Hurricane Plan-1984

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Division of Coastal Management
HURRICANE PLAN
LONG BEACH, NORTH CAROLINA

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BACKGWUND................................................................... 1
1 HAZARD AND WNERAB=TY ANALYSIS ............................................. 3
' CLEAN UP......................................................................11
ETNANCIALASSISTANCE.........................................................16
' EVACMTICN...................................................................21
EMEF43:NCY RCLES AND DVPIES...................................................26
1
' APPENDIX.....................................................................54
The preparation of this report was financed in
part through a grant provided by the North Carolina
' Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by
the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
which is administered by the Office of Ocean and
' Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
June 1984
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' BACKGROUND
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' Long Beach, with a 1982 population of about 2100 residents, occupies the
southern portion of Oak Island in southernmost Brunswick County, North
Carolina. Long Beach shares the island with the cities of Yaupon Beach
(population: 1018) and Caswell Beach (population: 127). Long Beach is
about 8 miles long and roughly 1/2 to 1/4 mile wide. Elevations range
from 0' msl to 50' msl. A canal divides about 2/3 of the town into
northern and southern portions. A two lane bridge connects the residents
of Oak Island with the mainland. The bridge is located east of Long
Beach and Yaupon Beach and west of Caswell Beach. Long Beach serves as
' a resort community with the population rising to as high as 30,000 on
holiday weekends in the summer.
The town of Long Beach was built in the late 1940s as a residential
community, after logging operations on the island ceased. In 1954, 352
of the town's 357 homes were lost as a result of Hurricane Hazel.
Currently there are about 3000 housing units in Long Beach. Most of the
homes are single story, predominately wood frame with some brick. There
are approximately 500 mobile homes on the eastern boundary of the town.
Long Beach is well managed with a good fire and police protection.
Disaster drills are held on a regular basis for possible radiation dangers
in response to the Brunswick Nuclear Power Plant located nearby. The
residents rely heavily on electricity and propane for fuel. There are no
gas lines on the Island. Town water is available throughout Long Beach.
Sewerage is by individual systems.
Long Beach has no local television or radio stations. The nearest
emergency weather forecast broadcasting stations are:

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WECT-TV
WWAY-TV
WHSL
WMFD
WGNI
WENC
WMYB
NOAA
Channel 6
Channel 3
1490
630
1340
1220
1450
UHF 24 hr weather
2
Wilmington
Wilmington
Wilmington
Wilmington
Wilmington
Whitevi Ile
Myrtle Beach, S.C.
Wilmington
Emergency rescue protection in Long Beach is provided by the Long Beach
' Volunteer Rescue Squad. The rescue squad personnel consist of 40 EMT
qualified volunteer members of which 9 are Public Safety Officers. The
' Rescue squad operates from the two City fire stations and includes the
following equipment:
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1979 Ford Ambulance
1973 Dodge Van Ambulance
1969 Chevrolet Ambulance
1981 Ford Ambulance
1963 4-Wheel Drive Jeep
16 foot McKee Boat
All equipment is in excellent shape.
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HAZARD AND VULNERABILITY ANALYSIS
STORM FREQUENCY:
The Long Beach area is fortunate in that it has not experienced a major
hurricane since the mid-1950s. Beach erosion has occurred as a result
of occasional storm activity and hurricane landings nearby. In 1979
Hurricane David made landfall in South Carolina and caused a great amount
of beach to be lost. While hurricane damage has been light in recent
times, the southeastern edge of North Carolina has a 6 percent chance
that a hurricane will strike in any given year. Hurricanes have averaged
about 17 years between occurrences in Long Beach. All data seem to
indicate that the Town is now due for a major storm.
COMPONENTS OF HURRICANE DAMAGE:
Storm surge is a critical factor in determining -damage— rom a hurricane.
it is the single most dangerous of all hurricane forces since most of the
recorded storm damages result from the surge effects and 90% of hurricane
deaths are by drowning. In the event of a Class 5 hurricane (worst case),
Long Beach would be entirely flooded. Wind and rain are also components
of a hurricane's destructive force. The storm category given a hurricane
is based on its wind force (see Appendix). The speed at which a hurricane
is moving determines how much rainfall is released on a given area. Wave
action and erosion would change the island's shoreline.
' HAZARD MAPPING:
One indicator of Long Beach's vulnerability to storm damage is through
' hazard mapping. Information for the hazard map found in the Appendix
comes from two sources:
' 1. The Flood Hazard Boundary Map prepared by the Federal Insurance
Administration of the Department of Housing and Urban Development.

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2. Long Beach Land Use Plan map depicting Areas of Environmental
Concern designated by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program
through the Coastal Area Management Act of 1972 (CAMA).
The National Flood Insurance Program defines four levels of flood hazard
within Long Beach and CAMA designates four sites of environmental concern
(see Appendix).
When these factors are combined into a composite map, different levels
of risk are displayed. The following table depicts the expected hazards
mapped on the composite map found in the Appendix:
HURRICANE FORCES
Area Erosion Wave Action Flooding High Winds Boundaries
1
X
X
X
X
AEC Areas
2
X
X
X
X
V Flood Zones
3
X
X
A Flood Zones
4
X
Remainder of
Community
Source:
McElyea,
David, David Brower, and David
Godschalk, 1982.
Before the Storm.
Chapel Hill, NC: UNC
Center
for Urban and ;
Regional
Studies.
While the above table describes an expected storm impact based on Flood
Insurance Standards, it should be kept in mind that the impact of hurri-
cane forces is highly variable and influenced by many factors which
include but are not limited to the following:
the slope of the ocean floor at Oak Island
tidal pressures at the time of the hurricane
the location and shape of bays and inlets
the angle and force of the storm's approach

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As previously mentioned, a Class 5 storm, and possibly a Class 4 storm,
would inundate the island. Information based on local knowledge indicates
that the backwash of a storm surge is likely to cut through the Town
in the vicinity of West 39th Place, West 54th Place and East 69th Place,
thereby temporarily or permanently dividing the Town.
Sophisticated computer models have been developed which can more accurately
portray damages from a variety of storm levels and approaches. Considera-
tion should be given to replacing the hazard map in the Appendix with a
computer simulation model.
MAGNITUDE OF RISK:
The magnitude of the hurricane risk is a function of the size of the
population and the value of property on the island.
1. Population Change:
Population growth in Long Beach and Oak Island has been substantial.
Since 1960, the island's (Caswell, Yaupon and Long Beach) population
has grown by almost 2000%. The Long Beach growth can be tracked as
follows:
1960 1970 1980 1984 est. '
102 493 1795 2150
In addition to the increase in year-round population, the Town of
Long Beach enjoys great popularity as a second home community and
vacation center. The six-month tourist season increases the popula-
tion in the spring, summer and fall, particularly on holiday weekends
when the population may rise to 20-30,000 people (staff estimate).
2. Valuation:
Total assessed valuation for the Town of Long Beach has risen from $112
million in FY 1980-1981' to $130 million in FY 1983-1984. Values
should increase significantly with upcoming reassessments.
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Values can be
distributed in the following
broad categories:
'
Approximate
Approximate %
Area
Assessed Value
of Land Area
'
East Town
$15-25,000
6
Mid and West
Town $30-4D,000
68
'
The Beach
$85-200,000
25
Commercial
$8-10,000/20' lot
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IDENTIFICATION OF HAZARDS:
Recent development within the four subareas shown in the previous table
is described in the 1984 Growth Management Plan:
a. East Town. This section of the community is bounded by the City
Limits, E. Oak Island Drive and a line running between N.E. 64th
and 65th Streets. Zoned to accommodate mobile homes and single-
family dwellings, the area is approaching development saturation
with approximately 85 percent lot coverage.
The dominant uses in the area are vacation/retirement-type mobile
homes. Many are over ten years old and not built to state and
Underwriter Laboratory Standards. Most would be unable to meet
Town Building Code standards. All are served by the Town water
system and septic tanks. Because of ground saturation problems,
some sections of East long Beach are experiencing high water tables,
sewage smells and seepage in drainage ditches.
b. Mid and West Town. Ranging from the eastern town limit to the south
of E. Oak island Drive and East Town, and running the length and
breadth of the community north of E. Pelican Drive and Davis Creek,
this part of Long Beach is dominated by single-family dwellings
built to N.C. Building Code Standards. Located on larger lots with
larger minimum square footage requirements than East Long Beach, this
section of the community generally houses more permanent residents.

