within Bogue Sound and the Atlantic Ocean.
d. Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is a standard member of the National Flood Insurance
Program (NFIP). The NFIP has recently completed updated floodplain maps for Carteret
County. The new maps were adopted on July 16, 2003. The floodplain maps have been
discussed in the Natural Systems Analysis section of the plan (page 23).
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 77 SECTION V

B
O
G U E
Legend
v
O
S
OCorporate Limits
MF2 R-4
Hydrology
S
MS REC1
Zoning Classification
S
OP REC2
C
R-1 S REC3
INSTIT
R-2
MF1
S
R-3
ol� Consulting Planners, Inc.
ATLANTIC OCEAN
MAP 16
Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
Zoning Classification
1 inch = 1,700 feet
0 1,050 2,100 4,200
--J Feet
6,300
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
R
O
Page 78

In accordance with regulations under the NFIP, Pine Knoll Shores adopted a Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance. The purpose of this ordinance is as follows:
(1) Restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health, safety, and
property due to water or erosion hazards, or which result in damaging.
increase in erosion, flood heights or velocities;
(2) Require that uses vulnerable to floods,- including facilities which serve
such uses, be protected against flood damage at the time of initial
construction;
(3) Control the alteration of natural floodplains, stream channels, and natural
protective barriers which are involved in the accommodation of flood.
waters;
.(4) Control filling, grading, dredging, and all other development which may
increase erosion or flood damage; and,
.(5) Prevent or regulate the construction of. flood barriers which will
unnaturally divert floodwaters or which may. increase flood hazards to
other lands.
e. Public Waters and Boats Ordinance
This Town ordinance governs the construction of piers and docking facilities within the
Town's planning jurisdiction. The ordinance specifies the allowable location and volume of
private docking facilities for both single-family developments, as well as multi -family
developments. This ordinance also sets forth rules and regulations pertaining to use of the
Town's canal network. This portion of the ordinance addresses issues such as anchoring,
speed, discharging and dumping, etc.
f. Beaches and Dunes Ordinance
This Town ordinance addresses the issue of vehicular access to the ocean beach running
along Pine Knoll Shores. The ordinance specifies who is eligible for these permits, and outlines
the process required to obtain a permit. This ordinance also provides provisions relating to
general beach use regulations, parking restrictions; and restrictions against bulldozing on the
beach.
2. NC State Buildincr Code
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores utilizes the North Carolina State Building Code to oversee the.
erection of all structures within its planning jurisdiction. The Town employs a full-time building
inspector and an administrative assistant to oversee the inspections process.
The minimum use standards, provisions, and requirements for safe and stable design, methods
of construction, and usage of materials in buildings and structures erected, enlarged, altered,
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 79 SECTION V

repaired, moved, converted to other uses, or demolished, and the equipment, maintenance,
use, and occupancy of all buildings and structures in the Town, are regulated in accordance.
'with the terms of the North Carolina State Building Code.
It should be noted that when the State of North Carolina recently adopted the International
Building Code, a provision related to wind driven debris was eliminated. Because of this, the
Town's Insurance Services Office (ISO) rating would potentially drop from a 6 to an 8. This
would affect insurance rates throughout the Town's jurisdiction. The Town is currently working
in conjunction with other jurisdictions to establish a means of locally adopting the wind driven
debris regulations.
3. Hazard Mitigation Plan
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores adopted a Hazard Mitigation Plan (HMP)' on September 14, 2004.
The HMP was completed in response to new federal legislation established under the Disaster
Mitigation Act of 2000. The federal law states that all governmental entities, including counties.
and municipalities must have an adopted hazard mitigation. plan in order to receive public
assistance money following a natural disaster. The Pine Knoll Shores hazard mitigation plan
details the Town's vulnerability to various natural hazards. The HMP also establishes goals,
policies, and implementing actions that the Town will carry out to address the issue of hazard
mitigation, and make Pine Knoll Shores more prepared to deal with the effects of natural
disasters. The HMP in its entirety is available for public review at the Pine Knoll Shores Town
Hall and is incorporated herein by reference. The plan's mitigation strategies and polices are
provided in Appendix W.
4. Review of the Pine Knoll Shores 1996 CAMA Land Use Plan
In 1996, Pine Knoll Shores completed its current CAMA land use plan update. The Coastal
Resources Commission certified this document on July 25, 1997. The current plan addresses
a variety of issues, with a focus on transportation, community development, economic
development, and hazard mitigation. This. document has served as the Town's primary land
use management guide since its adoption by the Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners
on June 10, 1997.
The 1996 Town of Pine Knoll Shores CAMA Land Use Plan included 79 specific policy
statements, and a detailed summary of the Town's storm hazard mitigation procedures, post -
disaster recovery operations, and evacuation plans. Of the 79 policy statements, 64 have been
accomplished, and are listed below. There are 15 policy statements from the 1996 plan which
have not been carried out. These are also listed below, and those actions that have not been
completed will be revised and addressed in the policy action section of this plan. This list
(pages 81 to 89) is a verbatim reproduction of the text from the 1996 Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan; there are duplications in the text. Some of these statements are inconsistent.
with current circumstances and requirements.. However, they were not changed in order to
accurately reflect the contents of the 1996 plan.
Pine. Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 80 SECTION V

ACCOMPLISHED
1. Enforce all current regulations of the N.C. State Building Code and support Carteret
County Health Department in all matters relating to septic tank installation/replacement
in areas with soils restrictions.
2. Coordinate all. development activity with appropriate county and state regulatory
personnel.
3. Pine Knoll Shores will insist that the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers provide stringent
regulation/enforcement of the 404 wetlands permit process in Pine Knoll Shores, and
will cooperate with them in the regulation/enforcement process. This will include
wetlands identified as being of the highest functional significance on maps supplied by
the Division of Coastal Management. Development must be consistent with Chapter 21,
Section 7.10 c. (a) of the Town Code.
4. Pine Knoll Shores will maintain low -density residential development (4 dwelling _
units/acre or less in single-family residential areas, and 8 dwelling units or less per acre
in multi -family residential areas) in order to decrease soil contamination and
groundwater pollution from septic tanks.
5. , Pine Knoll Shores will coordinate any development within the special flood hazard area
with the North Carolina Division of Coastal Management, FEMA, and the U.S. Corps of
Engineers.
6. Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its existing zoning and flood . damage
prevention ordinances and follow the storm hazard mitigation plan. (See Storm Hazard
Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans).
7. The Town will continue to support and implement the community rating system which
allows for reduced flood insurance rates.
8. It is the policy of Pine Knoll Shores to conserve its surficial groundwater resources by
supporting CAMA and N.C. Division of Water Quality stormwater runoff regulations,
and by coordinating local development activities involving chemical storage or
underground storage tank installation/abandonment with Carteret County Emergency
Management personnel and the Groundwater Section of the N.C. Division of Water .
Quality:
9. Pine Knoll Shores is concerned with the overall quality of the surface waters within the
White Oak River watershed. The Town will support regional and multi -jurisdictional
efforts to improve and protect water quality.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 81 SECTION V

10. Pine Knoll Shores will support planning by the Carolina Water Service and the Town .
itself for an adequate long- range water supply. Public and private water conservation
efforts will be encouraged.
11. Pine Knoll Shores supports public acquisition/ownership of the water system serving
the Town.
12. Pine Knoll Shores recognizes the value of water quality maintenance to the protection.
of fragile areas and to the provision of clean water for recreational purposes. The Town
will support existing state regulations relating to stormwater runoff resulting from
development (Stormwater Disposal Policy 1S NCAC 2H.00 1-. 1003).
13. To improve stormwater drainage, Pine Knoll Shores will pursue the development of a
Town -wide stormwater control ordinance. Drainage from developed land areas shall
have rate of flow and volume characteristics as near to predevelopment conditions as
reasonable.
14. Pine Knoll Shores encourages the use of monitored pilot projects using advanced
technology to treat stormwater runoff.
15. Pine Knoll Shores will coordinate the regulation of underground storage tanks with the
North Carolina Division of Water Quality. Pine Knoll Shores will support 15A North
Carolina Administrative Code (NCAC) 2N, Sections .0100 -.0800 which includes the
criteria and standards applicable to underground storage tanks.
16.. With the exception of bulk fuel storage tanks used for retail sales, and individual
heating fuel storage tanks, Pine Knoll Shores opposes the bulk storage of manmade
hazardous materials within its jurisdiction..
17.- Pine Knoll Shores is opposed to the establishment of toxic waste dump. sites or
incinerators within Carteret County.
18. Coordinate all housing code enforcement/redevelopment projects with the N.C.
Division of Archives and History, to ensure that any significant architectural details or
buildings are identified and preserved.
19. Coordinate all Town public works projects` with.the N.C. Division of Archives and
History, to ensure the identification and preservation of significant archaeological sites.
20. No industrial development of any type, shall be located within Pine Knoll Shores'
planning jurisdiction. This policy is supported by the Town's zoning ordinance:
21. Pine Knoll Shores will support the construction of package treatment plants which do
not discharge waste in any areas classified as coastal wetlands,or freshwater wetlands
(404) and are approved and permitted by State Division of Water Quality and by the
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 82 SECTION V

Carteret County Health Department/Division of Health Services. If any package plants
are approved, Pine Knoll Shores supports requirement of a specific contingency plan
specifying how ongoing private operation and maintenance of the plant will be.,
provided.
22. Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of both upland and open water marinas
within its planning jurisdiction. Modifications to . an existing marina (including the
development of additional boat.slips) are allowed, provided the external boundaries
of the marina are not affected.
23. The construction of all docks and piers shall minimize or eliminate adverse effects on
coastal wetlands and subaquatic vegetation.
24. Existing marinas, docks and piers may be reconstructed to their prior size so long as
all other applicable policies of. this plan are satisfied and met when reconstruction
occurs.
25. Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction ,of dry stack storage facilities for boats
associated with or independent of marinas. This policy will be supported through the
Town's zoning ordinance. .
26. Pine Knoll Shores is concerned with the potential for the development of mooring fields. The Town opposes the development of mooring fields and will. investigate the
development of an ordinance to regulate the establishment of mooring fields.
27. Pine Knoll Shores will support only uses within the ocean hazard areas which are
allowed by 15A NCAC 7H and are consistent with the Town's zoning and dune and
vegetation protection ordinances.
28. Pine Knoll Shores supports beach nourishment and relocation as the preferred erosion
control measures for ocean hazard areas.
29. The Town objects to the construction of permanent shoreline stabilization structures in
ocean hazard areas and any changes in state standards which would allow. such
structures:
30. Except for ocean hazard areas, Pine Knoll Shores does not oppose bulkhead
construction within its jurisdiction as long as construction fulfills the use standards set
forth in 15A NCAC 7H. The Town is opposed to bulkhead construction in ocean hazard
areas.
31. Pine Knoll Shores will continue to receive and review reports on sea level rise and
revise as necessary all local building and land use related ordinances to establish
setback standards, long-term land use plans, density controls, buffer vegetation
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 83 SECTION V

protection requirements, and building designs which will facilitate the movement of
structures.
32. Pine Knoll Shores will allow the construction of bulkheads which satisfy 15A NCAC 7H
in allnon-ocean hazard areas to protect structures and property from rising sea level.
33. All of Pine Knoll Shores' maritime forests which are classified as conservation are
located in the Roosevelt Natural Area and the Town -owned property located south of
Roosevelt Boulevard. There are no other significant areas of maritime forests located
within the Town. Except for the North Carolina Aquarium, no development will be
allowed.
34. Pine Knoll Shores supports addressing the following issues in the development of the
White Oak Basinwide Management Plan:
Long-term Growth Management
-- Wastewater management (non -discharge, regionalization, ocean outfall).
-- Urban stormwater runoff/water quality.
-- Role of local land use planning. =
Shellfish Water Closures
-- Increases in number of acres closed.
Examine link between growth and closures.
-- Opportunities for restoration and prevention.
Animal Operation Waste Management
-- Between 1990-1994, swine population in the White Oak Basin more than doubled.
Nutrients/Toxic Dinoflagellate
-- Reduction in nitrogen and phosphorous levels. .
35. The Pine Knoll Shores Planning Department will undertake a review of all local land use
regulationordinances to determine if revisions should be undertaken to respond to
specific water quality management problems.
36.. All lands classified as conservation and natural recreation areas are considered
valuable passive recreation areas. Except as otherwise provided for in these policy.
statements, these areas shall be protected in their natural state, and development
should not be allowed.
37. Pine Knoll Shores supports the state's shoreline access policies as set forth in Chapter
15A, Subchapter 7M of the North Carolina Administrative Code. The Town will conform
to CAMA and other state and federal environmental regulations affecting the
development of shoreline access areas. The Town will prepare. a shoreline access plan
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 84 SECTION V

and seek funding as necessary for the construction of additional shoreline access
facilities.
38. Aquaculture is considered the cultivation of aquatic plants and animals under controlled
conditions. Pine Knoll Shores objects to any discharge of water from aquaculture
activities that will degrade in any way the receiving waters. The Town objects to
withdrawing water from aquifers or surface sources if such withdrawal will endanger
water quality or water supply from'the aquifers or surface sources.
39. Residential and commercial development which meets 15A NCAC 7H use standards,
Pine Knoll Shores zoning requirements, and the policies contained in this plan will be
allowed in estuarine shoreline, estuarine water, and public trust areas.: Industrial
development will be prohibited within Pine Knoll Shores.
40. Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of any privately owned signs in the coastal
wetlands, estuarine waters, and public trust areas. Publicly owned instructional signage
will be.permitted.
41. Pine Knoll Shores will vigorously enforce Chapter 21-3.5 of the Town's zoning ordinance
which establishes stringent requirements for lot clearing. These requirements address.
both the construction of buildings and the clearance of vegetation. Plants of "special
concern" are designated and afforded special protection. The Planning Board will
review local ordinances to determine if amendments should be made to improve the
regulation of lot clearing and the protection of maritime forest areas.
42. With the exception of the construction of signs, marinas, and floating structures, Pine
Knoll Shores supports the use standards for estuarine waters and public trust areas as
specified in 15A NCAC 7H.0208.
43. Pine Knoll Shores reserves the right to review and comment on policies and
requirements of the"- North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries which : govern .
commercial and recreational fisheries and activities, including trawling and netting
activities.
44. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the designation of its beach area. as a sea turtle
sanctuary by the State of North Carolina.
45. Pine Knoll Shores allows' permitted commercial fishing and emergency off -road
vehicles in the beach area. Other vehicles are prohibited by local ordinances.
46. Pine Knoll Shores will support preparation of a long-range study to assess the cost.
quantity and quality of the Town's water supply. The Town will consider acquiring the .
Carolina Water Service Company system. .
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 85 SECTION V

47. In the absence of a waste treatment plant and collection system, Pine Knoll Shores will
support the issuance of permits for the construction of septic tanks for residential,
commercial, and public/semi-public land uses.
48. Pine Knoll Shores encourages work toward denitrification and phosphorous reduction
of all discharges to our estuaries.
49. Pine Knoll Shores encourages the use of monitored pilot projects using advanced
technology for wastewater treatment.
50. Pine Knoll Shores supports Carteret County's participation in a regional multi -county
approach to solid waste management. This includes disposal of solid waste in the Tri-
County Landfill.
51. Pine Knoll Shores will cooperate with any efforts to educate people and businesses on
waste reduction and recycling. The Town vigorously supports recycling and supports
setting up practical collection methods and education efforts to achieve a high degree
of county -wide recycling.
52.. Pine Knoll Shores supports the siting of recyclable collection centers within developed
commercial and developed institutional land classifications.
53. There are no electric generating or other power generating plants located in or
proposed for location within Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction. The Town will not
support the location of permanent energy generating facilities within its jurisdiction
54. Pine Knoll Shores supports Carteret County's policy of reviewing proposals for
development of non-nuclear electric generating plants within Carteret County on a
case -by -case basis, judging the need for the facility by the county against all identified
possible adverse impacts. Pine Knoll Shores objects to all nuclear power plant
construction. The Town reserves the. right to comment on the impacts of any energy
facility proposed for location within Carteret County..
55. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is generally in opposition to offshore drilling for either
oil or natural gas based on the possibility of harmful environmental impacts which can .
result from these efforts. However, in light of current or future advances in the
technology employed in these drilling activities which offer significantly greater
protection for the environment, reasonable and sufficiently technologically advanced
proposals should not be rejected "out of hand".
56. Pine Knoll Shores.opposes industrial development of any type. This policy is supported
by the Town's zoning ordinance.
57. Pine Knoll Shores considers its existing community facilities to be adequate to serve the
Town's needs during the planning period. This policy statement does not apply to water
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 86 SECTION V

and sewer facilities. The Town will investigate the possibility -.of expanding the
Municipal Building meeting room.
58. Pine Knoll Shores is receptive to state and federal programs, particularly those which
provide improvements to the Town. The Town will continue to support fully such
programs, especially the following: North Carolina Department of Transportation road
and bridge improvement as defined by the Transportation policies, the CAMAplanning —
process and permitting programs, -the U:S-Army Corps of Engineers regulatory and
permitting efforts, dredging and channel maintenance by the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, and federal and state projects which provide efficient and safe boat access
for commercial and sport fishing. ,.There is no demand for housing rehabilitation
programs nor housing for low to moderate income families and individuals. However,
the Town does support the construction of housing and care facilities for the elderly.
59. Pine Knoll Shores considers the interstate waterway to be a valuable economic. asset. .
The Town will provide assistance in maintaining the waterway by helping to obtain or
providing dredge spoil sites,and, when possible, providing easements across Town- .
owned property for work.
60. Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities of the North Carolina Division
of Travel and Tourism; specifically, the monitoring of tourism -related industry, and
efforts to promote tourism -related commercial activity.
61. Pine Knoll Shores supports the state's shoreline access policies as set forth in Chapter
15A, Subchapter TM of the North Carolina Administrative Code. The Town will conform
to CAMA and other ,state and federal environmental regulations affecting the
development of shoreline access areas. The Town will prepare a shoreline access plan
and seek funding as necessary for the construction of additional shoreline access
facilities.
62. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not support construction of a third bridge ending
in the Pine Knoll Shores Town limits.
63. Pine. Knoll Shores reserves the right to comment on other specific transportation
improvements.
64.. Through enforcement of local ordinances including zoning, subdivision and the dune
and vegetation ordinance, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores will strive to accomplish the
following growth objectives:
(a) Maintain commercial zoning in areas existing in 1992.
(b) Maintain single-family residential developments at 4 units per acre or less,
multi -family residential _development at 8 dwelling units per acre or less, and
motels/hotels at 22 living units per acre or less.
(c) Prohibit marina development.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 87 SECTION V

