Land Use Plan-1980

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Division of Coastal Management
TOWN OF UUFF BEACH
1980 LAND tJSE ELAN
JOHN J HOOTON AND ASSOCIATES
WILMINGTON, NC

TO'-!N OF KU RE BEACH
COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT ACT
LAND USE PLAN
THE KURE BEACH
TOWN COUNCIL
OCTOBER 28, 1980
APPROVED BY
THE NORTH CAROLINA RESOURCES COMMISSION
MARCH 13,1981 .
The preparation of this document was financed in part through a
grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through
funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
which is administered by the Office of Coastal. Zone Management, National
• Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1
1.1
HISTORY OF COASTAL PLANNING . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 1
1.2
LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES: FEDERAL . . . . . . . . .
. 1
1.3
LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES: NORTH CAROLINA. . . . . .
. 2
1.4
PROGRAM ADMINISTRATION: 1974 TO DATE . . . . . . .
. 4
1.5
LAND USE PLANNING GUIDELINES. . . . . . . . . . .
. 4
1.6
PURPOSES OF LAND USE PLAN . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 5
1.7
PLAN ORGANIZATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 5
2.0 DATA
COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 6
2.1
PRESENT CONDITIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 6
2.1.1 POPULATION AND ECONOMY . . . . . . . . . . .
. 7
2.1.2 EXISTING LAND USE. . . . . . . . . .
. 9
2.1.3 CURRENT PLANS, POLICIES, AND REGULATIONS . .
. 10
2.2
CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT: LAND SUITABILITY . . .
. 12
2.2.1 PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS: HAZARD AREAS, SOILS,
WATER SUPPLY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 12
2.2.2 FRAGILE AREAS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 14
2.3
CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT: CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY
FACILITIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 14
2.3.1 WATER AND SEWER - SERVICE AND FACILITIES
. 14
2.3.2 ROADS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 15
2. 3. 3 SCHOOLS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 15
2.3.4 ESTIMATED DEMAND . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. 15
3.0 POLICIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18
3.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES . . . . . . . . . . 19
3.2 NATURAL RESOURCE POLICIES . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3 DEVELOPMENT POLICIES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
4.0 LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP. . . . . . . . . .
4.1 PURPOSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4.2 LAND CLASSES . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TECHNICAL APPENDICES
. . . . . . . 29
. 29
. . . . . . . . 29

PREFACE
The North Carolina coast has a rich and varied history shaped
largely by unpredictable natural and man-made influences.. In 1974'
a new chapter was started that would provide a guide for negotiating
an equitable settlement between natural and economic values repre-
sented in the coast. This guide is the North Carolina Coastal Man-
agement Act of 1974. Consistent with the state's standard of demo-
cratic pratice that local units of government have the right and
responsibility to participate in decision making that may have state-
wide significance, although local in origin, the Act grafted state,
local, and county governments onto a land;use planning process.
Naively assumed by some as an instrument of revenge for past land
use misfeasance, by others as the holy grail of ecological purity,
and by still others as the end of common sense and property values,
the Act has taken none of these directions. After an administrative
beginning that may be most politely described as confusing, the Act
has gradually absorbed other coastal and environmental programs and
delivered some of its own. The content and execution of the entire
coastal program centers on the local land use plan - the legal and
political cord that ties State and local governments. These plans
provide local governments with the opportunity to establish points
of compromise between broad community needs and protection for sen-
sitive areas with Statewide significance. Because of the early lack
of consensus as to the purpose and direction of the Act few compro-
mises were reached during the 1975 draft of the plans. The present
update of the Kure Beach Land Use Plan is in reality a first attempt
at providing a serious discussion for mutual compromise. One of the
several purposes of this plan is to determine if State administrators

and officials are simply posturing in the name of participation, or
if in fact a productive dialogue can be established.
This plan is not the result of any one individuals effort. It
is an expression of the thoughts and emotions of Town citizens and
officials.about rights and resources equally sensitive to influences,
political or.natural, largely beyond their control. Grateful appre-
ciation is extended to all those who participated - citizens, Coun-
cil, and Planning Board members, faculty at the University of North
Carolina at Wilmington, N. C. Coastal Management staff, N. C. Cul-
tural Resources staff, the Army Corps of Engineers, and members and
officials from other local units of government.

1,0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 HISTORY OF COASTAL PLANNING
North Carolina's coast has historically been related to the
growth and development of all of eastern North Carolina and the
entire state. The first European settlement in North Carolina was
located on one of North Carolina's coastal islands, and from the
colonial and revolutionary periods on the coastal sounds and rivers
have served as ports of entry and major routes of commerce. As
transportation routes moved inland population and economic centers
did also and the coastal region did not experience the same degree
of growth as other areas of the state. However, in more recent
years increases in tourism, second home development and industrial
locations have created a new growth trend in North Carolina as well
as other coastal states. Recent census data indicates that more
than half of the nations population is within 50 miles of the beach.
This trend led both State and Federal governments to the conclusion
that if the vast natural and economic resources represented in the
coast were to be managed wisely new institutional frameworks were
needed. This realization led directly to the development of a new
area of public policy and concern known generally as coastal plan-
ning. Coastal planning and its programs are most visibly and con-
cretely articulated at the Federal level by the Coastal Zone Manage-
ment Act of 1972, and at the State level by the Coastal Area Manage-
ment Act of 1974.
1.2 LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES: FEDERAL
The Federal effort to promote coastal planning began with the
passage of the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972 (Public Law 92-
583). Its major objective is to encourage coastal states to develop
n
a management program to guide the public and private use of lands
and waters in the coastal zone. State programs are to be carried
out in two phases - one, development of the management program, and.
two, actual management of the program in the sense of administrative
and regulatory procedures. North Carolina's coastal proram is now
1

in phase two. The Federal Act is administered by the U. S. Depart-
ment of Commerce which is authorized to make grants to coastal
states for development and administration of their program.
1.3 LEGISLATIVE INITIATIVES: NORTH CAROLINA
The origins of -the North Carolina Coastal Area Management Act
(CAMA) began in the 1969 General Assembly. After enacting the
dredge and fill law (now absorbed into CAMA), the General Assembly
directed that a study be made with a view to the preparation of a
plan for the development and conservation of the states coastal re-
sources. At least 4 drafts of proposed legislation were prepared
with the final draft introduced in the General Assembly in March
1973. After five hearings on the coast, days of floor debates and
committee hearings, the Act was ratified on April 12, 1974, one day
before the end of the session. CAMA's unique -feature is that it is
a joint undertaking between local and State interests. This is ac-
complished by giving the authority for planning to local governments
and delegating to the State the responsibility for defining Areas of
Environmental Concern (AFC's). Regulation of development within
AEC's is a State -local effort. Each local government within the 20
county coastal area is required to prepare'a land use plan in accord
with guidelines prepared by the Coastal Resources Commission (CRC),
a 15 member policy -making body created by the Act. After adoption
of the plan by the local government and approval by the CRC, no de-
velopment within an AEC will be permitted unless it is consistent
with the local land use plan. The following paragraphs summarize
the 4 major parts of the Act.
. 1.3.1 PART ONE - ORGANIZATION AND GOALS - This part sets out
goals of the Act, defines terms, and establishes the Coastal Re-
sources Commission and the Coastal Resources Advisory Council. The
Advisory Council is a 47 member advisory group that provides tech-
nical assistance to the CRC. Briefly, the goals of CAMA are as fol-
lows:-
2

1) to provide a management system capable of preserving
and managing the natural ecological conditions of the
estuarine and barrier dune system, and beaches;
2) to insure that the development -or preservation of
coastal lands and waters is consistent with their
capability'to absorb change;
3) to insure the orderly and balanced use and preservation
of coastal resources;
4) to establish planning policies and guidelines for the
use and development of coastal lands and waters.
1.3.2 PART TWO - PLANNING PROCESSES - This part requires the
CRC to prepare and adopt guidelines for the preparation of land use
plans, which plans will then serve as guides for the issuance or
denial of development permits within AEC's.-,
1.3.3 PART THREE - AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL -CONCERN - Part 3
requires the CRC to designate AEC's and establish standards fcr the
land uses which may occur within these areas. These standards will
be used in conjunction with the land use plans to determine whether
or not development will be permitted in an AEC. AEC's fall within
one of the following 4 categories - Estuarine System, Ocean Hazard
Areas, Public Water supplies, and Fragile Coastal Natural and Cul-
tural Resource Areas.
1.3.4 PART FOUR - PERMIT LETTING AND ENFORCEMENT - This final
part of CAMA establishes the administrative procedures for enforce-
ment. Since March 1, 1978 no development is permitted within an
Area of Environmental Concern without a permit. Local governments
may assume authority for permit letting in AEC's for minor develop-
ments but permit letting authority for major developments is reser-
ved to the CRC.
3

1.4 PROGRIAM ADMINISTRATION - 1974 TO DATE
North Carolina's Coastal Management Program has focused on
meeting the requirements of CAMA and the Federal Coastal Zone
Management Act Within the framework of these two statutes two
phases evolved. Phase I is concerned with planning and Phase II
with implementation: In accordance with the requirements of Part
2 of CAMA, and assisted by grants from the U. S: Department of
Commerce, local governments (including Kure Beach) began.prepar-
ation of their land use plans in January of 1975. Final plans
from all but 2 of the 52 local governments were submitted to the
CRC on May 21, 1976 for review. All of these, including Kure
Beach's, were approved, or approved with conditions. The State Guide-
lines for Local Planning under which the plans were prepared required
that all plans be updated every 5 years. One of the major purposes
of the present planning effort is to comply with this requirement.
However, since the submission and approval of the first land use plan
in 1976 the Guidelines have been revised to reflect a new emphasis
on policy formulation by the local governments.
1.5 LAND USE PLANNING.GUIDELINES
These Guidelines are adopted by the CRC and codified in Chapter
15, Subchapter 7B of the North Carolina Administrative Code. Their
purpose is to define a planning process in which local governments
will identify land use problems and issues, collect and analyze data
bearing on possible solutions, develop alternative strategies for re-
solving the issues, formulate policies, and select methods of imple-
mentation. The minimum requirements of any plan are 1) a summary of
data collection and analysis, 2) an existing land use map, 3) policy
discussion, and 4) a land classification map. Central to each of
these requirements is a citizen participation program which seeks to
involve residents and property owner's in each step to the planning •
process. The Kure Beach Land Use Plan is organized within this
framework. '
4

1.6 PURPOSES OF LAND USE PLAN
The most frequently heard reason for preparing land use plans
under the Coastal Area Management Act is that plans are required by
the Act and the failure to prepare a plan will result in the State
substituting its judgment for that of local government. While this
possibility does exist there are better and more practical
reasons for preparing a land use plan. As is true for most local
units of government in this country the real property tax is the
major generator of revenues for financing services and facilities
for the community; and since the amount of the tax is a function of
the market value of the property the ability of the local government
to provide services and facilities is largely dependent upon main-
taining a strong market value of the land within its jurisdiction.
Thus the well being of the Town's residents will depend in part on
how wisely the land resource is governed so that values and the un-
derlying tax base remain strong. This issue is at the center of the
major purpose of the land use planning process - to influence and
direct the determinants of land use change, and thus of market value,
so that the well being of Town residents is protected and improved.
1.7 PLAN ORGANIZATION
The organization of the plan closely follows the outline sug-
gested by the state guidelines. First, existing land use, natural
resource, and community facilities data is summarized and analyzed;
included in this step is the preparation of the required existing
land use map. Second, land use issues are identified, alternatives
suggested and policies formulated. Finally, the policies are graph-
ically expressed in the Land Classification Map. Supplementary in-
formation is included in the technical appendices.
5

