1993 Land Use Plan-1994

�' 1986 LUP - Town of Long Beach, NC

TOWN OF LONG BEACH, NORTH CAROLINA
1993 LAND USE PLAN
Adopted by the Town of Long Beach: March 16, 1994
Certified by the Coastal Resources Commission: March 25, 1994
Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
Wilmington, North Carolina
The preparation of this document was financed in part through a grant provided by the North Carolina
Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

TOWN OF LONG BEACH, NORTH CAROLINA
1993 LAND USE PLAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
Number
SECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
A.
ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE
1-1
1. Statement of Purpose
1-1
2. Review of 1986 Land Use Plan Policies
1-2
3. Data Sources
1-17
B.
POPULATION AND HOUSING
1-18
1. Population
1-18
2. Housing Characteristics
1-21
3. Summary
1-24
C.
ECONOMY
1-25
D.
EXISTING LAND USE
1-29
1. Introduction
1-29
2. Residential Land Use
1-29
3. Commercial Land Use
1-37
4. Public and Semi -Public
1-40
5. Industrial Land Use
1-41
6. Open Space
1-47
7. Land Use Changes, 1986-1992
1-47
8. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
1-51
9. Existing Land Use Summary
1-51
10. Development Potential
1-53
E.
DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: PUBLIC FACILITIES
1-54
1. Water Supply
1-54
2. Sewage Disposal
1-55
3. Drainage
1-58
4. Solid Waste Disposal
1-58
5. Police
1-59
6. Fire/Rescue
1-59
7. Administration
1-60
8. Transportation
1-60
9. Electrical Distribution
1-61

10.
Telephone Service"
1-61
11.
Cable Television
1-61
12.
Schools
1-62
13.
Health Services
1-62
14.
Recreation
1-62
F.
DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY
1-63
1.
Topography/Geology
1-63
2.
Flood Hazard Areas
1-63
3.
Soils
1-67
4.
Manmade Hazards/Restrictions
1-69
5.
Fragile Areas
1-69
a) Coastal Wetlands
1-69
b) Estuarine Waters
1-71
c) Estuarine Shorelines
1-71
d) Public Trust Areas
1-71
e) Ocean Hazard Areas
1-72
f) 404 Wetlands
1-72
g) Slopes in Excess of 12%
1-73
h) Excessive Erosion Areas
1-73
i) Historic and Archaeological Sites
1-73
SECTION 11:
PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
II-1
A.
PROJECTED DEMAND FOR DEVELOPMENT
II-1
1.
Demographic Trends
II-1
2.
Commercial and Industrial Land Use
II-3
3.
Residential
II-4
4.
Public/Semi-Public
11-5
5.
Transportation
II-5
6.
Areas Likely to Experience Major Land Use Changes
11-5
7.
Summary
II-5
B.
PROJECTED PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDS/AVAILABILITY
II-6
C.
REDEVELOPMENT
ISSUES
II-7
D.
INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
II-7
SECTION III:
LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
III-1

SECTION IV: POLICY STATEMENTS
A. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS IV-1
B. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES IV-7
C. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
POLICY STATEMENTS IV-10
D. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES IV-18
E. STORM HAZARD MITIGATION, POST -DISASTER RECOVERY AND
EVACUATION POLICIES & PLANS IV-19
1. Hazard Mitigation Policies IV-19
2. Storm Mitigation, Evacuation, and Post -Disaster Recovery Plans IV-21
a. Storm Hazard Mitigation IV-21
b. Hurricane Planning and Evacuation IV-23
C. Post -Disaster Recovery Plan IV-37
3. Organization of Local Damage Assessment Team IV-38
4. Damage Assessment Procedures and Requirements IV-39
5. Organization of Recovery Operation IV-41
6. Recommended Reconstruction Policies IV-46
a. Re -Entry Permits IV-46
b. Permitting IV-46
C. Utility and Facility Reconstruction IV-47
d. Temporary Development Moratorium IV-47
SECTION V: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATIONS V-1
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1: Total Population - 1980, 1990 - Town of Long Beach, 1-18
Brunswick County, North Carolina
Table 2: Population Characteristics by Age Group - Town of Long 1-18
Beach - 1980, 1990
Table 3: Change in Population by Sex - Long Beach, Brunswick 1-20
County - 1980, 1990
Table 4: Population Change by Race -Town of Long Beach - 1980, 1-21
1990

Table 5:
Housing Tenure and Vacancy - Town of Long Beach -
1-21
1980, 1990
Table 6:
Residential Building Permits - Town of Long Beach -
1-22
1987-1993
Table 7:
Housing Conditions - Town of Long Beach - 1990
1-23
Table 8:
Mean Household Income, 1989 - Long Beach, Brunswick
1-25
County, North Carolina
Table 9:
Labor Force Status, Persons 16 Years Old and Over -
1-25
Town of Long Beach, Brunswick County - 1990
Table 10:
1990 Employment by Class of Worker - Town of Long
1-26
each, Brunswick County
Table 11:
Employed Persons 16 Years and Older by Industry - Town
1-27
of Long Beach - 1990
Table 12:
Poverty Status - Town of Long,Beach - 1990
1-28
Table 13:
Ocean Access Sites
1-43
Table 14:
Estuarine Access Sites
1-46
Table 15:
Long Beach Construction Activity - Corporate Limit Area -
1-48
1987-1993
Table 16:
Town of Long Beach Corporate Limit Area - Land Use
1-49
Analysis, 1986/1992
Table 17:
Town of Long Beach Corporate Limit Area - Lot Use
1-50
Analysis - by Lot Type, 1986/1993
Table 18;
Town of Long Beach - Water Consumption
1-55
Table 19:
1993 School System Status - Schools Serving Long Beach
1-62
Table 20:
Long Beach - Soil Susceptibility to Flooding
1-67
Table 21:
Long Beach - Soil Associations - Degree and Kind of
1-68
Limitation for Stated Use
Table 22:
Total Year -Round Population Projections - Brunswick
II-1
County, 1990-2003
Table 23:
Town of Long Beach, Peak Seasonal Population Growth -
II-3
1993-2003
Table 24:
Hurricane Forces Associates with Town Environments
IV-22

LIST OF MAPS
Map 1 - February 1993 Zoning Map
Map 2 - Existing Land Use Map
Map 3 - Shoreline Access Sites and Recreation Facilities
Map 4 - Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
Map 5 - Soils
Map 6 - Flood Hazard
Map 7 - Storm Surge Area
Map 8 - Fragile Areas
Maps 9 & 9A - Land Classification Map
1-31
1-38
1-42
1-52
1-57
1-64
1-65
1-70
III-5 & III-6
APPENDICES
Appendix I: Policies Considered But Not Adopted
Appendix II: Environmental Impact Statement, North Carolina Barrier Islands
Waste Management
Appendix III: Managing Wastewater in Coastal Urban Areas
Appendix IV: Citizen Participation Plan

SECTION I:
ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
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SECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
A. ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE
1. Statement of Purpose
This Land Use Plan Update for the Town of Long Beach is prepared in
accordance with requirements of the North Carolina Coastal Area Management Act
(CAMA). Specifically, this document complies with Subchapter 76, "Land and Use
Planning Guidelines," of the North Carolina Administrative Code, as amended,
November 1, 1989. The land use plan serves to guide the town's development by
addressing issues and adopting policies that pertain to the town. Specifically, the land
use plan provides the following:
1) an analysis of existing conditions;
2) a projected land development analysis;
3) a summary of public interests and participation;
4) a land classification system;
5) a detailed section on policy statements;
6) an analysis of the carrying capacity of public facilities with a
demand/supply analysis;
7) an analysis of the issues confronting redevelopment of the
"circle" area;
8) a summary of 404 wetland areas and issues;
9) an analysis of maritime forest issues;
10) a discussion of the preservation of dune areas; and
11) an explanation of the relationship of the policies to the land
classification.
This plan update contains a summary of data collection and analysis, identification of
areas of environmental concern, projected land development analysis, a policy
discussion, and a land classification map. It is emphasized that the policy section of
the plan is the most important part of the document. State and federal agencies will
use the local land use policies in making project consistency, funding, and permit
decisions. The 7B guidelines require that the following issues be addressed in the
plan:
1) Resource Protection
2) Resource Production and Management
3) Economic and Community Development
4) Continuing Public Participation
5) Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery and Evacuation Plans.
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2. Review of 1986 Land Use Plan Policies
The 1986 Long Beach plan included policy statements which addressed these
five policy areas. It is emphasized that this is only a summary and not the complete
1986 policies section.
RESOURCE PROTECTION
It is the policy of Long Beach to support and enforce, through its CAMA
permitting responsibility, state policies as they relate to areas of environmental
concern (AEC's).
Water Quality
Protection of the estuarine and beach systems is the policy of Long Beach.
Coastal Management Policy
It is the policy of Long Beach to uphold the guidelines and regulations of the
Coastal Area Management Act not only to the letter of the law, but in spirit by
consistently dispensing its CAMA permitting responsibilities in a conscientious
manner.
The Estuarine System
Long Beach will promote conservation and management of the estuarine system
as a whole, which includes individual AEC's: coastal wetlands, estuarine waters,
public trust area, and estuarine shorelines.
Coastal Wetlands
Activities in coastal wetland areas shall be restricted to those which do not
significantly affect the unique and delicate balance of this resource. Suitable
land uses include those giving highest priority to the protection and management
of coastal wetlands, so as to safeguard and perpetuate their biological , social,
economic, and aesthetic values and to establish a coordinated management
system capable of conserving and utilizing coastal wetlands as a natural
resource essential to the functioning of the entire estuarine system. These land
uses shall achieve little to no non -point source runoff through the minimization
of impervious surfaces and the maximization of natural vegetation preservation.
Highest priority of use shall be allocated to the conservation of existing coastal
wetlands. Second priority shall be given to those uses that require water access
and cannot function elsewhere.
Acceptable land uses may include utility easements, fishing piers, and docks.
Unacceptable uses may include, but would not be limited to, restaurants,
businesses, residences, motels, parking lots, and highways.
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Estuarine Waters
In recognition of the importance of this resource for the fisheries and related
industries as well as aesthetics, recreation, and education, Long Beach shall
promote the conservation and quality of estuarine waters. Activities in these
areas shall be restricted to those which do not permanently or significantly affect
the function, cleanliness, salinity, and circulation of estuarine waters. Suitable
land/water uses include those giving highest priority to conservation and
management so as to safeguard and perpetuate biological, social, economic,
and aesthetic values and to establish a coordinated management system
capable of conserving and utilizing estuarine waters to maximize their benefits
to humans and the estuarine system. Highest priority of use shall be allocated
to the conservation of estuarine waters and its vital components. Second priority
shall be given to uses that require water access and cannot function elsewhere.
Appropriate uses may include simple access channels, structures which prevent
erosion, navigation channels, boat docks, and piers.
Long Beach will also support projects in estuarine water areas which aim to
increase the productivity of these waters. Such projects include oyster reseeding
programs and inlet channeling and dredging operations for the purpose of
increasing the flushing action of tidal movement.
Public Trust Areas
In recognition of certain land and water areas in which the public has certain
established rights and which support valuable commercial and sports fisheries,
have aesthetic value, and are resources for economic development, Long Beach
shall protect these rights and promote the conservation and management of,
public trust areas. Suitable land/water uses include those which protect public
rights for navigation and recreation and those which preserve and manage the
public trust areas in order to safeguard and perpetuate their biological,"
economic, social and aesthetic value.
1 In the absence of overriding public benefit, any use which significantly interferes,
as with the public right of navigation or other public trust rights which apply in the
area, shall not be allowed. Projects which would directly or indirectly block or
impair existing navigation channels, increase shoreline erosion, deposit spoils
below mean high tide, cause adverse water circulation patterns, violate water
quality standards, or cause degradation of shellfish waters shall not be allowed.
Uses that may be allowed in public trust areas shall not be detrimental to the
public trust rights and the biological and physical functions of the estuary.
Examples of such uses include the development and navigational channels or
drainage ditches, the use of bulkheads to prevent erosion, and the building of
piers, docks, or marinas.
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Estuarine Shoreline
CAMA defines the estuarine shoreline at Long Beach as the areas 75 feet
landward of the estuarine waters. Long Beach recognizes: (1) the close
association between estuarine shorelines and adjacent estuarine waters, (2) the
influence shoreline development has on the quality of estuarine life, and (3) the
damaging processes of shorefront erosion and flooding to which the estuarine
shoreline is subject.
Shoreline development has a profound effect on adjacent estuarine waters.
Effluent from poorly placed or malfunctioning septic systems can pollute shellfish
areas which represent much greater economic benefits to the Town's citizens
than do the residential uses of estuarine shoreline areas. In recognition of this
fact, Long Beach will use all available means of law to restrict the use of
estuarine shoreline areas for residential purposes where there is a substantial
chance of pollution occurring.
The natural process of erosion transforms shoreline areas into public trust areas.
It shall be the policy of Long Beach to allow this natural process to occur if life
or structures are not in jeopardy.
Suitable land uses are those compatible with both the dynamic nature of
estuarine shorelines and the values of the estuarine system. Residential,
commercial, and recreational land uses are all appropriate types of use along the
estuarine shoreline provided that:
A substantial chance of pollution occurring from the development
does not exist, where there is a low percentage of runoff, a high
percent of deep and shallow infiltration, and a high degree of
evapo-transpiration,
Natural barriers to erosion are preserved and not substantially
weakened or eliminated,
The disturbance of natural vegetation is minimized,
The construction of impervious surfaces and area not allowing
natural drainage is limited to only that necessary to adequately
service the development,
Standards of the North Carolina Sedimentation Pollution Control
Act 1973 are met,
Development does not create pollution or have any other significant
adverse impact on estuarine resources, and
Development does not significantly interfere with existing public
rights of access to, or use of, navigable waters or public resources.
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Ocean Hazard Areas
In recognition of the critical nature of ocean hazard areas due to vulnerability to
erosion and to the dynamic processes that can be dangerous to life and
property, Long Beach supports the State CAMA policies for Ocean Hazard
Areas. Ocean hazard forces are the most dynamic in ocean erodible and high
hazard flood areas. The 8.3-mile oceanfront is significantly important to
economic, aesthetic, and recreational resources of Long Beach. The Town
vigorously supports all efforts to protect these areas.
Suitable land uses in ocean hazard areas generally are those which are not
vulnerable to unreasonable danger to life and property and which achieve a
balance between the financial, safety, and social factors involved in hazard area
development. Ocean shoreline erosion control activities, dune
establishment/stabilization, and structural accessways are all acceptable types
of land uses. Residential, commercial, and recreational land uses are also
acceptable types of use in ocean hazard areas provided that:
Development is landward of the crest of the primary dune; where
no primary dune exists, development is set back a minimum of 30
times the average annual erosion rate (60 feet in the area from
58th Street East to Lockwood's Folly Inlet and 90 feet from 58th
Street East to 79th Street East) from the first line of stable
vegetation.
Development does not involve the significant removal or relocation
of primary or frontal dune sand or vegetation.
Development implements means and methods to mitigate or
minimize adverse impacts of the project.
Development of growth -inducing public facilities such as sewers,
waterlines, roads, and erosion control measures is permitted only
in cases where:
national or state interests and public
benefits are clearly overriding factors,
facilities would not exacerbate existing
hazards or damage natural buffers,
-- facilities would be reasonably safe from
flood and erosion related damage, and
facilities do not promote growth and
development in ocean hazard areas.
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Prior to the issuance of any permit for development in ocean hazard AEC's,
there shall be a written acknowledgement from the applicant stating awareness
of the risks associated with development in this hazardous area.
The Town of Lang Beach believes that the 8.3 miles of ocean
shoreline is a valuable natural recreational resource that should be
kept clean and safe for public use. Therefore, it is the policy of
Long Beach to provide appropriate beach access and parking
facilities, trash receptacles, stump removal when deemed to be
hazardous to public safety, and any other beach service which
would be feasible and appropriate, excepting erosion control
activities.
The natural process of erosion transforms shoreline areas into
public trust areas. It shall be the policy of Long Beach to allow this
natural process to occur.
All other regulations adopted by the Coastal Resources
Commission will be applicable and shall be complied with.
Natural and Cultural Resource Areas
Long Beach will support the following actions regarding these irreplaceable
resources:
Protection of unique habitat conditions that are necessary to the
continued survival of threatened and endangered native plants and
animals and to minimize land use impacts that might jeopardize
these conditions.
Protection of the features of a designated coastal complex natural
area in order to safeguard its biological relationships, educational
and scientific values, and aesthetic qualities. Specific objectives for
each of these functions shall be related to the following policy
statement either singly or in combination:
— To protect the natural conditions or sites
that function as key or unique com-
ponents of coastal systems. The inter-
actions of various life forms are the
foremost concern and include sites that
are necessary for the completion of life
cycles, areas that function as links to
other wildlife areas (wildlife corridors),
and localities where the links between
biological and physical environments are
most fragile.
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-- To protect the identified scientific and
educational values and to ensure that
the site will be accessible for related
study purposes as has been provided to
Big Davis Canal and its related marsh
area from 19th Street East via the board
deck and gazebo.
- To protect the values of the designated
coastal complex natural area as
expressed by Long Beach and its
citizenry. These values should be
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related to the educational and aesthetic
qualities of the feature.
- Conservation of coastal archaeological resources as they may be
identified of more than local significance to history or prehistory that
constitute important scientific sites, or are valuable, educational,
associative, or aesthetic resources. There are 76 such sites in
Long Beach recognized by the N.C. Department of Cultural
Resources. Wherever there is question of protection of these, the
town will seek assistance and determination from the Division of
Archives and History before proceeding to issue permits. Specific
objectives for each of these functions shall be related to the
following policy statements either singly or in combination:
— to conserve significant archaeological
resources including their spatial and
structural context and characteristics
through site preservation or scientific
study,
' -- to ensure that . the designated
archaeological resource, or the
information contained therein, be
preserved for and be accessible to the
scientific and educational communities
for related study purposes, and
1 — to protect the values of the designated
archaeological resource as might be
expressed by Long Beach and its
citizens; these values should be related
to the educational, associative or
aesthetic qualities of the resource.
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Development may be permitted in designated fragile coastal natural or cultural
resource areas provided that the proposed design and location will cause no
major or irreversible damage to the stated values of a particular resource. One
or more of the following values must be considered depending upon the stated
significance of the resource:
Development shall preserve the values of the individual resource
as its functions as a critical component of a natural system.
Development shall not adversely affect the values of the resource
as a unique scientific, associative, or educational resource.
Development shall be consistent with the aesthetic values of a
resource as identified by Long Beach and its citizens.
No reasonable alternative sites are available outside the
designated AEC.
Reasonable mitigation measures have been considered and incorporated into
the project plan. These measures shall include consultation with recognized
authorities and with the Coastal Resources Commission.
The project will be of equal or greater public benefit than those benefits lost or
damaged through development.
PHYSICAL CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT
Public Water Supply
It is the policy of the town to rely on Brunswick County for all of its public water
supply.
Solid Waste Disposal
It is the policy of Long Beach to have this service provided in an efficient, safe,
and sanitary manner. Long Beach supports the county's participation in regional
landfill projects so long as adequate landfill sites are retained, maintained, and
guaranteed.
Septic Tank Suitability
In conformance with state and county health regulations, growth and
development will not be allowed in areas where septic tanks will not function and
sewer services are not available.
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Drainage
Long Beach will discourage new development of such areas unless there is
adequate assurance by the developer for correcting any such problems of
flooding or water storage, and in such manner that there is no adverse condition
created on adjoining land areas.
RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Net Fishing
The use of nets for fishing within 300 yards of the beach between 79th Street
East (town limits) and Lockwood's Folly Inlet is prohibited between May 15 and
September 15.
Coastal and Estuarine Waters
Any development which will profoundly and adversely affect coastal and
estuarine waters will be restricted.
Off Road Vehicles
In May 1978, Long Beach passed an ordinance prohibiting the use of all vehicles
on the beach strand and dune areas. The only exceptions to the ordinance are
for the use of emergency vehicles and town -authorized vehicles.
Recreational Resources
It is the policy of the town to hire a full-time recreation staff with added
summertime help to provide a recreation building for a variety of recreational and
other community uses, to operate a town park for children's passive activities
primarily at the west end, to provide canoe trail and boating access to Davis
Creek/Canal at the Recreation Building, and to render access to the marshlands
of Davis Creek for human/environmental interface via boardwalks and a gazebo.
It is the policy of the town to promote the usage of these facilities through
activities reports and events announcements and through conspicuous signage.
Commercial and Recreational Fisheries
It is the policy of Long Beach to protect AEC's through administration and to
' provide special access to them at the Tidal -Way Trails Park entrance to Davis
Creek at the Recreational Center and at the Nature Walk trail and gazebo which
crosses Davis Creek at 19th Place East.
Impervious Surface Runoff
Long Beach's policy is to use all financially feasible and environmentally
acceptable means at its disposal to help cut the damage of flooding.
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ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Growth and Development
It is the policy of Long Beach to manage and direct its growth to balance
development and the provision of municipal services by:
Basing population and growth guidance on the following criteria:
(a) suitability of the land to accommodate use; (b) capacity and
protection of the environment; (c) compatibility with the goals and
objectives of the town; (d) density; (e) location of use; and (f)
availability of facilities and services.
Preparing for a population growth that will continue at about the
current rate with a permanent residency of 4,627 and an average
summer weekday population of 35,000 by the year 2000.
Instituting continuous land use planning and growth direction with
effectively enforced zoning, subdivision, and building codes,
amended in accordance with that planning, as the key tools for
managing population and economic growth in Long Beach.
Guiding new development away from AEC's, providing protection
for unique natural features, sensitive vegetative areas, rookeries,
special habitats, and unstable physical forms such as dunes, inlets,
and shorelines.
Guiding new development away from hazardous areas where there
is a tendency toward septic tank problems, flooding, washover, and
inlet cutting.
Approving development only when and where adequate facilities
and services to support it are available.
Amending the Long Beach Hurricane Mitigation Plan and its
respective policies for guiding redevelopment and new growth as
conditions in the town change.
Town Character
It is the policy of Long Beach to promote and preserve the "family" oriented,
retirement -resort atmosphere and reputation of the community by limiting the
amount of activities that would detract from the town's present character and
distinction through effective land use plan implementation, and conscientious
building permit, CAMA permit and zoning ordinance administration, and by
advertising the town as quiet, family beach, upholding that tradition.
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Housing and Residential Development
It is the policy of Long Beach to continue to encourage the development of a
variety of housing types to meet the needs and desires of the citizenry and future
permanent and seasonal residents by:
Maintaining an area exclusively for single-family dwellings primarily
for the growing permanent and seasonal population.
Providing an area for mobile homes to accommodate both
permanent and seasonal occupancy.
- Establishing an area for condominiums and apartments, maintained
to accommodate vacationing, resort, retired and other permanent
populations.
Providing in the beach section of town for motels and hotels and
their attendant facilities.
Retaining the thirty-five (35)-foot height limitation for residential,
commercial, and institutional structures.
Appearance and Cleanliness
It is the policy of Long Beach to improve and enhance its visual, quality and
attractiveness, both of which are directly related to liveability and economic
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viability by:
- Celebrating Long Beach Spruce -up Week in the spring of every
year.
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- Strengthening and enforcing town ordinance relating to. residential
and commercial property cleanup with provisions for the town to do
the job at the owner's expense, if not carried out after proper
notification.
- Requiring developers and construction companies to clean up
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during building activities and after jobs are complete.
- Continuing to pick up domestic garbage once per week in the
winter and twice per week in the summer.
- Establishing a continuous cleanliness campaign with posters, signs,
and additional trash (pitch -in) receptacles.
- Creating a community appearance commission with the charge to
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conduct clean-up campaigns, to receive referrals from the Town
Council and Planning Board for recommendations, and to institute
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community activities, within the context of its charter, relating to
beautification, environmental protection and preservation, advocacy
for quality development, and education.
Commercial Development
It is the policy of Long Beach to enhance and promote quality commercial
development by:
Encouraging community oriented business to cluster in the existing
commercial district on Oak Island Drive and limiting the strip
development configuration now in existence with office and
institutional uses on both ends.
Locating recreation and tourist businesses generally in designated
sections of the beach area, discouraging strip development.
Exploring the feasibility of a zoning change for a convenience
shopping facility in the west end as suggested in the Growth
Management Plan of June, 1984.
Encouraging the formation of a business association for Long
beach.
Requiring the construction materials, gravel and sand piles, and
equipment storage not be allowed in commercial districts in
accordance with the zoning ordinance.
Instituting a major paint-up/clean-up campaign in commercial areas
to improve the image of the town.
Public Works and Services
It is the policy of Long Beach to increase its capacity proportionately to provide
public works facilities and services to growing permanent and seasonal
populations and to existing and developing, residential, commercial and
recreational areas by:
Increasing the town's capabilities to keep the beach and town
proper free of litter and trash, particularly during the summer
months to improve the cleanliness and image of the community.
Supplying more signs and receptacles in problem areas to
encourage cleanliness.
Continuing its sewer system studies to determine where and when
sewerage might be installed incrementally with accompanying
treatment facilities provide either by the public or private sectors.
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- Exploring privatization of public works equipment, facilities, and
services as a means of providing an improved quality of service
more economically.
- Developing a plan and program for alleviating drainage problems
on a -by incremental basis.
year year
- Instituting a means to pave streets through year -by -year planning
and priority programming based on traffic demand, citizen requests,
and ability to pay.
- Preparing a plan for providing street lighting where population
concentrations require.
- Improving its ability to maintain streets in good condition.
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Traffic Circulation and Transportation
It is the policy of Long Beach to meet the increasing need to move people and
goods from place to place conveniently, safely, quickly, and efficiently,
particularly during the summer months, when traffic congestion is highest by:
- Planning for the installation of curb, gutter, and sidewalks along
Oak Island Drive, first in commercial areas, to control access to
businesses, to separate on -site parking from traffic, to facilitate
smoother traffic flow, and to improve the appearance of Long
Beach.
Facilitating off-street parking areas in close proximity to commercial
establishment.
Modifying traffic circulation patters to enhance flow by incorporating
one-way loop streets into the system.
Maintaining public beach access and parking.
Paving residential streets in accordance with annual planning and
priority programming.
Planning for modification of the grid system of streets in residential
sections for the purposes of curtailing thru traffic, discouraging high
speed driving, promoting safety for children, stemming tidal and
flooding washover, increasing neighborhood atmosphere, improving
property values, and decreasing street maintenance costs.
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Mounting a concerted campaign with Caswell and Yaupon Beaches
to acquire a second bridge for Oak Island either at Middleton
Avenue or at the west end.
- Joining with Yaupon Beach in seeking to modify the intersection
NC 133 and Yaupon Drive (Oak Island Drive), moving the stop sign
to NC 133 coming from Caswell Beach.
- Developing a plan for bikeways/sidewalks in strategic locations.
Encouraging the expansion of the county -sponsored transportation
system for the elderly and handicapped.
Public Safety and Security
It is the policy of Long Beach to provide the highest level of safety possible in
response to growth and development within financial constraints for humans and
property by:
Establishing a beach patrol during the peak summer months.
- Exploring alternative means of patrolling the town and beach during
daylight hours, including mounted and walking police possibilities.
- Encouraging the establishment of additional Community Crime
Watch programs.
- Seeking ways to enlarge or decrease the numbers of police officers
during seasonal fluctuations.
- Expanding the police force as population growth occurs in
accordance with state and national public safety standards.
- Supporting the Long Beach Rescue Squad so that it can continue
to provide services to meet the needs of the growing population.
Fire Protection
It is the policy of Long Beach to support the town's Volunteer Fire Department.
The town has cooperative fire protection arrangements with Yaupon Beach and
Caswell Beach and other communities and volunteer departments in the county.
New Development and Growth Activities
It is the policy of Long Beach to encourage new development in areas which
have full town service and infrastructure, no major flooding problems, septic tank
suitability, and where there is no encroachment upon AEC's and other fragile
areas.
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It is the policy of Long Beach to monitor growth and its impacts to the best of its
ability to assure that the environmentally sensitive areas within and abutting its
borders will be protected and enhanced.
Vulnerability and Hazard Mitigation
Through its Hurricane Safety Committee as appointed by the Town Council, it
is the policy of Long Beach to maintain its 1984 Hurricane/Storm Plan up to date
to meet the changing needs of the community. The town will, on an annual
basis, prior to storm season, during the month of July: (a) review emergency
activities and roles of respective groups; (b) identify high risk individuals who
need assistance in evacuation; and (c) seek ways to improve existing codes and
assure that they are, in fact, being enforced.
1. The town will update brochures as found to be necessary which
give safety advice and town policy for residents in the event of
hurricanes, other storms, and flooding regarding medical care,
evacuation, and temporary shelter.
2. The town will adhere strictly to the administration of a zoning
ordinance, the building code, and CAMA regulations for the future
safety of its citizens and their property.
3. Long Beach will seek to take the lead in seeking to have a second
bridge to the island built at mid -town.
4. The town will seek out a "sistertown" on the mainland, so that
additional, staff and equipment can be made available during
emergencies. The "sistertown" will be inland far enough to be less
vulnerable to the same storms as Long Beach.
5. It is the policy of Long Beach to curtail to the greatest extent
possible development and additions in areas susceptible to high
winds, flooding, wave action, and erosion.
6. It is the policy of Long Beach to allow no building construction in
AEC's including the salt marsh, low-lying wet areas, and ocean
hazard areas.
7. It is the policy of the town to limit development in the V Flood Zone
as shown on the Composite Hazards Map in accordance with
CAMA and Federal Flood Insurance regulations and the zoning
ordinance to alleviate as much as possible damage from wave
action and erosion.
8. The town will not allow further construction and additions not
conforming to these hazard mitigation policies, which would
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increase vulnerability and nonconformity to the flood ordinance, '
zoning ordinance, building codes and CAMA regulations.
Zoning
11
It is the policy of Long Beach to modify the zoning ordinance from time -to -time
to improve its effectiveness as a growth guidance tool to carry out the land use
plan.
Culture and Recreation
It is the policy of Long Beach to maintain an environment where cultural and
recreational activities can flourish for the benefit of permanent residents, the
seasonal population, and vacationing visitors by:
Completing the Recreation Center.
- Establishing a senior services center.
Encouraging art shows, antique sales, fish fries, barbecues, clam
bakes, festivals, and concerts during the spring, summer, and fall
months.
Holding an annual town arts and crafts festival based on a local
theme, e.g., conch, Scotch Bonnet, dogwood, shad, azalea, etc.
Town Administration
It is the policy of Long Beach to manage growth by:
Monitoring staff and professional service needs in planning,
engineering, and inspections so that quality of development can be
maintained and improved as growth increases in speed and
quantity.
- Seeking ways to acquire better and more spacious
accommodations for the town staff so that they can continue to
supply high quality services and maintain efficiency in government.
Marina and Public Boat Accesses
It is the policy of Long Beach to provide public boating access. Floating homes
are not permitted within the confines of the town limits.
Energy Facilities
It is the policy of Long Beach to evaluate the need for all community service
facilities on demand in accordance with the land use plan.
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Channel Maintenance
It is the policy of Long Beach to be able to maintain channels.
3. Data Sources
Listed below are some of the sources and documents utilized during preparation
of this land use plan:
— Brunswick County 1992 Land Use Plan Update
— Town of Long Beach 1986 Land Use Plan Update
— USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Brunswick County
— NCDOT, Planning and Policies Section
-- Town of Long Beach Staff
-- Brunswick County Schools
-- North Carolina Division of Archives and History
-- Flood Insurance Study, Town of Long Beach
— Town of Long Beach Code of Ordinances
— N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning
— An Assessment of Maritime Forest Resources on the North Carolina
Coast, November, 1988
— North Carolina Division of Community Assistance
-- North Carolina Division of Coastal Management
-- North Carolina Department of Commerce
— Town of Long Beach Storm Hazard Mitigation Plan and Post Disaster
Reconstruction Plan, 1986
-- Brunswick County Thoroughfare Plan
These sources were supplemented by "windshield" surveys conducted in January,
1993, to obtain data on existing land use patterns and housing conditions.
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B. POPULATION AND HOUSING
1. Population
The Town of Long Beach has more than doubled its population since 1980. The
1980 Census figures indicated a total population of 1,844 persons. The 1990 total
population was 3,816 persons, almost a 107% increase. This growth rate is much
higher than the 1980-1990 population growth rates of Brunswick County and North
Carolina, 43% and 10%, respectively. Table 1 provides detailed population trends for
Long Beach, Brunswick County, and North Carolina.
Table 1
Total Population - 1980, 1990
Town of Long Beach, Brunswick County, North Carolina
1980
Long Beach 1,844
Brunswick County 35,777
North Carolina 6,040,592
Numeric
%
1990
Change
Change
3,816
1,972
+106.9%
50,985
15,208
+42.5%
6,628,637
588,045
+9,7%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning
The two age groups with the highest increases in population growth were the 45-
54 and the 65 and over (retirement) age groups, with 174% and 168% rates of growth
respectively. The 65 and over age group comprised the largest percentage (17%) of
the total 1990 population for Long Beach, whereas, in 1980, the largest age group was
the 25-34 age group, comprising 15.5% of the total. This indicates that Long Beach
may be becoming more of a retirement -oriented community. Table 2 provides detailed
population characteristics by age for 1980 and 1990.
Table 2
Population Characteristics by Age Group
Town of Long Beach - 1980, 1990
Age
1980
1990
# Change
% Change
Under 5 years
94
179
85
+90%
5-14 years
243
411
168
+69%
15-24 years
251
318
67
+26%
25-34 years
286
552
266
+93%
35-44 years
230
491
261
+113%
45-54 years
217
596
379
+174%
55-64 years
281
620
339
+120%
65 & over
242
649
407
+168%
TOTAL
1,844
3,816
1,972
+106%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.