(d) Support development of a Town -wide stormwater control ordinance.
(e) Strive to protect the dunes and maritime forest areas.
(f) Ensure an adequate water supply.
NOT ACCOMPLISHED
1
2.
3.
4
Support and cooperate with the efforts of Carteret County to develop a central sewer
system to serve the developed areas of the county, including the municipalities.
Pine Knoll Shores supports the development of a sewage collection system. The Town
would support treatment of waste in a centralized Bogue Banks and/or Carteret County
sewage treatment system.
Pine Knoll Shores is opposed to any widening of U.S. 58 to provide four lanes. The Town
prefers widening to three lanes.
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will support the development of a Town -wide sewer
collection system.
5. Pine Knoll Shores will'support a regional multi -jurisdictional study of the limestone
aquifer underlying Carteret County. Such a study would aid in determining the
optimum locations for wells and the long-term viability of the Town's water supply. The
issue of salt water intrusion should be addressed by the study.
6. Pine Knoll Shores will encourage and support water conservation efforts. Motels and
rental units will be encouraged to post notices encouraging water conservation by
occupants.
7. In Pine Knoll Shores, no storm drains or drainage ditches shall be constructed which .
discharge directly into estuarine waters, public trust waters, or estuarine shorelines.
Some form of water retention area or settling basin must be provided. Discharge into
coastal wetlands is considered acceptable if associated construction and development
does not damage coastal wetland areas.
8. Nutrient -sensitive corridors should be established around all our sounds, bays, and
feeder streams. Special attention should be given to reducing nutrient and sediment
enriched runoff in these areas. The Town will pursue possible methods of controlling
the excess fertilization of lawns. The Town will also pursue a 'public awareness
program. -
9. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports regular testing of the water in the canals located
within the Town. The North Carolina Marine Fisheries Division of Shellfish Sanitation .
has conducted tests for fecal coliform. The Town supports continuation of this. testing
on a regular basis. 'In addition, the Town supports regular testing (at least once per
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan. 88 SECTION V

year) for toxic pollutant levels. The Town will seek funding sources for establishment
of a testing program.
10. Pine Knoll Shores opposes the location of floating structures and vessels for permanent
occupancy in all public trust areas and estuarine waters. The Town will investigate the
development of an ordinance designed to enforce this policy.
__11 Pine Knoll Shores supports development and adoption of a local ordinance by Carteret
County to regulate swine production.
12. The only significant redevelopment issue facing Pine Knoll Shores through 2000 will be
reconstruction following a hurricane'or other natural disaster. The Town will allow the
reconstruction of any structures demolished by natural disaster which will comply with . .
all applicable local and state regulations and the policies contained in this plan. The
Town will not spend any local funds in order to acquire unbuildable lots but will accept
donations of such unbuildable lots. Pine Knoll Shores will work with any owners who
may have to move any threatened structures to safer locations. The Town will support
reconstruction only at densities specified by current zoning regulations.
13. Pine Knoll Shores will support efforts of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and state
officials to provide proper channel maintenance. Usable spoil material for beach
nourishment will be accepted from any dredging operation for spoil taken outside of
Pine Knoll Shores regardless of the location of the service. The Town will work to
provide/locate spoil -sites for dredge spoil taken from within Pine Knoll Shores'
jurisdiction.
14. Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities of the Carteret County Tourism
Development Bureau..
15. Pine Knoll Shores supports the concept of mass transportation as a demonstrated need
develops.

SECTION VI: PLAN FOR THE FUTURE
A. FUTURE DEMANDS
1. Introduction
This portion of the plan will focus on the future needs and demands facing the Town of Pine Knoll
Shores over the course of'the planning period.: Pine Knoll Shores faces a unique set of
challenges to balance increased growth with the protection of the Town's unique atmosphere
and fragile natural environment. The Town has been established and maintained over time with
this problem at the forefront of discussions regarding future growth. Through the development
of goals, policies, and implementing actions, the Town will establish a specific course of action that will assist the citizens and administration to overcome these challenges.
In addition to environmental protection, the Town must also address the provision of public.'
services to a growing permanent and seasonal population base. Every year the number of
available housing units in the Town increases, which has a drastic effect on the number of
individuals that will visit Pine Knoll Shores during peak summer months. Although permanent
Population increase has been modest over the last ten to fifteen years, the popularity of the
Town as a seasonal and vacation destination has substantially increased. This presents the Pine
Knoll Shores' administration with the issue of addressing this growth with adequate police
protection, infrastructure carrying capacity, fire/EMS protection, recreational opportunities, and
transportation facilities.
The goals, policies, and implementing actions section of this plan will address these demands
balanced by protection. of sensitive areas of environmental concern.
2. Housinct Trends
As evidenced by the existing land use survey (page 55) a majority of the land (81 %) within the.
corporate limits of Pine Knoll Shores is comprised of either single-family residential (42%) or
multi -family (39%) housing. Residential development far exceeds any other use in terms of
percentage of total land use. This trend is expected to continue into the future. Most of the land .
within the Town has been subdivided to accommodate 'residential development. The large
tracts of land that remain are mostly adjacent to the Roosevelt Natural Area Maritime Forest.
There is still a great deal of vacant land throughout Pine Knoll Shores; however, a majority of this
land has already been subdivided for residential development. Of the remaining 140 acres of
developable vacant land, approximately 96% is zoned for single-family and multi -family
residential development. It is difficult to predict how rapidly this land will be developed,
although, in recent years residential construction has been steady. Since 1997. Pine Knoll Shores
has issued an average of 23 new residential building permits per year. It is expected that
residential growth and redevelopment will remain consistent throughout the planning period,
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 90 SECTION VI

and that seasonal population will continue to grow as a result of this development. There are
currently no deficiencies in terms of the quality or availability of housing within the Town.
Additionally, build -out of vacant property is not expected to occur during the planning period.
3. Commercial Land Use
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has tried over the years to minimize the.development of retail
commercial establishment within its corporate limits. This is evidenced by the land use survey,
which reports only three commercial properties, all adjacent to each other located on the
eastern corporate limit line. It is not anticipated that there will be an increase in the number of
commercially developed acres within Pine Knoll Shores. Of the 304 vacant developable parcels
remaining in Pine Knoll Shores, only one is currently zoned to allow for . commercial
development.
4. Transportation
There are several transportation related improvements that Pine Knoll Shores will face during
the planning period. The most controversial issue. currently being discussed is a third bridge
that would be utilized to access Bogue Banks from Morehead City. NCDOT has discussed the
construction of this bridge for several years, but has not yet determined where on Bogue Banks ,
the bridge will be located. Residents of Pine Knoll Shores strongly oppose the location of this
new right-of-way within the Town's corporate limits. It is anticipated that this will be a very
controversial issue and debate over the next five years.
There are several right-of-way improvements that the Town will seek to implement over the next
three to five years. These improvements include the following:
► increase the safe flow of traffic along Highway 58
► installation of sidewalk infrastructure is under consideration
► paint beach access crosswalks to reduce driving speeds and make drivers aware
of beach access locations
► installation of bike paths and walking trails
5. Public Land Use
Public land use is not expected to change substantially during the planning period. There have
been discussions of several capital improvementsrelated to recreation that will be discussed
later in this section, however, no significant land acquisitions are anticipated. The Town will
continue to maintain and improve its existing community facilities and public access areas. The
Town is not far from establishing a public beach access site every one-half mile. Installing a
public beach access at this interval is a requirement of the. US Army Corps of Engineers Section
933 beach renourishment program. Pine Knoll Shores will endeavor to meet future Army Corps
of Engineers requirements for shoreline access sites.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 91 SECTION VI

6. Recreation
Pine Knoll Shores residents have quite a few. plans for recreation improvements during the
planning period. The Town has roughly 15 acres of land located adjacent to the property where
the Town Hall is situated. This property is also adjacent to the Roosevelt Natural Area, and a
majority of the acreage has been dedicated to parks and recreation uses. The Town received
a public access grant from the Division of Coastal Management 2006-2007 funding cycle for the
_ site on which the Town Hall is located. Options for utilizing this land include the following:
bicycle paths, walking trails, canoe/kayak access location, and boat/RV storage area. It should
be noted that during the public input meeting held within Pine Knoll Shores, establishing a
public recreational facility was ranked as the second most important issue facing the Town. At
this time, there are no immediate plans to construct this facility; however, discussion regarding
such a facility will continue to take place during the planning period.
Pine Knoll Shores is not generally viewed as a day tourist destination with the exception of the
North Carolina Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores. The Town is an overnight/weekly/monthly
destination. This is in accordance with the original layout of the community and its zoning. As
such, it should support development to meet the .needs of that sort of visitor and population. .
7. ' Water System
Since the initial drafting of this plan, Pine, Knoll Shores has acquired the water system from
Carolina Water Service. No substantial improvements to the plant are planned, but the Town
will consider replacing all existing meters with radio read meters. The Town does anticipate
the need to install an additional well site at some point during the planning period. This will
allow the Town to operate at its maximum permitted water system capacity of 1.2 mgd. It is
anticipated that this water system improvement will cost the Town approximately $500,000. .
8. Sewer System
All Pine Knoll Shores residents and multi -family complexes must utilize on -site wastewater
treatment systems. - It was discussed earlier in the plan that these systems do not pose a threat
to water quality within the jurisdiction of Pine Knoll Shores. The Town does not anticipate a
change in this system.. One concern facing the Town is increased residential densities. If .
redevelopment begins to occur at higher densities, the Town may face problems with respect
to wastewater treatment. The Town will aim to restrict this through strict enforcement of current
zoning code. Residents and officials do fear, however, that installation of a central sewer system
will spur large scale redevelopment projects, thus increasing densities � and increasing.
permanent and seasonal populations substantially. One solution that might be considered is to
establish several regional treatment systems. This could establish a more comprehensive and
hands-on method of dealing with wastewater for the Town.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 92 SECTION VI

9. Administration
The Town does not anticipate any substantial changes to its current administrative structure;
however, there are several needs which should be addressed. The Town has hired a Public
Services Director to oversee Town services. This individual is responsible for maintenance of
the water system which the Town has recently acquired. The Town is also working on some
information technology (IT) improvements that will improve overall efficiency and productivity.
This will assist the Town in reaching its performance and efficiency goals, which continue to be
updated.
10. Police Department and Fire/EMS
No significant changes to either of these departments are anticipated during the planning
period. The Town will seek to address increased traffic problems through the law enforcement
department, but this will not require any personnel changes or equipment upgrades. Within
the Fire/EMS department, the Town will continue to encourage the volunteer effort. The Town
will staff with paid personnel as required and supplement with volunteer efforts. This is a very
valuable resource to the Town, and increasing the number of volunteers will only serve to
provide more comprehensive public safety.: Carteret County has 24/7 coverage with two
paramedics on each shift and is available to provide around the clock support to the Town.
l 1. Stormwater Management
The Town is taking several steps to address the pressing issue of storm drainage within its
corporate limits. Initial steps have been taken to develop a comprehensive stormwater
management program and the Town is closely monitoring state-wide planning efforts. Capital
improvements are still in the planning phase, and there is currently no time frame for their
implementation. An ordinance is in place to address development and storm drainage on
private single-family lots.
B. LAND USE/DEVELOPMENT POLICIES AND IMPLEMENTING ACTIONS
The following policies and implementing actions section is a tool to guide the development and
use of land in Pine Knoll Shores. The policies are meant to support the goals of the Town. It is
also intended that they are consistent with the goals of CAMA, address the CRC management
topics for land use plans, and comply with all state and federal rules and regulations. These
policies and implementing actions will apply to the Town's entire planning jurisdiction. All
policies and implementing actions shall be used for consistency review by appropriate state
and federal agencies.
Resource conservation and impact analysis issues are addressed throughout the policies and
implementing actions included in this plan. However, .the following conservation related
policies and implementing actions are emphasized: .
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 93 SECTION VI

Public Access, page 97.
► Conservation, page 102.
► Stormwater Control, page 103.
► Natural Hazard Areas, page 107.
► Water Quality, Page 110.
► Cultural, Historical, and Scenic Areas, page 115.
The Pine Knoll Shores Planning Board and Board of Commissioners shall consult this plan during
the deliberation of all rezoning requests. The policies and implementing actions of this planand
all applicable CAMA regulations regarding .land use and development will be taken into
consideration during all zoning petitions. Zoning decisions will reflect the policies outlined in
this plan. The following will also be considered during zoning petition deliberations:
► All permissible uses within a zoning district. Rezonings cannot be based on
consideration of only one permissible use or a partial list of the uses allowed
within a zoning district.
► The potential for spot zoning. Rezoning requests will not be approved if the
requested change will result in spot zoning. Spot zoning is a form of
discriminatory zoning whose sole purpose is to serve the private interests of one
or more landowners instead of furthering the welfare of the entire community as
part of an overall zoning plan.
► The likelihood of a zoning decision resulting in a strip development. Strip
developments should be discouraged. These types of developments are
typically commercial, extending along both sides of a major street. Strip
development may severely reduce traffic -carrying capacity of abutting streets .
by allowing for excessive and conflicting curb cuts.,.
► The concept of uniformity. Uniformity should be supported in all zoning
deliberations. Uniformity is a basic premise of zoning, which holds that all land
in similar circumstances should be zoned alike. Any different circumstances
should be carefully balancedwith a demonstrated need for such different
treatment.
► Zoning, regulations should be made in accordance with the Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan and designed:
to lessen congestion in the streets;
— to secure safety from fire, panic, and other dangers;
— to promote health and the general welfare;
— to provide adequate light and air;
to prevent the overcrowding of land;
— to avoid undue concentration of population; and
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 94 5EG1'lUN vi

— to facilitate the adequate provision of transportation, water, sewerage,
schools, parks, and other public requirements.
The regulations shall be made with reasonable consideration, among other
things, as to the character of the district and its peculiar suitability for particular
uses, and with a view to conserving the value of buildings and encouraging the
most appropriate use of land throughout Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction.
► The Planning Board and Board of Commissioners should ask the following
questions:
— Does Pine Knoll Shores need more land in the zone class requested?
— Is there other property in the Town that might be more appropriate for
this use?
Is the request in accordance with the Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan?
Will the request have a serious impact on traffic circulation, parking
space, sewer and water services, and/or other utilities?
Will the request have an impact on other Town services such as police or
fire protection?
— Is there a good possibility that the request, as proposed, will result in
lessening the enjoyment or use of adjacent properties?
- Will the request, as proposed, cause serious noise, odors, light, activity,
or unusual disturbances?
Does the request raise serious legal questions such as spot zoning,
hardship, violation of precedents, or need for this type of use?
— Does the request . adversely impact any CAMA AEC's or other
environmentally sensitive areas including water quality?
The Pine Knoll Shores Land Development Ordinances should be revised from time to time to be
consistent, as reasonably possible, with the recommendations of this plan and the evolving
nature of the Town's growth and development policy. Pine Knoll Shores will coordinate all
development proposals with appropriate State and/or Federal agencies.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 95 SECTION VI

C. POLICIES REGARDING LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT IN AEC'S,
Pine Knoll Shores accepts state and federal law regarding land uses and development in AEC's.
By reference, all applicable state and federal regulations are incorporated into this document.
All policies and implementing actions are to be utilized by. the State of North Carolina for
consistency review. Note the following:
► No policy is subordinate to another.
► All management topics have equal status.
► The future land use map may show some areas in a developed category which
may also include sensitive habitats or natural areas. The intent is that
development should be designed/permitted to protect these areas through
utilization of concepts such as cluster development. Development/project .
approval will be based on project design which avoids. substantial loss of
important habitat areas.
D. LAND USE PLAN MANAGEMENT TOPICS
1. Introduction
The Coastal Resource Commission (CRC) developed six management topics to be addressed
in CAMA Land Use Plans: Public Access, Land Use Compatibility, Infrastructure Carrying
Capacity (including transportation), Natural Hazard Areas, Water Quality, and Local Areas of
Concern. These six management topics were .created to ensure that CAMA Land Use Plans
support the goals of CAMA, define the CRC's expectations for the land use planning process,
and give the CRC a substantive basis for review and certification of CAMA Land Use Plans. Each
management topic includes three components: a management goal, a statement of the CRC's
planning objective, and requirements for the CAMA Land Use Plan. These policies apply to the
entire planning jurisdiction. The local concerns which should be addressed in this plan are
identified on page 8. These concerns and aspirations were consulted to develop the goals and
objectives included in this plan. Most of the policies and implementing actions are continuing
activities. Specific timelines may not be applicable in most situations. Refer to page 132 for a
list of those policies/implementing actions which have a specific schedule. The policies and
implementing actions frequently utilize the following words: should, continue, encourage,
enhance, identify, implement, maintain, prevent, promote, protect, provide, strengthen,
support, and/or work. The intent of these words is defined in Appendix V.
2. Imgact of CAMA Land Use Plan Policies on Management Topics
This document is intended to be supportive of the CAMA regulations for protection of AEC's
(15A NCAC 7H) and of the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Vision Statement on page 9. The Vision
Statement was developed based on the key issues identified on page 8. No negative impacts
are anticipated by the implementation. of the goals, objectives, and policies that are included
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 96 SECTION VI

in this plan. All policies are consistent with applicable State and Federal requirements when
State and Federal requirements apply. Where policies exceed state and federal requirements
it will be noted in the policy.
E. POLICIES AND IMPLEMENTING ACTIONS
The policies of the Town are established by the Board of Commissioners to be in accordance
with the needs and desires of the citizens. Policies and Implementing Actions are numbered
consecutively throughout this document with the letter "P" denoting a policy and the letter "I"
denoting an implementing action.
1. Public Access
a. Management Goal
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will provide, as required, public access to the beaches,
estuarine shorelines, estuarine waters, and the public trust waters bordering its primary`
corporate limits.
b. Planning Objective
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will develop comprehensive policies that provide beach
and public trust water access opportunities for the publicalong the shoreline and estuarine
areas within the planning jurisdiction. These plans shall be consistent with the subdivisions and
residential nature of the Town.
C. Land Use Plan Requirements
The following are the Town's policies/implementing actions for waterfront access. All.
policies are continuing activities..
Policies:
P.1 The Town supports recreational -'related developments that protect and preserve
the natural environment while promoting the Town as a vacation destination
while consistent with the residential nature of the town. It supports the private
and public development of waterfront access through private funds and
federal/state grant monies.
P.2 The. Town supports providing shoreline access for persons with disabilities,
where possible.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 97 SECTION VI