2,0 DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
The major purpose of the data collection and analysis portion
of the land use plan is to provide necessary background information
for Town officials and citizens in making policy choices about fu-
ture land use and development within the Town's jurisdiction. Much
of this information was collected during the preparation of the 1976
Land Use Plan and was based on•the 1970 census and land use survey's
conducted at that time. Since no new census information is available
and development changes in the Town since 1976 have been steady, but
not spectacular, much of the original information will be summarized
with more detailed data included in the technical appendices. Using
the information available from Town records and a resurvey of existing
land use the data collection and analysis summary is intended to pro-
vide a current picture of economic and environmental conditions in
the Town.
2.1 PRESENT CONDITIONS
Population estimates for Towns with a resort oriented economy,
such as Kure Beach's, must consider all of the different segments of
the population if the estimates are to be useful for planning pur-
poses. Critical facilities and services, such as water, sewer, and
public safety, must be designed and provide for seasonal populations -
not just the year-round population - a much smaller number. Thus the
"planning population" consists of 1) year-round residents, 2) day
visitors, or visitors who visit the beach and leave the same day, and
3) overnight visitors, or the typical visitor who spends one or more
nights in the Town. Accurate estimates of the planning population
are further complicated since the seasonal populations will "peak"
at certain times of the year, for example Fourth of July and Labor
Day. Thus the population that must be estimated and projected for
planning purposes is influenced not only by the usual factors of
birth and death, but also by regional and even state-wide forces such
as tourism and resort home building.
A

2.1.1 POPULATION & ECONOMY - A major limitation in the past in estima-
ting and projecting the Town's permanent year-round population was outdated
census information. The last census was in 1970 and no new final 1980 popu-
lation. count will be available until 1981; thus, past projections and trends,
estimates from the N.C. Department of Administration, and building records
have been relied upon to provide a current inter-censal estimate and a base for
ten year projection. The preliminary 1980 census count for Kure Beach confirms
the reliability of this methodology.
Census counts of Kure Beach have been taken every 10 years be-
ginning in 1950 when 228 persons were counted. In 1960 the figure
increased to 293 and in 1970 to 394, almost a 35% increase during
that decade. This large percentage increase is misleading due to the
small initial base and is thus not valid for projection purposes.
However, it does indicate a strong and steady population growth dur-
ing the past twenty years, and barring a significant change in eco=
nomic climate a continuation of this trend seems probable. Estimates
from the N.C; Department of Administration indicate a different trend.
These intercensal estimates show an increase in population in the
early to mid -seventies then a gradual decline to 1978. These esti-
mates are shown in the following table.
YEAR POPULATION ESTIMATE
1973
440
1974
470
1975
480
1976
450
1977
450
1978
440
N.C. DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION
In the Kure Beach Land Use Plan, prepared by the N.C. Depart-
ment of Natural Resources and Community Development, 1975 intercen-
sal projections ranged from 434 to 469; 1980 projections ranged from
477 to 544. In summary,the estimates and projections of these three
agencies indicate a 1979 population of between 440 and 544 persons.
7

In order to arrive at a final working estimate the following method
was used: it was assumed 1) that three -fourths the total number of
single-family dwelling units added since 1976 were occupied by 2.5
persons per unit (the remaining one-fourth were assumed to be season-
al), and 2) that the 1975 Department of Administration population
estimate of 480 persons was correct. This results in a final 1979
population estimate'of 523 persons (68 permits issued 0.75-X 2.5 +
480 = 523). Since it is doubtful, given current economic conditions,
that this figure will change significantly during the final months of
1979, this is also assumed to be the 1980 estimate.
As with the availability of reliable data for making population
estimates and projections, statistical information descriptive of the
Kure Beach economy is limited. Because of the relatively small size
of Kure Beach as an economic unit most data is aggregated at a larger
level - County and region; and, further, because this data is as dated
as the other Census data it would be risky, if not misleading, to
attempt to describe the Kure Beach economy with this information.
For the purposes of the Land Use Plan the Kure Beach economy may be
more usefully described in terms of the factors which affect land
values and thus contribute to the Town's tax base and revenues.
The Town's ecomomy is tourist based and relies largely on the
seasonal months of May, June, July, August, September, and October
for its tourist dollars. This extended tourist season into the
months of May, September, and.October is largely due to the attrac-
tiveness of the beach for its fishing potential, but also because
of the excellent fishing opportunities in the Fort Fisher Area and
the inlet leading to Buzzard Bay. Thus, the new inlet at Buzzard
Bay is not only a natural resource of significance but an important
economic resource to the Town. Some insight into the tourist -sea-
sonal nature of the economy is provided by the fact that of the 40 -
50 commercial establishments in the Town approximately 30 of these
` are motels or establishments that rent cottages and of its remaining
businesses at least one-half are tourist -seasonal oriented, such as
fishing piers, restaurants and bait and tackle shops. Obviously, at
the base of the economic well-being of the Town is its desirability
as a place to visit and this desirability is almost entirely a factor
8

of its proximity to the beach and the related amenities and recrea-
tion. However, as with any other tourist oriented economy, economic
success is largely dependent upon factors beyond the control of the
Town - energy availability and general economic conditions. Attemp-
ting to predict the state of these two variables is beyond the scope
of this .land use plan. However, several developments on the more
local level provide an indication of the economic future of the Town.
The most positive is the continued development -of Pleasure Island,
the area south of Snow's Cut. The location of Fort Fisher Marine
Resources Center south of Town, the continued residential and com-
mercial development in the Carolina and Wilmington Beach Area, and the
proposed 201 facilities plan all point toward positive growth for the
area. A more negative factor that could develop into serious propor-
tions in the future is the destruction of the beach by erosion. As
stated previously the anchor of the Town's economy, and thus of its
ability to provide facilities and services to both visitors and resi-
dents, is the health and desirability of its main recreational
resource - the beach.
Statistical information from the 1970 Census is included in the
Technical Appendices.
2.1.2 EXISTING LAND USE - Mapping and analysis of existing land
use serves to illustrate existing land use patterns, indicates possi-
ble conflicts, and establishes a relationship between population
growth and demand for land. The existing land use was first surveyed
by car and the results are compared with a similar survey conducted
during preparation of the 1975 plan. Existing land use is then illus-
trated on an overlay of aerial photography. The aerial photography
is on display at•Town Hall. Since the photography was not rectified
(corrected for lens distortion) care should be used in making deci-
sions based on the photography or map. Both are primarily intended
to illustrate land use patterns and are accurate only for this or
other planning purposes.
Several changes have occurred since the 1976 plan which have al-
tered existing land use or have significance for future development.
The first is a steady, although not spectacular, increase in residen-
.
0

EXISTING
LAND USE
TOWN
EXTRATERRITORIAL
LIMITS
%
JURISDICTION
Residential
56.0
23
62.0
Commercial
6.5
3
151.0*1
Institutional
1.7
1
150.0*2
Vacant/Undeveloped
136.0*3
55
1,173.0*4
Streets
48.0
19
13.0
TOTALS
248.2
15549.0
*2includes International Nickel property (see below)
includes Ft. Fisher Air Force Base (see below)
*3includes Sunny Point buffer zone (see below)
4includes Sunny Point buffer zone (see below)
ACREAGES OF SIGNIFICANT AREAS
Ft. Fisher Air Force Base
International Nickel
Sunny Point Buffer Zone
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction
Corporate Limits
TOTALS
4
118.0
7
10
157.5
9
10
151.7
8
76
1,309.0
73
1
61.0
3
150 Acres
150 Acres
843 Acres
83 Acres
TOTAL 926 Acres
1,797.2

tial construction and a limited amount of commercial growth.. Almost
all of the residential construction has been the addition of single
family dwellings and the commercial construction has been additions
to existing businesses. A small area,.about`4.25. acres.,.contiguous
to the Town's southern co-porate limits was recent ly annexed, in-
creasing slightly the number of residences as well as the total acre-
age with in the Town limits. The most significant change since prep-
aration of the 1976'plan has been the establishment of extraterritorial
jurisdiction outside the Town's corporate limits. This action by the
Town Council added over 1,000 acres to the area over which the Town
may exercise its police powers; however, a large part of this area,
766 acres or about 75%, is within the Sunny Point Buffer Zone. The
following table, "Existing Land Use - 1980" compares the various acre-
ages within the Town's corporate limits and the extraterritorial ju-
risdiction.
2.1.3 CURRENT PLANS POLICIES AND REGULATIONS - The major exist-
ing plan with significant implications for land use is the Kure Beach
Land Use Plan prepared by the N.C., Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development in accord with*the Coastal Area Management Act
and guidelines published thereunder. This plan, adopted by the Town
and approved by the Coastal Resources Commission in 1976, establishes
objectives, policies and standards to be followed in the making of
decisions concerning the use and development of land within.the Town's
jurisdiction. The plan addresses existing land use, population and
economic conditions, the capacity of community facilities and makes
projections of future population growth and demand for land. Based
on these projections and analysis a land classification map was pre-
pared to serve as a visual guide to the land use objectives, policies,
and standards. The guidelines require that the land use plans be up-
dated every five years and this plan is a product of that requirement.
The second plan affecting land use is the Carolina -Kure Beach
201 Facility Plan, April 1977 and addendum of March 1978, prepared by `
Henery Von Oesen and Associates, Inc., Wilmington, N.C. Its purpose
is to develop a plan for the construction of the most logical, eco-
nomical, socially acceptable and environmentally sound wastewater
treatment and disposalfacilities for the portion of New Hanover
County south of Snow's Cut. The plan's recommendation is that the
1.5 MGD wastewater treatment facility owned and operated by the Town
of Carolina Beach receive the areas wastewater, treat it to tertiary
10

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level and discharge the disinfected effluent to the Cape Fear River.
This plan provides that the Town of Kure Beach sewerage system will
be connected to the Carolina Beach facility. This will be accom-
plished by the construction of a new 0.27 MGD wastewater pumping
station (to be located on the site of the existing Kure Beach waste-.
water pumping station) and an 8 inch force main which will discharge
to the Carolina Beach Treatment facility. The area south of Kure
Beach, outside of but immediately -contingent to the Town limits, will
also be served but will be handled by extending the existing Kure
Beach sewer system. Of.particular significance is the statement in
the Addendum that "The plan concept also allows for the expansion of
existing sewer systems into newly developed areas in harmony with the
adopted and approved CAMA Plans for Carolina Beach and Kure Beach."
However, since a force -main will be used to transport sewage from.
Kure Beach to the Carolina Beach treatment facility no individual
connections will be allowed along this main on 421. Residents will
be eligible for service only if a sufficient number are sewered
at one time to justify construction of an additional lift -station
for connection to the main line on 421.
The following ordinances have been adopted by the Town of Kure
Beach as a means of controlling land use within the Town's jurisdic-
tion:
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction Ordinance - adopted September 20,
1977 extending the Town's police powers into those areas contiguous
to the Town and shown on the Existing Land Use Map.
Annexation Ordinance - Adopted December 9, 1977 extending the
Town's municipal limits into most of the area between Avenue "E" and
Davis Road.
Article VII Community Planning and Development - Establishes a
Town Planning Board and sets out its powers and duties to include
preparation of a comprehensive physical development plan, principles
and policies for development, developing ordinances, evaluating pro-
posed developments -and providing advice to the public and Town Council
on planning issues. The Planning Board is also authorized -to prepare
basic studies such as land use, housing, utilities, facilities, recre-
ational, transportation and parking.
11

Article II Section 6-6 - Appoints a Building Inspector.
Article III - Adopts the N. C. Building Code.
Article IV - Adopts the N. C. Uniform'Residential Building Code. '
Article IX - Adopts the Southern Standard Housing Code.
Chapter 7 - Zoning Ordinance - Adopts a zoning ordinance for the
Town regulating the height, density, and use of land and divides the
Town into three residential and two business districts. The town is
further divided within its extra -territorial jurisdiction into four
residential districts and two business districts.
Chapter 12 - Annexation - Provides for annexation of property not
contiguous to the Town limits but within 3 miles thereof at the peti-
tion of the property owners but the total area annexed may not exceed
25io of the total area of the Town.
Chapter 25'- Water and Sewer Extensions - Provides for the ex-
tension of water and sewer lines with 100% of the cost assessed against
abutting property owners on a front foot basis.
- Vehicle Ordinance - Adopted July 1958, makes it unlawful to op-
erate a motor vehicle on the strand or beach in the Town.
A listing of state and Federal regulations affecting coastal
land and water resources is included in the Technical Appendices.
2.2 CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT: LAND SUITABILITY
2.2.1 PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS: HAZARD AREAS, SOILS, WATER SUPPLY
There are two types of hazard areas which may limit physical develop-
ment in the Town, man-made and natural. While there are no man-made
hazards within the Town the location of the Sunny Point Military Ocean
Terminal on the western side of the Cape Fear River has required the
establishment of -a buffer zone on the eastern side of the river which
covers a large part of the Town's extraterritorial jurisdiction and
a significant percentage (about 35% or 83 acres) within the Town's
corporate limits. The purpose of the zone is to provide a buffer or
safe zone around the terminal should a major explosion occurr; however,
such an accident has never occurred. The only two significant natural
hazards are the areas of the Town subject to riverine or ocean erosion
and flood prone areas. The flood prone areas generally lie west of
12

