Storm Hazard Mitigation & Post-Disaster Reconstruction Plan-1996

7
mit • i • gate (mit 1-gayt) Y. (mit • i • gat - ed, : mit e
i • gat • ing) to make less intense or serious or. se-.!
vere; mitigating circumstances, facts that partially
excuse wrongdoing. m it'i - ga -tor . n. mit e i - ga •
tive (mit i-gay-tiv) adj. mit • i 9 ga • to • ry .::.(mit i-
ga-tohr-ee) adj. m it e i - ga - tion (mit-i-gay-ay
n. D Do not confuse mitigate with militate
—Oxford American Dictionary
Oxford University Press 1980
L

Town of Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina
1995 STORM HAZARD MITIGATION AND
POST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
F. Duncan Wright, Mayor
E.M. "Coy" Harbeson
James D. Hanks
Jeffrey D. Shields
William R. Morris, Jr.
PLANNING BOARD
William C. Schmidt, Chairman
John B. Gladden, Vice Chairman
Raymond P. Sturza, II
John I. Robey, III
Thomas R. Casey
E. Michael Murray
Robert Combs, II
STAFF
Debora P. Diaz, Town Manager
William G. Loy, Director of Planning & Development
Charles Smith, Director of Public Works
Ralph Allen, Planner
Timothy Owens, Planning Intern
Tracy Roberts, Planning Intern
Cynthia Mayeux, Planning Intern
Nancy Miller, Secretary
CONSULTANT
Glenn Harbeck Associates
Community Planning and Public Involvement
16 South Front Street
Wilmington, NC 28401
Hazard Areas Map methodology was provided in part by David M.
Bush, Research Associate, Program for the Study of Developed
Shorelines, Department of Geology, Duke University through a grant
provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Special Thanks to Stephen R. Gabriel of the North Carolina Division
of Coastal Management, for his overall assistance.
The preparation of this document was financed In part through a
grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of
1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
J
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Storm Hazard Mitigation
and Post -Disaster
Reconstruction
Plan
Town of Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina
1995

7
Contents
STORM HAZARD MITIGATION AND
POST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN
1. Introduction/Plan Overview.......................................1-1
2. Hazard Identification And Evaluation .........................2-1
3. Pre -Storm Hazard Mitigation.....................................3-1
4. Post Disaster Reconstruction Task Force .................4-1
5. Emergency Operations Plan.....................................5-1
6. Post Storm Reconstruction........................................6-1
7. Policies and Actions..................................................7-1
8. Supplemental Report: Hazard Identification
andEvaluation..............................................................8-1
Appendices .................................................After Section 8
1. Kill Devil Hills Town Code; Chapter 8
2. N.C. Administrative Code 3. Kill Devil Hills Town Code;
Chapter 21- Non -conformities
4. N.C. State Building Code; Chapter 27
5. Post Disaster Recovery
6. Recovery and Re-entry Stages
7. Individual Department Storm Preparedness & Mitigation Plans
8. N.C. Division of Emergency Management Training Program
9. Kill Devil Hills; Issues and Policy Positions
10. Kill Devil Hills Town Code; Chapter 21-7.1 to 7.2
11. Citizen Guide to Lessening Storm Vulnerability

' STORM HAZARD MITIGATION AND POST DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN
SUPPLEMENT 1995
On June 6, 1995 the Planning Board held its first annual exercise of the
' Reconstruction Task Force.
Results were in the form of recommendations in two categories. First, policy
' recommendations were made to the Board of Commissioners for prompt consideration
and second, additional advise to be incorporated into the plan. These
recommendations consider a direct strike from a storm category 3 or stronger.
' Policy recommendations for prompt consideration by the Board of Commissioners and
incorporated into the plan:
' 1. Inclusion of an automatic moratorium provision for those structures p t uctures damaged in
excess of 50%.
' 2. Work on poli
cy cy regarding the meeting place and procedure for re-entry of the
' Reconstruction Task Force.
3. Recommendation that the Reconstruction Task Force should meet with other
' jurisdictions to determine common problems and issues.
4. Adopt a contingency budget for legal expenses.
1
Recommendations to be incorporated into the plan:
1. Investigation of the concept of an emergency CAMA Permit for a drainage ditch or
' canal to remove flood waters.
2. Issue "field permits" for minor damage (general permits) with fees waived for victims
' of storm damage. Develop a sunset clause on fee waiver.
3. Considering destruction of a section of NC 12 and associated utilities, decisions to
rezone or replace infrastructure should be made in the general best interest of the
community and resistance to future storms.
' 4. Stress emphasis on elevation of pre -FIRM structures built below the base flood.
Recommendation of "freeboard" requirements where structures met NFIP
' requirements but receive flooding.

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STORM HAZARD MITIGATION AND POST DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN
SUPPLEMENT 1995
5. Include provision for a reconstruction information center in the plan to disseminate
information to those rebuilding including steps to make homes more hurricane
resistant.
Page 2
6. Consider capitalization on a storm event to bring current Town wastewater system
up to date and eliminate point source discharge.
7. Include statement on adoption of a plan for floodproofing water lines in Hurricane
Mitigation Plan.
8. Carefully consider replacement of mobile homes destroyed by a storm. (meet new
standard).
9. Work on incentives for property owners of structures which are built to resist storm
and flood damage.
10. Policy on OBBC WWTF - What steps would the Town take if it was destroyed?
Abandoned?
11. Reconstruction Task Force has no role during the storm event and is not needed
immediately afterward. However, this group can be helpful as soon as information
from damage assessment teams is available which may be before general public re-
entry.
12. Damage assessment reports (from the building inspector) should include
information beyond requirements of State and Federal Agencies. Information such as
still flood water elevations, tide lines, debris lines, and extreme wind damage areas
should be reported. This information will assist the Reconstruction Task Force in
making reconstruction recommendations.

Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
1
r
Setting The Town of Kill Devil Hills is located on Bodie Island in Dare County on the coast of
eastern North Carolina. The island is part of a barrier island ecosystem of 3,800 total
acres. The town covers an area of 6.5 square miles reaching from the Atlantic
oceanfront to soundfront. The higher secondary dune line slopes westward to a
series of bays, marsh islands, high sand
dunes and a mans a forest. Kill Devil
Hills has experienced severe northeast-
ers, southeast storms, hurricanes and
waterspouts in the past. With 1.4 miles at
the widest point from sound to sea, the
community is vulnerable to hazards from
both the east and the west.
Kill Devil Hills has evolved from a small
village of private residences and secluded
beach cottages into a thriving tourist area,
with a mixture of motels, restaurants,
retailers, real estate companies, vacation
rental cottages, condominiums, municipal
and county facilities, office buildings,
convenience stores, and residential
neighborhoods. The economy is based
upon tourism, with over 60% of the
single-family dwellings owned by non-
residents. Many of the older second
homes, which are owned by non-resi-
dents, are rented to the local work force.
The prevalence of absentee property
owners and second homes, combined
with a general lack of reliable information
on insured values of the real estate,
'
presents unique problems to hazard
mitigation and reconstruction. Also, many homes are rented through rental agencies,
making it more difficult to reach property owners directly regarding improvements and
safety considerations related to these structures.
The Town was incorporated in 1953. With more than 4,400 year-round residents
(most recent population 1993), Kill Devil Hills has become the most populated of five
incorporated towns in Dare County. It is bordered on the north by the Town of Kitty
Hawk, and on the south by the Town of Nags Head.
I
Town of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates

1. Introduction
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 1. Introduction
1. INTRODUCTION
Purpose To help minimize damages and social turmoil after a devastating
storm event, the Town of Kill Devil Hills has created this Storm
Hazard Mitigation And Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan...
The purpose of the Plan is to establish procedures and
actions which can reduce the potential for the loss of
life, minimize damage to property and to provide a
framework for orderly reconstruction in the event of a
hurricane or other natural disaster.
Mitigative This hazard mitigation and reconstruction Plan is part of the Kill Devil
Objectives of the Hills comprehensive strategy for dealing with the long term
Plan consequences of a major storm. More specifically, the prescribed
mitigation actions are intended to promote the following primary
objectives. Many of these objectives also relate directly to the goals
of the National Flood Insurance Program and Community Rating
System (CRS):
1. Protect human life and health.
2. Facilitate evacuation.
3. Promote rebuilding and reconstruction in a prompt and
orderly manner.
4. Reduce damage to existing and future development.
5. Reduce damage to existing and future public facilities and
structures.
6. Minimize expenditure of public and private money for
repetitive repairs and reconstruction.
7. Minimize need for emergency actions associated with
storm events which are usually undertaken at public
expense.
8. Minimize prolonged business interruptions, especially
involving businesses which provide critical supplies and
services.
9. Assist in maintaining a stable tax base through sound use
of land located in storm hazard areas.
10. Lessen exposure of the Town to liability claims.
11. Balance the need to rebuild infrastructure and buildings
with the need to preserve and enhance the beaches,
dunes and other natural features of the Kill Devil Hills
environment.
Non -Mitigative In addition to the above -noted primary objectives, there are a number
Objectives of the of other beneficial objectives that this Plan helps to achieve, but that
Plan do not relate directly to the mitigation of destructive storm effects. For
this reason, the following objectives are labeled non -mitigative:
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
1.Introduction I
1.
Enhance local recreational and open space opportunities
including enhancement of public access to the beach,
ocean and sound.
2.
Enhance and restore local natural ecosystems.
'
3.
Reduce traffic congestion, noise and other transportation
generated problems.
4.
Enhance the long-term economic vitality of the town.
'
5.
Improve efficiency in the delivery of public services.
6.
Protect and improve the aesthetic and scenic
characteristics of the environment of Kill Devil Hills.
'
What This Plan
This Plan is not an emergency operations plan (EOP). Such plans
Is and What It Is
have been prepared by the Town and the County to respond, on a
Not
short term basis, to crisis situations ranging from hazardous waste
spills to major storm events. As the name implies, these plans are
'
operational in nature, oftentimes setting emergency procedures for
marshaling people and equipment in very rapid order to deal with the
immediate needs of those persons affected by the emergency event.
This Plan, on the other hand, is long term in nature, setting forth
policies and preventive actions which the Town can act upon now to
'
help mitigate the destruction caused during a major storm event. In
addition, this Plan sets forth post -storm policies and standards to
guide reconstruction in a pre -planned, orderly way. Such
'
reconstruction may take months or even years to complete,
depending upon the severity and ultimate impact of the storm.
Why Prepare
Unless a suitable plan for reconstruction has been prepared
This Plan Now?
preceding a disaster, the pressure and urgency to rebuild damaged
properties and facilities after the storm may create a pattern of
'
construction and land use even more susceptible to destruction than
the pre -disaster pattern. Unless a plan exists to correct inappropriate
development patterns, reconstruction may be unimaginative and
'
lengthy, and provide inadequate relief from future damaging
occurrences.
'
Two Phases of
Hazard mitigation occurs in two distinct phases of disaster
Hazard
planning— the pre -disaster phase and the post -disaster
'
Mitigation
reconstruction phase. These two phases may be described as
follows:
'
Pre -disaster
Pre -disaster mitigation involves the identification of public policies
mitigation
and actions which can be taken today which reduce future disaster
impacts, including injury or loss of life, and the extent of damages to
,
public and private property. The overriding goal is to make new
development and redevelopment less susceptible to future disaster
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' Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 1. Introduction
' damages. Pre -disaster mitigation offers the opportunity to develop
policies and programs in the relative calm between storm events —
without the duress and pressure that accompany immediate, post -
disaster decision -making. Pre -disaster planning also promotes a
more rapid and efficient recovery, while at the same time making the
' most of post -disaster opportunities for safety improvements.
Post -Disaster Post -Disaster mitigation involves the implementation of policies to
' mitigation guide the reconstruction of the community in a way which seeks to
eliminate or reduce those development and building practices which
make the community especially susceptible to storm damage. The
' need for post -disaster mitigation is often best understood by the
public immediately following a storm event, since the reality of the
disaster threat is fresh in people's minds. Following a hurricane or
major coastal storm, damage may be widespread. Numerous
' opportunities will be available during reconstruction to promote
hazard mitigation, as well as to achieve other local land use
objectives.
' Experience in other coastal states and localities hit by hurricanes
indicates that reconstruction and rebuilding can occur very quickly
' and that mechanisms must be put into place prior to the storm which
will serve to coordinate and manage the reconstruction process.
Such a system will insure that significant opportunities for mitigation
are not overlooked or.lost in the haste to rebuild, while, at the same
time, will facilitate swift reconstruction and recovery for those
structures or portions of the community not as heavily damaged.
' Post -disaster mitigation can also be greatly aided by the abundance
of technical and financial assistance that is often available following
a major storm event. It is important that the mitigation Plan set forth
specific policies and actions that position the Town to take advantage
of every form of assistance to which the community may be entitled.
' (See Appendices for types of assistance available.)
Finally, post -disaster reconstruction, if handled correctly, is actually
' pre -disaster mitigation, in terms of the next event. And there will
always be a next event.
Summary of The public involvement strategy employed for the Kill Devil Hills
' Public Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Recovery Plan
Participation provided several avenues for effective public involvement. First and
foremost was the designation of the Planning Board as the Steering
' Committee for the Plan.
Planning Board The Planning Board took an active, leadership role throughout the
' Leadership preparation of the Plan. The Board 's role was particularly critical
Throughout the during the formulation of the overall policies and implementation
Process strategy. In this capacity, the Planning Board offered key
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'
Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 1. Introduction
,
perspectives, providing input on the accuracy of information
gathered, and feedback on the recommendations drafted. All
Planning Board meetings were open to the public.
'
In addition to the leadership provided by the Planning Board,
opportunities were also provided for meaningful involvement in plan
formulation by the community at large. Several of these opportunities
'
are outlined below:
1. Issue The first major public meeting held for the Plan consisted of a
'
Identification and carefully planned and publicized "public forum" to kick off the public
Policy Preferences involvement process. The meeting was hosted by the Planning
by the Public Board and the Town of Kill Devil Hills. A special announcement was
'
prepared for inclusion in the Town Newsletter and other distribution.
Announcements were also sent to local news media. The purpose of
the public forum was to provide Town residents and property owners
'
the opportunity to make their concerns known about development
issues involved in storm hazard mitigation and post -disaster
recovery. The intent was to accomplish this task as early as possible
'
in the planning process, so that these concerns could be recorded
and used as a foundation for the preparation of the Plan.
The involvement technique used to solicit public input was a
specially designed "walk around questionnaire". In preparation for
the meeting a set of "straw man" policies were prepared in the form of
affirmative statements. Participants were then asked to walk around
the room with pencil in hand, registering their level of agreement or
disagreement with each potential policy statement. Opportunity was
'
also provided to write additional comments about any policy area in
space provided on the poster -board -sized questionnaire sheets. All
comments, whether favorable, neutral or negative, were noted for the
record. (See Appendix 9)
'
Immediately following the meeting, the survey results, along with '
comments received, were transferred to smaller, report -sized
summary sheets. These sheets were then conveyed to the Planning
Board for review and reference during the balance of the planning '
process. The same sheets were also made available for public
inspection and review throughout the process.
It should be noted that the poster -sized questionnaire sheets ,
remained on the wall of the Town Meeting chambers throughout the
several -month planning process. In this manner, citizens could
continue to reflect and comment upon the policies over an extended ,
period of time. It also allowed some citizens the opportunity to make
comments while at the Town complex on other business.
t
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IStorm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
1. Introduction
Note: The purpose of issue identification and policy preferences by
the public was not to establish a legalistic or dogmatic standard for
plan development. Rather, it was simply another way to allow the
'
public to freely express their concerns about storm hazard mitigation
and reconstruction. At the same time, this exercise had a self -
educating effect, in that the process allowed area residents and
interest groups to exchange information on a broad spectrum of
viewpoints.
' 2. Work Sessions of In the weeks and months following the initial Public Forum, the
the Planning Board Planning Board held a number of work sessions to develop the Plan,
and to consider public comments. Appropriate sections of the Plan
' and policies were then prepared as authorized during these work
sessions. Development of a complete draft of the Plan resulted.
' 3. Presentation, Upon delivery of a complete draft Plan, the Planning Board met in
Review and several more special and regular public meetings to discuss the
Revision of Draft proposed Plan and policies. Final editing and Plan revisions were
Plan then prepared as authorized.
Summary of The following is a summary of all public meetings held to discuss the
' Meetings development of the Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster
Recovery Plan. Unless otherwise noted all dates listed are for either
regular or special meetings of the Kill Devil Hills Planning Board.
' June 3, 1993
Natural hazards roundtable discussed with Glenn Woodard, FEMA
' Region IV representative, Will Brothers of the NC Division of
Emergency Management, and David Brower from CURS at UNC
Chapel Hill.
June 15, 1993
Formulated outline of activities to be covered in drafting the Plan.
Steps taken in drafting a mission statement and outline for the Plan.
July 6, 1993
Discussed public involvement techniques, mission statement, list of
'
priorities in a state of emergency.
July 20, 1993
Discussed interim ordinance for storm hazard mitigation, request for
proposals to help conduct the study.
' August 3, 1993
Confirmed discussion of July 20 meeting agenda.
September 7, 1993
Discussed preparing the Plan in-house and having an outside
consultant for review due to the lack of adequate funding.
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 1. Introduction
November 3, 1993
Recommended Glenn Harbeck Associates as consultant; set public
forum for December 7.
November 8, 1993
Board of Commissioners approved Glenn Harbeck Associates as I
consultant for the Plan.
December 7, 1993
Conducted public forum, employing a "walk around questionnaire"
as the principal technique. Posted policies for citizen comment on
topics such as building permit triage, contractors and material
suppliers, agreement with rental companies and debris removal
companies, and model price gouge laws. (See Appendix 9)
December 21, 1993
Discussion of walk -around questionnaire worksheets.
January 4, 1994
Further discussed the questionnaire, appendices of Plan, working
outline to guide development of Plan.
February 1, 1994
Conducted joint workshop with Board of Commissioners during
which the Plan was discussed and given number one priority.
Emergency response Plan was also discussed.
January 25, 1994
Determined what should be included in the history section of the
Plan; i.e. background and setting priority of reconstruction, flood
proofing, tax incentives, building codes, etc. Chairman assigned
responsibilities to the various Board Members.
March 8, 1994
Set special meeting to discuss sub -committee reports, expansion of
the working outline, identified key issues for further study. Mr. Gabriel
of DCM attended and provided input regarding CAMA and local
regulations in terms of mitigation, floating zone, creation of maps and
hazard areas, storm threats, discussed existing ordinances, flood
maps.
March 15, 1994
Discussed building codes, insurance disaster assistance programs,
emergency declarations, social losses, "mapping the risks",
mitigation techniques, structural retrofitting, emergency operations.
April 5, 1994
Discussed existing ordinances as they relate to mitigation, tax base
at risk, formulation of policy statements, retrofits, non -conformities,
Town of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates
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IStorm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
1. Introduction
' disaster response plan. Mr. Steve Sawin, legislative representative
for the Dare County Board of Realtors, provided information
' concerning disclosures, use restrictions on land, lowering of land
values and time share projects.
April 19, 1994
'
Identified hazards, history of past hazards, locations of particular
dangers, base flood elevations, structural values and risk areas,
'
critical facilities, flood maps.
May 5, 1994
Discussed undergrounding of power lines, mast arm traffic signals,
'
types of hazards, identified hazardous areas, CADD overlays. Mr.
Gabriel reviewed progress.
'
May 17, 1994
Discussed hazard maps, risk factors, Mr. Harbeck reviewed policies
and actions as they relate to mitigation and recovery, standing
contracts, mutual aid agreements, municipal facilities master plan,
debris removal plan, building moratoria, reconstruction management,
"43 subjects" for consideration.
June 7, 1994
Discussed burn site, "property at risk" map, building permit triage,
'
reconstruction policies, mitigation policies, mitigation measures
beyond the building code, departmental emergency operations plan,
preparation of draft Plan.
' June 21, 1994
Discussed Storm Hazard Mitigation Brochure, and draft of Storm
Hazard Mitigation Plan.
' Ju
ne ne 28, 1994
Discussed work completed on mitigation objectives, Policies/Actions
' in aid of Pre -storm Mitigation, and citizens guide to lessen storm
vulnerability.
'
July 19, 1994
Discussed submittal of plan to CAMA, absentee property owners,
"floating zone", and building permit triage.
'
August 2, 1994
Discussed the revised Natural Hazards Maps, and encouraging
public involvement.
August 16, 1994
'
Discussed final version of Hazard Area Map, and commented on
draft plan.
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
1.Introduction I
September 6, 1994
'
Discussed meeting on Hazard Areas Map with Mr. David Bush,
presented draft plan to Board of Commissioners, and discussed
holding a joint meeting of the Planning Board and Board of
'
Commissioners to review the plan.
September 20, 1994
,
Discussed submittal of comments on draft, planned to host a one -day
work shop on Storm Hazard Mitigation, and planned submitting a
news release to media.
,
October 4, 1994
Reviewed progress of the Executive Summary Brochure, and the '
contents of this brochure.
October 18, 1994
'
Discussed incorporating Planning Board recommendations for the
joint workshop with the Board of Commissioners.
'
November 1, 1994
Held joint workshop meeting with Board of Commissioners about
plan, Executive Summary Brochure, and finalizing the plan.
November 15, 1994
Discussed recommended changes to plan.
,
December 6, 1994
Noted that several interested citizens were reviewing the plan,
possibly resulting in more public input.
'
January 3, 1995 ,
Stated that an article had been published in the Town newsletter,
and that a press release was sent to local newspapers.
April 4, 1995 '
Discussed Annual Hazard Mitigation Exercise, formed a
subcommittee to be involved in the exercise, and temporarily set a
date to perform the exercise. ,
June 6, 1995
Conducted Annual Hazard Mitigation Exercise. ,
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Page 1-8 '
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2. Hazard Identification
and Evaluation

Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 2. Hazard Identification and Evaluation
2. HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND
' EVALUATION
Types of Storm There are fundamentally three types of coastal storms that have the
' Events potential for inflicting major damage to the Town of Kill Devil Hills:
hurricanes, northeast storms (nor'easters), and tornadoes.
Tornadoes are often, but not always, a spin off of major hurricane
' storm systems. Of the three types of storms, the Atlantic hurricane
poses the greatest threat for catastrophic destruction over the entire
length and breadth of the town. For this reason, the bulk of this Plan
' is designed to be responsive to the type of situation created by a
major hurricane event.
' Hurricanes The anatomy of a tropical cyclone or hurricane resembles a large,
Described and circular column of clouds with air rotating in a counter -clockwise
' Categorized direction along the storm's periphery to a concentrated center of low
pressure. Winds within these storms can exceed 200 miles per hour
near the vortex, although storms of this magnitude are rare.
Atlantic hurricanes typically originate as tropical waves off the west
coast of Africa and in the Caribbean Sea. Hurricanes develop and
' mature by passing through several stages based on wind speed
characteristics:
Tropical depression: winds of 38 miles per hour or less
Tropical storm: winds between 39 and 73 miles per hour
Hurricane: winds greater than 73 miles per hour
' Hurricanes, in turn, are categorized by convention into one of five
increasingly damaging and more powerful storms. The widely
recognized Saffir/Simpson Damage Potential Scale is provided on
' page 11 to more accurately describe each Category of Storm.
Probability of While the hurricane season extends from June through November,
Storm most recorded hurricane activity along the Carolina coast
Occurrence by (approximately 90%) has occurred in August, September and
Time of Year October. (See Figure 1) According to information compiled by the
and Location Federal Office of Coastal Management, the Outer Banks of North
Carolina have an 11 % chance of encountering a direct strike from a
' hurricane in any given year. (Figure 2) This is the highest percentage
probability of any coastal segment on the east coast of the United
States north of "hurricane alley" in south Florida.
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 2. Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Number of tropical storms and hurricanes
observed on each day,May 1-December 31.1666 through 1980
FIGURE 1 1
Frequency of
Major Storms by
Time of Year,
1886-1980
N
U.
O
W
m
i
2
FIGURE 2
Percentage
Probability that
a Hurricane or a
Great Hurricane
will strike a 50-
mile segment of
the U.S.
Coastline in any
given year.
MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT Nov DEC
Neumann, et al, Trol2ical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean. 1871-1980. Asheville, NC:
National Climatic Center. 1981
❑ HURRICANES ❑ GREAT HURRICANES
• rti ,
41
40�
9•
1
37
36Y
89 10 11 12 ' - 21 3
s
6 is t6 17 22 `.,•> Zy
t0 11 1 13 14 to z, 29 30
°• a g •g 613147 6 19 •" in
• 7 6 6 9 :: B 2 24 48 28
m Q e
4 ':1: is ;: `:: '�: ;:: ••: ..
232425
• * 4 $ 9 13
y
ti
McElyea, et al, Before the Storm: Managing Development to Redure Hurricane Damages.
Chapel Hill, NC: Center for Urban and Regional Studies.. 1982
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IStorm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 2. Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Predicting
Hurricanes typically follow a parabolic path, with a westward forward
Landfall
movement of about 12-15 miles per hour. Both the direction and
'
forward speed of the storm can vary dramatically once entering the
Atlantic basin. Predicting the path and travel time of a hurricane has
traditionally been a difficult and complicated problem for weather
'
forecasters. Insufficient documentation recorded from previous
storms, as well as unpredictable upper -level wind patterns that steer
the storm, make accurate predictions difficult at best. A hurricane
"normal"
'
moving on a parabolic path may stop dead in its track,
reverse direction, or take a sharp turn, all in response to changes in
atmospheric currents. (See diagram below)
1
r, Track of Hurricane Ginger,1971
111 •�
17
s6 -- 1_--
w �
Neumann, et al, Tropical Cyclones of the North Atlantic Ocean, 1871-1980, Asheville, NC:
National Climatic Center. 1981
In recent years, however, the unpredictability of hurricanes has been
reduced somewhat through the use of improved forecasting tools
such as satellite imagery, decision arcs and the hurricane
watch/warning system. These tools, combined with an enhanced
communication network between weather related agencies and local
governments, have improved the ability of involved officials to
respond effectively to major storms and greatly diminish the potential
for loss of life.
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Glenn Harbeck Associates
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 2. Hazard Identification and Evaluation I
Damaging Hurricane intensity, as determined in general terms by the
Forces and Saffir/Simpson Scale (see next page), is directly related to the
Storm Elements severity of storm forces and elements that cause fatalities and
property damage. These elements include wind and flood damage,
wave action and erosion. The effects of each of these forces are
outlined in some detail in the supplemental report to this document,
entitled: Identification and Evaluation of Storm Hazards Threatenina
the Town of Kill Devil Hills. NC by William C. Schmidt. In the report,
Schmidt discusses these forces as particularly applicable to the
Outer Banks of North Carolina.
Historical Storm As noted previously, coastal North Carolina is one of the more
Activity for hurricane vulnerable locations along the eastern coastline of the
Coastal North United States. Since 1886, some 50 hurricanes have directly
Carolina affected eastern North Carolina. Coastal North Carolinians'
experiences with hurricanes date back to the earliest settlers. Since
1899, North Carolina has received direct hits from 22 hurricanes,
eight of them classified as "major" (a 3, 4, or 5) on the Saffir/ Simpson
Scale. These "direct hits" are cases where the center of the storm
passed directly over the North Carolina coast. The state has also
suffered damages from numerous hurricanes whose centers came
through South Carolina or stayed at sea, passing close to the North
Carolina coast.
With the exception of very localized damages related to Hurricane
Diana in 1984, and heavier localized damages from Hurricane Emily
in 1993, coastal North Carolina has not experienced major damage
from a hurricane in over 20 years. Even the few storms of the 1960's
and 70's were relatively "mild", causing mainly crop damage and
erosion, with little or no loss of life.
This long period of relative inactivity is in marked contrast to the
hurricanes which devastated North Carolina in the mid-1950s.
Between August 1953 and September 1955, seven hurricanes, four
of them (Hazel, Connie, Diane, and lone) classified as major storms,
rocked the Carolina coast. Damage from these storms was estimated
to be in excess of 300 million dollars (1955 dollars). It is important to
emphasize that the extensive development of the last several
decades has left coastal North Carolina vulnerable to damages of
monumental proportions today.
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 2. Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Saffir/Simpson Damage Potential Scale
Category 1 Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees,
foliage, and unanchored mobile homes. No real damage to other structures.
Some damage to poorly constructed signs. And/or: storm surge 4 to 5 feet
above normal. Low-lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier damage, some
small craft in exposed anchorage torn from moorings.
Category 2 Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to shrubbery and
tree foliage; some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed mobile
homes. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some damage to
roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. No major
damage to buildings. And/or: storm surge 6 to 8 feet above normal. Coastal
roads and low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 2 to 4 hours
before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage to piers. Marinas
flooded. Small craft in unprotected anchorages torn from moorings. Evacuation
of some shoreline residences and low-lying island areas required.
Category 3 Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large trees blown
down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown down. Some damage to
roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. Some structural
damage to small buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. And/or: storm surge 9 to
12 feet above normal . Serious flooding at coast and many smaller structures
near coast destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged by battering
waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water
3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Flat terrain 5 feet or less above
sea level flooded inland 8 miles or more. Evacuation of low-lying residences
within several blocks of shoreline possibly required.
Category 4 Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; all signs
down. Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows and doors. Complete
failure of roofs on many small residences. Complete destruction of mobile
homes. And/or: storm surge 13 to 18 feet above normal. Flat terrain 10 feet or
less above sea level flooded inland as far as 6 miles. Major damages to lower
floors of structures near shore due to flooding and battering by waves and
floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5
hours before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of beaches. Massive
evacuation of all residences within 500 yards of shore possibly required and
of single -story residences on low ground within 2 miles of shore.
Category 5 Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down;
considerable damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down. Very severe and
extensive damage to windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many
residences and industrial buildings. Extensive shattering of glass in windows
and doors. Some complete building failures. Small buildings overturned or
blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes. And/or: storm surge
greater than 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors of all
structures less than 15 feet above sea level within 500 yards of shore. Low-
lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane
center arrives. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low ground within!
to 10 miles of shore possibly required.
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 2. Hazard Identification and Evaluation
'
Historical Storm Due to its location on the Outer Banks, the Town of Kill Devil Hills is
Activity for Kill particularly vulnerable to major storms. Two of the first documented
Devil Hills and major storms encountered were the two hurricanes of 1933. These
'
the Outer Banks two storms destroyed sections of the beach road (NC 12)— which
had just been completed in 1932. In 1939, the Great New England
Storm caused considerable overwash with little damage. In 1944, a
'
hurricane wiped out several soundside cottages in Virginia Dare
Shores, including a soundside pier with a dance hall and cafeteria at
West Hayman Boulevard. Hurricane "Donna" hit in 1960, coming
from the east with flooding and causing considerable damage when
'
winds shifted to the west. The Holiday Marina was destroyed by
"Donna" with significant soundside flooding to the Avalon Beach
area at the northern end of Town.
'
On March 7, 1962 a powerful northeaster (See Section 8 for
description of northeaster storms) hit the Outer Banks of North
'
Carolina and was later dubbed "The Ash Wednesday Storm." This
mighty meteorological phenomenon, unlike a hurricane, pounded
Kill Devil Hills for two and a half days with heavy rains and damaging
'
winds. Although the Town's population at the time was only 150 to
200 residents, many people were caught by surprise and found
themselves waking up on Wednesday morning with water in their
'
homes and, in some cases, saw their homes floating away. Kill Devil
Hills was almost totally inundated while homes, hotels, businesses,
piers, and roads were either partially or totally destroyed. Fortunately,
'
no lives were lost on the Outer Banks despite the thousands who
were left stranded and homeless. By the time the storm moved out to
sea, it had rocked the entire Mid -Atlantic coast, destroying about
'
1,800 dwellings with a total structural loss in excess of $234 million
over the approximately 500 miles of coastline affected.
"Grace"
In late October 1991, the remnants of Hurricane (now
referred to as the Halloween Storm) positioned itself off the coast of
North Carolina. By October 31, 1991, Kill Devil Hills was
experiencing ocean overwash at every high tide. Although the sun
'
was out and winds were calm, considerable flood waters affected
many properties as tides washed to US 158. In Kitty Hawk, just north
of Kill Devil Hills, US 158 was covered by 18 inches to three feet of
,
water at high tide.
On March 13, 1993, the Town experienced "the storm of the century"*
,
which pummeled soundside residents with near hurricane force
winds for over 12 hours causing flooding and debris removal
for over a month after this event.
'
problems
'Note: Storms are often inaccurately referred to as, for example, the "worst ever" based on
dollar damage or personal suffering. However, to accurately gauge the severity of one storm
relative to another, it is better to use storm characteristics based on scientific data such as
'
barometric pressure, high tides, storm surge, wind speeds, and other meteorological factors,
rather than structural losses or human distress.
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IStorm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 2. Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Hazard Areas The following paragraphs describe how the various hazard areas
And Properties designated on the Kill Devil Hills Hazard Areas Map (inside back
' At Risk— cover) were determined. The map is based upon a hazardous areas
Localized To Kill land classification system to help determine relative degrees of risk
' Devil Hills associated with various locations in the community. As will be seen
below, the system employs a number of factors relating to the
characteristics of a strong Category III hurricane (130 mph sustained
' winds, 9-12 foot storm surge) and an average tide (no lunar tide).
1. Extreme Hazard HAZARDS: flooding, wave action, erosion, floating & wind -driven
Area debris, powerful winds.
' A geographical area labeled "extreme" represents the most
dangerous location in terms of the potential for both life and property
' dosses. These areas have little, if any, vegetation and are often at or
just slightly above mean sea level. Also, erosion and direct exposure
to both ocean and sound waterfronts increase the element of risk.
Il. High Hazard HAZARDS: flooding, damaging wind wind -driven debris.
Area
' The difference between the "high hazard" area and the "extreme
hazard" area is chiefly a function of proximity to the waterfront and
base flood elevation. In other words, high hazard areas are further
' removed from the effects of ocean front and sound front wave action
and tend to have somewhat higher elevations. Vegetation is often
more pronounced and provides some protection from flying debris.
' Ill. Moderate HAZARDS: damaging winds, wind -driven debris, possible flooding at
Hazard Area lower elevations.
' The "moderate" risk zone offers protection such as good elevation
(above the 500 year flood) and good vegetative cover in places.
Thus, this area is more resistant to flooding, and with good vegetative
' cover, provides for better resistance to storm forces.
IV. Limited Hazard HAZARDS: strong winds.
' area
The "limited hazard" area represents the least dangerous* of all
geographic locations in Kill Devil Hills. As the Hazard Areas Map
' indicates, the maritime forest is found within this zone. This area
enjoys all the natural defenses including good elevation, removal
from wave action, and substantial vegetation. However, under certain
' conditions, downed trees may be hazardous to property and power
lines and obstruct recovery.
' *Note the use of the words "least dangerous" rather than "safest , all parts of Kill Devil Hills
would be on dangerous ground in the event of a direct hit by a major hurricane.
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 2. Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Hazard Area The following methodology explaining Summary A is based on total
Structure Value tax value of all structures as of March, 1994. Figures do not include
value of water lines, power lines, telephone lines, etc.
Specific figures were provided by the Dare County Tax Office for the
extreme risk area. The moderate risk area was computed by counting
the number of residences and businesses and then multiplying these
numbers by the average value of each category of structure. For
instance, if the average cost of a gas station is $182,970 and eight
gas stations were counted, then the total structure value is
$1,463,760.
Similarly, the limited risk category was reckoned by counting the
number of structures in the limited hazard area and then multiplying
this figure by the average value. of a home in Kill Devil Hills
(Approximately $85,000).
Finally, the high risk category was figured by adding all the structure
values in all the other categories (extreme, moderate, limited) and
then subtracting this value from the total structure value. The final
result is a good estimate of how much structural value would be
threatened in the event of a direct hit from a strong Category III storm.
SUMMARY A: Value of Structures by Mapped Risk Areas
Kill Devil Hills Total Structure Value (3/94) $377,577,000.
Structure Value in extreme risk areas $105,543,230.
(Properly at extreme risk = 28% of structure value)
Structure Value in high risk areas $114,768,448.
(Property at high risk = 30.4% of structure value)
Structure value in moderate risk areas $156,500,922.
(Property at moderate risk = 41.4% of structure value)
Structure Value in limited risk areas $765,000.
(Property at limited risk = 0.2% of structure value)
0
Note: Please refer to the Haza d Area MM to locate the individual risk zones i.e. extreme, I
high, moderate, limited.
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3. Pre -Storm
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
3. Pre -Storm Hazard Mitigation
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3. PRE -STORM HAZARD MITIGATION
Introduction Reducing the risk of fatalities and property damage from hurricanes
and other natural disasters is a primary goal of local government
planning and growth management. Pre -storm mitigation falls under
the local government's responsibility to protect the public health,
safety, and general welfare.
Pre -storm hazard mitigation can be implemented in large measure