P.3 The Town supports state/federal funding of piers for crabbing, fishing, and
sightseeing, as well as other facilities to serve the public at beach and estuarine
access sites.
PA The Town supports the development of estuarine access areas which comply, to
the maximum extent possible, with all state and federal regulatory requirements
to ensure adequate shorelineaccess._Areas that have traditionally been used by----
the public should be given. special attention. One particular project of local
interest the establishment of an access area to Bogue Sound adjacent to Town
Hall that will offer maritime forest and estuarine access for citizens and visitors.._
The Town supports the use of local public funds and state grant money for. this
effort.
P.5 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the exploration of the requirements for
additional facilities as identified in the 2007 Recreational Advisory Committee
survey.
P.6 The Town supports the development of an environmentally sound, low impact.
use for the Roosevelt Natural Area.
P.7 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will seek to meet all requirements set forth by the
US Army Corps of Engineers Section 933 Project guidelines with respect to public
beach access.
P.8 The Town supports no net loss of existing marinas or boating access.`
Implementing Actions:
I.1 The Town will prepare a parks and recreation plan and seek funding for the
preparation of the plan._ This update will address recreational needs as identified -
by the Recreational Advisory Committee. Schedule: lYscal Year 2009-2010.
I.2 The Town has received funding under the North Carolina .CAMA Shoreline
Access funding program (15A NCAC 7M, Section .0300, Shorefront Access
Policies). These funds will, if possible, be utilized to assist in acquiring and
constructing the project discussed in PA, above. Schedule: ContinuingActivitp.
I.3 ' The Town will pursue . private sources of funding for the establishment of
additional conservation areas throughout.its jurisdiction, including donation of
land. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
IA The Town will work with citizens, state permitting agencies, and the NC Division.
of Coastal Management to identify . and. plan for a suitable. use within the
Roosevelt Natural Area. This planning should be focused on establishing a use
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 98 SECTION VI

that will have minimal impacts on the natural environment, and will serve to
maintain the quality of adjacent Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW). An
example of a suitable use would be the renovation and expansion of the trail
system which currently extends from the NC State Aquarium property. Schedule:
1 scal Years 2009-2010.
I.5 The Town will provide parking for all public beach access sites as required by
the US Army Corps of Engineers and will petition the NCDOT to provide
pedestrian crosswalks. Schedule: Fiscal Years 2008-200912009-2010.
I.6 The Town will consider establishing a marina zoning district on sites where
marinas and boat access sites exist in order to have no net loss of existing
marinas. Schedule:17scal Year 2008-2009.
2. Land Use Compatibility
a. Management Goal
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will ensure that development and use of resources or
preservation of land will minimize direct and secondary environmental impacts, avoid risks to
public health, safety, and welfare, and will be consistent with the capability of the land based
on considerations of interactions of natural and manmade features.
b. Planning Objectives
i. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will adopt and apply local development
policies that balance protection of natural resources and fragile areas with
continued growth, development, and redevelopment.
ii. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores' policies will provide clear direction to
assist local decision making and consistency findings for zoning, divisions
of land, and public and private projects.
C. Land Use Plan Requirements
The following are the Town of Pine Knoll Shores policies/implementing actions for land .
use compatibility.
Policies - Residential:
P.9 The Town. of Pine Knoll Shores discourages the re -zoning of existing
residentially -developed or zoned areas to non-residential and multi -family
classifications in an effort to maintain the overall residential character of the Town
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 99 SECTION VI

of Pine Knoll. Shores. Such re -zoning and amendments in classifications to the
future land use map should be carefully balanced with a demonstrated need for
such proposed development that will be the best overall land development
policy for the Town. This policy should be focused on carrying out the policies
established in this plan, as well as the Town's Vision statement outlined on
page 9.
P.10 The Town discourages the construction of excessively large structures and will
monitor building permit activity in an effort to control this type of development...
The Town's zoning ordinance has been amended to establish maximum
impervious lot cover requirements.
P.11 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports quality development reflecting .the
spectrum of housing needs ranging from single-family homes to multi -family.
(where indicated on the future land use map) and planned unit developments.
P.12 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports regulating growth to coincide with the
provision of public facilities and services. This policy should especially apply to
the proper provision of wastewater treatment facilities, and their ability to
operate in a manner that will minimize impacts on the open waters of Bogue
Sound, the Pine Knoll Shores canal system, and the Town's groundwater.
P.13 - The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the continued establishment and
maintenance of buffers along major thoroughfares.
P.14 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports providing adequate conservation/open
space buffers between areas, designated for residential development as
indicated on the future land use map and any adjacent non-residential land use,
including commercial, office and/or, institutional, and utility areas.
P.15 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports all covenants established by all
Homeowners Associations (HOA) throughout its planning jurisdiction. Proposals
for development or redevelopment should not only comply with Town land
development policies and ordinances, but should also abide by all restrictions
established under a given properties respective HOA restrictive covenants.
PA 6 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports allowing home occupations in residential
districts as evidenced in Chapter X 0, page 169.3 of the Pine Knoll Shores Code.

Implementing Actions - Residential:
I.7 All re -zoning and subdivision approvals will consider the future land use and
land suitability maps and analyses which are included in this plan. Schedule:
Continuing Activity.
I.8 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will permit residential development to occur in
response to market needs provided that the following criteria are met:
(1) Due respect is offered to all aspects of the environment.
(2) If deficient community facilities and services are identified, the Town of
Pine Knoll Shores should adequately meet demands.
(3) Additional residential development should concurrently involve planning
for improvements to community facilities as additional needs are
identified.
(4) Residential development is consistent with other Town policies and the
land. use map as contained in this plan update.
This implementing action will be enforced through the Town of Pine Knoll Shores
zoning and subdivision ordinances. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
I.9 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will consider revisions to the zoning ordinance for
non-residential sites to ensure adequate buffering and landscaping to separate
residential and incompatible non-residential uses, and adequate regulation of off -
site lighting, hours of operation, and vehicular access and parking locations.
Non-residential development should be bound to those areas specified on the
future land use map included in this plan. Schedule: £fiscal Years 2008-2009.
L 10. The. Town of Pine Knoll Shores will regulate through its zoning and subdivision
ordinance the development of conflicting land uses in areas where non-
residential development is permitted. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
Policies - Commercial:
P.17 . _ The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports commercial development consistent with
the Town of Pine Knoll Shores' future land use map and current zoning ordinance..
It should be noted; however, that the Town would like to maintain a primarily
residential community, and the infringement of commercial development will be
held to specific locales through strict enforcement of the Town's land
development code.
P.18 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores opposes the establishment of private or public
solid waste collection or holding sites within the Town of Pine Knoll Shores'
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 101 SECTION VI

planning jurisdiction. Solid waste collection is contracted out and taken to the
Tri-County Landfill. Solid waste is picked up curbside on a weekly basis.
Recycling is collected curbside every other Thursday.
P.19 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores prohibits the construction of any additional public
or private open water or upland marina facilities. Modification of existing
marinas will be_permitted,- assuming -the -geographical-extent-of-the-existing
facility is not expanded. - This policy exceeds guidelines established under 15
NCAC 7H. While the Town prohibits construction of new marinas, it supports the
maintenance and no net loss of existing marinas.
Implementing Actions - Commercial:
I.11 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will enforce its zoning regulations and rely on state
permitting agencies to. ensure that all commercial development within or
adjacent to Areas of Environmental Concern is carried out in accordance with all
local, state, and federal regulations. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
I.12 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will review its zoning and subdivision ordinances
to ensure compliance with residential and non-residential policies. Schedule:
Fiscal Years 2007-200812008-2009. -
Policies - Conservation:
P.20 Except as 'otherwise permitted in this plan, residential, commercial, and
office/institutional development should not be supported in natural heritage
areas, conservation areas, or coastal wetlands. Residential and commercial
.development which meets 15A NCAC. 7H use standards will be allowed in
estuarine shoreline, estuarine water, and public trust areas. In all other areas, .
development will be allowed that is consistent with applicable local, state, and
federal regulations.
P.21 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will support larger lots in conservation classified
areas as designated on the future land use map through enforcement of the Town
of Pine Knoll Shores subdivision and zoning ordinances in zoned areas.
P.22 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores aims to maintain its .character as an eco-friendly
residential community. Commercial development should be permitted only in
areas already designated for this use through the Town of Pine Knoll Shores'
zoning ordinance and Future Land Use Map.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 102 SECTION VI

Implementing Actions - Conservation:
I.13 Protect the Town of Pine Knoll Shores' fragile areas from inappropriate,
unplanned, or poorly planned development through the following:
(1) By enforcing the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Zoning Ordinance and
implementing the future land use map,. limit land uses in the vicinity of
historic sites, natural heritage areas, and designated conservation areas
to compatible land uses. Schedule: ContinuingActivity.
(2) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will. coordinate all housing code
enforcement/redevelopment projects/public works projects with the NC
Division of Archives and • Historyto ensure the preservation _ and
identification of significant historic structures and archaeological sites.
Schedule: Continuing Activity.
I.14 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will review its zoning and subdivision ordinances
to ensure compliance with all conservation policies. Schedule: Fiscal Years
2007-200812008-2009.
Policies - Stormwater Control:
P.23 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports reducing soil erosion, runoff, and
sedimentation to minimize the adverse effects on surface and subsurface water
quality. This policy is especially important in areas adjacent to the Outstanding
Resource Waters located along the Roosevelt Natural Area, as well as the waters
within the Town's canal system.
P.24 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the enforcement of all controls and
regulations, specifically design standards, tie -down requirements, construction
and installation standards, elevation requirements, flood -proofing, CAMA
regulations, and FEMA regulations, deemed necessary by the Town Board of
Commissioners to mitigate the risks of lives and property caused by severe
storms and hurricanes, specific policy recommendations and implementing
actions supporting this may be found in the Town's locally adopted Hazard.
Mitigation Plan.
Implementing Actions - Stormwater Control:
I.15 As additional issues arise related to stormwater control, including the potential
implementation of National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES)
Phase H stormwater requirements, the Town will review its stormwater
management ordinance to ensure that all necessary steps are being taken .to
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 103 SECTION VI

minimize the impacts of stormwater runoff on both adjacent properties and water
quality. Schedule: Annually
I.16 Pine Knoll Shores will take measures to ensure compliance with all North
Carolina Coastal Stormwater Rules. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
I.17 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will review its stormwater_control_ordinance and —
include updates regarding regulations for water detention and/or retention
facilities in new developments as new state and .federal policy require.
Schedule: Annually
I.18 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports ongoing planning and capital
improvement efforts to address the drainage problem associated with flooding
from tropical storm events. The Town will continue to work . toward a
comprehensive solution to current storm drainage issues that exist within the
Town's planning jurisdiction. This action specifically applies to the two "Areas
of Stormwater Concern" detailed on Map 14 (page 71) of this plan. Schedule:
17scal Year 2008-200912009-2010.
I.19 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will continue to seek grant funding from state and
federal agencies for assistance in funding capital improvement projects that will
aid the Town in alleviating flooding and storm drainage problems with exist
throughout the Town's planning jurisdiction. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
3. Infrastructure Carrying Capacity -
a. Management Goal -
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will ensure that public infrastructure systems are
appropriately sized, located, and managed so the quality and productivity of AECs and other,
fragile areas are protected or restored, as deemed necessary. It is acknowledged that to
achieve the infrastructure carrying capacity goals, policies, and implementing actions, some
utility lines may have to extend through some environmentally sensitive areas.
b. Planning Objective
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will establish level of service policies and criteria for
infrastructure consistent with the projections of future land needs, while keeping in mind the
sensitivity of areas surrounding the Town's jurisdiction.

C. Land Use Plan Requirements
Please refer to Map 12 (page 65) for delineation of the existing infrastructure facilities.
The following are the Town of Pine Knoll Shores' policies for infrastructure carrying capacity.
All policies are continuing activities.
Policies:
P.25 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports providing adequate community services
and facilities which meet the needs of the Town's citizens and businesses.
P.26 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will work to ensure that sufficient water service is
provided to promote growth, to alleviate public health problems, and to provide
fire protection for the Town.
P.27 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the extension of water services from
existing systems and encourages the use of central systems for' new
developments whether residential, commercial, or office/institutional in nature.
It also supports the continued public provision of solid waste disposal, law
enforcement, and educational services, including upgrades to the web -site, to all
citizens of the Town.
P.28 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will rely on its existing land use and development
ordinances to regulate development and may amend or modify regulations to
encourage or require the provision of central water service to lots or parcels
proposed in new developments.
P.29 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the installation and use of properly
permitted septic tank systems and package treatment plants, with oversight and
enforcement from the Carteret .County Health Department, North Carolina
Department of Environment and Natural Resources (NCDENR), and local
development regulations regarding lot sizes, waste disposal system placement,
system type, and maintenance. The Town recognizes how important the proper
installation and maintenance of these systems is to the continued protection of
environmentally sensitive areas.
P.30 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the provision of public recreational
facilities and areas and will pursue funds and donations for open space and
recreational facilities.
P.31 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports continued efforts to improve the
provision of utilities to all Town residents, both water and wastewater. Although
the Town does not own or operate any wastewater treatment facilities, other than
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 105 SECTION VI

those serving municipal operations, the Town supports identifying a solution to .
the mounting concerns related to wastewater treatment facilities.
P.32 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the transition of all overhead utility lines
to underground lines.
P.33 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports interconnected street systems_for —
residential and non-residential development.
P.34 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports limited access from development along
all roadways to provide safe ingress and egress.
P.35 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports maintaining an effective signage and
addressing system for all right-of-ways including private drives and access
streets.
P.36 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports ' state and federal funding for
maintenance/dredging of the Beaufort Inlet.. Additionally, Pine Knoll Shores
supports the requirement to place all beach quality sand from dredging projects
on the beaches along Bogue Banks. The Town will continue to work with the
Carteret County Shore Protection office to ensure that this alternative remains a
priority.
P.37 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores opposes the construction of a third . bridge
accessing Bogue Banks from Morehead City. The plans for this third bridge have
the thoroughfare entering the Island in the vicinity of Salter Path and Indian
Beach. This will have substantial adverse. impacts on the Town's existing
transportation and parking problems.
Implementing Actions:
I.20 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will consult the future land use map when
considering new public facilities and private development. Schedule:
Continuing Activity.
1.21 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will rely on the NC Division of Environment and
Natural Resources and the Carteret County Health Department to oversee the
proper operation, management, and maintenance of all wastewater treatment
facilities (private septic tanks and package treatment plants) within the Town.
Schedule: Continuing Activity.
Pine KnoA Shores Core Land Use Plan 106 SECTION VI

I.22 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores may consider adopting an operating and capital
financing plan for the development of water system upgrades in preparation for
future demand. Schedule: To Be Determinedr
I.23 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will provide emergency management personnel
and facilities to serve the projected population growth. Schedule: Continuing
Activity.
I.24 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will coordinate the development of recreational
facilities with all applicable Homeowners' Associations in order to maximize the
potential quality, access, and use of these facilities. Schedule: Continuing
Activity.
I.25 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will research all opportunities for funding options
to phase in underground utilities throughout its planning jurisdiction. This effort
will focus on grant state and federal grant funding, as well as cooperation with
private developers and all utility providers. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
I.26 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will review and update its subdivision ordinance
to ensure compliance with policies P.28 through PAL Schedule: 1 scal Year
2008-2009.
I.27 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will continue to consider the adoption of street
right-of-ways for Town maintenance. Adoption of existing and proposed streets
will be determined on a case -by -case basis, and will be based on whether the
respective street right-of-way meets the design specifications of the Town of Pine
Knoll Shores. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
I.28 The Town of Pine. Knoll Shores will continue to rely on the North Carolina .
Department of Transportation for the maintenance of NC Highway 58 (Salter Path
Road) and all state roads. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
4. Natural Hazard Areas
a. Management Goal
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will conserve and maintain shorelines, floodplains, and
other coastal features for their natural storm protection functions and their natural resources
giving recognition to public health, safety, and welfare issues.