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c. The Beach. Much of the land on the east end of the beach from E.
58th Street to E. 74th Street is undeveloped because of the AEC
designation for the fresh water lakes located here. To the west,
however, from E. 58th Street, there is moderate to heavy development
running for an equivalent of some 124 blocks. Most of the land in
this section of Long Beach is used for vacation/resort-type homes
for rent. Vacant land on the ocean front is fast being built upon.
To the far west towards Lockwood's Folley Inlet, homes are being
built in precarious locations. Even while some newly built homes
are being moved from the ocean front because of severe erosion, more
are being built in the vicinity. The town has been unable to find
ways to curtail this continuing development because it does not have
the ability to compensate land owners for being prohibited to
develop their properties.
d. Oak Island Drive Commercial Area. This section serves as the "central
business district" for Long Beach. It generally is no more than one
lot deep along E. Oak Island Drive except at 58th Street where an
arm of the district extends toward the beach. Office uses can be
found on both ends of this commercial strip which runs from E. 46th
Street on the west to E. 64th Street on the east.
Many important government, institutional and utility structures are located
in the A flood zone. These are:
Water line pump house
Southern Bell facility
CPEL power substation
Water towers
Fire Department and Rescue Squad stations
Recreation Center
Town Hall
In addition, the following streets are known to flood during severe thun-
derstorms and could be expected to be the first to flood with the heavy
rains associated with a hurricane:

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East
75th between
Oak Island Drive and Oak
East
74th and
Oak
Island
Drive
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East
East
73rd and
72nd and
Oak
Oak
Island
Island
Drive
Drive
East
59th and
Oak
Island
Drive
East
46th and
Oak
Island
Drive
'
East
38th and
Holly
Drive
Pelican Drive
between 40th
SE and 58th.SE
East
76th and
East
Beach
Drive
East
46th and
East
Beach
Drive
'
2200
block of
East
Beach
Drive
1700
block of
West
Beach
Drive
23rd
Place West and
West
Beach Drive
' It should be noted that much of the early flooding occurs on the main
routes off the island and in the areas which are congested with traffic
even in good weather.
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VULNERABILITY AND MITIGATION POLICIES:
1. Long Beach should consider the establishment of a staff task force
called the Hurricane Safety Committee. This committee would be
assigned a variety of duties, among which are:
- To conduct an annual review of the Emergency Plan Activities
and Roles found later in this report
- To inventory high risk individuals who may need assistance in
evacuation
- To review building codes of other states (especially Gulf States)
to determine if other communities have devised new design tech-
niques and safety requirements which may be useful to Long Beach.
These standards can then be referred to the State Department of
Insurance.
2. The Town should prepare publications for general distribution which
give safety advice in the event of a hurricane. Later a survey should
be conducted downtown or at a similar high -traffic area to test the
effectiveness of the brochure and other informational programs.
3. Strict enforcement of the building codes and CAMA regulations should
be continued for the future safety of the Town, its residents and
their property.
4. City sewer service may one day be available. In that event, it may be
used as a tool to guide growth into appropriate locations. It is
important that a sewage treatment facility, if constructed, be care-
fully sited to avoid a secondary disaster if the Town is flooded.
5. A second bridge should be constructed between Oak Island and the main-
land to provide adequate evacuation routes from the island.
6. Inter -local agreements should be developed with inland towns, so that
additional staff and equipment will be available in times of emergency.
7. Computer simulation models (SPLASH, etc.) should be made available by
CAMA to determine a hurricane's impact on the Town under various

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circumstances. The model may also be used to determine the vulner-
ability of buildings and utility structures before a storm and for
reconstruction purposes after a storm. New or reconstructed public
facilities should be located in those areas defined as least flood
prone.
8. A system of greenways and drainage easements should be considered to
aid drainage in flood prone areas and to provide open space/jogging
trails.

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CLEAN-UP
OVERVIEW:
Following a hurricane -related disaster, the Town of Long Beach would be
faced with the difficult task of returning the area to a livable condition.
Forces wishing a speedy return to normal often conflict with forces
seeking to avoid another disaster. Reconstruction offers opportunities
to make improvements but if plans are overly ambitious or require too
much study, they may fail as a result of uncertainties and delays. After
the storm there will be a great deal of confusion and fear. The most
important service that the Town Government can provide to citizens at
this point is to remove feelings of uncertainty and to instill confidence.
This can best be accomplished by having a skilled reconstruction staff
that is prepared for post -disaster activities. After a storm, decisions
should be made in a timely manner. Information should be dispensed
quickly. Rules should not be changed. A feeling of confidence in Town
Government will speed recovery and will assure compliance with emergency
regulations. Frequent changes in instructions will magnify the pre-
existing confusion and slow the recovery process.
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT:
Damage assessment requires a staff team composed of members of the Long
Beach Engineering, Inspections, and Public Works Departments as well as
staff from the County Tax Office, and Health Department. Private assessors
and real estate agents are also helpful. The assessment teams support
damage claims and seek federal assistance. (See Emergency Plan Activities
and Roles Chapter.)
Procedures:
- The task force team should meet immediately and fly over the Town and
prepare a survey report of the disaster to request immediate assistance.

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- Field assessment teams should be assembled to enter Long Beach to
conduct a detailed survey of damages. For smooth operation of the
recovery process, the detailed survey should be completed within the
first week after the storm.
- Field assessment teams should be equipped with forms that set up the
following four -level assessment scale:
1. DemolisKed
2. Require inspection before reconstruction
3. Can be repaired with a permit
4. Can be repaired without a permit.
Teams should have paint and use a four color code to indicate the survey
' team's property designation. The color would be sprayed or painted
on a corner of the structure.
LAND USE:
' Development trends in effect before the storm are greatly accelerated after
the storm. Examples can be seen in the changes in the development patterns
' of the Gulf Coast after Hurricane Frederick. Since Long Beach is an
expanding community, it can be assumed that it will grow at an even more
rapid rate following.a major storm.
' Often land requirements for emergency housing and debris collection are
grossly underestimated. Often more than twice the amount of the damaged
' area is needed for temporary housing, commercial uses and debris clearance.
' Procedures:
The Town Board of Commissioners should establish an Emergency Land Zoning
' Overlay before reconstruction begins. The classification system could
be gradually phased into the normal zoning standards as the emergency
' subsides.
- The following Overlay Zones are proposed:

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Class 1 - Heavily damaged areas requiring complete redevelopment -
a 45 day moritorlum on new construction.
Class 2 - Impacted areas that may be restored - repairs should be
made as quickly as possible.
Class 3 - Undamaged areas which may be rehabited immediately -
density standards lifted to allow temporary housing for
those needing shelter as a result of the storm. Temporary
housing limited to an 18 month maximum.
- Notices of the need to obtain building permits for construction should
be distributed to homeowners returning to the Town. Contractors
should register for a privilege license.
- Citizen appeals of damage assessments and emergency zoning designations
should be heard by an Emergency Board of Adjustment composed of members
of the Long Beach Planning Board. The Mayor may make appointments to
the Board to fill any vacancies. Operating rules shall be the same
as the normal Board of Adjustments but decisions should be made as
rapidly as possible.
- Additional temporary housing may be located at the Oak Island Golf
Course if prior agreements are recorded with the Course Directors.
- Debris should be deposited on land that the Town owns north of the
Intercoastal Waterway. The land should be kept cleared in preparation
for this use. Alternate sites are CP&L property or the abandoned
county landfill.
ASSISTANCE PROGRAMS:
Families are disrupted by deaths, injuries and the loss of a home, employ-
ment and personal possessions. These problems require many community policy
decisions which must be made before major reconstruction begins.
Assistance will come from a wide variety of public and private sources and
must be coordinated into an effective assistance effort.
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Procedures•
- A Disaster Aid Coordinator should be appointed. This individual should
be familiar with potential sources of family assistance.
- The Disaster Aid Coordinator should work with the Damage Assessment
Team to itemize Town needs.
- Stations should be established (preferably in the Recreation Building)
for dispensation of food, clothing and financial and housing assistance.
- Volunteers should be assembled at one site and then directed to various
work stations.
- Recovered personal belongings should be catalogued and returned to the
owner when possible.
FINANCIAL AID:
Those individuals having the easiest access to funds in the predisaster
situation will recover most quickly from a storm. Some with good financial
backing may be able to profit from the disaster. Those with limited
capital will be slow to rebuild.
Financing is a major issue following a disaster. Aid to victims may be
tied to requirements that new land use and construction policies be imple-
mented to reduce the risk of future disasters.
Procedures:
- Ail Town buildings should be insured by available forms of insurance so
that aid can be used in the commercial sectors rather than on government
infrastructure.
- Federal and State aid program assistance applications should be filed
as soon as damage assessments can be completed.