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Long Beach's population composition by sex has remained relatively constant
from 1980 to 1990. During this period, the town's female population decreased by 2%,
while the male population increased by 2%. There is currently a 51 %/49% male/female
ratio. The male/female ratio is consistent with that of Brunswick County in 1990. Table
3 provides detailed information on population composition by sex.
The Town of Long Beach has a very small non -white population, which has
actually declined since the 1980 Census. The 1980 Census data indicated that non-
white residents comprised 0.87% of the population, compared to 23% for Brunswick
County. In 1990, the non -white population had decreased to 0.21% of the total
population, compared to 18% for Brunswick County. The non -white population can be
expected to remain low in proportion to the total population in the future. Table 4
provides detailed information on racial composition in Long Beach.
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Table 3
Change in Population
by Sex
Long Beach, Brunswick County - 1980,
1990
Long Beach
Brunswick
County
1980 1990
1980
1990
% of % of
% of
% of
Number Total Number Total
Number
Total
Number
Total
Male
908 49% 1935 51%
17,619
49%
24,934
49%
Female
936 51% 1881 49%
18,158
51%
26,051
51%
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Total
1844 100% 3816 100%
35,777
100%
50,985
100%
Source:
N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
W= W i M M= M ! = M r == M r = 1•

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Table 4
Population Change by Race
Town of Long Beach - 1980, 1990
1980
White 1,828
Other Race 16
Numeric
1990 Change
% Change
3,808 1,980
108%
8 (8)
-50%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
2. Housing Characteristics
Since 1980, substantial residential construction growth has occurred in Long
Beach, with the number of units more than doubling the 1980 figure. The 1980 Census
reported a total of 2,172 dwelling units. The 1990 Census indicated an increase of
113%, or 2,446 additional units since 1980. For comparison purposes, Brunswick
County experienced a 72% increase in residential construction over the same period.
See Table 5.
TOTAL UNITS
Total Year Round Units
Occupied
Renter Occupied
Owner Occupied
Vacant Units
For Sale
For Rent
Other
Seasonal Units
Table 5
Housing Tenure and Vacancy
Town of Long Beach - 1980, 1990
Numeric
1980
1990
Change
% Change
2,172
4,618
2,446
112.6%
754
1.683
929
123.2%
162
360
198
122.2%
592
1,323
731
123.4%
1,418
2,935
1,517
106.9%
40
149
109
272.5%
108
165
57
52.7%
74
228
154
208.1%
1,196
2,393
1,197
100.1%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning;
' Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
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From 1987 through 1993, Long Beach has issued 670 building permits for
residential homes. See Table 6.
Table 6
Residential Building
Permits
Town of Long Beach -
1987-1993
# of
Year
Permits Issued
1987
130
1988
132
1989
81
1990
79
1991
74
1992
89
1993
85
Source: Town of Long Beach Building Report Summaries.
Almost half (49%) of the housing units in Long Beach are less than 10 years old.
Only twenty-three homes were built 40 or more years ago. It should be noted that in
1954, Hurricane Hazel destroyed the majority of the homes in Long Beach. Mobile
homes comprised approximately 13% of the total dwelling units 1990. Single-family
detached dwelling units comprised 82% of the town's total housing stock in 1990.
Table 7 provides detailed information on housing conditions in Long Beach.
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Table 7
Housing Conditions
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Town of Long Beach - 1990
% of
Condition and A-ge
Number
Total
Total Year -Round Units
4,618
100%
3
0 - 9 years
2,264
49.0%
10-19 years
1,412
30.6%
20-29 years
681
14.7%
30-39 years
238
5.2%
40 or more years
23
0.5%
Condition
Lacking complete plumbing facilities
28
0.6%
Lacking complete kitchen facilities
0
0%
Lacking complete heating equipment
14
0.3%
IType
Single Family
3,794
82.2%
Detached
3,763
81.5%
Attached
31
0.7%
Multi -family
230
5.0%
2 units
121
2.6%
3 or more units
109
2.4%
Mobile home or trailer [1]
594
12.9%
Source: NC State Data Center, Office of State Planning
' [t] Mobile Home or Trailer. Both occupied and vacant mobile homes to which no permanent rooms
have been added. If only a porch or shed has been added, the unit is counted in this category.
Mobile homes or trailers used only for business purposes or for extra sleeping space, and mobile
I homes or trailers for sale on a dealers lot at the factory, or in storage, are not counted in the
housing inventory. In the printed reports, this category includes occupied housing units indicated
as 'boat, tent, van, etc.," i.e., any occupied units which do not fit the other listed categories.
Houseboats, railroad cars, campers, and caves used as usual place of residence provide additional
examples. (Source: 1990 Census)
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3. Summary
The following provides a summary of significant demographic and housing
findings:
-- Long Beach experienced a major population increase from 1980 to 1990 -
- 107%. Brunswick County's and North Carolina's percentage increases
in population were 43% and 10%, respectively, over the same period.
-- The 45 to 54 year age group in Long Beach experienced a 174% increase
from 1980 to 1990.
-- The retiree (65 year and older) population had a 168% increase between
1980 and 1990.
-- Substantial residential construction growth has occurred in Long Beach
from 1980 to 1990.
-- Only 23 homes in Long Beach were built before 1950.
Approximately 13% of Long Beach's housing units are mobile homes.
(This includes double -wide mobile homes but excludes prefabricated
homes).
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C. ECONOMY
Using mean or average household income as an indicator of local economy, Long
Beach has a relatively strong economy. The mean household income for Long Beach,
as recorded in the 1990 Census, was approximately 16% higher than that of Brunswick
County, and 4% higher than that of the state. See Table 8.
Table 8
Mean Household Income, 1989
Long Beach, Brunswick County, North Carolina
1989
Long Beach $34,458
Brunswick County $29,668
North Carolina $33,242
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
In 1990, Long Beach's percentage of unemployed persons was slightly lower than that
of Brunswick County at 2.6% and 4.2% respectively. Long Beach's percentage of
persons not in the labor force was 4% higher than that of Brunswick County. Individuals
not in the labor force are either disabled, unemployed by choice, or retired. Brunswick
County has a higher percentage of employed persons in the civilian labor force than
Long Beach. Table 9 provides detailed information on labor force status.
Table 9
Labor Force Status
Persons 16 Years Old and Over
Town of Long
Beach, Brunswick County - 1990
Male Female
Total
% of Total
Long Beach Labor Force
Civilian Labor Force
Employed
886 792
1,678
53.1%
Unemployed
69 46
82
2.6%
Not in Labor Force
638 764
1.402
44.3%
TOTAL
1,593 1,602
3,162
100.0%
Brunswick Countv Labor Force
Armed Forces
81
8
89
0.2%
Civilian Labor Force
Employed
12,522
9,788
22,310
55.2%
Unemployed
750
952
1,702
4.2%
Not in Labor Force
6,100
10,211
16,311
40.4%
TOTAL
19,451
20,959
40,412
100.0%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
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Long Beach and Brunswick County have the same percentage of employed persons
working at governmental jobs, at 13%. Seventy-four (74) percent of employed persons
in Long Beach are private wage and salary workers. See Table 10.
Table 10
1990 Employment by Class of Worker
Town of Long Beach, Brunswick County
Long Beach
Brunswick Co.
% of
% of
Class
#
Total
#
Total
Private wage & salary worker
1,249
74.4%
16,974
76.1%
Local government worker
110
6.6%
425
1.9%
State government worker
58
3.5%
1,076
4.8%
Federal government worker
53
3.1%
1,405
6.3%
Self-employed
189
11.3%
2,283
10.2%
Unpaid family worker
19
1.1%
147
0.7%
TOTAL
1,678
100.0%
22,310
100.0%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
Unpaid family workers are persons who worked without pay on a farm or in a business operated by
a person to whom they are related by blood or marriage. These are usually the children or the
spouse of the owner of a business or farm. About one -quarter of the unpaid family workers are farm
workers.
The majority of employed persons in Long Beach work in the retail trade industry,
approximately 23% (see Table 11). This appears to be largely tourist dependent. The
communications or other public utilities, construction, and public administration
industries provide occupations for many Long Beach residents as well. There are no
industrial sites in Long Beach; however, the town functions as a bedroom community
for workers employed in other parts of Brunswick County, so the lack of industrial
facilities does not have an adverse impact on local employment. See Table 11 for
detailed information on employment by industry.
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Table 11
Employed Persons 16 Years and Older by Industry
Town of Long Beach -
1990
Number
Occupation
Employed
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries & mining
7
Construction
201
Manufacturing:
Nondurable goods
112
Durable goods
64
Transportation
8
Communications & other public utilities
239
Wholesale trade
54
Retail trade
392
Finance, insurance & real estate
95
Services:
Business & repair services
21
Personal services
75
Entertainment & Recreation
33
Professional & related services:
Health services
82
Educational services
85
Other professional & related services
89
Public Administration
121
TOTAL EMPLOYED 1,678
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
% of
Total
0.4%
11.9%
6.6%
3.8%
0.5%
14.2%
3.2%
23.4%
5.7%
1.3%
4.5%
2.0%
4.9%
5.1 %
5.3%
7.2%
100.0%
Table 12 indicates that the town of Long Beach has a very small portion of individuals
that are considered to be below the poverty level. Based on the number of persons
enumerated for poverty status in 1990, less than 3% of the population were considered
to be below 75% of the poverty level. A relatively high percentage (80%) of the
population is reported as having income 200% of the poverty level and above.
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Table 12
Poverty Status
Town of Long Beach - 1990
Income Level Individuals
% of Total
Income below 75% of poverty level
98
2.6%
Income between 75% & 124% of poverty level
340
9.0%
Income between 125% & 149% of poverty level
52
1.4%
Income between 150% & 199% of poverty level
287
7.5%
Income 200% of poverty level & above
3,015
79.5%
TOTAL
3,792
100.0%
Source: N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.
The following provides a summary of significant economic data for Long Beach.
-- The mean household income for Long Beach is higher than that of both
Brunswick County and North Carolina.
-- Unemployment in Long Beach is low as compared to Brunswick County,
North Carolina, and the nation as a whole.
-- In 1990, 79.5% of the population have incomes which are 200% of the
poverty level and above; 2.6% are considered to be below the poverty
level.

D. EXISTING LAND USE
1. Introduction
The 1986 Long Beach Land Use Plan provided a general analysis of existing
land use issues. Those issues are summarized as follows:
• The eastern section of town (generally east of 65"' Street East) was
overcrowded. Septic tanks failures were a problem. On many mobile
home lots, trees and bushes were thick, presenting obstacles to effective
fire protection.
• The town's commercial area along East Oak Island Drive had developed
as a strip commercial development. This type of development was not
conducive to pedestrian traffic and created vehicular congestion. In
general, parking was inadequate and unorganized.
• In the beach areas, many homes had been built for speculative purposes.
Many potential buyers were unaware of the dangers of purchasing homes
adjacent to fragile areas, especially on the western end of the island.
• The town did not have central sewer service. Most lots were small (55'
x 120') and almost all of the town had been subdivided. The long-range
effect was the potential for widespread septic tank- failures as
development and density increased.
• Most of the town was subdivided in a grid street system which was
conducive to thru traffic in residential areas. This system resulted in the
uneconomical provision of municipal services. In addition, long residential
blocks severely restricted east -west traffic mobility.
• During the summer months, traffic congestion was a serious problem
throughout Long Beach.
During the planning period, 1987 to 1992, these problems continued to exist.
These are all extremely complicated issues. Many of the problems are the direct result
of the almost total subdivision of Long Beach into small single-family residential lots.
While the emphasis on some land use issues may have shifted from 1986 to .1992,
most of the critical land use issues remain unchanged.
' 2. Residential Land Use
' The town's residential use is clearly divided amongst three areas:
• Eastern Long Beach —the area bounded by the eastern town limits, East
' Oak Island Drive on the south, a line lying between 64°i Street East and
65'" Street East on the west, and the Intracoastal Waterway on the north.
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• Mid and West Town --the area bounded on the east by a line lying
between 64th Street East and 65th Street East on the east, East Oak
Island Drive and Davis Creek/Davis Canal on the south, and the
Intracoastal Waterway on the west and north.
• The Beach area --the areas south of East Pelican Drive and Davis
Creek/Davis Canal.
a) Eastern Long Beach
Long Beach's 1993 zoning districts are delineated on Map 1. This map has been
included to aid in defining the distribution of land uses.
Eastern Long Beach is the oldest and most densely developed 'section of the
town. The area is zoned R-2 (Residential) which allows the placement of mobile
homes on individual lots. Specifically, the R-2 zone has a minimum 6,600 square foot
lot size and allows the following:
Permitted Uses.
(1) Single-family dwellings;
(2) Mobile homes, provided that they have at least five hundred and fifty
(550) square feet of habitable living space and are serviced by an
approved septic tank system or sewage disposal facility;
(3) Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses permitted
in the district;
(4) Churches;
(5) Public parks, playgrounds, community centers;
(6) Signs;
(7) Private marinas and piers;
(8) Home occupations;
(9) Family care homes.
Conditional Uses.
(1) Day care centers;
(2) Public utility uses or structures.
Less than 200 out of a total of approximately 1100 lots remain undeveloped.
Mobile homes account for approximately 50% of the existing development. Many of the
mobile homes are over 15 years old and are not constructed to current State and HUD
Standards. This is particularly significant because minimum wind resistant standards
are not met. Extensive damage or complete destruction should be expected in the
event of a major storm.
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Eastern Long Beach has the lowest elevation of the town's developed areas.
Problems resulting from the high water table are particularly pronounced following
periods of heavy rainfall. Extensive problems with septic tank operation are
experienced in this area as the result of the low elevation and high water table.
As cited in the 1986 Land Use Plan, thick vegetation exists around many of the
mobile homes. This presents an obstacle to effective fire fighting. In addition, tree
roots frequently clog septic drain lines and disrupt sewage treatment.
b) Mid and West Town
The Mid and West town sections of Long Beach contain conventional, predomi-
nantly single-family dwellings. There are approximately 11,250 residential lots of which
7,260 remain vacant. The vacant lots are evenly distributed, not being concentrated
in one particular area of the town.
' The long rectangle grid system street pattern is most pronounced in this section
of the town. This street pattern restricts east -west mobility and complicates utility
construction, including drainage facilities. However, little can be done to remedy the
situation because almost all of the town has many subdivided lots and the great
majority of the lots have been sold to individual owners.
' Except for some areas scattered along the Intracoastal Waterway, this section
of town contains some of the best soils found within Long Beach. Generally, the water.,
table is greater than 4 feet below ground surface and septic tanks are permissible.
However, lot sizes are consistently small averaging 8,250 square feet per lot which
provides limited area for drainage fields.
The following defines the 1993 zoning uses allowed within the Mid and West
town sections.
' R-3A, minimum lot size 6,600 square feet; minimum living space 850
square feet.
' Purpose. The R-3A residential district is intended to be a quiet neighbor-
hood consisting of single-family dwellings along with limited home occupa-
tions and various public and private community support facilities or
services that may be compatible with residential development.
' Permitted Uses.
(1) Single-family dwellings;
(2) Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
permitted in the district;
(3) Churches;
(4) Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses, community centers;
(5) Schools, public and private;
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(6)
Signs;
(7)
Private marinas and piers;
(8)
Home occupations;
(9)
Family care homes.
Conditional Uses.
(1) Day care centers;
(2) Fraternal organizations;
(3) Group homes;
(4) Hospitals;
(5) Nursing homes and convalescent centers;
(6) Public utility uses and structures.
R-3B, minimum lot size 6,600 square feet; minimum living space 1,000
square feet.
Purpose. The R-313 residential district is intended to be a quiet neighbor-
hood consisting of single-family dwellings along with limited home occupa-
tions and various public and private community support facilities or
services that may be compatible with residential development.
Permitted Uses.
(1) Single-family dwellings;
(2) Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
permitted in the district;
(3) Churches;
(4) Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses, community centers;
(5) Schools, public and private;
(6) Signs;
(7) Private marinas and piers;
(8) Home occupations.
(9) Family care homes.
Conditional Uses.
(1) Day care centers;
(2) Fraternal organizations;
(3) Group homes;
(4) Hospitals;
(5 Nursing homes and convalescent centers;
(6) Public utility uses and structures.
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• R-3C, minimum lot size 6,600 square feet; minimum living space 1,200
square feet.
Purpose. The R-3C residential district is intended to be a quiet
neighborhood consisting of single-family dwellings along with limited home
occupations and various public and private community support facilities
or services that may be compatible with residential development.
Permitted Uses.
(1) Single-family dwellings;
(2) Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
permitted in the district;
(3) Churches;
(4) Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses. community centers;
(5) Schools, public and private;
(6) Signs;
(7) Private marinas and piers;
(8) Home occupations;
'
(9) Family care homes.
Conditional Uses.
t(1)
Day care centers;
(2) Fraternal organizations;
'
(3) Group homes;
(4) Hospitals;
(5) Nursing homes and convalescent centers;
'
(6) Public utility uses and structures.
R-4A, minimum lot size 6,600 square feet; minimum living space 850
'
square feet.
'
Purpose. The R-4A residential district is intended to be a quiet neighbor-
hood consisting of single-family dwellings along with limited home occupa-
tion and customary accessory buildings and uses.
'
Permitted Uses.
(1) Single-family dwellings;
(2) Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
permitted in the district;
(3) Churches;
'
(4) Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses;
(5) Private marinas and piers;
(6) Home occupations;
'
(7) Signs;
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(8) Family care homes.
Conditional Uses.
(1) Public utility uses and structures.
• R-46, minimum lot size 6,600 square feet; minimum living space 1,000
square feet.
Purpose. The R-413 residential district is intended to be a quiet neighbor-
hood consisting of single-family dwellings along with limited home occupa-
tions and customary buildings and uses.
Permitted Uses.
(1) Single-family dwellings;
(2) Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
permitted in the district;
(3) Churches;
(4) Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses;
(5) Private marinas and piers;
(6) Home occupations;
(7) Signs;
(8) Family care homes.
Conditional Uses.
(1) Public utility uses and structures.
c) Beach Area
During the last five years, the Beach area has experienced extensive
development. The 1986 plan identified 720 subdivided oceanfront lots, of which 479,
or 67% are developed. By 1992 only 150 unimproved lots remained. Thus, 79% of the
oceanfront property had been developed. Some of the remaining unimproved
oceanfront lots have been rendered unusable by oceanfront erosion. However, lot by
lot in -field inspections would be required to determine the exact number. The erosion
is particularly great west of 60'" Place West where approximately 30 vacant lots remain.
In addition to the oceanfront erosion, substantial erosion has occurred on the
western end of the town along Lockwood Folly Inlet. In fact, some of the land area and
roads (33rd Place West and 72nd Place West) have been lost to erosion. Significant
erosion in this area is expected to continue.
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The non -oceanfront Beach area is approximately 50% developed. Many of those
lots, both developed and undeveloped, lie along the Big Davis Canal and coastal
wetlands system. Extensive areas with poor soil conditions are found along the canal.
As in the eastern section of the town, septic failures are numerous.
Some commercial development is scattered throughout the Beach area. Most
is associated with oceanfront or marina activity. However, some commercial
development and extensive commercial zoning exists along the East Dolphin Drive area
from 40`' Street East to 49'" Street East and on the block lying between the end of East
Dolphin Drive and 52nd Street East.
The majority of the Beach area west of 58'h Street East is zoned R-1
(residential). This zone is intended to accommodate both permanent and seasonal
residency. Single-family and two-family (where water service is available) are allowed.
The minimum single-family lot size is 10,000 square feet. The majority of the Beach
area east of 59d' Street East is zoned R-5 (residential). Both single-family and multi-
family development are allowed in the R-5 district. In 1992 most of the R-5 zoned
Beach area was undeveloped. The minimum lot area is 6,600 square feet. The
following provides the specific uses allowed in both the R-1 and R-5 districts:
R-1
Purpose. The R-1 residential district is intended to accommodate both
seasonal and permanent residency providing for: single-family dwellings
as principal uses permitted as a right; two-family dwellings as principal
uses where municipal water services are provided; and customary
accessory buildings and uses.
Permitted Uses.
(1) Single-family dwellings;
(2) Two-family dwellings;
(3) Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental -to the uses
permitted in the district;
(4) Churches;
(5) Public parks, playgrounds, community centers;
(6) Signs;
(7) Private marinas and piers;
(8) Home occupations.
Conditional Uses.
(1) Public Utility uses and structures.
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• R-5
Purpose. The R-5 district is intended to protect single-family residential
areas now developed or developing while at the same time allowing a
limited increase in population density. The maintenance of a desirable
living environment is provided through lot area, yard and open space
standards which adjust in response to the intensity of residential develop-
ment.
Permitted Uses.
(1) Single-family dwellings;
(2) Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
permitted in the district;
(3) Churches;
(4) Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses, community centers;
(5) Schools, public and private;
(6) Signs;
(7) Private marinas and piers;
(8) Home occupations;
(9) Family care homes.
Conditional Uses.
(1) Duplexes (two-family dwellings);
(2) Apartments;
(3) Townhouses;
(4) Condominiums;
(5) Unified tract developments;
(6) Public utility uses and structures.
3. Commercial Land Use
Long Beach's commercial development is concentrated along East Oak Island
Drive between 640 Street East and 47 h Street East. This strip of development is
generally one lot deep. In addition, a commercial area extends from the East Oak
Island Drive commercial area south to East Beach Drive between 52nd Street and 48w
Street East. The commercial areas are delineated on both Map 1 - February 1993
Town of Long Beach Zoning Districts and Map 2 - Existing Land Use .
Along East Oak Island Drive, very little vacant land remains. Less than twenty
vacant parcels or unsubdivided tracts are available. In the area lying between East
Oak Island Drive and East Beach Drive, approximately 60% of the parcels are
developed with 60 to 70 vacant parcels remaining. The majority of the vacant parcels
are small, 8,250 square feet or less, and must be consolidated to accommodate
significant commercial development.
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As stated in the 1986 plan, the town's commercial areas are not well designed.
Parking is inadequate and often poorly designed. Almost continuous curb cuts along
East Oak Island Drive contribute to traffic congestion. The strip commercialization is
not conducive to pedestrian shopping. The existing commercial areas should be
contained to prevent infringement on adjacent residentially zoned properties.
There are two commercial zoning districts. The minimum lot size in both districts
is 6,000 square feet. The purpose and uses allowed in each are defined as follows:
• CA (prime retail trade and services).
Puroose. The CA commercial district is intended primarily to provide for
basic retail trade and for professional and personal services required for
the year-round sustenance of the residents of the town.
Permitted Uses.
(1) Retail sales enterprises that operate in fully enclosed premises;
(2) Business offices and shops rendering professional and personal
services;
(3) Banking facilities;
(4) Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the uses
permitted in the district;
(5) Lodges, clubs, fraternal societies;
(6) Public office buildings, libraries;
(7) Off-street parking facilities;
(8) Signs;
(9) Restaurants;
(10) Retail automobile, boat and motorized vehicle sales and rentals
and indoor service and repair;
(11) Convenience stores; =
(12) Service stations;
(13) Single-family residences (subject to single-family yard setback
requirements.
Conditional Uses.
(1) Animal clinics;
(2) Day care centers;
(3) Mortuaries;
(4) Unified tract developments (commercial);
(5) Public utility uses and structures;
(6) Commercial uses of towers or poles with antennas.
1-39

CB (tourist facilities and services)
Purpose. The CB commercial district is intended to provide for tourist and
recreational retail trade and services.
Permitted Uses.
Retail sales enterprises;
Personal and professional
Banking facilities;
Laundries;
Convenience stores;
Equipment rentals;
Off-street parking facilities;
Signs;
Public utility uses
Restaurants;
Commercial piers
Service stations;
services offices and shops;
and structures;
and marinas;
Single-family residence (subject to single-family yard setback '
requirements).
Conditional Uses.
(1) Hotels and motels;
(2) Auction halls;
(3) Commercial recreational attractions;
(4) Recreational campgrounds and recreational vehicle parks;
(5) Cocktail lounges and taverns;
(6) Unified tract developments (commercial);
(7) Arcade.
4. Public and Semi -Public.
Except for churches and semi-public shoreline access sites, the public and semi-
public land uses within Long Beach are municipally -owned. The Town Hall Complex,
the maintenance garage, two fire stations, police department, two elevated water
storage tanks, the community recreation center, and an electric substation account for
all of the public land uses, except for outdoor recreational and shoreline access
facilities.
In July 1991, the Town of Long Beach adopted an Ocean and Estuarine Access
Plan. That plan identifies 55 oceanside access sites, 10 Estuarine access sites, and
two comprehensive recreational facilities. Map 3 delineates those facilities. Tables 13
and Table 14 provide a description of the shoreline access sites.
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The town maintains a bike route which includes approximately 8 miles of signed
roadway extending from the eastern town limit westward to a terminus at 42nd Place
West. The route connects both ocean and soundside areas and extends past 34 of the
town's shoreline access sites.
The following provides a summary of the Middleton Park and Long Beach
Recreation Center comprehensive recreational facilities.
Middleton Park
• Two lighted paved tennis courts.
• Wooden benches.
• Trash receptacles.
• One little league field.
• One softball field lighted with dugouts and bleachers.
• One paved lighted basketball court.
• Unpaved parking.
• Lighted covered shelter.
• Two small wooden buildings with concession area.
• Restroom facilities.
• Eight metal swings.
• One fireman's pole.
• Picnic tables.
• One water fountain.
• Three outdoor electric outlets.
• One covered recreational bulletin board.
• Wooden jungle gym
Long Beach Recreation Center
'6
•
37 parking spaces.
Seven swings.
•
One metal "jungle gym".
'0
•
One circular slide.
Two barbecue pits.
•
Two picnic tables.
'0
•
One water fountain.
Two area lights.
•
Bicycle parking racks.
Shuffle board court.
'0
•
Recreation center building.
' 5. Industrial Land Use.
There are not any industrial land uses located within Long Beach. In addition,
' the Long Beach zoning ordinance does not provide for any industrial zoning.

m� m m= m oo= m m m m= m m m w s m
TABLE e]
Ukl - Umaked. l - Lm W; N - Neighborhood; N - Re OM
'Wooden wp wn eee.
'Signed m awhAl een®d Wide.
�'Woodm due wakk .

TABLE 13 (Continued
IAA - Wenarked; L- L*md-. N- Neighbateood; N -Reg"
'Waodord wp m h d
'Spded W ®.tlede deodorized Nudes.
—Wooden d"ralm

w�= m m s s w � m MAW s m= s M m m
TABLE 13 (ConMued)
®aeomae
o■mW�m©am�aa���������a
UY- Lko&*W: L-LwW: N-Nmghbodmod: N - Aegonl
'Wooden mmp nm in e
—9ymd m em%Ae mommad Mil&
'Wooden dun•re .

TABLE Ta
ESTUARINE ACCESS SITES
!is��mma�aa�a��a��mm�aa
sum©a�aaa���aa�mm��a,
NT- UmwkW; N-Neghbwhood
Voodm"M Mend Moden am M& -
^Wewd lh is urw*W7w.0 d" mwwbed bw is RPM&.
-'Hemp a s e bmn" d . MwvArabEry is inaed nd ba*q wwamns» my MmIL

I
6. Open Space.
The Long Beach zoning ordinance includes an open space zoning district. (See
Map 1 ). The district is intended to give particular attention to the nature of protection
' and appropriate development of areas of environmental concern as defined in the state
administrative code (DEHNR--Coastal Management Act), 15A NCAC 7H—"State
Guidelines for Areas of Environmental Concern" and as defined by the town.
' The district allows water access ramps, docks and piers, or permitted uses. The
following are allowed as conditional uses: (1) passive recreational parks and greenery,
Land (2) nature walks and study facilities.
7. Land Use Changes 1986-1993.
Except for single-family residential development, there have not been any
significant land use changes from 1986 to 1992. Table 15 provides a, summary of
construction activity from 1987 through 1993. Only eight permits were issued for
commercial building construction. Residences accounted for 670 or 84.9% of the
structures built for occupancy. All other permits were for driveways, repairs, additions,
or nonhuman habitat buildings such as garages or carports. From 1987 to 1993, the
number of permits issued for repairs, additions, and alterations increased significantly.
This increase was the result of the town more vigorously requiring residential property
owners to secure permits for repairs. The increase was not the result of expansion of
existing structures.
The construction activity is in the town's land use acreages. These acreages are
summarized in Table 16. From 1986 to 1992 the town's total residential land use
increased by a total of 128 acres or 17%. In addition, the percentage of the town's total
land area committed to residential land use increased from 15% in 1986 to 18% in
1992. The majority of the 1992 residential land use, 755 acres, was committed to
single-family land use.
Table 17 provides a comparative analysis of lot usage for 1986 and 1992. From
1986 to 1992, a total of 136 lots were developed. Almost all (128 lots) were developed
for single-family residential purposes. There has been very little duplex development
within Long Beach because the minimum lot size for duplexes, 10,000 square feet,
exceeds almost all existing lots. Therefore, at least two lots must be utilized to
accommodate duplex construction.
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Table No. 15
Long Beach Construction Activity
Corporate Limit Area
1987-1993
Activity
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
TOTAL
Residences
130
132
81
79
74
89
85
670
Driveways
134
125
111
115
114
122
124
845
Mobile homes
24
17
17
15
18
18
10
119
Repairs, additions,
161
123
357
490
304
334
876
2,645
alterations
Docks, piers,
24
33
26
42
55
44
38
262
bulkheads
Storage buildings
36
46
54
52
57
54
66
365
Garages, carports
11
14
15
11
12
12
13
88
Commercial building
1
2
2
0
2
1
0
8
Total
521
492
663
804
636
674
1,212
5,002
Source: Town of Long Beach Building Inspections Department
ID

Table No. 16
TOWN OF LONG BEACH CORPORATE LIMIT AREA
LAND USE ANALYSIS
1986/1992
Use
RESIDENTIAL
-Single-Family
-Multi-Family
-Mobile-Homes
COMMERCIAL
PUBLIC/SEMI-PUBLIC
STREETS
VACANT
TOTAL URBAN LAND
TOTAL INCLUDING BEACHES
AND WETLANDS"'
1986'
Nercent
Nercent
of
of
Acres
Urban
Total
752
32%
15%
647
27%
13%
14
<1%
<1%
91
4%
2%
37
2%
<1%
17
<1%
<1%
249
11%
5%
1.298
55%
26%
2,353
100%
48%
4,900
100%
1992"
Percent
Percent
of
of
Acres
Urban
Total
880
37%
18%
755
32%
15%
14
<1%
<1%
111
5%
2%
41
2%
<1%
17
<1%
<1%
249
10%
5%
1.166
50%
23%
2,353
100%
48%
1 4,900
.Source: 1986 Town of Long Beach Land Use Update.
"Source: Estimates by Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
"'Source: This acreage varies constantly-4,900 acres is an estimate.
100%
1-49

Table No. 17
TOWN OF LONG BEACH CORPORATE LIMIT AREA
LOT USE ANALYSIS
BY USE TYPE
1986/1993
PLATTED LOTS
RESIDENTIAL
- Single -Family
- Multi -Family
- Mobile Home
COMMERCIAL
- Oak Island Drive Area
- Beach Area
- Other
PUBLIC/
SEMI-PUBLIC
1986'
12,754 4,841/38% 7,913/62%
12,225 4,436/36% 7,789/64%
3,785
62
589
467 349/75%
225
121
3
56 56
118/25%
'Source: Town of Long Beach 1986 Land Use Plan.
"Source: Estimates by Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
1993""
Total Occupied Vacant
12,882 5,497/43% 7,385/57%
12,353 5,092/41% 7,261/59%
4,332
62
698
475 357/75% 110/25%
232
121
3
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8. Extraterritorial Jurisdiction.
The Town of Long Beach has established an extraterritorial jurisdiction area.
That area is delineated on Map 4. In 1993, the area was vacant. However, 100
parcels had been subdivided, and an additional 31 parcels of preliminary plats had
been approved for Saint James Plantation. Extensive areas of environmental concern
are located within the area along the intracoastal waterway. Regulation of development
during the planning period will be a continuing concern.
9. Existing Land Use Summary.
Long Beach has maintained an active land use planning program. Both
commercial and multi -family development have been limited. However, it is anticipated
that the construction of a central sewer system would stimulate multi -family
development. High density single-family development will continue because of the
small size of the town's residential lots.
The following provides a summary of the key land use issues. These are
expected to continue to be issues during the planning period.
• Construction of a second Oak Island bridge will continue to be a need as
it will serve to reduce traffic congestion and aid in evacuation.
• The decision on whether or not to construct a central sewer system will
continue to be an issue. Construction of a central sewer system will
stimulate growth.
• The small residential lot sizes encourage high density development.
• Protection of the areas of environmental concern located within the town's
planning jurisdiction is an issue. As development continues, protection of
these areas will become more complicated.
• Because of the grid street system and strip commercialization, effective
thoroughfare planning is a significant need.
• Regulation of development within the extraterritorial jurisdiction area will
be an issue during the planning period.
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• Effective evacuation, an issue in 1993, will continue to be an issue during
the planning period.
• As erosion continues, beach nourishment will continue to be a need/issue.
• The town's land use regulatory controls, including the zoning ordinance,
should be reviewed and updated as needed.
10. Development Potential.
The biggest single issue confronting development potential within Long Beach
will be whether or not to construct a central sewer system. In 1993, there were
approximately 7,620 vacant residentially zoned lots. If a central sewer system is not
constructed, at some point the continued installation of septic systems will result in
ground saturation. The result may be a cessation in the issuance of septic tank
permits. Construction of a central sewer system would remove the sewage treatment
obstacle and serve as a major stimulant to development. In particular, in the absence
of a strong local regulation, construction of a central sewer system would serve as a
catalyst for multi -family development. The sewer system question is both an
environmental and growth issue.
From 1986 to 1993, other than continued single-family residential developments,
very little development occurred. During the planning period, continued single-family
residential development is expected to continue. No significant changes in land use
are expected to occur.
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The construction of a second Oak Island bridge will be a long-term stimulant to
development. A second bridge will increase the town's accessibility to both overnight
and day visitor traffic. Such increases may place pressure on the town to increase the
commercially zoned areas.
Ocean and inlet area erosion clearly has a negative impact on waterfront
development potential. In the absence of jetties or bulkheads, there is little which can
be done to deter inlet area erosion. However, beach nourishment will be vitally
important to the town for preservation of its ocean shoreline areas.
1-53

E. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: PUBLIC FACILITIES
Water Suoaly
The Town of Long Beach operates its own water distribution system. All areas
of the town are provided water service. There are no known residences remaining on
individual wells for potable water supply. The system includes two elevated 300,000
gallon water storage tanks. The majority of the water service lines are 6" or larger.
In October 1980, the Town of Long Beach executed a forty -year contract with the
Brunswick County Water System for the purchase of treated water. That contract
remains in effect. The county's water system is a county -wide system which serves
both municipalities and unincorporated areas. Brunswick County initially constructed
the system in 1974-1975 utilizing 37 million dollars of general obligation bond funds.
Tremendous growth in water consumption has occurred since 1979 when the
annual water consumption was 103 million gallons. During the nine years from 1979-
1988, consumption increased by 84 million gallons, an increase of 81.5%. The growth
in water consumption slowed during the five-year period, 1988 to 1992, when only a
15.6% increase occurred. Table 18 provides a summary of water consumption by
month from 1988 to 1992. Total annual consumption rose to 216,015,304 gallons in
1992. As growth continues, additional storage tanks will be required for both storage
and water pressure.
Several problems/concerns are associated with the water
water is a problem in many of the water lines located on dead enc
implemented a program in 1993 to ensure regular flushing of the li
have expressed concern that some of the water lines have bee
asbestos material. However, the town has had studies conducted
the asbestos lines are not a hazard. Finally, the town is concerned
protection of both the Cape Fear River and groundwater as wa
Brunswick County Water System.
system. Stagnant
streets. The town
ies. Some citizens
n constructed with
which indicate that
with the long-range
er supplies for the
1-54

Table No. 18
TOWN OF LONG BEACH
WATER CONSUMPTION
Period
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
January
7,822,836
8,292,700
11.217.600
10,643,000
11,158,000
9,047.000
February
8,852,518
8,129,300
9.469.400
9,861,900
9,058,000
14,587.000
March
13,487.842
11.921,900
13,009,100
12,157,300
12,030,800
34,309,000
April
13,853,826
11,815,800
14,252,300
16,758,800
18,716,600
7,819,000
May
16,135,300
18,933,500
22,166,600
22,726.500
19.340,000
23,918,300
June
27,212,300
26.666,200
34,570,900
26,344.200
21.651,200
44,178,000
July
27,790,600
30,571,900
32,430.900
33,966,704
"35,466,704
28.821.000
August
26.331,000
27,625,100
30,538,400
28,080,600
"28,955,400
33,155,000
September
13.030,500
'37,738,100
19,959,800
14,887,000
15,267.600
20,019,000
October
11,757,700
4,360,900
12,162,700
18,143,304
20,318,000
20,393,000
November
10,876,900
12,038,200
15,636,700
11,769,400
10,322,000
17,880,000
December
9,559,300
14,015,200
10,644,600
10,020,100
13.731,000
20,315.000
TOTAL
186,710,622
212,108,800
226,059.000
215,358,808
216,015,304
274,441,300
'Hurricane
Hugo
"Estimated
(Meter Malfunction)
Source: Town of Long Beach
In 1990 there was a surge in total annual water consumption to 226,059,000.
There is not an identified reason for this increase. Except for one year, July has the
highest monthly water consumption. This is the result of peak demand resulting from
overnight and day seasonal tourist population. The one exception to the July high
occurred in September 1989 when Hurricane Hugo struck the southeastern North
Carolina coast during that month. Oceanfront properties along the entire Oak Island
ocean shoreline suffered damage. Numerous 3/4" water lines were broken leaving
water flowing continuously. In fact, so much water was lost that the water pressure
dropped throughout the county's water system.
The highest months consistently are June, July, and August. Approximately 40%
to 45% of the town's total annual consumption occurs during those months.
2. Sewage Disposal
All residences and businesses rely on septic systems for sewage disposal.
While the majority of the septic tanks appeared to function properly in 1993, some
serious problems with septic tank failure were occurring. The most serious problems
occurred on Pelican and Dolphin Drives and in the areas with dryer soils where oak
tree roots grow into drain lines in search of water. As many as 100 septic repairs per
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year may occur. During 1986 the Brunswick County Health Department kept a
six-month list of septic tank repair inspections. In that six-month period, 50 septic tank
repair inspections were made.
Most lots within Long Beach could be permitted for septic tank usage in 1993.
Normally one of the following problems would have prohibited issuance of a septic tank
permit:
(1) water table within three feet or less of ground surface,
(2) hard pan three inches or more in thickness within the first 18 inches below
ground surface,
(3) presence of organic soils, or
(4) small lot size with inadequate space for septic tank drain field and repair
area.
Table 20 provides a summary of the soils susceptibility to flooding and an
identification of depth to seasonal high water table. The various soil types are
delineated on Map 5. The Kureb, Newhan, Wando, and some Yaupon soils are the
most desirable for septic tank placement.
In accessing a lot's suitability for septic tank usage, the Brunswick County Health
Department utilizes the following standards for water table depth:
Limitation Depth to Water Table
Severe < 12"
Unsuitable ' < 36"
Provisionally suitable 36" to 48"
Suitable > 48"
The majority of Long Beach's land area is occupied by soils falling into the
provisionally suitable and suitable categories.
Lot size has been a problem. However, any lots platted before January 1, 1983
are required to maintain a five-foot instead of a ten -foot setback from the property lines
for the septic tank drain field. This"grandfather" clause has permitted the utilization of
many small lots for septic tank construction which might otherwise not have been
usable.
The issue of continued septic tank usage versus construction of a central sewer
system has been debated throughout the last five years. On March 31, 1992, a non-
binding referendum was conducted on the issue. The vote was 460 for and 1,035
against issuance of bonds for construction of a central sewer system. In 1993, a total
of approximately 7,385 vacant lots remained in Long Beach. Almost all of these lots
were 6,600 square feet or less in size. Continued development and associated septic
tank construction will, at some point, lead to ground saturation. The soils may
ultimately become saturated and lose their ability to accommodate additional septic
1-56

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1
tanks. If this occurs, Long Beach may be forced to adopt stringent no growth policies.
Regardless of the direction the town elects to follow on this issue, the policies section
of this plan should clearly reflect the town's position on the construction of a central
sewer system and septic tank usage.
3. Drainage
Serious storm drainage problems exist within Long Beach. Normally the
problems are the most severe in areas having water table depths within two feet of
ground surface. That would include the Bohicket, Corolla, Duckston, LaFitte, and Leon
soil types. Those are delineated on Map 5. Specifically, the following areas have
serious recurring drainage problems:
• All of the area delineated on the zoning map (Map 1) as having R-2 zoning.
• The first three rows of lots along the oceanfront areas.
• All areas where the water table is two feet or less below ground.
• All streets from 69th Street to 79th Street.
Street drainage is the poorest on Beach Drive and all streets from 69"' Street
East to 79"' Street East. The greatest obstacle to adequate drainage in the 691" to 79"
Street area is that there is no east -west right-of-way to accommodate construction of
drainage improvements.
The town does not have a comprehensive town -wide drainage plan.
Consideration should be given to applying for a CAMA technical assistance grant to aid
in the preparation of such a plan.
4. Solid Waste Disposal
The Town of Long Beach contracts with Waste Industries of Wilmington for
private refuse collection. From late April to mid -September, collection for residential
customers is provided twice a week. During the remainder of the year, residential
collection is provided once per week. Commercial collection is provided twice per week
year-round. In 1993 there were 5,800 residential customers and approximately 30
commercial customers. The waste is transported to the Brunswick County Landfill
which is located on U.S. 17 between Supply and Bolivia. The life expectancy of the
landfill is estimated at 1996-1998. In 1993 Brunswick County was undergoing a site
selection study for a new landfill. Long Beach has not participated in the site selection
process. The town does not expect to operate its own solid waste collection program.
However, the town does operate a voluntary recycling center which accepts glass,
pasteboard, aluminum cans, waste oil, and plastic.

5. Police
Long Beach operates a full-time police department. The department includes the
following personnel:
- Chief of Police
- Assistant Chief of Police
- 10 Police officers
- 1 Part-time Animal Control officer '
- 4 Full-time dispatchers
- 1 Part-time dispatcher
- 2 Reserve officers a
Department equipment includes one van, nine automobiles, one four-wheel drive
vehicle, and one four-wheel drive all terrain vehicle.
Members of the Long Beach police department continuously participate in
training programs and seminars. All police officers are State certified. The
,
departmental total of 13 officers provides 3.42 police officers per 1,000 of year-round
population. This is well above the state average of 1.5 officers per 1,000 population.
This average will drop significantly when compared to peak seasonal population.
However, the average number of officers per 1,000 peak population is only .37. For
all Brunswick County towns, there is an average of 7.8 officers per 1,000 year-round
population. The police department is adequately staffed and equipped to serve the
,
town's needs.
6. Fire/Rescue
i
Long Beach is provided effective fire protection by a 28-member volunteer fire
department. There are two fire stations: Fire Station One located at the Municipal
Building Complex, and Fire Station Two located on Oak Island Drive between Vt and
2nd Street Southeast. Equipment includes the following:
Station One
— 2 Ambulances
— 1 4 x 4 utility/rescue vehicle
— 1 Pumper, 1250 gpm with a 50' aerial
— 1 Equipment truck
Station Two
— 1 Pumper 750 gpm
,
— 1 Pumperfranker 1,000 gpm
— 1 Ambulance
— 1 Heavy rescue truck
The Fire Department has had an Insurance Safety Organization (ISO) rating of '
5 since 1982. In addition, the department participates in mutual aid fire protection
1-59

II
' agreements with both Brunswick County and the Military Ocean Terminal, Sunny Point.
The town also has an automatic aid agreement with Yaupon Beach for structural fires.
The fire department has adequately serviced the town's need. However, Fire Station
Number Two, the most centrally located fire station, needs to be replaced in order to
' accommodate the largest fire department equipment including the 1250 gpm pumper
truck.
' The Long Beach Volunteer Rescue Squad consists of 23 volunteers. The squad
includes 17 certified Emergency Medical Technicians, two ambulance attendants, and
four trainees. The rescue squad is fully funded by the Town of Long Beach. A mutual
aid agreement exists between the rescue squad and Brunswick County. The rescue
squad has adequately served Long Beach's emergency response needs.
7. Administration
The Town of Long Beach has a Town Council/Manager form of government. In
1993, excluding the police department, the town had 30 full-time and one part-time
employees. The following provides a summary by department:
— Administration
— Street Department
— Public Works Administration
— Building and Grounds
— Inspections
— Central Maintenance
— Recreation
— Water Administration
— Water Maintenance
7 full-time
6 full-time
2 full-time
2 full-time
3 full-time
1 full-time
4 full-time/1 part-time
1 full-time
4 full-time
In the spring of 1993, the town was adequately staffed. Establishing` an effective
water line flushing program necessitated the addition of one full-time employee.
8. Transportation
Long Beach has 14 miles of state maintained right-of-way; 69 miles of paved,
town maintained right-of-way; and 16 miles of unpaved town -maintained roads.
As stated in the Existing Land Use section, Long Beach's grid street pattern
contributes to traffic congestion and stimulates through on transient traffic in single-
family residential areas. Oak Island Drive is the only major east -west route.
The North Carolina Department of Transportation has no historical traffic count
data in Long Beach. In 1993, only the following traffic counts were available for the
Long Beach area:
1-60

Average
Year Location Daily Traffic
1992 N.C. 133 at Yaupon Drive in Yaupon Beach 12,900
1991 58th Street East/S. R. 1104 1,800
1991 Middleton/East Beach Drive 1,500
1991 End State Maintenance West Long Beach 250
These traffic counts are not indicative of the traffic congestion which exists in
Long Beach, particularly during the peak summer season.
A major transportation related concern is effective evacuation in the event of a
man-made hazard or major storm. In 1980 CP&L, in concert with the Nuclear
Regulatory Commission, conducted an evacuation study for Oak Island and portions
of the mainland from the area of the N.C. 133/N.C. 211 intersection to the old Sunset
Harbor Road. That study assumed a total year round population of 1,800 and a peak
population of 14,000 for the area. Obviously, both permanent and peak season
population in 1993 greatly exceeds these figures. The 1980 study determined an
evacuation time of from 2.6 to 6.5 hours depending upon weather and day/night
conditions. In 1993, safe, effective evacuation would require a much greater time. A
detailed evacuation study which can be embraced by CP&L, Brunswick County, and
the Oak Island municipalities is needed. In addition, a second Oak Island -Mainland
bridge is crucial to providing for safe, effective evacuation.
9. Electrical Distribution
Long Beach is provided electrical service by the Brunswick County Electric
Membership Corporation. Electrical distribution is adequate to serve the town's needs.
In FY92-93, the town implemented a program to put all utilities underground. The goal
is to put all utilities underground during the next 10 to 15 years. The Electric
Membership Corporation puts lines underground as replacement is required. The town
pays 8% of the cost and recoups approximately 70% of this cost through front foot
assessments.
10. Telephone Service
Telephone service is provided by Southern Bell. In 1993, there were
approximately 5600 lines in Long Beach. There are no service deficiencies.
11. Cable Television
Cable television service is provided by Vision Cable, Inc. of Wilmington. In 1993
there were 2,661 customers in Long Beach.
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1
' 12. Schools
' Long Beach students in grades kindergarten through 5 attend Southport
Elementary School. Grades 6 through 8 attend South Brunswick Middle School which
' is located in Boiling Spring Lakes. Grades 9 through 12 attend South Brunswick High
School which shares the same location as the Middle School. The South Brunswick
Middle School has long-range plans to expand its facilities. Additionally, in 1993 both
' Southport Primary was undergoing expansion. A summary of the status of schools
serving Long Beach is provided in Table 19. In 1993, there were approximately 600
students enrolled from Long Beach.
1 Table 19
1993 School System Status
Schools Serving Long Beach
School Enrollment Capacity % Over/Under
Capacity
Southport Elementary 794 744 6.7% over
South Brunswick Middle School 683 525 30.1% over
South Brunswick High School 811 900 9.9% under
13. Health Services
For minor surgery or emergencies, Long Beach's residents travel to nearby J.
Arthur Dosher Memorial Hospital in Southport, or to Brunswick County Hospital located
in Supply.
Dosher Memorial Hospital is a modern, well equipped 40-bed facility with 100
employees in over 20 different departments and service areas.
For major medical care, residents travel to New Hanover Regional Medical
Center or Cape Fear Memorial Hospital in Wilmington, approximately 40"miles away.
Private physicians and medical specialists are located in Southport, Supply, Wilmington,
and Shallotte.
14. Recreation
Long Beach has significant recreational facilities which accommodate both indoor
and outdoor organized recreational activities. The facilities are discussed in detail in
' the Existing Land Use section of this plan and recreational personnel are discussed in
the Public Facilities section. It is unusual for a North Carolina beach community to
have full-time year-round recreational personnel. With the exception of the need for a
water access site with boat ramp on the Intracoastal Waterway, and additional land for
park space, the town's general recreation and shoreline access facilities adequately
serve the town's needs.
' 1-62

F. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY
1. T000graphy/Geology
Long Beach is primarily flat, slopes less than 2%, with the highest elevations
being in the range of 20 to 25 feet above sea level. These highest elevations are
located in the frontal dune areas and in areas containing dredge spoil. These areas
are indicated on the soils map, Map 5, as Newhan soils.
The town's many low-lying areas are extremely susceptible to sea level rise.
Flooding resulting from sea level rise may be a long-term problem. Over the last 100
years, the sea level has risen approximately one foot. Most experts agree that the rate
of sea level rise will increase over the next one hundred years. The maximum increase
has been forecast to be as much as four to seven feet. An increase of that magnitude
would be disastrous to the town. Approximately 70% of the town could be inundated.
The impact of sea level rise has serious adverse implications for Long Beach. The rate
of rise should be carefully monitored.
Long Beach is situated in a geologically complex area. A post -Miocene aquifer
exists between the land surface and a depth of 40 feet below surface. The aquifer
consists of sand and contains potable water. Below the post -Miocene is the tertiary
system aquifer. The aquifer contains porous and permeable limestone, providing
conditions in which excellent quality groundwater is stored under artesian conditions.
The tertiary system aquifer is approximately 140 feet thick and extends down from
approximately a 40-foot depth to 200 feet deep. The Miocene and tertiary aquifers
appear to be connected. Thus, rainfall in the Long Beach area aids in aquifer recharge.
2. Flood Hazard Areas
While large areas of Long Beach lie within the 100-year flood plain, the greatest
threat is flooding resulting from storm surge and local ponding of water. Map 6
provides a delineation of the flood hazard areas. Approximately 70% of the town's land
area lies at ten feet above mean sea level or less and is potentially subject to flooding.
The greatest storm surge impact will occur from hurricanes. Map 7 shows the
general areas of Long Beach that may be affected by hurricane -generated storm surge.
A Category 1 to 2 storm could result in the flooding of approximately 70% of Long
Beach. The various categories of storm surge areas are defined as follows:
Category 1. Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery,
trees, foliage, and unanchored mobile homes. No appreciable wind
damage to other structures. Some damage to poorly constructed
signs. Storm surge possibly 4 to 5 feet above normal. Low-lying
roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in exposed
anchorage torn from moorings.
1-63

m m m m m ■mm s mr m m m s m m r= m mm wmn
FHE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED 114 PART
THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY TI IE NORTH CAROLINA
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGI I FUNDS
PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
1972; AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY TI IE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.
... • • • • • . • . • . • • • • • • . • . • • .. • . • .
• • • • • • • • •• • • • • • • • ••• • •• •• • • • •• E47
i •••• •• •• •.. •.
N •••
SCALE IN MILES
IKyl'K. mi.s map trey not he
used for enact locations.
in -field verifications of
flood hazard areas are
required.
Cu
m
cqi
WATERWAY Y
• • I
••• • •• • ••• • ••
••• • ••••••
••• ••�•
• • • •••••• •
LEGEND • • •••
CATEGORY 1-2 SURGE AREA
TOWN OF LONG BEACH, N.C.
GENERAL DELINEATION
FLOOD HAZARD AREAS
MAP 7

I
II
11
I
Category 2. Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to
shrubbery and tree foliage; some trees blown down. Major
damage to exposed mobile homes. Extensive damage to poorly
constructed signs. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings;
some window and door damage. No major wind damage to
buildings. Storm surge possibly 6 to 8 feet above normal. Coastal
roads and low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 2 to
4 hours before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage
to piers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in unprotected anchorages
torn from moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline residences and
low-lying island areas required.
Category 3. Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large
trees blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown
down. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some
window and door damage. Some structural damage to small
buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. Storm surge possibly 9 to 12
feet above normal. Serious flooding at coast and many smaller
structures near coast destroyed; larger structures near coast
damaged by battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape
routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane
center arrives.
Category 4. Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown
down; all signs down. Extensive damage to roofing materials,
windows, and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many small
residences. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge
possibly 13 to 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors
of structures near shore due to flooding and battering by waves
and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising
water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion
of beaches.
Category 5. Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown
down; considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down.
Very severe and extensive damage to windows and doors.
Complete failure of roofs on many residences and industrial
buildings. Extensive shattering of glass in windows and doors.
Some complete building failures. Small buildings overturned or
blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge
possibly greater than 18 feet above normal. Major damage to
lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above sea level.
Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours
before hurricane center arrives.
The town also suffers from intermittent flooding from rainfall and storm water
runoff. The soil associations shown on Map 5 provide an indication of the locations of
1

I
high water table areas. The water table depths, flooding frequency, and permeability ,
rates are provided in Table 20.
3. Soils
A detailed soils survey of Brunswick County has been completed by the Soil
Conservation Service. Based on that survey, there are nine different soil associations
located within Long Beach. These associations are delineated on Map 5 and their
conditions for site development are provided in Tables 20 and 21. Most soils within
Long Beach have some limitations to development.
Table 20
Long Beach
Soil Susceptibility to Flooding
Map
Depth to Seasonal
Permeability
Symbol
Soil Types
High Water Table/Ft. Flooding
Inch/Hr.
Sloe %
BO
Bohicket
+3-0 Frequent
.06-0.2
—
Co
Corolla
1.5-3.0 Rare
> 20
—
Du
Duckston
1.0-2.0 Occasional
> 20
—
KrB
Kureb
> 6.0 None
6.0-20
1 to 8
LA
Lafitte
0-0.5 Frequent
2.0-6.0
—
Lo .
Leon
0-1.0 None
6.0-20
0-2
NeE, NhE
Newhan
> 6.0 None
> 20
2-30
WaB
Wando
4.0-6.0 None
6.0-20
0-6
YaB
Yaupon
2.0-4.0 None
0.06-0.2
0-3
Source:
Soil Survey
of Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service.
1-67

Map
Symbol
BO
Co
Du
KrB
LA
Lo
NeE, NhE
WaB
'
YaB
'
Source:
F—
L
Table 21
Long Beach
Soil Associations
Degree and Kind of Limitation for Stated Use
Soil Types Dwellings without Basements Streets and Roads
Bohicket
Severe/flooding, ponding, shrink
swell
Corolla
Severe/flooding
Duckston
Severe/flooding, wetness
Kureb
Slight
Lafitte
Severe flooding/low strength
Leon
Severe/wetness
Newhan
Severe/slope
Wando
Slight
Yaupon
Severe/wetness
Severe/low strength, ponding,
flooding
Moderate/flooding, wetness
Severe/flooding
Slight
Severe/flooding, low strength
Severe/wetness
Severe/slope
Slight
Severe/low strength, shrink swell
Soil Survey of Brunswick County, North Carolina, United States Department of Agriculture,
Soil Conservation Service.
Definitions:
Low Strength - the soil is not strong enough to support loads.
Ponding - standing water on soils in closed depressions. Unless the soils are
artificially drained, the water can be removed only by percolation or evapo-
transpiration.
Shrink -Swell - the shrinking of soil when dry and the dwelling when wet.
Shrinking and swelling can damage roads, dams, building foundations, and other
structures. It can also damage plant roots.
Slope - slope is great enough that special practices are required to insure
satisfactory performance of the soil for a specific use.
Because of reliance on septic tanks, soil types and water table depth are critical
issues. As indicated in Table 20, the Bohicket, Corolla, Duckston, Lafitte, Leon, and
Yaupon soils have seasonal high water table depths of four feet or less. Based on
Brunswick County Health Department standards, these soils have severe to
provisionally suitable conditions for septic tank usage. While some of the town's soils
present good conditions for septic tank usage, small lot sizes complicate septic tank
installation and operation. Map 5 indicates those soils which have the driest conditions
for septic tank installation.
1
1-68

As development continues on small lots, the potential for ground saturation,
groundwater pollution and contamination of areas of environmental concern will
increase.
4. Manmade Hazards/Restrictions
Except for septic tanks, there are not any significant manmade hazards located
within the Town of Long Beach. The most significant hazards are underground fuel
storage tanks which are located at marinas and retail fuel sales stores. There are no
known instances of groundwater pollution caused by fuel leaks.
The CP&L Brunswick Nuclear Power Plant is located approximately six miles
northeast of Long Beach off of N.C. 87 near Southport. The plant has not had a good
operational record and has been closed numerous times because of operation
deficiencies. In the event of an emergency requiring evacuation, Long Beach is located
within the ten mile emergency clear area. Evacuation would require Long Beach
residents to travel within two miles of the plant. Safe operation of the plant and
effective evacuation in the event of an emergency are important issues for Long
Beach's residents. In addition, the Sunny Point Army Terminal is located on the Cape
Fear River approximately five miles north of Southport. Munitions are transported from
across the country by truck and rail to the terminal for shipment. Both the shipment of
munitions, and the location of the Sunny Point facility in close proximity to the CP&L
nuclear plant, present hazards.
5. Fragile Areas
In coastal North Carolina, fragile areas are considered to include coastal
wetlands, ocean hazard areas, shorelines, estuarine waters and shorelines, public trust
waters, complex natural areas, areas sustaining remnant species, unique geological
formations, registered natural landmarks, swamps, prime wildlife habitats, areas of
excessive slope, areas of excessive erosion, scenic points, archaeological sites,
historical sites, and 404 wetlands. Long Beach's planning jurisdiction includes or is
adjacent to estuarine waters and shorelines, coastal wetlands, public trust waters,
ocean hazard areas, maritime forests, 404 wetlands, archaeological sites, excessive
slopes, and excessive erosion areas. Map 8 provides a delineation of the Fragile
Areas. These are areas which could easily be damaged or destroyed by inappropriate
or poorly planned development.
a) Coastal Wetlands
The coastal wetlands are generally delineated on Map 8, Fragile Areas.
However, it is emphasized that the specific locations of coastal wetlands can be
determined only through on -site investigation and analysis. Coastal wetlands are
defined as salt marshes regularly- or irregularly -flooded by tides including wind tides,
provided this shall not include hurricane or, tropical storm tides. These areas must
contain at least one, but not necessarily all of the following marsh plant species:
Cordgrass, Black Needlerush, Glasswort, Salt Grass, Sea Lavender, Bulrush, Saw

Grass, Cat -tail, Salt Meadow Grass, and Salt Reed Grass. The coastal wetlands are
vital to the complex food chain found in estuaries. They provide marine nursery areas
and are essential to a sound commercial fishing industry. Coastal wetlands also serve
as barriers against flood damage and control erosion between the estuary and uplands.
b) Estuarine Waters
Estuarine waters are generally those waters found in estuaries, sounds, bays,
and salt water shorelines. They are the dominant component and bonding element of
the entire estuarine system, integrating aquatic influences from both the land and the
sea. The estuarine waters are among the most productive natural environments within
Long Beach. The waters support the valuable commercial and sports fisheries of the
coastal area which are comprised of estuarine dependent species such as menhaden,
flounder, shrimp, crabs, and oysters.
c) Estuarine Shorelines
Estuarine shorelines are those non -ocean shorelines which are especially
vulnerable to erosion, flooding, or other adverse effects of wind and water. They are
intimately connected to the estuary. The area extends from the mean high water level
or normal water level along the estuaries, sounds, bays, and brackish waters for a
distance of 75 feet landward. Development within the estuarine shorelines influences
the quality of estuarine life and is subject to the damaging processes of shorefront
erosion and flooding.
d) Public Trust Areas
Public trust areas are all waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the lands thereunder
' from the mean high water mark to the seaward limit of state jurisdiction; all natural
bodies of water subject to measurable lunar tides and lands thereunder to the mean
high water mark; all navigable natural bodies of water and lands thereunder to the
mean high water level or mean water level as the case may be, except privately -owned
lakes to which the public has no right of access; all water in artificially created bodies
of water containing significant public fishing resources or other public resources which
are accessible to the public by navigation from bodies of water in which the public has
rights of navigation; and all waters in artificially created bodies of water in which the
public has acquired rights by prescription, custom, usage, dedication, or any other
means. In determining whether the public has acquired rights in artificially created
bodies of water, the following factors shall be considered:
(1) the use of.the body of water by the public,
(2) the length of time the public has used the area,
' (3) the value of public resources in the body of water,
(4) whether the public resources in the body of water are mobile to the extent
that they can move into natural bodies of water,
' (5) whether the creation of the artificial body of water required permission
from the state, and

(6) the value of the body of water to the public for navigation from one public
area to another public area.
These areas are significant because the public has rights in these areas,
including navigation and recreation. The public trust areas also support valuable
commercial and sports fisheries, have aesthetic value, and are important resources for
economic development.
It is impossible to map the public trust area. The areas must be determined
through in -field analysis and definition.
e) Ocean Hazard Areas
Ocean hazard areas consist of ocean erodible areas, high hazard flood areas,
inlet hazard area, and unvegetated beach area. Ocean hazard landforms include
ocean dunes, beaches, and shorelines. Ocean dunes include both primary dunes and
frontal dunes. Primary dunes are the first mounds of sand located landward of the
ocean beaches having an elevation equal to the mean flood level (in a storm having a
one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year) for the area plus
six feet. The primary dune extends landward to the lowest elevation in the depression
behind that same mound of sand. The frontal dune is deemed to be the first mound
of sand located landward of the ocean beach having sufficient vegetation, height,
continuity and configuration to offer protective value. The dunes are essential to the
protection of oceanfront areas.
Ocean beaches and shorelines are lands consisting of unconsolidated soil
materials that extend from the mean low water line landward to a point where either (1)
the growth of vegetation occurs, or (2) a distinct change in slope or elevation alters the
configuration of the land form, whichever is farther landward. The entire southern
length of Long Beach is an ocean beach. Long Beach contains ocean erodible areas
and high hazard flood areas, an inlet hazard area, but no unvegetated beach area (a
dynamic area that is subject to rapid unpredictable landform change from wind and
wave action). Unvegetated beach areas are only designated following detailed studies
by the Coastal Resources Commission.
f) 404 Wetlands
404 wetlands are areas covered by water or that have waterlogged soils for long
periods during the growing season. Plants growing in wetlands are capable of living
in soils lacking oxygen for at least part of the growing season. 404 wetlands include,
but are not limited to, bottomlands, forests, swamps, pocosins, pine savannahs, bogs,
marshes, and wet meadows.
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requires that anyone interested in depositing
dredged or fill material into "waters of the United States," including wetlands, must
apply for and receive a permit for such activities. :The Wilmington office of the U. S.
Army Corps of Engineers has regulatory authority in Long Beach. While there may be
1-72

I
scattered wetland areas located within Long Beach, the specific locations of wetlands
areas must be determined through on -site analysis. It should be noted that in some
Areas of Environmental Concern, both the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and the
regulatory requirements of the Coastal Area Management Act may have overlapping
jurisdiction.
g) Slopes in Excess of 12%
In Long Beach, slopes of 12% or greater are normally found only in the ocean
dune areas. These areas are delineated as Newhan soils on Map 5. Excessive slope
has not been a deterrent to development in Long Beach.
h) Excessive Erosion Areas
Long Beach has experienced both oceanfront and inlet erosion problems. The
1986 Land Use Plan stated that since the enactment of CAMA's setback regulation in
June 1979, Long Beach has up to 100 lots which were classified as unbuildable at any
given time. In 1993, there were approximately 150 oceanfront lots which were
considered unbuildable. However, it is emphasized that lot by lot analysis must be
performed to determine if a lot is unbuildable.
The town is particularly vulnerable during major storms. In 1954, 365 homes
were lost during Hurricane Hazel. Oceanfront erosion will continue to increase the'
number of unbuildable lots. Southwest winds are the most damaging. In 1993, the
area from Middleton Street to 79th Street was experiencing the worst erosion. Beach..
nourishment projects will be vital to the preservation of the town's oceanfront areas.
The western area of the town adjacent to Lockwood Folly Inlet is particularly
unstable. Development has continued in the western sections of town despite the high
rate of erosion. In 1993, the westernmost dwelling unit was located on 67' Place West.
A number of new homes had been moved to avoid loss or damage. The winter storm
' of 1993 increased the erosion eastward. While most of the western areas have been
subdivided, development should be discouraged.
i) Historic and Archaeological Sites
' There do not appear to be any nationally significant historic or archaeological
sites within Long Beach. However, at least 76 archaeological sites have been recorded
by the North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources. Such sites are easily
disturbed by contemporary land use activities and natural shoreline erosion. No
structures of historical or architectural importance are located within the town's planning
jurisdiction. All archeological site locations are restricted information and locations may
' not be included in any public document or made available to any individual without the
permission of the state archeologist. Any development projects should be implemented
under appropriate historic preservation legislation and in coordination with the Division
of Archives and History to avoid damage to valuable archaeological resources.
1
1-73

SECTION II:
PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
II

II
' SECTION II: LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
A. PROJECTED DEMAND FOR DEVELOPMENT
' 1. Demographic Trends
' Table 22 provides the estimated population for Long Beach and other Brunswick
County municipalities through 2003. A population growth rate of 35.6% through 2003
is forecast for Brunswick County. However, the municipal growth rate of 50.0% from
1980 to 1990 in Brunswick County was 18% higher than the county growth rate of
42.5%. Therefore, a municipal growth rate of 42.0%, or 1.18 times the 1990-2003
county -wide growth rate of 36.5%, has been used to project municipal growth from
' 1990-2003. It is assumed in Table 22 that all municipalities will grow at the same
42.0% rate from 1990-2003.
However, based on the fact that Long Beach's 1980-1990 growth rate was twice
the overall municipal growth rate from 1980-1990, it is likely that the Long Beach
population growth from 1990-2003 indicated in Table 22 is conservative.
Table 22: Total Year Round Population Projections
Brunswick County, 1990-2003
Year Round Population
Municipality or Area
1990
1998
2003
Bald Head Island
78
99
111
Belville
66
84
93
Boiling Spring Lakes
1,650
2,098
2,343
Bolivia
228
290
323
Calabash
1,210
1,538
1,718
Caswell
175
222
248
Holden Beach
626
796
889
Leland
1,801
2,290
2,557
Long Beach
3,816
4,851
6,419
Navassa
445
566
632
Ocean Isle Beach
523
665
743
Sandy Creek
243
309
345
Shallotte
1,073
1,364
1,524
Southport
2,369
3,012
3,364
Sunset Beach
311
395
442
Vamamtown
404
514
574
Yaupon Beach
734
933
1,042
Total Municipalities
15,752
20,026
22,367
Unincorporated Areas
35,233
42,683
46,791
Total Brunswick County 50,985 62,709 69,158
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.; N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Planning.