through the diligent and consistent enforcement of existing
development standards and regulations. At the same time, it is
important that the Town continually seek to improve upon its
development standards and regulations for changes which might
reduce damages in the event of a major storm. While some
standards and regulations, such as the State Building Code are
established and maintained by authorities beyond the Town's
control, other standards such as zoning and subdivision regulations,
are subject to considerable local discretion (to the extent allowed by
the State Enabling statutes). These are the standards where the
Town has some latitude to implement development standards
especially tailored to the unique needs of the community.
Existing
The following section provides a brief summary of existing
Development
regulations, both State and local, with specific attention given to pre -
Policies,
storm mitigative measures. On -going evaluation of the merits and
Standards and
feasibility -of the changes to local standards and regulations would be
Regulations
a responsibility of the Hazard Mitigation/ Post -Disaster
Reconstruction Task Force. (See Section 4.)
1. Flood Damage
Chapter 8 of the Kill Devil Hills Town Code provides construction
Prevention
guidelines to help reduce and/or prevent the damage that storms can
Ordinance of the
have on various structures located within the Town's jurisdictional
Kill Devil Hills Town
boundaries. The purpose of such guidelines is quite clear: to help
Code (Ch. 8.
prevent the loss of life and property by establishing provisions that
adopted March 8,
serve to make development and growth more resistant to natural
1993)
hazards. This chapter attempts to achieve that purpose in the
following ways:
First, development permits must contain certain information prior to
approval, such as first -floor elevations and flood proofing. Secondly,
should a variance be requested, certain criteria must be met, such as
the susceptibility of the proposed structure to flooding and the
protection of life and property. Thirdly, this chapter spells out several
measures that can be taken to reduce flood hazards including the
anchoring of structures and the use of flood -resistant construction
materials. Chapter 8 also provides several provisions concerning
special types of structures and land uses and how development
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 3. Pre -Storm Hazard Mitigation
'
should proceed to mitigate possible storm damage. Included in this
section are guidelines for residential construction, non-residential
construction, manufactured homes, recreational vehicles, elevated
'
buildings, temporary structures, accessory structures, and structures
located within floodways, V zones and subdivisions. Finally, the
penalty for violating any component of the ordinance is $50.00
'
and/or 30 days imprisonment for each day of non-compliance. (For
more information, a copy of the Town's Flood Damage Prevention
Ordinance is included as Appendix 1 to this report.) I
2. North Carolina
The development standards of the Coastal Area Management Act
Department of
are probably the most "visible" regulations promulgated to
'
Environment,
encourage wise development and to help reduce storm damage. The
Health and Natural
Division of Coastal Management (DCM), in partnership with local
Resources—
governments, administers these standards, usually for developments
,
Coastal Area
located in one of several types of Areas of Environmental Concern
Management Act
Development
(AEC's).
'
Standards
A primary example of an area demanding special treatment is the
Ocean Hazard AEC. Development in these areas deserves special
attention due to the potential impact of waves, erosion, and powerful
'
winds. For development in an Ocean Hazard AEC, the North
Carolina Department of Health, Environment, and Natural Resources
(NC DEHNR) has created special development standards to help
'
reduce or prevent death, injury, and the destruction of property
resulting from natural hazards. Some permit requirements relate to
the placement of the lot in relation to frontal and primary dunes,
'
oceanfront setbacks, vegetation disturbance and many others. Piling
size, depth, and strength criteria are also clearly established by these
standards.
'
Not all types of development in an AEC require a special permit.
Examples of development types which may be exempt from the
,
Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA) permit requirements include
certain small ditches and access -ways over frontal dunes, provided
they meet certain width and building code requirements, and do not
alter the integrity of the frontal dunes. Also; single-family residences
'
located within the Estuarine Shoreline Area of Environmental
Concern (AEC) may be exempt from CAMA permits if a 40 foot buffer
area is maintained between the location of construction and the
,
normal water level of the shoreline, among other requirements. NC
DEHNR also exempts from the CAMA Minor Development Permit
requirement certain accessory uses as well as the maintenance,
'
repair, and replacement of structures or parts thereof, provided
certain conditions are met (such as slope and disturbed area
requirements)
'
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Finally, for lots platted prior to June 1, 1979, that cannot be
developed due to strict oceanfront setback requirements, exceptions
can be made for single-family residential construction in the Ocean
Hazard AEC. However, several conditions must be met including
meeting the maximum setback possible, piling standards, frontal
dune requirements, and lot coverage provisions.
Appropriate sections of the NC DEHNR Coastal Management
standards are provided as Appendix 2 to this Plan. There the reader
will find additional information, definitions, and restrictions
concerning construction in estuarine and ocean hazard areas. It
should be remembered that these are state guidelines; local
governments may have additional provisions regarding development
in these sensitive, natural environments.
3. Chapter2l.
Article 6, Section 21-6.1, paragraph D of the Kill Devil Hills Town
Article 6 of the Kill
Code, outlines requirements for non -conforming structures and their
Devil Hills Zoning
non -conforming uses as they relate to natural disasters. A key
Ordinance - Non-
provision of this section covers the circumstances under which a
conformities.
damaged structure may be rebuilt:
September 13,
1993
Should a nonconformity suffer extensive damage from a natural
disaster, the structure may be rebuilt to 100% of its previous use
provided the damage occurred within 30 years beginning November
18, 1991. Should the damage happen more than 30 years after
November 18, 1991, the structure or use thereof, must be rebuilt in
conformity with applicable zoning ordinances. If damage occurs
within the 30-year provision, non -conforming uses may not be
restricted in the following areas: total space utilized, height
limitations, setbacks, density requirements and lot coverage. In any
case, non -conformities must not be increased and every effort must
be made to decrease the nonconformity.
Other issues relating to non -conformities in Chapter 21 include non-
conforming land uses, non -conforming signs, changes of tenancy or
ownership, and maintenance. Bringing a structure and its use in
conformity with the zoning ordinance is just one more step that can
be taken to help mitigate potential damage resulting from a major
storm event. (For more information about how non -conformities are
handled, a copy of Article 6 of Town Zoning Ordinance —Non -
conformities, is included as Appendix 3 to this report.)
4. North Carolina The State Building Code is perhaps one of the most important set of
State Building standards that a business or homeowner can follow to strengthen the
Code -1993 integrity of his/her structure to help withstand the forces of a storm.
Provisions in the Code apply to new construction and certain
modifications to existing buildings. Some mandates in the Code for
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
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coastal residential construction include, for example, the following:
piling standards (sizes, depths, spacing), construction materials,
construction methods (e.g. stud spacing, use of fasteners), roof
coverings and insulation. Construction standards in Coastal High
Hazard Areas (e.g. Ocean Hazard AEC's) are more stringent than for
locations away from the ocean. The NC Building Code also includes
a detailed description of how structures can be strengthened as a
pre -storm mitigative measure. (For more information, please see
Chapter 27 of the State Building Code, Coastal and Floodplain
Construction Standards, included as Appendix 4 to this report.)
5. 1993 Land Use Chapter 4, Section F.2 of the 1993 Kill Devil Hills Land Use Plan,
Plan Update for Kill addresses storm hazard mitigation in general terms. Types of
Devil Hills hazards likely to be experienced in the Town are outlined, including
flooding, erosion, high winds, tornadoes, and the less -threatening
snow and ice storms. The Plan notes that the degree of potential
damage caused by such hazards will vary according to location,
particularly regarding flooding and wind damage.. The Plan goes on
to mention why Kill Devil Hills is so vulnerable, where development
has taken place, and the likely direction in which future development
may move. Further, the Plan states that certain controls are in place
to ensure maximum resistance to natural hazards such as a flood
damage prevention ordinance, building codes, a zoning ordinance
as well as various state and federal regulations. Again, these tools
are in place to protect the general health, safety, and welfare of the
public as well as to minimize structural damage to the community.
(Refer to Appendix 5 for further information.)
6. Stormwater Section 21-7.1 of Article 7 of the Town's Zoning Ordinance contains
Management in Kill certain provisions for the management of stormwater on and off
Devil Hills properties. Stormwater management is essential in mitigating
property damage from flooding as well as contributing to a reduction
in maintenance and capital expenditures for stormwater drainage
systems. Not only must all properties have a system to handle
surface water runoff equal to the amount of water expected to result
from the ten-year, two-hour event (approximately 4.2" of water), but
every reasonable effort must be made to retain as much of the
stormwater as possible on the site. Furthermore, no surface water
shall be directed into a septic tank system. Runoff must be directed
into acceptable sources such as swales, ditches, ponds, or other
drainage systems.
Also, this section discusses what information regarding drainage
must be included in the development plans. Some examples include
the flow direction of stormwater, estimated amount of runoff, and
certain dimensions of drainage system components such as size,
shape, and invert measurements of culverts. Natural and man-made
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3. Pre -Storm Hazard Mitigation
' watercourses must remain unobstructed to allow for the free flow of
water so as to help prevent clogging. For instance, weeds, logs, and
' debris are very effective in contributing to ditches and other channels
becoming choked from sediment.
' Other issues discussed in this section include maintenance
responsibilities of systems, various handbooks and formulas used to
design systems, among other requirements. Again, the above is
simply a summary. Refer to Article 7 of the Zoning Ordinance for
' more information. Importantly, property flooding can be costly and
dangerous. Thus, effective and efficient drainage of water from
storms is crucial in relieving the potentially damaging impacts of
' torrential rains.
7. Soil Erosion & Soil Erosion & Sedimentation Control Article 7 also contains rules
' Sedimentation for Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Controls. Whenever land is
Control in Kill Devil disturbed for construction, there exists the opportunity for increased
Hills surface water runoff and accompanying increased erosion and
sediment flow. When soil particles become dislodged and begin to
move downslope in extraordinary amounts, watercourse and
drainage systems can become clogged and negative impacts on
' water quality can result. Therefore, controls and regulations are
necessary to ensure against such adverse events.
' Section 21-7.2 of Article 7 of the Kill Devil Hills Zoning Ordinance
governing soil erosion and sedimentation controls states that
approval of a soil erosion control plan will be required for all land
disturbing activities greater than one-half acre. Additionally, land
disturbing activities not exceeding 5,500 square feet in surface area
will not require a land disturbing permit from the Town. What follows
' is an outline of the issues and concerns covered in this section:
First, not all areas must obtain a land disturbing permit, such as
certain agricultural and forest lands. Also, some activities may not
need a permit, such as fire fighting and the stock piling of gravel.
Second, the required erosion control plan (which must be approved
' and filed by the Town at least 30 days prior to initiating the activity)
must contain certain information regarding critical areas, time and
limit of exposure, surface water and sedimentation controls, to name
' a few. Also, buffer zones may be required depending on proximity to
a lake or other natural watercourse. Standards concerning the angle
of graded slopes and fills and the vegetation thereof are set forth in
' this section. Additionally, HQW (high quality water) zones are given
special treatment with different standards than those of other areas.
' Third, stormwater outlet protection, innovative techniques for
minimizing erosion, maximum permissible velocities for discharge,
borrow and waste areas, access and haul roads, along with
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
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operations conducted on or in lakes or other natural watercourses '
are discussed. Information is provided relating to the erosion and
sedimentation plan itself such as the number of copies needed, time '
frames, who needs copies, and plan content.
Fourth, reasons for an erosion control plan being disapproved are
given such as an applicant having a history of failing to comply with
'
approved plans within the time periods specified. Steps necessary to
change erosion plans or to appeal disapprovals are clearly
explained. This section also articulates the right of the Town to
'
periodically inspect sites for conformance to state and local
ordinances and approved plans and to impose penalties or shut
down operations should any violations occur. Clearly, erosion and
,
sedimentation controls are necessary as a pre -storm mitigative
measure. This is usually accomplished by requiring sufficient
vegetation and ground cover to slow flowing water velocities and to
'
stabilize soil particles. Such controls also serve as helpful post -
storm recovery guidelines to ensure land disturbing activities
associated with construction and rebuilding do not adversely affect
'
the environment.
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IStorm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 4. Post -Disaster Reconstruction Task Force
4. POST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION
' TASK FORCE RESPONSIBILITIES
Establishment of To deal with the unique issues and problems of post -disaster
' a Task Force reconstruction, a Post -Disaster Reconstruction Task Force is hereby
created. The Task Force shall be appointed by the Board of
Commissioners and, with the Planning Board, be responsible for
' advising the Board of Commissioners on matters concerning a wide
range of post -event reconstruction management. The Task Force will
meet at least annually (perhaps in a joint meeting with the Planning
' Board) for training purposes and to assess changes in development
activities within the town.
' Composition Of The Post -Disaster Reconstruction Task Force will be composed of
The Task Force. the following individuals reflecting a broad based representation of
' community interests:
1. One elected official
' 2. Member of the planning board
3. Town planner or representative
4. Building inspector
' 5. Public works director or representative
6. Representative of the local realty or Construction community
7. Representative of the business community
'
Relationship
'
Between Task
Force and
Planning Board
During periods between storm events, the Post -Disaster
Reconstruction Task Force will review and recommend upon
'
Pre -Storm Hazard
changes in zoning, subdivision and mobile home park/travel trailer
Mitigation
regulations, building codes or any other regulations which may have
been enacted in the previous year to prevent or reduce coastal storm
'
damage. Any such changes would have been formulated and
recommended by the Planning Board and approved by the Board of
Commissioners. Specific items of review may include, but not be
'
limited to:
A. The nature of damages, identify and evaluate alternative
'
program approaches for repair, reconstruction, and
redevelopment and to reformulate recommendations for
handling community recovery.
'
B. Hazards and mitigation policies and changes to the
policies.
'
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 4. Post -Disaster Reconstruction Task Force
C. Damage in all AEC's to determine whether existing
'
regulations were adequate to minimize the damages.
Post- Disaster Immediately following a major storm event, the primary function of the
Reconstruction Task Force is to receive damage reports, and other information
(physical, economic and political) and compare these circumstances
'
with mitigation opportunities identified prior to the storm to discern
appropriate areas for post -event change and innovation. Some
duties specified below may be best addressed with the benefit of
'
practical observations available immediately after a storm. These
duties will undoubtedly be postponed until after the crisis conditions
immediately following the storm event have subsided. Specific duties
'
may include, but not be limited to:
A. Recommend to the Board of Commissioners a declaration
'
of a moratorium on repairs and new development.
B. Set a calendar of milestones for reconstruction tasks.
'
C. Recommend any changes in zoning, subdivision
regulations, setbacks, density, elevation requirements,
'
building codes or any other ordinances deemed necessary
to prevent a recurrence of damages.
'
D. Initiate requests for repairs to critical facilities and utilities.
E. Recommend lifting of moratorium for minor repairs.
'
F. Recommend lifting moratorium on major repairs to
conforming structures.
t
G. Initiate negotiations for relocations and acquisition of
property.
'
H. Recommend lifting the moratorium on major repairs (with
approved changes to conform).
'
I. Participate in federal hazard mitigation planning.
J. Recommend lifting the moratorium on new development.
'
K. Recommend new or adjusted reconstruction permit
procedures if necessary.
,
Any activities of the Task Force shall be guided by the Mitigative and
Non -Mitigative Objectives of this Plan as presented in the
'
Introduction.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates
Page 4-2 '