Second Avenue and are shown on the FIA Flood Hazard Boundary Map in
the Technical Appendices. According to a report prepared by the U.S.
Corps of Engineers in December 1969 entitled Wind Tide Flooding in New
Hanover County, North Carolina, a riverine flood hazard area exists
along Kure Beach's western corporate limits and extraterritorial ju-
risdiction. This area may be affected by 50 year frequency wind tide
flooding; however, all of this area is within the Sunny Point Military
Ocean Terminal Buffer Zone in which no development exists or is per-
mitted. The ocean erosion hazard area extends over all oceanfront
lands within the Town and its extraterritorial jurisdiction. Two
types of hazard are posed by this area - danger from erosion and under-
mining of structures and possible damage by high velocity waters in the
event of a severe storm. While the latter is also included in the
ocean flood hazard area there is an additional danger of direct damage
from storm surge.
Soils in the Kure Beach Town limits consists of 6 major types
each of which is described in detail and mapped in the Technical Ap-
pendices. These soils were mapped from aerial photo.graphy by the
U nited States Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service
using spot sampling to verify the results. Generally, these soils
are characterized by rapid permeability, low in natural fertility,
and water tables varying between 10 inches and six feet. The Rimini
and Leon Sand types predominate and while these soils have several
limitations for most land uses careful site planning and construction
methods can minimize these hazards. The major significant limitation
on most of the soil types is their unacceptability for septic tanks.
Because of central sewerage within the Town limits the possibility
of ground water pollution exists primarily in the Town's.extra-terri
torial juridiction. Some of the potential hazard may be eliminated
upon completion of the Town's 201 Facilities Plan which provides for
sewering the area south of Kure Beach by an extension of Kure Beach's
sewer lines as far as Fort Fisher and the installation of a ten -inch
force main along US 421 to Carolina Beach. However, as previously
noted individual connections will not be permitted to the force main
along US 421 and residents will only be permitted to connect if a
sufficient number are sewered to justify construction of a lift -
station and connection to the force main.
13

According to hydrologists with the State of North Carolina there
have been no significant changes in the quantity or quality of ground-
water available to Kure Beach since the preparation of the Kure Beach
Land Use Plan in 1976. The aquifer of importance .to Kure Beach's
water supply is the Tertiary System Aquifer, which provides the Town
with a potential of -1,050 gallons per minute or 1.51 million gallons
per day through three open end wells.
2.2.2 FRAGILE AREAS - Fragile areas are areas which could easily
be damaged or destroyed by inappropriate or poorly planned development.
Areas of Environmental Concern, as described in Chapter 15 of the N. C.
Administrative Code and summarized in the Technical Appendices as well
as such areas as prime wildlife habitats and significant archaeological
and historic sites are included in this category.
2.3 CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOP14ENT: CAPACITY OF FACILITIES
2.3.1 WATER AND SEWER - SERVICE AND FACILITIES - Prior to 1964,
the Town of Kure Beach discharged -untreated wastewater from its col-
lection system via a 12 inch outfall to the Cape Fear River. The col-
lection system was constructed in 1950,and in 1964, with the assistance
of a 50% grant, a 0.1 MGD stabilization lagoon was constructed on a 6.5
acre site next to the Cape Fear River on land leased from the Sunny
Point Military Ocean Terminal. Untreated wastewater enters the plant
via a 12 inch gravity line which then flows by gravity into the lagoon
which has a surface area of 3.4 acres and normal water depth of 3 feet.
The facility is designed to accomodate an average daily flow of 0.1 MGD,
a peak flow of 0.2 MGD (140 GPM), a BODS of 170 lbs/day and a suspended
solids load of 200 lbs/day. Effluent from the lagoon flows into an.out-
let structure where it is chlorinated. A 12 inch outfall.line, which
also serves as a chlorine contact tank, extends approximately 450 feet
into the Cape Fear River. The collection system extends to all of the
area within the Town corporate limits which is outside the Sunny Point
buffer zone. The treatment facility is currently operating under a
discharge permit from the State of North Carolina. Monitoring of the
facilities performance during the period from November 1975 to October
1976 indicated performance was within permit limits during the off sea-
son, but that under the final limits of the permit the facility.will not
14

be able to meet final effluent limits for most of the year particularly
during the peak tourist season. Two alternatives exist for the Town:
1) upgrade and expand the existing facility to meet permit limits, or
• 2) abandon the existing facility and connect to the Carolina Beach
Wastewater treatment. system. The Carolina —Kure Beach 201 facilities
plan recommends the latter alternative.
2.3.2 ROADS - The latest N. C. Department of Transportation
traffic counts for Kure Keach at the intersection of Dow Road and
U. S. 421 show peak average daily -traffic counts of 4,200 on the
north side of the intersection, 3,900 on the south side and 780 on
the west side. According to N. C. Department of Transportation's
Planning and Research Division these counts are well within the de-
sign capacity of U. S. 421 although -some congestion may occur during
summer weekends.
2.3.3 SCHOOLS - The Carolina Beach Elementary School operated
by New Hanover County is located approximately 2 miles north of Kure
Beach. There are 2 kindergarten classes, 3 first grade classes, one
combined first and second grade class, 2 second, third, fourth; fifth,
and sixth grade classes, and one combined fifth and sixth grade class.
The school was constructed in 1937 and expanded within the last 4
years. Approximately 50 students from Kure Beach attend the school
and according to school officials there is adequate classroom and
teacher capacity for Kure Beach's population. Due to the relatively
high percentage of older residents and the retirement nature of the
Town this assessment would appear accurate.
2.3.4 ESTIMATED DEMAND - The purpose of projecting future pop-
ulation growth is to provide a basis for determining demand for land
and facilities and for classifying land area under the Land Classi-
fication map. The same factors that make estimating current popula-
tion difficult - outdated Census information, small population base -
also make projections of future populations particularly "risky".
Standard projection methods, such as the cohort -survival method, may
not be used because of lack of statistical data. The best "method"
in the case of Kure Beach is an extension of past trends into the fu-
15

ture under the assumption that while conditions will change in the
future any changes will be consistent with past development trends;
thus, there will be no significant alteration from future projected
populations. This assumption should be continuously reexamined and
all projections used with caution and judgment.
Population projections, as with estimates, requires a projection
of both seasonal and year-round residents. These projections and es-
timates, for the reasons previously discussed, are based on data that
is readily available and is considered most reliable for estimation
and projection purposes. Several assumptions have been made which are
the result of interviews with local officials and business persons.
The data and assumptions used are shown in the following table:
ASSUMPTIONS AND DATA FOR POPULATION PROJECTIONS
1) From 1971 through 1979 approximately 104 new dwel-
ling units were constructed in the Town or.about 12 units
per year. Since this period included both an economic up-
turn and downturn it is assumed this rate of construction
will.continue for the next 10 years.
2) Approximately 75% of all residential construction
will be seasonal, i.e., intended primarily for summer rental
and not year-round occupancy.
3) Seasonal occupancy is 7 persons per unit
4) Year-round occupancy is 2.5 persons per unit
5) There are approximately 28 motel and cottage rental
establishments in the Town with an average of 8 units per
establishment orr 224 available units.
6) Occupancy of motel -cottage units is 3 persons per
night.
7) Motel -Cottage -units increased at the rate of 3.3
units per year during the 1971 - 1979 period and this rate
will continue for the next 10 years.
8) the 1980 year-round population is 523; the 1980
maximum seasonal population is 4,109.
16

Although the preliminary Census confirms the 1980 estimate and
methodology used to reach this estimate, and therefore is sufficient
to provide a working projection two future developments are the con-
struction of sewerage treatment facilities at Carolina Beach and sew-
ering of areas along 421 north and south of the Town and the potential
annexation of the Wilmington -Hanby Beach area north of the Town limits.
The following assumptions are made for the purpose of developing the
second contingent projection 1) a maximum of ten permanent dwelling:
units will be constructed in the extra-terrritorial jurisdiction per
year with an occupancy of 2.5 persons per dwelling unit; 2) there are
160 dwelling units in the Wilmington -Hanby Beach area and fifty per-..
cent of these units are occupied for year-round occupancy by 2.5 per-
sons per dwelling unit.
YEAR-ROUND CONTINGENT PROJECTIONS
EXTRATERRITORIAL
JURISDICTION OF
NEW DEVELOPMENT
10 New Permanent Dwel-
ling units/year
x 2.5 Persons/Dwelling unit
25 Additional Persons/
year
x10 years
250 Additional Permanent
Residents plus
ANNEXATION OF
WILMINGTON-HANBY BEACH
TO SOUTH SIDE OF ALABAYA AVE.
160 Dwelling Units
x. 50 .
80 Year -Round Occupancy
x 2.5 Persons/Dwelling Unit
200 Additional Permanent Residents-
450
Plus 598 Working Population projection
1,048 Contingent Population Projection
17

YEAR-ROUND
12 dwelling units per year constructed
3 permanent at 2.5 persons per unit = 75 additional
year-round residents plus 1980 estimate of 523 per-
sons = 598 year-round residents in 1996
12 dwelling units per year constructed
9 seasonal units at 7 persons per unit
3.3 motel/cottage rooms added per year
TOTAL ANNUAL INCREASE IN SEASONAL POPULATION
= 63 persons
= 10 persons
= 73 persons
73 PERSONS PER YEAR x 10 YEARS = 750 PERSONS
PLUS 1980 SEASONAL POPULATION 4,109 PERSONS
TOTAL 1989 SEASONAL POPULATION = 4,839 PERSONS
MAXIMUM POPULATION 1989
SEASONAL 4,839
YEAR -POUND 598
5,437 PERSONS (EXCLUDING DAY VISITORS)

3,0 POLICIES
Land use policies serve several purposes. First, they.act as
guides for desired future development and land use changes. In this
sense they may be followed directly or used to interpret the more
specific standards set out in Town ordinances, such as the zoning or-
dinance. When used to interpret ordinances their function is to pro-
vide insight into the desired purpose of a particular regulation so
that its spirit is observed as carefully as its letter. However, pol-
icies are not intended to take precedence over Town ordinances and do
not have the effect of ordinances. A second purpose is to serve as
an expression of Town opinion on land uses permitted within Areas of
Environmental Concern. They act as an accepted point of compromise
between Federal and State agencies and the Town. Broad community needs
and needed cooperation from these agencies are expressed in the pol-
icies. This purpose is central to the Coastal Area Management Act's
mandate of a land use planning process involving a partnership be-
tween State and local governments. k-third and related use is.as a
component of State and Federal review of permits or grant applications.
Development permits should be consistent with local land use plans as
should the expenditure of Federal or State funds. These last two pur-
poses pose potential sources of conflict and of opportunity in the land
use planning process.
The State Guidelines for Land Use Planning require that four major
types of policies be formulated where appropriate for the particular
locality. These are resource protection, resource production and man-
agement, economic and community development, and continuing public
participation. Within each of these areas issues are to be defined,
alternatives considered and policies and methods of implementation
selected. Specific policies are to be stated on certain issues within
• each of the broad policy areas. Small geographical area and relatively
few AEC's make many.of these issues inapplicable to Kure Beach (for
example, importance of productive agricultural lands or mineral sites).