b. Planning Objective
The' Town of Pine Knoll Shores will develop policies that minimize threats to life,
property, and natural resources resulting from development located in or adjacent to hazard
areas, such as those subject to erosion, high winds, storm surge, flooding, or sea level rise.
C. Land Use Plan Requirements
The following are the Town of Pine .Knoll Shores' policies/implementing actions for
natural hazard areas. All policies are continuing activities.
Policies
P.38 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the installation of properly engineered
and permitted bulkheads, assuming this development is in compliance with all
15A NCAC 7H Guidelines.
P.39 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the US Army Corps of Engineers'
regulations and the applicable guidelines of the Coastal Area Management Act
and the use of local land use ordinances to regulate development within or
. immediately adjacent to freshwater swamps, marshes, and 404 wetlands.
P.40 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports, but does . not fund, ` relocation of
structures endangered by erosion, if the relocated structure will be in
compliance with all applicable policies and regulations.
P.41 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports hazard mitigation planning. Refer to
Appendix IV for specific policies and implementing actions related to hazard
mitigation. Any updates to the Land Use Plan or the Hazard Mitigation Plan will
be cross-referenced to ensure consistency.
P.42 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports.the.land use densities that are specified
on pages 122-126 of this plan. Through enforcement of the zoning ordinance,
these densities will mini nize damage from natural _hazards and support the
hazard mitigation plan.
P.43 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores recognizes the significance of protecting the dune
line along oceanfront portions of Pine Knoll Shores' planning jurisdiction.. The
Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports continued efforts to protect these dunes
through the establishment of a proactive.. dune stabilization. and protection
program.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 108 SECTION VI

P.44 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the efforts of the Carteret County Shore
Protection Office to establish a long term comprehensive approach to addressing
beach renourishment throughout oceanfront portions of the Town's jurisdiction.
P.45 The Town supports and relies on the Town's Emergency Operations Plan and the
Carteret County Emergency Operations Plan. for evacuation procedures and
policies necessary as a result of natural disasters.
Implementing Actions:
I.29 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its Floodplain Ordinance
and participate in the National Flood Insurance Program. It will rely on the North
Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Coastal
Management to monitor and regulate development in areas up to five feet above
mean high water susceptible to sea level rise and wetland loss. Subdivision
regulations will be enforced — requiring elevation monuments to be referenced
so that floodplain elevations. can be more, easily determined. Schedule:
Continuing Activity.
I.30 The Town of Pine . Knoll Shores will monitor.. development proposals for
compliance with Section 404 of the Clean Water Act and will continue to enforce
local land use ordinances to regulate development within or adjacent to
freshwater swamps, marshes, and.404 wetlands. Schedule: ContinuingActivity.
I.31 In the event of a natural disaster, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores permits
redevelopment of previously developed areas, provided redevelopment is in
compliance with all applicable policies, regulations,. and ordinances.
Redevelopment, including infrastructure, should be designed to withstand
natural hazards. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
I.32 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will enforce the density controls in the zoning
ordinance and subdivision ordinance in potential redevelopment areas to control
growth intensity. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
I.33 In response to possible sea level rise, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores will review
all local building and land use related ordinances and consider establishing
setback standards, density controls, bulkhead restrictions, buffer vegetation
protection requirements, and building designs which will facilitate the movement
of structures. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
1.34 The Town "of Pine Knoll Shores will utilize the future land use map for
development in accordance with applicable statutes as a guideline. This map is
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 109 SECTION VI

coordinated with the land suitability map and existing infrastructure maps.
Schedule: Continuing Activity.
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will consider the development of a dune
stabilization program through installation of properly installed sand fences or
fence enclosures around the primary dune line along oceanfront portions of the
Town. This effort will also involve the planting of sea oats -and Bitter _P_anicum-to
increase the stability of the dune line. The Town has established a worldng group
within the Board of Commissioners to determine the requirements for continued
beach renourishment and dune stabilization. Schedule: Fiscal Year 2007-2008.
S. Water Ouality
a. Management Goal
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will.maintain, protect, and where possible enhance water
quality in all coastal wetlands, rivers, streams, estuaries, and within the Town's canal system.
This should include a means of addressing the complex problems of planning for increased
development and economic growth while protecting and/or restoring the quality and intended
uses of the basin's surface waters.
b. Planning Objective
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will adopt policies for surface waters within the Town to
help ensure that water quality is maintained if not impaired and improved if impaired.
c. Land Use Plan Requirements
The following provides the Town of Pine Knoll Shores' policies/implementing actions on
water quality.
Policies:
P.46 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the guidelines of the Coastal Area
Management Act and the efforts and programs of the North Carolina Department
of Environment and Natural Resources, Division of Coastal Management and the
Coastal Resources Commission to protect the coastal wetlands, estuarine waters,
estuarine shorelines, and public trust waters of the Town.
P.47 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports conserving its surficial groundwater
resources. The Town specifically supports the enforcement of Capacity Use
Rules tied to the Castle Hayne Aquifer in an effort to ensure groundwater quantity
and quality throughout the planning period and beyond.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 110 SECTION VI

P.48 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports commercial and recreational fishing in
its waters and will cooperate with other local governments and state and federal
agencies to . control pollution of these waters to improve conditions so that
commercial and recreational fisheries will not be depleted. It also supports the
preservation of nursery and habitat areas.
P.49 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores opposes the disposal of any toxic wastes, as
defined by the US Environmental Protection Agency's Listing of Hazardous
Substances and Priority Pollutants (developed pursuant to the Clean Water Act
of 1977), within its planning jurisdiction, or in waters adjacent to Town including
the waters of the Atlantic Ocean.
P.50 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores recognizes the value of water quality maintenance
to the protection of fragile areas and to the provision of clean water for
recreational purposes and supports the control of stormwater runoff to aid in the
preservation of water quality. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will support existing
state regulations relating to stormwater runoff resulting from development
(Stormwater Disposal Policy 1.5 NCAC 2H.001-.1003). Additionally, the Town
supports all efforts of the NPDES,Phase II stormwater rule as established by the
Environmental Protection Agency, and enforced by the NCDENR.
P.51 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports regulation of underground storage tanks
in order to protect its groundwater resources and implementation of the Town's
wellhead protection plan.
P.52 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the policy that all State of North Carolina
projects should be designed to limit to the extent possible stormwater runoff into
coastal waters. This will be addressed further through Phase H implementation
plans.
P.53 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports implementation of the White Oak River
Basinwide Water Quality Management Plan.
P.54 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports protection of those.waters known to be
of the highest quality or supporting biological communities of special
importance, this especially applies to the Outstanding Resource Waters adjacent .
to the Roosevelt Natural Area and those within the Town's canal system. The
Town has passed ordinances that address stormwater runoff from single-family
and multi -family development sites.
P.55 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores'supports management of problem pollutants,
particularly biological oxygen demand and nutrients, in order to correct existing
water quality problems . and to ensure protection of those. waters currently
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan ill SECTION VI

supporting their.uses. uses. This effort should focus on residential development
adjacent to the Town's canal system.
P.56 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores opposes the installation of package treatment
plants and septic tanks or discharge of waste in any areas classified as coastal
wetlands, freshwater wetlands (404), or natural heritage areas. This policy does
not apply to constructed wetlands. All decisions regarding Vhe construction of
these facilities should have the oversight of the Carteret County Health
Department and the NCDENR.
P.57 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the following actions by the General
Assembly and the Governor:
(1) Sufficient state funding should be appropriated to initiate a program of
incentives and grants to address pollution of our rivers from both point
sources and nonpoint sources.
(2) An ongoingsource of state funding should be developed to provide
continuous support for an incentives grant program.
(3) The decision -making process for the award. of incentives and grants
. should involve river basin organizations representing local governments
and other interest groups in the review of all applications for state
funding.
P.58 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not support the location of floating homes
within its jurisdiction. This policy exceeds state requirements.
P.59 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the following goals. of the NC Coastal
Habitat Protection Program (CHPP):
(1)- Document the ecological role and function of aquatic habitats for coastal
fisheries.
(2) Provide status and. trends information on the quality and quantity of
coastal fish habitat.
(3) Describe and document threats to coastal fish habitat, including threats
from both human activities and natural events.
(4) Describe the current rules concerning each habitat.
(5) Identify management needs..
(6) Develop options for management action using the above information.
P.60 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the efforts of the Carteret County Health
Department to develop and maintain a. system, to identify. and track the .
maintenance of all wastewater treatment facilities throughout the County. This
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 112 SECTION VI .

will have positive benefits not only for Pine Knoll Shores, but all communities
along Bogue Banks.
P.61 Any underground storage tank (UST) systems installed within 500 feet of a public
water supply well or within. 500 feet of any surface water classified as HQW,
ORW, WS-I, WS-II,.or SA must be secondarily contained.
P.62 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the removal of any abandoned or out -of -
use USTs within the planning area.
P.63 The Division of Water Quality has determined that current coastal stormwater
rules have not adequately addressed water quality impacts to public trust waters
and that local governments that strictly defer to state and federal rules to address
water quality issues have impaired water quality issues. Their findings
concluded that:
(1) Areas that have impervious surfaces of 10% or greater contribute to local
stream degradation;
(2) Biological diversity has been shown to drop when areas of impervious
surface increases beyond 10-15%;
(3) Stream stability is affected when impervious surface approaches 10% in
an area;
(4) Estuaries generally degrade when areas have 10% impervious surfaces;
(5) Sensitive fish species loss increases with 12% impervious surface.
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports efforts to improve water quality and will
modify ordinances if required by the Division of Water Quality. .
Implementing Actions: .
I.31 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will comply with CAMA and NC Division of
Environmental Management stormwater runoff regulations, and by coordinating
local development activities involving chemical storage or underground storage
tank installation/abandonment with the Town Emergency Management personnel
and the Groundwater Section of the North Carolina Division of Environmental
Management. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores .will plan for an adequate long-
range water supply. In the planning process, the Town will cooperate with all
regional counties to protect water resources. Schedule; Continuing Activity.
I.32 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will enforce its zoning and subdivision regulations
and its ordinances which address stormwater runoff to aid in protecting sensitive'
shoreline areas. The Town will also rely on state and federal agencies to promote
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 113 SECTION VI

I.3
I.3
and protect Bogue Sound, as well as other nursery and habitat areas adjacent to
the Town. Schedule Continuing Activity.
3 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will rely on the technical requirements and state
program approval for underground storage tanks (40,CFR, Parts 280 and 281),.
and any subsequent state regulations concerning underground storage tanks
adopted during the planning period. Schedule: Continuing.Rctivity. -
4 The Town of Pine Knoll • Shores will continuously enforce, through the
development and zoning permit process, all current regulations. of the NC State
Building Code and North Carolina Division of Health Services relating to building
construction and septic tank installation/replacement in areas with soils
restrictions. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
I.35 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will implement the following actions through local
ordinances to improve water quality (Note: these actions are especially
significant in areas adjacent to the Roosevelt Natural Area and the Town's canal
system):
Use watershed -based land use planning
Minimize impervious cover in site design
— Limit erosion during construction
Maintain coastal growth measures
Restoration of impaired waters
— Reduction of nutrients in the Town's waters.. Schedule: Reviewlocal
ordinances annually.
I.36 Preservation of wetlands is important to the protection/improvement of water
quality in the Town of Pine Knoll Shores. The following will be implemented
through zoning and/or subdivision regulations as required: --
(1) Coordinate all development review with the appropriate office of the US
Army Corps of Engineers and the Soil Conservation Service. Schedule:
Continuing Activity.
(2) Require that wetland areas be surveyed and delineated on all preliminary
and final subdivision plats.. Schedule Continuing Activity.
(3) Consider cluster development in order to protect sensitive natural areas.
A cluster development is defined as a development design technique that
concentrates buildings in specific areas on a site to allow the remaining
land to be used for recreation, common open space, and preservation of
environmentally sensitive areas. Schedule:'ContinuingActivity.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 114 SECTION VI

I.37 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores recognizes the impact that pet and animal waste
can have on water quality. The Town has and enforces a pet waste pickup
ordinance. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
6. Local Areas of Concern
a. Management Goal
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will integrate local concerns with the overall CAMA goals
and objectives.
b. Planning Objective
Local concerns extend well beyond CAMA concerns and should reflect a broad range
of land use related issues.
C. Land Use Plan Requirements
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will support the following policies/implementing actions
that address areas of local concern.
Policies - Cultural. Historic. and Scenic Areas:
P.64 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will preserve and protect its valuable natural
resources. Special attention will be given to the Roosevelt Natural Area, and
adjacent Outstanding Resource Waters.
P.65 The Town of Pine Knoll. Shores will protect its waterfront/shoreline areas,
estuarine shorelines and waterbodies, Town wide canal system, and valuable
scenic areas.
P.66 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the local North Carolina Aquarium in
their efforts to provide a regional education and cultural destination.
Implementing Actions - Cultural. Historic, and Scenic Areas:
1.38 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will continue to enforce its existing land
development ordinances which were. drafted with an aim of medium density
residential development. Enforcement of this code will help minimize the effects
of stormwater runoff as future development/redevelopment occurs. Schedule:.
Continuing Activity,
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 115 SECTION VI

I.39 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will prepare a public recreational plan to address
the growing needs of a predominantly year-round residential community.
Schedule: 17scal Year 2008-2009.
I.40 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will emphasize the protection of environmentally
sensitive areas in the update of its public recreational plan (refer to Section V.B.,
Natural Systems Analysis). Schedule: Riscal Year 2009-2010._
Policies - Economic Development:
P.67 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will maintain medium density residential
development (4 dwelling units/acre in single family residential areas, and 8
dwelling- units or less per acre in multi family residential areas) in order to
maintain the desirable quiet residential character of the Town (see page 126).
P.68 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports tourism, including eco-tourism, as an
important asset to overall economic development of Bogue Banks in general. The
Town is primarily a residential community and supports/relies on commercial
establishments in Atlantic Beach and Emerald Isle.
P.69 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores encourages the use of advanced wastewater
treatment technologies. which will reduce the amount of land required for drain
and repair fields. These systems should help reduce pollutants in stormwater
runoff, which have historically contributed to water. quality issues in waters
adjacent to Town.
P.70 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores, in conjunction with the Carteret County Health
Department and NCDENR, requires the use of package treatment wastewater
systems for effective economic development of 'multi -family, condotel, and
motel/hotel development.
P.71 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores does not oppose non-residential development,
which is consistent with Town policies and ordinances. The Town does, however,
want to focus this development in areas designated for commercial/office space
development on the Town's future land use map.
P.72 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the economic development efforts of the
Carteret County Tourism Development Authority.
Implementing Actions - Economic Development:
I.41 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will pursue funding through state and federal
programs that are considered supportive of local economic development efforts:
Pine Knoll bhores Gore Lana use Tian i io .,,... _..,.•

(1) The Town of Pine Knoll Shores is generally receptive to state and federal
programs, particularly those which provide improvements to the Town.
The Town will continue to fully support such programs, especially the NC
Department of Transportation road and bridge improvement programs,
which are very important to the Town and its regional accessibility.
Schedule: ContinumgActivity.
(2) Examples of other state and federal programs that are important and
supported by Pine Knoll Shores - include: dredging and channel
maintenance by the US Army Corps of Engineers, federal and state
projects that provide efficient and safe boat access for sport fishing,
public beach and coastal waterfront access grant funds, and the recently .
completed US Army Corps of Engineers Section 933 Beach Renourishment
Project. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
I.42 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will continue to support the activities of the NC
Division of Travel and Tourism; specifically, the monitoring of tourism -related
industry, efforts to promote tourism -related commercial activity, and efforts to
enhance and provide shoreline resources. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
Policies - General Health and Human Services Needs:
P.73 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores opposes any low level military training flights that
are not in compliance with the minimum safe altitudes for aircraft operations as
described in the Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 71.
P.74 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores opposes the location of new outlying landing fields
within the regional vicinity,of Pine Knoll Shores.
P.75 The Town of Pine KnollShores supports a comprehensive recreational program
to provide a broad range of recreation facilities for its citizens.
P.76 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will continue to implement its locally adopted
Hazard Mitigation Plan in an effort to improve public safety in the event of a
natural disaster.
P.77 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the provision of superior health care
facilities within Carteret County, as well as Bogue Banks. Additionally, the Town
supports the development of facilities and services targeted at _ the aging
population, to include areas within the Town's jurisdiction.
P.78 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will continue to provide mutual aid in the form of
Fire/EMS service with adjacent communities, should this need arise. The Town
ruLC iuwu aawres %..vre Lana use Tian I I 1 5LUTIUN VI

is aware it operates the most comprehensive and modernized fire/EMS facility
along Bogue Banks, and will continue to utilize this resource to further improve
public safety throughout Pine Knoll Shores and neighboring jurisdictions. The
Town has recently signed an updated county -wide cooperative agreement.
Implementing Actions - General Health and Human Services Needs:
I.43 Floodplain regulation is a concern in the Town of Pine Knoll Shores. To
accomplish protection of public health and service needs, Pine Knoll Shores will
continue to enforce the flood hazard reduction provisions of the Town Pine Knoll .
Shores Land Development Ordinances. Schedule: Continuing Activity.
I.44 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will continue to rely on the support of the Coastal
Regional Solid Waste Management Authority for solid waste collection. The Town
will also continue to utilize privatized curb side waste removal services.
Schedule: Continuing Activity in each Fiscal Year.
I.45 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will continue to promote the recycling of all
recyclable materials. This effort will be handled by the Town's private waste
collection service. Schedule: Continuing Activity in each Fiiscal Year.
I.46 The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will research options for development, design,
and financing .of indoor, multi -use recreation facility. Schedule: Fiiscal Year.
i.
. 2011-2012.