Seasonal population will have a significant impact on population growth within
Long Beach. Both day visitor and overnight seasonal population will affect the town.
From 1980 to 1990 the town's seasonal housing units increased from 1,196 to 2,393,
a 100.1% increase. This rate of growth is not expected to continue through the
planning period. Based on residential construction which occurred during the period
1987 to 1991 and the percentage of the housing inventory which is occupied by
seasonal housing units, it is expected that the construction of seasonal housing units
will drop to an average of 50 per year during the planning period for a total of 500
additional seasonal dwelling units by 2003.
In addition to seasonal dwelling units, the peak overnight population is impacted
by the availability of campgrounds, transient marina slips, and motel rooms. In 1993
Long Beach contained 165 motel rooms, approximately 150 campground sites, and
approximately 20 marina slips available for transient boat traffic. In 1987, a detailed
analysis of seasonal housing in Coastal North Carolina was conducted by East Carolina
University. Based on that analysis, the following occupancy figures for seasonal units
may be applied to Long Beach:
Seasonal housing units — 4.5 occupants
Motel rooms — 3.5 occupants
Campground sites — 3.0 occupants
Transient marina slips — 3.25 occupants
Long Beach's seasonal units are primarily detached single-family units, many
having more than two bedrooms. In fact, in 1990, 65% of the town's dwelling units had
three or more bedrooms. Therefore, the seasonal housing unit average occupancy rate
for Long Beach was increased to 6.5.
Based on these occupancy rates, at 100% occupancy of seasonal units, in 1993
the peak overnight seasonal population was 17,600.
The 1993 day visitor peak seasonal population was estimated by the town of
Long Beach to be 13,600. When added to the permanent, year-round population, and
overnight seasonal population, the total peak seasonal population is 35,016 .
It is extremely difficult to forecast growth of overnight and day visitor seasonal
population. Seasonal population growth is strongly influenced by the economy and
availability of housing.
As previously mentioned in this plan, it is anticipated that continued dependence
on septic tanks will slow growth in general, and the construction of permanent and
seasonal dwelling units in particular. It is estimated that motel rooms, campground
sites, and transient boat slips will have an overall ten-year growth of 25%. The day
visitor population is expected to grow by 29.7% which is consistent with the overall
population increase for Brunswick County.
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Table 23 provides a forecast of Long Beach's total population
growth through
2003. It is emphasized that construction of a second Oak Island Bridge could increase
the peak seasonal population, especially day visitor traffic.
Table 23
Town of Long Beach
'
Peak Seasonal Population Growth
1993 -2003
1993 1998
2003
Year Round Population 3,984 4,851
5,419
Overnight Seasonal Population 17,600 19,415
21,200
'
Day Visitor Seasonal Population 13,600 15,620
17,640
Total 35,184 39,886
44,259
'
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
' 2. Commercial and Industrial Land Use
' Major changes in commercial land use are not expected during the planning
period. No significant increases in or changes to the 1993 commercial zoning patterns
are expected. In 1993, approximately 110 vacant commercially zoned lots remained.
' Well planned commercial development will require consolidation of some of these lots
because of their small size. From 1987 to 1993, only eight commercial building permits
were issued. This slow rate of commercial growth should continue. 11
The major issues confronting commercial land use during the planning period
should be:
• Increasing traffic congestion on East Oak Island Drive.
• Inadequate off-street parking.
• Increasing sewage disposal problems.
• Development of an effective thoroughfare plan to facilitate traffic flow.
Commercial zoning should not be allowed to infringe on adjacent residential
areas. Limiting commercial zoning to primarily the East Oak Island Drive area will
continue to contribute to peak seasonal traffic congestion on that road. However, this
approach will aid in limiting the amount of commercially generated traffic utilizing
residential streets.
There is not expected to be any industrial zoning established in Long Beach.
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Residential
Residential land use will continue to be predominantly single-family residential.
Multi -family development is allowed in the R-5 zoning district only as a conditional use.
This district is limited to the beach area between the eastern corporate limit line and a
line lying between 5V Street East and 61°` Street East. This area includes
approximately 60 acres of vacant, unsubdivided property. Without central sewer
service, it is not anticipated that this property will be developed for multi -family
residential purposes. However, in 1993, the Turtle Creek and Saint James By The Sea
subdivisions were granted permission by the Town Council to connect to the Yaupon
Beach sewer system. In addition, duplex construction should be limited by lot size and
septic tank requirements. Because of the small lot sizes and the zoning ordinance
requirement of 10,000 square feet for duplex construction, two lots are normally
required. Septic tank permitting requirements for duplex structures are more
demanding than for single-family structures.
Because of the lot sizes, single-family residential development will continue to
be high density. In fully developed areas, the densities will be four to five dwelling units
per acre. As indicated in the Existing Land Use section, in 1993 approximately 7,260
vacant residentially zoned lots remained in Long Beach. If the average rate of single-
family residential construction which occurred in the mid-1980's to early 1990's (96
average single-family dwelling units per year) continues, buildout of the single-family
areas would require approximately 75 years.
However, in the absence of central sewer service, it is anticipated that increasing
sewage treatment problems and ground saturation by septic tank drain fields will result
in suspension or prohibition of continued residential construction well before buildout
occurs. On the beachfront, all lots platted before January 1, 1993, are allowed reduced
setback requirements (5' from lot line) for septic tank construction. This increases the
density of septic tank construction.
The major issues which will confront residential construction during the planning
period will include:
• Construction of a central sewer system versus continued reliance on
septic tanks.
• Continued beach nourishment to aid in protection of oceanfront residential
properties.
• Adequate thoroughfare planning to reduce traffic volume in residential
areas.
• Construction of a second Oak Island Bridge to reduce traffic congestion
in residential areas, improve island access, and improve Long Beach's
evacuation capabilities.
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' Small residential lot sizes will continue to result in high residential
densities and sewage treatment problems.
4. Public/Semi-Public
The most significant changes in public/semi-public land use will be the result of
improvement undertaken by the town. Long Beach will continue to develop shoreline
access sites. Emphasis will be placed on developing an access site on the Intracoastal
Waterway with a boat ramp. The town will pursue shoreline access funds through the
North Carolina Division of Coastal Management.
If funding is available, the town will pursue improvement or replacement of Fire
Station Two. This will be done to allow the station to accommodate the fire
department's largest equipment at the most centrally located fire station.
No other significant public/semi public land use changes are anticipated.
5. Transportation
Long Beach will be confronted with serious transportation/traffic problems as
both year-round and peak seasonal population increases. The town supports the
construction of a second Oak Island Bridge, located to tie into Middleton Avenue. This
improvement is essential to reducing congestion and improving evacuation capabilities."
In addition, the town supports replacement of the bridge over Big Davis Creek. This
improvement is included in the 1993-1994 North Carolina Department of Transportation'
Improvement program.
Long Beach should undertake detailed long-range transportation ' planning and develop a thoroughfare plan. This should be done to facilitate traffic flow on the main
traffic arteries, and to deter transient traffic from residential areas.
6. Area Likely to Experience Maior Land Use Changes
No significant changes in land use patterns of zoning are anticipated. The
town's zoning ordinancb and an active planning program should limit the intrusion of
commercial land use into residential areas. Because of small lot sizes, high density
single-family residential development will continue.
7. Summary
As high density residential development continues, both ground and surface
water pollution could become a problem. The town's estuarine waters, coastal
wetlands and public trust waters could suffer from such pollution.
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The development issues which will confront the town during the planning period
are summarized as follows:
• Development of a central sewer system.
• Continuing congestion and strip commercialization along East Oak Island
Drive.
• Elimination of storm drainage problem areas.
• Improving mainland access.
• Maintaining municipal services at levels sufficient to accommodate peak
seasonal population.
• Protection of areas of environmental concern.
• Continuing high density residential development.
• Continuing beach nourishment projects.
• Maintaining adequate planning for storm hazard mitigation, evacuation
and post -disaster recovery planning.
B. PROJECTED PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDS/AVAILABILITY
Long Beach's population growth will place increasing demands on town facilities
and services during the planning period. In 2003, the peak seasonal population will be
8.2 times the permanent year-round population. It is this peak population for which the
town must be prepared to provide services.
Long Beach's storm drainage problems will increase as high density residential
development continues. A comprehensive storm water drainage plan should be
prepared. In addition, the town should consider adoption of a storm water control
ordinance which would impose drainage design standards for both residential and
commercial development.
Long Beach will have to expand administrative, police, fire and rescue services
as growth occurs. Personnel needs should be monitored annually and appropriate
adjustments made. A capital facilities plan for.town services should be developed. The
town should carefully consider services and facility needs for the elderly portion of its
population. By 2000, a large portion of the town's population should be 55 years old
or older. Elderly population needs should be accommodated in planning services such
as garbage collection . Also, the town does not have any elderly health care facilities.
Year-round recreational facilities should be adequate to meet the needs of the year-
round residents through 2003.

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The development of a central sewer system will continue to be an issue. If Long
Beach declines to pursue development of a central sewer system, a policy of low -
density development will become necessary. Such a policy will be extremely difficult
to enforce because of the town's small lot sizes. However, it will be virtually impossible
to control the demands placed on sewage disposal facilities by day visitors. A specific
sewer policy coordinated with the town's overall growth policies will be necessary.
C. REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES
The greatest redevelopment concern in Long Beach will be reconstruction
following a major storm. A particular concern should be damage to mobile homes. In
1990, mobile homes comprised approximately 13 percent of the town's housing stock.
Any Category 3 or greater storm would cause substantial damage to the mobile home
stock. Not only would there be a major loss of housing stock and real estate values,
but the cleanup costs will be substantial. Policies governing how and where mobile
homes will be allowed to be replaced should be carefully constructed.
There are no major infrastructure maintenance problems. The Brunswick County
water system is in good repair. The town is supplied electric service by the Brunswick
County Electric Membership Corporation. This system is also in good repair. However,
the town should consider policies to require the placement of utilities underground
following a major natural disaster.
D. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
This plan was reviewed by the Brunswick County Planning Department prior to
1 certification by the Coastal Resources Commission. This review was provided to help
ensure consistency of this plan with Brunswick County's planning efforts.
Intergovern-mental coordination and cooperation will continue through the ten-year planning period.
This will be essential to accomplish .effective planning for public utilities, thoroughfare
projects, community facilities, housing needs, and environmental protection. The Long
1 Beach Town Council and Planning Board will be responsible for ensuring adequate
coordination with Brunswick County, Yaupon Beach, Caswell Beach, and other
government entities as may be required.
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SECTION III:
LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM

SECTION III: LONG BEACH LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
The CAMA regulations require the establishment of a specific land classification system
to support the local government's policy statements. This system should reflect
developing land use patterns within the town and provide a framework to be utilized by
Long Beach to identify future land uses.
The 15A NCAC 7B requirements provide for the following land classifications:
developed, urban transition, limited transition, community, rural, rural with services, and
conservation. In applying these classifications, Long Beach should carefully consider
where and when various types of development should be encouraged. Additionally, the
areas of environmental concern requiring protection should be recognized by the land
classification system. Each applicable land classification must be represented on a
land classification map (see Maps 9 and 9A).
The following land classifications will apply in Long Beach's jurisdiction:
Developed areas included in the developed land classification are currently
urban in character, with no or minimal undeveloped land remaining. Municipal
types of services, with the exception of central sewer service, are in place or are
' expected to be provided within the next five to ten years. Land uses include
residential, commercial, public/semi-public, and other urban land uses at the
following densities which are prescribed by 15A NCAC 76:
• 500 dwelling units per square mile, or
• three or more dwelling units per acre, or
' where a majority of lots are 15,000 square feet or less.
1 In its developed areas, Long Beach was above these urban densities in 1993,
having an average residential density of approximately 5 dwelling units per acre.
' Within Long Beach, the developed classification is subdivided into the following
sub -classifications:
' Developed Residential (DR) - These are areas where water, electrical,
police, fire, sanitation, recreation and other municipal services are
provided. The major land use is residential development. The maximum
' height for residential structures is 41 feet in the flood zone and 35 feet in
other areas. This restriction should aid in limiting residential density above
five to six dwelling units per acre. Substantial vacant land remains to be
developed. These areas have small lot sizes averaging 8,250 square feet
or less. Specific densities and land uses in the various areas of the town
shall be dictated by the Long Beach Zoning Ordinance. The residential
zoning districts include R1, R2, R3A, R36, RX, R4A, R4B, R5 and R6,
as specified in the January, 1994, Town of Long Beach Zoning Ordinance.

However, single family development normally requires 7,500 square feet
and duplex construction requires 10,000 square feet.
The following provides a summary of the uses allowed within the
developed residential category:
Permitted Uses.
(1) Single-family dwellings;
(2) Customary accessory buildings and uses incidental to the
uses permitted in the district;
(3) Churches;
(4) Public parks, playgrounds, golf courses, community centers;
(5) Schools, public and private;
(6) Signs;
(7) Private marinas and piers;
(8) Home occupations;
(9) Family care homes.
Conditional Uses.
(1) Day care centers;
(2) Fraternal organizations;
(3) Group homes;
(4) Hospitals;
(5) Nursing homes and convalescent centers;
(6) Public utility uses and structures.
• Developed Commercial (DC) - These are areas where water, police, fire,
sanitation, recreation and other municipal services are provided. The
developed commercial category is concentrated along East Oak Island
Drive between 64"' Street East and 47"i Street East, and an area
extending from the East Oak Island Drive commercial area south to East
Beach Drive between 52nd Street and 48"' Street East.
In 1993, a total of approximately 110 vacant commercially zoned lots
remained to be developed. Most are small in size averaging 6,000 square
feet. This classification includes the CA -retail and CB -tourist services
zoning districts. The minimum allowable lot size is 6,000 square feet.
Specific allowable uses will be determined by the Long Beach Zoning
Ordinance. However, the following provides a general definition of the
uses included within this classification:
Permitted Uses.
(1) Retail sales enterprises;.
(2) Personal and professional services offices and shops;
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(3) Banking facilities;
(4) Laundries;
(5) Convenience stores;
(6) Equipment rentals;
(7) Off-street parking facilities;
(8) Signs;
(9) Public utility uses and structures;
(10) Restaurants;
(11) Commercial piers and marinas;
(12) Service stations;
(13) Single-family residence (subject
setback requirements.
Conditional Uses.
to single-family yard
(1) Hotels and motels;
(2) Auction halls;
(3) Commercial recreational attractions;
(4) Recreational campgrounds and recreational vehicle parks;
(5) Cocktail lounges and taverns;
(6) Unified tract developments (commercial);
(7) Arcade.
Urban Transition (UT) - Areas included in the urban transition
classification are presently being developed for urban purposes, or will be
developed in the next five to ten years. These areas will eventually
require complete urban services. The urban transition areas include
mixed land uses such as residential (single and multi -family), commercial,
institutional, industrial, industrial parks, transportation, and other uses
approaching high to moderate densities. Residential densities are allowed
in excess of an average of three dwelling units per acre, with a minimum
single-family residential lot size of 10,000 square feet. The town's entire
extraterritorial area, except for the AECs, is classified urban transition.
Conservation (CON) - The following areas of environmental concern and
"404" wetlands (not an area of environmental concern) are included in the
conservation classification:
Coastal Wetlands: This classification includes all areas of salt marsh
or other marsh subject to regular or occasional flooding by tides, including
wind tides. However, tidal flooding is understood not to include hurricane
or tropical storm tides. Development which meets the minimum use
standards of 15A NCAC 7H, Long Beach zoning, and the policies
contained in this plan shall be allowed in areas classified as coastal
wetlands.
III - 3

Estuarine Shoreline: All areas lying 0-75 feet landward of the mean
high water level of estuarine waters are classified as estuarine shorelines.
Because of map size and scale, these areas cannot be accurately
mapped. Precise locations must be determined in the field. Except for
maritime forest areas, uses consistent with Long Beach zoning, the
policies contained in this plan, and the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use
standards shall be allowed in estuarine shoreline areas. Within maritime
forest areas, minimum design standards may apply which exceed 15A
NCAC 71-1; see maritime forest policy, page IV-7.
Estuarine and Public Trust Waters: All public trust areas and estuarine
waters are included in this classification. All waters in Long Beach's
planning jurisdiction are classified as estuarine waters as described by
15A NCAC 71-1.0206 or public trust areas as described by 15A NCAC
71-1.0207. Uses permitted by the policies contained in this plan and 15A
NCAC 7H minimum use standards shall be allowed. The policies dealing
with floating structures and signs are more restrictive than the 15A NCAC
71-1; see floating home policies, page IV-5, and marine resource area
policies, page IV-9.
Ocean Hazard Areas: This classification includes all ocean hazard
areas. These areas include lands along the Atlantic shoreline where,
because of their special vulnerability to erosion or other adverse effects
of sand, wind and water, uncontrolled or incompatible development could
unreasonably endanger life or property. These areas include beaches,
frontal dunes, inlet lands, and other lands with excessive erosion or flood
damage. Development shall be permitted which is allowed by the policies
contained in this plan, the Long Beach Zoning Ordinance, and 15A NCAC
7H.0306.
404 Wetlands: This classification includes areas of 404 wetlands which
meet the wetlands definition contained in Section 404 of the Clean Water
Act. Only uses consistent with the policy statements section of this plan
and the Long Beach Zoning Ordinance will be allowed. These areas are
not delineated on the Land Classification Map. Specific locations must be
determined in the field by representatives of the Wilmington office of the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The town concurs with the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers' standards and does not intend to develop more
restrictive standards.
Within Long Beach, the areas of environmental concern as defined by 15A
NCAC 7H minimum use standards are zoned Open Space. This zoning district
allows water access ramps, docks and piers, or permitted uses. The following
are allowed as conditional uses: (1) passive recreational parks and greenery,
and (2) nature walks and study facilities.
III - 4

SECTION IV:
POLICY STATEMENTS
STORM HAZARD MITIGATION, POST -DISASTER RECOVERY,
AND EVACUATION POLICIES AND PLANS
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SECTION IV: LONG BEACH POLICY STATEMENTS
This section of the plan provides policies which will address growth management and
protection of Long Beach's environment. The policies are based on the objectives of
the citizens of Long Beach and satisfy the objectives of the Coastal Resources
Commission.
It is emphasized that the policy statements are extremely important and have a day-to-
day impact on individual citizens within Long Beach's planning jurisdiction. Areas in
which the statements have an impact include:
CAMA minor and major permitting as required by N.C.G.S. 113A-118 prior
to undertaking any development in any area of environmental concern.
-- Establishment of local planning policy.
Review of proposed projects requiring state or federal assistance or
approval to determine consistency with local policies.
Based on the analysis of existing conditions and trends, and discussion with the town's
Planning Board and Town Council, the policies outlined in the following section have
been formulated to provide a guide for advising and regulating development of available
land resources in Long Beach throughout the current planning period, i.e., 2000.
Policies which were considered, but not adopted, are provided in Appendix I.
A. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS
1. Physical Limitations
Soils: To mitigate existing septic tank problems and other restrictions on development
posed by soil limitations, Long Beach will:
(a) Enforce all current regulations of the N.C. State Building Code and
support the Brunswick County Health Department for all matters relating
to septic tank installation/replacement in areas with soils restrictions.
(b) Coordinate all development activity with appropriate county and state
regulatory personnel.
(c) Cooperate with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the regulation/
enforcement of the 404 wetlands permit process.
IV-1

(d) In conformance with state and county health regulations, growth and
development will not be allowed in areas where septic tanks will not
function and sewer services are not available.
(e) The Town of Long Beach opposes the discharge of sewage from septic
tanks or package treatment plants in any areas classified as coastal
wetlands or 404 wetlands.
(f) The Town of Long Beach will support the use standards for ocean hazard
areas as specified in 15A NCAC 7H. However, land located within ocean
hazard areas has been previously platted for residential development.
The existing zoning allows only single-family residential development.
Flood Hazard Areas:
(a) Long Beach will coordinate any development within the special flood
hazard area with the North Carolina Division of Coastal Management,
FEMA, and the U.S. Corps of Engineers.
(b) Long Beach will continue to enforce its flood damage prevention
ordinance (Chapter 9, Article V, Town of Long Beach Municipal Code)
and follow the storm hazard mitigation plan. (See Subsection B, Storm
Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans).
(c) Long Beach's policy is to use all financially feasible and environmentally
acceptable means at its disposal to help reduce the damage of flooding.
(d) Long Beach will consider revising its subdivision ordinance to require the
submittal of drainage plans as part of the subdivision review and approval
process.
Groundwater/Protection of Potable Water Supplies:
(a) It shall be the policy of Long Beach to conserve its surficial* groundwater
resources by supporting CAMA and N.C. Division of Environmental
Management stormwater runoff regulations, and by coordinating local
development activities involving chemical storage or underground storage
tank installation/abandonment with Brunswick County Emergency
Management personnel and the Groundwater Section of the North
Carolina Division of Environmental Management. During the planning
period, the town shall review the local zoning ordinance with regard to
underground chemical and gasoline storage regulations to ensure a
minimum of risk to local groundwater. resources.
'Groundwaters which are at or Just below the surface.
IV-2