5. Emergency
Operations Plan
1
1
1
1
1

IStorm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
5. Emergency Operations Plan
5. EMERGENCY OPERATIONS PLAN
The introduction to this report emphasizes that this Plan is not an
emergency operations plan (EOP). Such plans have been prepared
by the Town and the County to respond on a short term basis to crisis
' situations, ranging from hazardous waste spills to major storm
events. As the name implies, these plans are operational in nature,
oftentimes setting emergency procedures for marshaling people and
' equipment in very rapid order to deal with the immediate needs of
those persons affected by the emergency event.
H
Town of Kill The Town of Kill Devil Hills has organized emergency operational
Devil Hills EOP . plans by department. Each Town department writes, updates and
participates in an annual hurricane drill to refine emergency
operations, policies, and procedures. These plans are maintained in
the Town Manager's office and in each respective department office.
Dare County As required by General Statutes 166A-2, Dare County has organized
E O P and planned for the protection of life and property from the effects of
hazardous events. The purpose of the County's Emergency
Operations Plan is to predetermine actions to be taken by
governmental agencies and private organizations to reduce the
vulnerabilities of people and property to disaster, and to establish
capabilities to respond effectively before, during, and after an actual
disaster. This Plan is implemented by the Dare County Control
Group, which consists of the Dare County Chairman of the Board of
Commissioners, the five municipal mayors, the Superintendent of the
Cape Hatteras National Seashore, and the Dare County Sheriff.
Relation of Emergency Operations Plans for both the Town and the County are
Emergency hereby incorporated by reference into this Plan. This action affirms
Operations the intent that the EOP's and this Mitigation/Reconstruction Plan shall
Plans to This support the objectives of the other, but that their purposes are
Plan different and shall be kept distinct so as not to burden either plan with
unnecessary bulk during a crisis situation.
ITown of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates
Page 5-1

6. Post -Storm
Reconstruction
I

IStorm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
6. Post Storm Reconstruction
6. POST -STORM RECONSTRUCTION
' Reconstruction Following a major storm, an important objective of this Plan is to
management: provide for a post -disaster redevelopment activity that takes
' maximum advantage of mitigation opportunities. Such opportunities
should act to reduce the amount of private property and number of
lives at risk and to eliminate or reduce the potential exposure of
' public investments to a similar hazard. To accomplish this objective,
administrative policies to assist planning and redevelopment
decision -making are provided as follows:
' 1. Temporary After a storm causing major damages, the Town will be swamped
9 p
Reconstruction with requests by individuals to rebuild their structures immediately.
Moratoria Typically, the pressure to rebuild will be great. If there is no
contingency mechanism in place to deal with such situations, the
Town may find itself in a difficult situation to deal fairly and rationally
' with such requests.
One effective approach to this problem is the immediate declaration
' of a temporary moratorium on building and development permits.
Such a moratorium would allow the Town to mobilize the necessary
planning and building inspection, utilities, public safety, and other
' support personnel— locally and from other communities. It would
also provide sufficient time for the local damage assessment team to
complete its job and for the Task Force to consider appropriate
mitigation measures. Once the damage assessment is completed,
the moratorium can be lifted for some or all parts of the town.
To provide advanced planning for the employment of temporary
moratoria, the following guidelines are set forth:
'
Declaration Of A Major Disaster Or Emergency and Subsequent
Buildina Moratorium
Upon the declaration of a major disaster or emergency by the
'
President of the United States, the Governor of North Carolina or the
Mayor of Kill Devil Hills, a reconstruction moratorium shall be in effect
for 48 hours. The purpose of the temporary moratorium shall be to
'
protect lives and property and allow the Town to safely reestablish
acceptable levels of public order and services. No building permits
will be issued during this period. The Mayor or Board of
Commissioners may extend the initial moratorium until such time as
the state of emergency no longer exists.
' 2. Outstanding Building permits approved prior to the disaster event shall be
building permits. revoked and not reissued for a period 30 days following expiration of
' Town of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates Page 6-1

Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
6. Post Storm Reconstruction I
,
the initial moratorium. There will be no charge to apply for renewal of
the permit.
3. Building Permit To deal with the large number of requests for permits after a major
,
Triage storm, the Town shall employ a "building permit triage" for orderly
issuance of building permits. Permits will be issued based on the
structure's function in bringing the community back to a normal state.
'
This triage includes priorities for permitting critical facilities as
identified in the Critical Facilities Inventory. (See Appendix 8)
Generally, the following criteria shall be implemented:
,
First Priori
Facilities critical for recovery of the Town and associated
,
services will be given priority status and primary
consideration.
Second Priority
Primary residences and pre-existing commercial
establishments will be given a very high priority for issuance of
permits. A valid NC Drivers License with a Kill Devil Hills
address will provide proof of residency.
Third Priority
Vacation homes, accessory use structures, new building
permit applications, new subdivision applications and other
structures will become a moderate priority.
4. Site plans. The Town staff, Planning Board or Board of Commissioners will not
review site plans for proposed new work for a period of 30 days
following expiration of the initial moratorium period.
5. Incipient inlet Upon recommendation by the Reconstruction Task Force, the Board
areas. of Commissioners may order a building permit moratorium on any
land bordering an incipient inlet high hazard area. No permits shall
be approved until the inlet is closed and/or the area is stabilized.
6. Miscellaneous. No new site plans, zoning requests or subdivision plats will be
accepted by the Town for thirty days following expiration of the initial
moratorium.
7. Emergency Minimum emergency repairs that are required to prevent injury or
repairs. further damage may be undertaken during any moratorium period.
8. Moratorium Moratoriums may be extended or canceled by the Board of
cancellation. Commissioners upon recommendation of the Reconstruction Task
Force.
9. Exemption From The Town shall allow repairs to structures damaged by a major storm
Fees event to be exempt from normal fee schedule.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates Page 6-2

IStorm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
6. Post Storm Reconstruction
Damage Immediately following the disaster event, detailed damage surveys
assessment will be conducted. Such surveys shall identify particularly hazardous
areas which are likely to need special treatment to eliminate or
alleviate future exposure to property damage. Such treatment could
include relocation of buildings, roads and public utilities, more
' stringent flood -proofing measures, applications of revised zoning
regulations and building codes, etc.
Damage 1. The damage assessment teams reporting to the Reconstruction
' Assessment Teams Task Force will be composed of the following individuals
representing the technical expertise required for such an effort. They
shall be appointed by the Town Board of Commissioners:
' a. Town Planner
b. Town Building Inspector
' c. Professional Engineer
d. Building Construction Representative
e. Real Estate Agent
f. Individual Familiar With Coastal Dynamics and Processes
' (Corps Of Engineers Or NOAA)
' Four Categories Of 2. Damages will be identified in four categories and defined by
Damage geographic location or zone. The likely cause of damage (such as
wave wash, high winds, faulty construction, etc.) will also be
' identified. The four categories of damage shall be:
a. Destroyed (repairs costing more than 50% of tax value, as
' determined by the Dare County Tax Assessor)
b. Major damage (repairs costing between 30% and 50% of
tax value.)
c. Minor damage (repairs costing less than 30% of tax value
and habitable.)
d. Habitable (repairs costing less than 15% of tax value or
type of repairs not immediately necessary.
' Define Contiguous 3. To visualize the overall impact, the damage assessment team will
Areas compile the information obtained geographically by severity level
' using the four tiered delineation (destroyed, major, minor and
habitable). This will readily define contiguous areas where repairs
and reconstruction must meet certain requirements or decisions must
' be made by the Reconstruction Task Force concerning
reconstruction of public facilities or utilities and/or zoning
reclassifications.
' Type And Location 4. The type and location of storm forces will be identified including
Of Storm Forces high wave action areas, areas of significant erosion, incipient inlet
' areas and high flooding and overwash zones. This will assist in
redefining the CAMA setback line and in the modification of
delineation of local hazard zones.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates
Page 6-3

Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 6. Post Storm Reconstruction ,
Non- Any use or structure which exists prior to the disaster event may be '
conformities continued without expansion or substantial alteration unless:
1. The use or structure is abandoned or discontinued for one '
year prior to the disaster, or
2. The structure is damaged or destroyed by flooding, wind
or wave action, beach erosion or other result of a coastal '
hazard, to the extent of 50%, or greater of its tax value as
determined by the Dare County tax assessor.
Also, as provided for under Article 6, Section 21-6.1, paragraph D of '
the Kill Devil Hills Town Code, any non -conforming structure may be
rebuilt to 100% of its previous use provided that: (1) the damage
occurred within 30 years beginning November 18, 1991, and (2) the '
reconstruction is approved by issuance of a conditional use permit.
(For more information about how non -conformities are handled, a
copy of Article 6 of Town Zoning Ordinance —Non -conformities, is '
included as Appendix 3 to this report.)
'
Site preparation All natural vegetation which is damaged or destroyed during the
reconstruction process shall be replaced. No sand may be removed
from the site, and dune systems are to be undisturbed. Construction
'
may not decrease the elevation of the site. In addition, the site —
including dunes —is to be returned to the original contours which
existed prior to the disaster to the maximum extent possible. In the
event that substantial volumes of sand are deposited on the site
,
during a storm event, such deposits may be removed and returned to
the ocean shoreline AEC, as approved by the local CAMA permit
officer.
'
Acquisition of In some instances, property acquisition may be the most effective
'
property way of reducing exposure to many of the storm hazards evident in
Kill Devil Hills. The aftermath of a disaster event may serve as an
opportunity for substantial progress in hazard mitigation by the rapid
'
acquisition of land. In this regard, the Town intends to take
advantage of these opportunities. The Town will identify, in advance,
priority areas for consideration of acquisition and will identify funding
'
sources to accomplish such activity. Underlying this effort will be
other beneficial objectives such as the provision of open space,
recreation sites and considerations to improve the economic vitality
,
of Kill Devil Hills.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates Page 6-4

IStorm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
6. Post Storm Reconstruction
'
Reconstruction
Before public funds are committed for repair or reconstruction of
of public
public facilities, appropriate studies will be conducted to explore
facilities (roads,
alternative solutions such as relocation, abandonment, special
streets, water
assessments and/or condemnations, with the purpose of reducing
lines, buildings)
the amount of public property at risk. The reconstruction of damaged
'
public facilities in high hazard areas will be on a case by case basis.
Flood Proofing
Public facilities needing complete reconstruction will be flood
'
of Public
proofed where possible. (i.e. meet or exceed base flood
Facilities
requirements, consider relocation)
'
Rebuilding
A rebuilding education program will be developed within one year
Education
which will encourage reconstruction using specifications which
'
Program
exceed or are not found in the current codes. Also redevelopment
patterns which accommodate and use the natural mitigative nature of
the coastal environment will be promoted.
Capital
A capital improvement program will be developed in 1995 which will
'
Improvement
provide for growth away from high storm hazard areas to eliminate
Program
the extent of public property at risk. This will also guide
reconstruction planning following a disaster.
Certification For
Repaired commercial buildings will require structural recertification
'
Commercial
Buildings
by a professional engineer or architect.
'
Code
Enforcement
North Carolina Building Codes and the Kill Devil Hills Zoning
Ordinance be
will strictly enforced.
' Communication In the event that normal communication facilities become inoperable
after a major storm event, the Town shall secure and rely on radio
devices such as ham radios or two way radios.
1
ITown of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates
Page 6-5

0
7. Policies and Actions

1 Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
7. Policies
7. STORM HAZARD MITIGATION AND
POST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION
' POLICIES
' This section provides an overview of specific policies and actions
which the Town will implement in support of storm hazard mitigation
and post -disaster reconstruction. Together, these policies and
actions comprise an integrated strategy for reducing death and
' destruction related to major storm events.
r
For convenience, policies and actions are presented in two general
categories according to whether their effect is felt before the storm or
after. The easiest way to determine the category is to apply one of
two questions to each policy or action:
All of the policies and actions have been arranged in one of two
action matrices, corresponding to the category of effect noted above.
In each matrix, the party responsible for carrying out the item is
identified, and an approximate time frame for seeing it done is
suggested.
These matrices will provide a convenient checklist for the Town as it
pursues each element of the overall strategy.
ITown of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates
Page 7-1

Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
7. Policies
Pre -Storm Mitigation Policies/Actions
Policy or Action
Res onsibilit
Time
1
The Town shall continue to enforce existing rules and regulations including NC
Planning and
On -
Building Codes, the Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance, Chapter 21 Zoning
Development
going
& utilize policies stipulated in the Land Use Plan.
Department
2
The Town shall continue to effect changes in current standards and regulations
Board of
On -
which implement the mission of storm hazard mitigation.
Commissioners
going
3
Should long term or storm -related erosion forces move the ocean shoreline to a
Planning Board
Within 2
point west of the Beach Road, the Town shall consider the application of Ocean
years
Impact Area zoning to this "new" oceanfront area. This will require further study,
including the possible establishment of a floating zone.
4
The Town shall institute mitigative landscape/vegetative controls through the
Planning Board
Within 2
landscaping section of the zoning ordinance, including protection of existing
years
vegetation, stabilization of dunes and encouragement of planting new
vegetation.
5
The Town shall support Beach Replenishment to provide storm damage
Board of
On -
protection.
Commissioners
going
6
The Town supports underground installation/replacement and flood proofing of
Planning Board
Within 5
utilities. The Town shall revise the zoning ordinance to require new electrical,
years .
cable and telephone service installations to be underground. A detailed study
will be conducted on relocating existing overhead utilities underground.
7
The Town supports capital improvements planning for property acquisition in
Planning and
On -
areas of extreme and high hazards. The Town shall investigate outside funding
Development
going
sources for land acquisition and shall encourage gifts and donations for tax
Department
credits, as a mitigative measure for future storm events. To provide a proactive
approach, priority areas for acquisition shall be identified in advance of storm
events.
8
The Town shall include storm -proofing for public facilities in its capital
Planning Board
On -
improvements plan.
.
going
9
The Town supports a public education/information sharing program with the
Planning and
On -
goal of making the town more resistant to the forces of a storm. This will include
Development
going
a public outreach program to educate the public as to storm resistant building
Department
design and construction standards in excess of the NC Building Code. The
Town also supports the establishment of a Reconstruction Information Center.
10
The Town shall encourage the use of mast -arm type signals for new installation
Planning Board
On -
and the replacement of damaged signals by NC DOT and private individuals.
going
1 1
The Town will hire registered land surveyors or engineers to analyze height of
Planning and
WCn 45
flood waters after a storm and evaluate the relationship to the base flood
Development
days of
elevations and make recommendations for changes, if necessary.
Department
Storm
12
The Town will further pursue mitigation options available through existing
Planning and
On -
development controls, including the building code, zoning ordinance and land
Development
going
use plan. The Town will conduct studies to analyze both the feasibility and
Department
benefits of revising development controls such as reductions in density,
setbacks greater than those required by CAMA, first floor heights, and changes
in landscape requirements.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates Page 7-2

Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
7. Policies
Post -Storm Reconstruction Policies/Actions
Policy or Action
Responsibility
Time
1
For rapid recovery after a major storm, the Town shall enter into standing
Public Works
On -
contracts with clean up contractors, utility & street construction contractors,
Department
going
and equipment rental contractors.
2
The Town shall enter into mutual aid agreements with inland communities for
Town Manager
On -
the following services: building inspections, public works, debris removal,
going
public safety.
3
The Town shall create a Municipal Facilities Master Plan for buildings and
Planning Board
Within 2
facilities reconstruction. This plan will include location of a municipal campus on
years
the Baum Tract.
4
The Town shall create a Debris Removal Plan which includes public vs. private
Planning Board
Within 1
areas/types of debris removal responsibility.
and Public Works
year
Department
5
The Town shall maintain rights to pre -approved bum sites on the Baum Tract
Planning and
On -
and on the National Park Service land at the Wright Brothers National Historic
Development
going
Site.
Department
6
The Town shall investigate opportunities standing contracts for alternative
Public Works
Within 1
debris disposal methods, including incinerator trucks.
Department
year
7
Town shall create a Reconstruction Information Center for execution prior to a
Planning and
On -
major storm event and to enhance recovery efforts after the storm.
Development
going
Department
8
To deal with the large number of requests for permits after a major storm, the
Planning and
On -
Town shall employ a "building permit triage" for orderly issuance of building
Development
going
permits. (For additional information, see section on Reconstruction
Department
Management).
9
The Town shall allow repairs to structures damaged by a major storm event to
Board of
On -
be exempt from the Town's normal fee schedule.
Commissioners
going
1 0
The Town shall employ temporary reconstruction moratoriums to allow time for
Board of
As
determining the extent and type of damage, considering appropriate
Commissioners
need -
mitigation opportunities, mobilizing Town support personnel, and for
ed
accommodation of reconstruction personnel. (For additional information, see
section on Reconstruction Management).
1 1
Central Sewage - The Town supports the establishment of a community -wide
Board of
On -
wastewater treatment facility, but does not support the surface water discharge
Commissioners
going
of effluent, should a new community -wide plant ever be constructed.
12
The Town shall establish a contractors identification system which will include
Planning and
Within 2
names, addresses, phone numbers and experience in the county.
Development
years
Department
13
The Town shall use the nuisance ordinance for debris removal of destroyed
Planning and
As
structures not removed within a reasonable time frame.
Development
need -
Department
ed
14
The Town shall establish standing contracts and strategic locations for debris
Public Works
Within 1
removal containers, incorporating improved and unimproved right of ways and
Department
year
Town -owned land for large dum sters.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and Glenn Harbeck Associates Page 7-3

8. Supplemental Report:
Hazard Identification
and Evaluation

' Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan B. Supplemental Report.
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
8. SUPPLEMENTAL REPORT:
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION AND EVALUATION
Types of Hazards
' Following are two listings which generally name the types of hazards to Kill Devil Hills.
' List A List B
Storm Phenomena Causal Phenomena
' Hurricanes Wind: 1. Direct Pressures
Northeast Storms 2. Shrapnel
' Tornadoes
Water: 1. Wave Impact
2. Flooding
' Erosion: 1. Long term
2. Short term
' Lightning
This analysis will attempt to formulate the hazards potential for Kill Devil Hills by
' describing the storms in List A by the use of causal phenomena in List B.
Hurricanes
' Hur
ricanes are the most destructive force threatening Kill Devil Hills. A hurricane is a
cyclonic storm formed and fueled through the release of latent heat from ocean water
condensation. It resembles a large, shallow funnel. Its primary characteristics are
strong circular counter -clockwise winds, ranging from 75 mph to as much as 200 mph.
(See Saffir/Simpson Damage Potential Scale for characteristics associated with
' hurricanes of various sustained wind speeds.) While a hurricane system may have a
radius of 1,000 kilometers, hurricane force winds are usually confined within 100
kilometers of the storm's center. The storm's center consists of a cylindrical wall of
clouds, where winds are at their strongest and barometric pressure is the lowest.
Surrounded by this wall of clouds is the hurricane's "eye," an area of relative calm
several miles in diameter which has little wind drain (See fig. 1.1).
' Atlantic hurricanes begin as low -intensity storm systems and form predominantly in the
Caribbean Sea and the western Atlantic Ocean, although some storms which affect
the United States coast originate off the west coast of Africa.
Following initial formation, storm systems pass through increasingly intense phases,
classified as tropical depressions (winds less than 40 miles per hour), tropical storms
(winds between 40 and 73 miles per hour), and hurricanes (winds 74 miles per hour or
greater).
Town of Kill Devil Hills and William C. Schmidt
Page 8-1

Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report: '
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Saffir/Simpson Damage Potential Scale
Category 1
Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees, foliage, and unanchored mobile
homes. No real damage to other structures. Some damage to poorly constructed signs. And/or: storm
surge 4 to 5 feet above normal. Low-lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in
exposed anchorage torn from moorings.
Category 2
Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to shrubbery and tree foliage; some trees blown
down. Major damage to exposed mobile homes. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some
damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door damage. No major damage to buildings.
And/or: storm surge 6 to 8 feet above normal. Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes inland cut by
rising water 2 to 4 hours before arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage to piers. Marinas flooded.
Small craft in unprotected anchorages torn from moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline residences and
low-lying island areas required.
Category 3
Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large trees blown down. Practically all poorly
constructed signs blown down. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and door
damage. Some structural damage to small buildings. Mobile homes destroyed. And/or: storm surge 9 to
12 feet above normal . Serious flooding at coast and many smaller structures near coast destroyed; larger
structures near coast damaged by battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut
by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Flat terrain 5 feet or less above sea level
flooded inland 8 miles or more. Evacuation of low-lying residences within several blocks of shoreline
possibly required.
Category 4
Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down;. all signs down. Extensive damage to
roofing materials, windows and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many small residences. Complete
destruction of mobile homes. And/or: storm surge 13 to 18 feet above normal. Flat terrain 10 feet or less
above sea level flooded inland as far as 6 miles. Major damages to lower floors of structures near shore
due to flooding and battering by waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising
water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of beaches. Massive evacuation of all
residences within 500 yards of shore possibly required and of single -story residences on low ground
within 2 miles of shore.
Category 5
Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; considerable damage to roofs of
buildings; all signs down. Very severe and extensive damage to windows and doors. Complete failure of
roofs on many residences and industrial buildings. Extensive shattering of glass in windows and doors.
Some complete building failures. Small buildings overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of
mobile homes. And/or: storm surge greater than 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors of all
structures less than 15 feet above sea level within 500 yards of shore. Low-lying escape routes inland cut
by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Massive evacuation of residential areas on low
ground within 5 to 10 miles of shore possibly required.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and William C. Schmidt Page 8-2 ,

J
Ll
Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
HURRICANES IN COASTAL NORTH CAROLINA.
Along the North Carolina coast, hurricanes tend to be more frequent in late summer
and early fall. While the hurricane season runs from June through November, over
ninety percent of all recorded hurricanes have occurred in August, September, and
October.
In terms of storm frequency, coastal North Carolina is one of the more hurricane
vulnerable locations along the coastline of the United States. Since 1886, 46
hurricanes have directly affected the Eastern North Carolina Study area. For the
period 1872-1885, insufficient data exists to accurately determine which of the tropical
cyclones that occurred might have reached hurricane intensity; therefore, for the
period of record, 46 hurricane occurrences for the North Carolina coast is probably a
conservative estimate.
Coastal North Carolinians' experiences with hurricanes date back to the earliest
settlers. Since 1899, North Carolina has received direct hits from 22 hurricanes, eight
of them classified as "major" (a 3, 4, or 5) on the Saffir/Simpson Scale (Neumann et
al., 1981, p.. 28). These are cases where the center of the storm passed directly over the
North Carolina coast. The state has also suffered damages from numerous hurricanes
whose centers came through South Carolina or stayed at sea, passing close to the
North Carolina coast.
The probability that a section of the North Carolina coastline will be directly hit by a
' hurricane in any given year ranges from six percent near Wilmington to 11 percent
around Cape Hatteras.
l
J
Hurricanes tend to follow a parabolic path, moving westward across the Atlantic and
Caribbean and curving north or northeast as they move out of the tropics and into the
westerly air currents of higher latitudes. The forward movement of the hurricane
system is relatively slow, usually around 15 miles per hour, but exceptions are not
unknown. For example, Hurricane Hazel had a forward speed of between 25 and 35
miles per hour. As Hurricanes move out of the tropics, their movement increasingly
depends on air flow patterns in the higher latitudes, which are generally unsteady and
unpredictable. A hurricane moving on a "normal" parabolic path may stop dead in its
track, reverse direction, or take a sharp turn, all in response to changes in atmospheric
currents.
Except for Hurricane Emily, North Carolina has not experienced major damage from a
hurricane in over ten years, when Hurricane Ginger made landfall near Morehead
City. While no one was killed, damage was estimated at ten million dollars and include
thousands of acres of corn and soybeans in the eastern counties (Baker, 1978, p. 73).
In 1979, Hurricane David made landfall in South Carolina and moved inland. Most of
the storm activity was centered over the Piedmont, but coastal North Carolina did not
escape entirely. Massive erosion was triggered from Sunset Beach to Topsail Beach;
thirty to forty feet of beach were lost at Holden Beach and Yaupon Beach. Several
fishing piers were damaged, but overall property loss was low, and no deaths
occurred.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and William C. Schmidt Page 8-3
I

Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report: '
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
This is slight in comparison to the hurricanes which devastated North Carolina in the 1
mid-1950's. Between August 1953 and September 1955, seven hurricanes, four of
them (Hazel, Connie, Diane, and lone) classified as major storms, rocked the Carolina '
coast. Damage from these storms was estimated to be in excess of 300 million dollars
(1955 dollars) (N.C. Council on Civil Defense, 1955, pp. 21-23). The increase in
development since this time leaves coastal North Carolina vulnerable for even greater '
damage today.
Hurricane Hazel
'
An account of Hurricane Hazel as it passed through the North Carolina coast on
October 15, 1954, illustrates the damages a hurricane can cause in coastal
communities. Hazel made landfall and began its path of destruction at Little River,
'
South Carolina. Wind velocities were estimated at 140 miles per hour, and the storm
surge exceeded 14 feet; Hazel ranks as a 4 on the Saffir/Simpson Scale. Every fishing
pier was destroyed from Myrtle Beach, South Carolina, to Cedar Island, North
'
Carolina— a distance of 170 miles (Dunn and Miller, 1960, p. 251). On Ocean Isle,
North Carolina, all people were evacuated, but all buildings were destroyed, as were
all 200 buildings at Holden Beach. At Long Beach, 352 of 357 homes were lost. In
'
Carolina Beach, 475 buildings were totally destroyed, and 1,365 suffered damages.
Over 100,000 cubic yards of sand were deposited on the streets of Carolina Beach
due to flooding, wave action, and high winds (Dunn and Miller, 1960, p. 252).
'
Wrightsville Beach was submerged in five feet of water; 89 homes were lost there. A
total of 19 people died that day. The number could easily have been much higher.
The total damage caused by Hurricane Hazel was $125,309,000 (N.C. Council on
Civil Defense, 1955, p. 21). Because Hazel arrived after harvest time, damage to crops
was relatively light, but damage to farm buildings exceeded $50,000,000. Damages to
'
forests totaled $3,000,000. Damages to the fishing industry were approximately
$1,500,000. Costs of repairs and replacements of public highways were $500,000.
Damage to municipal and county public facilities exceeded $8,000,000. Four
'
thousand homes and 1,000 commercial and industrial buildings were completely
destroyed or suffered major damage. Minor damage was sustained by 20,000
dwellings and 4,000 business and industrial buildings and amounted to about
$60,000,000. Damages to churches and public schools were estimated at $1,000,000.
,
Between the years 1899 and 1980, there have been 138 hurricanes which have '
crossed the United States coastline, for an approximate annual average of 1.7. (See
Fig 2.1 ) Of these, 56 have been classified as major— that is hurricanes which are
classified as a Category 3 or larger. Florida has received the largest number of
hurricane landfalls followed by Texas, Louisiana and North Carolina '
Town of Kill Devil Hills and William C. Schmidt
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' Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
HURRICANE WINDS
' A hurricane is identified primarily in terms of its high winds and low atmospheric
pressure; by definition, a hurricane is a tropical weather disturbance with winds
' exceeding 73 miles per hour. Where a hurricane is moving directly shoreward at 14 to
17 miles per hour, winds can be expected to reach hurricane force at the open
shoreline three to six hours before the eye makes landfall (Simpson and Riehl, 1981,
p. 212). In a hurricane of moderate strength, winds will increase as the hurricane
center approaches, reaching maximum sustained speeds of about 100 miles per hour
at sea level with peak gusts of over 130 miles per hour as the center moves onshore.
In an extreme hurricane, sustained winds may exceed 165 miles per hour at the coast,
' with peak gusts exceeding 200 miles per hour. A hurricane's strongest winds appear
in the leading right-hand quadrant of the storm system (see Figure 2.4).
' Hurricane -force winds for the average hurricane are approximately 100 miles in
diameter and some 350-400 miles across in gale force winds.
' Wind circulation can be divided into three zones: (1) the outer zone with wind speeds
as low as 20-30 mph, extending to within 20- to 30-miles of the center where winds
may be as high as 120-150 mph; (2) a region of maximum (and constant) winds
surrounding the eye; and (3) the eye itself, which is relatively calm. The average
diameter of the hurricane eye is approximately 15 miles, commonly extending to 25
miles in larger, more mature hurricanes.
' In addition to high sustained winds, hurricanes can generate gusts from 25 to 50
percent higher than sustained levels. As we have said, the highest winds are found in
' the upper right-hand quadrant of the moving hurricane directly surrounding the storm
eye. The magnitudes of wind speed once the hurricane has reached landfall will
depend on local characteristics of the natural and built environments. For example,
trees and other natural features can slow sustained winds and in turn provide
' protection for people and property.
As the storm moves inland, friction from the land surface will generally dissipate the
' high winds. However, a narrowing zone of major wind damage, 30 to 35 percent of
that at the shoreline, can extend much further inland (Simpson and Riehl, 1981, p.
214). Little or no change in wind speed occurs above 100 meters elevation either at
the shore or inland. In fact, winds at 100 meters elevation are generally 30 to 50
percent stronger than those recorded at sea level (Simpson, 1981, p. 213).
' In addition to the regular wind pattern around the eye, tornadoes may sometimes
accompany a hurricane. This is not a well -understood phenomenon nor does it occur
in all hurricanes. These tornadoes behave much as the more common Midwestern
variety and can cause considerable damage. Hurricane Agnes, for example, spawned
some 15 tornadoes in Florida, resulting in total property losses of 4.5 million dollars
(Baker, 1978, p. 25).
' The hurricane system, with its high winds and low pressure moving across the open
p
ocean, pushes up an enormous swell of water before it. This mass of water, called the
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report. ,
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
storm surge, can cause extreme elevations in mean sea level and can lead to coastal '
flooding. The height of the surge along the open coast depends on a number of factors
which include wind speed, normal water depth, storm trajectory, and forward speed of '
the storm. A hurricane storm surge coinciding with the natural high tide can cause
even greater damage. As with the hurricane's winds, the surge is highest in the
leading right quadrant of the storm system. '
HURRICANE STORM SURGE
Storm surge is the most significant effect of hurricanes and the element of a hurricane
'
most responsible for loss of life. The surge does not strike the coast as a wall of water
like the tsunami, but instead as a rapid elevation in sea level. The surge represents the
"amount of water pushed upwind ahead of a hurricane advancing landward from a
'
large body of water." Surge is created through several key physical effects associated
with hurricanes:
1. the pressure effect
2. the direct wind effect
3. the effect of the earth's rotation
4. the effect of waves I
5. the rainfall effect.
The pressure effect results from the dramatic reduction in barometric pressure that
'
accompanies a hurricane, causing an upward suction action on sea level. It is
estimated that for each inch reduction in barometric pressure, an accompanying foot of
sea level rise will result. The direct wind effect is the most significant influence on
,
surge. Hurricane winds generate surface currents that, when confronted by a
coastline, create tremendous wind "set-up" effects and result in high surge levels. The
extent of this set-up effect is highly dependent upon the configuration of the coastline.
For example, the existence of bays and estuaries may serve to "funnel" wind -driven
'
surges, increasing the natural set-up, and creating a "piling -up" effect.
Consequently, the shallower the water close to shore, the greater will be the piling -up
'
of surge. Because the area of greatest winds is found in the upper right quadrant of the
moving hurricane, the area of greatest surge tends to be from 10 to 35 miles to the
right of the hurricane track.
'
The influence of the earth's rotation in the Northern Hemisphere is to increase any
current's movement to the right and the effects of this factor will depend on the precise
'
configuration of the coastline.
The character of the surge as felt on the coast will be dependent upon a number of
'
factors, including the following:
1. shoreline configuration
2. existence of bays and estuaries where waters can converge
3. off -shore bottom conditions (bathymetry)
4. land elevation (topography)
5. the characteristics of the storm itself (see previous sections). I
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' Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan B. Supplemental Report.
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
' It is clear that shore bottom configuration has much to do with the kind of surge
experienced and, in turn, the type of damages experienced. A sloping sea bottom,
' shallow close to shore, will tend to generate, for example, a high degree of surge run-
up. This run-up effect will be even more extensive in circumstances where bays and
estuaries exacerbate the run-up by funneling it, thus flooding areas at greater
' elevation. On the other hand, steeply sloping shorelines, in which water is deeper
closer to shore, will reduce the surge run-up effect, but will permit breaking waves
closer to shore, i.e., with attendant structural damages to buildings on the immediate
' shoreline. Land elevation is a key element in predicting extent of surge effect, and
where land has been subsiding, for whatever reasons, we can expect more extensive
effects. Evidence suggests that sea level has and will continue to rise, making the
surge effects of the hurricane even more significant.
' The extent and damage from hurricane storm surge is also influenced by the existence
of high or low tide when the storm comes ashore. In areas along the coast where the
' size of the tide is substantial, this factor can sometimes mean the difference between a
minor surge or a devastating surge.
' HURRICANE -RELATED FLOODING
The hurricane's storm surge and its excessive precipitation cause massive coastal and
' riverine flooding. About 90 percent of hurricane deaths result from drowning; the
majority of property damages result from flooding.
' The flooding of coastal areas with sea water not only causes extensive damage to
buildings and their contents but also may render agricultural land useless for most
crops by contaminating soils with salt water. During the North Carolina hurricanes of
' 1954 and 1955 (Hazel, Connie, Diane, and lone), most of the land less than 10 feet
above sea level suffered from salt water intrusion and extensive crop damages. About
25 percent of the area of 22 eastern counties was estimated to have been covered by
' fresh and salt water during these hurricanes (N.C. Council on Civil Defense, 1955, p.
28). In addition, flotsam, including boats or other structures lifted by the hurricane
surge and pushed by winds, may be transported inland and become battering rams,
causing additional damage.
The contribution of the hurricane's excessive rainfall to coastal flooding is difficult to
separate from the storm surge. However, in inland streams, this rainfall can cause
' significant flooding. Rainwater can flood areas that the storm surge cannot reach. This
freshwater flooding may be as destructive as the storm surge. Figure 2.6 shows the
extent of freshwater flooding and salt water flooding in Albemarle Sound due to the
' hurricanes of 1954 and 1955.
Widely differing levels of precipitation have been reported for different hurricanes,
' ranging from practically nothing (in spite of hurricane -force winds) to over 40 inches for
any one place along the storm's path. Hurricane Frederic, which struck the Louisiana,
Alabama, Mississippi, and Florida coasts in September of 1979, showed a typical
' rainfall pattern. The National Weather Service station at Mobile, Alabama, recorded
8.6 inches of rain before its gauge was blown away. An 11-inch gauge overflowed at
the home of the Civil Defense Direction in Pascagoula, Mississippi. The highest official
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
reported rainfall for a 24-hour period during Frederic was 9 inches (U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers, 1981, p. 59).
A hurricane may continue to deposit heavy rainfall far inland. Hurricane Frederic, upon
making landfall on the gulf coast, continued to move north with declining wind speeds
but continuing heavy precipitation. Akron, Ohio, recorded over 8 inches of rain due to
Frederic (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1981). Hurricane Agnes did damage in
excess of two billion dollars in the Northeast in 1972; the vast majority of this damage
came from heavy precipitation and riverine flooding in Pennsylvania, New York, and
adjacent states.
HURRICANE -RELATED WAVE ACTION
An important component of the storm surge is the wind -driven waves which ride on top
of the surge and can cause extensive damage. The effects of waves during hurricanes
can be extreme. A breaking wave carries a large momentum and can "run up" on a
sloping shore to elevations considerably higher than the height of the wave itself.
The size of the waves is tied to the direction and speed of the wind, the water depth,
and the normal direction of wave movements. The height of these waves also depends
partly on the slope of the ocean bottom near the shore. A gently sloping coast will see
minimal wave action; areas where the ocean bottom falls off rapidly will experience
higher waves. High storm waves appear not only on the ocean, but also on broad
sounds where there is enough water depth and fetch for high winds to push up a
wave. The height of storm waves is generally about 50 percent of the depth of the
storm surge
For instance, with a static storm surge of 10 feet, 5 foot waves could be expected to
occur on top of this surge. In this case the total combined surge and wave height
would be 15 feet. The influence of waves in generating coastal property damages has
in recent years been appreciated. The National Flood Insurance Program now
incorporates wave height into its computation of base flood elevations in coastal
areas.
Waves on top of a storm surge can have several important effects. First, the waves can
reach and flood areas not reached by the surge itself. Second, waves act as direct
battering forces. The force of a wave against a structure is a function of the size of the
wave and the speed at which it is moving. Finally, waves may be responsible for
massive erosion along beaches, dunes, and wherever they reach. Inland from an
open coast or a bay shore, waves become diffracted and their energies dispersed by
buildings, dunes, or forested areas; consequently, wave damages diminish.
HURRICANE -RELATED EROSION
Extreme winds, high waters, and heavy wave action may accelerate or change normal
patterns of wave movement and sand transport to cause drastic shoreline changes,
especially on a barrier island. The coastline may change shape, and new inlets may
form in response to the energy of a single storm. Vast amounts of sand may be
removed by wave scour from beaches and dunes and carried away by strong
L
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
longshore currents. The .geological history of North Carolina's coastline attests to the
power of hurricanes and other storms and their ability to erode beaches and open and
close inlets. Inlets tend to form or widen after a storm surge builds up within a sound
and gravity pushes the water back out to sea. In 1967, Hurricane Beulah cut 31 inlets
through Padre Island, Texas; most of these breaches gradually filled back in.
In addition to severe erosion along the ocean shoreline, severe erosion can also occur
along estuarine shorelines as waves travel across broad sounds and batter beaches
and bluffs.
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
8. Supplemental Report. t
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Tornadoes
Tornadoes are rapidly rotating winds that blow around a small area of intense low
pressure. Sometimes called twisters or cyclones, tornadoes nearly always begin as a
funnel -shaped cloud that looks like an elephant's trunk hanging from a large
cumulonimbus cloud (Fig. 16.21) . The funnel cloud is called a tornado only after it
touches the ground. When viewed from above, the majority of tornadoes rotate
counterclockwise. A few have been seen rotating clockwise, but these are rare.
The diameter of most tornadoes is between 100 and 600 m, although some are just a
few meters wide and others have diameters exceeding 1600 m (1 mi). Tornadoes that
form ahead of an advancing cold front are often steered by southwesterly winds and
therefore tend to move from the southwest toward the northeast at speeds usually
between 20 and 40 knots. However, some have been clocked at speeds greater than
70 knots. Most tornadoes last only a few minutes and have an average path length of
about 7 km (4 mi). There are cases where they have traveled for hundreds of
kilometers and have existed for many hours, such as the one that lasted over 7 hours
and cut. a. path 470 km (292 mi) long through portions of Illinois and Indiana on May
26,1917.
Each year, tornadoes take the lives of many people. The yearly average is about 100,
although over 100 may die in a single day. The deadliest tornadoes are those that
occur in families; that is, different tornadoes spawned by the same thunderstorm.
Some thunderstorms produce a sequence of several tornadoes over two or more
hours and over distances of 100 km or more. Tornado families usually form along
squall lines and often constitute what is termed a tornado outbreak. One of the most
violent outbreaks ever recorded occurred on April 3 and 4,1974. During a 16 hour
period, 148 tornadoes cut through parts of 13 states, killing 307 people, injuring more