F.. FUTURE LAND USE
1. Introduction
The future land use map (Map 17) depicts .application of the policies. for growth and
development and the desired future patterns of land use and land development. The areas
indicated .as least suitable on the Future Land Use Map are not intended to prohibit
development but are intended to indicate areas where careful review of proposed
development should be undertaken. Additionally, the least suitable overlay includes areas
classified as conservation (see Map 15). Please refer to the Future Land Use Map for delineation
of the conservation and least suitable overlay areas. All development.activities that fall within .
the least suitable overlay district should be carefully monitored during the permitting process .
to ensure that impacts on the environment are minimized. The future land use map must include
the following:
► Areas and locations planned for conservation or open space and a description of
compatible.land uses and'activities.
► Areas and locations planned for future growth and development with
descriptions of the following characteristics: .
► Predominant and supporting land uses that are encouraged in each area;
► Overall density and development intensity planned for each area; and
► Infrastructure required to support planned development in each area.
► Land use which reflects existing and planned infrastructure.
► Reflect the information depicted on the Environmental Composite Map (Map 9)
and the Land Suitability Analysis Map (Map 15).
Specifically, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Future Land Use Plan was drafted with consideration
given to the following:
► Development constraints.
► Desire to concentrate non residential development.
► Preservation of existing urban form.
► Preservation of existing residential neighborhoods.
► Existing plans for the development of public facilities.
► Limiting of potential land use conflicts.
• Existing zoning patterns.
► Key land use issues.
► Prohibition of large scale commercial development.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 119 SECTION VI

Legend
QCorporate Limits
+
Government
O 14-Digit Hydrologic Code
i
Multi -Family Residential
• Least Suitable Overlay
Marina
Existing Wells
i
Mixed Use
'�. Water Lines (existing)
+
Office & Institutional
Water Tank
i
Private Conservation
Hydrology
,
Public Access
Future Land Use
Recreation
Canal
Single Family Residential
Conservation
Utility
M A F' 17
Pine Knoll Shores
Land Use Plan
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
LP W _ ` E
lland Consulting Planners, Inc.
S

Map 17 outlines the boundaries of all future land use districts, falling within the planning
jurisdiction of Pine Knoll Shores. These districts are defined in the following section.
2. Land Use Acreage '
Table 41 provides a summary of future land use acreage as depicted on the Town's Future Land
Use Plan. These acreages assume total buildout of Pine Knoll Shores for each respective zoning
district. Currently, there are approximately 140 acres (304 parcels) of vacant land within the
Town's planning jurisdiction. A summary of how these properties are zoned has been provided
on page 58 of this plan. According to this table, 64% of the vacant acreage, or 86% of all vacant
parcels are zoned for single-family residential development. Of the remaining vacant land (36%
of all Town acreage), a substantial portion (11.9%) is zoned for multi -family development.
These existing conditions, with respect to local land development regulations, indicate .that a
majority of the future development to take place within Pine Knoll Shores will be residential in
nature.
Table 41. Pine Knoll Shores Future Land Use Map Acreages
Acres % of Total
Canal 14.1 1.1%
Conservation 265.1
Government 72.2 5.6%
Multi -Family Residential 125.0 9.6%
Marina 4.0 0.3%
Mixed Use 47.1 3.6%
Office and Institutional 53.1 4.1
Private Conservation 1Z5 1.3%
Public Access 6.1 0.5%
Recreation 103.0 . 7.9%
Single -Family Residential 567.6 43.7% '
Utility 24.7 1.9%
Total* 1,299.5 100,0%
*'Phis figure does not include right-of-ways.
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
The land use districts in Table 41 are defined below. These definitions provide what the Town
has outlined as desirable density and height restrictions for each of the defined Future Land Use
Districts. These development criteria have been based on a variety of factors including:
existing land uses, existing zoning code and zoning districts, and preferred development trends_
as discussed throughout this land use plan.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 121 SECTION VI

3. Future Land Use Designations (Development Criteria
The following provides a definition and criteria for development with respect to each future land
use category established on the Future Land Use Map. These are intrinsically tied to the policy
section of the plan.
a. Canal
This district is comprised of all property that is considered part of.the Town's interior
canal system. The canal system is maintained by Homeowners' Associations, and is home to
private boat docking facilities which are maintained by adjacent property owners. These canals
are shown on the map primarily due to the fact that they have an impact on both development
and property values within the Town. It should be noted, however, that the canal system will not
be affected by future development. or redevelopment. It is anticipated that as development
moves forward, homes and parcels located adjacent to the canal will continue to experience the
establishment of private boat docking facilities. This may have an adverse impact on water
quality within the canal system. This problem should be monitored carefully throughout the
planning period. These water bodies are considered public trust waters, and will remain that
way in perpetuity.
Allowable density: N/A (No development anticipated.)
Maximum building height: N/A (No development anticipated.) .
Preferred uses: Public water access
Uses to be discouraged: Private marinas, location of floating homes
b. Conservation
This district was established in an effort to preserve the Roosevelt Natural Area which
is located within central Pine Knoll Shores. As discussed earlier, this 265-acre undeveloped
property is considered both a Protected Land and a Significant Natural Heritage Area, and will
be maintained as open space throughout the planning period and beyond. This property should
remain undeveloped, unless a low impact recreational use is identified by the Town. Pine Knoll
Shores has permission to utilize a small portion of this area for recreational purposes. If this
development does occur it will involve the construction of a public access area, and possibly
a walking trail system. The proposed use will not have any .adverse impacts on the
environmental quality. of the Roosevelt Natural Area.
Allowable.density: N/A (This is a deed restricted property, development will be
limited to a low impact/outdoor recreational use. If developed,
the maximum allowable land coverage on this site is 40%.)
Maximum building height: 20 feet (This is meant to accommodate shelters, storage
buildings, or other recreational facilities. This building height is
not enforced under. the Town's zoning ordinance.)
Preferred uses: Public water/forest access, municipal storage facilities, outdoor
recreational facilities
Uses to be discouraged: Public/private permanent structures
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 122 SECTION VI

C. Government
This land use district involves all parcels of land that are owned, operated, and/or
maintained by the Town of Pine Knoll Shores. The uses on this property are tied to Town
management, public safety, and utility operations. The Town has recently upgraded its public
safety facilities. Some minor improvements are discussed in the future demands section of the
plan (page 90).
Allowable density: N/A (There are no density requirements for this district.
Development will require a 35' buffer between adjacent
properties.)
Maximum building height: N/A
Preferred uses: Town government facilities (administration, public safety,
utilities, public access sites, etc.)
Uses to be discouraged: All uses not directly related to providing public services
d. , Multi -Family
This land use district is intended to accommodate high -density residential development
in the form of townhomes and condominiums. It is anticipated, as depicted on the future land
use map, that this development will be focused on the oceanfront and some portions of the
Town's estuarine shoreline. The rapidly appreciating prices of land within Pine Knoll Shores
are forcing developers to construct these multi -family developments in order to recoup their
investment in the property to be developed. Most of the properties on the future land use map
listed as multi -family have already been built out. Due to this fact, the guidelines outlined in this
section will only apply to the redevelopment of these properties.
Allowable density: ' Maximum 8 units per acre
Maximum building height: 50 feet
Preferred uses: Private multi -family residential development (townhomes and
condominiums), public beach access sites, private recreational
facilities, stores or restaurants to serve private clientele;
privately -owned condotel/condominium complexes will be
permitted
Uses to be discouraged: All non-residential uses including commercial operations not
intended to serve multi -family residential developments;
commercially owned and operated hotel/motel establishments
will be discouraged
e. Marina
This land use category is comprised of the three privately -owned and operated marina
facilities within Pine Knoll Shores. These facilities are currently in place, and serve the
residential areas adjacent to their respective'locations.. The intent of establishing these areas.
as a future land use district is to ensure their redevelopment in the case of a major storm event.
. These are the only private docldng facilities within Town, and Pine Knoll Shores wants to ensure
that these facilities remain in place.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 123 SECTION VI

Allowable density: N/A
Maximum building height: N/A
Preferred uses: Public and private non -transient docking facilities
Uses to be discouraged:' All uses not intended to facilitate. the use of these properties as
a marina facility
f. Mixed Use
A mixed use district is intended to accommodate a variety of uses including bothmulti-
family and hotel/motel development. Such future land use district might encompass the portion
of Town that is currently occupied by existing commercially -owned and operated_ hotel/motel
facilities. Many of these facilities have been in place'for many years, and may be redeveloped
at some point in the future. To facilitate this redevelopment, the mixed use district is intended
to provide some flexibility with respect to what will be permitted in this area. If.and when
redevelopment of this area does occur, both hotel/motels and multi -family residential
development will be encouraged. This is slightly different than the multi -family district, where
development of commercially run motels/hotels is prohibited. This portion of Town should be
reserved to allow for a wide range of uses including some forms of commercial development
including retail outlets and restaurants. It is anticipated, however, that if these properties are .
redeveloped, it will be in the form of townhomes or condominium units.
Allowable density: 8 units per acre (townhomes and condominiums)'
22 living units (hotels/motels)
Maximum building height: 50 feet
Preferred uses: Multi -family residential, hotels and motels, commercial
development (restaurants/retail stores, office space, public
beach access, private/public recreational facilities
Uses to be discouraged: All types of development will be considered in the mixed use
district. The intent of this district is to allow for flexibility, and a
variety of uses.
g. Office and Institutional
This district involves all low impact non-residential uses. Currently, there are two
existing facilities located in these area: Trinity Center Episcopal Retreat and an office building.
Neither of these uses poses a threat to adjacent residential uses. The primary goal of this district
is to allow non-residential uses that will not conflict with the residential nature of the community.
Allowable density: N/A (Density for this district is not defined; however, a 50' buffer
is required between adjacent properties.)
Maximum building height: 35 feet
Preferred uses: • Office and institutional uses (churches, office buildings, parks,
public access sites, public/private recreational facilities)
Uses to be discouraged: Commercial operations, multi -family developments, other high
impact non-residential uses
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 124 SECTION VI

h. Private Conservation
This land use district. is comprised of. all parcels and facilities that are owned and
operated by various Homeowners' Associations within Pine Knoll Shores. These sites are
intended to provide recreational opportunities and beach access to members of these
Associations. These properties are protected by the Associations, and will remain under their
jurisdiction throughout the planning period.
Allowable density: N/A (There is not a specific density requirement for this district;
however, maximum building coverage may not exceed 40% of
the buildable lot.)
Maximum building height: N/A
Preferred uses: Private recreation and public waterfront access facilities .
Uses_to be discouraged: All uses not related to the provision of recreation and public.
access for a respective Homeowners' Association
i. Public Access
These properties are currently maintained as CAMA public beach access points for the
Town of Pine Knoll Shores., Some of these properties fall under the ownership of the Town, while
several exist as easements established through agreements with Homeowners' Associations.
These public access sites are expected to be in place throughout the planning period (5-10
years), assuming an alternative to beach access is not identified. The Town is required to
.establish a public access site every one-half mile in order to qualify for federal beach
renourishment funding under the US Army Corps of Engineers Section 933 project. Maintaining
these existing sites is imperative if the Town is to meet this requirement.
Allowable density: N/A
Maximum building height: N/A
Preferred uses: Public ocean and estuarine access and parldng facilities
Uses to be discouraged: All uses not intended to provide public/estuarine and oceanfront
access
j. Recreation (RE-1)
This land use district exists for the sole purpose of protecting the interest of common
areas in Pine Knoll Shores.
Allowable density: N/A (There is not a specific density requirement for this district;
however, maximum building coverage may not exceed 40% of
the buildable lot)
Maximum building height: N/A
Preferred uses: Public and private recreational facilities
Uses to be discouraged: All uses not related to the provision of recreation ,

k. Single -Family Residential
.This.district which comprises a majority of the Town's developed and undeveloped
property, is intended to accommodate the construction of single-family detached dwellings.
Pine Knoll Shores exists, for the most part, as a single-family residential community. The Town
would like to ensure that the nature of the community is preserved, and not compromised to
accommodate higher, density development. The development criteria for single-family
residential development is as follows:
Allowable density: R-1 Zoning (6 units per acre)
R-2 Zoning (4 units per acre)
Maximum building height: 35 feet
Preferred uses: Single-family residential homes .
Uses to be discouraged: All other uses
1. Utility
The properties located within this district are primarily utilized as wastewater treatment
plant sites serving the multi -family complexes located along NC Highway 58. Due to the fact
that there is no central sewer system within Pine Knoll Shores, these developments must reserve
large tracts of land for the operation of on -site wastewater facilities. The Town must continue
to deal with this issue. Solutions to the sewer issue within Pine Knoll Shores are being
discussed, but the plans are too unclear at this time for use in the context of this plan. It will be
assumed at this point that the Town will continue to rely on private septic tanks and package
treatment plants for wastewater treatment services.
Allowable density: N/A
Maximum building height:. N/A
Preferred uses: Facilities needed for the provision of infrastructure services
Uses to be discouraged: All uses unrelated to the provision of Town infrastructure
services
4. Future Land Use in Relation to Zoninct
Each of the land use categories is supported by zoning districts contained in the Town's existing
zoning ordinance. Table 42 provides a comparison of the land use categories and the Town's
existing zoning districts. The reader is cautioned that this is an "overview and detailed
analysis must be based on careful review of the Town's zoning ordinance. The terms "generally
consistent; conditionally consistent, and inconsistent" are intended to only be indicators of
where revisions may need to occur for the Town's zoning ordinance to support implementation .
of this plan. The land use category descriptions express some "obj ectives". which may be
inconsistent with the existing zoning ordinance.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 126 SECTION VI

Table 42. Future Land Use Plan Compatibility Matrix
Consistency Review of Future Land Use Map Designations and Existing Zoning Districts
Zoning Districts
R-1
R-2
R-3
R-4
MFI
MF2
C
INSTIT
MS
OP
REC1
REC2
REC3
Min. Lot Size (SF)
7,500*
10,000*
10,000*
10,000*
22 UPA**
Motel
8 UPA**
Condo
10,000*
15 UPA**
Notel
Note 1
N/A
Note 1
Note 2
Note 2
Note 2
Max. Lot Coverage (%)
N/A
N/A
N/A
N/A .
Note 1
Note 1
Note 1
Note 1
N/A
Note 1
Note 2
Note 2
Note 2
Max. Bldg. Height (ft.) . ,
35
35
35
35
50
50
35
50
50
35
N/A
N/A
N/A
*Minimum lot size figures are in square feet; **Units per acre (UPA) -
Future Land Use
Designations
Canal
x
x
x
x.
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
g
Conservation
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
g
g
Government
c
c
c
c
c
c
g
g
g
g
x
x
x
Multi -Family
x
x
x
x
g
g
c
x
x
c
x
x
x
Marina
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x -
x
g
Mixed Use
c
c
c
c
g
g.
c
x
g
g
c
c
c
O&I
x
x.
x
x
x
x
g
g
g
g
x
x
x
Public Access
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
g
x
g
g
Private Conservation
g
g
g
g
g
g
x
g
x
g
g
g
g
Single -Family Residential
g
g
g
g
x
x
x
x
x
c
x
x
x
Utility
x
x
x
x
c
c
g
g
g-
c
x-
x
x
g = generally consistent
c = conditionally consistent
x = inconsistent
r Notes to the Future Land Use Plan Compatibility Matrix:
Note 1. There is no minimum lot size for these districts; however, maximum impervious coverage thresholds have been established for these districts. Development within
these districts must comply with the following coverage thresholds:
Building coverage - 25%
Parking coverage - 40%
Open space requirement - 35%
Note 2. There is no minimum lot size for these districts; however, a maximum impervious coverage threshold of 40% has been established for these districts. Additionally,
it is anticipated that development on these properties will involve low impact development related to open space and recreational opportunity.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plait 127 SECTION VI

5. Land Demand Forecast and Carrying Capacity Discussion
a. Land Demand Forecast
As discussed throughout the context of this plan, land use within the Town of Pine Knoll `
Shores is predominantly residential in nature. The original vision for the Town was that of a low
impact residential development focused..on preserving the maritime forest and natural
environment. The Town has done a sound job through the years of maintaining this character
through the strict enforcement of local land development ordinances.
The one exception to single-family residential development has been the growth of high
density multi -family complexes along a substantial portion of oceanfront Pine Knoll Shores, and
portions of the estuarine shoreline adjacent to Bogue Sound. These complexes serve both the
permanent and seasonal population; however, a majority of the units are owned and maintained
by seasonal residents. There are a few non-residential uses within Pine Knoll Shores, but non-
residential development (commercial and office space) is not promoted within Pine Knoll.
Shores. Due to increasing land prices, commercial and/or office and institutional development
is unlikely. It.is anticipated that at some point these properties will be redeveloped, and will
most likely become either single-family or multi -family developments.
Based on the facts above, land demand and capacity use forecast have been established.
The primary development activity through the forecast. period (2025) is expected to be .
primarily single-family residential in nature. Some multi -family development may take place;
however, there is not much land remaining where this type of development will be permitted
under existing zoning districts. Multi -family residential growth will be limited to minor infill
projects, until more substantial redevelopment projectsas noted above take place. This is
expected to occur at some point during the forecast period.
The following table summarizes the land demand forecast for residential and non-
residential development through the year 2025. These forecasts will allow for a snapshot of land
and infrastructure carrying capacity demand over this period. These forecasts have been based
on residential development activity outlined within the context of this plan. Additionally, it will
provide some insight as to what the public service demands will be over this time frame. It
should be noted that increased acreages of non-residential uses, including utility and
government (indicated as "non-residential" in Table. 43), are not anticipated. All new
development `within Pine Knoll Shores is expected to be in the form of single-family homes,
townhomes, condominiums, and duplexes. Population forecasts through 2025 have been
included in Table 16 (page 23).
Table 43 outlines the land demand forecast discussed throughout this section. The existing land
use survey outlined in Table 31 (page.55) serves as the basis for these forecast. Table 43 is
intended to outline projected growth in correlation to the Future Land Use Map.17 (page 120) .
and associated future land use acreages (page 121). In order to clarify this correlation for the
reader, the future land use districts have been grouped in the following manner: Vacant Land -
N/A; Non -Residential Land Uses - Canal, Conservation, Government, Marina; Office &
Institutional,Private Conservation, Public Access, Recreation, ; . Utility; Single -Family
Residential - Single -Family Residential; Multi -Family Residential - Mixed Use, Multi -Family.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 128 SECTION VI