Manmade Hazards:
(a) Long Beach will support the technical requirements and state program
approval for underground storage tanks (Chapter 40 of the Code of
Federal Regulations, parts 280 and 281), and any subsequent state
regulations concerning underground storage tanks adopted during the
planning period.
(b) The town opposes the temporary or permanent storage or disposal of any
toxic wastes within its planning jurisdiction.
(c) The town will coordinate and maintain contact with the Brunswick County
Emergency Management Office to ensure safe preparation and
evacuation in the event of a disaster at the CP&L nuclear power plant.
(d) The town will cooperate with management at both the Sunny Point Military
' Terminal and the CP&L nuclear power plant to support safe operation at
both facilities.
(e) Long Beach is opposed to the establishment of toxic waste dump sites
within Brunswick County or operation of incineration facilities for
hazardous wastes.
� ■ Stormwater Runoff.
' (a) Long Beach recognizes the value of water quality maintenance to the
protection of fragile areas and to the provision of clean water for
recreational purposes. The town will support state regulations relating to
stormwater runoff resulting from development (Stormwater Disposal Policy
15A NCAC2H.001-.1003).
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(b) Long Beach will seek funding through the Coastal Area Management
program to conduct a comprehensive town -wide drainage study. If
sufficient funds are not available for a town -wide study, the town will seek
funding within the planning period for a study of the most serious problem
areas.
(c) The town will apply for grant funds improve stormwater drainage systems
associated with existing rights -of -way.
Solid Waste:
(a) Long Beach supports efforts by Brunswick County to undertake a site
selection study for the location of a new landfill site.
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(b) The town will continue to support the operation of a voluntary recycling
center for the acceptance of recyclable materials.
(c) The town will support local and expanded county efforts to educate people
and businesses on waste reduction and recycling.
(d) The town will support actions to increase the town's capabilities to keep
the beach and town proper free of litter and trash to improve the
cleanliness and image of the community.
(e) The town will supply more signs and receptacles in problem areas to
encourage cleanliness.
Cultural/Historical Resources: Conservation of coastal archaeological resources which
have been identified as having more than local significance to history or prehistory
should be protected. These sites constitute important scientific sites, or provide
valuable educational, associative, or aesthetic resources. There are 76 such sites in
Long Beach recognized by the N.C. Department of Cultural Resources. Wherever
there is question of protection of these, the town will seek assistance and determination
from the Division of Archives and History before proceeding to issue permits. Specific
objectives for each of these functions shall be related to the following policy statements
either singly or in combination:
(a) Advise the N.C. Division of Archives and History of all housing code
enforcement/redevelopment projects, to ensure that any significant
architectural details or buildings are identified and preserved.
(b) Advise the N.C. Division of Archives and History of all county and town
major land disturbing public works projects, to ensure the identification
and preservation of significant archaeological sites.
Industrial Impacts on Fragile Areas: No industrial development of any type shall be
located within Long Beach's areas of environmental concern.
2. Miscellaneous Resource Protection
Package Treatment Plant Use: Long Beach will support the construction of package
treatment plants which are approved and permitted by the State Division of
Environmental Management and by the Brunswick County Health Department/Division
of Health Services, and which do not discharge into coastal wetlands, estuarine waters,
and public trust waters. If any package plants are approved, Long Beach will require
a specific contingency plan specifying how ongoing private operation and maintenance
of the plant will be provided, and detailing provisions for assumption of the plant into
a public system should the private operation fail or a public system becomes available.
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It is understood that the construction of package treatment plants in an ocean hazard
AEC may not be consistent with 15A NCAC 7H.0306.
Marina and Floating Home Development: Long Beach will enforce the following policies
to govern floating homes and both open water and upland marina development.
Marinas are considered to be any publicly or privately owned dock constructed to
accommodate more than ten boats, as defined by 15A NCAC 7H.208 (b) (5).
(a) Long Beach will permit the construction and expansion of both open water
and upland marinas (for both general public and private use) which meet
local zoning ordinance requirements, and the requirements of the 15A
NCAC 7H minimum use standards. However, marina construction and
associated dredging shall not result in the loss of or damage to coastal
wetlands or subaquatic vegetation.
(b) Long Beach will allow the construction of dry stack storage facilities for
boats associated with or independent of marinas, which are consistent
with the Town of Long Beach Zoning Ordinance.
(c) Long Beach supports the restriction of floating structures in all public trust
areas and estuarine waters. Floating structures are defined as any
structure or vessel used, designed, and occupied as a permanent dwelling
unit, business, office, or source of any occupation or any private or social
club, which floating structure or vessel is primarily immobile and out of
navigation or which functions substantially as a land structure while
moored or docked on waters within town jurisdiction. Floating structures
shall not be used commercially or inhabited. The town will develop and
adopt an ordinance designed to enforce this policy. The ordinance should
set a specific time limit for the location of those structures.
Development of Sound and Estuarine Islands: Long Beach will restrict any
development on sound or estuarine islands. The town will review its zoning ordinance
to incorporate controls to regulate development on sound and estuarine islands.
Ocean Hazard Areas:
(a) Long Beach will support only uses within the ocean hazard areas which
are allowed by 15A NCAC 7H and are consistent with the town's zoning
and dune protection ordinances.
(b) Long Beach supports beach nourishment and relocation as the preferred
erosion control measures for ocean hazard areas.
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(c) Long Beach objects to the construction of permanent shoreline
stabilization structures in ocean hazard areas and any changes in state
standards which would allow such structures.
Inlet Hazard Areas: With the exception of shoreline stabilization structures, the Town
of Long Beach will allow uses within the inlet hazard areas which are consistent with
the town's zoning ordinance, and the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards.
In all cases, development shall only be permitted if it meets other applicable 15A NCAC
7H minimum use standards; is landward of the vegetation line; involves no significant
alteration or removal of primary or frontal dunes or the dune vegetation has overwalks
to protect any existing dunes; is not essential to the continued existence and/or use of
an associated principal development; is not required to satisfy minimum requirements
of local zoning, subdivision or health regulations; and meets all 15A NCAC 7H non -
setback requirements.
Coastal Wetlands: The Town of Long Beach supports the construction of those water -
dependent structures within coastal wetlands which meet the 15A NCAC 7H minimum
use standards.
Estuarine Shoreline:
(a) The Town of Long Beach will support construction within the estuarine
shoreline areas which meets the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards
and the Town of Long Beach Zoning Ordinance.
(b) Long Beach will use all available means of law to restrict the use of
estuarine shoreline areas for purposes where there is a substantial
chance of pollution occurring.
Bulkhead Construction: Long Beach does not oppose the construction of bulkheads
along estuarine shorelines which meet 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards. The
town opposes the construction of bulkheads in ocean hazard and inlet hazard areas.
Sea Level Rise:
(a) Long Beach will continuously monitor sea level rise and revise as
necessary all local building and land use related ordinances to establish
setback standards, long-term land use plans, density controls, buffer
vegetation protection requirements, and building designs which will
facilitate the movement of structures.
(b) Long Beach will allow the construction of bulkheads along estuarine
shorelines which satisfy 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards to protect
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structures and property from rising sea level. The town opposes the
construction of bulkheads in ocean hazard and inlet hazard areas.
Natural and Cultural Resource Areas: Long Beach will support the following actions
regarding these irreplaceable resources:
— Protection of unique habitat conditions that are necessary to the survival
of threatened and endangered native plants and animals including control
of negative land use impacts that might jeopardize their environment.
Permit development in Areas of Environmental Concern (AECs) provided
that the proposed design and location will cause no major or irreversible
damage to the AECs and the development meets 15A NCAC 7H
minimum use standards. One or more of the following values must be
considered depending upon the stated significance of the resource:
• Development shall preserve the values of the AEC as its functions
as a critical component of a natural system.
• Development shall not adversely affect the values of the AEC as
a unique scientific, associative, or educational resource.
• No reasonable alternative sites are available outside the
designated AEC.
• Reasonable mitigation measures have been considered and
incorporated into the project plan. These measures shall include
consultation with recognized authorities and with the Division of
Coastal Management staff.
• The project will be of equal or greater public benefit than those
benefits lost or damaged through development.
Maritime Forests: The town will review its local codes and ordinances to consider
amendments designed to protect any remaining maritime forest areas.
B. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES
Recreation Resources:
(a) All lands classified as conservation areas are considered valuable passive
recreation, areas. Except as otherwise provided for in these policy
statements, these areas should be protected in their natural state, and
development in ocean and inlet hazard areas should not be allowed
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except for public shoreline access including dune crossover structures
and boardwalks.
(b) Long Beach supports the preservation and development of
environmentally acceptable estuarine and ocean shoreline access areas
to ensure adequate shoreline access within all areas of the town.
(c) Long Beach supports the development of off-street parking facilities in
both commercial and residential areas to serve shoreline access facilities.
The town will review the impact of off-street parking on adjacent areas on
a case -by -case basis.
(d) Long Beach will implement the shoreline access site improvements as
recommended by the 1991 Ocean and Estuarine Access Plan.
(e) It is the policy of the town to hire a full-time recreation staff with added
summertime help to provide a recreation building for a variety of
recreational and other community uses, to operate a town park for
children's passive activities, to provide canoe trail and boating access to
Davis Creek/Canal at the Recreation Building, to render access to the
marshlands of Davis Creek for human/environmental interface via
boardwalks and a gazebo, and to maintain Middleton Park adjacent to the
Town Municipal Building. It is the policy of the town to promote the usage
of these facilities through activities reports and events announcements
and through conspicuous signage.
(f) The Town of Long Beach will seek funding for the development of
shoreline access sites through the state shoreline access grant program.
(g) During the ten-year planning period, the town will improve the following
recreational facilities with funding support from local tax dollars: parking
for shoreline access, jogging and walking paths, bikeways, public boat
access, and picnic facilities.
(h) Long Beach will maintain an environment where cultural and recreational
activities can flourish for the benefit of permanent residents, the seasonal
population, and vacationing visitors by:
— Continuing operation of the Recreation Center with added
emphasis on youth activities.
— Encouraging the establishment of a senior services center.
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— Encouraging art shows, antique sales, fish fries, barbecues, clam
bakes, festivals, and concerts during the spring, summer, and fall
months.
Productive Agricultural Lands: There are no productive agricultural lands found in
Long Beach's planning jurisdiction; therefore, no policy statement is necessary.
Productive Forest Lands: There are no significant productive forest lands found in
Long Beach's planning jurisdiction. However, if commercial production occurs, Long
Beach supports utilization of the Forest Best Management Practices Manual, 1989,
North Carolina Division of Forest Resources, for all forestry operations.
Aquaculture Activities: Aquaculture is considered the cultivation of aquatic plants and
animals under controlled conditions. The following policy shall apply:
(a) Long Beach opposes aquaculture activities in the, Town of Long Beach.
The town will not oppose aquaculture in its extraterritorial jurisdiction
when the activity will not result in discharge of water which will degrade
receiving waters in any way.
Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Development Impacts on Resources:
(a) In recognition of the importance of estuarine and public trust waters for
the fisheries and related industries as well as aesthetics, recreation, and
education, Long Beach shall promote the conservation and quality of
estuarine and public trust waters. Residential and commercial
development which meets 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards, Long
Beach zoning requirements, and the policies contained in this plan will be
allowed in estuarine shoreline, estuarine water, and public trust areas.
Industrial development will be prohibited within Long Beach. Marinas and
bulkheads shall be allowed when consistent with other policies contained
in this plan.
(b) Long Beach opposes the construction of any signs, except for regulatory
signs, in the coastal wetlands, estuarine waters, and public trust areas.
Marine Resource Areas:
(a) With the exception of the construction of signs (excluding regulatory
signs), Long Beach supports the use standards for estuarine waters and
public trust areas as specified in 15A NCAC 7H.0206 and .0207.
(b) Long Beach reserves the right to review and comment on policies and
requirements of the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries which
govern commercial and recreational fisheries and activities, including
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trawling activities. However, it is understood that such review and
comment may not have any effect on establishment of policies and
regulations by the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries.
(c) The Town of Long Beach supports the designation of its beach area as
a sea turtle sanctuary by the State of North Carolina.
(d) The use of gill nets for fishing within 300 yards of the beach between 791"
Street East (town limits) and Lockwood's Folly Inlet is prohibited between
May 15 and September 15.
Peat or Phosphate Mining: There are no peat or phosphate deposits located within
Long Beach's planning jurisdiction. However, if any mining activity is proposed within
the area of Long Beach, the town would oppose any project which would result in
aquifer drawdown or damage to the manmade hazard facilities identified in Section I,
page 1-70.
Off -Road Vehicles: In May 1978, Long Beach passed an ordinance prohibiting the use
of all vehicles on the beach strand and dune areas. The only exceptions to the
ordinance are for the use of emergency vehicles, handicapped vehicles, and town -
authorized vehicles.
C. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS
General: It is the policy of Long Beach to manage its growth to ensure the adequate
provision of municipal services. To accomplish this, the town will:
— Prepare for a population growth that will continue at about the current rate
with a permanent residency of 5,419 and peak summer weekday
population of 44,259 by the year 2003.
Maintain a continuous land use program which will be effectively enforced
through zoning, subdivision, and building codes.
Approve development only when and where adequate facilities and
services to support it are available.
Promote and preserve the town's "family" oriented, retirement -resort
atmosphere.
WaterSupply There are no significant constraints to development or land development
issues relating to the town's potable water supply.. The Brunswick County water system
should continue to provide adequate water supply throughout the planning period.
However, the town does support the following water supply issues:
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— Actions by both state and local governments to protect water quality within
the Cape Fear River Basin. Of particular concern are the construction of
both point and non -point discharge sources of industrial, agricultural, and
domestic waste along the Cape Fear River.
— Construction of additional water storage tanks within Long Beach to insure
adequate water storage and pressure.
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— Establishment of a water line flushing program to eliminate stagnant water
in lines located on dead end streets.
— The Town of Long Beach supports actions by Brunswick County to
regulate development which may adversely affect groundwatersupplies.
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Long Beach supports actions by Brunswick County to protect all water
supply wells from groundwater pollution.
- It is the policy of Long Beach to conserve its surficial groundwater
resources by supporting CAMA and N. C. Division of Environmental
Management stormwater runoff regulations, and by coordinating local
development activities involving chemical storage or underground storage
tank installation/abandonment with the Groundwater Section of the North
Carolina Division of Environmental Management. The town encourages
planning for an adequate long-range water supply. In the planning
process, Long Beach will cooperate with the county and area
municipalities to protect water resources. Public and private water
conservation efforts will be encouraged.
Sewer Systems:
(a) The Town of Long Beach recognizes that there is no perfect solution to
its waste treatment problems. All waste treatment systems (centralized
and decentralized) for populated areas can negatively impact the
environment. As required by North Carolina's Environmental Policy Act,
analysis of waste treatment systems should provide a full and fair
discussion of all significant environmental impacts of proposed systems
and the reasonable alternatives which would avoid or minimize such
impacts and enhance the quality of the environment.
' The Town of Long Beach supports the construction of a sewage collection
and wastewater treatment system. The system may be constructed
independently by the Town of Long Beach or in concert with other Oak
Island and mainland municipalities.
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To advance the town's planning process for waste treatment, the strategy
adopted by the U. S. EPA for North Carolina's barrier islands (see
Appendix II) should be employed. The EPA strategy provides a step-by-
step decision -making framework for devising appropriate wastewater
treatment strategies. The town recognizes that many aspects of this
strategy have recently been endorsed by the National Academy of
Sciences, National Academy of Engineering, Institute of Medicine, and the
National Research Council in a report entitled Managing Wastewater in
Coastal Urban Areas (see Appendix III).
(b) In the absence of a waste treatment plant and collection system, Long
Beach will support the issuance of permits for the construction of septic
tanks for residential, commercial, and publictsemi-public land uses.
Stormwater:
(a) Long Beach will cooperate with
of Environmental Management,
impact of stormwater runoff o
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the NCDOT, the North Carolina Division
and other state agencies in mitigating the
all conservation classified areas. The
town will support the Division of Environmental Management stormwater
runoff retention permitting process through its zoning permit system.
(b) Within five years, the town will adopt a stormwater control ordinance.
Funding assistance through a CAMA technical assistance grant will be
sought. Specific attention shall be devoted to direct discharges of
stormwater runoff into any coastal waters that are classified for
shellfishing.
Energy Facility Siting and Development:
(a) There are no electric generating or other power generating plants located
in or proposed for location within Long Beach's planning jurisdiction. The
town will not support the location of permanent, publictcommercial energy
generating facilities within its jurisdiction.
(b) Long Beach will review proposals for development or expansion of electric
generating plants within its vicinity on a case -by -case basis, judging the
need for the facility against all jdentified possible adverse impacts. The
town reserves the right to comment on the impacts of any energy facility,
construction or expansion within southeast Brunswick County.
(c) Long Beach requests and expects that CP&L will take all possible actions
to ensure the safe operation of the CP&L Brunswick Nuclear Power Plant.
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(d) Long Beach opposes any offshore drilling for either exploration for or
production of oil or gas. However, in the event that offshore drilling for oil
or gas is approved, Long Beach supports and requests full disclosure of
development plans, with mitigative measures that will be undertaken to
prevent adverse impacts on the environment, the infrastructure, and the
social systems of Brunswick County. The town also requests full
disclosure of any adopted plans. Offshore drilling and development of
onshore support facilities in Brunswick County may have severe costs for
the city and county as well as advantages. The costs must be borne by
the company (or companies) engaged in offshore drilling and onshore
support facilities.
Redevelopment of Developed Areas: The only significant redevelopment issue facing
Long Beach through 2003 will be reconstruction following a hurricane or natural
disaster. The town will allow the reconstruction of any structures demolished by natural
disaster which will comply with all applicable local and state regulations and the policies
contained in this plan. The town will consider on a case -by -case basis the expenditure
of local funds in order to acquire unbuildable lots but will accept donations of such
unbuildable lots. Long Beach will work with any owners who may have to move any
threatened structures to safer locations. The town will support reconstruction only at
densities specified by current zoning regulations. Long Beach will investigate the
development of regulations to govern how and where mobile homes will be allowed to
be replaced after a major storm event.
Types and Locations of Desired Industry: Long Beach opposes industrial' development
of any type within the town limits. This policy is supported by the Long Beach Zoning
Ordinance. Industrial development which is not located within Areas of Environmental
Concern and which is permitted by the town's zoning ordinance will be allowed within
the extraterritorial jurisdiction.
Community Facilities:
■ (a) During the planning period, the Town of Long Beach will expand its
community facilities through development of the following:
Implementation of the recommendations contained in the 1991
Ocean and Estuarine Access Plan with emphasis on the
development of an access site on the Intracoastal Waterway with
a boat ramp.
— Expansion/improvement of Fire Station Number 2.
— Improvementlexpansion of the town's bike route and sidewalks.
Development of an effective stormwater drainage program.
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Implement street lighting plan with emphasis on residential areas
when feasible.
Residential Development: Long Beach will continue to encourage the development of
a variety of housing types to meet the needs and desires of the citizenry and future
permanent and seasonal residents by:
Maintaining area(s) exclusively for single-family dwellings primarily for the
growing permanent and seasonal population. ,
— Retaining the forty-one foot (41') height limitation for residential,
commercial, and institutional structures located in the V zone (velocity
zone) and thirty-five feet (35') in all other areas of the town's planning
jurisdiction. ,
— Continuing beach nourishment to aid in protection of oceanfront
residential properties.
— Supporting actions to reduce traffic volume in residential areas.
— Construction of a second Oak Island Bridge to reduce traffic congestion i
in residential areas.
— Investigate alternatives which may be available to require larger lot sizes
for the construction of single-family residential development.
Commercial Development: Long Beach will enhance quality commercial development
by:
Encouraging community oriented business to cluster in the existing
commercial district on Oak Island Drive and limiting the strip development
configuration now in existence with office and institutional uses on both
ends.
— Locating recreation and tourist businesses generally in designated
sections of the beach area, discouraging strip development.
— Implementing effective thoroughfare planning to aid in controlling
increases in traffic congestion on East Oak Island Drive and facilitating
overall traffic flow within the commercial areas.
Appearance and Cleanliness: Long Beach will improve and enhance its visual quality
and attractiveness, both of which are directly related to liveability and economic viability
by:
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— Strengthening and enforcing the town ordinance relating to residential and
commercial property cleanup with provisions for the town to do the job at
the owner's expense, if not carried out after proper notification.
— Requiring developers and construction companies to clean up during
building activities and after jobs are complete.
— Instituting a major paint-up/clean-up campaign.
Public Safety and Security: Long Beach will provide the highest level of safety possible
1 in response to growth and development within financial constraints for humans and
property by:
— Expanding the police force as permanent and seasonal population growth
occurs in accordance with state and national public safety standards.
Emphasis will be placed on establishing adequate beach area patrols
during peak summer months.
— Supporting the Long Beach Rescue Squad and its mutual aid agreement
so that it can continue to provide services to meet the needs of the
growing population.
— Supporting the town's Volunteer Fire Department. The town has a mutual
aid agreement with Yaupon Beach, Caswell Beach, and other
communities and volunteer departments in the county.
1 Commitment to State and Federal Programs: Long Beach is receptive to state and
federal programs, particularly those which provide improvements to the town. The town
will continue to support fully such programs, especially the following: North Carolina
Department of Transportation road and bridge improvement programs, the CAMA
planning process and permitting programs, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
regulatory and permitting efforts, the North Carolina Shoreline Access Grant program,
dredging and channel maintenance by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, federal and
state projects which provide efficient and safe boat access for commercial and sport
fishing, beach nourishment projects, and the federal flood insurance program.
Assistance in Channel Maintenance: Long Beach will support efforts of the U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers and state officials to provide proper channel maintenance.
However, the town opposes the establishment of any dredge spoil sites within its
jurisdiction, with the exception of usable spoil material for beach nourishment.
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Town Administration: Long Beach will manage growth by:
Maximizing utilization of staff and professional service needs in planning,
engineering, and inspections so that quality of development can be
maintained and improved as growth increases in speed and quantity.
Seeking ways to acquire better and more spacious accommodations for
the town staff so that they can continue to supply high quality services
and maintain efficiency in government.
Maintaining and enforcing a comprehensive zoning ordinance which
addresses existing and anticipated growth and development pressures. ,
Transportation:
(a) Long Beach will meet the increasing need to move people and goods
from place to place conveniently, safely, quickly, and efficiently,
particularly during the summer months, when traffic congestion is highest
by:
Planning for the installation of curb, gutter, and sidewalks along
Oak Island Drive and Beach Drive, to control access to businesses,
to separate on -site parking from traffic, to facilitate smoother traffic
flow, and to improve the appearance of Long Beach.
Facilitating off-street parking areas in close proximity to commercial
establishment.
Modifying traffic circulation patterns to enhance flow by
incorporating one-way loop streets into the system.
Maintaining public beach access and parking.
Paving residential streets in accordance with annual planning and
priority programming.
Planning for modification of the grid system of streets in residential
sections for the purposes of curtailing thru traffic, discouraging high
speed driving, promoting safety for children, stemming tidal and
flooding washover, increasing neighborhood atmosphere, improving
property values, and decreasing street maintenance costs.
Mounting a concerted campaign with Caswell and Yaupon Beaches
to acquire a second bridge for Oak Island at Middleton Avenue.
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Developing a plan for bikeways/sidewalks in strategic locations.
Encouraging the expansion of the county -sponsored transportation
system for the elderly and handicapped.
Improving its ability to maintain streets in good condition.
In concert with Yaupon and Caswell Beaches, developing a
detailed comprehensive thoroughfare plan.
— Supporting the provision of off-street parking for day visitors and
permanent residents in both commercial and residential areas.
Supporting the widening of Oak Island Drive westward to Middleton
Avenue.
(b) Long Beach supports the objectives of the Brunswick County
Thoroughfare Plan, specifically:
(1) construction of an east -west connector between NC 133 in
the vicinity of the Brunswick County Airport and Southport;
(2) improvements to NC 87 between US 17 and the Dosher
cutoff (juncture of NC 133 and NC 211);
(3) replacement of the bridge over Big Davis Canal.
Tourism: Tourism is extremely important to Long Beach and will be supported by the
town. Long Beach will implement the following policies to further the development of
tourism:
' (a) Long Beach will support North Carolina Department of Transportation
projects to improve access to and within Brunswick County.
(b) Long Beach will support projects that will increase public access shoreline
areas.
(c) Long Beach will continue to support the activities of the North Carolina
Division of Travel and Tourism; specifically, the monitoring of tourism -
related industry, efforts to promote tourism -related commercial activity,
and efforts to enhance and provide shoreline resources.
(d) Long Beach will support the efforts of the Oak Island Chamber of
Commerce to publicize the recreational and tourist -related assets and
activities which exist in Long Beach.
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Land Use Trends: No major changes in land uses or trends will occur during the
planning period. Long Beach is expected to continue to be predominantly a high
density residential community. Commercial development should be limited to those
commercially zoned areas existing in 1993.
Intergovernmental Cooperation and Coordination: Long Beach will coordinate its
planning and decision making process with Yaupon and Caswell Beaches on all issues
which affect all three municipalities. As a minimum, this will include the following areas
of concern:
— Water and sewer utilities development.
- Evacuation planning.
— Thoroughfare planning.
— Police, fire, and rescue services.
D. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES
As the initial step in the preparation of this document, Long Beach prepared and
adopted a "Public Participation Plan." The plan outlined the methodology for citizen
involvement (see Appendix M. Public involvement was to be generated through public
information meetings, advertising in local newspapers, and advertised meetings by the
Town Council and Land Use Planning Committee to work on development of the plan.
A public information meeting was conducted at the outset of the project on January 19,
1993, at 7:30 p.m., in.the Long Beach Town Hall. Also, a description of the land use
plan preparation process and schedule was published in the State Port Pilot.
Subsequently, meetings of the Land Use Planning Committee were held on March 4,
1993; March 29, 1993; May 5, 1993; May 19, 1993; June 7, 1993; June 29, 1993; July
12, 1993; July 28, 1993; August 11, 1993; and September 9, 1993. All meetings of
the Land Use Planning Committee were open to the public and advertised in the State
Port Pilot. The Town Council conducted a public information meeting for review of and
comment on the plan on September 16, 1993. The meeting was advertised in the State
Port Pilot.
The preliminary plan was submitted to the Coastal Resources Commission for comment
on September 23, 1993. Following receipt of CRC comments, the plan was amended,
and a formal public hearing on the final document was conducted on March 15, 1994.
The public hearing was advertised in the State Port Pilot on February 9, 1994. The
plan was approved by the Town Council on March 16, 1994, and submitted to the
Coastal Resources Commission for certification. The plan was certified on March 25,
1994.
Citizen input will continue to be solicited, primarily through the Planning Board and
Town Council, with advertised and adequately publicized public meetings held to
discuss special land use issues and to keep citizens informed of the impacts of the
decisions which are made by the town.
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E. STORM HAZARD MITIGATION, POST -DISASTER RECOVERY, AND
EVACUATION POLICIES AND PLANS
1. Hazard Mitigation Policies
Recognizing the potential impact that a major hurricane could have on the town, Long
Beach will implement the following damage mitigation policies designed to reduce the
potential for hurricane related damage:
(a) Enforce adequate building codes.
(b) Develop adequate land use regulations: dunes protection, floodplain protection,
etc.
(c) Develop survey teams. Town staff should include engineering, public works,
county assessor, health inspector. When necessary, recruit members of the
private sector such as people from the fields of engineering, building trades,
property appraiser, insurance adjustors, Red Cross, Salvation Army, etc.
(d) Designate a Damage Assessment Coordinator.
(e) Develop a damage assessment training program.
(f) Develop an information program to warn citizens about possible damages.
(g) Establish a damage assessment reporting system (see appendix). Develop
agreement forms for use if non -governmental personnel complete any damage
assessments.
(h) Make a list of critical facilities (streets, roads and bridges, etc.) requiring priority
repairs if damaged.
(i) Estimate where washouts are likely to occur as the storm surge recedes across
the island. Consider what measures for repair may be required.
(j) Discuss with CAMA how emergency repairs will be made, since CAMA permits
may be too time consuming in a disaster situation.
(k) Obtain maps with information about the locations of power lines and telephone
lines.
While post -disaster planning is important, Long Beach recognizes that proper
preventive action is the best way to reduce flood and storm related damage. The town
has a detailed Flood Hazard Reduction Ordinance which was adopted in 1991. That
ordinance has the following general standards for all areas of special flood hazard:
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(a)
All new construction and substantial improvements shall be anchored to prevent
flotation, collapse, or lateral movement of the structure;
(b)
All new construction and substantial improvements shall be constructed with
materials and utility equipment resistant to flood damage.
(c)
All new construction or substantial improvements shall be constructed by
methods and practices that minimize flood damages;
(d)
Electrical, heating, ventilation, plumbing, air conditioning equipment, and other
service facilities shall be designed and/or located so as to prevent water from
entering or accumulating within the components during conditions of flooding;
(e)
All new and replacement water supply systems shall be designed to minimize or
eliminate infiltration of floodwaters into the system;
(f)
New and replacement sanitary sewage systems shall be designed to minimize
or eliminate infiltration of floodwaters into the systems and discharges from the
systems into floodwaters;
(g)
On -site waste disposal systems shall be located and constructed to avoid
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impairment to them or contamination from them during flooding;. and
(h)
Any alteration, repair, reconstruction, or improvements to a structure which is in
,
compliance with the provisions of this article, shall meet the requirements of
"new construction" as contained in this article.
(i)
Nonconforming buildings or uses may not be enlarged, replaced, or rebuilt
unless such enlargement or reconstruction is accomplished in conformance with
the provisions of this article. Provided, however, nothing in this article shall
,
prevent the repair, reconstruction, or replacement of a building or structure
existing on the effective date of this article and located totally or partially within
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the floodway zone, provided that the bulk of the building or structure below base
flood elevation in the floodway zone is not increased, and provided that such
repair, reconstruction, or replacement meets all of the other requirements of this
article;
Q) All structures built in a floodprone area must be built a minimum of one (1) foot
above base flood elevation, including mobile homes in the floodprone area.
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2. Storm Mitigation, Evacuation, and Post -Disaster Recovery Plans
Long Beach is acutely aware of the hazards associated with coastal storms. The
destructive forces of serious storms are particularly acute for communities which are
located on barrier islands. Since the incorporation of the town, there has been no
major hurricane in the area comparable to the Class 5 Hazel and Donna hurricanes
which unleashed their destructive forces on the North Carolina coast in the fifties and
early sixties. Very few of the current town residents have experienced storms of this
magnitude and may be unaware of the extent of destruction associated with such
storms. However, substantial damage resulted from Hurricane Diana, a Category 2
storm, in 1985, and the winter storm of 1993. While Hurricane Hugo, a Category 5
storm, struck the South Carolina coast in Charleston in 1989, significant damage still
occurred at Long Beach.
This section of the land use plan provides management policies for major storms so
that they may be better prepared for a major hurricane which may eventually impact
Long Beach. In 1991, the town adopted a Civil Preparedness Program which
established the procedures designed to reduce the risks associated with future
hurricanes. This post -disaster recovery plan is intended to be consistent with the
town's Civil Preparedness Program.
a. Storm Hazard Mitigation
Hurricanes bring with them forces which cause damage and potential loss of life
through high winds, flooding, wave action, and erosion. Storm hazard mitigation
policies and procedures, properly conceived and implemented, can be critical in the
reduction of the dangers and potential impact on Long Beach and its citizens.
Mitigation is not only important to minimizing loss of property and life, but also for
avoiding potential damages in the long run which might result from improper land
planning and land management practices.
i. Hazard Mapping
The vulnerability of Long Beach to the effects of high winds, flooding and storm
surge, wave action and erosion can be summarized best by identifying the land
areas within the town which are naturally most susceptible to these forces. The
Federal Insurance Administration's Flood Hazard Boundary Map and the Long
Beach Land Use Plan identify these areas which include flood hazard zones and
Areas of Environmental Concern. These potential hazard areas are delineated
on the hazard map and can be more specifically defined by reviewing the Flood
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) maps and the Long Beach storm
surge map (see Maps 6 and 7). Table 24 summarizes the hazards which can
be expected to be associated with the four general zones found within the town.
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Table 24:
Hurricane Forces Associated with Town Environments
High
Wave
Winds
Floodino
Action Erosion
Ocean Hazard, AEC
x
x
x x
Estuarine Shoreline AEC
x
x
x x
V-Zone Flood
x
x
x x
A -Zone Flood
x
x
Outside Identified
x
Hazard Areas
The areas listed above with, their associated hazards effect will require land use
policies which control the type and distribution of land uses designed to minimize
the potential damage from future hurricanes. At this time, Long Beach has
implemented provisions in its local zoning and subdivision ordinances, and the
flood hazard reduction ordinance, which are consistent with a policy of
minimizing hurricane damage by controlling land use and assigning restrictive
development standards to these high -risks environments.
ii. Ocean Hazard AEC
The ocean hazard areas consist of ocean erodible areas, high hazard flood
areas, inlet hazard areas, and unvegetated beach areas. Ocean hazard
landforms include ocean dunes, beaches, and shorelines. Ocean dunes include
both primary dunes and frontal dunes. Primary dunes are the first mounds of
sand located landward of the ocean beaches having an elevation equal to the
mean flood level (in a storm having a one percent chance of being equaled or
exceeded in any given year) for the areas plus six feet. The primary dune
extends landward -to the lowest elevation in the depression behind that same
mound of sand. The frontal dune is deemed to be the first mound of sand
located landward of the ocean beach having sufficient vegetation, height,
continuity and configuration to offer protective value. The dunes are essential
to the protection of oceanfront areas. The town recognizes the inherent danger
in the oceanfront area and supports the 15A NCAC 7H.0308-.0309 use
standards for ocean hazard areas.
iii. Estuarine Shoreline AEC
This hazard area extends only 75 feet landward of the mean high water line as
defined by the Division of Coastal Management. However, the entire estuarine
shoreline environment is subject to an extended hazard zone depending on
low-lying topography which is subject to varying degrees of flooding and wave
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action. The flood prone areas are delineated on the hazard maps. The town's
zoning and subdivision ordinances and flood hazard reduction ordinance are
consistent with development standards required for this area by DCM and the
Federal Emergency Management Agency. However, a 25-foot building setback
from the shoreline is required.
iv. Non -AEC Areas
All areas within the town are subject to some destructive aspect of hurricane
damage through high winds, flooding, wave action or erosion. If even a limited
portion or percentage of Long Beach were impacted from the effects of a major
hurricane, the potential for damages in dollars can be significant.
Implementation of mitigation of hurricane damage through proper land
development policies and conformance with state building codes can be
expected to result in a significant reduction in the extent and cost of loss of
property and lives in Long Beach when a major hurricane strikes:
b. Hurricane Planning and Evacuation
Long Beach has an active civil preparedness program in operation, which
includes specific procedures to be followed during pre -hurricane conditions. This
section outlines these procedures as stated in the program.
The following pre -disaster or hurricane preparation activities will be implemented.
These actions or action plans are either ongoing or to be permanently put in place by
the department head responsible. The Town Manager will periodically confirm
preparation has been undertaken.
(a) Both Emergency Operations Center (EOC) back-up generators must be
checked periodically to prevent operational problems. Public Works (PW)
Please refer to page IV-25 for an explanation of the EOC.
(b) Routinely check hand radios and chargers. Police Department Rescue
(PD), Fire Department (FD)
(c) Major routes are to be designated that will be cleared first in the event of
widespread debris. (PW)
(d) Several locations for use as temporary debris disposal areas are to be
identified. (PW)
(e) Provide public information/education to help the citizens become more
aware of what to do during a disaster. Town Manager (TM)
(f) Know procedures for declaring a state of emergency. (TM and Mayor)
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(g) Public works will make detailed plans for (on -island) basic vehicle
maintenance equipment and be prepared to make minor repairs to town
vehicles. (PW)
(h) The Town Manager will make plans for emergency communications
maintenance. (TM) ,
(i) The Long Beach Volunteer Rescue Squad will have contingency plans for
evacuation assistance for disabled needing transportation to shelter,
nursing home or hospital. (EMS)
(j) Every department head will have in place plans for immediate removal of
key operational files and records should island evacuations be ordered.
(All department's) Plans must be approved by the Town Manager each
year. (TM)
(k) The Town Manager will, with assistance of the Police Department, plan
and publicize evacuation routes. (TM)
(1) The Mayor will identify and make known which elected officials have the '
authority to order evacuations, should the Mayor be unavailable. Mayor
(M)
(m) Every department will design chain of command (organizational chart) and
line of succession. Department Heads (DH)
(n) The Mayor will insure that the town has an emergency operation center
chief at all times. (M)
(o) The EOC will determine the lead agencies and departments during a
disaster. (EOC)
(p) The town will make a video record of all beachfront properties (from the
beach) and all 2nd row properties (from E & W Beach Drives) once every
year. Inspections (1)
(q) In advance of a disaster, the Town Manager will insure that all employees
are aware of appropriate actions which should be taken, when initially
responding to an emergency situation to effectively protect citizens. (TM)
(r) The Town Manager will promote volunteer or nonprofit assistance in
emergency planning. (TM)
(s) The Town Manager will test and train to keep employees prepared for
emergencies by conducting field exercise, drills, maneuvers, etc. (TM)
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(t) The Mayor and Town Manager will develop a list of possible evacuation
shelter sites to be used for the public, for town "last to leave" employees,
town equipment, and for other support personnel. The public is to be
informed of evacuation sites, routes and methods of alert as early as
possible each year and again at the start of the hurricane season. (TM,
M)
The Long Beach Civil Preparedness Program provides for the establishment of
an EOC. The ultimate responsibility for providing decisions and response in time of
emergency rests with local government. The center for this responsibility for control
rests with the Mayor and Town Council of Long Beach. The Town Manager will
determine the need to establish an Emergency Operation Center after evaluating the
level of emergency either current or imminent. He shall ensure essential staff from
Public Works, Fire and Police, and other support staff designated by the Mayor are
trained and present during EOC activation.
The Long Beach EOC will work in cooperation with the Brunswick County
Emergency Operations Center (county EOC). If Long Beach EOC is ordered to be
evacuated during an extreme emergency, the county EOC will become the center for
local government control.
The Mayor will assign an interim government representative to the county EOC
to serve there at the time Long Beach EOC is activated. During local EOC operation,
the representative will serve as Long Beach link to the media. At the time our local
EOC is abandoned and prior to the Mayor and other local government officials arrival
at the county EOC, the representative will be the principal line to all other entities.
If the EOC is activated, the following response duties will be assigned:
ELECTED OFFICIALS
-- Respond to the town EOC if it is activated.
-- Keep informed about situation.
— Provide information to citizens (Mayor's direction).
— Make emergency policy decisions concerning disaster operations.
-- Request state and federal aid (direction to Town Manager).
— Establish necessary contacts with surrounding jurisdictions.
-- Review state of emergency status.
-- Establish curfews, order evacuation (Mayor's executive order) after
receipt of county order to evacuate.
TOWN MANAGER
— Evaluate incident and determine if the EOC should be activated,
and if so, notify Mayor and Town Council.
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Direct town department heads.
Serve as liaison between elected officials and operating
departments.
— Coordinate response and information with other town managers
and county manager (Mayor's direction).
Control rumors by keeping public informed.
-- Ensure that emergency operations comply with local ordinances
and North Carolina General Statutes and federal regulations.
-- When necessary, recommend to elected officials that they declare
a state of emergency.
-- If disaster extends beyond city's boundaries, solicit a representative
from the county to assist with response action.
Procure resources quickly.
ATTORNEY
Ensure proper legal procedures are followed.
— Provide legal guidance.
The EOC will be organized, function and provide evacuation assistance as
follows:
FOUTC7.1KD7.1V96-711
(a) The Emergency Operation Center will be at the Town of Long Beach main
building. It is where the Mayor, Town Council, Town Manager, and other
key personnel will collect and assess information and respond
accordingly.
(b) The Town Manager will establish and command the EOC until the arrival
of the Mayor or Mayor Pro Tem.
(c) The Mayor is responsible for the direction of all EOC operations. The
Mayor, Town Council members, Town Manager, and other key support
personnel will respond to the EOC at the onset of any Level III
emergency.
(d) The alternative EOC location will be at the Recreation Center. It will exist
there only at the Mayor's directions after having assessed town building
safety and operational capability. ,
(e) Emergency power at both locations is provided with on -site generators. ,
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(f) Communications capabilities:
1. Primary (telephone, radio, 911 link, etc.) as exists on -site.
2. Secondary (cellular telephone, communications van, ham radio, etc.)
(g) Life support (meals, cots, etc.) will be provided at EOC as necessary with
the Mayor's direction.
' (g) Maps, files and disaster plans will be made readily available by the Town
Manager in his office.
1 (h) Necessary items, batteries, TV, clipboards, flip chart or erasable display
board, flashlights, paper, pens, tape recorder, toiletries, typewriter, etc.,
will be available for EOC personnel at all times.
' FUNCTIONAL ROLES
(a) Establish communications with primary department head (see commander
and county EOC if required).
(b) Determine scope/size and maintain a detailed status of the emergency.
1. Understand and establish perimeters of the immediate disaster
area.
2. Estimate the percentage of the town affected.
3. Establish routes of entrances and exist to and from the scene.
4. Activate emergency back-up radio communication program.
(c) Determine if additional imminent danger exists (downed power lines, gas
leaks, etc.)
(d) Determine emergency areas to be blocked off and establish perimeter
control (barricades, yellow taping, ditching, etc.) by using PD, PW, FD.
(e) Assess damage:
1. Injuries
2. Deaths
3. Property damage
4. Blocked roadways and bridges
5. Number of people without power or area affected
(f) Determine what critical facilities have been affected.
1. Communications (radio, 911, telephone)
2. Fire/police/rescue stations
3. Water facilities
4. EOC
5. Other
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(g) Determine if a state of emergency should be requested.
(h) Evaluate what resources have already been committed and what
municipal resources are still available.
(i) Determine what additional resources are currently required and project
future need from other municipalities, county or state (specify exact
quantities if possible).
Q) The Town Manager or, if appropriate, the Scene Commander, will be
responsible for collecting and distributing information to the EOC.
(k) Mobilize the Finance Officer, who will document all financial data.
(1) Feed and relieve crews as needed.
(m) Order Public Works to clear debris blocking access to major sites/ routes
in accordance with established plans.
(n) Outside support assistance will be secured and coordinated by the Town
Manager. He may delegate responsibility to the Public Works Director.
(o) The local jurisdiction will direct emergency operations. Any help from
outside organizations or individuals will be directed and coordinated by
the Town Manager.
EVACUATION ASSISTANCE
(a) At the direction of the Mayor, the PD will coordinate all aspects of
evacuation notification and control. (PD)
(b) The Rescue Squad will monitor effects on disaster on high -risk
populations. (EMS)
(c) The Town Manager will monitor emotional effects of disaster, and arrange
for counseling services if required.
(d) The Mayor will decide whether liquor stores should be temporarily closed.
(e) The EOC will be a joint public information center, coordinated with the
county, where citizens can get information about the disaster, relief,
victims, and other essential information with the Mayor's concurrence.
(f) Only the Mayor or Mayor Pro Tern will channel information to the media. '
IV-28
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(g) The Public Works Director will organize and coordinate all volunteers
except Fire Department and Rescue Squad.
(h) The Town Manager will act as a family liaison officer and attempt to let
employees know how their families are, should they become separated.
Once a hurricane is forecast, the following hurricane preparation and alert
responsibilities will be implemented:
HURRICANE PREPARATION PLAN
(a) Hurricanes are considered to be Level III emergencies. Level III
emergencies are defined as follows:
Level III is a major emergency. Examples are hurricanes,
tornadoes and earthquakes. It is likely to be considered a
catastrophic event or to pose a risk of being so. In most instances,
it will (or may) affect large areas, if not all of the town, and will
require extensive planning for mitigation and considerable
manpower and equipment for response action. The EOC will be
activated by the Town Manager. Early activation is desired if time
permits."
(b) All preparation activities and general emergency responsibilities previously
described apply to this plan;
(c) The Town of Long Beach will operate on a system of the alert stages
WATCH, WARNING & RED for hurricanes and, if possible, for tornadoes.
(d) Weather fronts capable of spawning tornadoes or tornado touchdown
reports may be developing so rapidly that alert stages green and yellow
are impossible to call. Catastrophic conditions may occur within minutes.
' Hurricane Alert Stages:
WATCH - Information is received that a hurricane has formed
and is moving toward our area and landfall could
occur within the next 24 to 36 hours.
' WARNING- Information is received that a hurricane has formed
and is moving toward our area and landfall could
occur within the next 12-24 hours.
' IV-29