3.1 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES
The most fundamental objective of democratic practice is to in-
sure that public policies correspond closely with the needs and pref-
erences of affected citizens, and to prevent government from overstep-
ping the bounds of its limited authority. Such an objective must
acknowledge and respect the primary purpose of public participation -
increasing the responsiveness and accountability of government to
citizens affected by public decisions. Because of the great sensitivity
to land use governance, public participation programs should be re-
sponsive to the individual property owner as well as special interest
groups and the general public.
A public participation program consists of three basic components:
1) education, 2) public participation, and 3) governmental account-
ability.. In preparation the public should be educated on the basic
concepts and process of decision making; provided accurate, understand-
able information about policy issues; and notified of opportunities
to participate. The primary objective of the education component is
to improve comprehension and communication between affected citizens
and local officials. The second component, public participation,
requires two things: first, identification of policy options, and
second, estimating support from the public for each alternative. The
planners responsibility is to help structure the public debate by
highlighting common viewpoints and weeding out policy options that are
not feasible on technical, legal, or other grounds. The final com-
ponent, accountability, requires that the rationale for particular
policy decisions be explained and opportunities be provided for test-
ing decisions for fairness and responsiveness.
Within this framework several issues must be addressed in estab-
lishing policies for public participation. First, who is the "public"
toward which participation efforts will be directed. In a typical
beach community the affected may include such groups as property -
owning residents, non -property owning residents (renters and persons
living with their parents or relatives), and non-resident property
owners (absentee owners). Each of these segments of the public will
be affected to some degree by the actions and policies of the Town
19

and each has certain participation rights. The second issue in
designing a mechanism for participation is what priorities should be
given to each of the affected groups in allocating time and resources.
While each group is entitled to participate and express an opinion,
resources for participation are not unlimited and efforts must be
directed toward the public most immediately affected. Finally, given
the resources available and the social and economic composition of the
particular locality, the issue of what methods will most efficiently
and effectively gain the needed participation from the various segments
of the public must be decided. Methods used by other agencies and
local governments in the past have included such diverse techniques as:
speaker's bureaus, brochures, news media coverage, depositing informa-
tion in local public places, public notices, registries of interested
individuals, mass mailings, planning information centers, mobile ex
hibitions, planning workshops, advisory groups, nominal group technique,
gaming and simulation, surveys, and systematic distribution of suc-
cessive draft plans to a panel of citizen reviewers. Many of these
methods will have only limited application, if any to the Town of
Kure Beach, and the policies that follow are intended to address the
issues defined above and select methods suitable to the Town's polit-
ical character and population size.
POLICY It is the policy of the Town to assure that all resident,
property owners have equal participation status in land use or other
public decisions that may affect them. However, while full participa-
tion rights shall be afforded to all citizens, the Town's first re-
sponsibility shall be to permanent residents.
POLICY In consideration of the relatively small resident pop-
ulation and geographical area of the Town, and in recognition of the
inability of some persons to participate in the land planning process
because of physical infirmity or job conflict, it shall be the policy
of the Town to utilize a variety of public education and participation
techniques. These techniques shall include citizen surveys, public
meetings and workshops, use of all news media to the extent that co-
operation can be obtained, required public hearings and draft review.
20

POLICY It is the policy of the Town to follow a continuing land
use planning process of problem identification, data collection, de-
velopment of alternatives, policy formulation, development of imple-
mentation strategies, and monitoring.
IMPLEMENTATION In pursuit of the above policies the following
methods of implementation will be used.
1) In addition to required public hearings no fewer than
two public meetings and workshops Should be held to discuss land use;.:
policies and alternatives.
2) citizen surveysshould be distributed so that citizens
unable to attend meetings and workshops will have an opportunity to
express their opinions.
3) draft copies should be circulated to local officials for
review and made available to the general public at Town Hall and other
appropriate public places.
4) To insure that the land use planning process is contin-
uous the Townshould conduct an annual review of the policies set out
in this plan. The purpose of the review will be to evaluate the effect
of the policies on land use changes that have occurred or may be anti-
cipated. The Town, through either the Town Council or the Planning
Board should either make a finding that no changes are necessary or
make recommendations for necessary changes.
5) In addition to the above public education and participa-
tion techniques several optional methods may be used by the Town to the
extent time and resources permit. The purpose of these optional tech-
niques.is to 1) reinforce and supplement other methods, and 2) to pro-
vide additional participation opportunities for persons who are unable
to attend meeting or workshops -because of work conflicts or difficulty
with physical mobility (elderly and handicapped).
These techniques may include a registry of interested citizens
who will be contacted concerning meetings, information available, or ,
other developments in the land planning process; distribution of ed-
ucational brochures; and, taping of meetings and workshops so that in-
terested individuals may either borrow the tapes or reply at Town Hall.
21

3.2 NATURAL RESOURCE POLICIES
Among the most important natural resources within Kure Beach's
juridiction are the Areas of Environmental Concern which are specifi-
cally described in the State Guidelines for Areas of Environmental
Concern (15 NCAC 74). While other AEC's may later be nominated and
designated as a fragile coastal natural resource area under Section
.0500 of the Guidelines, the only two existing AEC's within the Town's
jurisdiction are those that fall within the Ocean Hazard Area system
described in Section .0300. These are the Ocean Erodible Areas and
the High Hazard Flood Areas. The Ocean Erodible Areas are areas in
which there exists a substantial possibility of excessive erosion and
significant shoreline fluctuation. The seaward- boundary of Ocean
Erodible.Areas is the mean low water line. The landward boundary is
the distance from the first line of stable natural vegetation to a
recession line determined by the long term annual erosion rate; how-
ever, the minimum distance shall be 60 feet from the first line of
stable natural vegetation and a distance landward from this point to
a recession line that would be generated by a 100-year storm. The
High Hazard Flood Areas are areas subject to high velocity waters
(such as hurricane wave wash) from a 100 year storm as eutablished by
the U. S. Department of Housing and Urban Development, Federal Insurance
Administration, or other approved data sources. The AEC guidelines
establish both general and specific use standards for development with-
in these AEC's. Generally, development is permitted only landward of
the crest of the primary dune and all construction must follow sound
coastal engineering and building practices so as to afford maximun
protection against storm damage and not increase the likelihood of
erosion in other parts of the AEC. Additional standards are set for
public access and facilities, mobile homes, and the protection of val-
uable archaeological resources and biological habitat.
Other than the AEC's, areas with physical constraints to develop-
ment are not extensive within the developable areas within the Town.
As was discussed in the "Constraints to Development" section the major
development constraint in unfavorable soil conditions for septic tanks
and because of the Town's central water and sewer system which services
22

the entire Town this constraint exists only in the Town's extra-
territorial jurisdiction.; Further, the significance of this con-
straint is greatly reduced since the vast majority of the Town's
extraterritorial jurisdiction is undevelopable due to the Sunny.Point
Military Ocean Terminal Buffer Zone. There are no apparent or known
significant historical, archaeological, or architectural resources in
the Town's jurisdiction, and with the exception of scattered habitat
for certain rare plant species (sundew, pitcher plant, and venus fly
trap), no biological habitat for endangered species.. Water supply is
nearly three times existing or projected needs and is in no danger of
pollution or saltwater intrusion. The only other significant develop-
ment constraint is the capacity of the sewage treatment system. The
system has been overloaded during peak summer flows and additional
connections for commercial or multi -family must receive prior approval
from the N. C. Department of Natural Resources and Community Develop-
ment. Thus, the major constraint to development in Kure Beach relates
to the disposal of sewage, either from the capacity of the Town's treat-
ment system or from the capacity of the soils -to treat sewage from
individual treatment systems. Implementation -of the Carolina'201 Faci-
lity Plan will help to reduce this constraint. The 201 facility plan calls for the
abandonment of the Kure Beach and Fort Fisher sewage treatment facilities with con-
nection to the Carolina Beach wastewater treatment plant. Force mains connecting
the areas will be installed along the U.S. 421 right-of-way thus providing areas
within Kure Beach's extraterritorial jurisdiction with disposal capacity. However,
as previously noted, no individual connections will be permitted to the force main
on US 421 and individual residents will only be allowed to connect after a sufficient
number have been sewered to justify the construction of a lift -station and connection
to the US 421 force main.
The most significant recreational resource in the Town is also its Most impor-
tant economic resource - the ocean and beach. Not only are Town citizens provided
with an exceptional recreational experience but, as discussed under DATA OOLLECTION
AND ANALYSIS, the Town's economy is almost completely dependent on the income genera-
ted by visitors to its beach. '
23

3.2.1 DEFINITION.OF ISSUES - Two issues present themselves for
resolution in forming natural resource policies for Kure Beach:
1) How can land use changes within Areas of Environ-
mental Concern or areas with constraints to development be guided and
controlled so that superior economic and social values to the Town
are created; and, are existing State, Federal, and local laws and pol-
icies adequate to provide this guidance and control; and,
2) Are existing State and Federal laws and policies for
the protection of AEC's or areas with constraints to development con-
sistent with the overall social and economic needs of the Town.
3.2.2 POLICIES The following policies shall be used by the
Town in evaluating proposed developments and by State and Federal
governments for negotiating necessary compromises concerning projects
needed to promote overall community needs.
3.2.3 GENERAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY - Land use changes should be per-
mitted and development guided into only those areas where the impact
or change will result in a minimum reduction of values represented by
natural processes, and where such a reduction occurs the use or devel-
opment should be permitted only if superior economic and social values
to the Town will be created.. It is recognized that .measuring. values
represented by natural processes is a subjective judgement and it is
therefore the responsibility of the Town Planning Board and Council to
make this measurement.
3.2.4 SHORELINE MANAGEMENT - It shall be the policy of the Town
to institute a comprehensive system of shoreline management that pro-
duces the most financially feasible and environmentally acceptable
means of protecting and managing the economic and natural values re-
presented in the beach. In furtherance of this policy the following
policies are adopted.
EROSION CONTROL Beach -renourishment shall be the preferred
erosion control measure when it is found to be the most effective and.
, financially feasible method for the Town; however, if renourishment
is not found to be the most effective and financially feasible method,
alternative methods shall be used. Such methods shall include the
maintenance and reconstruction of existing groins and bulkheads as well
as their extension if there is a threat to life or property.
24

DUNE MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION Dune maintenance and pro-
tection shall be used to supplement other erosion control methods and
policies. Dune maintenance and protection should include the restriction
of pedestrian traffic to designated access points, prohibition of.any
motorized vehicles on the beach, and carrying out a systematic program
of dune vegetation maintenance.
PROTECTION OF WILDLIFE Shoreline erosion projects shall
not be constructed in beach areas that sustain substantial habitat for
important wildlife species unless adequate mitigation measures are in-
corporated into project design.
Project construction shall be timed to have minimum sig-
nificant adverse effect on biological activity on the site.
3.2.5 IMPLEMENTATION - In order to implement the above policies
the following actions by the Town will be taken:
1) enactment of a Sand Dune Protection Ordinance similar
to the.one included in the Technical Appendices.within one year from
the date of approval of this plan by the Coastal Resources Commission;
2) enactment of ordinances, similar to the ones in the
Technical Appendices, restricting pedestrian access to designated access
points and prohibiting all motorized vehicles on the beach within one
year of the date of approval of this plan by the Coastal Resources
commission;
3) continous review and education of the public of the
actions required of citizens and officials by the Town's Hurricane
Procedures Plan.
25

3.3 DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
Development policies include both economic development policies
• that the Town will follow in promoting the growth of the Town, and
land use development policies intended to influence the character
and pattern of the anticipated change.
3.3.1 ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT POLICIES - Two factors dominate the
economic growth potential of Kure Beach. The first is the limited
expansion possibilities due to the presence of the Atlantic Ocean to
the east and the Sunny Point Military Ocean Terminal Buffer Zone to
the west. Northerly and southerly expansion remains a possibility
but due to the high projected costs of extending services to these
areas annexation would be prohibitively expensive at present. The
second factor is the treat of erosion along the Town's oceanfront
shoreline. While this erosion has been successfully arrested within
the Town limits due to the use of jetties and bulkheads the 'possibi-
lity of a accelerated erosion from severe storms exists. This ero-
sion is a threat to the safety of residents and property owners and
to the Town's tourist oriented economy. Economic development poli-
cies and issues must be constructed within the context of these
political and natural forces, and because their control is largely
beyond the Town's influence, choices must center on adaptability
and compromise rather than confrontation.
ISSUES: 1) Does the limited expansion potential of the
Town require different urban growth patterns and policies than currently
exist; if so, what policies and growth patterns should be adopted and
pursued to achieve Town growth objectives.
2) What fiscal and legal alternatives are
available to the Town to finance shoreline protection projects that are
consistent with the Town's Natural Resources Policies.
3.3.2 POLICIES
URBAN GROWTH PATTERNS - The Town's policy shall be to
develop, through its land use policies and ordinances, a growth pattern
conducive to development locating within the Town's corporate limits
but planned and constructed so as to be consistent with Natural Resources
Policies; more specifically, this policy should be construed to mean
that development outside the Town's corporate limits should be less
26