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- A disaster contingency fund should be established in conjunction with
other towns to cover large public expenditures that must be made when
property tax revenue will be greatly reduced.
- Prefab emergency housing should be purchased by CAMA and stored inland
for emergency use.
CAMA PERMITS:
CAMA regulations have been put into effect to protect the State's coastal
property. After a hurricane, Long Beach must implement the CAMA minor
permits program which will involve the siting of residential structures
in relation to the CAMA required oceanfront setbacks.
Procedures•
- CAMA regulations should apply for any new construction.
- Structures which are damaged over 50% of their structural value and
are located below the Mean High Water Mark (MHW) or those between the
MHW and the appropriate setback line should not be given CAMA permits
for reconstruction.
- The administration of CAMA regulations following a storm is an issue
that should be addressed by the Coastal Resources Commission and clear
administrative guidelines should be forwarded to the Long Beach staff.

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FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE
OVERVIEW:
A major hurricane will cause extensive property damage. The programs
listed here and the forms that follow are designed to provide a handy
reference for the type of disaster aid which may be available after a
hurricane related disaster. It should be kept in mind that Federal
programs are subject to change. An update of Federal assistance programs
and application forms should be conducted annually.
Many assistance programs require a Presidential declaration of a "major
disaster" or emergency. The Governor may ask the President for this
declaration. If the President agrees that there is damage of significant
scope that it is beyond the capabilities of local efforts, an emergency
declaration may be made. Other assistance programs are available without
the declaration.
Assistance programs suggested for use by the Town of Long Beach in the'
event of a hurricane are the following:
A. Emergency Loans
Agency: Farmers Home Administration, U.S. Dept. of Agriculture
Type of Assistance: Guaranteed/insured loans to repair, restore
or replace damaged farm property.
B. Aid to Major Sources of Employment
Agency: Small Business Administration and Farmers Home Administration
Type of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of a disaster,
loans are made to any industrial or commercial enterprise which has
constituted a major source of employment in the area and which is
no longer in substantial operation.

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C. Economic Injury Disaster Loans
Agency: Small Business Administration
Type of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of emergency
disaster loans may be made to pay current liabilities which could
have been paid if the disaster had not occurred.
D. Debris Removal
Agency: Federal Emergency Management Agency
Type of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of emergency,
grants may be made to State or local governments for the removal
of debris and wreckage. Federal agencies may be requested to
arrange for the debris removal.
E. Emergency Protective Measures
Agency: Federal Emergency Management Agency
Type of Assistance: Emergency assistance to provide protective
measures to save lives, remove health and safety hazards and to
protect property.
F. Emergency Relief for Federal Aid Roads
Agency: Federal Highway Administration, Dept. of Transportation
Type of Assistance: After a declaration of emergency by the
Governor, funds may be provided through the State highway agencies
for the repair of damaged elements of Federal -aid highways.
G. Food, Water and Shelter
Agency: Federal Emergency Management Agency
Type of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of emergency,
specialists may be sent to survey the availability of food and
shelter and to supervise the distribution of these items.
H. Public Transportation
Agency: Federal Emergency Management Agency
\ Type of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of emergency,
transportation can be provided to governmental offices, supply
centers and other necessary locations. .

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I. Flood Fighting and Rescue Operations
Agency: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Type of Assistance: Specialized emergency assistance in all phases
of flood fighting and rescue operations to supplement local efforts.
J. Protection -of Essential Highways, Bridge Approaches and Public Works
Agency: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
Type of Assistance: Specialized services for designing and con-
structing bank protection of highways and bridges endangered by
floods and erosion.
K. Crisis Counseling Assistance
Agency: Federal Emergency Management Agency with the Public Health
Service
Type of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of emergency,
professional counseling services will be made available to disaster
victims.
L. Adjustments to Federal Loans - HUD
Agency: Department of Housing and Urban Development
Types of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of emergency„
HUD may authorize the refinancing of any note or obligation which
is held by that agency in connection with any HUD loan.
M. Adjustments to Federal Loans - VA
Agency: Veterans Administration
Types of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of an emergency,
counseling and other services are available to property owners holding
VA loans who suffered property damage as a result of the storm.
N. Manufactured Home Loans (Mobile Homes)
Agency: Department of Housing and Urban Development
Types of Assistance: After a Presidential Declaration of emergency, a
family displaced by a disaster may receive an insured loan to purchase
a mobile home as a principal place of residence.

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0. Mortgage Insurance
Agency: Office of Housing, Dept. of Housing and Urban Development
Types of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of an
emergency, victims of the storm may receive insured loans to
purchase single-family housing.
P. Temporary Housing.
Agency: Federal Emergency Management Agency
Type of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of an emergency,
individuals may receive temporary housing in the form of government,
private and commercial resources or grants for repairs to damaged
structures.
Q. Very Low -Income Housing Repair Loans and Grants
Agency: Farmers Home Administration
Type of Assistance: Direct loans and payments for repairs to
damaged homes.
R. Food Distribution Program - Emergency Assistance
Agency: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Type of Assistance: Victims of the disaster may receive food
' commodities for mass feeding programs.
' S. Food Stamp Program - Emergency Issue
Agency: Food and Nutrition Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture
Type of Assistance: Victims are eligible for emergency food stamps.
' T. Individual and Family Grants
Agency: The State of North Carolina funded by Federal Emergency
Management Agency after a request from the Governor
Type of Assistance: Individuals or families may receive grants of
up to $5,000 to meet disaster -related expenses.
U. Legal Services
' Agency: State Bar Association
Type of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of emergency, low
income residents may receive legal services if needed.

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V. Physical Disaster Loans
' Agency: Small Business Administration
Type of Assistance: After a Presidential declaration of emergency,
direct loans are available to repair property damaged in the storm.
Loans can be made to homeowners, renters, businesses, and churches.
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NOTICE OF INTEREST P&M ADD.P.w
OMe No. 026-ROWG
FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
FEMA DECLARATION NUMBER
DISASTER RES►ONSE AND RECOVERY
DATE
NOTICE OF INTEREST
FIF% NUMBER
DV APPLYING FOX M£RAL DISASTER AS=ANCE
The purpose of this form is to list the damages to property end facilities so that inspectors may be appropriately assigned for e
formal survey.
REQUIREMENTS FOR FEDERAL DAMAGE SURVEYS
A. DEBRLS CLEARANCE
F. PUBLIC UTILITY SYSTEMS
D On Public Roads d Streets including ROW
D Water ❑ Storm Drainage
D Other Public Property
❑ Sanitary Sewerage D Light/Power
D Private Property (When undertaken by
D Other'
local liovermnent forcer)
Q Structure Demolition
B. PROTECTIVE MEASURES
G. FACILITIES UNDER CONSTRUCTION 8
D Life and Safety D Health
❑ Public Facilities*
D Property D Stream/Drainage Chancels
❑ Private Non -Profit Facilities••
C. ROAD SYSTEMS
H. PRIVATE NON-PROFrr FACILITIES* •
❑ Roads D Streets
D Educational D Medical
D Bridges ❑ Culverts
D Emergency D Custodial Care
D Traffic Control D Other"
D Utility
D. WATER CONTROL FACMI IFS
L OTHER (Not in above categories)
D Dikes D Izvees D Ikms
D Palk Facilities
D Drainage Channels D litigation Works
D Recreational Facilities
E. PUBLIC BUILDINGS AND EQUIPMENT
D Public Burldings
D Supplies or inventory
❑ Vehicles or other equipment
D Transportation Systems
❑ Higher Education Facilities
• IRdwsIT We of f ealry;
•• foMD1 mw of r/M fwarry tad Pf P"Wft WW;, oftr o•Plee.
NAME ANO TITLE OF REPRESENTATIVE WHO WILL ACCOMPANY THE SURVEY TEAM.
NAME OF POLITICAL SUBDIVISION OR ELIGIBLE APPLICANT
COUNTY
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BUSINESS ADDRESS
ZIP CODE
BUSINESS TELLPMONE (Am O"sINRIRber)
NAME TELEP►IONE (Am Code/Number/
3
AMLICANT'S AUTHORIZED REPRESENTATIVE
BUSINESS TELKP ONE (AIPP Cade1NWMbo)
4
FEMA FORM BOJa (7/80)