RED - Information is received that a hurricane has formed
and is moving toward our area and landfall could
occur within the next 12 hours. Used also for tornado
alert or touchdown reports.
(e) All town employees are expected to have a general understanding of their
emergency service roles during the various types, levels and stages of
disasters, especially hurricanes.
(f) The Town Manager will make sure that all department heads have a
detailed operational plan in place for the three stages of hurricane alert
defined in this plan.
1. Each department head will identify those files and documents to be
evacuated should a Category 4 or 5 hurricane be predicted.
2. Each department will have a detailed plan for evacuation, retention
and return of the files and documents identified. Plan shall be
reviewed and approved by the Town Manager each year.
(g) The Mayor, with the assistance of the Town Manager, will have previously
identified the evacuation shelters to be used for the general public.
(h) The Mayor will identify shelters to be used for town personnel evacuated
at 'last possible opportunity."
(i) The Town Manager will develop a "standing use" plan for dispersal of
personnel and equipment in the event of a warning of weather system
capable of spawning tornadoes.
WATCH ALERT STAGE - Department Responsibilities
(A hurricane is moving toward our area and landfall could occur within the next
24 to 36 hours.)
TOWN MANAGER
— May choose to begin activation of EOC.
— Notify all department heads to place WATCH alert plans into action.
— Collect operational equipment inventory and provide status to County
EMS.
— Remain alert to changing conditions by using all available means of
weather information.
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POLICE DEPARTMENT
— Notify all department members that the Town is on a WATCH ALERT.
-- Ready all equipment and give inventory to Town Manager.
-- Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
necessary.
Fuel all vehicles; check all fluid levels.
-- Designate a law enforcement coordinator to serve at EOC if activated.
— Review evacuation plans for the public, the department, and for
equipment.
PUBLIC WORKS
-- Ready all equipment, give inventory to Town Manager.
— Stage on -island motor vehicle repair capability.
Fuel all vehicles and equipment, and check all fluid levels.
-- Test run generators at town building, the Recreation Center, and`all
trailer -mounted generators.
Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
necessary.
— Identify Public Works Coordinator to serve at EOC if activated.
Identify construction activities (roads, buildings, bridges, etc.) that may
increase hazards.
-- Identify support contractors' operating equipment.
-- Review plans for equipment and personnel evacuation.
-- Identify to Town Manager any service exposure or shortfalls in
equipment.
— Prepare off -island facility for receipt of equipment if evacuation is
ordered.
FIRE DEPARTMENT
-- Bring Command Center vehicle 179 to on-line status and test
communications link.
Fuel all vehicles and equipment, and check all fluid levels.
-- Review plans for equipment and fire personnel evacuation.
Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
necessary.
— Designate fire department coordinator to serve at EOC.
— Test all vehicles and equipment.
Inventory operational equipment and report status to Town Manager.
IV-31

RESCUE SQUAD
-- Fuel all vehicles and equipment, and check all fluid levels.
Test all vehicles and equipment.
-- Prepare assignments for necessary medical patient evacuation.
-- Review plans for rescue personnel evacuation.
— Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
necessary.
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT (INSPECTIONS)
Alert Damage Assessment Team members.
Review staging areas for post -disaster effort.
-- Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
necessary.
Video the beachfront.
TAX DEPARTMENT
Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
necessary.
FINANCE
Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
necessary.
WATER
-- Identify key files and documents to be removed if evacuation becomes
necessary.
-- Review emergency shut -down plans.
RECREATION
-- Cancel all scheduled activities.
-- Secure all outside loose recreation equipment.
-- Prepare Recreation Center for alternate EOC operation.
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WARNING ALERT - Department Responsibilities
(A hurricane is moving toward our area and landfall could occur within the next
12-24 hours.)
TOWN MANAGER
Notify all department heads to place WARNING alert plans into action.
-- Review action taken by all departments during WATCH ALERT.
Remain alert to changing conditions.
-- Direct all department heads to pack files and documents and ready for
evacuation (Category 3, 4 or 5 predicted).
-- Review evacuation warning plans with Police Department.
-- Review town status and plans with other communities and county
EOC.
-- Move backup EOC (if activated) to the County EMS building or
activate if required at the County EMS building.
-- Give brief preparedness status to Mayor and Town Council.
Coordinate planned evacuation routes with county EMC.
Activate back-up communication team.
POLICE DEPARTMENT
— Notify all department members that the town is on WARNING ALERT
and they are restricted to the island and required to notify the Long
Beach Communications Center if they will be away from their
residence.
-- Review all actions taken during WATCH ALERT.
Review preparation status with other Oak Island police departments.
Prepare to implement evacuation plan.
-- Remove all equipment not required to respond to a RED ALERT to a
safe location and report inventory to Town Manager.
Pack key files and documents when directed by Town Manager.
-- Staff EOC if activated.
— Report readiness status to Town Manager.
PUBLIC WORKS
Notify all department members that the town is on WARNING ALERT.
-- Move all equipment destined for off -island location, or to on -island
distribution point, to that location.
Pack files and documents when directed by Town Manager.
Staff EOC if activated.
-- Assemble portable generators at Station #1. Hold trailer generator at
off -island garage.
IV 33
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-- Provide 12V car/truck battery and battery charger at main EOC and
also at Recreation Center (HAM radio back-up comm.)
-- Assemble roadblock and barrier materials.
Place equipment in operational readiness.
-- Report status of preparation to Town Manager.
-- Start fill of water towers and maintain at full capacity.
FIRE DEPARTMENT
-- Notify all department members that the town is on WARNING ALERT.
-- Staff EOC if activated.
-- Inform Yaupon Beach Fire Department of status of preparation plans
and review plan for RED ALERT.
-- Remove designated equipment to pre -selected location (on island) to
ensure limited response capability in "WORST CASE" scenario (bridge
out).
-- Place all equipment in operational readiness.
-- Pack files and documents when directed by Town Manager.
Report status if preparation to Town Manager.
RESCUE SQUAD
Notify all department members that the town is on WARNING ALERT.
-- Place all equipment in operational readiness.
Evacuate all medical high -risk patients requiring evacuation
assistance.
-- Remove designated equipment to pre -selected location (on island) tc
ensure limited response capability in "WORST CASE" scenario (bridge
out).
-- Pack files and documents when directed by Town Manager.
-- Report status of preparation to Town Manager.
TAX DEPARTMENT, FINANCE DEPARTMENT, INSPECTIONS DEPART-
MENT (DA), WATER DEPARTMENT, RECREATION DEPARTMENT
Notify all department members that the town is on WARNING ALERT.
Pack key files and documents when directed by Town Manager.
-- Prepare equipment for 'POWER DOWN' (all data processing,
terminals, copiers). Run current history tapes and pack with key
documents.
Report status of preparation to Town Manager.
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RED ALERT STAGE - Department Responsibilities
EOC
-- See EOC organization and function.
-- The Mayor will order evacuation only with authorization of the county
Emergency Management Coordinator (EMC) at the county EOC.
-- Move town representative to county EOC.
TOWN MANAGER
-- Notify all department heads the town is on RED ALERT.
-- Activate the EOC and provide early status.
-- Implement plan for dispersal during tornado.
-- At the Mayor's direction, order all departments to activate evacuation
program plan.
-- Remain alert to remaining weather conditions.
POLICE DEPARTMENT
-- Review all actions taken in WARNING ALERT.
-- Notify all department members to report to the Police Department and
that the town is on RED ALERT.
-- At the Town Manager's or Mayor's direction, coordinate all the town's
evacuation program plans regarding public notification, traffic control,
etc.
-- Periodically report evacuation status (%) to EOC and Town Manager.
If evacuation is ordered, place files and documents in vehicle ready for
transport off island and report status and destination to Town
Manager.
-- The Chief of Police shall have in place a plan for public evacuation
notice for the entire town. Loudspeaker coverage shall be made a
minimum of twice in four hours. "Door to door" method is not possible.
The public address announcement shall be identical for all vehicles
participating. Evacuation announcement will include this warning: "If
you choose to ignore this warning, you are placing yourself in great
danger. Emergency help will not be available for some time."
-- 911 POWER DOWN procedures and protection of equipment is to be
defined in department evacuation plan.
PUBLIC WORKS
-- Notify all department members the town is on RED ALERT.
Place RED ALERT department plans into action.
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-- Support Police Department in evacuation effort as required.
Evacuation will start only at Mayor's or Town Manager's order.
— Restart all emergency generators to verify functional operation.
— If evacuation is ordered, place key files and documents in vehicle
ready for transport off island and report status and destination to Town
Manager.
— Periodically report preparation status to EOC and/or Town Manager.
— Equipment, furniture, files, etc., are to be covered with plastic or tarps
if evacuation is ordered.
-- On evacuation order, shut down water to beach area and shut down
both water towers.
-- Report final status of personnel and equipment to Town Manager at
time of department evacuation.
FIRE DEPARTMENT
-- Notify all department members the town is on RED ALERT.
Place RED ALERT department plans into action.
Verify all equipment to be functionally ready.
-- Support Police Department in evacuation effort as required.
Evacuation will start only at Mayor's or Town Manager's order.
— Place key files and documents in designated vehicle ready for
transport off island and report status and destination to Town
Manager.
— Periodically report preparation status to EOC and/or Town Manager.
Report final status of personnel and equipment to Town Manager at
time of department evacuation.
RESCUE
— Notify all department members the town is on RED ALERT.
Place RED ALERT department plans into action.
-- Verify all equipment to be functionally ready.
Support Police Department in evacuation effort as required.
Evacuation will start only at Mayor's or Town Manager's order.
— Place key files and documents in designated vehicle ready for
transport off island and report status and destination to Town
Manager.
-- Periodically report preparation status to EOC and/or Town Manager.
-- Report final status of personnel and equipment to Town Manager at
time of department evacuation.
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INSPECTIONS, TAX DEPARTMENT, FINANCE,
WATER, RECREATION DEPARTMENTS
— Notify all department members the town is on RED ALERT.
-- Place RED ALERT department plans into action.
-- Verify all equipment to be functionally ready.
— Place key files and documents in designated vehicle ready for
transport off island and report status and destination to Town
Manager.
-- Periodically report preparation status to EOC and/or Town Manager.
-- "Power Down" all equipment when directed to do so.
— Equipment, furniture, files, etc., are to be covered with plastic or tarps
if evacuation is ordered.
— Report final status of personnel and equipment to Town Manager at
time offices are evacuated.
C. Post -Disaster Recovery Plan
A post -disaster plan provides a program that will permit a local government to
deal with the aftermaths of a storm in an organized and efficient manner. The plan
provides the mechanisms, procedures, and policies that will enable a local community
to learn from its storm experiences and to rebuild the community in a wise and practical
manner.
A post -disaster reconstruction plan encompasses three distinct reconstruction
periods:
(i) The emergency period is the reconstruction phase immediately after a
storm. The emphasis is on restoring public health and safety, assessing
the nature and extent of storm damage, and qualifying for and obtaining
whatever federal and state assistance might be available.
(ii) The restoration period covers the weeks and months following a storm
disaster. The emphasis during this period is on restoring community
facilities, utilities, essential businesses, etc., so that the community can
once again function in a normal manner.
(iii) The replacement reconstruction period is the period during which the
community is rebuilt. The period could last from months to years
depending on the nature and extent of the damaged incurred.
It is important that local officials clearly understand the joint federal -state -local
procedures for providing assistance to rebuild after a storm so that local damage
assessment and reconstruction efforts are carried out in an efficient manner that
qualifies the community for the different types of assistance that are available. The
IV-37
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requirements are generally delineated in the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288) ,
which authorizes a wide range of financial and direct assistance to both local
communities and individuals. The sequence of procedures to be followed after a major '
storm event is as follows:
(i) Local damage assessment teams survey storm damage within the ,
community and report this damage to the County Emergency Services
Coordinator.
(ii) Damage information is compiled and summarized by Brunswick County, '
and the nature and extent of damage is reported to the North Carolina
Division of Emergency Management. ,
(iii) DEM compiles local data and makes recommendations to the Governor '
concerning state action.
(iv) The Governor may request a Presidential declaration of "emergency" or '
"major disaster." A Presidential declaration makes a variety of federal
resources available to local communities and individuals.
(v) Federal Relief assistance provided to a community after an "emergency"
has been declared typically ends one month after the initial Presidential
declaration. Where a "major disaster" has been declared, federal
assistance for "emergency" work typically ends six months after the
declaration and federal assistance for "permanent" work ends after 18
months.
3. Organization of Local Damage Assessment Team
Damage assessment teams will be activated by the EOC by direction to the Damage
Assessment Coordinator.
Damage assessment focuses on the town's responsibility to determine the impact of
Level III emergency (hurricane, tornado), and then to rank needs in order of importance
to return the community to a livable condition. It also functions as a means to support
damage claims and to seek federal assistance. Extensive damage assessment is a
necessary part of most state and federal recovery programs. Damage assessment will
require staff from the Long Beach Engineering/Public Works office, Building Inspection,
County Tax Office, County Health Department, and if possible, the Governor's Office.
Personnel from operating departments will remain under the control of their own
departments but will function under the immediate direction of the Damage Assessment
Coordinator in disaster conditions. The Damage Assessment Coordinator will be
appointed by the Town Manager. Provisions should be made for a line of succession
so that damage assessment can continue should some personnel not be readily
available. Agreements and understandings should be developed in writing between
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Long Beach and private organizations to assure that damage assessment takes place.
Assignments should be made well in advance because in the event of a hurricane,
confusion about specific assignments could have serious consequences. Insurance
agents and realtors may be called in from the private sector if the workload exceeds
available staff.
The following damage assessment preparation activities will be undertaken annually:
a. Train personnel in damage assessment techniques.
b. Maintain pre -disaster maps, photos, surveys and other documents for
damage assessment purposes.
C. Photo inventory structures in hazardous areas.
d. List critical facilities requiring priority repairs if damaged.
e. Conduct a damage assessment exercise.
f. Determine available assistance and alert people that they may be asked
to assist.
g. Maintain accurate listings of all property owners.
4. Damage Assessment Procedures and Requirements
Damage assessment is defined as rapid means of determining a realistic estimate of
the amount of damage caused by a natural or man-made disaster. For a storm
disaster, it is expressed in terms of 1) number of structures damaged; 2) magnitude of
damage by structure type; 3) estimated total dollar loss; and 4) estimated total dollar
loss covered by insurance.
After a major storm event, members of the Damage Assessment Team should report
to the EOC for a briefing prior to deployment. The extent of damage will depend on the
magnitude of the storm and where landfall occurs along the Atlantic coast. Because
of the potentially large job at hand, the limited personnel resources available to conduct
the assessments, and the limited time within which the initial assessment must be
made, the first phase of the assessment should consist of only an external visual
survey of damaged structures. A more detailed second phase assessment can be
made after the initial damage reports are filed.
The initial damage assessment should make an estimate of the extent of damage
incurred by each structure and identify the cause (wind, flooding, wave action,
combination, etc.) of the damage to each structure.
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Damaged structures should be classified in accordance with the suggested state ,
guidelines as follows:
a. Destroyed (repairs would cost more than 50 percent of value).
b. Major (repairs would cost more than 30 percent of the value).
C. Minor (repairs would cost less than 30 percent of the value, but the
structure is currently uninhabitable).
d. Habitable (some minor damage, with repairs less than 15 percent of the
value).
It will be necessary to thoroughly document each assessment. In many cases, mail
boxes and other information typically used to identify specific structures will not be
found. Consequently, the Damage Assessment Team must be provided with tax maps,
other maps, and photographic equipment in order to record and document its field
observations. Enough information to complete the Damage Assessment Worksheet
must be obtained on each damaged structure.
The second phase of the Damage Assessment Operation will be to estimate the value
of the damages sustained. This operation should be carried out in the EOC under the
direction and supervision of the Damage Assessment Coordinator. The Long Beach
Civil Preparedness Program appoints specific damage assessment teams.
In order to estimate total damage values, it will be necessary to have the following
information available for use at the EOC:
a. A set of property tax maps identical to those utilized by the damage
assessment field team.
b. Copies of all town property tax records. This information should indicate
the estimated value of all commercial and residential structures within the
town. Because time will be of the essence, it is recommended that the
town immediately commence a project listing the property values of
existing structures in Brunswick County on the appropriate lots of the
property tax maps that will be kept at the EOC. While somewhat of a
tedious job, it should be manageable if it is initiated now and completed
over a 2 to 3 month period. The information will prove invaluable if a
storm disaster does occur. This set of tax maps should be updated
annually prior to the hurricane season.
The town should update property tax information annually before the hurricane season.
This information should then be kept available in the EOC for estimating the value of
sustained damages covered by hazard insurance.
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In order to produce the damage value information required, the following methodology
is recommended:
a. The number of businesses and residential structures that have been
damaged within the town should be summarized by damage classification
category.
b. The value of each damaged structure should be obtained from the marked
set of town tax maps and multiplied by the following percentages for
appropriate damage classification category:
° Destroyed - 100%
° Major Damage - 50%
° Minor Damage (uninhabitable) - 25%
° Habitable - 10%
C. The total value of damages for the town should then be summarized and
reported, as required, to the County EOC.
d. The estimated value loss covered by hazard insurance should then be
determined by: 1) estimating full coverage for all damaged structures for
situations where the average value of such coverage exceeds the amount
of damage to the structure; and 2) multiplying the number of structures
where damage exceeds the average value of insurance coverage by the
average value of such coverage.
The Damage Assessment Plan is intended to be the mechanism for estimating overall
property damage in the event of a civil disaster. The procedure recommended above
represents an approach for making a relatively quick, realistic 'order of magnitude"
damage estimate after a disaster.
5. Organization of Recovery Operation
Damage assessment operations are oriented to take place during the emergency
period. After the emergency operations to restore public health and safety and the
initial damage assessments are completed, the state guidelines suggest that a
Recovery Task Force to guide restoration and reconstruction activities be created. In
Long Beach, the Mayor, Town Council, and Town Manager will assume the
responsibilities of such Task Force. This Task Force direct day-to-day operations. The
following must be accomplished:
a. Establishing re-entry procedures.
b. Establishing an overall restoration schedule.
C. Setting restoration priorities.
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d. Determining requirements for outside assistance and requesting such
assistance when beyond local capabilities.
e. Keeping the appropriate county and state officials informed using Situation
and Damage Report.
f. Keeping the public informed.
g. Assembling and maintaining records of actions taken and expenditures
and obligations incurred.
h. Proclaiming a local "state of emergency" if warranted.
i. Commencing cleanup, debris removal and utility restoration activities
which would include coordination of restoration activities undertaken by
private utility companies.
j. Undertaking repair and restoration of essential public facilities and
services in accordance with priorities developed through the situation
evaluations.
k. Assisting private businesses and individual property owners in obtaining
information on the various types of assistance that might be available to
them from federal and state agencies.
In Before the Storm: Managing Development to Reduce Hurricane Damages (McElyea,
Brower & Godschalk, 1982), a sequence and schedule for undertaking local
reconstruction and restoration activities is presented. The schedule was deliberately
left vague because specific reconstruction needs will not be known until after a storm
hits and the magnitude of the damage can be assessed. The following sequence of
activities and schedule is submitted as a guide which should be considered by the
Recovery Task Force and Damage Assessment Teams, and revised as necessary after
the damage assessment activities are completed.
Activity
1)
Complete initial damage assessment.
2)
Complete second phase damage
assessment
3)
Prepare summary of reconstruction
priorities.
4) Decision with regard to imposition of
temporary development moratorium.
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Time Frame
Immediately after storm passes.
Completed by second week after the
storm.
Completed one week after second
phase damage assessment is
completed.
One week after second phase damage
assessment is completed.

Activity
Time Frame
5) Set reconstruction priorities and prepare Completed one week after summary of
master reconstruction schedule. reconstruction needs is completed.
6) Begin repairs to critical utilities and
facilities.
7) Permitting of reconstruction activities for
all structures receiving minor damage
not included in development moratorium
areas.
S) Permitting of reconstruction activities for
all structures receiving major damage
not included in development moratorium
areas.
As soon as possible after disaster.
One week after second phase damage
assessment is completed.
Two weeks after second phase damage
assessment is completed.
9) Initiate assessment of existing mitigation Two weeks after second phase damage
policies. assessment is completed.
TOWN MANAGER
— Set up offices in town to use as a base for federal assistance program
applications.
— Find accommodations for insurance adjustors.
— Summarize damage assessment reports.
— Monitor restoration activities.
— Advise on establishing priorities for emergency repairs.
-- Prepare documents for submission to state and federal government..
INSPECTIONS
-- Use damage information to revise property records and tax records.
Review building codes and land use regulations for possible
improvements.
PUBLIC WORKS
— Assess damage to roadways and bridges.
— Clean up and remove debris.
— Restore bridges and major roads.
— Barricade necessary areas.
— Help deploy heavy equipment.
-- Contract for electrical, mechanical, plumbing, or other services at direction
of Town Manager.
- Demolish or condemn unsafe structures.
Open roadways for emergency service units.
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-- Evaluate fuel characteristics at town tanks.
-- Drain flooded areas if possible.
-- Maintain vehicles and equipment.
— Provide emergency lighting.
-- Assess damage to water, electrical, and gas (fuel) systems.
-- Monitor water pressure.
-- Arrange for emergency water supply and/or rationing.
— Provide emergency potable water and announce points of distribution.
— Get help from utilities in neighboring towns.
— Coordinate restoration of public utilities in the disaster area.
POLICE
-- Mobilize key personnel.
-- Secure key installations.
-- Dispatch police and other departments.
— Locate perimeters of disaster scene.
-- Identify entrance and exit routes at scene.
— Provide traffic control.
-- Assist in managing disaster scene.
Deploy department resources as required.
-- Assist spokesperson in informing the public.
Provide communications center for town.
-- Alert personnel of possible emergency duty (stand-by).
-- Protect property during crisis relocation.
-- Control access to risk area.
-- Provide transportation to key personnel.
-- Assist with search and rescue operations.
— Evacuate designated area(s).
-- Request further law enforcement resources.
-- Compile list of reported missing persons.
-- Enforce curfew (if declared).
-- Create detour routes and post traffic directional signals.
FIRE
-- Mobilize fire personnel.
Establish fire suppression and control capability.
Hazardous material control and containment.
Reconnaissance of disaster scene.
Assist rescue and extrication.
Identify hazardous materials.
— Investigation of fire causes.
Search area for casualties and assist EMC in caring for injured.
Survey for potential fire hazards and notify EOC or Town Manager.
MEM

— Assume field command in fire -related disasters.
Provide safety for EOC.
— Support law enforcement and emergency medical operations.
— Assist with dissemination of warnings/information as directed by Town
Manager.
-- Dispense water.
— Designate staging areas for aid.
EMS
-- Mobilize EMS personnel.
-- Coordinate medical monitoring station (if activated) at incident site.
— Provide medical attention to victims.
— Extricate and evacuate victims.
— Assist in surveying the disaster area.
Carry out search and rescue efforts.
Maintain casualty tracking system.
— Transport victims to area facilities.
Coordinate activities with Emergency Operations Center.
— Evaluate health hazards and advise Town Manager.
— Arrange for help from area rescue and ambulance.
— Act as liaison with emergency personnel at hospital.
-- Help Police Department disseminate information as directed by Town
Manager.
-- Transport deceased through coordination with coroner.
FINANCE
-- Maintain accurate records of all pertinent financial data.
Expedite necessary emergency purchases.
-- Supply EOC as required.
— Prepare requisite financial reports (Damage Survey Report, etc.)
— If state and federal funding are not sufficient, recommend alternative
forms of funding (fund transfers, bonds, tax anticipation notes, etc.).
— Record overtime hours.
-- Institute logs to improve accuracy.
Provide information on insurance coverage.
Inform supporting agencies and contractors of reporting and
recordkeeping requirements.
PARKS AND RECREATION
— Establish community reception centers.
-- Coordinate personal care and other evacuee needs.
IV-45

-- Coordinate with American Red Cross extended mass feedings and other
personal care if required.
-- Provide manned vehicles to help move personnel and materials.
Provide manpower to help clean up and remove debris.
-- Provide shelter for evacuees.
Provide manpower as needed.
Provide bus transportation for evacuees.
6. Recommended Reconstruction Policies
All the following policies have been designed to be 1) considered and adopted by the
Mayor and Commissioners of Long Beach as a part of this land use plan, and 2)
implemented, as appropriate, after a storm occurs:
a. Re -Entry Permits
Re-entry permits are not issued by the Town of Long Beach. Following
evacuation, the town will remain closed at the discretion of the Mayor. Roadblocks will
be established at all roads entering the east end of Long Beach.
b. Permitting
(i) Building permits to restore structures located outside of designated AEC
areas that were previously built in conformance with local codes,
standards, and the provisions of the North Carolina Building Code shall
be issued automatically.
(ii) All structures suffering major damage as defined in the town's Damage
Assessment Plan shall be repaired or rebuilt to conform with the
provisions of the CAMA regulations (including setbacks), North Carolina
Building Code, the Long Beach zoning ordinance, and the Long Beach
floodplain management regulations.
(iii) All conforming structures suffering minor damage as defined in the Long
Beach Damage Assessment Plan shall be permitted to be rebuilt to their
original state before the storm condition.
(iv) For all structures in designated AECs, a determination shall be made for
each AEC as to whether the provisions of the CAMA regulations
(including setbacks), N. C. Building Code, the state regulations for Areas
of Environmental Concern, the Long Beach floodplain management
regulations appeared adequate in minimizing storm damages. For areas
where the construction and use requirements appear adequate, permits
shall be issued in according with permitting policies (a), (b) and (c). For
IV-46

AECs where the construction and use requirements do not appear to have
been adequate in mitigating damages, a Temporary Development
Moratorium for all structures located within that specific AEC shall be
imposed.
(v) Permits shall not be issued in areas subject to a temporary development
moratorium until such a moratorium is lifted by the Long Beach Town
Council.
C. Utility and Facility Reconstruction
(i) The town will encourage the Brunswick County Water System to repair all
damaged water systems components so as to be elevated above the 100-
year floodplain or shall be floodproofed, with the methods employed and
the construction being certified by a registered professional engineer.
(ii) Overhead power lines and utility poles present the greatest obstacle to the
safe evacuation of residents in the event of a major storm disaster.
Relocating these lines underground or moving them away from rights -of -
way would be very costly at this time. However, if major damage occurs
as a result of a storm, the cost effectiveness would improve and public
' safety considerations might override economic considerations. Long
Beach encourages the relocation of overhead power lines underground
or away from evacuation routes if substantial damage to the existing'
system is sustained during a major storm.
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d. Temoorary Development Moratorium
Under certain circumstances, interim development moratoriums can be used in
order to give a local government time to assess damages, to make sound decisions
and to learn from its storm experiences. Such a moratorium must be temporary and
it must be reasonably related to the public health, safety and welfare.
Long Beach will suffer heavy and serious damages should a major storm make
its landfall in its vicinity. Consequently, the town should be prepared to issue temporary
development moratoriums as appropriate.
It is not possible to determine prior to a storm whether a temporary development
moratorium will be needed. Such a measure should only be used if damage in a
particular area is very serious and if redevelopment of the area in the same manner as
previously existed would submit the residents of the area to similar public health and
safety problems. In Long Beach, such a situation is most likely to occur in one or more
of the AECs.
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Long Beach's policy regarding the proclamation of temporary development
moratoriums shall be:
(i) To determine for each AEC whether the provisions of N. C. Building
Code, the state guidelines for AECs, and the Long Beach flood damage
prevention ordinance appeared adequate in minimizing storm damages.
For AECs where the construction and use requirements do not appear
adequate, a temporary development moratorium for all structures located
within that specific AEC shall be imposed.
(ii) After imposing a temporary development moratorium for an AEC, the
Town of Long Beach shall request that the Coastal Resources
Commission conduct a special analysis for the town and all other similar
communities in order to determine how local regulations for those hazard
areas, which are based on state and/or federal guidelines or
requirements, should be improved or modified. A response from the state
within a reasonable time period as determined through negotiations
should be requested.
(iii) The temporary building moratorium in all AECs shall be lifted after local
ordinances and regulations have been revised based on state
recommendations or decisions of the Mayor and Town Council.
Reconstruction shall be permitted in accordance with existing regulations
and requirements.
IV-48

SECTION V:
RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATIONS
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SECTION V: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATIONS
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' The 15A NCAC 713 planning guidelines require that this land use plan relate the
policies section to the land classification map and provide an indication as to which land
uses are appropriate in each land classification. The Long Beach Zoning Ordinance
is consistent with the land classification map and supports the distribution of land uses
shown on that map.
A. DEVELOPED CLASS
The developed land classification is divided into the categories of developed
residential and developed commercial. The classifications are delineated on the land
classification map. Within the developed classification, the policies contained in this
plan are supported by local codes and ordinances, including the town's zoning,
' subdivision, flood damage prevention, protection of sand dunes, and manufactured and
modular homes ordinances. In addition, policies addressing the following areas apply
which may affect consistency reviews at the state and general government levels:
energy siting and offshore drilling, sewage treatment, erosion and sedimentation
control, transportation planning and facilities construction, groundwater protection,
community facilities construction, and development of AEC's. The majority of the
' developed residential classification remains unimproved while the developed
commercial classification is predominantly developed.
B. URBAN TRANSITION CLASS
The urban transition classification includes lands which may be developed during
' the planning period. All of the town's remaining maritime forest areas are located within
this classification. Regulation of the town's maritime forest areas is provided by the
' Long Beach Zoning Ordinance. The policies contained in the plan allow residential
usage ranging from single-family to multi -family development. The policies which are
applicable to the urban transition classification are supported by local codes and
' ordinances, including the town's zoning, subdivision, erosion and sedimentation control,
and group housing ordinance's. In addition, policies addressing the following areas
apply which may affect consistency reviews at the state and federal government levels:
energy siting and offshore drilling, sewage treatment, erosion and sediment control, and
groundwater protection. The policies contained in this plan support single- and multi-
family development and regulation of maritime forest development.
C. CONSERVATION CLASS
' The conservation classification includes all 15A NCAC 7H designated areas of
environmental concern and 404 wetlands. Maritime forest areas are not included. The
conservation classification includes the town's open space zoning district. The policies
contained in this plan exceed the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards in the
following areas:
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• The town opposes all construction on sound and estuarine islands. '
• The town opposes bulkhead construction in inlet hazard areas.
• The town opposes aquaculture activities within the Town of Long Beach.
The town will not oppose aquaculture in its extraterritorial jurisdiction
when the activity will not result in the discharge of water which will
degrade the receiving waters in any way.
• Long Beach opposes industrial development of any type within the town
limits. This policy is supported by the Long Beach Zoning Ordinance.
Industrial development which is not located within Areas of Environmental
Concern and which is permitted by the town's zoning ordinance will be
allowed within the extraterritorial jurisdiction.
V-2