dense than that permitted within the Town's limits unless adequate
water and sewage disposal facilities are available. The purpose of
this policy is to promote a growth pattern that maximizes the Town's
tax base and minimizes fiscal and environmental costs.
FINANCING SHORELINE PROTECTION - It is the policy of the Town
that the costs of shoreline protection projects should be distributed
among the various user -beneficiaries in equal proportion to the
benefit received. It is accepted that 1) the geographic diversity
and mobility of many of the user -beneficiaries makes equitable al-
location of financial responsibility difficult under existing legal
alternatives; and 2) that imposition of all costs on local property
owners is inequitable and would inevitably result in future land use
development contrary to local or statewide objectives.
3.3.3 IMPLEMENTATION - The Town should establish and contribute
to a Capital Reserve Fund for the accumulation of funds to pay for
the Town's share of shoreline protection
The Town will consider and make estimates of the potential re-
venues to be generated through all legislative alternatives for ex-
ample, general advalorem taxes, special assessments, and service
districts - and will pursue those methods found to be most equitable.
The Town will support legislation authorizing the imposition of
taxes on tourist related goods and services.
3.3.4 LAND USE POLICIES
ISSUES Four questions must be considered in determining
land use policies -.the type, timing, intensity, and location of
future development - or the what, when, how much and where of antici-
pated land use. A subissue of each of these questions is what are the
net costs or benefits to the Town associated with each alternative.
The overall issue may be sunriarized as -what development mix will pro-
vide the maximum benefit or least cost to the Town, measured in both
fiscal and environmental terms.
TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT It is the policy of the Town to permit
only those land uses that enhance the Town as a family -oriented com-
munity for living and recreation. Examples of land use types consistent
27

with this policy are residential, single and multi -family, tourist
oriented businesses, and supporting or service type uses; however,
all uses permitt(:d by the zoning at the time of adoption of this
plan shall be considered consistent with the above policy. Types
of uses specifically considered inconsistent with the above policy
are manufacturing or -industrial uses that would create negative ef-
fects on either the Town's economy or Town citizens in the enjoyment
of their residences. Examples of such uses are energy facilities,
landfills and military installations involving the storage or hand-
ling of explosives.
LOCATION OF DEVELOPMENT - It is the policy of the Town to locate
development so that is is consistent with local ordinances and state
and Federal regulations; further, development shall be consistent with
the Natural Resource policies previously stated. The general loca-
tion of the types of development suggested under this policy are graph-
ically described in the Land Classification Map.
TIDING AND DENSITY OF DEVELOPMENT - The amount and timing of fu-
ture development are largely the result of market forces unless demand
is at an extremely high level. If this were the case these two com-
ponents of land use could be guided through land use ordinances and
utility extension policies. However, under the population and eco-
nomic growth projections made earlier in this plan, land demand is not
excessive at the present time nor is an undersupply projected for the
planning period. The policy of the Town is, therefore, to accept pro-
jected development at projected market rates and at densities permis-
sible under the current zoning ordinance.
IMPLEMENTATION - 1) The Town will review and revise all Town land
use ordinances as necessary to insure consistency with the above policies.
2) The Town will adopt zoning classifications
for its extraterritorial jurisdiction in accord with the above policies
and the Land Classification map.
3) The Town Planning Boardshould prepare subdi-
vision regulations for consideration by the Town Council which shall be
consistent with the policies stated above and the Natural Resource Pol-
icies previously stated.

4,0 LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP
4.1 PURPOSE
The land classification map is intended to serve as a graphic
illustration of the Town's adopted policies. By delineating the
classes on a map, policies (local, state, and Federal) can be des-
ignated for specific areas. However, land classification is not a
regulatory machanism but is only a tool to.help implement policies.
It provides a framework to be used by local governments to identify
future land uses and as a guide to where natural and cultural re-
sources will be conserved.
4.2 LAND CLASSES
Of the 5 types of land classes defined in the State Guidelines
3 are suitable for classification of lands within the Town of Kure
Beach. These are the developed, transition and conservation classes.
The developed class is intended to provide for continued intensive
development and redevelopment of existing areas that are at or ap-
proaching a density of 500 dwellings per square mile and are current-
ly served by public water, sewer, recreational facilities, police,
and fire protection. All of the area within the corporate limits of
Kure Beach but is out of the Sunny Point buffer zone falls within
this category. There are approximately 488 dwellings in this 87 acre
area for a density of 5.6 dwellings per acre. All of this area is
served by the required facilities; however, the classification devel-
oped is too broad to be useful for future land use decisions and is
therefore further subdivided into the.following categories.
DEVELOPED
RESIDENTIAL -LOW DENSITY - A classification intended primarily for low
density residential development and related institutional uses such
as churches and schools. The major purpose of this classification is
to promote and protect single family neighborhoods.
RESIDENTIAL -LOW DENSITY/PROFESSIONAL SERVICE - This land classification
is intended to allow a controlled mix of one and two family dwellings
with certain low intensity professional businesses and institutional
uses.
29

RESIDENTIAL -MEDIUM DENSITY/TOURIST - The purpose of this classification
is to encourage a mix of multi -family dwellings with tourist accomo-
dations as well as institutional uses but not business uses.
CENTRAL BUSINESS - The central business classification is designed to
concentrate the location of trade and commercial enterprises that may
have a negative effect on residential areas into one centrally located
area.
NEIGHBORHOOD BUSINESS - This classification is intended to establish
controlled areas where the major uses are retailing of goods and ser-
vices to surrounding residential neighborhoods. Uses in this area
should be regulated to reduce traffic and parking congestion so that
the surrounding residential areas are protected.
The.second major land classification applicable to Kure Beach is
the transition class. The purpose of this class is to provide for
future intensive urban development on lands most suitable for such
development and that are scheduled for necessary public utilities
and services; they also provide for additional growth when lands in
the developed class are not available or are severely limited for de-
velopment. This latter condition has particular significance for
Kure Beach because of the large areas (see the Existing Land Use
Analysis) within the Sunny Point buffer zone that are unavailable for
development. Thus, future development within the Town's jurisdiction
will have to concentrate outside of this area. Two further limitations
exist on future development - one, virtually all lots within the Town
have been platted in sizes from 2,500 to 5,000 square feet. This will
make assemblage for cluster housing difficult and probably expensive;
and, second, a considerable amount of developable land outside the
buffer zone is under the control of Fort Fisher Air Force Base and the
International Nickel Company. With these limitations it appears likely
that much of the Town's future growth will occur in the extraterritorial
jurisdiction north and south of the Town's existing limits. The pur-
pose of the transition class as applied to these areas is to encourage
an orderly, environmentally sound growth that if annexed in the future
will be an asset to the Town. The transition class is subdivided into
the following subclasses.
30

TRANSITION
RESIDENTIAL -LOW DENSITY - This classification is intended to promote
the location of single-family residences in quiet low density resi-
dential developments in such a manner that they will be compatible
with existing developments and the surrounding environment.
RESIDENTIAL -MEDIUM DENSITY - The purpose of this classification is
to allow a mix of single -family -residences, townhouses, condominiums,
and housing for seasonal tourists. To the maximum extent possible,'
development should not interfere with rights of access, visual or pe-
destrian.
RESIDENTIAL -BUSINESS Within this classification the principal uses
of lands are intended for singly -family, multi -family and the influx
of tourists. In addition, retail and personal services, clearly in-
cidental to the principal uses and not detrimental to the environment
or make such areas incompatible for future development.
The last major land classification applicable to Kure Beach is
the conservation classification,. This land class is intended to
provide for effective long-term management of significant limited or
irreplaceable areas. It is generally applicable to major wetlands,
undeveloped shorelines that may be hazardous for development and im-
portant wildlife habitat. Within the Town of Kure Beach the major
application of -the conservation classification is along the Town's
oceanfront lands. These lands are primarily those lying east of
U.S. 421 and Atlantic Avenue. Some wetlands and marsh areas do exist
along the western boundary on the Cape Fear River but these areas are
entirely within the Sunny Point buffer zone. The conservation class
as applied to Kure Beach is divided into subclasses to reflect the
varying degrees of hazard and competing interests associated with the
oceanfront lands. The delineation of these subclasses on the land
classification map is for illustration only and reference should be
made to the subclass definitions for site specific identification.
In some areas the Conservation classification may overlap another
classification. In such cases the Conservation classification should
not be interpreted to restrict in any way the location or modification
of any structure or the use of land if permitted by Town ordinances,
31

but should be used as a guide to assure that such use or construction
preserves the public's rights of access to and enjoyment of the beach.
CONSERVATION
CONSERVATION -PUBLIC USE - This classification is generally intended
to extend from the seaward property line of oceanfront property owners
and is intended to protect and preserve the public's right of access
along the beach. Within this area no private bulkheads, piers, groins
or jetties should be constructed that will restrict access along the
beach or accelerate erosion of adjoining properties. The exception
to this quidelifie is the maintenance and reconstruction of existing
bulkheads, jetties, or piers, owned or constructed by the Town in
accord with the Town's Natural Resources Policies.
CONSERVATION -ACCESS - This classification is intended to extend from
the eastern limit of the Conservation - Public Use classification to
U.S. 421 and Atlantic Avenue. The purpose of this classification is
to insure that the public rights of access, visual and pedestrian, to
the beach is preserved. This classification is not intended in any
regard to conflict with Town zoning ordinances but only to encourage
the location and design of structures that will protect the public
rights of access.
32

TECHNICAL APPEPJD I CES
APPENDIX
1
- POPULATION AND ECONOMIC
STATISTICS
APPENDIX
2
- LISTING OF STATE AND FEDERAL
REGULATIONS
APPENDIX
3
- FIA FLOOD HAZARD BOUNDARY MAP
APPENDIX
4
- DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOIL
TYPES AND SOIL MAP
APPENDIX
5
- AEC SUlalARY
APPENDIX
6 -
DUNE MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION
PLAN

6
APPENDIX 1
POPULATION AND ECONOMIC STATISTICS
Population: County, Township, Town (1930 - 70)
New Hanover
1930
43,010
1940
47,935
(+11.5%)
1950
63,272
(+32.0)
1960
71,742
(+13.4)
1970
82,996
(+15.7)
Federal Point Townshizi
792
1409 (+77.9X)
2473 (+75.5)
3234 (+30.8)
5113 (+58.1)
Kure Beach
223
293 (+28.5%)
394 (34.5)
SURROUNDING MUNICIPALITIES: CHANGE 1960 - 70
1960
1970
Percent Change
Kure Beach
293
394
+34.55
Carolina Beach
1192
1663
+39.5
Wilmington
44013
46169
+ 4.9
Wrightsville Beach
723
1701
+1
35.9
POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS:
1970
Total
Male
Female
White
Black
Other
&
Races Under 18
Over 65
Median
Apse
Nev Hanover
82996
47.8% 52.2%
64.2%
35.8x 34.5x
8.4x
27.8
Federal Point Tvp
5113
49.9
50.1
90.4
9.6
32.3
8.5
28.3
Kure Beach .
394
52.0
48.0
96.4
3.6
24.1
14.7
(33-34
North Carolina
5082059
49.0
51.0
77.0
23.0
_34.6_
8.1
26.5
AGE
CHARACTERISTICS
(1)70):
KURE BEACH
Male
Female
Total
Under 5
10
7
17 (4.32)
5-9
10-14
13
10 .
23 (5.8)
15-19
9
16
16
15
25 (6.3)
20-24
30
19
31 (7.9)
49 (12.4)
25-34
.26
28
54 03.7)
35-44
45-54
'•18
17
35 (8.9)
55-64
28
12
40 (10.2)
65-74
17
45
62 (15.7)
Over 75
25
13
_
11
9
36 (9.11
_ 22 (5.6)
205
189
394 (100x)