DAMAGE SURVEY REPORT
Form Amro wd
OMB No. 1067.=7
FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
DAMAGE SURVEY REPORT S
DISASTER RESPONSE AND RECOVERY
(Sto iWfA&—V u OR nwno)
7. DECLARATION NO.
FEMA
e. INSPECTION DATE
1. TO EE# REGION FEDERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
S. WORK ACCOMPLISHED BY
❑CONTRACT
❑ FORCE ACCOUNT
2. APPLICANT (51ete Apwwy, County, City, etaJ 1 ►A NO.
I
7. WORK CATEGORY ( X-AOFIAC0610 SON) DSR NO.
❑ EMERGENCY ❑ A ❑ 11 1 0 0 0 0 1
❑ PERMANENT ❑ C ❑ D ❑ E ❑ F ❑ G❑ FI ❑ 1 I
6. PERCENTAGE OF WORK
COMPLETED TO DATE
%
S. DAMAGED FACILITIES (Loeerion, identification and dwrriptionl
BA. FACILITY IN OR AFFECTS
FLOOD PLAIN OR WET LANDS
❑ YES ❑ NO
E. DESCRIPTION OF DAMAGE
10. SCOPE OF PROPOSED WORK _
11. ESTIMATED COST OF PROPOSED WORK
QUANTITY
(e)
UNIT
(0)
MATERIAL AND/OR DESCRIPTION
UNIT PRICE
(d)
COS. too/ion)
(e)
12. EXISTING INSURANCE (TYPeI 1 AMOUNT
TOTAL S
13. RECOMMENDATIONBY FEDERAL INSPECTOR (Sipnerure,A#*mv.dere/
ELIGIBLE
D YES DNO
ATTACHMENTS
1e. CONCURRENCE IN REPORT BY STATE INSPECTOR (ypnetum. Apeney. ootel
CONCUR
D YES D NO
ATTACHMENTS
15. CONCURRENCE IN REPORT BY LOCAL REPRESENTATIVE I&Fsture. Apmty, don'
CONCUR
❑ YES ❑ NO
ATTACHMENTS
16, FEDERAL REVIEW (S,pmrurb Apency,dotrl FEMA REVIEW(Inmetrenodorel
rtmA rom q". Jww alitor iv nw� rwm ma —
COPY 1 • FEMA REGION

INSTRUCTIONS
I
' 1. 'Me Damage Surrey Report (DSR) is not a Federal approval of this proposed project and does not obligate Federal funds.
DSR's are field recommendations which ace attached as supporting justification to the applicant's project application,
which must be approved by the Governor's Authorized Representative and the FEMA Regional Director. The applicant
can be given no assurance of Federal reimbursement for any of the proposed work prior to approval of the project appli-
nation by the Regional Director.
2. Use this form for the Federal Inspector's Damage Survey Report when required for emergency assistance, debris removal,
temporary housing, or permanent repairs, replacement, or other restorative work. Separate DSR's will be prepared for
emergency and for permanent work.
E. 'Ibe Federal Inspector will attach properly captioned and crow referenced maps, sketches, or photos, as necessary to locate
or describe the damages and the proposed scope of work. Additional sheets reporting comments by the DSR team
members or any other pertinent information may be attached by the Federal Inspector to the original DSR.
{. Description of damages and "Scope of Proposed Work" should be stated in quantitative terms. For ezample, provide
' estimated quantities of debris removal or earth movement in cubic yards or tons; provide paving estimates in square feet
or square yards; and provide principal dimensions of bridge&, retaining wells or other structures as appropriate.
6. 1Le Federal Inspector will attach his comments on each question of eligibility that arises. He should contact the Regional
Director for guidance when necessary.
6. Cost estimates must be realistic -,based on local conditions for the eligible scope of work without any contingency
allowances. Cost breakdown should be sufficiently detailed for professional review including deductions such as selvage
or insurance when appropriate. Under DSR Item 12 record the type of iosursnce coverage in force such as flood
or casualty.
T. Under DSR Item 16. the "Federal Review" will be accomplished normally at the FEMA field office by it Federal
1 engineer designated by the Regional Director. 1Le FEMA review will be accomplished prior to distribution of the
completed DSR's as indicated below. Based on them DSR reviews, a Federal Inspector may be required to correct errors
in the DSR or to repeat field inspections when necessary.
e. Three copies of the DSR will be completed and signed at the time of the inspection The applicant's representative will
retain copy $. The Federal Inspector will submit copy 1 to the Regional Director for review and copy 2 for automated
data entry. The Regional Director will distribute two reproduced copies of the reviewed DSR to the Governor's
Authorized Representative and two reproduced copies to the Federal agency which provided the inspector. 7%e original
(copy 1) will be retained for FEWA reeca file.
D. Force Account in Item 6 means work performed by Applicant's own forces.
1

SAMPLE RESOLUTION
WHEREAS, on the day of , 19 _, the President declared a
"major disaster" in the State oT under the provisions of
Public Law 288, 93rd Congress, and
WHEREAS, , is a public entity within said State;
NOW THEREFORE, Be it Resolved, by
' Governing Body
of that the Federal Emergency Management
Public Entity
' Agency hereby is requested to arrange to have the appropriate Federal Agency perform
the following work:
' (Describe the work or other assistance requested)
This body certifies that: (1) lacks resources and is
unable to perform the requested work with its own forces, or by contract, for reasons
' shown in the attached statement; and (2) to the best of its knowledge and belief, the
requested work is eligible under Public Law 288, 93rd Congress.
' This body agrees to: (1) provide without cost to the United States all lands,
easements, and rights -of -way necessary to accomplishment of the approved work; (2)
hold and save the United States free from damages due to the approved work or Federal
funding.
This body assures its compliance with Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, Pub.
L. 88-352, 78 Stat. 241 (42 U.S.C. 2000d-2000d-41, and Section 311, Pub. L. 93-288.
Passed and approved this day of , 19 _
Name and Title
Name and Title
Name and Title

I
SAMPLE CERTIFICATION
' Resolution
'(Public Entity)
Date of Resolution
duly appointed and
Title
' of , do hereby certify that the above is a true and correct
copy of a resolution passed and approved by the
'
of on the day of Governing Body), 19
Public Entity
Date:
TOfficial Position) (Signature)
CONCURRENCE BY STATE:
I concur in the request of , a public entity under the laws
of the State of
this Resolution.
The Governing body has the authority to issue
I certify that the State of lacks resources and is (is not) able
to perform the requested work with its own forces, or by contract, for reasons shown in
the attached statement.
Governor's Authorized Representative
Date

II
II
EVACUATION
21
Determining evacuation times is one of the major objectives of any plan-
ning effort. By definition, evacuation time represents the minimum
amount of time before projected land fall that local decision -makers must
' allow for safely completing the evacuation under storm conditions. An
evacuation plan is especially important for Long Beach because the popu-
lation has increased at a rapid rate but evacuation routes are relatively
unchanged.
Sophisticated computer models have been used to develop emergency scenarios
for metropolitan coastal areas. Simplified methods are used here since
extensive data and transportation codings are not available.
Storm surge is a critical factor in evacuation planning. The term storm
surge refers to a dome of water, driven by the wind that is 50 to 100 miles
wide and moves across the coastline. The National Weather Service Saffir/
Simpson Scale projects a 15 foot storm surge for a Class 5 (worst case)
hurricane. However, surge heights can be amplified to higher levels if
there is a gradual sloping of the ocean floor, tidal pressures or bays
and inlets. Surge can flood low points in highways and cut-off evacuation
routes. When Hurricane Hazel (Class 4) hit the North Carolina coast, a
surge of 16 feet was recorded at Holden Beach.
In the event of a Class 5
Hurricane, Long Beach would
be entirely flooded.
'
Only one bridge is available
to evacuate Oak Island.
Once off the Island,
traffic would be directed
to
Routes 87, 211 or 130.
Evacuee would have
'
to clear the bridge and a
major intersection at NC 133
and 211. The
recurrent flooding of NC
133
will be increased by the
torrential rains
'
associated with a hurricane.
Low-lying escape routes
may be cut by flooding
three to five hours ahead
of
the hurricane arrival.

' 22
Wind and rain are also components of a hurricane's destructive force.
' The storm category given a hurricane is based on the intensity of its
winds. The speed at which a hurricane is moving determines how much
' rainfall is released on a given area. Evacuation from Long Beach requires
travel over a bridge that is 65 ft above the water. Hurricane force
' winds and blinding rain can combine to make it impossible to drive across
the Inland Waterway from Long Beach. Studies in Florida indicate that
' gale force winds may precede landfall by six hours.
' The Long Beach street network lends itself to many bottlenecks in an
evacuation situation. Traffic must flow onto Oak Island Drive from dozens
' of cross streets. On peak vacation weekends, each intersection has the
potential of being a trouble spot.
Evacuation travel is based on the length of the evacuation route and the
assumed uninterrupted speed of the evacuation vehicles. Assuming an
evacuee lives at the western end of —Oak —Island Drive, he or she must
travel 8 miles to reach .the bridge. It is another 16 miles to Bolivia,
' giving a total evacuation distance of 24 miles. Assuming a 35 mph speed
with storm conditions and evacuation traffic, the uninterrupted travel
' time would be: 24 miles x 35 mph a 36 minutes.
' Florida studies have shown that about 20% of the population leave before
there is a notice to evacuate. Studies also show that evacuees in coastal
areas average about 2.5 people per car. If Long Beach has about 10,000
' people on a fall weekend, the following bridge delay could be expected:
10,000 people
' 2,000 leave early (20%)
8,000 people - 3,200 cars (2.5/car)
' Studies show that 2 land bridge capacity is approximately 400 cars per
hour. (Lane reserved for emergency use, travel slowed due to wind, rain
and blowing debris.) In this scenario it would take traffic 8 hours to
' clear the bridge.