APPENDIX I:
POLICIES CONSIDERED BUT NOT ADOPTED
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APPENDIX I
POLICIES CONSIDERED BUT NOT ADOPTED
BY THE LONG BEACH LAND USE PLAN COMMITTEE
A. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS
1. Physical Limitations
��
-- The Town of Long Beach will support the installation of septic tanks in any
location which is approved by the Brunswick County Sanitarian.
- The Town of Long Beach does not oppose the discharge of sewage from septic
tanks or package treatment plants in any areas classified as coastal wetlands
or 404 wetlands.
-- Through its Hurricane Safety Committee as appointed by the Town
Commissioners, it is the policy of Long Beach to maintain its 1984
Hurricane/Storm Plan up to date to meet the changing needs of the community.
The town will on an annual basis, prior to storm season, during the month of
July: (a) review emergency activities and roles of respective groups; (b)
identify high risk individuals who need assistance in evacuation; and (c) seek
ways to improve existing codes and assure that they are, in fact, being
enforced.
1. The town will update brochures as found to be necessary which give
safety advice and town policy for residents in the event of hurricanes,
other storms, and flooding regarding medical care, evacuation, and
temporary shelter.
2. The town will adhere strictly to the administration of a zoning ordinance,
the building code, and CAMA regulations for the future safety of its
citizens and their property.
3. Long Beach will seek to take the lead in seeking to have a second bridge
to the island built at mid -town.
4. The town will seek out a "sistertown" on the mainland, so that
additional staff and equipment can be made available during
emergencies. The "sistertown" will be inland far enough to be less
vulnerable to the same storms as Long Beach.
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5. It is the policy of Long Beach to curtail to the greatest extent possible
development and additions in areas susceptible to high winds, flooding,
wave action, and erosion.
6. It is the policy of Long Beach to allow no building construction in AEC's '
including the salt marsh, low-lying wet areas, and ocean hazard areas.
7. It is the policy of the town to limit development in the V Flood Zone as
shown on the Composite Hazards Map in accordance with CAMA and
Federal Flood Insurance regulations and the zoning ordinance to alleviate
as much as possible damage from wave action and erosion.
B. The town will not allow further construction and additions not
conforming to these hazard mitigation policies, which would increase
vulnerability and nonconformity to the flood ordinance, zoning
ordinance, building codes and CAMA regulations.
-- Long Beach will discourage new development of such areas (flood hazard
areas) unless there is adequate assurance by the developer for correcting any
such problems of flooding or water storage, and in such manner that there is
no adverse condition created on adjoining land areas.
-- Long Beach will strive to conserve its surficial* groundwater resources by
supporting CAMA and N.C. Division of Environmental Management stormwater
run-off regulations.
-- It is the policy of the town to rely on Brunswick County for all of its public
water supply.
-- The town shall develop a plan and program for alleviating drainage problems
on a year -by -year incremental basis.
-- The town will investigate options which may be available to encourage the
replatting of parcels to create larger lots.
-- It is the policy of Long Beach to have this service provided in an efficient, safe,
and sanitary manner. Long Beach supports the county's participation in
regional landfill projects so long as adequate landfill sites are retained,
maintained, and guaranteed.
Cultural/Historical Resources: There do not appear to be any nationally significant
historic or archaeological sites within Long Beach. However, at least 76 historic and
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prehistoric period archaeological sites have been recorded within Long Beach. In
order to protect these areas, Long Beach will:
1 -- conserve significant archaeological resources including their spatial and
structural context and characteristics through site preservation or scientific
study.
- ensure that the designated archaeological resource, or the information
' contained therein, be preserved for and be accessible to the scientific and
educational communities for related study purposes, and
-- protect the values of the designated archaeological resource as might be
expressed by Long Beach and its citizens; these values should be related to the
educational, associative or aesthetic qualities of the resource.
2. Miscellaneous Resource Protection
' Package Treatment Plant Use: Long Beach opposes the permitting and construction
of any package treatment plants within its jurisdiction.
Marina and Floating Home Development:
-- Long Beach will permit the construction of marinas containing up to 20 slips
(may establish slip size/length or change maximum number of slips) which
otherwise meet local zoning ordinance requirements, the requirements of the
15A NCAC 7H use standards.
-- It is the policy of Long Beach to provide public boating access. Floating homes
are not permitted within the confines of the town limits.
-- Long Beach will allow the construction of dry stack storage facilities which
meet 15A NCAC 7H use standards, and all local applicable code requirements.
Development of Sound and Estuarine Islands: Long Beach supports any development
of sound and estuarine islands which meets the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use
' standards.
Ocean Hazard Areas:
' — In recognition of the critical nature of ocean hazard areas due to vulnerability
to erosion and to the dynamic processes that can be dangerous to life and
property, Long Beach supports the State CAMA policies for Ocean Hazard
Areas. Ocean hazard forces are the most dynamic in ocean erodible and high
hazard flood areas. The 8.3-mile oceanfront is significantly important to
economic, aesthetic, and recreational resources of Long Beach. The Town
vigorously supports all efforts to protect these areas.
Suitable land uses in ocean hazard areas generally are those which are not
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vulnerable to unreasonable danger to life and property and which achieve a
balance between the financial, safety, and social factors -involved in hazard
area development. Ocean shoreline erosion control activities, dune
establishment/stabilization, and structural accessways are all acceptable types
of land uses. Residential, commercial, and recreational land uses are also
acceptable types of use in ocean hazard areas provided that:
Development is landward of the crest of the primary dune; where no
primary dune exists, development is set back a minimum of 30 times the
average annual erosion rate (60 feet in the area from 58' Street East to
Lockwood's Folly Inlet and 90 feet from 58'" Street East to 79`, Street
East) from the first line of stable vegetation.
Development does not involve the significant removal or relocation of
primary or frontal dune sand or vegetation.
Development implements means and methods to mitigate or minimize
adverse impacts of the project.
Development of growth -inducing public facilities such as sewers,
waterlines, roads, and erosion control measures is permitted only in
cases where:
national or state interests and public benefits are clearly overriding
factors,
facilities would not exacerbate existing hazards or damage natural
buffers,
facilities would be reasonably safe from flood and erosion related
damage, and
facilities do not promote growth and development in ocean hazard areas.
Prior to the issuance of any permit for development in ocean hazard AEC's,
there shall be a written acknowledgement from the applicant stating awareness
of the risks associated with development in this hazardous area. ,
The Town of Long Beach believes that the 8.3 miles of ocean shoreline
is a valuable natural recreational resource that should be kept clean and
safe for public use. Therefore, it is the policy of Long Beach to provide
appropriate beach access and parking facilities, trash receptacles,
stump removal when deemed to be hazardous to public safety, and any
other beach service which would be feasible and appropriate, excepting
erosion control activities.
The natural process of erosion transforms shoreline areas into public
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' trust areas. It shall be the policy of Long Beach to allow this natural
process to occur.
- All other regulations adopted by the Coastal Resources Commission will
be applicable and shall be complied with.
Inlet Hazard Areas: The Town of Long Beach objects to any construction/
' development within inlet hazard areas.
Coastal Wetlands:
The Town of Long Beach opposes any construction/development within coastal
wetlands except for water, sewer, and electric utility construction.
-- Activities in coastal wetland areas shall be restricted to those which do not
significantly affect the unique and delicate balance of this resource. Suitable
land uses include those giving highest priority to the protection and
management of coastal wetlands, so as to safeguard and perpetuate their
biological, social, economic, and aesthetic values and to establish a
' coordinated management system capable of conserving and utilizing coastal
wetlands as a natural resource essential to the functioning of the entire
estuarine system. These land uses shall achieve little to no non -point source
runoff through the minimization of impervious surfaces and the maximization
of natural vegetation preservation. Highest priority of use shall be allocated to
the conservation of existing coastal wetlands. Second priority shall be given
1 to those uses that require water access and cannot function elsewhere.
Acceptable land uses may include utility easements, fishing piers, and docks.
Unacceptable uses may include, but would not be limited to, restaurants,
businesses, residences, motels, parking lots, and highways.
CAMA defines the estuarine shoreline at Long Beach as the areas 75 feet
landward of the. estuarine waters. Long Beach recognizes: (1) the close
association between estuarine shorelines and adjacent estuarine waters, (2) the
influence shoreline development has on the quality of estuarine life, and (3) the
damaging processes of shorefront erosion and flooding to which the estuarine
shoreline Is subject.
' Shoreline development has a profound effect on adjacent estuarine waters.
Effluent from poorly placed or malfunctioning septic systems can pollute
shellfish areas which represent much greater economic benefits to the town's
citizens than do the residential uses of estuarine shoreline areas.
Suitable land uses are those compatible with both the dynamic nature of
estuarine shorelines and the values of the estuarine system. Residential,
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commercial, and recreational land uses are all appropriate types of use along
the estuarine shoreline provided that:
A substantial chance of pollution occurring from the development does
not exist, where there is a low percentage of runoff, a high percent of
deep and shallow infiltration, and a high degree of evapo-transpiration,
Natural barriers to erosion are preserved and not substantially weakened
or eliminated,
The disturbance of natural vegetation is minimized,
The construction of impervious surfaces and area not allowing natural
drainage is limited to only that necessary to adequately service the
development,
Standards of the North Carolina Sedimentation Pollution Control Act
1973 are met,
Development does not create pollution or have any other significant
adverse impact on estuarine resources, and
- Development does not significantly interfere with existing public rights
of access to, or use of, navigable waters or public resources.
-- Long Beach will support the construction of bulkheads in estuarine shoreline
areas which satisfy the use standards as specified in 15A NCAC 7H.0206(b)
(7) and 7H.1100, Bulkheads and Stabilization Measures.
-- Long Beach opposes the construction of bulkheads which would prohibit
migrating shorelines, including bulkhead construction behind coastal wetlands.
Other bulkhead construction which meets the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use
standards will be allowed.
-- The natural process of erosion transforms shoreline areas into public trust
areas. It shall be the policy of Long Beach to allow this natural process to
occur if life or structures are not in jeopardy.
-- Long Beach will oppose the construction of bulkheads which prohibit migrating
shorelines, including bulkhead construction behind coastal wetlands.
Natural and Cultural Resource Areas: Long Beach will support the following actions
regarding these irreplaceable resources:

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Protection of the features of a designated coastal complex natural area in order
■ to safeguard its biological relationships, educational and scientific values, and
aesthetic qualities. Specific objectives for each of these functions shall be
related to the following policy statement either singly or in combination:
- To protect the natural conditions or sites that function as key or unique
components of coastal systems. The interactions of various life forms
are the foremost concern and include sites that are necessary for the
completion of life cycles, areas that function as links to other wildlife
areas (wildlife corridors), and localities where the links between
biological and physical environments are most fragile.
- To protect the identified scientific and educational values and to ensure
that the site will be accessible for related study purposes as has been
provided to Big Davis Canal and its related marsh area from 2V' Street
via the board deck and gazebo.
- To protect the values of the designated coastal complex natural areas as
expressed by Long Beach and its citizenry. These values should be
related to the educational and aesthetic qualities of the feature.
Maritime Forests: There are no significant maritime forest areas located within Long
Beach. The town will support the development of any remaining maritime forest areas
which complies with the town codes and 15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards.
B. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES
Aauaculture Activities: Aquaculture is considered the cultivation of aquatic plants
and animals under controlled conditions. The following policies shall apply:
-- Long Beach encourages all aquaculture activities which meet applicable federal,
state and local policies and permit requirements. The Town of Long Beach
reserves the right to comment on all aquaculture activities which require
Division of Environmental Management permitting.
- Long Beach objects to any discharge of water from aquaculture activities that
will degrade the receiving waters in any way.
Recreation Resources: Holding annual town arts and crafts festival based on a local
' theme, e.g., conch, Scotch Bonnet, dogwood, shad, azalea, etc.
Residential Commercial and Industrial Development Impacts on Resources:
' -- Activities in these areas shall be restricted to those which do not permanently
or significantly affect the function, cleanliness, salinity, and circulation of
' estuarine waters. Suitable land/water uses Include those giving highest priority
to conservation and management so as to safeguard and perpetuate biological,
1 7

C.
social, economic, and aesthetic values and to establish a coordinated
management system capable of conserving and utilizing estuarine waters to
maximize their benefits to humans and the estuarine system. Highest priority
of use shall be allocated to the conservation of estuarine waters and its vital
components. Second priority shall be given to uses that require water access
and cannot function elsewhere.
Appropriate uses may include simple access channels, structures which
prevent erosion, navigation channels, boat docks, and piers.
Long Beach will also support projects in estuarine water areas which aim to
increase the productivity of these waters. Such projects include oyster
reseeding programs and inlet channeling and dredging operations for the
purpose of increasing the flushing action of tidal movement.
In recognition of public trust water areas in which the public has certain
established rights and which support valuable commercial sports fisheries, have
aesthetic value, and are resources for economic development, Long Beach shall
protect these rights and promote the conservation and management of public
trust areas. Suitable land/water uses include those which protect public rights
for navigation and recreation and those which preserve and manage the public
trust areas in order to safeguard and perpetuate their biological, economic,
social and aesthetic value.
In the absence of overriding public benefit, any use which significantly
interferes, as with the public right of navigation or other public trust rights
which apply in the area, shall not be allowed. Projects which would directly
or indirectly block or impair existing navigation channels, increase shoreline
erosion, deposit spoils below mean high tide, cause adverse water circulation
patterns, violate water quality standards, or cause degradation of shellfish
waters shall not be allowed.
Uses that may be allowed in public trust areas shall not be detrimental to the
public trust rights and the biological and physical functions of the estuary.
Examples of such uses include the development and navigational channels or
drainage ditches, the use of bulkheads to prevent erosion, and the building of
piers, docks, marinas.
Any development which will profoundly and adversely affect coastal and
estuarine waters will be restricted.
ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICY STATEMENTS
Basing population and growth guidance on the following criteria: (a) suitability
of the land to accommodate use; (b) capacity and protection of the environ-
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ment; (c) compatibility with the goals and objectives of the town; (d) density;
(e) location of use; and (f) availability of facilities and services.
-- Guiding new development away from AEC's, providing protection for unique
natural features, sensitive vegetative areas, rookeries, special habitats, and
unstable physical forms such as dunes, inlets, and shorelines.
-- Guiding new development away from hazardous areas where there is a
tendency toward septic tank problems, flooding, washover, and inlet cutting.
-- Amending the Long Beach Hurricane Mitigation Plan and its respective policies
for guiding redevelopment and new growth as conditions in the town change.
- It is the policy of Long Beach to promote and preserve the "family" oriented,
retirement -resort atmosphere and reputation of the community by limiting the
amount of activities that would detract from the town's present character and
distinction through effective land use plan implementation, and conscientious
building permit, CAMA permit and zoning ordinance administration, and by
advertising the town as quiet, family beach, upholding that tradition.
- Any waste treatment strategy for the town, at a minimum, shall be consistent
with the following principles:
t. The adopted waste treatment strategy must deal openly with the issue
of growth and development. This shall include, but is not limited to: (a)
revising this Land Use Plan to make it an effective plan for protecting
coastal water quality; (b) development, adoption and implementation of
local ordinances to implement the CAMA Land Use Plan; (c) a waste
treatment allocation plan that assures that all existing structures receive
priority for service prior to new development; (d) elimination of autom-
atic lot size reductions found in most zoning ordinances; (e) building
height restrictions; (f) capital improvement plans and zoning densities
designed to protect coastal water quality and critical natural habitats; (g)
mandatory connection of all existing and newly constructed structures
to any centralized system; and (h) development and implementation of
an effective stormwater runoff ordinance to prevent any increase in
runoff into adjacent coastal waters. Implementation and enforcement of
these provisions should be explicit conditions on any permits issued by
the state for a centralized waste treatment system in the Town of Long
Beach.
2. At a minimum, the adopted waste treatment strategy should be
consistent with the long-term protection of assigned state water quality
standards and designated uses. No further degradation of shellfish
waters is acceptable to the Town of Long Beach.
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3. The volume of waste to be treated and disposed of must be minimized.
A waste treatment strategy shall include a water conservation program
that will be fully implemented by the Town of Long Beach.
4. The preferred strategy must be equitable for all affected communities.
If the town cannot handle waste generated within its boundaries, it must
participate in a regional plan that addresses the needs of all affected
groups.
5. Pursuant to state law, the practicable waste treatment and disposal
alternative with the least adverse impact on the environment must be
selected. Because of their tremendous expense, potential for direct
environmental impact, and ability to promote runaway development,
central treatment systems should be proposed only after other feasible
waste treatment options have been demonstrated not to be environmen-
tally sound.
6. The waste treatment strategy must be conservatively designed to be
extremely reliable. Technical approaches to waste treatment in the
Town of Long Beach must incorporate the highest engineering and
safety standards, consistent with the extreme sensitivity and economic
value of coastal waters.
-- The Town of Long Beach opposes construction of a central sewage collection
and waste treatment system.
-- Continuing its sewer system studies to determine where and when sewerage
might be installed incrementally with accompanying treatment facilities
provided either by the public or private sectors.
-- No direct discharges of stormwater runoff will be allowed to any coastal waters
that are classified for shellfishing.
- It is the policy of Long Beach to evaluate the need for all community service
facilities on demand in accordance with the land use plan.
-- It is the policy of Long Beach to increase its capacity proportionately to provide
public work facilities and services to growing permanent and seasonal
populations and to existing and developing, residential, commercial and
recreational areas by:
10

• Exploring privatization of public works equipment, facilities, and services
as a means of providing an improved quality of service more economical-
ly.
• Preparing a plan for providing street lighting where population
concentrations require.
Residential Development:
-- Providing an area for mobile homes to accommodate both permanent and
seasonaloccupancy.
-- Establishing an area for condominiums and apartments, maintained to accom-
modate vacationing, resort, retired and other permanent populations.
' - Providing in the beach section of town for motels and hotels and their
attendant facilities.
-- Retaining the thirty -five-foot (35') height limitation for residential, commercial,
and institutional structures.
-- Constructing a central sewer system to eliminate continued reliance on septic
tanks.
Commercial Development: Long Beach will enhance quality commercial development
by:
- Exploring the feasibility of a zoning change for a convenience shopping facility
in the west end as suggested in the Growth Management Plan of June, 1984.
-- Encouraging the formation of a business association for Long Beach.
- Requiring that construction materials, gravel and sand piles, and equipment
storage not be allowed in commercial districts in accordance with the zoning
ordinance.
Appearance and Cleanliness:
-- Celebrating Long Beach Spruce -up Week in the spring of every year.
' -- Continuing to pick up domestic garbage once per week in the winter and twice
per week in the summer.
-- Establishing a continuous cleanliness campaign with posters, signs, and
additional trash (pitch -in) receptacles.
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Creating a community appearance commission with the charge to conduct
clean-up campaigns, and to institute community activities relating to
beautification.
-- Establishing a beach patrol during the peak summer months.
-- Exploring alternative means of patrolling the town and beach during daylight
hours, including mounted and walking police possibilities.
-- Encouraging the establishment of additional Community Crime Watch
programs.
- Seeking ways to enlarge or decrease the numbers of police officers during
seasonal fluctuations.
-• It is the policy of Long Beach to be able to maintain channels.
- Instituting a means to pave streets through year -by -year planning and priority
programming based on traffic demand, citizen requests, and ability to pay.
-- the widening of Yaupon Drive to include a center turn lane;
-- improvements to increase access and improve traffic flow at NC 133 and the
Dosher cutoff (juncture of NC 133 and NC 211).
12

APPENDIX II:
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT:
North Carolina Barrier Islands
rWastewater Management
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APPENDIX II
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Uraw Shtea Region 4 EPA 804/a84-117
Environmental Protection 345 Counland Street, KE January IS&
Agency A11M 1i/19CiC5
Environmental
Impact Statement
North Carolina Barrier Islands
Wastewater Management
Final
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NEW TOa*AL *EACH
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MMIOMTtY1LLt EtACH
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4 A°„ BRURSWICK COUNTY ,
MN—
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Lt[lM0 T
Figure I.1 Barrier Islands Within 201 Facilities Plan Study Areas KIN
BARRIER ISLANDS E.I.S. r....N. wl 1-2 E°ut N, mug
1Lt. INI MOMAtNTAL **OT[CT" "am" CLAYO[ ralattt A*EOCIAT[L M6. ATLANTA," y�y1
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W mum M !
W W
Determine teed and
Esllaate flows
Determine
E■Islating
Populion
Determine
Future
Population
Quality Mgt.
Problems
Conduct
Field Studies
A Satpling
Develop Alternative
Wastewater Mgl• Systems
T
Determine
Applicability
of On -Site
Systems
Develop Several
Scenarios Using
Small Community
Systems If On -
Site Systems
Not feasible
Develop
Central/Regional
System Alt. If
No Decentralized
Approach feasible
Determine
Hydrodynamic
Response to
Disposal of
-Wastewater
Estimate
Collection
System
Costs
Identify Extra
Costs Unique
to Barrier
Islands
O
Institutional and
financial Analysis
T
Decide if
Singqle or Mulli-
Jurlsdictlonal
Service Area
Identify
Types of
feasible
Mgt. Agencies
Identify
Capabilities of
Mgt. Agencies
Public Mgt. of
On -Site
Assess Community's
Ability to Support
a Wastewater Mgt.
System
Cost Sharing
With Other
Jurisdictions
O
Develop Total Wastewater
M9l• System, Alternatives
Y
Develop a
Series'of logical
Service Area
Configurations
or Each Service
Area Select a
' Technical,
Institutional t
financial Alt.
Evaluate
f nv i rlovnental
Impacts
Evaluate
financial
Impacts
Evaluate
Susceptibility
to Storm
Damages
Fnd
figure II.1 Ovrrvirsa of CIS Strategy

Table 11.1 Sumary of Wastewater Treatment/Disposal System Alternatives
System Type Collection Options Wastewater Treatment/Disposal Options SI__q-e/Sept!ge Treatment Options
Individual 1. Septic lank/Conventional Sall Absorption field
2. Septic lant/Modified Conventional
Sall Absorpl ion field
1. Sept lc lank/low Pressure Piping System
a. Septic lank/Muund System
S. Septic lank/Artificially Drained
System 1I119h Valor table Is lowered)
6. Septic /ant/tvapotransplrat fan (111 Bed
1. Septic ►ant/tvoporation lagoon 11)
8. Septic lank Polishing/Surface Discharge
9. Aerobic treatment Units/Bon-Surface Disposal
(soil absorption field, mound system. tT bed.
t lagoon)
10. Aerobic lrealmcrt Units/Surface Discharge
It. Holding link for Temporary Storage of Waste-
water and later Transport (Usually via lint
Truck) to Central Disposal Site.
12. In-house Wastewater treatment and
Recycle (fact. composting Toilets)
13. Wastewater Segregation and Reuse
.. Community 1. Small Diameter Gravity
Sewers
rn 2. Vacuum Sewers
1. Pressure Sewer. STEP
(Septic lank Effluent
two)
6. Pressure Sewer, GP
(Grlader Pump)
S. Conventlonal Gravity
Sewers
1. Community Sall Absorption field
2. Co Ity Septic Tank t Mound System
1. Community tvaporatlon and teapora.
lion/Infiltration Lagoons
1. hultlple-Conpartaeat Septic lank/
Soil Absorption field
S. lagoon/Spray Irrigation (Slow Rate) System
6. Package Plant/Surface Miter Discharge
1. Package Plant/Percolation fonds
B. Package Plant/Rotary Distributor _
9. Iarsh-Pond/Surlace Maier Discharge
10. Oxidation Ditch/Surface Miter Discharge
1. land Application of Sludge/
Sepla9e
Z. Sludge ►andfillem%-Ana Fill
1. Sludge Sturege
6. Sludge Lanlfllllag-Trenchiag
S. Sludge/Septage lagoon
6. Co-Inclnrratlon
1. Composting Sludge/Septage
B. Seplage Treatment/Disposal
9. Conventional landfill
1. Land Application of Sludge/Septage
2. Sludge landflllln9-Area fill
1. Sludge Storage
a. Sludge lu.dlllllne-Trenchina
S. Sludge/Sepla9e Lagoon
6. Co -Incineration
1. Co.posling Sludge/Sepla9e
B. Seplage Inatrnt/Olsposal
9. Cunrinilonal landfill
Central/Reg- 1. Gravity Sewers 1. Lagoon/Spray Irrigation (Slow Rate) 1. Land ApO lcallon Sludge/Septage
Tonal• 2. force mains System - 2. Sludge Landfllliag-Area fill
Z. Physical/Biological treatment 1. Sludge tandfllllag-Trenching
Plant/Inland Surface Miler Discharge 6. Sludge/Septage lagoon
1. Physical/Biological Treatment S. Co -Incineration
Plant/Ocean Outtall 6. Composting
1. Conventional Sanitary landfill
-Contra l/Regional Systems can also Incorporate the collection alternatives proposed for the Conunity Systems for their col lecI lon/t ran, sport
systems, when feasible.
note; For direct discharge alternatives obtain effluent limits from the M.C. Department of natural Resources and Commonity Developv.ent.
Div. of Eovlronmental Management.
$~get 6w11 Flrmlay Cor.tdry aaJ Carprq rr, Inc. Igal.
M r s m r m r m m s m is m= `t s m r

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I APPENDIX III:
MANAGING WASTEWATER IN COASTAL URBAN AREAS
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APPENDIX III
AI NAGING WASTEWATER
IN COASTAL URBAN AREAS
PREPUBLICATION COPY
Committee on Wastewater Management for Coastal Urban Areas
Water Science and Technology Board
Commission on Engineering and Technical Systems
National Research Council
NATIONAL ACADEMY PRESS
WASHINGTON, D.C. 1993

NOTICE. The project that is tha subject of this "port was approved by the Governing Board of the National Research Councit,
whose members an drawn from the councils of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and
the Institute of Medicine. The members of the committee responsible for the report wen chosen for their special competencies
and with regard for appropriate balance.
This report has been reviewed by a group other than the authors according to procedures approved by a Report Review
Committee consisting of members of the National Academy of Sciences, the National Academy of Engineering, and the Institute
of Medicine.
The National Academy of Sciences is a private, nonprofit, self-perpetuating society of distinguished scholars engaged
in scientific and engineering research, dedicated to the furtherance of science and technology and to their use for the general
welfare. Upon the authority of the charter granted to it by the Congress in 1283, the Academy has a mandate that requires it
to advise the federal government on scientific and technical matters. Dr. Frank Press is president of the National Academy of
Sciences.
The National Academy of Engineering was established in 1964, under the charter of the National Academy of Sciences,
at a parallel organisation of outstanding anginsan. It is autonomous in its administration and in the selection of its members,
sharing with the National Academy of Sciences the responsibility for advising the federal government. The National Academy
of Engineering also sponsors engineering programs aimed at meeting national needs, encourages education and research, and
recognise@ the superior achievements of eagineen. Dr. Robert M. White is president of the National Academy of Engineering.
The Institute of Medicine was established in 1970 by the National Academy of Sciences to secure the services of eminent
members of appropriate professions in the asamination of policy matters pertaining to the health of the public. The Institute
=-a under the responsibility given to the National Academy of Sciences by its congressional charter to be an adviser to the
federal government and, upon its own initiative, to identify issues of medical care, research, and education. Dr. Kenneth I. Shins
is president of the Institute of Medicine.
The National Research Council was organised by the National Academy of Sciences in 1916 to associaca the broad
cccunity of science and technology with the Academy's purposes of furthering knowledge and advising the federal government.
Functioning in accordance with general policies determined by the Academy, the Council has become the principal operating
agency of both the National Academy of Sciences and the National Academy of Engineering in providing services to the
government, the public, and the scientific and engineering communities. The Council is administered jointly by both Academies
and the Institute of Medicine. Dr. Frank Press and Dr. Robert M. White an chairman and vice chairman, respectively, of the
National Research Council.
Support for this project was provided by the National Academy of Engineering, National Science Foundation Grant No.
BCS-9002867, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Contract No. X-817001-01-0, She City of San Diego, and the Freeman
Fund of the Boston Society of Civil Engineers, and National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Contract No. SO-DGNC-
9-00139.
Copyright 1993 by the National Academy of Sciences. All rights reserved.
Printed in the United States of America

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Contents
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1 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ....... ........ ... ....... .....
.... ... ...... . .. ......
The Current Approach to Wastewater Management in Coastal Areas, 2
Key Issues Relating to Wastewater and Stormwater Management, 5
Integrated Coastal Management, 10
References, 15
' 1 INTRODUCTION ..... .................................................. 16
Stresses on the Coastal Environment, 24
Wastewater and Stormwater Management, 25
The Current Approach to Wastewater and Coastal Management, 31
Progress in Managing Water Quality, 32
Challenges for the Future, 40
References, 41
BOXES
San Diego, 16
Boston, 20
Water Pollution Control Success Stories, 33
The Coastal Zone, 39
2 KEY ISSUES RELATING TO WASTEWATER
AND STORMWATER MANAGEMENT ....................................... 43
Regional Differences, 43
Nutrients in Coastal Waters, 44
Source Control and Water Conservation, 44
Levels of Treatment, 45
Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows, 49
Detecting Human Pathogens, 52
Developing Management Alternatives, S4
Evaluation and Feedback, 55
Summary, 55
References, 56
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CONTENTS
INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT ................................... 59
Developing a Sustainable Vision, 59
Principles and Methodology for a System
of Integrated Coastal Management, 60
Conclusion, 67
References, 68
THE PROCESS . ...................................................... 70
Dynamic Planning, 70
Selection, Policy, and Institutions, 114
Monitoring, Information Management, and Research, 117
Summary, 119
References, 120
BoxEs
Setting Goals and Defining Domains for Nutrient Control
in the Chesapeake Bay, 76
Santa Monica Bay, 89
The California Ocean Plan, 99
BENEFITS, BARRIERS, SOLUTIONS, AND IMPLEMENTATION ............... 123
Introduction, 123
Benefits, 125
Barriers and Solutions, 126
Implementation, 131
Wastewater Management for the Next Century, 135
References, 136
APPENDIXES
A THE ROLE OF NUTRIENTS IN COASTAL WATERS ......................... 137
Adverse Consequences of Eutrophication and Nuisance Algae, 138
Controls on Eutrophication and Nuisance Blooms in Coastal Waters, 140
Conclusions, 150
References, 151
B MICROBIAL PATHOGENS IN COASTAL WATERS ........................... 159
Microbiologic Agents Associated with Wastewater, 159
Occurrence of Pathogens in Coastal Waters, 165
Survival of Enteric Microorganisms in Marine Waters, 168
Illnesses from Bathing, 171
Risk Assessment Approach for Microorganisms, 172
Summary of Shellfish and Recreational Microbiologic Risks. 176
References, 179
C TRANSPORT AND FATE OF POLLUTANTS IN THE
COASTAL MARINE ENVIRONMENT ....................................... 183
Introduction, 183
Mechanisms of Input, 185
Transport and Fate,190

CONTENTS
Overall Design of Disposal Systems,
Control of Diffuse Sources, and Use of Models, 216
Summary, 224
References, 224
D ENGINEERING AND MANAGEMENT OPTIONS FOR
CONTROLLING COASTAL ENVIRONMENTAL WATER -QUALITY
Introduction, 232
Source Control, 232
Municipal Wastewater Treatment, 243
Disinfection, 274
Combined Sewer Overflow Controls, 277
Nonpoint Source Management Options, 288
References, 309
........... 232
E POLICY OPTIONS AND TOOLS FOR CONTROLLING COASTAL
ENVIRONMENTAL WATER -QUALITY ..................................... 315
The Institutional Setting, 315
Management Tools, 318
Financing Mechanisms, 337
References, 342
F BIOGRAPHICAL SKETCHES ............................................... 343
G CONTRIBUTORS TO THE COMMITTEE'S EFFORT .......................... 352

Executive Summary
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Although significant progress has been made in improving the nation's water quality
over the past 20 years, many coastal areas continue to suffer from persistent environmental
problems and can expect to encounter new problems in the future. Today's coastal water -
quality management practices do not provide adequate protection from some types of problems
and in some cases are overprotective of other types of problems. Much of the debate over how
to protect and improve coastal water -quality has focused on urban wastewater and stormwater
management.
This report, as requested of the National Research Council by the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (EPA) at the direction of Congress, examines issues relevant to wastewater
management in coastal urban areas. These issues include environmental objectives, policies,
and regulations; technology; management techniques; systems analysis and design; and
environmental modeling. The National Research Council was not asked to review past policies
or decisions. Instead, it was directed to identify opportunities for improving the current -system.
' through which coastal urban wastewater and stormwater are managed. The report identifies
several key areas in which specific progress could be made, and recommends a new framework
for coastal management toward which current management practices should evolve. It
addresses the management of marine and estuarine areas in particular and does not consider
' the Great Lakes.
The scope of activities involved in the management of wastewater and stormwater in
coastal cities is large and complex. In the broadest terms, the purpose of managing these wastes
is to protect the environment while using it for waste disposal. At least 37 percent of the
United States' population resides along the coast, mostly in urban areas. More than 1,400
municipal wastewater treatment plants provide service to the coastal population, discharging
10 billion gallons of treated effluent per day. During the period from 1972 to 1992, about S76
billion were spent in constructing or expanding publicly owned treatment works; S50 billion
of this total came from federal grants. At an estimated operating cost ranging from S300 to
S500 per million gallons of treated effluent, the national expenditure for operating these plants
' is between $1.1 billion and S1.8 billion per year.
The management of wastewater and stormwater in coastal urban areas takes place in
the context of a multitude of other human activities and natural processes within the coastal
zone. Some major factors that cause perturbations in the coastal zone include, in no special
order, municipal wastewater and stormwater discharges; combined sewer overflows; other
urban runoff; direct industrial wastewater discharges; agricultural runoff; atmospheric
deposition; ground water flow; boating traffic; shipping; dredging and filling; leaching of
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Hawaii, and the trust territories, to large municipal systems such as the County Sanitation
Districts of Orange County, California.
Progress and Emerging Concerns
As improvements have been made in the quality of point source discharges, the impacts
of other sources of pollution, diffuse or nonpoint sources, have become more apparent. In some
areas, even if pollution from all point sources -were controlled, nonpoint contributions would
still cause significant environmental problems. Thus, any solution to coastal environmental
problems must address the entire range of sources of disruption that causes adverse impacts.
Since 1972, important changes have taken place in government, science, engineering, and
the expectations of the public in regard to wastewater and stormwater management and
environmental protection. Budget limitations at all levels of government point to the need to
spend public money more efficiently. Much has been learned from experience in managing
coastal environments. Advances in science have greatly improved understanding of coastal
environmental processes, and advances in engineering have led to the development and use of
improved technologies for managing coastal resources. As a result of the 1972 act, there is now
a well developed permitting system for point source dischargers coupled with a federal
enforcement authority.
Constituents of Concern
Wastewater and stormwater management strategies focus on controlling the release of
potentially harmful constituents to the environment. As with any activity that affects the
environment, the potential for harm depends on the magnitude of the insult, where it occurs,
and the characteristics of the stress. In general, a wastewater constituent may be considered
to be of high concern if it poses significant risk to human health or ecosystems well beyond
points of discharge and is not under demonstrable control. A wastewater constituent may be
generally considered to be of lower concern if it causes only local impact or is under
demonstrable control.
In the collective judgement of the Committee, in general, it may be anticipated that
national level priorities for wastewater constituents in coastal urban areas over the next several
decades will be as described below and summarized in Table ES.I. It is noted, however, that
priorities may differ at the local and regional level depending on site -specific circumstances.
High Priority
Nutrients. Many estuaries of the Atlantic and Gulf Coasts currently experience
widespread eutrophieation from excess inputs of nutrients, usually nitrogen, and more are
vulnerable to excess nutrient enrichment. Secondary treatment does not remove significant
amounts of nitrogen from wastewater. Nutrients come from a variety of point and diffuse
sources. To adequately address their effects on coastal water bodies, all relevant sources need
to be identified and compared, and the most important inputs reduced or otherwise diverted.
Pathogens. Over 100 pathogenic viruses and bacteria have been identified in runoff
and sewage. Numerous shellfish beds and bathing beaches are closed due to unacceptable levels
of calif arm bacteria each year. However, neither the true extent of contamination by actual
human pathogens nor the dominant sources of contamination are adequately known in most
regions.
1