OCCUPATION OF PERSONS (1969)
Kure Beach Tract New Hanover North Carolina
• Professional, technical b kindred
71
(6.9%)
4286
(13.1%)
11.0
?tanagers b Administrators (except farm)
141(13.8)
3398
(10.4)
705
Sales workers
75
(7.3)
2440
(7.5
6.0
Clerical and Kindred
152
(14.8)
5243
(16.0)
14.0
Craftsmen, Foreman, Etc.
169
(16.5)
5293
(16.2)
14.5
Operatives and Kindred
184
(18.0)
5868
(17.9)
26.3
Service Workers
192
(18.7)
4318
(13.2)
11.0
Farm Laborers and Foremen
7
(0.7)
231
(0.7)
2.0
Farmers b Farm Managers
0
(0.0)
58
(0.1)
2.6
Laborers (except farm)
34
(3.3)
1615 (4.9)
5.0
1025
(100%)
32750
(100%)
10OZ
Median -Family Income
Mean Family Income
Per Capita Income
Persons Below Poverty Level
Families Below Poverty Level
PERSONAL INCOME CHARACTERISTICS.(1969)
New Hanover
$8272
9368
2761
18.1%
14.3%
North Carolina
$7774 -
8872
2492
20.3%
16.3%
Urban N.C.
$8588
10043
2877
17.1%
13.1%
OCCUPATION BY INDUSTRY OF EMPLOYED PERSONS (1969)
Construction
Manufacturing
Transportation, Communication
Utitlities 6 Sanitation
Wholesale and Retail
Financial, Insurance,
Business'& Repair
Health, Edbcation, Welfare,
Legal and Professional Services
Public Administration
Other Industries (includes farm)
e.,
Kure Beach Tract
119 (11.6%)
140 (13.7)
60 (5.9)
344 (33.6)
76 (7.4)
85 (8.3)
44 (4.3)
157 (15.3)
1025 (100%)
New Hanover
2728' (8.3%)
8388 (25.6)
2905 (8.9)
North Carolina
6.7%
35.4
5.6
6977 (21.3) 17.6
2352 (7.2) 5.6
4592 (14.0)
1423 (4.3)
3387 (10.3)
32,750 (100%)
14.2
3.5
11.4
100%

DISTRIBUTION OF
INCOME FOR FAMILIES (1969)
New.Hanover
Kure Beach
Tract N.C.
Urban N.C.
Less than $1000
613 (2.8%
36
(4.61
3.4%
2.7%
$1000
- 1998
1038 (4.7
17
(2.2
5.4
4.1
2000 -
2999 -
1186 (5.4
69
(8.9
5.7
4.8
3000 -
3999
1389 (6.3
55
(7.1
6.5
5.8
' 4000 -
4999
1532 (7.0
63
(8.1
7.2
6.5 .
5000 -
5999
1658 (7.5
76
(9.8
8.0
7.3-
6000 -
6999
1586 (7.2
80
(10.3
7.8
7.3
7000 -
7999
1571 (7.1
78
(10.0
7.7
7.3
8000 -
8999
1556 (7.1
62
(8.0
7.6
7:2
9000 -
9999
1483 (6.7
59
(7.6
6.9
6.8
10000
- 11999
2853 (13.0
67
(8.6
11.7
12.1
12000
- 14999
2551 (11.6
31
(4.0
.10.6
12.0
15000
- 24999
2320 (10.5
61
(7.9
9.0
12.1
25000
- 49999
551 (2.5
17
(2.2
2.0
- 3.2
50,000
or more
107 (0.5
6
(0.7
0.5
0.7
21994 (100%
777
(100%
100%
100%.

APPENDIX 3
FIA FLOOD HAZARD BOUNDARY MAP
0
NINiN AK
916NTN ArC.
Ll "
_ It yENr wrt. 11
�O d
S IA7H O
CORPORATE LIMITS CJ
fI/iH •YC.
POUR iH Ave.
_�_ � _�_ � _•. • � � ,. • • • � � • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • SlC ONE
MILNI\IIb VbGM1\
DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT APPROXIMATE SCALE
Federal Insurance Administration 500 0 1000 2000 FEET
TOWN OF KURE BEACH, NC FIA FLOOD HAZARD BOUNDARY MAP Effective Rate:
(NEW HANOVER CO.) No. H 37 129 2480 O1 FEBRUARY 15, 1974

APPENDIX 2
LISTING OF STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATIONS
I. STATE LAWS
A. Statutes Directly Regulating Land or Water Resources Use
[1. Criminal Provisions]
G.S.
14-128.1
Unauthorized taking, etc., of certain
ornamental plants from lands of another........
G.S.
14-129
Taking of wild plants from lands of another....
G.S.
14-129.1
Selling or bartering of Venus Fly Trap........
G.S.
14-130
Trespass on public lands .......................
G.S.
14-131
Trespass on land under option by the
Federal Government .............................
G.S.
14-133
Erecting artificial islands and lumps
in public waters.... ........................
G.S.
14-134.1
Depositing trash, garbage, etc., on lands of
another or in waters of the State .............. I
[2. General Regulations]
G.S. 65-42 et seq. Stock along Outer Banks.. ......................
G.S. 74-39 et seq. Mining Registration Act of 1969.................
G.S. 74-46 et seq. Mining Act of 1971 .............................
G.S.
7 -40
Obstruction of Navigable Waters........ ......
G.S.
77-12,13,14
Obstruction in Streams .........................
G.S.
87-81
N.C. Well Construction Act .....................'
G.S.
104 B-3 et seq.
Protection of Sand Dunes along Outer Banks.....
G.S.
143-211.11
Regulation of use of Water Resources...........
et seq.
G.S.
113-202
Leases of oyster and clam bottoms ..............
G.S.
113-24
Protection of Waterfowl food growing
in public waters ...............................
G.S.
113-229
Permits to dredge or fill in estuarine
waters or state-owned lakes... .................
G.S.
113-230
Orders to control activities in coastal
wetlands........................................I
Chapter 130
Article 13D N.C. Drinking Water Act ................... .

(Statutes Directly Regulating Land or Water Resources Use, con'd)
G.S. 113-378 et seq. Oil and Gas Conservation .......................
G.S. 113A 3 0 et seq. Natural and Scenic Rivers Act of 1971...........'
i
G.S. 113A-50 et seq. Sedimentation Pollution Control Act of 1973••...
G.S. 113A-100 et seq. Coastal Area'Management ........................•
G.S. 13 0-157 et seq. Water and Sewer Sanitation .....................I
G.S. 13 0-166.22 Ground Absorption Sewage Disposal System I
Act of 1973.....................................
G.S. 13 o-169. of
et seq.
G.S. 136-141 et seq.
G.S. 139-1 et seq.
G.S. 139-47
G.S. 143-214.1
G.S. 143-214.2
G.S. 143-215
G.S. 143-215.1
G.S. 143-215.51
et seq.
G.S. 143-215.63
et seq.
G.S. 143-215.77
et seq.
G. S. 143-215.105
et seq.
G.S. 143-350 et seq.
G.S. 143-434 et seq.
G.S. 156-1 to
156-138.4
Sanitation of shellfish, crustacea, and
scallops ........................................
Junkyard Control Act ............................
Soil and Water Conservation Districts..........
Watershed improvement or drainage projects -
procedures ......................................
Water Quality Standards .........................
Prohibited Discharges........ .. ...............
Effluent Standards ..............................
Control of Sources of Water Pollution;
permits required ................................
Floodway Regulation .............................
Water and Air Quality Reporting Act of 1971.....
Oil Pollution Control Act of 1973...............
Air Pollution Control ...........................
Environmental Management Commission .............
Pesticide Control ...............................
Drainage of Land .................................
B. Statutes Indirectly Regulating Land or Water Resources Use
G.S. 9CA-20 et seq. Certification of Water Treatment
Facility Operators ..............................
G.S. 9OA-3'i et 'eq. Cortification of Wastewater Treatment
Plant Operators .................................
C.S. 143-215.7 Effect of Water and Air Resources
Statutes on laws applicable .....................

(Statutes Indirectly Regulating Land or Water Resources Use, con'd)
G.S. 104-1 et seq.
G.S. 105-227.2
et seq.
G.S. 113-29 et seq.
G.S. 113-54
G.S. 113A-1 et seq.
G.S. 113A-83 et seq.
G.S. 121-9
C.S. 130-166.16
et sect.
G.S. 136-122 et seq.
C.S. 136-126 et seq
Acquisition of lands by U.S. for
specified purposes authorized ...................
N.C. Differential Tax Laws ......................
Acquisition and control of state forests
and parks .......................................
Duties of Forest Rangers; payment of
expenses by state and counties ..................;
N.C. Environmental Policy of 1971...............E
N.C. Trails System ..............................
Administration of state acquired.historic
properties ......................................
Solid Waste Disposal ............................
Preservation of Scenic Beauty of Areas
Along Highways ..................................
Outdoor Advertising Control Act .................
G.S. 143-211 et seq. Water and Air Resources.... ...................
G.S. 146-3 to 15 Disposition of State Lands.... ..................
C. Land Use Planning or Coordination of Land and Water Resources Use
Statutes
G.S. 63-30 to 63-37 Model Airport Zoning Act ........................
G.S. 113A-150 Land Policy Act of 1974.. ....... ............
et seq.
G.S. 139-9 et seq.
G.S. 143-215.38
et seel.
G.S. 153A-320
et seq. Act 18
G.S. 160A-360
et seq.
D. "Enabling, Statutes"
r;. s. 62-0
G.S. 63-6
(:... 63-55
(;.:3. 61;-3
Soil and Water Conservation District
Adoption of Land Use Regulations ................
Federal Water Resources Development
Projects ........................................
Rights of County Governments with respect
to Planning and Regulation of Development.......
Cities and Towns - planning and regulation
of development ..................................
'slater Gauging Stations..........' ................
Acquisition of (airport) Sites .................
. .I
Airports on Public Waters and Reclaimed Land....
County Cormnissionors' control of abandoned
cemeteries ........................................

"Enabling Statutes" con'd)
G.S.
77-1
G.S.
77-11
G.S.
113-30 et seq.
G. S.
13 0-13 0
G.S.
130-206
G.S.
139-38
G.S.
139-46
G.S.
143-215.2
G.S.
143-215.62
G.S.
143-260.6
G.S.
162A-1
II. FEDERAL LAWS
Commissioners for Opening and Cleaning
Streams .........................................
Public Landings ..................................
Use of lands acquired by counties through
tax foreclosures as demonstration forests.......
Power of Sanitation District Boards to
Condemn Property ................................
Mosquito Control ................................
Watershed Improvement Districts - ti
Power of Eminent Domain .... ...................
Recreational aspects of watershed improve-
ment programs ...................................;
General Powers of EMC - local air
pollution control programs ......................
Furricane Flood Protection and Beach
Erosion Control Project Revolving Fund..........
State Nature and Historic Preserve Act..........
Water and Sewer System ..........................
(A. General Resources Policy and Planning]
42 USC 4321 et seq. National Environmental Policy Act
Pub. L. No. 91-190 of 1969 (NEPA)..................................
i
Housing Act of 1954, "The 7C1 Program" ......................
Sections 701-03 40
USC 460-62(1970j,
Amending 40 USC 460-
62 (1964)
[B. Solid Wastes]
Pub. L. No. 59-272, Solid Waste Disposal Act of 1965, as
tit. II, 79 Stat. amended by the Resource Recovery Act
997, as amended 42 of 1970.........................................
USC 32.51-59 (1970)
i
LC. Coastal Resources]
Act of Oct. 27, 1972 Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972....... ..
16 u2cA 11,.51-61, ..
(Sapp. 1973 )

(C. Coastal Resources, con'd)
16 USC 1221-1226
(1970)
Pub. L. No. 92-532
86 Stat. 1052,33
USCA 1401-1441
(Sup? 1973)
16 USC 661-666
(1970) ELR 41801
43 USCA 1331 Act
of 1953
33 USCA 1501
Pub. L. 93-627
33 USCA 1221 Sec. 1,
Pub. L. 92-340
16 USCA 459 qq, et seq.
Pub..L. 89-366,1,80
Stat. 33
16 USCA 459
43 USCA 1301 et seq.
FWPCA 404 33 USCA
1344
Estuarine Areas Act .............................
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries
Act of 1972 (Ocean Dumping Act) .................
Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act ..............:
The Outer Continental Shelf Lands ...............
i
Deep Water Ports Act of 1974....................
Ports and Waterways Safety Act of 1972..........
Cape Lookout National Seashore ..................
Cape Hatteras National Seashore Recreational
Area .............................................
Submerged Land Act of 1953......................
Permits for Dredged or Fill Material
("Section 404").................................
[D. Water and Air Resources]
16 USC 1271-87 (1970) Wild and Scenic Rivers Act of 1968..............
Act of April 3,1970, Water Quality Improvement Act of 1970...........'
Pub. L. No. 91-224,
84 Stat. 91
Pub. L. No. 92-500, Federal Water Pollution Control Act ..............
33 USCA 1251 et seq.
(Supp. 1973)
Pub. L. No. 92-500 Federal Water Pollution Control Act
(1972), 86 Stat. Amendments of 1972......................
�16.33 USCA 1251
et seq.
33 USC 407 The Refuse Act ..................................
42 USC 1857, Sec.2, Clean Air Act of 1955, As Amended, 1967.........
Pub. L. Title I.