23
People usually leave within 3.5 hours after an evacuation notice has
been given. Using this estimate, the delay time at the bridge can be
calculated:
Assuming 3200 cars over 3.5 hours o 900 cars/hour
Delay time . 3.5 hours x 1 - bridge ca acit
cars hour
1.96 hours - 3.5 x 0 - 400/900)
Approximately a 2 hour delay
Since flooding of evacuation roads can occur 5 hours before a hurricane,
notice to evacuate must be made at least 13 hours before the storm
arrives (if 10,000 people are on the Island).
EVACUATION STEPS:
1. City Manager and Police Chief maintain close contact.
2. Monitor weather and estimate island population.
3. Put communication network in place and establish an EOC if conditions
are threatening.
4. Place all emergency teams in a Preparedness situation.
5. Insure that police are in position at major traffic intersections
and bridge.
6. Give notice to evacuate.

24
BRUNSWICK COUNTY SHELTER AREAS
Capacity
North Brunswick High School
1320
South Brunswick High School
1320
West Brunswick High School
1320
South Middle School
1018
Leland Middle School
1018
Shallotte Middle School
1018
Waccamaw Elementary
1000
Union Primary
1018
Lincoln Primary
489
Bolivia Elementary
100
(Southport Primary)
(539)
Staff - Social Services Staffer
Parks and Recreation Staffer
Law Officer
Health Officer
Amateur Radio Operator
Water, Food and Power are unreliable at all shelters.

25
EVACUATION POLICIES:
1. Long Beach is in dire need of a second bridge to serve the western
end of the Island. The safe evacuation of residents and visitors
is dependent on it. Long Beach's population grew at a rate of 36%
per year between 1970 and 1980. Growth in the 1980s will place
the community in a particularly vulnerable situation because evacua-
tion rates are little changed despite population growth. Only one
exit is available. The almost certain flooding of the entire island
in a hurricane situation similar to Hazel could expose a large
number of people to the threat of drowning.
2. Access on Route 133 will be hampered by flooding. A chronic flooding
problem exists on this road with even small storms. Repairs to the
road to improve drainage should be made by the Highway Department
well in advance of the next hurricane season.
3. A complete analysis of the storm surge effects (both incoming and
returning to the ocean), wind hazards over time and flooding poten-
tials would require computer models. A dynamic computer model called
SPLASH (Special Program to List Amplitudes of Surges from Hurricanes)
has been developed by NOAA. The CAMA office should consider imple-
menting this model on the North Carolina coast and share the results
with coastal communities.
4. Traffic patterns and signage planning for an evacuation should be
developed. By directing certain portions of town onto different east -
west thoroughfares, in -town bottlenecks could be reduced. Police
officers could then control traffic at special merger points.

EMERGENCY ROLES
PURPOSE
This section is designed to be used as a pull out pamphlet for
disaster preparation and drills in conjunction with the
Hurricane
Preparedness Committee
proposed on
page . Duties
within this section are divided
into four distinct
stages
or time frames. These are:
Stage I
Mitigation
Before
a hurricane threat
Stage II
Preparedness
When a
hurricane approaches
Stage III
Response
During
a hurricane emergency
Stage IV
Post Disaster
After a
hurricane emergency
Within each of the four stages, roles are defined for the
following work groups:
Communications
Fire Department
Law Enforcement
Public Works
Search and Rescue
Damage Assessment
All activities for each of the work groups will be under the supervision
of the Emergency Operations Center (EOC). While the EOC will be
directed by Brunswick County staff, it would be appropriate to locate
administrative officers from the Town of Long Beach at EOC so that
there will be a direct link between the command center and emergency
staff at work on Oak Island.

WORK GROUP DESCRIPTIONS
A. Emergency Operations Center
n the event of a hurricane -related emergency situation, all
emergency operations will be coordinated from an Emergency
Operations Center. The Brunswick County Courthouse in Bolivia
has been designated as the EOC for Long Beach if Oak Island must
be evacuated. During an emergency, the EOC will become the center
for local government control.. It is assumed that the ultimate
resonsibility for providing decisions and response in times of
emergency rests with the local government. Essential staff at the
EOC shall consist of the Long Beach Mayor, City Manager, Communications
Coordinator, Law Enforcement representative, Fire Department
representative, Operations/Public Works coordinator and any support
staff designated by the Mayor or City Manager. The Long Beach EOC
Team will work in cooperation with the Brunswick County Emergency
Center in determining staff assignments, shift changes and shelter
needs. The Emergency Center will also provide information to com-
mercial radio and TV stations on damage assessments and casualties.
B. Communications
The responsibility for developing and maintaining an emergency
communications and warning system lies with local government.
Emergency operations usually require communications capabilities
beyond the capacity of normal local government operations. HAM
radio operators, radio clubs and private organizations (RACES) with
radio equipment are willing to assist communities in times .of
emergency. During an emergency, all Town departments must use
the communications network to maintain close contact with the
Emergency Operations Center (EOC) to keep them informed of their
operational duties. The warning system must be available to warn
citizens of an approaching storm. Activities at shelter areas,
evacuation routes and the Town of Long Beach must be coordinated.
A line of succession for communications duties must be established
to assure proper response in an emergency. Written agreements must

be established between Long Beach and private organizations for
communications services. Telephone circuits may be jammed
during an emergency, therefore only direct lines that can withstand
high winds and flooding should be considered as a part of any
emergency plan.
C. Fire Department
In the event of a hurricane -related emergency, the Long Beach
Fire Department will serve the important role of providing
emergency medical care and assistance, transporting the sick and
injured, freeing trapped individuals, operating a morgue and
assisting in search and rescue operations. The Fire Chief will
coordinate all Department activities. The Fire Department will
also be important in arranging for the evacuation of citizens and
critical equipment. After the hurricane, the Fire Department will
help oversee the safe return of property owners to Long Beach.
Fire Department personnel are also an important link in main-
taining communications. They must keep careful records of all
actions taken in the emergency conditions.
D. Law Enforcement
Law Enforcement personnel are key resources in a hurricane emer-
gency. Their service is essential in traffic control, crowd
control, security and communications. A Law Enforcement Officer
should also be on the EOC staff. In the event of an emergency,
Law Enforcement personnel may be delegated emergency authority
beyond the normal operational responsibilities of day to day
activities. Emergency capabilities may also require additional
staff. Support may be available from County, State and military
law enforcement agencies and by private individuals. However,

outside assistance should only be requested when all local resources
have been deployed. After the emergency, Law Enforcement Officers
will determine who is allowed to return to the Town. They will
be responsible for issuing passes and badges to official personnel.
They are a vital link in the communications network. They must
also assist in Search and Rescue operations as directed.
E. Public Works
There is a tremendous need for public works services during an
emergency. Public Works is responsible for construction, water
service, building inspection, street repair, vehicle maintenance
and sanitation. Public Works staff are also instrumental in
evacuation and shelter operations. The Public Works personnel
must determine the availability of resources and the effectiveness
of proposed activities. The Public Works team will also direct
the work of military forces deployed in the area in times of
emergency. A Public Works Coordinator should be appointed to
direct activities and a representative should be included in the
EOC. In the event of a hurricane, there may be more need than
local resources.can handle. Local contractors and Public Works
Departments from other jurisdictions and the State are often
available to provide assistance. Agreements should be made in
advance of a hurricane emergency to assure proper responses.
Provisions should be made by Public Works to remove City resources
to a safe location during a storm. After the disaster, Public
Works restores access to the Town and reestablishes Town services.