Table 43. Pine Knoll Shores Land Demand Acreage Forecast
Future Land Demand
Forecast
Additional
Average
Existing
% Growth
Housing
Units.Per
Land Use
2010
2015 2020
2025
05-25
Units (2025)
Acre*
Vacant Land
140
115
89 62
34
-75.7%
N/A
N/A
Non -Residential Land Uses
558
558
558 558
558.
N/A
N/A
N/A
Single=Family Residential
433
455
478 501
526
21.6%
-364
4
(Growth Rate 5%)
Multi -Family Residential
156
159
162 166
169
8.2%
-96
8
(Growth Rate 2%)*
Total
1287
1287
1287 1287
1287
N/A
-460
N/A
*The existing land use acreage for common area has been included under the multi -family category due to the fact
that if redeveloped this acreage will be included.
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
b. Carrying Capacity Discussion
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has recently acquired the water system serving the Town
from Carolina Water Service. Now, that the water system has been acquired by the Town,
maintenance and daily operation falls under the Town's jurisdiction.' As noted earlier in the
plan, water supply for the permanent and seasonal population within Pine Knoll Shores is not
a problem. It is not anticipated that water supply will become an issue throughout the planning
forecast period (2025). This determination is based on the Town's existing water plant capacity
of .982 million gallons per day (mgd).
In order to provide some guidance to Town staff and administrators, the following table
forecasts water usage for residential customers through the year 2025. The average daily water
usage for this forecast is based on the Town's Local Water Supply Plan. .
Table 44. Pine Knoll Shores Water Capacity Use Forecast
Water Capacity
Use Forecast
Existing Housing Units and "
Water Usage 2010
2015
2020
2025
Residential Housing Units 1,429** 1,537
1,649
1,769
1,889
Water Usage (MGD)* 0.32 0.34
0.36
0.38
0.40
Non -Residential Units 18 18
18
18
18
Water Usage (MGD)* 0.20 0.20
0.20
0.20
0.20
Total Daily Water Usage (MGD)* 0.52 0.54
0.56
0.58
0.60
*MGD - Million Gallons per Day.
**Existing housing units based on information taken from Town of Pine Knoll Shores
Water Supply Plan, increased
housing units based on land demand forecast and future land use map.
NOTE: This table is based -on a total existing average daily use 'of .52 MGD.
Source: Pine Knoll Shores Water Supply Plan and Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 129
SECTION VI

It has been discussed throughout this plan that there is no central sewer service within
Pine Knoll Shores. Due to this fact, it is. not possible to compile any form of sewer system
demand or future capacity needs. The issue of a sewer. system is something that the Town has
struggled with for many years. At this point, the Town has decided that single-family structures
will rely on private septic systems for wastewater treatment. There is simply no other viable
alternative at this time. These systems .are permitted by the Carteret County Health
Department. The Health Department is working on a system to closely monitor these systems,
and generate a methodology to document and identify problems as they occur.
The multi -family complexes throughout Town rely on package treatment plants for .
wastewater treatment. These properties will continue to rely on these systems throughout the
planning period. Table 35 (page 66) summarizes the condition of each of these systems. As
these systems become antiquated or substandard, a respective complex will be required to
either replace or retrofit the existing system. NCDENR and the Carteret County Health
Department oversee the annual and daily maintenance of the systems, and make determinations
on when upgrades will be required.
Pine Knoll Shores may at some point in the future seek out a way to incorporate some of
these package facilities. into the Town's public works department. At this time this is.still a
strong topic of debate.. For the purposes of this land use plan update, it is anticipated that each
private development will be responsible for maintaining .their own wastewater treatment
systems. There is simply no sound methodology for forecasting capacity needs based on the
absence of historical average daily usage. Additionally, a majority of the future growth within
Town will be in the form of single-family residential development. It is clear that these
properties will be required to utilize private septic systems. Through years of discussion and
debate, it has been determined that establishing Town -wide central sewer service is not
economically feasible or justifiable. At this time, the Town does not have cost estimates
associated with the installation of central sewer service.
{
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 130 SECTION VI

SECTION VII. TOOLS FOR MANAGING DEVELOPMENT
A. GUIDE FOR LAND USE DECISION MAKING
It is intended that this document be an integral part of the Town of Pine Knoll Shores decision '
malting process concerning future land use. This document should be consulted prior to any .
decision being made by the Pine Knoll Shores staff, Planning Board, and/or Town Council.
concerning land use and development.
B. EXISTING DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM
The existing management program includes the following ordinances: Town of Pine Knoll `
Shores Zoning Ordinance, Town of Pine Knoll Shores Subdivision Ordinance, North Carolina
Building Code, National Flood Insurance Program, the 1996 Pine Knoll Shores Land Use Plan,
and the Pine Knoll Shores Hazard Mitigation Plan. Preparation of the 1996 Land Use Plan was
coordinated with the land use related codes.
C. ADDITIONAL TOOLS
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will utilize the following additional tools, if needed, to implement
this plan:
1. Conduct annual training sessions for the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Planning Board and
Board of Adjustment.
2. The Planning Department staff, in concert with the Planning Board, shall prepare an
annual report assessing the effectiveness of plan implementation. This report shall be
presented to the Town Council.
3. At a minimum, update the Land Use Plan and implementation process every six to seven
years:
4. Revise the Town's zoning and subdivision. ordinances to support the policies and
implementing actions contained in this plan.
5. Prepare a capital improvements plan/program to address the following community
facilities: water, sewer, stormwater, utilities or transportation.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan ' 131 SECTION V11

D. ACTION PLAN/SCHEDULE
1. Citizen Participation
For the preparation of this plan, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores adopted a citizen participation
plan on September 14, 2004. A copy of that plan is included as Appendix I. Following adoption
of this plan, the Town of Pine Knoll Shores will implement the following to ensure adequate
citizen participation:
a. The Town will encourage public participation in all land use decisions and
procedure development processes and encourage citizen input via its boards
and commissions.
b. The -Town of Pine Knoll Shores will advertise all meetings of the Town's Planning
Board and Board of Adjustment through newspaper advertisements and public
service announcements.
C. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will utilize advisory committees to assess and
advise the Town on special planning issues/needs.
d. The Town will conduct a joint meeting every January of the Pine Knoll Shores
Town Council and the Town's Planning Board to identify planning issues/needs.
e. All Planning Department activities will be outlined on the Town's web -site. The
site will include this plan. .
f. All public hearings for changes to land use related ordinances that affect AECs
shall include in the notice a specific description of the impact of the proposed
change on the AECs.
g. Ensure that the membership of all planning related and ad hoc advisory
committees has a broad cross section of Pine Knoll Shores' citizenry.
2. Action Plan/Schedule
The following describes the priority actions that will be taken by the Town of Pine Knoll Shores
to implement this CAMA Core Land Use Plan and the fiscal year(s) in which each action is
anticipated to begin and end. This action plan will be used to prepare the implementation status
report for the CAMA Land Use Plan.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 132 SECTION VII

Schedule
Begin
End
Policy References
Implementing Actions
P.1- P.8
The Town will prepare a parks and recreation plan and seek
FY2008.
FY2009
P.64 - P.66
funding for the preparation of the plan.
P: l - P.8
The Town will work with citizens, state permitting agencies,
FY2009
FY2010
and the NC Division of Coastal Management to identify and
plan for a suitable use within the Roosevelt Natural Area.
P.1 - P.8
The Town will provide parking for all public beach access sites
FY2008
FY2010
as required by the US Army Corps of Engineers and will
petition NCDOT to provide pedestrian crosswalks.
P.8
The Town will consider establishing a marina zoning district on
FY2008
FY2009
sites where marinas and boat access sites exist in order to have
no net loss of existing marinas.
P.9 - P.16
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will review and consider
FY2007
FY2009
P.17 - P.19
revisions to its zoning and subdivision ordinances in order to
P.20 - P.22
implement the policies contained in this Land Use Plan.
P.25 - P.37
P.23 - P.24
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports ongoing plann;ng and-
FY2008
FY2010
capital improvement efforts to address the drainage problem
associated with flooding from tropical storm events.
P.25 - P.37
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores may consider adopting an .
TBD
TBD
operating and capital financing plan for the development of
water and sewer system upgrades in preparation for future
demand.
P.38 - P.45
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will consider the development of
FY2007
FY2008
a dune stabilization program through installation of properly
installed sand fences or fence enclosures around the primary
dune line along oceanfront portions of the Town.
P.64 - P.66
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will emphasize the protection of
FY2009
FY2010
environmentally sensitive areas in the update of its public
recreational plan.
P.73 - P.78
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores will research options for
FY2008
FY2009
development, design, and financing of indoor, multi -use
recreation facility.

E. RESOURCE CONSERVATION MANAGEMENT ACTION PLAN/POSITIVE AND
NEGATIVE IMPACTS OF LAND USE PLAN POLICIES
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores believes that the policies, management goals; planning
objectives, and land use plan requirements contained in this document will have positive
impacts for the Town. However, the following could have some negative impacts:
1. Transportation changes in sensitive areas.
2. Potential infringement of growth on sensitive areas.
3. Negative impact of population growth on the Carteret County School System.
4. Increased stormwater runoff.
5. Possible degradation of water quality.
The management objectives, policies, and implementing actions address the issues associated
with these possible negative impacts. Mitigating polices are stated in the conservation policies,
page 102; stormwater control policies, page 103; infrastructure carrying capacity, page 104; and
water quality, Page 110.
Table 45 provides an analysis matrix which summarizes this plan's policies and identifies them
as beneficial, neutral, or detrimental.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 134 SECTION VII

Table 45. Pine Knoll Shores Policy Analysis Matrix — Land Use Plan Management Topics
Policy Benchmarks —Indicate whether policy beneficial (B), neutral (N), or detrimental (D)
Infrastructure Carrying
Management Topics
Public Access
Land Use Compatibility
Capacity
Natural Hazards
Water Quality.
Local Concerns
• more planned access
• reduction in habitat
• water, sewer, and other key
• land uses and
• land use and
• preservation of
locations
loss and fragmentation
community facilities and
development patterns
development criteria
cultural, historic, and
• upgrades to existing
related to impacts of
services being available in
that reduce vulnerability
and measures that
scenic areas
access locations
land use and
required locations at adequate
to natural hazards
abate impacts that
• support of economic
• increase pedestrian .'
development
capacities to support planned
• land uses and
degrade water quality
development
access
• reduction of water
community growth and
development patterns
• coordinate water
• development of
• comply with state access
resource and water
development patterns
that take into account
quality efforts with
human resources
standards to enhance
quality degradation
• during construction of
the existing and planned
Carteret County
• preservation of the
opportunities for state
• balance growth demands
infrastructure systems,
capacity of evacuation
Town's rural
funding
with protection of the
AECs and other fragile
infrastructure
character
environment:
areas should be protected _
• minimize development in
• decrease residential
• transportation improvements
floodplains, AECs,
density within Town
should support the efficiency
wetlands, and other
Land Use and
of traffic flow and pedestrian
fragile areas
Development Policies
safety
Public Access:
P.1
B
B
N
N
N
B
P.2
B
B
N
N
N
B
P.3
B
B
N.
N
N
B
PA
B
B
N.
N'
N
B
P.5
B
B
N
N
N
B
P.6
B
N
N.
N
N
B
P.T
B
B
B
g
B
B
P.8
B
N
N
N
D
B
Land Use
Compatibility:
P.9
N
B
B
B
N
B
P.10
B
B
B
N
N
B
P.11
B
B
B.
B
B
B
P.12
N
B
B
N
B
B
P.13
N:
B
B
B
B
B
P.14
N
N
N
N
N
B
P.15
N
B
B
N
N
B
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 135 SECTION VII

Policy Benchmarks —Indicate whether policy beneficial (B), neutral (l), or detrimental (D)
Infrastructure Carrying
Management Topics
Public Access
Land Use Compatibility
Capacity
Natural Hazards
Water Quality
Local Concerns
• more planned access
• reduction in habitat
• water, sewer, and other key
• land uses and
• land use and
• preservation of
locations .
loss and fragmentation
community facilities and
development patterns
development criteria
cultural, historic, and.
• upgrades to existing
related to impacts of
services being available in .
that reduce vulnerability
and measures that
scenic areas
access locations
land use and .
required locations at adequate
to natural hazards.
abate impacts that
• support of economic
• increase pedestrian
development.
capacities to support planned
• land uses and
degrade water quality
development
access
reduction of water
community growth and
development patterns
• coordinate water
• development of
• comply with state access
resource and water
development patterns
that take into account
quality efforts with
human resources
standards to enhance
quality degradation
• during construction of
the existing and planned
Carteret County
• preservation of the
opportunities for state
• balance growth demands
infrastructure systems,
capacity of evacuation
Town's rural
funding
with protection of the
AECs and other fragile
infrastructure
character
environment
areas should be protected
• minimize development in
• decrease residential
• transportation improvements
floodplains, AECs,
density within Town
should support the efficiency
wetlands, and other
Land Use and
of traffic flow and pedestrian
fragile areas
Development Policies
safety
P.16
N
B
N
B
B
B
P.1 T
N
B
D
B
B
B
P.18
N
B
N
N
B
B
P.19
N
B
N
B
B
N
P.20
N
B
N
B
B
N
P.21
N
B
B
N
B
N
P.22
B
B
N
N
g
B
P.23
N
N
N
N
B
B
P.24
N
B
N
B
N
N
Infrastructure Carrying
Capacity: "
P.25
B
N
B
B
B
B
P.26
N
B
B
N
B
B
P.27
N
B
B
N
N
B
P.28 1
N
N
B
N
B
B
P.29
N
B
N
N
B
B
P.30
N
B
B
B
N
B
P.31
B
N
B
B
N
B
P.32 I
N
N
B
N
B
B-
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 136 SECTION VII

Policy BenchmarksIndicate whether policy beneficial (B), neutral (N), or detrimental
(D)
Infrastructure Carrying
-
Management Topics
Public Access
Land Use Compatibility
Capacity
Natural Hazards
Water Quality
Local Concerns
more planned access
reduction in habitat
• water, sewer, and other key
• land uses and
• land use and
• preservation of
locations
loss and fragmentation
community facilities and
development patterns
development criteria
cultural, historic, and
• upgrades to existing
related to impacts of
services being available in
that reduce vulnerability
and measures that
scenic areas
access locations
land use and
required locations at adequate
to natural hazards
abate impacts that
• support of economic
• increase pedestrian
development
capacities to support planned
• land uses and
degrade water quality
development
access
• reduction of water
community growth and
development patterns
• coordinate water
• development of
• comply with state access
resource and water
development patterns
that take into account
quality efforts with
human resources
standards to enhance
quality degradation
• during construction of
the existing and planned
Carteret County
• preservation of the
opportunities for state
• balance growth demands
infrastructure systems,
capacity of evacuation -
Town's rural
funding
with protection of the
AECs and other fragile
infrastructure
character
environment
areas should be protected
• minimize development in
• decrease residential
• transportation improvements
floodplains, AECs,
density within Town
should support the efficiency.
wetlands, and other
Land Use and
of traffic flow and pedestrian
fragile areas
Development Policies
safety
P.33
N
B
N
N
N
B
P.34
N ..
B
B
N
N
B
P.35
N
B
N
B
N
B
P.36
N
N.
B
N
N
B
P.37
N
N
B
N
N.
B
Natural Hazards:
P.38
N
N
N
B
N
B
P.39
B
N
N
B
N
B
PAO
N
B
N
B
N
B
P.41 `
N
B
B
B
N
B
P.42
N
B
B
B
N
B
P.43
N
B
N
B
N
B
P.44
N
B
N
B
B
B
P.45
N
N
B
B
N
B
Water Quality:
P.46
B
N
N
B
B
B
P.47
N
N
B
N
N
B
P.48
B
N
N
N
B
B
P.49
N
N
N
N
B
N