[E. Pesticides]
7USC 135 et seq.
(197C) as amended,
7 USCA 136 et seq.
(Supp. 1973)
[F. Historic Sites]
16 USC 470-470m
(1970), as amended,
16, USCA 470h, 470
(1)-470n (Supp. 1973)
and Pub. L. No. 93-
54, 87 Stat. 139
(1973)
[G. Conventions]
Part II, Article 23,
1958 (Undoc. A/Conf.
13A. 52)
Pursuant to UN Con-
ference on the Law
of the Sea, Geneva,
1958
Federal Environmental Pesticide Control
Act of 1972(FEPCA).............................
National Historic Preservation Act of 1966......
Convention on the Territorial Sea
and the Contiguous Zone .........................
Convention on the High Seas .....................

APPENDIX 4
DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SOIL TYPES AND SOIL MAP
INTERPRETATION OF SOILS WITH LIMITATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT
Map Symbol Soil Mapping Unit Degree of Limitation for
Name Septic Tank Local Roads
Filter Fields Dwellings Light Industry, & Streets Recreation
& & 706 Newhan fine sand Slight Severe Severe Moderate Severe
79B
Kureb sand
Severe
Moderate
Slight
Slight
Severe
582
Leon sand
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
724B
Rimini sand
Severe
None to
Slight
Slight
Severe
Slight
891
Lynn Haven
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
Severe
fine sand
Soil limitations:
Moderate - the rating given soils that have properties moderately favorable for the rated use, can
be modified or overcome by planning, design or maintenance
Severe - the rating given soils that have one or more properties (e.g. flood hazard, high water table,
etc.) unfavorable for the rated use; in most cases, it.is very costly to.alter the soil or design a
structure which is compatible with the soil
Slight - the rating given soils that have properties favorable for the rated use
Available water capacity - the capacity of the soils to hold water for plant use
Flood hazard - water standing above the surface for an extended length of,time
Permeability - the quality of the soil that permits movement of air/water
Shrink -swell potential.- the relative change in.volume to be expected of soil material with
changes in moisture content
Source: Soil Survey Interpretations and Maps for New Hanover County North Carolina, U. S. Department of
Agriculture Soil Conservation Service
Inventory and Evaluation Soil and Water Resources, U. S. Department of Agriculture
Soil Conservation Service

SOILS MAP
Legend
7/706
Newhan fine sand
79B
Kureb sand
582
Leon sand
724B
Rimini sand
891
Lynn:Haven fine sand
6
Urban land
(CURE BEACH
NORTH CAROLINA
( Z '

DUNE MAINTENANCE MANUAL
for the
TOWN OF ICU R E BEACH
Most research on dune creation and stabilization has.focused on the
critical areas extending 500-600 feet back from the high tide mark with
elevations of 4-6 feet above mean sea level. The only plants that appear
to be making substantial contribution in trapping and binding sand are
perennial grasses; although some annuals such as sea rocket, Cak.ile
edentula, and beach pea are temporarily effective. The frequent exposure
to salt spray, which results from generally low elevation and absence of
large dunes, appears to be a major factor discouraging the woody plants,
such as yaupon, myrtle, silverling, live oak, and red cedar.
JOHN J 'HOOTON AND ASSOCIATES
WILMINGTON, NC

3.1 AVAILABLE SPECIES
At present there are four grasses growing on North Carolina's Outer
Banks which show real promise in this critical zone. These are American
Beachgrass, Ammophila Breviligulata, Sea Oats, Uniola paniculata, Running
Beachgrass, Panicum•amarum, and Saltmeadow Cordgrass, Spartina patens.
Of these four American Beachgrass is the only one with ample planting
stock available and which has been planted extensively on the foredunes.
Experience to date indicates it is an excellent grass for this purpose.
It is easily propagated in the nursery,- can be transplanted with almost
100% survival, grows rapidly following transplanting and is capable of
trapping and penetrating large quantities of sand. Since its indigenous
range is north of the Virginia Capes, it is not as tolerant of hot dry
weather as Sea Oats and Panicum amarum. However, it is very tolerant of
salt spray and will withstand occasional flooding by salt water during
cooler temperatures; but during hotter seasons (summer), it will readily
succumb to high tides. No unusual insect or diseases have been observed
on this species. Under favorable conditions, beachgrass spreads rapidly
through the production of rhizomes and sporadic reproduction from seeds.
The Sea Oat is widely distributed from Mexico to the Virginia Capes,
and, on North Carolina's coast, is the principal vegetative species of
unplanted dunes near the sea. It is an excellent sand catcher, but,
unfortunately natural stands are frequently sparse, resulting in rapid
accumulation of sand by individual plants and the growth of rough,
hummocky dunes. However, where good stands occur, there is little
difference between dunes formed with Sea Oats or those formed with
beachgrass. Where these two grasses occur together, the Sea Oat will
JOHN J. HOOTON AND ASSOCIATES
WILMINGTON, NC

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normally occupy the "front line" nearest the surf, probably due to its
higher tolerance for salt spray. Sea Oat has not been planted extensively
for two reasons: 1) the absence of supplies of planting stock, and
2) the poor survival of plants following transplanting. While it is a
desirable species for stabilization extensive use will probably have to
await development of better propagation procedures. Under favorable
conditions, the Sea Oat will produce heavy seed crops mostly in late spring.
Since most plants are not firmly established until the end of the second
season, percent survival of original seedlings is extremely low.
Running Beachgrass is distributed naturally along the Outer Banks
and appears to be increasing in some areas since livestock have been
excluded. It is a good dune builder, having an extensive rhizome system
and stiff stems and leaves; however, it does not appear to be as tolerant
of salt spray as American Beachgrass and Sea Oats. Although it can be
multiplied easily under nursery conditions, it is a slow starter when
transplanted. While this species is promising, more knowledge of planting
methods is necessary before it could be recommended for extensive use.
Saltmeadow cordgrass probably represents the largest acreage of any
plant on the Banks and is the principal occupant of grass on the flat and
low dunes behind the foredunes. It is tolerant to salt water and high
water tables and is well adapted to low living areas. However, it will
tolerate only a slow sand buildings and is not drought tolerant. Thus,
it should not be planted on dunes of any appreciable height or where
sand movement is rapid.
3.2 TRAFFIC AREAS
None of the above species is suitable for sites receiving heavy
JOHN J HOOTON AND ASSOCIATES
. WILMINGTON, NC

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traffic - vehicular or pedestrian. Around these types of areas (parking
lots, walkways) a turf type grass is recommended. Two species are suited
for this type of area - Bermuda grass, Cynodon dactylon, and knotgrass,
Paspalum vaginatum. The Bermuda grass is more favorably recommended
because of availability and previously successful plantings (it was used to
stabilize Wright Memorial). Test plantings indicate that turf strain 419
is especially suitable to high traffic areas. The bermudas will tolerate
a considerable amount of salt as spray or in the soil and moderate sand
buildings. At least as much nitrogen,•if not more, is required to maintain
them in a healthy condition. They should be sprigged in early spring in
order to insure establishment before excessive drying of the sand occurs;
where irrigation is available planting can be done satisfactorily up to
early summer.
3.3 AMERICAN BEACHGRASS
Because of its availability, rapid -growth characteristics, and
excellent sand trapping capacity, American Beachgrass is the recommended
primary species. However, its widespread use in monospecies plantings has
resulted in the appearance of at least one disease, Marasmius blight, and
one insect pest, Eriococcus carolinae. To reduce the danger of plant
destruction, it is highly recommended that diversity in the plant mixtures
be established by interspersing Sea Oats and Running Beachgrass with the
American Beachgrass. In view of the danger and environmental regulations
restricting the use of insecticides, development of diverse stands of dune
grass is the most effective method of protection.
3.3.1 PLLNTING
Dates - American Beachgrass has a fairly wide tolerance -to planting
JOHN J HOOTON AND ASSOCIATES
WILMINGTON, NC

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dates and it appears that it could be planted at any time between October
and May. However, where full growth is desired November and March
represent the limits with earlier dates preferred.
Number of stems - The number of stems (culms) per planting hill trill
depend upon the objective of the planting for that particular area, the
nature.of the site and the rate of growth expected. Single stem plants
may be justified in plantings on unexposed areas where little blowing 'sand
is likely to be available but in more exposed locations where the object is
to trap blowing sand much larger plants would be recommended. Generally,
however, for first year plantings where rapid growth is desired on exposed,
or protected areas, 3 to 5 stems per planting hill is recommended.
Topping - There is no indication that topping or pruning results in
any significant advantage in either regrowth or survival. However, if
machine planting is to be used some pruning may make it easier to pass the
stock through the machine. On the other hand, in critical -areas where
rapid sand accumulation is desired, unpruned tops may trap significant
amounts of sand before the spring new growth emerges.
Densities - On very critical areas plants should be spaced on 18 X 18
inch plots (2.25 square feet). This results in approximately 19,360
plants per. acre. However, in less critical areas if there is adequate
fertilization and timely planting spacing may be reduced to 24 X 24 inch
plots (4 square feet) and provide vigorous growth and cover.
Depth - The base of the plant should be at least 6 to 8 inches below
the surface. The sand should be firmed up around the base by tramping
with the foot (if hand planting) to avoid excessive drying out to anchor
the plant against the wind.
JOHN J HOOTON AND ASSOCIATES
WILMINGTON, NC.

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Clay dipping - Dipping the plant roots in a clay slurry prior to
shipping has been proven to be an effective and inexpensive method of
protecting plants from dessication under dry conditions. While not
necessary under favorable•conditions, it can mean the difference between
success and failure and is a precaution that should be taken in all orders.
Thinning - Experiments with thinning of American Beachgrass stands
show no appreciable effect on stand growth and development.
3.3.2 FERTILIZATION
Research indicates that American Beachgrass responds most favorably
to applications of nitrogen with little or no response to phosphorus or
potash if the soil contains even moderate amounts of these elements. It
appears that a fertilizer program consisting of 100-150 lbs. of nitrogen
and 30-50 lbs. of phosphorus per acre per year will develop "full cover"
(approximately the maximum.growth for this species in the planted area)
by the end of the third growing season.
Time and Rate of Application - Best results will be obtained if a
30-10-0 mixture is applied in'four separate applications during the months
of April, June, August, and September. The September treatment appears
to be the most important of the applications from the standpoint of rhizome
production the following spring. Applications of approximately 33 lbs:
are recommended for the first three periods and 50 lbs/acre for the
September period.
Maintenance Fertilization - Attempts to push past the "full cover"
growth stage may have detrimental effects and a program of decreased
fertilization should be followed after maximum growth is achieved. Under
a fairly complete canopy recycling of nutrients. would be considerable
JOHN J HOOTON AND ASSOCIATES
WILMINGTON, NC

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and there is evidence that fertilization can be discontinued entirely for
a year with no serious effects. While this is not advisable it is
recommended that for the third year only the April treatment be applied.
For each year thereafter, applications may be adjusted up or down as
growth warrants.
3.3.3 SUIDIARY
Recommended Species: American Beachgrass with Sea Oats and Running
Beachgrass interspersed to assure diversity and reduce incidence of pest
damage.
Planting Dates: November to April with months November, December,
January, and February recommended.
Fertilization:
First Year -Heavy nitrogen applications with mixture of 30-10-0 recommended
in four equal applications of approximately 200 lbs. per acre per year between
April 1-15, May 1-15, July 1-15, and September 1-15.
Second Year - Same applications as first year. If especially good growth
is achieved only two applications between April 1-15 and September 1-15.
Third Year and thereafter - April 1-15 treatment and adjust up or down as
growth warrants.
Planting: 3 to 5 stems per planting hill, 6 to 8 inches deep
covered and firmed to prevent dessication or wind blown.
Spacing: 18 X 18 inches '(2.25 square feet) in critical areas.
24 X 24 inches (4 square feet) in non -critical areas.
Thinning and Pruning: Unnecessary
Clay Dipping: Required for all orders.
JOHN J HOOTON AND ASSOCIATES
WILMINGTON,'NC

MAINTENANCE CALENDAR
JULY - AUGUST
Survey to locate areas needing replanting or additional fertilization.
Check condition of signs and walkways and sand fences.
SEPTEMBER 1-15
Refertilization with 30-10-0 pelletized at 200 lbs. per acre
NOVEMBER
Order plants.
JANUARY - MARCH
Replant and fertilize bare areas at 18 X 18 densities for critical areas
and 24 X 24 for stable areas.
APRIL - MAY
Make repairs to walkways, ramps, and sand fences.
JOHN J HOOTON AND ASSOCIATES
WILMINGTON, NC