F. Search and Rescue (SAR)
Search and rescue operations must be coordinated during most
hurricanes. Special personnel, equipment and skills are
required for search and rescue operations. Lines of command
should be established well in advance of a hurricane so that
leadership questions do not arise in an emergency. Coordination
with State and Federal agencies (eg: Coast Guard) is also
important because search and rescue operations may involve a large
number of people. Search and rescue operations should also be
available in a non -disaster situation to respond to limited
emergencies such as missing children, drownings, plane crashes, etc.
Good communications are necessary for successful search and rescue
operations, therefore a common radio frequency that will not be
oversaturated should be agreed upon. (One frequency often used
for SAR is 155.6 MHz). Search and rescue operations will require
the participation of personnel from Law Enforcement, Fire, Public
Works and other Town Departments.
G. Damage Assessment
Damage Assessment focuses on the Town's responsibility to
determine the impacts of a hurricane and then to rank needs in
order of importance to return the community to a livable condition.
It also functions as a means to support damage claims and to seek
federal assistance. Extensive damage assessment is a necessary
part of most state and federal recovery programs. Damage assessment
will require staff from the Long Beach Engineering/Public Works Office,
Building Inspection, County Tax Office, County Health Department
and, if possible, the Governor's Office. Personnel from operating
1l
11

departments will remain under the control of their own departments
but will function under the immediate direction of the Damage
Assessment Coordinator in disaster conditions. The Damage
Assessment Coordinator will be appointed by the Town Manager.
Provisions should be made for a line of succession so that
damage assessment can continue should some personnel not be
readily available. Agreements and understandings should be
developed in writing between Long Beach and private organizations
to assure that damage assessment takes place. Assignments should
be made well in advance because in the event of a hurricane,
confusion about specific assignments could have serious consequences.
Insurance agents and realtors may be called in from the private
sector if the workload exceeds available staff.

0
COMMUNICATIONS - STAGE I Q
' v
1. Appoint a communications coordinator.
' 2. Analyze communications and earning resource
requirements. Determine needed equipment. T
3. Identify and designate private and public j�
service agencies, personnel and equipment
and facilities that can augment the Long
' Beach communications system.
4. Survey communications and warning equipment sites for W
power sources and locations. M
5. Plan and train personnel for maximum use of available W
communications and warning resources.
6. Designate staff for radio operation and message handling.
7. Analvze equipment locations in relationship to potential O
flooring in hurricane conditions, protection from.. lightening
and antenna damage in winds.
8. Identify repair capabilities for communications equipment Mi
under emergency conditions. U
' 9. Coordinate communications and warning capabilities with O
neighboring jurisdictions. Coordinate frequencies and
procedures.
10-Develop a communications organization chart with phone Z
numbers and back up personnel. 2
' 11. Develop procedures with RACES for emergency augmentation z
of communication capabilities O O
' 12. Develop procedures for special warnings for the deaf, r�
elderly and handicapped. Convey these procedures to those H
special populations.
' 13. Each Town Department should designate a messenger that will
keep the communication network informed of that department's
activities.
14. Determine staff roles. Suggested roles are: a) a comr.u-
' nications coordinator to be at headquarters; b) radio
operators; c) monitors to check commercial radio and TV;
a) messengers to route messages to the proper person.