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
TABLE ESA Anticipated National -Level Priorities for Constituents of Concern
Priority
Pollutant Groups
Examples
High
Nutrients
Nitrogen
Pathogens
Enteric viruses
Toxic organic chemicals
PAHs
Intermediate
Selected trace metals
Lead
Other hazardous materials
Oil, chlorine
Plastics and floatables
Beach trash, oil, and grease
Low
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Solids
NOTE: Within each priority group the order of listing does not indicate further ranking
Toxic Organic Chemicals. Chronic industrial and wastewater point sources of toxic
chemicals such as chlorinated dioxins, polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and solvents
have been identified and controlled or are readily subject to control with existing technology.
In fish and shellfish, levels of some toxic organics (including chemicals no longer produced in
the United States, such as PCBs and DDT) are dropping nationwide, while others such as
petroleum hydrocarbons are apparently not declining. Urban runoff, combined sewer
overflows and contaminated sediments due to past uncontrolled discharges are major
continuing sources of toxic organic chemicals in many coastal urban areas. Although the
original source of contamination may have been controlled, contaminated sediments may
continue to be secondary sources of contamination to fish, shellfish, and seabirds for many
years or decades.
Intermediate Priority
Metals. Elevated concentrations of potentially toxic metals such as mercury, cadmium,
and tin are still found in shellfish in localized urban areas, but these problems are not large-
scale or region -wide concerns. Dissolved metals may affect species distributions in coastal
ecosystems. Most metals do not biomagnify through marine food webs. Source control has been
effective in several areas in reducing concentrations. Future problems can be expected to be
with lead and localized cases of contamination by organometals. As with toxic organic
chemicals, metals from past uncontrolled discharges still contaminate sediments especially aear
harbors, and can be a significant source of contamination to overlying waters and local aquatic
lifer
Oil and Other Hazardous Materials. The probability of major oil spills is low, but their
immediate impacts on coastal ecosystems and local industries (e g.. fishing, tourism) can be
devastating. Of greater consequence, however, are the thousands of uapublicized small spills
and leaks (e.g., illegal disposal of used automobile crankcase oil in storm drains) which occur
daily is coastal urban areas and may add up to large chronic inputs of petroleum hydrocarbons.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
11
Toxic chemicals used in wastewater treatment (e.g., chlorine compounds) and industrial
and commercial settings (e.g.. solvents, arsenicals) are transported across urban coastal areas
and subject to accidental release. Though not a central part of the wastewater management
issue, spills need to be accounted for in addressing coastal quality issues.
Floatables and Plastics. Beaches continue to be fouled by trash from land -based sources,
especially following episodic weather conditions such as storms and unusual changes in coastal
currents. Marine debris poses hazards to wildlife as well as people, and is aesthetically
displeasing. There is considerable opportunity for use of predictive simulation models, such
as oil spill trajectory models, to identify sources of marine debris and develop control
strategies.
ILow Priority
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I
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD). In open coastal waters and well -flushed estuaries,
oxygen depletion due to BOD from wastewater discharged through a well -designed outf all is
generally not of ecological concern. In these situations, organic material from wastewater is
a minor, localized cause of oxygen depletion, especially relative to that due to nutrients. In
most coastal urban areas in which BOD from wastewater is of significant concern, it is being
controlled under existing requirements.
Solids. Settleable and suspended solids from large wastewater outfalls were once the
major cause of localized accumulations of anaerobic sediments and damaged scafloor
ecosystems. Where they were significant in the United States (e.g., large municipal outfalls,
pulp mills), these conditions have been controlled with primary or advanced treatment, and
high dilution outfalls. Today, the degree of solids removal required is driven by the need to
protect sediments from accumulations of particle -associated pollutants. Heavy urban runoff,
including CSOs, in some areas may still be a source of localized solids accumulations and
warrant control.
KEY ISSUES RELATING TO WASTEWATER AND STORbIWATER MANAGEMENT
The Committee identified seven . specific areas which present opportunities for
improving wastewater management in coastal urban areas. Then, based on its analysis of these
and other issues, the Committee proposes a new framework for managing coastal waters,
integrated coastal management.
Regional Differences
Finding: Because of the wide variations encountered in coastal systems, it is not possible to
prescribe a particular technology or approach at the national level that will address all water
quality issues at all locations satisfactorily. Any such approach would necessarily fail to
protect resources in some coastal regions and would place excessive and unnecessary
requirements on others.
Recommendation: Coastal wastewater and stormwater management strategies should be tailored
to the characteristics. values. and uses o/ the oartieular receivinr environment based on a

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
determination of what combination of control measures can effectively achieve water and sediment
quality objectives.
Discussion: The environmental effects of a POTW discharge from an outfall or urban
stormwater from a shoreline outlet depend strongly on the physical, chemical, and biological
nature of the receiving water body, and its geography and bathymetry. The degree of flushing
of the receiving water with relatively uncontaminated ocean water is a major factor in
determining the concentration of nutrients or persistent contaminants in coastal or estuarine
waters. In general, this coastal exchange is much slower for the estuaries and shallow coastal
shelf waters along the East and Gulf coasts than for the deeper narrow shelf waters of the
Pacific coast.
The opportunity for accumulation of wastewater particles and any associated pollutants
in bottom sediments also depends greatly on receiving water characteristics. Estuaries may trap
sediments and pollutants because flocculation is enhanced where fresh water mixes with salt
water. Along the open coasts, deposition is more likely to occur in areas with slow currents and
limited exchange with deep water.
Finally the resources to be protected, and water and sediment quality objectives may
be quite different among various regions and discharge sites. The engineering and scientific
capability needed to account for these variations has developed significantly over the past 20
years.
Nutrients In Coastal Waters
Finding: Nutrient enrichment, primarily due to nitrogen, is an important problem in many
estuarine and some coastal marine systems.
Recommendation: Greater attention should be focused on preventing excess regional enrichment
of nitrogen and other nutrients at levels that are harmful to ecosystems.
Discussion: Nutrient enrichment can cause oxygen depletion, reduced fish and shellfish
populations, nuisance algal blooms, and dieback of seagrasses and corals. While not known to
be a problem along much of the open Pacific coast, excess nutrient enrichment, or
eutrophication, is a persistent problem in many estuaries, bays, and semi -enclosed waterbodies
along the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, and may even be of concern over a large scale in some more
open areas along these coasts. Nitrogen controls primary production and eutrophication in most
temperate estuaries and coastal waters, although phosphorus can be of concern in many tropical
waters and perhaps in some temperate estuaries. By contrast, in freshwater systems, phosphorus
is almost always the nutrient limiting growth. It may be important to keep nitrogen and
phosphorus concentrations low relative to silicon to avoid causing nuisance algal blooms such
as red and brown tides.
Both the sources of nutrients to coastal waters and the associated effects occur at the
regional scale making them difficult to measure, assess, and manage. Nutrient inputs to coastal
waters come from both point and diffuse sources including wastewater treatment plants,
agricultural runoff, urban runoff, ground water seepage, atmospheric deposition, and release
of previously accumulated nutrients from bottom sediments.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 7
' Source Control and Water Conservation
Findings: 1) Reduction or elimination of pollutants at their sources is an effective tool for
managing both point and diffuse sources. For example, for trace metals and toxic organics,
' source control is more efficient than removal at central plants, which may then have problems
of safe disposal of large volumes of contaminated sludge.
2) Water conservation reduces the volume of sewage requiring collection and treatment,
' however, it does not change the total mass of wastewater pollutants; in fact, pollutant
concentrations may actually be increased. The benefits of water conservation include reduced
cost of facilities for water supply and wastewater treatment, and reduced impacts in the region
from which surface or ground water supplies are extracted.
Recommendation: Source control o/ pollutants should be strongly encouraged by incentives and
regulation.
tDiscussion: Many toxic substances are difficult and/or expensive to remove from wastewater.
Often, however, these materials can be prevented from entering the wastestream or
significantly reduced in amount through pollution prevention programs. -,.For example,
industrial pretreatment and source control programs have already achieved significant
reductions of trace metals, toxic organics, and oil and grease in the influent and thus in the
effluent and sludge products from municipal wastewater treatment plants (AMSA 1990). In the
case of urban runoff, erosion controls at construction sites, street sweeping, storm drain
warning signs, and public education efforts have led to improvements in some areas. In new
developments, stormwater designs can significantly slow runoff and increase infiltration into
the ground and improve stormwater quality.
Levels of Treatment
' Findings: 1) Important water and sediment quality problems in the coastal zone include
excessive levels of nutrients, pathogens, and toxic substances.
' 2) Toxic pollutants are often associated with particles in wastewater discharges.
Particle removal is therefore a very important treatment step for protecting sediments from
excessive carbon enrichment and accumulation of toxic substances.
3) Chemically -enhanced primary treatment has been used successfully to increase the
removal of suspended solids in POTWs. Removals of 80 to 85 percent have been achieved with
low doses of chemicals; higher removals are possible with higher doses. This level of removal
for suspended solids is nearly equivalent to the EPA performance standard for secondary
treatment. EPA requires that 30-day averages for removal of suspended solids be at least 85
percent, with effluent concentrations of less than 30 mg/L
4) The depletion of dissolved oxygen (DO) is generally not of ecological concern in the
ocean or in open coastal waters. Where low DO levels are of concern, as in some estuaries, they
are more likely to result from eutrophieation by nutrients rather than from point source inputs
of BOD. In these situations, secondary or any other treatment implemented solely for BOD
' removal produces little improvement in receiving water quality.
5) Implementation of an environmental quality -based approach in coastal areas would
.require levels of treatment in POTWs that. depending on regional needs and receiving -water
characteristics, will often be different. either higher or lower, than current requirements.
I
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8 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Recommendation: Coastal municipal wastewater treatment requirements should be established
through an integrated process on the basis of environmental quality as described. for example. by
water and sediment quality criteria and standards, rather than by technology -based regulations.
Discussion: A wide array of wastewater treatment processes is available, however, the costs of
treatment and volumes of waste sludges produced tead to increase with iacreasing removal
capabilities. Generally, it is simplest to remove large solids, oil, and grease, then BOD, and then
nutrients. Some removal of fine solids, toxic metals and organic substances, and pathogens can
be expected with most treatment systems.
Environmental and human health concerns associated with wastewater contaminants
differ depending on the location and mechanism of their introduction into coastal waters.
Accordingly, wastewater treatment, sludge disposal practices, and other management controls
should be guided by water and sediment quality requirements of the receiving waters.
Wastewater solids are of concern in most environments because of the possible toxicity of
associated heavy metals, organic substances, and pathogens. BOO is of interest in most bays,
estuaries, and semi -enclosed waterbodies because of the effects of oxygen depletion on aquatic
life. Widespread problems of oxygen depletion in estuaries and coastal waters are much more
likely to result from excess nutrient enrichment than from BOD originating directly from
wastewater flows. BOD from wastewater flows is generally not important in the open ocean.
Chemically enhanced primary treatment is an effective technology for removing
suspended solids and associated contaminants. It has potential application in situations where
BOD is not a significant concern. It can also be combined with biological treatment for BOD
and/or nutrient removal.
Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflows
Finding: Urban runoff and combined sewer overflows (CSOs) are major contributors to water
quality problems in coastal urban areas.
Recommendation: Stormwater and CSO abatement requirements should be based to the greatest
extent possible on an understanding of regional and local hydrology and coastal oceanography.
They should be designed in conjunction with other regional environmental protection programs to
produce the most cost-effective program for achieving the desired level of protection for receiving
waters.
Discussion: Many older cities, primarily in, but not limited to, the northeastern United States,
have combined collection systems that carry both stormwater and municipal sewage. During
even small rainstorms or if improperly maintained, these systems can overflow, discharging
untreated sewage, industrial wastewater, and urban runoff into nearby waterways.
The way in which urban runoff and CSOs affect receiving waters is significantly
different from continuous,. point loadings. Rainfall induced loads are not constant, but
intermittent, pulsed loads. In general, the greatest concentration of pollutants is contained in
the first flush of stormwater, with concentrations decreasing as a storm continues.
Reducing pollutant loads from urban runoff and CSOs is significantly more challenging
and potentially more costly than removing pollutants from municipal and industrial
wastewaters. Wastewater treatment processes are designed to treat relatively constant and
continuous flows, and perform poorly when subjected to the extreme variations in now that
are characteristic of Stormwater flows.
Currently, pollutant removal efficiencies of treatment facilities for CSOs and urban
runoff cannot be stated with sufficient confidence to design a facility plan that will limit

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 9
pollutant loads from these sources to a prescribed level. Given the cost of constructing these
' facilities on a large scale in urban areas (S20 to S60 million per square mile for combined sewer
areas and $6 thousand to S3.8 million per square mile for stormwater facilities (APWA 1992)),
a serious, well -funded research program is needed.
' In the absence of the ability to predict pollutant discharge concentrations accurately,
there have been proposals to legislate technology -based requirements mandating the capture
and treatment of precipitation from all storms up to a certain size and frequency. The
difficulty with such requirements is the same as that for other technology -based treatment
' requirements: in some cases they are likely to result in costly overcontroi; in others,
undereontrol with continued adverse environmental effects; and in relatively few cases will
they likely meet the environmental protection requirements of a particular region in a cost-
effective way.
Detecting Human Pathogens
Finding: Although concentrations of coliform bacteria higher than conventional standards
indicate unacceptably high risk of exposure to human pathogens through water contact sports
' or consumption of shellfish, the opposite is not true —concentrations of coliform bacteria below
the standards do not reliably predict that waters and shellfish have safe levels of pathogens.
Recommendation: The EPA. public health agencies, and wastewater treatment agencies should
vigorously pursue the development and implementation of techniques appropriate for routine
monitoring to measure more directly the presence of pathogens. particularly in marine and estuarine
waters.
Human pathogens (e.g.. enteroviruses associated with diabetes, diarrhea and meningitis,
and protozoa such as Giardia) can be detected routinely in untreated wastewater. Levels of
' such pathogens present in treatment plant discharges vary as a function of the level of
infection in the community that produces the wastewater and the type of treatment processes
used.
The traditional method for assessing the presence or potential presence of human
pathogens in wastewater effluent, stormwater, and the ambient environment has been to use
coliform bacteria as an indicator of disease -causing organisms. However, eoliforms are not
predictors of the presence or survival of pathogens, such as viruses or parasites.' For example,
' in the United States, outbreaks of illnesses due to enteric pathogens such as the hepatitis A
virus continue to occur and are associated with consumption of shellfish from areas
contaminated by nearby wastewater discharges although coliform standards were being met.
' The risk of disease transmission related to wastewater management practices needs to be better
understood.
' Evaluation and Feedback
Finding: The effectiveness of management systems and approaches can only be determined and
corrected when necessary, if there is adequate monitoring, research, evaluation, and feedback.
Recommendation: Management systems should be flexible so that they may be changed as needed
to respond to new information about environmental quality and the performance of existing
management systems.
1

10 EXECU77VE SUMMARY
Discussion: It is important that management systems be sufficiently flexible to allow for
changes and improvements in response to new information. Evaluations should take into
account both the effectiveness or specific components and that of the whole integrated
management effort. In order to improve future decisions and control measures. evaluations
should focus on lessons learned through implementation experiences. For example, the ability
to use mathematical models to predict the behavior of sewage effluent in coastal systems has
advanced dramatically over the past 20 years. However, comparatively little effort has been
put toward the prototype verification of model predictions. In order to make good use of and
improve these tools, it is important that follow-up studies be carried out.
INTEGRATED COASTAL MANAGEMENT
The Committee believes that whether because of any of the seven issues identified above
or because of other concerns, most coastal cities now, or in the near future will, face the need
to address complex coastal quality management issues. With increasing population pressures,
increasing recognition of the importance of nonpoint sources in coastal waters, and the
decreasing availability of public funding at the feicral, state, and local levels,.coastal cities
face the need to establish objectives and set priorities for protecting coastal resources. The
Committee therefore proposes a framework for managing coastal resources 'toward which
coastal environmental quality management should evolve. This framework, integrated coastal
management, should provide the opportunity to consider regional differences, multiple sources
of perturbations, costs, and benefits in the development of management strategies.
Finding: Wastewater and stormwater management strategies should be developed in the context
of each other and other important sources of perturbation in the coastal zone. Successful
management strategies must take into account the multiple sources and identify approaches for
controlling inputs in the most cost-effective manner. For example, there m2y be cases where
it is more effective and/or efficient to control other sources rather than upgrading wastewater
treatment systems or where cooperative efforts among stormwater agencies, wastewater
agencies, water supply agencies, and other institutions charged with managing and/or
protecting the region's resources can arrive at mutually beneficial solutions in a more cost-
effective manner. Urban coastal wastewater and stormwater management should be based on
the following concepts:
► Water quality and sediment quality criteria and standards should be established
taking account of risk, uncertainty, and, variability among regions and sites.
► A water- and sediment -quality driven approach should be used, with appropriate
modeling, to design pollution control systems.
► All sources of pollutants should be considered in the development of regional
strategies.
► Policies should be integrated across all media, taking account of environmental
impact on water, air, and land.
► Management options should reflect societal goals and priorities, incorporate public
inputs, be cost effective, consider relative risks, and achieve benefits at least commensurate
with the costs of controls.
► Management actions should be implemented incrementally so as to provide the
flexibility to respond to feedback from monitoring the effect of operating systems, new
research results, new technologies, and changing objectives.

I
eEXECUTIVE SUMMARY 11
Recommendation: Wastewater and stormwater management and other protection strategies for
1 coastal urban areas should be developed and implemented within a system of integrated coastal
management (ICM). ICM is an ecologically based. iterative process for identifying and
implementing. at the regional scale. environmental objectives and cost-effective strategies for
achieving them.
Integrated coastal management, as proposed here, is an approach that holds much
1 promise for effective and efficient systematic management of the coastal environment. ICM
is an ec for identifying, at a regional scale, environmental
objrrriyre anti rnar-erfe 'v s for aehievtn t em. roug envtronmen
human resources that require protection can be identidie , the multitude of factors that may
' contribute to adverse impacts can be considered, and the relative importance of various impacts
and contributors can be weighed. The ICM process is flexible so that problems can be addressed
at a variety of levels of integration depending on their complexity, and priorities can be set in
1 an explicit manner. ICM, as proposed here, has two fundamental objectives: (1) to restore and
maintain the ecological integrity of coastal ecosystems, and (2) to maintain important human
values and uses associated with those areas.
Six key principles underlie the implementation of ICM (1) Management actions need
' to be developed on the basis of the best scientific knowledge available about ecological
functions as well as on a comprehensive understanding of human needs and expectations. (2)
Management objectives should be expressed as water- and sediment -quality based, and other
environmentally and health based goals. (3) Comparative assessment of both risk scenarios and
management options should drive the selection of management strategies. (4) A trans -
disciplinary perspective is critical in coastal problem solving. (5) The system should function
' in a context that is responsive to scientific uncertainty about functions of coastal ecosystems.
(6) The system should be driven by science and engineering together with public expectations.
' The Process
ICM is a three-part process which should be implemented on a continuing basis. It is
' iterative with the aim of making incremental improvements in coastal environmental quality
over time. The three principal components of the process are (1) dynamic planning, (2)
selection and implementation, and (3) research and monitoring. The relationships among these
' components are shown in Figure ES.1. Of the three, the dynamic planning process is perhaps
the most complex. It is within this component that ICM objectives should be evaluated for the
region, goals set, risks identified and analyzed, and management alternatives developed and
compared. The dynamic planning process should produce two types of results. One is a set of
management alternatives to be considered for selection and implementation. The other is an
agenda for research and monitoring that is needed to improve understanding and provide
feedback on how well the selected management alternatives are working. It is within the
1 selection and implementation process that alternatives should be weighed in regard to
objectives, fiscal, regulatory, legal. and institutional constraints, and one should be selected and
implemented. Finally, the research and monitoring component should drive the system into
future, bringing new information into the dynamic planning process and developing new
methods and techniques for managing coastal resources. Through the continuing ICM process,
problems should be tackled in a stepwise, incremental fashion, beginning with those that are
of greatest Importance as well as those that are easily solved, and then moving on to the next
1 set of concerns.
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 13
' prescriptive mandate to a partnership with regional authorities in developing a management
system that meets coastal quality objectives.
As with any effort to change systems long in place, efforts to develop ICM plans are
likely to encounter resistance. Identifying the appropriate geographical region defined by
' hydrologic and ecologic factors will inevitably cross political jurisdictions and require that
there be coordination and cooperation where there may also be conflicting interests. The
failure of earlier regional planning efforts mandated by the 1972 act may cause some to dismiss
the potential effectiveness of ICM. However, ICM differs significantly from the Area -Wide
Planning Studies mandated under section 208 of the Clean Water Act and carried out in the
1970s. The 208 planning process suffered from two fundamental Claws. First, it often was
carried out,by local agencies having few other water -quality responsibilities. Second, other
provisions of the 1972 act, particularly the permitting and facilities funding requirements,
forced action so rapidly that they could not be influenced by the planning process.
With ICM, the planning process should be carried out by institutions that are vested with
sufficient responsibility, resources, and. authority to implement the resulting plan. Building
consensus on objectives and goals among interested parties, responsible agencies, and other
stakeholders is fundamental to the success of integrated coastal management and will require
extensive deliberations and skillful leadership. A regional plan may result in increased public
awareness, involvement, and support. In the final analysis, the public is the most important
component in making the ideals of an integrated approach a reality.
Implementation
Recommendation: Improvements in coastal environmental protection in the United States should
take place in an incremental manner, building on what has been learned through past efforts and
evolving toward a. fully integrated and comprehensive approach to coastal protection.
' Moving toward integrated coastal management requires a continuing effort to press
forward on scientific, engineering, regulatory, and management frontiers. It will involve risk
taking and inevitably experience some setbacks; however, in the long term, ICM is expected to
' provide the opportunity to apply the most up-to-date information and technologies to coastal
problems resulting in efficient and effective coastal protection. In many coastal regions an
initial ICM plan could be based primarily on existing information:
Immediate Actions
There are several immediate actions that could be taken to shift the direction of current
wastewater, stormwater, and coastal management policies toward one of integrated coastal
management. Specifically, existing regional initiatives including those in the National Estuary
Program provide an opportunity for implementing the principles of integrated coastal
management. The development of Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plans (CCMP)
under the National Estuary Program could be done through the ICM process. EPA should
encourage states to include ICM concepts in CCM73 by providing supplemental funding to the
expanded planning effort.
There are three key areas in which any ongoing activities (including the preparation of
a CCMP) directed at the protection and management of coastal waters could be improved.
' First, public involvement is critical to the success of coastal protection efforts and can be
enhanced by increased agency budgets for public -involvement related activities, monitoring
programs designed to use citizens, clear communication, and clear lines of authority. Second,
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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
scientific and technical information could be applied more effectively to decision -making.
This area can be advanced by comparative analyses of risks and management options, good peer
review, proper monitoring, directed research, and easily accessible information. Third,
improvements could be made in existing institutional arrangements. Consideration should be
given to vesting one entity responsible for a coastal region with at least the following
functions: responsibility for carrying out the ICM planning process, oversight for budget
activities of responsible agencies, responsibility for the design and conduct of monitoring
programs, and focal point for public accountability.
Longer -Term Actions
Although some aspects of ICM could be carried out under existing legislation, longer -
term strategies are needed that could more fundamentally change the governance of coastal
environmental quality, substituting flexibility and local initiative for rigidity and detailed
federal control. Several modifications should be made to the two major pieces of federal
legislation that address coastal environmental quality.
► Section 320 of the Clean Water Act should be modified to establish, as a supplement
to the National Estuary Program, a National Coastal Quality Program that would also apply
to those coastal regions that are not estuaries. It would include an integrated planning and
management process and supplant the existing CCMP with an Iterative Action Plan that would
embody ICM
The Clean Water Act and the Coastal Zone Management Act should be amended to
provide the flexibility needed to facilitate local ICM initiatives and to better integrate the
planning and implementation process between the two statutory systems. An initial effort has
been made in this direction with respect to nonpoint sources of pollution.
In the event that significant new federal funds are authorized to assist states and
local governments in complying with the requirements of the Clean Water Act, the availability
of these funds should be tied to appropriate use of the ICM process.
► Finally, some of the experience gained in implementing section 301(h) of the Clean
Water Act, which provided the opportunity for waivers from secondary treatment for coastal
dischargers, might be useful in the development of plans under the proposed National Coastal
Quality Program.
Long -Term Implementation
In the next twenty years, it should be the nation's goal to implement a system of
integrated coastal management for all of the country's urban shares. Full integration should
include all sources of stress to the coastal environment. It should address all environmental
media, looking at tradeoffs between disposal of waste to the land, water. and air. It should
incorporate the principles of pollution prevention and source control and be a flexible process
that facilitates progress and adapts to new information without prescribing the technological
means for meeting specified goals. Integrated coastal management should be based in regional
objectives and goals for the coastal zone and involve a partnership between federal, state, and
local institutions. The lessons learned from the put twenty years of progress clearly point to
integrated coastal management as the best direction for the future.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
IS
REFERENCES
APWA (American Public Works Association). 1992. A Study of Nationwide Costs for
Implementing Municipal Stormwater BMPs. Final Report. Water Resources Committee,
Southern California Chapter.
AMSA (Association of Metropolitan Sewerage Agencies). 1990. 1988-1989 AMSA Pretreatment
Survey Report.

JLW-17-'93 THU 08:11 ID:DIV OF COPSTAL MGMNT TEL NO:[phone]
#689 P02
ei
State of North Carolina
�upiuzi, r. rn;tr:Y
Department of justice
P. O. BOX 029
RALEIGH
av<waua�c,
' -- - ORANDUM--
' TO: Roger N. Schecter, Director
Division of aaagement
FROM Robin W. Smi
Assistant Attorney General
DATE: May 26, 1993
' SU=Cl% S.D. 1125
Per your request. I have reviewed S.B. 1125 'and provide the following
anaLvala. First, the bill would havd the effect of voiding the Coastal Resources
Commission's general use standard prohibiting the location of uses that are not
water-dopendent over public trust waters, estuarine waters and wetlands (15A
NCAC 7H.0208(a)(1)l as it applies to food service facilities located in near -shore
areas. Assuming: the Commission's current rule continues in effect (with this
legislation creating a statutory exception" to the general policy), there may be
some risk of an equal protection challenge to the general policy - that is, a
permit applicant may argue that it is unreasonable to prohibit other uses that
are not water -dependant while allowine food service facilities in these locations.
An equal protection challenge on that basis will fail so long as the State, can
' articulate a rational basis for the distinction between food service facilities and
other non -water dependent usos.
With regard to the specific language in the bill, I would be most
concerned about the attempt to define "nonnavigable waters* in a manner tnat is
inconsistent with established State and federal law under the public trust
dootrina. Under the public trust doctrine. "navigable water' has been defined to
include all waters 'that are subject to the ebb and flow of the . tide (whether
actually navigable • or not)land all waters that are navigable by commercial
vessels. As a result, this bill defines as nonnavigable many coastal waters that
would be considered navigable as a matter of both State and federal law.
The established definition of
"navigable
waters" plays an important role
in
the State's coastal management
permitting
program, in the Department"
of
Admirdstratlon's implamaatatiaa of
laming and • emameat prooWns applicable
to
1 Phillips Petroleum Co. v. Mississippi. 484 U.S. 469 (1988).
An Equal OnnanunitY / Afllfmaiive Action EmPIOM

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1
GENERAL ASSU4BLX OF NORTH CAROLINA
SESSION 1993
S 1
SENATc BILL 1125
Short TICIC: Amend LAMA. (Public)
Sponsors; Senator: Santis.
Referred to: Agriculture, Marine Resources, and Wildlife.
May 11, 1993
A BILL TO BE ENTITLED
AN ACT TO PROVIDE THAT IT IS PERMISSIBLE TO PREPARE AND SERVE
.FOOD AND BEVERAGES IN A GAZEBO OR OTHER STRUCTURS
LOCATED OVF-R NONNAVIGABLE WATERS.
The General Assembly of North Carolina enacts:
Section 1. G.S. 113A-107 is amended by adding a new subsection to,
read:
"W Notwithstandine any other provision of law • it is ocn-nksihlr to orcoare and
serve food and beverages in a facility such ac a elzebo. dock. or porch. whethcr
enclosed nr not. locowd over ,lonntl gnhle waters, ornvipe.d (hilt the f;leillfy ,:t7mpl4eS
with health and building laws. For purposes of This subsection. 'nonna%•ib:lblc waters*
arc those bodies of water that me partially enclosed Ind that hive 1 dcpth �t low tide
of no more than 12 inc a< "
Sec. 2. This act is effective upon ratification,

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THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.
L i v t ivi
N LONG 13E ACI-I
EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
MAP 4
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THE PREPARATION OF THIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN PART
THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED BY THE NORTH CAROLINA
COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM, THROUGH FUNDS
PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL ZONE MANAGEMENT ACT OF
1972, AS AMENDED, WHICH IS ADMINISTERED BY THE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AND COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADMINISTRATION.
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13RUNSWICK COUNTY
N L O \1 G ]3 E E C I -I
LEGEND
UT URBAN TRANSITION
CONSERVATION
The Conservation classification includes coastal
wetlands, estuarine shorelines, estuarine and
public trust waters, ocean hazard areas, and 404
wetlands. Because of map scale, the
Conservation areas cannot be accurately mapped.
Precise locations must be determined in the field.
EXTRATERRITORIAL JURISDICTION
LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP
MAP 9A
EM
1

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APPENDIX IV:
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PLAN
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APPENDIX IV
' TOWN OF LONG BEACH
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PLAN
' . PREPARATION OF LAND USE PLAN
FISCAL YEAR 1992-93
The Town of Long Beach has received a FY92-93 Coastal Area Management Act grant for the update
' of its 1988 Land Use Plan. Adequate citizen participation in the development of the Plan is essential
to the preparation of a document responsive to the needs of the citizens of Long Beach. To ensure
such input, the following citizen participation program will be utilized by the town.
' The Long Beach Town Manager's office will be the principal town department responsible for
supervision of the project. The Town Manager will report to and coordinate plan development with the
Long Beach Planning Board and Town Council. To support and assist in the development of the plan,
a Land Use Plan Advisory Committee will be appointed by the Long Beach Town Council. The
committee will be composed of representatives of the following:
' Three (3) Planning Board representatives
Two (2) Town Council representatives
Two (2) citizens at large
' One of the two Town Council representatives will serve as the committee chairperson and will be
designated by the Mayor of Long Beach.
The committee will work with the town's staff and consultant to ensure that the final product will
survey existing land use, identify policies, recommend strategies/actions, and identify Areas of
Environmental Concern. Specifically, thetown staff, consultant, and committee will be responsible for
' ensuring accomplishment of the following:
• Develop an effective citizen participation process;
• Survey and map existing land uses;
' Identify and map AECs;
• Develop land use policies and strategies;
• Identify land use regulatory needs;
' • Establish a specific work plan schedule for dealing with land use needs/problems;
• Identify and forecast growth and development issues;
• Implement the requirements of 15A NCAC 7B.
' At the outset of the project, an article will be prepared in cooperation with a local newspaper. The
newspaper will be requested to print the article which will include a proposed schedule for completion.
The following schedule will be utilized:
1. January 19, 1993 — Meet with the Town of Long Beach Town Council and Planning Board to
review the scope of work. Have the Citizen Participation Plan adopted.
— Conduct a public information meeting. The meeting will be advertised in
a local newspaper. The town will specifically discuss the existing policy statements contained
in the 1988 Long Beach land use plan. The significance of the policy statements to the CAMA
land use planning process will be described. The process by which Long Beach will solicit the

views of a wide cross-section of citizens in the development of updated policy statements will
be explained at the public information meeting.
2. January, 1993 -- Complete identification of existing land use problems, and map of existing land
uses and AECs.
-- Meet with the Land Use Plan Advisory Committee,
3. February, 1993 -- Present draft section of plan dealing with existing issues and land use to the
Land Use Plan Advisory Committee.
4. March to June, 1993 — Continue review of the draft land use plan.
5. July, 1993 -- Present draft of land use plan, including policy statements, to the Land Use Plan
Advisory Committee.
6. August, 1993 — Review draft plan with the Town Council and conduct a public information
meeting for review of the proposed plan. The meeting will be advertised in a local newspaper.
7. September, 1993 -- Town Council will submit draft of completed land use plan to the Division
of Coastal Management for review and comment.
8. January, 1994 (estimate) — Present final draft of land use plan, including responses to CRC
comments, to the Town Council for review and conduct of a formal public hearing. The Town
Council will adopt the final plan and submit it to the Coastal Resources Commission for
certification.
All meetings of the Town of Long Beach Land Use Plan Advisory Committee will be open to the public
and advertised in a local newspaper. The town will encourage and consider all economic, social, ethnic,
and cultural viewpoints. No major non-English speaking groups are known to exist in Long Beach.
1 /8/93