than 6000, and causing an estimated $600 million in damage.
Some of these tornadoes were among the most powerful ever witnessed. The
combined path of all the tornadoes during this super outbreak amounted to 4181 km
(2598 mi), well over half of the total path for an average year. The greatest loss of life
attributed to tornadoes occurred during the tri-state outbreak of March 18,1925, when
an estimated 695 people died as 7 tornadoes traveled a total of 703 km (437 mi)
across portions of Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana. In yet another outbreak, on Palm
Sunday, 1965, more than 30 tornadoes moved through 5 midwestern states, inflicting
great damage and killing 256 people.
Obviously, when a powerful tornado reaches the ground, it is capable of inflicting great
damage on everything in its path. Because of this, few people have ever witnessed the
inside of a tornado and lived to tell about. However, Will Keller, a Kansas farmer, has.
His account, as told to Alonzo A. Justice of the Weather Service office in Dodge City, is
given in the Focus section on the following page.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and William C. Schmidt Page 8-10
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' Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.,
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
CIS'
k
r,
E
■ vvw-0 vu all vuaCl vauvu. V ICWIIIH UIC 111blUC 01 a 1 ornado
On the afternoon of June 22, 1928, 1 was out in my field with my family looking over the
ruins of our wheat crop which had just been completely destroyed by a hailstorm. I
noticed an umbrella -shaped cloud in the west and southwest and from its appearance
suspected that there was a tornado in it. The air had that peculiar oppressiveness which
nearly always precedes a tornado. I saw at once that my suspicions were correct, for
hanging from the greenish black base of the cloud were three tornadoes. One was
perilously near and apparently heading for my place. I lost no time hurrying my family to
our cyclone cellar.
The family had entered the cellar and I was in the doorway just about to enter and close
the door when I decided to take a last look at the approaching twister. I have seen a
number of these, so I did not lose my head, although the approaching tornado was an
impressive sight.
The surrounding country is level and there was nothing to obstruct the view. There was
little or no rain falling from the cloud. Two of the tornadoes were some distance away and
looked like great ropes dangling from the parent cloud, but the one nearest was shaped
more like a funnel, with ragged clouds surrounding it. It appeared much larger and more
energetic than the others and occupied the central position of the cloud, with a massive
cumulus dome being directly over it.
Steadily the tornado came on, the end gradually rising above the ground. I probably
stood there only a few seconds, but was so impressed with the sight that it seemed like a
long time. At last the great shaggy end of the funnel hung directly overhead. Everything
was as still as death. There was a strong, gassy odor and it seemed as though I could
not breathe. There was a screaming, hissing sound coming directly from the end of the
funnel. I looked up and, to my astonishment I saw right into the heart of the tornado. There
was a circular spinning in the center of the tornado, about 50 to 100 feet in diameter, which
extended straight up for a distance of at least one-half mile. As best I could judge under
the circumstances. The walls of this opening were rotating clouds and the whole was
brilliantly lighted with constant flashes of lightning which zig-zagged from side to side. Had
it not been for the lightning I could not have seen the opening, or any distance into it.
Around the lower rim of the great vortex, small tornadoes were constantly forming and
breaking away. These looked like tails as they writhed their way around the end of the
funnel. It was these that made the hissing sound. I noticed that the direction of rotation of
the great whirl was counterclockwise, but some of the smaller tornadoes rotated clockwise.
The opening was entirely hollow, except for something I could not exactly make out —
perhaps a detached wind cloud— that kept moving up and down. The tornado was not
traveling at a great speed so I had plenty of time to get a good view of the whole thing,
inside and out.
Will Keller, Kansas Farmer
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
8. Supplemental Report. ,
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
TORNADO OCCURRENCE
Tornadoes occur in many parts of the world, but no country experiences more
tornadoes than the United States, which averages more than 700 annually. Although
tornadoes have occurred in every state, including Alaska and Hawaii, the greatest
number occur in the "tornado belt" of the Central Plains, which stretches from central
Texas to Nebraska. * (See Fig. 16.22.)
The Central Plains region is most susceptible to tornadoes because it provides the
proper atmospheric setting for the development of the severe thunderstorms that
spawn tornadoes. Here (especially in spring) warm, humid surface air is overlain by
cooler,
*Many of the tornadoes that form along the Gulf Coast are generated by thunderstorms
embedded within the circulation of hurricanes.
dryer air aloft, producing an unstable atmosphere. When a strong vertical wind shear
exists and the surface air is forced upward, large thunderstorms capable of spawning
tornadoes may form. Therefore, tornado frequency is highest during the spring and
lowest during the winter when the warm surface air is absent.
About three -fourths of all tornadoes in the United States develop from March to July.
The month of May normally has the greatest number of tornadoes (the average is
about 5 per day) while the most violent tornadoes seem to occur in April, when
horizontal and vertical temperature and moisture contrasts are greatest. Although
tornadoes have occurred at all times of the day and night, they are most frequent in the
late afternoon (between 4:00 P.M. and 6:00 P.M.), when the surface air is most
unstable; they are least frequent in the early morning before sunrise, when the air is
most stable.
Although large, destructive tornadoes are most common in the Central Plains, they can
develop anywhere if conditions are right. For example, a series of at least 36
tornadoes, more typical of those that form over the plains, marched through North and
South Carolina on March 28, 1984, claiming 59 lives and causing hundreds of millions
of dollars in damage. One tornado was enormous, with a diameter of at least 4000 m
(2.5 mi) and winds that exceeded 200 knots. No place is totally immune to a tornado's
destructive force. On March 1, 1983, a rare tornado cut a 5-km swath of destruction
through downtown Los Angeles, California, damaging more than 100 homes and
businesses and injuring 33 people.
Even in the central part of the United States, the statistical chance that a tornado will
strike a particular place this year is quite small. However, tornadoes can provide many
exceptions to statistics. Oklahoma City, for example, has been struck by tornadoes at
least 32 times in the past 90 years. And the little town of Codell, Kansas, was hit by
tornadoes in 3 consecutive - years-1916, 1917, and 1918—and each time on the
same date: May 20! Considering the many millions of tornadoes that must have formed
during the geological past, it is likely that at least one actually moved across the land
where your home is located, especially if it is in the Central Plains.
0
11
0
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.
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' TORNADO WINDS
' The strong winds of a tornado can destroy buildings, uproot trees, and hurl all sorts of
lethal missiles into the air. People, animals, and home appliances all have been
picked up, carried several kilometers, then deposited. Tornadoes have accomplished
' some astonishing feats, such as lifting a railroad coach with its 117 passengers and
dumping it in a ditch 25 m away. Showers of toads and frogs have poured out of a
cloud after tornadic winds sucked them up from a nearby pond. Other oddities include
chickens losing all of their feathers and pieces of straw being driven into metal pipes.
' Miraculous events have occurred, too. In one instance, a schoolhouse was
demolished and the 85 students inside were carried over 100 m without one of them
being killed.
' Our knowledge of the furious winds of a tornado comes mainly from observations of
the damage done and the analysis of motion pictures. Because of the destructive
' nature of the tornado, it was once thought that it packed winds greater than 500 knots.
However, studies conducted after 1973 reveal that even the most powerful twisters
seldom have winds exceeding 220 knots, and most tornadoes probably have winds of
less than 125 knots. Nevertheless, being confronted with even a small tornado can be
' terrifying.
The high winds of the tornado cause the most damage as walls of buildings buckle
and collapse when blasted by the extreme wind force. Also, as high winds blow over a
roof, lower air pressure forms above the roof. The greater air pressure inside the
building then lifts the roof just high enough for the strong winds to carry it away. A
similar effect occurs when the tornado's intense low-pressure center passes overhead.
Because the pressure in' the center of a tornado may be more than 100 mb (3 in.)
' lower than that of its surrounding, there is a momentary drop in outside pressure when
the tornado is above the structure. It was once thought that opening windows and
allowing inside and outside pressures to equalize would minimize the chances of the
' building exploding. However, it now appears that opening windows during a tornado
actually increases the pressure on the opposite wall and increases the chances that
the building will collapse. Damage from tornadoes may also be inflicted on people and
structures by flying debris. Hence, the wisest course to take when confronted with an
' approaching tornado is to seek shelter immediately.
At home, take shelter in a basement. In a large building without a basement, the safest
' place is usually in a small room, such as a bathroom, closet, or interior hallway,
preferably on the lowest floor and near the middle of the edifice. At school, move to the
hallway and lie flat with your head covered. In a mobile home, leave immediately and
' seek substantial shelter. If none exists, lie flat on the ground in a depression or ravine.
Don't try to outrun an oncoming tornado in a car or truck, as tornadoes often cover
erratic paths with speeds sometimes exceeding 70 knots. If caught outdoors in an
' open field, look for a ditch, stream bed, or ravine, and lie flat with your head covered.
When a tornado is approaching from the southwest, its strongest winds are on its
' southeast side. We can see why in Fig. 16.23. The tornado is heading northeast at 50
knots. If its rotational speed is 100 knots, then its forward speed will add 50 knots to its
southeastern side (position D) and subtract 50 knots from its northwestern side
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
8. Supplemental Report. '
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
(position A). Because the most destructive and extreme winds will
southeastern side, it is the southwest side of the building that will
impact of the winds.
be on the tornado's '
receive the maximum
It now appears that the most violent tornadoes (with winds exceeding 180 knots)
contain smaller whirls that rotate within them. Such tornadoes are called multi -vortex
tornadoes and the smaller whirls are called suction vortices (Fig. 16.24). Suction
vortices are only about 10 m (30 ft) in diameter, but they rotate very fast and apparently
do a great deal of damage.
In the late 1960s, Dr. T. Theodore Fujita, a noted authority on tornadoes at the
University of Chicago, proposed a scale (called the Fujita scale) for classifying
tornadoes according to their rotational wind speed and the damage done by the storm.
Table 16.1 presents this scale. Statistics compiled by the staff of the National Severe
Storms Forecast Center in Kansas City, Missouri, show that, of all the tornadoes
reported between 1950 and 1980, about two-thirds were FO and F1 (weak tornadoes)
and only 2 percent were above the F3 classification (violent). However, it was these
latter storms that accounted for over two-thirds of all tornado -related deaths. As an
example, a powerful F5 tornado devastated the town of Barneveld, Wisconsin, on the
morning of June 8,1984. Although the tornado lasted for no more than a minute, it
damaged or destroyed 90 percent of the buildings, took the lives of 9 people, and
injured 190 more. A powerful F4 tornado is shown in Fig. 16.25.
Fujita Scale for Damaging Wind
SCALE CATEGORY MUHR KNOTS EXPECTED DAMAGE
FO Weak 40-72 35-62 light: tree branches broken, sign
boards damaged
FI 73-112 63-97 moderate: trees snapped,
windows broken
F2 Strong 113-157 98-136 considerable: large trees
uprooted, weak structures
destroyed
F3 158-206 137-179 severe: trees leveled, cars
overturned, walls removed from
buildings
F4 Violent 207-260 180-226 devastating: frame houses
destroyed
F5 261-318 227-276 incredible: structures the size of
autos moved over 100 m, steel -
reinforced structures highly
damaged
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' Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.
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TORNADO FORMATION
' Although everything is not known about the formation of a tornado, we do know that
tornadoes tend to form with severe thunderstorms and that unstable air is essential for
' their development. One atmospheric situation that frequently leads to severe
thunderstorms with tornadoes in the spring is shown in Fig. 16.26.
At the surface, we find an open wave middle latitude cyclone with its cold front and
warm front. Behind the cold front is modified mP Pacific air that, having crossed
several mountain ranges, is now relatively cold and dry. (It may also be cP air
penetrating southward, east of the Rockies.) Ahead of the advancing cold front, warm
' and humid mT air pushes northward from the Gulf of Mexico. Above this warm sector at
850 mb, a wedge of warm, moist air is streaming northward. Directly above the moist
layer, between 700 mb and 500 mb, is a wedge of cold, dry air —called a dry tongue —
moving in from the southwest. At 500 mb, a trough of low pressure exists to the west of
the surface storm and at 300 mb the polar front jet stream swings over the region. At
this level, the jet stream takes air away so quickly that air from below is drawn up to
' replace it. The stage is now set for the development of severe storms.
The position of cold air above warm air produces an unstable atmosphere. As the
warm air rises from the surface, many thunderstorms should form throughout the warm
sector. But often this is not the case as the atmospheric conditions that generate
severe thunderstorms tend to prevent many smaller ones from forming. To see why,
' we will examine the vertical profile of temperature and moisture —a sounding —in the
warm sector.
Figure 16.27 shows a typical sounding of temperature and dew point in the warm
sector before tornadoes occur. From the surface up to 800 mb, the conditionally
unstable air is warm and very humid. At 800 mb, a shallow inversion acts like a cap on
the moist layer below. Above the inversion, the air is cold and much drier. This air is
also conditionally unstable, as the temperature drops at just about the dry adiabatic
rate (10°C/1000 m). The cooling of this upper layer is due, mainly, to cold advection.
Cold, dry, unstable air sitting above a warm, humid layer produces convective
' instability, which means that the atmosphere will become even more unstable if a layer
of air is somehow forced upward.
' The lifting of warm surface air can occur at the frontal zones, but the air may also begin
to rise anywhere in the warm sector when the surface air heats up during the day.
However, in the morning, the inversion acts as a lid on rising thermals and only small
' cumulus clouds form. As the day progresses (and the surface air heats even more),
rising air breaks through the inversion at isolated places and clouds build rapidly,
sometimes explosively, as the moist air is vented upward through the opening. Thus,
' we can see that the inversion prevents many small thunderstorms from forming. When
the surface air is finally able to puncture the inversion, the upper -level jet stream
rapidly draws the moist air up into the cold, unstable air, and a large storm quickly
' develops. The severe thunderstorm soon builds to the tropopause, and an anvil forms.
However, the strong updraft inside the storm causes its top to overshoot the anvil by 2
to 4 km.
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.
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In order for the storm to spawn a tornado, the updraft must rotate. Remember from our
earlier discussion that severe thunderstorms form in a region of strong vertical wind
shear. In Fig. 16.26, the rapidly increasing wind speed with height (vertical wind speed
'
shear) and the changing wind direction with height —from southerly at low levels to
westerly at high levels (vertical wind direction shear) —cause the updraft inside the
storm to rotate cyclonically. This rising, spinning column of air, perhaps 5 to 10 km
'
across, is called a mesocyclone. Doppler radar observations have shown that
rotation begins in the middle of the thunderstorm and gradually works downward. As
air rushes in toward the low pressure of the mesocyclone, the rotational wind speeds
'
increase much like a spinning skater increases in speed when the arms are brought in
closer to the body. (The conservation of angular momentum.) At the same time, the
mesocyclone stretches vertically and shrinks horizontally (see Fig. 16.28), and the
'
spinning air is accelerated upward. Inside the mesocyclone, which is now between 2
and 4 km wide, a spinning vortex of increasing wind speed (a tornado may —for
reasons not fully understood —appear near the mid -level of the cloud and gradually
,
extend downward to the cloud base. At this point, the mesocyclone is called a tornado