FIRE UEPARTAENT - STAGE I
1.
Develop a listing of essential personnel.
2.
Provide first aid training for members and general public.
3.
Assemble records of radio frequencies and call signs of
EPIS agencies and units in other jurisdictions and at
military installations.
4.
Ensure that local ordinances and resolutions are -in place
authorizing the coordination and support of medical service
in other jurisdictions in an emergency.
Wm
5.
Secure authorization to purchase adequate medical supplies.
6.
Develop a transportaticn plan to evacuate fire service
W
equipment to a safe area.
7.
Develop a transport plan to evacuate handicapped and
injured citizens.
2
8.
Prepare a list of back up personnel with nursing and
paramedic skills that can assist in an emergency.
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LAW UFORCEMENT - STAGE I
1. Identify potential evacuation areas
2. Identify agencies, organizations and local citizens
capable of providing support services.
3. Identify key and critical facilities requiring special
security during an emergency.
4. Coordinate law enforcement capabilities with
neighboring jurisdictions. Develop agreements of
understanding.
5. Develop plans for traffic control in an emergency
evacuation.
6. Prepare plans for the issuance of badges and security
passes. (See attached sample.)
7. Inventory police vehicles and equipment. Prepare for
its safe evacuation.
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PUBLIC WORKS - STAGE I
1. Designate an emergency Public Works Coordinator
2. Assemble a team for providing Public Works services.
3. Train personnel in emergency procedures. T
4. Identify vulnerabilities in Public Works systems. i
5. Initiate mutual aid agreements with neighboring El
jurisdictions. 14
6. Work with local codes to insure ordinances which protect
public works systems.
7. Review construction activities to assure that new m
buildings do not increase hazards in emergency conditions.
8. Identify local contractors whose equipment will not be
damaged and who can provide back up support.
9. Keep all roads and bridges in good repair to handle 0
an evacuation.
10. Maintain all emergency equipment and materials needed for
an emergency in good repair.
11.
Identify personnel, equipment and materials needed for
LL
an emergency. Equipment should include but not be
limited to:
0
Tow trucks Bull Dozers
Fuel delivery trucks Backhoes
Fuel storage tanks Generators
Floodlights, light units Sand/graevel
Sand bags Portable water suppliers
Drag lines Cranes
Chain saws 1-later pumps
Cutting torches Rescue equipment
O
Circular saws Boats
{.
12.
Identify personnel and resources available from military
•
and other jurisdictions.
13.
Identify dump sites for debris.
14.
Plan for evacuation of equipment to save it from damage.
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SEARCH AND RESUCE (SAR) - STAGE I
1. Appoint a search and rescue coordinator who will direct
all volunteer and mutual aid forces.
2. Assemble a team of key SAR leadership personnel who can
work with volunteers from all organizations to be involved
in a hurricane emergency.
3. Identify equipment needed for SAR activities in the event
of a hurricane. Suggested equipment: boats, portable
communications equipment, diving gear, 4-wheel drive
vehicles.
4. Contract with neighboring jurisdictions and develop mutual
aid agreements. Include provisions for reimbursement of
expenses and insurance payments.
5. Contact neighboring Coast Guard and military units to
determine what assistance could be provided.
o. Work with the State to specify what agencies take command
in case of a hurricane emergency involving a large percen-
tage of the coast.
7. Identify volunteer organizations that could provide
assistance and conduct volunteer training programs.
Possible organizations include: 4-wheel drive clubs,
scuba clubs, Coast Guard Auxilary, flying clubs.
S. Identify communications needs.
9. Develop public information programs about surviving
a hurricane.
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DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - STAGE I
1. Enforce adequate building codes.
2. Develop adequate lane; use regulations: dunes protection,
flood plain protection, etc.
3. Develop survey teams. City staff should include
engineering, public works, County Assessor, health InTo
-
spector. When necessary recruit members of the private
sector such as people from the fields of engineering El
building trades, property appraiser, insurance adjustors,
Red Cross, Salvation Army, etc. 14
4. Designate a Damage Assessment Coordinator W
5. Develop a damage assessment training program. I m
'
6.
Develop an information program to warn citizens about
Possible damages.
7.
Establish a damage assessment reporting system. (See
Z
'
—
appendix) Develop agreement forms for use if non-gov-
ernmental-personnLyT—conplete any damage assessments.
O
S.
Make a list of critical facilities (streets, roads, and
J
bridges, etc.) requiring priority repairs if damaged.
'
9.
Estimate where washouts are likely to occur as the storm
surge receeds across the island. Consider what measures
LL
for repair may be required.
O
'
10.
Discuss with CAMA how emergency repairs will be made,
since CAD"A permits may be too time-consuming in a
disaster situation.
'
11.
Obtain maps with information about the locations of
power lines and telephone lines.
O
1
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1
2
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COMMUNICATIONS- STAGE II
1.
Test, repair and maintain communications equipment.
2.
Arrange training programs for staff.
3.
Stockpile supplies and repair equipment
4.
Identify sources of additional equipment.
5.
Develop special warning systems for deaf, elderly and
handicapped.
W
6.
Develop a contingency plan to provide warnings should
existing equipment become disabled.
M
7.
Develop plans to warn the Town to evacuate.
(W�
3.
Develop accurate listings of phone numbers and radio
V
frequencies of people to be contacted in an emergency:
2
support personnel, neighboring jurisdictions, higher
levels of government.
0
9.
Arrange for central communications equipment to be
transported to a safe location.
Mi
10.
Prepare to protect or repair equipment in the event of
IL
or lightening damage.
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FIRE SERVICE - STAGE II
1. Establish inventory, control and delivery systems for
emergency equipment.
2. Collect medical supplies and equipment and load into EMS
vehicles.
3. Notify hospitals and EMS personnel in other jurisdictions
that an emergency situation may develop.
4. Insure that all equipment is in good working order and
that repair parts are available.
5. Designate a siet for a temporary morgue
6. Ass.ist in the evacuation procedures as directed by EOC.
7. Coordinate resources with other agencies and volunteer
groups in order to provide assistance on a 24 hour basis.
8. Locate buses for transportation of large groups of people.
9. Ensure that EOC radios can communicate with EN';C personnel.
10. Develop casualty tags, reports and notify next of kin
procedures.
11. Prepare emergency water supplies.
12. Contact the Red Cross for possible assistance.
13. Locate first aid stations for emergency operations.
14. Prepare ambulance teams.
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II
II
1
1 LAW ENFORCEMENT - STAGE II
1. Inventory available personnel
1 2. Place support personnel on notice that emergency may
occur.
1 3. Designate a law enforcement corrdinator to serve at
EOC.
1 4. Position law enforcement personnel at critical inter-
changes to control traffic.
5. Begin warning and evacuation procedures.
i6. Maintain law and order and patrol evacuated areas.
IJ
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PUBLIC WORKS - STAGE II
1. Establish inventory, control and delivery systems for
emergency resources.
2. Set priorities on available resources.
3. Coordinate resources with other agencies and volunteer
groups in order to maintain reserves.
4. Notify other jurisdictions and private organinzations
about a possible need for assistance.
5. Ensure that debris removal equipment is in good repair
and safe from the storm.
6. Ensure that adequate barrier and road block materials
are available to the Police Department.
7. Secure all emergency equipment against damage.
S. Coordinate communications procedures.
9. Place standby equipment in operational readiness.
10. Assist in evacuation of City records and non -emergency
equipment.
11. Assist in other evacuation procedures.
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DAMAGE ASSESSME T - STAGE II
1. Train personnel in dac;age assessment techniques.
Z. Maintain predisaster maps, photos, surveys and other
documents for damage assessnent purposes.
3. Photo inventory structures in hazardous areas.
4. List critical facilities requiring priority repairs if
damaged.
5. Conduct a damage assessment exercise.
6. Determine available assistance and alert people that
they nay be asked to assist.
7. Maintain accurate listings of all property owners.
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COMMUNICATIONS - STAGE III
1. Assign staff to operate communications equipment on a
24 hour basis.
2. Make arrangements to ensure repair capabilities on a
24 hour basis.
3. Initiate warning procedures after directions from EOC.
4. Provide emergency communications during the storm.
5. Monitor commercial radio and TV broadcasts for accuracy
and information.
6. Screen and route all incoming messages.
7. Maintain appropriate records and logs.
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FIRE SERVICE - STAGE III
1. Initiate treatment and transportation activities
2. Provide security and law enforcement on the scene.
3. Activate a temporary morgue/
4. Free trapped individuals.
5. Provide communications network as required.
6. Consider that trained personnel may be required to
perform as a triage team.
7. Conduct such activities as blood runs, physician trans-
ports etc.
8. Participate in search and rescue operations as required.
9. Perform body identification and transport as required.
10. Provide public information activities-through-EOC—
11. Provide support systems for victims and families.
12. Keep EOC informed of the disaster status.
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LAW ENFORCEMENT - STAGE III
1. Maintain law and order
2. Remove police equipment to a safe location when possible.
3. Coordinate with EOC to ensure traffic control on evacuation
routes and emergency shelters.
4. Provide search and rescue as required.
5. Issue passes to personnel authorized�to enter strategic
areas.
6. Staff road blocks and barricades and seal off disaster area.
7. Provide a communications network as needed.
8. Position traffic control devices as requested.
9. Direct activities of supporting state and military
personnel.
10. Assist in damage assessment as required.
ll.'Provide emergency medical services as needed.
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PUBLIC WORKS - STAGE III
1. Maintain contact with EOC
2. Provide equipment as needed in response to EOC.
3. Survey Town and evaluate in terms of engineering
estimates.
4. Provide engineering services and advice.
5. Develop and mke recommendations to --alleviate problems.
6. Coordinate response with other jurisdictions, state
agencies and military.
7. Clear roads, mend bridges, effect emergency repairs
of the Town water system. Clear roads in the following
order: a) east -west thoroughfares
b) north -south streets
c) other residential streets
8. Barricade damaged areas.
9. Call private contractors for assistance.
10. Assist in search and rescue operations as directed.
11. Coordinate resources for disaster victims.
12. Transport refuse to dump sites.
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SEARCH AND RESCUE - STAGE III
1. Call up SAR personnel as required.
2. Designate a staging area for SAR operations.
3. Coordinate local, state and federal rescue efforts
4. Maintain radio contact with EOC.
5. Transport sick and injured to medical facilities.
6. Provide backup communications as required.
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DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - STAGE III
1. Activate assessment teams after authorization from EOC.
2. Deploy assessment teams to disaster locations.
3. Collect damage information and make records.
4. Compile damage assessment reports for appropriate
state and federal agencies.
5. Determine unsafe buildings.
6. Keep public informed about unsafe buildings, bridges,
roads, drinking water, etc. Post signs.
7. Advise and assist in casualty information.
8. Provide information about damage to utilities and lines
9. Provide EOC with damage information.
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COMMUNICATINS - STAGE IV
1. Phase down operations as appropriate
2. Clean and repair equipment. Return it to proper location.
3. Submit communications expenditures to proper
authorities for repayment.
4. Review procedures and recommend improvements in case
of future emergencies.
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FIRE DEPARTMENT - STAGE IV
1. Assist with other recovery operations
2. Assist with damage assessments as required.
3: Compile reports for state and federal agencies.
4. Restock emergency medical supplies.
5. Recommend changes to organization plans as necessary
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LAW ENFORCEMENT - STAGE IV
1. Coordinate with Caswell, Yaupon and County Sheriff to
maintain a road block at the Oak Island bridge.
Allow only identifiable personnel to cross. Property
owners may return when safe. Property owners may be
identified by comparing a Driver's License or other
form of I.D. with computer printout of tax rolls.
2. Allow return of residents when directed by EOC.
3. Assist in return of evacuees to homes.
4. Patrol coast and inland waterway to guard against
unauthorized landings.
5. Resume patrols in Town as soon as possible.
6. Assist in damage repairs.
7. Make suggestions for improvements to the Disaster Plan.
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PUBLIC WORKS - STAGE IV
1. Assess impact and cost of disaster in terms of
resource needs.
2. Assess recovery needs.
3. Identify repair and replenishment needs.
4. Maintain appropriate records.
5. Desseminate information on available materials for
recovery to EOC.
6. Repair Town buildings.
7. Provide water and portable sanitary facilities as needed.
8. Suggest changes and improvements to future disaster plans
9. Recommend changes in planning, zoning and building codes
to mitigate damages in future hurricanes.
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SEARCH AND RESCUE (SAR) - STAGE IV
1. See that all staff are accounted for.
2. Complete records of activities.
3. Submit reports as required.
4. Inventory equipment and resupply, clean or repair as needed
5. Critique activities and suggest improvements for
future actions.
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DAMAGE ASSESSMENT - STAGE IV
1. Set up offices in Town to use as a base for federal
assistance program applications.
2. Find accomodations for insurance adjustors.
3. Summarize damage assessment reports.
4. Monitor restoration activities.
5. Advise on establishing priorities for emergency repairs.
6. Prepare documents for submission to state and federal
government.
7. Use damage information to revise property records and
tax records.
8. Review building codes and land -use regulations for
possible improvements.
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'- _. - --- -
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT
Date
County, city, town or special district
1.
Casualties: Dead Injured
Missing
2.
Damage to private property:
Average
Insurance
Mobile
Dollar
Coverages
Homes Homes
Business
Other Value
Unit
a a
a
a b
c
Destroyed
Major damage
Minor damage
3.
Agriculture damage:
A. Farm buildings
d.
$
B. Machinery and equipment_
d.
$
C. Crop losses
d.
$
D. Livestock
e.
$
4.
Public property damage:
A. Debris clearance
e.
$
B. Protective measures
e.
$
C. Road systems
e.
S
D. Water control facilities
e.
S
E. Public building and related equipment
e.
S
F. Public utilities
e.
S
G. Facilities under construction
e.
S
H. Private nonprofit facilities
e.
$
I. Other (not in above categories)
e.
$
5.
Total damage
f.
$
6.
Remarks:
NOTE: Append maps, photographs, and any other supplemental material
desired. See Appendix