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COST AND SOURCES OF MATERIALS
AMERICAN BEACHGRASS
Church's Green House and Nursery
Old Shore Road, Erma R.D. #1
Cape May, New Jersey 08204
For Hybrid Cape Variety Beachgrass
$0.12 per plant to 1,000 plants
70 per 1,000 1,000 - 50,000 plants
65 per 1,000 50,000 and over
A plant consisting of three culms (stems), tied' 100 plants per bundle,
with tops cut 16" - 18". Two to three weeks notice required for delivery.
Mason -Lake Soil Conservation District
102 East Fifth Street
Scottville, Michigan .49454 .
$25.00 per 1,000 plants (estimated delivery charges of $20.00/1,000)
No delivery until spring with delivery of 10,000 plants per week.
Van Pines, Inc.
West Olive, Michigan 49460
For Dunegrass Amophilia arenaria
8" - 18" stolens $30.00/500 $50.00/1,000
D.M. Bryan -
Garner, North Carolina 772-4989
$30.00/1,000 plants plus delivery charges. For orders of 50,000 or more
plants will deliver for net price of $25-30/1,000.
JOHN J HOOTON AND ASSOCIATES
WILMINGTON, NC

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FERTILIZER.
The only local source for mixture of 30-10-0 fertilizer in Wilmington
is Pearsall and Company at 4022 Market Street, 762-0389. The price
quoted was $200.00 per ton with two to three days at lead time and is
available in pelletized form to reduce loss from wind.
SAND FENCING
Allison Company, Charlotte, North Carolina 1-800-432-6052
4' slats 2" wide bound with wire with 2" centers (untreated "Canadian Cedar")
$70.00/100f delivered to Wilmington area 6' "T".posts $2.75 each
(recommended for easy installation)
Recommend 10' - 12' spacing between posts - estimated labor 50 - 751/foot
Contact - Vern Mauldwin
SIGNS
Art Sign Company - Wilmington - 762-6078 - Contact: Bob Broom
#04 grade commercial aluminum signs with factory baked finish; 24" X 36"
with one color on white approximately $15.00 each.
SIGN POSTS
4 X 4 - 12 osmose treated pine �6.70 each
Godwin Lumber Company - Wilmington
JOHN J •HOOTON AND ASSOCIATES
WILMINGTON, NC

TOWN OF KURE BEACH
COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT ACT
1980 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY,
JOHN 1. 1400TON & ASSOCIATES, WILMINGTON, N.C.
I

INTRODUCTION
In 1974 the North Carolina General Assembly, in an attempt to provide
a guide for negotiating an equitable settlement between competing interests
for the use of coastal resources, enacted the N.C. Coastal Area Management
Act. Consistent with North Carolina's tradition of democratic practice that
local governments have the right and responsibility to participate in
decisions of more than local significance, the Act combined local and State
governments into a land planning process. Central to this process are the
local land use plans and the Areas of Environmental Concern (AECs). Local
governments are required to develop local land use plans which are to serve
as guides to the type and location of future development. Area of Environ-
mental Concern are sensitive environmental areas and public trust lands with
greater than local significance, such as estuaries, marsh lands, and beaches.
These areas are designated by the Coastal Resources Commission (CRC), a 15
member body of predominantly local citizens nominated by local government and
appointed by the Governor of the State. Development within an AEC first
requires a permit issued under standards set by the CRC. The local land use
plans are bound to this permit process by a requirement in the Act that no
permit will be issued unless the proposed development is consistent with the
land use plan. Thus, in addition to serving as a guide to future development,
the land use planning process under CAMA permits local goverments to negotiate
their position vrith regard to the use of AECs. All of the cities and counties,
including Kure Beach, in the 20 county area covered by CAMA prepared land use
plans in 1976. So that changing economic and physical conditions are reflected
in the land use plan, local governments are required to update them every five
years. This update of the Kure Beach land use plan, originally prepared and
adopted in 1976, is a result of this requirement. This plan is not the result
of any one individual's effort. It is an expression of the thoughts and
feelings of Town citizens and officials about rights and resources that, while
within the Town's political lines, are subject to physical and political in- '
fluences largely beyond these lines. It is one of the major purposes of this
plan to serve as a point of compromise where these influences may conflict
with local policies and needs.

PERTINENT DATA
The character of Kure Beach's land use pattern is largely controlled
by two influences, each providing both hazards and opportunities. The first
of these is the Atlantic Ocean which through its exceptional recreational
attraction drives the economy of Kure Beach; it also poses a potential danger
to life and property because of the possibility of erosion and severe storms.
The second major influence is the considerable area within the Town's juris-
diction that is owned or controlled by the Federal Government. This consists
primarily of lands owned or controlled by the Fort Fisher Air Force Base,
about 150 acres, to the south, and the Sunny Point Military Ocean Terminal,
about 925 acres, to the west and north. These two major influences, one
natural and the other political, effectively "land -lock" the Town's future
growth. A third significant factor is the ownership of 150 acres by the
International Nickel Company immediately north of the Town's corporate limits,
posing even further limits on possible development. Thus, of the approximately
1,800 acres within the Town's jurisdiction almost 70 percent (1,225 acres) is
in ownership which precludes future development (except for International Nickel).
r
Kure Beach's population consists of two major segments - the permanent,
year-round population, and the seasonal population. However, in planning for
future growth it is the total or peak populations that are important since such
critical facilities and services such as water, sewer, fire and police protection
must be adequate to handle the additional load on the Town's resources. The
permanent population has shown a steady growth since the 1970 Census. During
that 10 year interval the Town's population increased from 394 to 546, almost a
40 percent increase. Although this rate of increase is not expected to continue
the number of persons almost certainly will. If building trends continue in the
ensuing 10 years, it is estimated that the Town will have nearly 600 permanent
residents by the year 1990 and a seasonal population of about 4,800, for a total
peak population of 5,400 persons. However, because of two possible future
developments this figure -may rise even higher because of increase in the
permanent population. These two possibilities are the eventual installation of

a sewer line along U.S. 421 to Carolina Beach and the possible annexation
of the Wilmington -Hanby Beach area contiguous to the northern extraterritorial
jurisdiction limits. The increased development due to the availability of
sewage disposal facilities and the addition of the residents in the annexed
area could add an additional 450 persons to the Town's permanent population
by the year 1990. This would result in a total projected permanent population
of about 1,050 persons. While Town water and sewer facilities, present and
proposed, will be adequate to handle such an additional load these possible
future changes must be recognized by both present and future citizens and Town
officials as both opportunities and pitfalls for future growth.
POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATION
Land use policies are central to the land use plan since they not only
serve as guides to future development and land use changes but also serve as
an expression of Town opinion about land uses permitted within Areas of
Environmental Concern. In the former sense they may be used to interpret, but
not to override, the more specific standards set out in the Town's ordinances,
such as the zoning ordinance. In the latter sense, policies act as a point
of compromise between Federal and State agencies and the Town in the consideration
of permits, grant applications, or other non -local programs. As required by
the guidelines for local planning policies are formulated in three broad areas -
public participation, natural resource, and development. The following summarizes
these policies within each area.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
It is the policy of the Town to assure that all residents and property
owners have equal participation status in land use or other public decisions
that affect them. However, while full participation rights shall be afforded
to all citizens, the Town's first responsibility shall be to permanent residents.
e

NATURAL RESOURCE
GENERAL DEVELOPMENT POLICY - Land use changes should be permitted
and development guided into only those areas where the impact or change
will result in a minimum reduction of values represented by natural processes,
and where such a reduction occurs the use or development should be permitted
only if superior economic and social values to the Town will be created. It
is recognized that measuring values represented by natural processes is a
subjective judgment and it is therefore the responsibility of the Town
Planning Board and Council to make this measurement.
SHORELINE MANAGEMENT - It shall be the policy of the Town to institute
a comprehensive system of shoreline management that produces the most
financially feasible and environmentally acceptable means of protecting and
managing the economic and natural values represented in the beach. In
furtherance of this policy the following policies are adopted.
EROSION CONTROL - Beach renourishment shall be the preferred erosion
control measure when it is found to be the most effective and financially
feasible method for the Town; however, if renourishment is not found to be the
most effective and financially feasible method, alternative methods shall be
used. Such methods shall include the maintenance and reconstruction of existing
groins and bulkheads as well as their extension if there is a threat to life
of property.
DUNE MAINTENANCE AND PROTECTION - Dune maintenance and protection shall
be used to supplement other erosion control methods and policies. Dune
maintenance and protection should include the restriction of pedestrian traffic
to designated access points, prohibition of any motorized vehicles on the beach,
and carrying out a systematic program of dune vegetation maintenance.

DEVELOPMENT
URBAN GROWTH PATTERNS - The Town's policy shall be to develop,
through its land use policies and ordinances, a growth pattern conducive
to development locating within the Town's corporate limits but planned and
constructed so as to be consistent with Natural Resources Policies; more
specifically, this policy should be construed to mean that development out-
side the Town's corporate limits should be less dense than that permitted
within the Town's limits unless adequate water and sewage disposal facilities
are available. The purpose of this policy is to promote a growth pattern
that maximizes the Town's tax base and minimizes fiscal and environmental
costs.
FINANCING SHORELINE PROTECTION - It is the policy of the Town that
the costs of shoreline protection projects should be distributed among the
various user -beneficiaries in equal proportion to the benefit received. It
is accepted that 1) the geographic diversity and mobility of many of the
user -beneficiaries makes equitable allocation of financial responsibility
difficult under existing legal alternatives; and 2) that imposition of all
costs on local property owners is inequitable and would inevitably result in
future land use development contrary to local or statewide objectives.
TYPE OF DEVELOPMENT - It is the policy of the Town to permit only
those land uses that enhance the Town as a family -oriented community for
living and recreation. Examples of land use types consistent with this policy
are residential, single and multi -family, tourist oriented businesses, and
supporting or service type uses; however, all uses permitted by zoning at the
time of adoption of this plan shall be considered consistent with the above
policy. Types of uses specifically considered inconsistent with the above
policy are manufacturing or industrial uses that would create negative effects
on either the Town's economy or Town citizens in the enjoyment of their
residences. Examples of such uses are energy facilities, landfills, and military
installations involving the storage or handling of explosives.
0

LOCATION OF DEVELOPMENT - It is the policy of the Town to locate
development so that it is consistent with local ordinances and state and
Federal regulations, further, development shall be consistent with the
Natural Resource policies previously stated. The general location of the
types of development suggested under -this policy are graphically described
in the Land Classification Map.
TIMING AND DENSITY OF DEVELOPMENT - The amount and timing of future
development are largely the result of market forces unless demand is at an
extremely high level. If this were the case these two components of land
use could be guided through land use ordinances and utility extension policies.
However, under the population and economic growth projections made earlier in
this plan, land demand is not excessive at the present time nor is an under -
supply projected for the planning period. The policy of the Town is, therefore,
to accept projected development at projected market rates and at densities
permissible under the current zoning ordinance.
LAND CLASSIFICATION
A land classification map is intended to serve as a graphic illustration
of the Town's adopted policies. However, it should be recognized that land
classification is not a regulatory mechanism but only a guide to help implement
policies. It provides a framework to be used by the Town to identify future
land uses and as a guide to where natural and cultural resources will be
conserved. Three classes have been established by the Town for this purpose
with several subclasses within each class. The first major class is the
Developed class, intended to provide for continued intensive development of
• existing areas with established densities and served by major municipal services
and facilities. All of the areas within this Town's corporate limits fall
within this classification. The second major classification is the Transition
class. This class is intended to provide for future intensive urban development
on the most suitable lands that are served by necessary public utilities and

services. This class has particular significance for Kure Beach since,
as discussed under the section on Pertinent Data, much of the future growth `
areas for Kure Beach are controlled by the Federal government. The last
major classification is the Conservation class which is intended to provide
for effective longterm management of -significant limited or irreplaceable
areas. It is generally applicable to major wetlands, undeveloped shorelines
that may be hazardous for development, and important wildlife habitat.
Each of these major classes and subclasses are dilineated on the Land
Classification Map which may be found in the Kure Beach Town Hall.
13