Policy Benchmarks —Indicate whether policy beneficial (B), neutral (N), or detrimental (D)
Infrastructure Carrying
Management Topics
Public Access
Land Use Compatibility
Capacity
Natural Hazards
Water Quality
Local Concerns
• more planned access
• reduction in habitat
• water, sewer, and other key.
• land uses and
• land use and
• preservation of
locations
loss and fragmentation
community facilities and
development patterns
development criteria
cultural, historic, and
• upgrades to existing
related to impacts of
services being available in
that reduce vulnerability
and measures that
scenic areas
access locations
land use and
required locations at adequate
to natural hazards
abate impacts that
• support of economic
• increase pedestrian
development
capacities to support planned
• land uses and
degrade water quality
development
access
• reduction of water
community growth and
development patterns
• coordinate water .
• development of
• comply with state access
resource and water
development patterns
that take into account
quality efforts with
human resources :
standards to enhance
quality degradation
• during construction of -
the existing and planned
Carteret County
• preservation of the
opportunities for state
• balance growth demands
infrastructure systems,
capacity of evacuation
Town's rural
funding
with protection of the
AECs and other fragile
infrastructure
character
environment
areas should be protected
• minimize development in
• decrease residential
• transportation improvements
floodplains, AECs,
density within Town
should support the efficiency
wetlands, and other
Land Use and
of traffic flow and pedestrian
fragile areas
Development Policies
safety
P.50
N ,-
N.
B
N
B
B
P.51
N
B
N
B
B
N
P.52
N
N
N
N
B
N
P.53
N.
B
N
N
B
N
0.54
B
N
N
N
B.
B
P.55
N
N
N
N
B
B
P.56
N
B
B
B
B
N
P.57
N
B
N
B
B
N
P.58
N
B
N
B
B
N
P.59
B
B
N
B
B
B
P.60
B
N
N
B
B
N
P.61
N.
N
B.
N
B
N
P.62
N
N
B
N
B
N
P.63
N
N
B
N-
B
N
Local Concerns: .
P.64
B
B
N
B
B
B
P.65
B
N
N
N.
B
B
P.66
B
B
B
N
B
B
P.67
N
B
B
N
N
B
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 138 SECTION VII

Policy Benchmarks —Indicate whether policy beneficial
(B), neutral (N), or detrimental
(D)
Infrastructure Carrying.
Management Topics
Public Access
Land Use Compatibility
Capacity
Natural Hazards
Water Quality
Local Concerns
• more planned access
• reduction in habitat
• water, sewer, and other key
• land uses and
• land use and
• preservation of
locations
loss and fragmentation
community facilities and
development patterns
development criteria .
cultural, historic, and
• upgrades to existing
related to impacts of
services being available in
that reduce vulnerability
and measures that
scenic areas
access locations
land use and
required locations at adequate
to natural hazards
abate impacts that
• support of economic
• increase pedestrian
development
capacities to support planned
• land uses and
degrade water quality
development
access
• reduction of water
community growth and
development patterns
• coordinate water
• development of
•comply with state access
resource and water
development patterns,
that take into account
quality efforts with
human resources
standards to enhance
quality degradation
• during construction of
the existing and planned
Carteret County
• preservation of the
opportunities for state
• balance growth demands
infrastructure systems,
capacity of evacuation
Town's rural
funding
with protection of the
AECs and other fragile
infrastructure
character
environment
areas should be protected
• minimize development in
• decrease residential
• transportation improvements
floodplains, AECs,
density within Town
should support the efficiency
wetlands, and other
Land Use and
of traffic flow, and pedestrian
fragile areas
Development Policies .
safety
P.68
B
B
N
B
B
B
P.69
N
B
B
N
B
B
P.70
N
B.
B
N
N
B
P.71
N
B
B
N
N
B
P.72
B
B
N
N
N
B
P.73
N
B
N
N
N.
B
P.74
N
B
B
N
N
N
P.75
B
B
B
N
N
B
P.76
N
B
B
B
N
B
P.77
N
N
N
B
B
B
P.78
B
N
B
B
N
B

Notes to the Policy Analysis Matrix
Public Access
P.1(B) - This policy states the Town concern related to protecting the natural environment that
exist throughout Pine Knoll Shores. The Town supports tourism, and recognizes it's importance
to the economy, however the Town does not want to compromise the natural and aesthetic
beauty of the Town in an effort to increase visitation (i.e. higher housing density).
P.2(B) - P.5(B) - These policies state the Town's pro -active approach to providing public
oceanfront and estuarine access. The Town is planning to provide estuarine shoreline access
points and will consider a project that will provide this access, with possibly a pier for crabbing .
and fishing.
P.6(B) - Pine Knoll Shores currently has rights to a ten acre piece of the Roosevelt Natural Area.
The Town has not yet determined how this land will be utilized, however it will be in the form
of low impact use. Discussions have been centered around the possible establishment of
walking trails, with possible picnic facilities.
P.Z(B) The Town currently supports the efforts of the US Army Corps of Engineers Section 933
Project.
P.8(B) (D) - This policy states the Town's support of maintaining the preservation of existing
marina facilities, while not expanding marina operations within the Town's jurisdiction. The
Town'will aim to mitigate these impacts through requirements to be defined in a future marina
zoning district.
Land Use Compatibili
PA(B) - P.12(B) - These policies outline the Town's desire to protect the overall medium density
residential environment that exist throughout the Town. Pine Knoll Shores is very concerned
about protecting the character of the Town, and .not establishing more dense development
requirements, as other regional beach communities have adopted. The Town does recognize
that a range of housing options should be provided; however approval of such development
should take into account the availability of Town services, and infrastructure carrying capacity.
P.13(B) - P.14(B) - These, two policies states the Town's support for wooded buffers between
residential and non-residential areas. These policies were developed in an effort to protect
residential areas from the adverse effects of commercial, institutional , and thoroughfare
(roadway) development.
P.15(B) This policy recognizes the importance of Homeowners Associations (HOA's) to the
sound and uniform development of the Town. HOA codes work in conjunction with municipal.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 140 SECTION VII

ordinances to ensure that residential and non residential development is in conformity with
adjacent properties.
P.16(N) - This policy states the Town's support for allowing the use of residences for home
businesses, as is outlined in the Town's zoning ordinance.
P. l T(B, D) - As stated, Pine Knoll Shores is primarily concerned with maintaining the residential
character of the community. In light of this concern the Town does not oppose commercial
development. The Town would like to see non-residential development take place onlyin areas
indicated on the future land use map as "Mixed Use". ;These areas. might be considered for
rezoning to accommodate this development, and non residential development in these areas
should not pose a threat to adjacent residential neighborhoods. It should be noted that an
increase in non-residential development could have an impact on the provision of public
services, such as infrastructure. In order to address these concerns, the Town is proposing to
draft an operating and capital financing plan to in an effort to ensure adequate public services
throughout the planning period (see I.23).
P.18(B) The Town also prohibits the development of any industrial operation, noxious
commercial operations, or solid waste facilities. This policy is intended to not only protect the
property owners within Pine Knoll Shores, but. also maintain the water quality in adjacent
waterbodies.
P.19(B) - This policy states the Town's stance against any future development of commercial
marinas within it's jurisdiction. Development of any commercial or upland marina facility will
be in direct conflict with the Town's vision of the Town's future development; however, as noted
the Town does have a no net loss policy regarding existing marinas.
P.20(B) - P.21(B) - These policies outline the Town's strong stance toward protection of
environmentally sensitive areas. Although many of these areas are protected through state and
federal regulations, the Town further regulates these areas through locally adopted land
development code.
P.22(B) - Pine Knoll Shores was founded on the idea of protecting the natural environment. The
Town, through pro active planning and code enforcement, has been successful in achieving this
protection over years of rapid development. The Town will continue this course of action
through build out of its planning jurisdiction.
P.23(B) - P.24(B) Currently the Town of Pine Knoll Shores does. have locally adopted
regulations to enforce stormwater management or sediment runoff at development sites. These
issues are addressed through NC DCM regulations on all sites larger than five acres. The Town
will Icontinue to support NC DCM in enforcing these regulations. As noted earlier in the plan,
if Pine Knoll Shores is named as a Phase II community, the Town will comply with all Phase 11
regulations.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 141 SECTION VII.

Infrastructure Carrvina Canaci
P.25(B) - P.27(B) - These policies serve as blanket statements detailing the Town's dedication
to providing adequate public services to all property owners and visitors to the Town. In terms
of infrastructure this is tied solely to the provision of water services through the water system
recently acquired by the Town.
P.28(B) = P.29(B), P.31(B) - These policies are tied to the provision of wastewater treatment
facilities throughout the Town's jurisdiction on existing and future developments. The Town has
struggled with this issue for many years, and has determined that establishment of a central
sewer system is not feasible. The Town will continue to rely on private septic systems for single
family homes, and package treatment pants for multi family developments. At this point in time,
the Town is researching alternatives that will aim to protect water quality while balancing the
financial impact on citizens.
P.30(B) - This policy further outlines the Town's desire to improve all Town services.
P.32(B) - The Town would like to transition all utility lines underground. This will have many
benefits including increased public safety, and reduced power outages during storm events.
P.33(B) - P.34(B) These policies state the Town's desire to provide a safe, efficient, and
interconnected street system. Due to the fact that Pine Knoll Shores mainly has one primary
thoroughfare running through its jurisdiction, limited curb cuts and interconnected
neighborhoods are a essential to limiting traffic flow along NC Highway 58. These
requirements are further outlined in the Town's locally adopted land development code, and
curb cuts along NC Highway 88 are governed and permitted by NCDOT.
P.35(B) This policy addresses the fact that the Town implements a coordinated addressing
system that is overseen by Carteret County. This system is essential for a variety of reasons,
most importantly public safety.
P.36(B) - This policy states the Town's continued support of federal funding for dredging
projects. The Town does believe however that the sand from this dredging should be
distributed more evenly to all beach communities located along Bogue Banks. Currently, this
sand is deposited up to the corporate limit line between Pine Knoll Shores and Atlantic Beach, .
because this has been determined to be least cost alternative: .
P.37(N) - This policy is neutral because construction of a third bridge onto Bogue Banks will
help alleviate substantial traffic problems during peak summer months and help facilitate
evacuation during emergencies. Although the bridge would achieve the goal of reducing traffic
across the island, it will worsen the already strained road system traversing through Pine Knoll
Shores.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 142 SECTION VII

Natural Hazard Areas
P.38(B) - The Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the construction of properly permitted
bulkheads along it's estuarine shoreline. This helps protect property from erosion caused by
wind driven wave action while not impacting the adjacent shoreline, as with hard stabilization
along the oceanfront.
P.39(B) - This policy states the Town's reliance and support for regulation of development in
environmentally sensitive areas by both the US Army Corps of Engineers, and NC DCM.
P.40(N) The Town does not oppose the relocation of structures that are endangered by
erosion. Relocation of these structure; however should be consistent with all state and federal
policy, as well as local land development code.
P.41(B), P.42(B) - The Town supports hazard mitigation planning, as is evidenced by the Town's
drafting and adoption of a local Hazard Mitigation Plan. This planning relates to a wide range
of issues, including ensuring that building densities are established in a fashion that will
minimize property damage and loss, in the event of a tropical storm event.
P.43(B) - This policy states the importance and dedication that the Town has to protectingthe
primary dune line traversing along oceanfront portions of Town. Maintenance of this dune line
is imperative to the survival of the island as a habitable barrier island.
P.44(B) - These policies state the Town's strong support for the beach renourishment efforts of
both the US Army Corps of Engineers, and the Carteret County Shore Protection Office. The
Town has a proactive beach renourishment program. The County Shore Protection office works
to facilitate this process, *and has been a true savior to the beach communities along Bogue
Banks. This office is solely dedicated to preserving the beach.
P.45(B) - This policy states that the Town of Pine Knoll Shores supports the efforts and policies
of the Carteret County Emergency Management Office, and Emergency Operations Plan. This
document outlines procedures for evacuation and recovery in the event of a natural disaster.
Water Ouality
P.46(B) - P.63(B) - These policies state the Town's full support and awareness of protecting
water quality not only in adjacent waterbodies, but all of Bogue Sound. Many individuals in the
Town, as well as Salter path located in the center of Indian Beach rely on the fisheries industry
for survival. Protecting these waters is essential to these peoples survival. Over the past
several years, water quality has been declining;, however there are still two Outstanding
Resource waters located off of the estuarine shoreline of Indian Beach.
Pine Knoll Shores Core Land Use Plan 143 SECTION VII

APPENDIX I
TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PLAN
PREPARATION OF A CORE LAND USE PLAN
PHASE I
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has received a Coastal Area Management Act grant -for preparation of
a Core Land Use Plan, Phase I. Adequate citizen participation in the development of the plan is .
essential to the preparation of a document responsive to the needs of the citizens of the Town of Pine
Knoll Shores. To ensure such input, the following citizen participation program will be utilized by the
town.
The Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners will appoint a Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land Use
Plan Committee (LUPC) to work with the town's planning consultant to ensure that the final product
will be a plan suitable for adoption by the town. The committee will include representatives from the
Planning Board and Board of Commissioners.
Specifically, the planning consultant and the LUPC will be responsible for ensuring accomplishment
of the following:
• Develop and adopt the Citizen Participation Plan; conduct public information meeting;
and conduct a meeting to identify community concerns, key planning issues, and
aspirations. In addition, prepare analysis of existing and emerging conditions.
• Complete analysis of existing and emerging conditions; prepare natural systems analysis
and analysis of land use and development (including Existing Land Use Map).
• Prepare community facilities analysis; prepare/review land suitability analysis and map;
review existing CAMA plan, ordinances, and policies.
The following schedule will be utilized for Phase I:
1. September, 2004
Conduct public information meeting.
— Board of Commissioners adopt the Citizen Participation Plan.
2. October, 2004
- Conduct initial meeting with LUPC and review Citizen Participation Plan and
process for preparing the land use plan.
— Conduct town issues identification meeting.
3. November, 2004 to April, 2005 Prepare preliminary draft land use plan which will
include analysis of existing conditions, land suitability analysis, natural systems
analysis, and community facilities analysis. Conduct monthly meetings with the LUPC.
4. May, 2005 — Present draft of Phase I to the Planning Board.

5. June, 2005 - Present draft of Phase I to the Board of Commissioners.
All meetings of the LUPC and Board of Commissioners at which the Plan will be discussed will be
advertised in a local newspaper. The public information meeting, town meeting, and public hearing will
also be advertised in a local newspaper. In addition, public service announcements will be mailed to
local radio stations and posted at the Town Hall and other public buildings as directed by the LUPC and
Board of Commissioners. All meetings will be open to the public. The town will encourage and
consider all economic, social, ethnic and cultural viewpoints. No major non-English speaking groups
are known to exist in the Town of Pine Knoll Shores.
8/30/04

TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PLAN
PREPARATION OF A CORE LAND USE PLAN
PHASE II
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has received a Coastal Area Management Act grant for preparation of
a Core Land Use Plan, Phase II. Adequate citizen participation in the development of the plan is
essential to the preparation of a document responsive to the needs of the citizens of the Town of Pine
Knoll Shores. To ensure such input, the following citizen participation program will be utilized by the
Town.
The Pine Knoll Shores Board of Commissioners has appointed the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Land
Use Plan Committee (LUPC) to work with the Town's planning consultant to ensure that -the final
product will be a plan suitable for adoption by the Town. The committee will include representatives
from the Planning Board and Board of Commissioners.
Specifically, the planning consultant and the LUPC will be responsible for ensuring accomplishment
of the following:
• Adopt and implement Citizen Participation Plan for Phase II.
• Revise preliminary plan based on public review.
• Complete plan for the future (including future land use map and tools for managing
development).
• Present the draft plan to the Board of Commissioners.
• Submit plan to state/DCM for review; provide plan to adjacent jurisdictions for review;
conduct public information hearings.
• Review plan based on state and local review; conduct public hearing; Board of
Commissioners adoption; submit for CRC certification.
The following schedule will be utilized for Phase II:
1. August- September, 2005
Update Citizen Participation Plan
Begin preparation of Phase II portion of LUP
2. October, 2005 January, 2006
Hold monthly meetings with LUPC
— Revise preliminary plan based on public review,
3. February, 2006 — Provide plan to adjacent jurisdictions to review
4. March, 2006 — Submit plan (with any revisions) to the Pine Knoll Shores Planning,
Board for review and preliminary approval
5. April, 2006 Submit draft plan to state for DCM review.