INSTRUCTIONS FOR COMPLETING DAMAGE ASSESSMENT REPORT
' CASUALTIES: Self-explanatory.
' DAMAGE TO PRIVATE PROPERTY:
a. Report number of units in each category that are destroyed or damaged.
' Destroyed: Self-explanatory.
Manor damage: Extensive repairs required; structure cannot be used for its
intended purpose.
' Minor damage: Repairs• required; structure can be used for its intended purpose.
b. Report the total dollar value of damage in each category.
' c. Report the average percent of Insurance coverage per unit.
AGRICULTURAL DAMAGE:
' d. Agricultural damage assessment should be obtained from the county emergency
board (USDA). Attach copy of natural disaster damage assessment report, if
' available.
DAMAGE TO PUBLIC PROPERTY:
' e. Report dollar value of damage to public property in each category. Categories
are explained below:
' Debris clearance —Removal of trees, limbs, building rubble, etc., from roads and
streets to permit orderly flow of traffic; from drainage ditches to allow
adequate runoff or flow; from reservoirs to prevent clogging of Intakes or
_ damage to structures; from private property within 50 feet of a house; and from
any area when considered in the public interest for health and safety.
Protective measures —Measures taken to protect public health and safety and to
' prevent damage to public or private property. Includes construction of
emergency levees, pumping and sandbagging, warning signs and barricades,
extra police for the emergency, overtime for.regular employees.
' Road systems —Damage includes but is not limited to bridges, drainage
structures, travelled ways, shoulders and safety features (Non-FAP/FAS roads
' only. Damage to FAP/FAS roads should be included in the remarks).
Water control facilities —Damage to dikes, levees, drainage channels, Irrigation
channels, and debris catch basins.
Public buildings and related equipment —Damages to public buildings to the
extent not covered by insurance, include the physical plant and equipment in
' hospitals, libraries, penal and welfare institutions, police and fire stations,
public office buildings and recreational buildings. Includes vehicles damaged or
destroyed by the disaster (not as a result of operations).

1
Public utilities —Damage to publicly owned facilities, including water, electric,
gas, and sewerage facilities to the extent not covered by insurance.
Facilities under construction —Damage to facilities that were under
construction at the time o the disaster to the extent not covered by insurance.
Private, nonprofit facilities —Damages to private, nonprofit educational, utility,
emergency medical, and custodial care facilities.
Other —Includes damages to parks and recreational facilities.

XIONSddd
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COMPOSITE HAZARD AREA MAP
MAP #1
t LEGEND
■ttlt■V FLOOD ZONES
FLOOD ZONES
En
V Flood Zone Area of special flood hazard
with velocity that is inundated
by tidal
' S
floods.
We -- ------- A Flood Zone Area of special flood hazard

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PUBLIC INFORMATION BROCHURE
The overall response to hurricane hazards and reconstruction after
a hurricane requires that the public be informed annually of
what they need to do prior to a storm. Public information
brochures should be printed and distributed to residents and
tourists to inform them of actions that should be taken in the
event of a hurricane. The following format is suggested for
a Town brochure:
* Front cover:
Map of Long Beach with evacuation routes.
* Inside left:
What to do when a hurricane approaches:
- Keep your radio, television or NOAA Weather Radio on and listen
for weather service advisories.
- Plan your time before the storm arrives and avoid last-minute hurry.
- Leave low-lying areas that may be swept by high tides and
storm waves.
- Leave mobile homes for more substantial shelter.
- Moor your boat securely. When your boat is moored, leave it, and
don't return once the waves are up.
- Board up windows or protect them with shutters or tape.
- Secure outdoor objects that might blow away.
- Store drinking water in clean bathtubs and bottles.
- Check your battery operated equipment.
- Keep car fueled.

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' - Follow the instructions and advice of your local government.
- If an evacuation is ordered:
Leave early
' Have enough gasoline
Follow recommended routes
Listen to the radio
'
* Inside right:
After the hurricane:
t
- Remain in the shelter until informed to leave.
- Keep tuned to local radio stations for advice and instructions.
- Stay out of disaster areas, since sightseeing may interfere with
'
rescue efforts.
- Drive carefully along debris filled streets. Roads may be
'
undermined and collapse under the weight of your car.
- Avoid loose or dangling wires and report them to the power
'
company or police.
- Report any broken water mains
'
- Prevent fires since firefighters will be involved in recovery
operations and water pressure may be down.
'
- Check refrigerated food for spoilage if power is off during the
storm.
'
- Electrical equipment should be checked and dried before returning
to service.
- Do not use fresh food that has come in contact with flood waters.
- Obtain a building permit before attempting reconstruction.
I ' * Back page:
List of shelter areas and location.
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THE SAFFIR/SIMPSON HURRICANE SCALE
The Saffir/Simpson Hurricane Scale is used by the National Weather Service to
give public safety officials a continuing assessment of the potential for wind
and storm surge damage from a hurricane in progress. Scale numbers are made
available to public safety officials when a hurricane is within 72 hours of
landfall. Scale assessments are revised regularly as new observations are made,
and public safety organizations are kept informed of new estimates of the hurri-
cane's disaster potential.
Scale numbers range from 1 to 5. Scale No. 1 begins with hurricanes in which the
maximum sustained winds are at least 74 mph, or which will produce a storm surge
4 to 5 feet above normal water level, while Scale No. 5 applies to those in
which the maximum sustained winds are 155 mph or more, which have the potential
of producing a storm surge more than 18 feet above normal.
The scale was developed by Herbert Saffir, Dade County, Florida, consulting
engineer, and Dr. Robert H. Simpson, former National Hurricane Center director,
and projects scale assessment categories as follows:
Category No. 1 - Winds'of 74 to 95 mph. Damage primarily to shrubbery,
trees, foliage, and unanchored mobile homes. No real damage to other
structures. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. Storm surge 4
to 5 feet above normal. Low-lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier
damage, some small craft in exposed anchorage torn from moorings.
Category No. 2 - Winds of 96 to 110 mph. Considerable damage to shrub-
bery and tree foliage; some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed
mobile homes. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some
damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage.
No major damage to buildings. Storm surge 6 to 8 feet above normal.
Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water
two to four hours before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable
damage to piers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in unprotected anchorages*
torn from moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline residences and low-
lying island areas required.
Category No. 3 - Winds of 111 to 130 mph. Foliage torn from trees; large
trees blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown down.
Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage.
Some structural damage to small buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. Storm
surge 9 to 12 feet above normal. Serious flooding at coast and

many smaller structures near coast destroyed; large structures
near coast damaged by battering waves and floating debris. Low-
lying escape routes inland cut by rising water three to five hours
before hurricane center arrives. Flat terrain 5 feet or less
above sea level flooded inland 8 miles or more. Evacuation of
low-lying residences within several blocks of shoreline possible.
required.
Category No. 4 - Winds of 131 to 155 mph. Shrubs and trees blown
down; all signs down. Extensive damage to roofing materials,
windows, and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many small
residences. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge
13 to 18 feet above normal. Flat terrain 10 feet or less above
sea level flooded inland as far as six miles. Major damage to
lower floors to structures near shore due to flooding and
battering by waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes
inland cut by rising water three to five hours before hurricane
center arrives. Major erosion of beaches. Massive evacuation
of all residences within 500 yards of shore possibly required,
and of single -story residences on low ground within two miles
of shore.
Category No. 5 - Winds greater than 155 mph. Shrubs and trees
blown down; considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all signs
down. Complete failure of roofs on many residences and industrial
buildings. Extensive shattering of glass in windows and doors.
Some complete building failures. Small buildings over -turned or
blown away. Complete destruction_of_-mobile-homes. Storm surge
greater than 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors
of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level within 500
yards of shore. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising
water three to five hours before hurricane center arrives.
Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within
five to ten miles of shore possibly required.
Dr. Neil Frank, present National Hurricane Center director, has adapted atmos-
pheric
pressure ranges
to the Saffir/Simpson
Scale. These pressure ranges,
along with a numerical
break -down
of wind and
storm surge ranges are:
SCALE
CENTRAL PRESSURES
WINDS
SURGE
'
NUMBER
MILLIBARS
INCHES
(MPH)
LIM.1
DAMAGE
1
980
28.94
74- 95
4- 5
Minimal
'
2
965-979
28.5 -28.91
96-110
6- 8
Moderate
3
945-964
27.91-28.47
111-130
9-12
Extensive
4
920-944
27.17-27.88
131-155
13-18
Extreme
'
5
920 .
27.17
155+
18+
Catastrophic

Mean Sea Level
Normal day. The sea rises and falls with astronomical tidal action.
There are the usual small waves.
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Above Normal Tide —­t
Mean Sea Level
' A hurricane is 12 hours away. The tide is a little above normal; the
water moves further up the beach. Swells are beginning to move in from the
deep ocean. Waves as high as 5 to 8 feet runup the beach.
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15 Foot Storm Surge
Above Normal Tide---"�
Mean Sea Level
' Hurricane is moving close ashore. A 15-foot surge is added to the
normal 2-foot tide creating a 17-foot storm tide. This mound of water is
moving ashore along an area of coastline 50 to 100 miles wide.
' Development of Storm Surge Along the -Coastline"
"Storm Surqe and Hurricane Safety," U.S. Department of
Commerce, NOAA, U.S. GPO, 1979.