6. May, 2006
= Revise plan based on state and local review
Conduct. public hearing for Board of Commissioners to adopt plan
— Submit to CRC for certification
All meetings of the LUPC and Board of Commissioners at which the Plan will be discussed will be
advertised in a local newspaper. The public hearing will also be advertised in a local newspaper. In
addition, public service announcements will be posted at the Town Hall and other public buildings as
directed by the LUPC and Board of Commissioners. All meetings will be open to the public. The town
will encourage and consider all economic, social, ethnic and cultural viewpoints. No major non-English
speaking groups are known to exist in the Town of Pine Knoll Shores.
7/14/05

TOWN OF PINE KNOLL SHORES
CITIZEN PARTICIPATON PLAN
PREPARATION OF A CORE LAND USE PLAN
PHASE III
The following schedule will be utilized for Phase III:
• July, 2008
Final revisions made to state/DCM
Town staff meeting with planner to revise draft plan
• August, 2008
Board of Commissioners call for a Public Hearing
Draft Plan put on public display
• September, 2008 — Public Hearing held on draft plan
• October, 2008 - Draft plan presented to state/DCM
• November, 2008 - Draft plan- submitted to CRC for certification

APPENDIX 11
Town of Pine Knoll Shores
CAMA Land Use Plan Property Owners Survey Results
1. Pine Knoll Shores should increase its efforts/services to provide a retirement friendly community.
Absentee Property Owners
In -Town Property Owners
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
Agree
No 0 inion
I Disagree
344
173
105
207
1 54
1 71
Total
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
551
1 .227
176
2. The Town of Pine Knoll Shores should maintain its stance on limiting commercial development
within the corporate limits:
Absentee Property Owners
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
546
21
55
In -Town Property Owners
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
275
17
40
Total
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
821
1 38
95
3. In light of the recent increased restrictions regarding stormwater runoff control currently being
implemented in a majority of towns and counties across the state, the Town should continue to
take a proactive approach to stormwater control.
Absentee Property Owners
Agree
No Opinion
Disa ree
494
95
33
In -Town Property Owners
A ree
No 0 inion
Disa ree
286
• 28
1 18
Total
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
780
1 123
51
4. Pine Knoll Shores should support the development of a town -wide sewage collection system.
Absentee Property Owners
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
382
146
94
In -Town Property Owners
A ree
No Opinion
Disagree
161
1 59
112
Total
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
543
205
206
5. The town should identify a -solution that will ease traffic flow and congestion along NC Highway
58.
Absentee Property Owners
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
365
132
125
In -Town Property Owners
Agree
No Opinion
Disa
172
61
99ree
Total
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
537
193
224

6. The town should make it a priority to develop a town -wide bicycle/pedestrian corridor.
Absentee PropertyOwners
Agree No Opinion Disagree
364 131 127
In -Town Property Owners
In -Town Property Owners
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
174
55
103
Total
Agree
No Opinion
Disagree
538
186
230
7. Pine Knoll Shores should pursue the development of a town -owned and operated central storage
area for both boats and recreational vehicles.
168
305
In -Town Property Owners
Agree
I No Opinion
I Disagree
83
75
174
Total
Agree No Opinion Disagree
232 243 479
8. Ranking of key issues: The following issues were identified and ranked by permanent residents
of the Town at a public meeting held on November 11, 2004. All property owners as identified
by Carteret County tax records were asked to rank each issue identified from 1 to 10, with l being
the most important need and 10 being the least important need. Following are the results of the
ranking by absentee property owners and in -town property owners:
ISSUE Absentee In -Town
Rank Rank
Develop long-term plan for beach renourishment 20-30 years 1 5
Maintain strict residential zoning restrictions 2 1
Preserve the maritime forest 3 3
Solve problems involved with water system (purchase and/or 4 6
improvements)
Maintain housing standards 5 2
Address stormwater management issues 6 4
Identify strategy for use and preservation of Roosevelt 7 7
natural area
Phase -in underground utilities 8 8
Maintain the canal 9 9
Develop a multi -use recreational facility 10 10
Mailed out 1,975 surveys (617 in -town; 1358 absentee).
.Received 959 responses (333 in -town; 626 absentee)
8. Ranking of key issues: The following issues were identified and ranked by permanent residents
of the Town at a public meeting held on November 11, 2004. All property owners as identified
by Carteret County tax records were asked to rank each issue identified from 1 to 10, with l being
the most important need and 10 being the least important need. Following are the results of the
ranking by absentee property owners and in -town property owners:
ISSUE Absentee In -Town
Rank Rank
Develop long-term plan for beach renourishment 20-30 years 1 5
Maintain strict residential zoning restrictions 2 1
Preserve the maritime forest 3 3
Solve problems involved with water system (purchase and/or 4 6
improvements)
Maintain housing standards 5 2
Address stormwater management issues 6 4
Identify strategy for use and preservation of Roosevelt 7 7
natural area
Phase -in underground utilities 8 8
Maintain the canal 9 9
Develop a multi -use recreational facility 10 10
Mailed out 1,975 surveys (617 in -town; 1358 absentee).
.Received 959 responses (333 in -town; 626 absentee)

ij
4
`
� S �"�.
� �• e ! Pik
�
LOS B.
LOS E.

LOS A:
LOS B:
LOS C:
LOS D:
LOS E:
LOS F:
APPENDIX -III
LEVELS OF SERVICE (LOS)
Describes primarily free flow conditions. The motorist experiences a high level of
physical and psychological comfort. The effects of minor incidents of breakdown
are easily absorbed. Even the maximum density, the average spacing between
vehicles, is about 528 feet, or 26 car lengths.
Represents reasonably free flow conditions. The ability to maneuver within the
traffic stream is only slightly restricted. The lowest average spacing between
vehicles is about 330 feet, or 18 car lengths.
Provides for stable operations, but flows approach the range in which small
increases will cause substantial deterioration in service. Freedom to maneuver is
noticeably restricted. Minor incidents may still be absorbed, but the local decline
in service will be great. Queues may be expected to form behind any significant..
blockage. Minimum average spacings are in the range of 220 feet, or 12 car
Lengths.
Borders on unstable flow. Density begins to deteriorate somewhat more quickly
with increasing flow. Small increases in flow can cause substantial deterioration in
service. Freedom to maneuver is severely limited, and the driver experiences
drastically reduced comfort levels. Minor incidents can be expected to create
substantial queuing. At the limit, vehicles are spaced at about 165 feet, or 9 car
lengths.
Describes operation at capacity. Operations at this level are extremely unstable
because there are virtually no usable gaps in the traffic stream. Any disruption to
the traffic stream, such as a vehicle entering from a ramp or changing lanes,
requires the following vehicles to give way to admit the vehicle. This can establish
a disruption wave that propagates through the upstream traffic flow. At capacity,
.the traffic stream has no ability to dissipate any disruption. --Any incident can be
expected to produce a serious breakdown with extensive queuing.. Vehicles are
spaced at approximately 6 car lengths, leaving little room to maneuver:
Describes forced or breakdown flow. Such conditions generally exist within queues
forming behind breakdown points.

APPENDIX IV
HAZARD MITIGATION PLAN
MITIGATION STRATEGIES AND POLICIES
PLEASE NOTE: The following mitigation strategies and policies are a verbatim
reproduction of the text from the Town of Pine Knoll Shores Hazard Mitigation Plan
which was adopted by the Board of Commissioners on September 14, 2004, and
approved by. the Federal Emergency Management Agency on June 6, 2005. Some of
these statements/completion dates are inconsistent with current circumstances and.
requirements. However, they were not changed in order to accurately reflect the
contents of the currently approved plan.
A.. MITIGATION OBJECTIVES
'Objectives are defined as measurable, concrete steps towards achieving the goals presented in this
plan. When all -objectives are complete, the goals will have been. met.
Objective
Goal Number
Number
Objective
1
1
Ensure that all shelter locations are well publicized
1
2
Reduce the frequency of electrical outages and length of time such
outages last
1
3
Provide for effective evacuation prior to natural hazards
1
4
Reduce flood insurance rates
2
1
Preserve open sace in flood lain areas
2
2
Reduce the risk of damage from wildfires to future development
3
1
Maximize the use of available grant programs to protect the most
vulnerable structures and populations
4
1
Develop specific., timely recommendations for hazard mitigation
measures following a State orFederally declared natural disaster and
ensure that hazard mitigation is considered when redevelopment
`
occurs after a natural disaster
5.
1
Ensure that the public is aware of the risks of different types of;,,,
natural hazards, and reduces their personal exposure to natural
hazards
6
1
Mitigate damages due to stormwater
B. MITIGATION POLICIES
1. Introduction
Specific actions, or "policies", are needed to realize each objective provided above. For, each
policy, the following information will be provided in this subsection:
A statement of the policy
• The type of strategy represented by the policy
• The hazard(s) it is developed to address
The objective(s) it will achieve
IV-1

• The priority the action has (high, medium or low)
Possible funding sources, if any
The agency or staff member assigned with responsibility for the policy
• Projected completion date. .
• Notes and/or background information on the policy
2. Prioritization and Cost Benefit Review
A process for prioritization of identified hazard mitigation strategies was performed. The hazard
mitigation advisory committee used the following criteria for prioritization of hazard mitigation
strategies:
• Cost -benefit review
• Results of hazard identification and analysis
Results of vulnerability assessment
• Results of community capability assessment
• Effectiveness in meeting hazard mitigation goals and comprehensive plan goals
Cost -benefit review was given special emphasis; in light of its possible use in environmental reviews
for. HMGP, FMA, and other federal hazard mitigation projects.
3. Mitigation Policies
The town's policies are listed below:
Policy Number
1
Policy
CAMA Land Use Plan Update
Strategy Type
Prevention
Hazard(s) Addressed
All
Objective(s) Addressed
2.1 and .4.1
Priority,
Medium
Possible Funding Sources.
NC Division of Coastal Management (the town is up, for funding in
FY2004-2005 and an application has already been submitted)
Responsible Party
Building Inspector
Projected Completion Date
FY2008-2009
Notes/Background
The intent of the Land Use Plan is to compile an inventory of existing land
use patterns and to recommendgoals and objectives for future
development that are compatible with the general character of the
community. This document represents the town's formal policy
statements concerning land use and land development. The plan serves
as a guide for reviewing private development proposals and making
decisions on the location of public facilities. This plan also provides'a
foundation for zoning (N.C.G.S. 160A-383) and subdivision regulations,
which put the goals and objectives of this land use plan into action. For
these reasons, the plan affects the exposure of future development to
hazards.
natural

Policy Number
2
Policy
Acquisition of property and construction of public beach access sites
Strategy Type
Prevention, property protection, and structural projects
Hazard(s) Addressed
Flooding, primarily due to storm surge
Objective(s) Addressed
1.4 and 3.1
Priority
Low.
Possible Funding Sources
NC Division of Coastal Management Beach Access Grant Program. The
contact is: Ted Tyndall
151-B Highway 24, Hestron Plaza II
Morehead City, NC 28557
[phone]
e-mail: [e-mail]
htti)://dcm2.enr.state.nc.us/Access/qrants.htm
Building Inspector
Responsible Party
Projected Completion Date
December 311 2010
Notes/Background
The acquisition and construction of public beach access sites is tied to the
town's beach renourishment efforts. The us Army Corps of Engineers
requires that coastal communities maintain a public beach access site
every one-half mile in order to be. eligible for federal funding addressing
beach renourishment. Currently, Pine Knoll Shores does not meet this
requirement, and is seeking to increase the number of available sites.
Policy Number
3
Policy
Maintain an agreement with a contractor to perform emergency pumping
of floodwaters from local streets.
Strategy Tye•
Property protection
Hazard(s) Addressed
Flooding, primarily`
Objective(s) Addressed
4.1 and 6.1
Priority
Medium
Possible Funding Sources
This cost will be paid for out of the town's general fund, in the event of
a natural disaster. Reimbursement will be requested in the form of Public
Assistance from the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Responsible Party
Emergency Services Director and Building Inspector
Projected Completion Date
Ongoing
Notes/Background
The Town of Pine Knoll Shores has a history of flooding on several local
access streets during storm events bringing heavy rain. This policy will
address this problem and' mitigate any potential damages to structures,
and increases public safety.
Policy Number
4,
Policy
Review "Firewise" zoning and subdivision standards and report on their
appropriateness for incorporation into the existing zoning and subdivision
ordinances.
Strategy Type
Prevention

Hazard(s) Addressed
Wildfire
Objective(s) Addressed
2.2
Priority
Low
Possible Funding Sources
N/A. Information on "Firewise" zoning and subdivision ordinance
provisions is widely available in the public record. An excellent resource
is hAE://www.firewiag.org.
Responsible Party
Building Inspector and Fire Chief
Projected Completion Date
Ongoing
Notes/Background
A number of design, construction and landscaping techniques have been
identified in the past dozen years or so. that significantly reduce the risk
of wildfire affecting a home (or significantly reduces the damage from
wildfire and urban fires).
Policy Number
5
Policy
Implement public education efforts designed to help inform the public of
their exposure
to natural hazards and to inform them of actions they can
take to
mitigate the damages to their health and property from natural
hazards,
including but not limited to the following:
a)
Ensure that the Town Hall maintains documents about flood
insurance, flood protection, floodplain management, and natural
and beneficial functions of floodplains. Many documents are
available free of charge from the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA).
b)
Encourage builders, developers, and architects to become
familiar with the NFIP land use and building standards by
attending annual workshops presented by the NC Division of
Emergency Management (DEM). This can be accomplished by
creating a mailing list and providing it to DEM to use for its
announcements.
c)
Develop a page within the town's website that identifies various
hazard mitigation measures and shelter locations.
-
d)
Provide local real estate agents with handouts that will advise
potential buyers to investigate the flood hazard for the property
they are considering purchasing.
e)
Advertise the availability of flood insurance on an annual basis.
f)
Send a flood protection flyer to all properties in the town through
a 'community newsletter or other. document that will be
distributed to all residences. The flyer should contain the
following information: flood safety, flood insurance, property
protection, floodplain development requirements, and drainage
system maintenance.
g)
Post the Hazard Mitigation Plan on the town's website.
h)
Post evacuation route on the web -site.
Strategy Type
Public Information
Hazard(s) Addressed
All
Objective(s) Addressed
1.1 and
5.1
Priority
Medium

Possible Funding Sources
FEMA, the American Red Cross and numerous other, organizations have
free public information materials than can be used to achieve this policy.
http://www.fg m ov and http://www.rgdcross.org
Responsible Party
Building Inspector
Projected Completion Date
Ongoing
Notes/Background
Public awareness can help lead to a citizenry who makes better decisions
before, during and after a disaster, leading to a reduced risk of property
damage and loss of life.
Policy Number
6
Policy
Attempt to improve Community Rating System (CRS) status.
Strategy Type
Prevention
Hazard(s) Addressed
Flooding
Objective(s) Addressed
1.4, 2.1, and 5.1
Priority
Medium
Possible Funding Sources
The town hopes to address this policy through steps taken to address all
policies developed within this plan.
Responsible Party
Building Inspector
Projected Completion Date
Ongoing
Notes/Background
Participation in the CRS system lowers insurance rates. Many, of the
policies in this plan will ultimately result in lowering the town's CRS rating.
Policy Number
7 .
Policy
Apply for funding from the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP) for
one of the top priorities listed in Section II of this plan IF it is eligible and
in a project category identified by the State of North Carolina as being of
high priority.
Strategy Type
Property protection and/or structural projects
Hazard(s)_Addressed_ _
All, primarily- flooding.
Objective(s) Addressed
3.2 and '4.1
Priority
High
Possible Funding Sources
Background information on the Hazard Mitigation Grant Program (HMGP)
and similar hazard mitigation . programs can be found at
http://www.ncem.org and at http://www.fema.gov. Funding source is
Federal (75%) and non -Federal (usually State) (25%)
Responsible Party
Building Inspector
Projected Completion Date
After next major Presidentially declared disaster
Notes/Background
The post -disaster environment provides the greatest opportunity for
hazard mitigation, due to.the attention paid to it by citizens and elected
officials and due to the existence of damaged facilities and homes in need
of repair that lend themselves to mitigation efforts. Therefore,. funding
should be sought to implement hazard mitigation at the nearest post -
disaster opportunity.

Policy Number
8
Policy
Convene a working group with electric service providers within the county
and produce a report, with specific recommendations and detailed
implementation timelines, that addresses the issues of 1) disaster
preparedness and 2) communication with officials during and immediately
after a natural hazard event that results in loss of electrical power.
Strategy Type
Prevention, and possibly property protection and/or structural projects
Hazard(s) Addressed
Primarily hazards associated with a lot of wind and severe winter storms
Objective(s) Addressed
1.2
Priority
Medium
Possible Funding Sources
Background information on utility ice storm preparation can be found
at http://www.ncuc.commerce.state.nus.us/reports/p6rtlice.pdf.
Responsible Party
Emergency Services Director and Building Inspector
Projected Completion Date
December 31, 2009
Notes/Background `
Close coordination with electric utilities regarding staffing contingencies,
tree trimming and debris clearance, and emergency coordination could
help minimize the impact of the next ice storm or major hurricane.
Policy Number 9
Policy Work with Carolina Water to develop procedures to protect 'wellhead
locations within Pine Knoll Shores.
Strategy Type Prevention and natural resource protection
Hazard(s) Addressed Flooding
Objective(s) Addressed. 4.1 and 6.1
Priority Medium
Possible Funding Sources This effort will be handled by the town.
Responsible Party Public Service Director
Projected Completion bate December 31, 2009
Notes/Background The town will work with the North Carolina Rural Water Association on
this policy.
Objective

Possible Funding Sources
Funding is available for beach renourishment from the United States Army
Corps of Engineers as well as other North Carolina state agencies. The
Town of Pine Knoll Shores, in conjunction with Carteret County, is
continuing to seeking this funding.
Responsible Party
Town Manager
Projected Completion Date
Ongoing
Notes/Background
Beach erosion is the most significant problem facing Pine Knoll Shores.
In order to deal with this issue, the town must either fund beach
renourishment through tax dollars, or pursue federal grant funding. The
town will continue its pursuit of grant funding to pay for beach
renourishment and reduce the. impact of this expensive endeavor on
taxpayers.

Appendix V
Policy/Implementing Action
Definitions of Common Terms
1. Should: An officially adopted course or method of action intended to be followed to
implement the community goals. Though not as mandatory as "shall," it is still an
obligatory course of action unless clear reasons can be identified that an exception is
warranted. Town staff and Planning Board involved at all levels from planning to
implementation.
2. Continue: Follow past and present procedures to maintain desired goal, usually with Town
staff involved at all levels from planning to implementation.
3. Encourage: Foster the desired goal through Town policies. Could involve Town financial
assistance.
4. Enhance: Improve current goal to a desired state through the use of policies and Town
staff at all levels of planning. This could include financial support.
5. Identify: Catalog and confirm resource or desired item(s) through the use of Town staff and
actions.
6. Implement: Actions to guide the accomplishment of the Plan recommendations.
7. Maintain: Keep in good condition the desired state of affairs through the use of Town
policies and staff. Financial assistance should be provided if needed.
8. Prevent: Stop described event through the use of appropriate Town policies; staff actions,
Planning Board actions, and Town finances, if needed.
9. Promote: Advance the desired state through the use of Town policies and Planning Board
and staff activity at all levels of planning. This may include financial support.
10. Protect: Guard against a deterioration of the desired state through the use of Town policies,
staff, and, if needed, financial assistance.
11. Provide: Take the lead role in supplying the needed financial and staff support to achieve
the desired goal. The Town is typically involved in all aspects from planning to
implementation to maintenance. .
12. Strengthen: Improve and reinforce the desired goal through the use of Town policies, staff,
and, if necessary, financial assistance.
13. -Support: Supply the needed staff support, policies, and financial assistance at all levels to
achieve the desired goal..
14. Work: Cooperate and act in a manner through the use of Town staff, actions, and policies
to create the desired goal.