cyclone.
As air rushes into the low-pressure vortex from all directions, it expands, cools, and, if
sufficiently moist, condenses into a visible cloud —the funnel cloud. As the air beneath
the funnel is drawn into the core, it cools rapidly and condenses, and the funnel cloud
'
descends toward the surface. Upon reaching the ground it is called a tornado.. Here, it
usually picks up dirt and debris, making it appear both dark and ominous. While the air
along the outside of the funnel is spiraling upward, Doppler radar reveals that, within
the core of violent tornadoes, the air is descending toward the extreme low pressure at
'
the ground. As the air descends, it warms, causing the cloud droplets to evaporate.
This process leaves the core free of clouds. At the surface, where the descending air in
the core meets the air flowing into the funnel, suction vortices are formed as the
'
combined flows spin and turn rapidly upward.
Observations reveal that the most strong and violent tornadoes develop near the right
'
rear sector of a severe thunderstorm (on the southwestern side of an eastward moving
storm, Fig. 16.28). However, weaker tornadoes may not only develop in the main
updraft, but along the gust front, where the cool down draft forces warm inflowing air
'
upward. Although it appears that most strong and violent tornadoes form within the
mesocyclone, not all mesocyclones produce tornadoes. Certainly, all the processes
that go into generating a tornado are not completely understood at this time.
'
While it is difficult to tell which thunderstorm will spawn a tornado, meteorologists can
predict where tornado -generating storms are most likely to form. Notice in Fig. 16.26
'
that this area (the boxed -off area on the surface map) is situated where the polar front
jet stream and the cold tongue of air cross the wedge of warm, moist air. Knowing this
helps to explain why the region of greatest tornado activity shifts northward from winter
'
to summer. During the winter, tornadoes are most likely to form over the southern Gulf
states. The polar front jet is above this region, and the contrast between warm and cold
air masses is greatest. In spring, humid Gulf air surges northward; contrasting air
masses and the jet stream also move northward and tornadoes become more
,
prevalent from the southern Atlantic states westward into the southern Great Plains. In
'
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Hazard Identification and Evaluation
' summer, the contrast between air masses lessens, and the jet stream is normally near
the Canadian border; hence, tornado activity tends to be concentrated from the
' northern plains eastward to New York State.
OBSERVING TORNADOES
' The appearance of mammatus-type clouds at the base of a severe thunderstorm may
indicate that the storm is capable of producing tornadoes. These bulging pouches
suggest vertical motion and may extend well below the cloud base, as shown in Fig.
' 16.29. Mammatus clouds are not funnel clouds because they do not rotate. The first
sign that the thunderstorm is about to give birth to a tornado is the sight of rotating
clouds at the base of the storm.
' If the area of rotating clouds lowers, it becomes a wall cloud (compare Fig. 16.28
with Fig. 16.30). Usually within the wall cloud, a smaller, rapidly rotating funnel
' extends toward the surface. Sometimes the air is so dry that the swirling wind remains
invisible until it reaches the ground and begins to pick up dust. Unfortunately, people
have mistaken these "invisible tornadoes" for dust devils, only to find out (often too
' late) that they were not. Occasionally, the funnel cannot be seen due to falling rain,
clouds of dust, or darkness. Even when not clearly visible, many tornadoes have a
distinctive roar that can be heard for several kilometers. This sound, which has been
' described as "a roar like a thousand freight trains," appears to be loudest when the
tornado is touching the surface. However, not all tornadoes make this sound and,
when these storms strike, they become silent killers.
' When tornadoes are likely to form during the next few hours, a tornado watch is
issued by the National Severe Storms Forecast Center in Kansas City, Missouri, to
' alert the public that tornadoes may develop within a specific area during a certain time
period. Many communities have trained volunteer spotters, who look for tornadoes
after the watch is issued. Once a tornado is spotted —either visually or on a radar
screen —a tornado warning is issued by the local National Weather Service Office.
In some communities, sirens are sounded to alert people of the approaching storm.
Radio and television stations interrupt regular programming to broadcast the warning.
Although not completely effective, this warning system is apparently saving many lives.
' Despite the large increase in population in the tornado belt during the past twenty
years, tornado -related deaths have actually shown a decrease.
' In an attempt to unravel some of the mysteries of the tornado, several studies are
under way. In one --conducted jointly by the University of Oklahoma and the National
Severe Storms Laboratory in Norman, Oklahoma —still and motion pictures of
' tornadoes are correlated with radar data in an attempt to better estimate wind speeds.
In another, a sturdy instrument package resembling a barrel with an antenna (called
TOTO—for TOtable Tornado Observatory) is placed in the path of an approaching
' mesocyclone in hope of determining surface conditions such as winds, temperature,
pressure, and the electric field strength beneath a tornado cyclone. The readings are
recorded in TOTO's tornado -proof shell and read after the storm passes. Unfortunately,
' high winds would likely tip TOTO over before it could ever measure the strongest
winds of a tornado. On the more theoretical side, numerical cloud modeling studies
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
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Hazard Identification and Evaluation
are offering new insights into the formation and development of tornado breeding
thunderstorms.
DOPPLER RADAR
Most of our knowledge about what goes on inside a tornado -generating thunderstorm
has been gathered through the use of Doppler radar. Before we investigate this
remote -sensing device, we will examine how precipitation inside a severe
thunderstorm appears on the scope of conventional radar.
A conventional radar transmitter sends out microwave pulses in that, when this
energy strikes an object, a small fraction is scattered back to the antenna. Because
precipitation particles are large enough to bounce microwaves back to the antenna,
the white area on the radar scope in Fig. 16.31 represents precipitation inside a
severe thunderstorm. Notice that the pattern is in the shape of a hook. A hook -shape
echo such as this indicates the possible presence of a tornado. The dark area within
the hook echo represents the region inside the severe thunderstorm, where strong
updrafts carry cloud particles upward so rapidly that they are unable to grow large
enough to reflect microwaves. When tornadoes form, they do so near the tip of the
hook. However, many severe thunderstorms (as well as smaller ones) do not show a
hook echo, but still spawn tornadoes. Sometimes, when the hook echo does appear,
the tornado is already touching the ground. Consequently, a better technique was
needed in detecting tornado producing storms. To address this need, Doppler radar
was developed.
Doppler radar is like a conventional radar in that it can detect areas of precipitation
and measure the speed of falling precipitation. But a Doppler radar can do more —it
can actually measure the speed at which precipitation is moving horizontally toward or
away from the radar antenna. Because precipitation particles are carried by the wind,
Doppler radar can peer into a severe storm and unveil its winds.
Doppler radar works on the principle that, as precipitation moves toward or away from
the antenna, the returning radar pulse will change in frequency. A similar change
occurs when the high-pitched sound (high frequency) of an approaching noise source,
such as a siren or train whistle, becomes lower in pitch (lower frequency) after it
passes by the person hearing it. This change in frequency is called the Doppler shift
and this, of course, is where the Doppler radar gets its name.
A single Doppler radar cannot detect winds that blow parallel to the antenna.
Consequently, two or more units probing the same thunderstorm are able to give a
three-dimensional picture of the winds within the storm. To help distinguish the storm's
air motions, wind velocities can be displayed in color. Color contouring the wind field
gives a good picture of the storm. (See Fig. 16.32.)
Even a single Doppler radar can uncover many of the features of a severe
thunderstorm. For example, studies conducted in the 1970s revealed, for the first time,
the existence of the swirling winds of the mesocyclone inside tornado -producing
thunderstorms. Mesocyclones have a distinct image (signature) on the radar display.
About half of all the mesocyclones identified have been associated with tornadoes.
J
E
r
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' Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.
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' The time between mesocyclone identification and the tornado actually touching the
ground is about 20 minutes.
' Tornadoes also have a distinct signature, known as the tornado vortex signature
(TVS), which shows up as a region of rapidly changing wind speeds within the
' mesocyclone. Unfortunately, the resolution of the Doppler radar is not high enough to
measure actual wind speeds of most tornadoes, whose diameters are only a few
hundred meters or less. However, a new and experimental Doppler system —called
Doppler Lidar—uses a light beam (instead of microwaves) to measure the change
' in frequency of falling precipitation, cloud particles, and dust. Because it uses a shorter
wavelength of radiation, it has a narrower beam and a higher resolution than does
Doppler radar.
' Today, in an attempt to obtain tornado wind information at fairly close range (less than
10 km), smaller portable Doppler radar units are peering into tornado generating
' storms. During the 1990s, the National Weather Service plans to install a network of
Doppler radar units at selected weather stations. This planned radar network, called
NEXRAD [an acronym for NEXt Generation Weather RADar) will replace the aging
' conventional radar units. Detecting the signatures of mesocylones and tornadoes with
Doppler radar will assist forecasters in determining which severe thunderstorms will
likely spawn tornadoes. In addition, they should give advanced and improved warning
' of an approaching tornado. More reliable warnings, of course, should cut down on the
number of false alarms.
' Because the Doppler radar shows air motions within a storm, it can help to identify the
magnitude of other severe weather phenomena, such as gust fronts, micro bursts, and
wind shears that are dangerous to aircraft. Certainly, as Doppler radar becomes part of
' the major radar network, our understanding of the processes that generate severe
thunderstorms will be enhanced, and hopefully there will be an even better tornado
and severe storm -warning system, resulting in fewer deaths and injuries.
' WATERSPOUTS
A waterspout is a rotating column of air over a large body of water. The waterspout
' may be a tornado that formed over land and then traveled over water. In such a case,
the waterspout is called a tornadic waterspout. Waterspouts that form over water,
especially above the warm, shallow coastal waters of the Florida Keys, where almost
' 100 occur each month during the summer, are referred to as "fair weather"
waterspouts. These waterspouts are generally much smaller than an average tornado,
as they have diameters usually between 3 and 100 m. Fair weather waterspouts are
' also less intense, as their rotating winds are typically less than 45 knots. In addition,
they tend to move more slowly than tornadoes and they only last for about 10 to 15
minutes, although some have existed for up to one hour.
Fair weather waterspouts tend to form when the air is unstable and clouds are
developing. Unlike the tornado, they do not need a severe thunderstorm to generate
' them. Some form with small thunderstorms, but most form with developing cumulus
congestus clouds whose tops are frequently no higher than 3600 m (12,000 ft) and do
not extend to the freezing level. Apparently, the warm, humid air near the water helps
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
8. Supplemental Report: '
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
to create atmospheric instability, and the updraft beneath the resulting cloud helps
initiate uplift of the surface air. Recent studies even suggest that gust fronts and
converging sea breezes may play a role in the formation of some of the waterspouts
that form over the Florida Keys.
The waterspout funnel is similar to the tornado funnel in that both are clouds of
condensed water vapor with converging winds that rise about a central core. Contrary
to popular belief, the waterspout does not draw water up into its core; however,
swirling spray may be lifted several meters when the waterspout funnel touches the
water. Apparently, the most destructive waterspouts are those that begin as tornadoes
over land, then move over water. A photograph of a particularly well -developed and
intense fair weather waterspout near the Florida Keys is shown in Fig. 16.33.
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.
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Northeasters (Extra Tropical Winter Storms)
In addition to the hurricane threat, North Carolina experiences in the winter and early
spring a progression of extra -tropical cyclones, generally moving from west to east
across the middle latitudes.
' These storms are an entirely different and a more frequent weather pattern which can
cause dangerous conditions along some sections of the coast from Maine to Cape
' Hatteras.
Unlike hurricanes, which pass over a coastal community in several hours, a
northeaster may last in an area for several days. Precipitation may or may not be
associated with these storms. Although minimum hurricane force winds (74 mph) are
only occasionally exceeded, the massive size of the storms can create substantial
coastal hazards. At any one time, it may cover more than 1000 continuous miles of the
North Atlantic waters. Northeasters may remain practically stationary for more than a
week over the same area of the ocean.
' Their primary impact comes from the force exerted on the water surface by continuous
high winds. This generates intensive and heightened wave action, which increases
beach erosion. An extreme northeaster may even generate a storm surge, causing
extensive flooding and bringing wave action inland. While the storm surge
accompanying hurricanes generally recedes after one or two high tides, the surge
from a persistent northeaster may last for four or five successive high tides. The
highest tides and strongest winds in a northeaster occur farther from the storm's low
pressure center than in a hurricane; thus a northeaster can cause widespread damage
even though its center is several hundred miles at sea.
' The Dolan/Davis Northeaster Classification System
j
I
The Dolan/Davis Northeaster Classification of Atlantic Coast winter storms is based on
measurements of storm locations, tracks, fetches, durations, and wave heights. Data
for the system consisted of 1,347 northeast storms that produced at least a significant
deep -water wave height of 5.0 feet (1.5 m) at Cape Hatteras, North Carolina. This
threshold was used to define-anortheast storm and to calculate its duration based on
confirmed field evidence that a 5 foot (1.5 m) deep -water wave will result in
measurable beach face erosion along the North Carolina coast. The data spanned the
period 1942 to 1984 (Bosserman and Dolan, 1968; Dolan et al, 1988). Whenever
possible, wave height and duration data was verified through comparisons with
measured wave records obtained from NOAA buoys and ship observations positioned
in the fetch areas.
In developing the system, 1,347 storms were classified in terms of significant wave
heights (H 1/2) and durations. Together, these data can be used as an estimate of the
relative storm power, which is defined as H 1/2 times duration. While a more exacting
calculation of wave power could be developed, Dolan Davis generally did not obtain
wave period data in their hind -casting.
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Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Northeast Storm Scale (Halsey)
Class 1: (up to 1 tide) Beach erosion and dunes sustain some scarping.
Class 2: (up to 2 tides) Besides heavy beach erosion, dunes moderately to
significantly scarped: overwash in weak areas, especially down street ends: sections t
of unprotected boardwalks popped or lifted off, flooding begins.
Class 3: (2 to 3 tides) Serious beach erosion: dunes not only scarped, but some areas '
flattened by overwash; flooding serious; widespread boardwalk damage.
Class 4: (3 to 4 tides) Erosion reaching to marsh "basement" in some areas; most '
manmade dunes flattened; significant overwash; fans coalescing; deeper flooding
widespread; breaching in natural dunes increasing.
Class 5: (4 to 5 tides) Surge platforms and incipient inlets present; washover sands '
completely clog low-lying islands and roads, natural dunes heavily eroded.
Northeasters Affecting Coastal North Carolina ,
Many northeaster storms have affected North Carolina in the Twentieth Century. The
Ash Wednesday Storm - March 7, 1962 - caused extensive damage in Dare County. It
was a Class 5 northeaster with a storm surge and waves totaling over 20 feet above
mean sea level. Roads were washed out, and a 20 foot wide inlet was cut across
Hatteras Island at Buxton. This was filled by dredges several months later at
considerable expense. On some parts of the Delmarva Peninsula (to the north), this '
was the most damaging of all coastal storms, including hurricanes on record to date.
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Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Effects of Storms
' Prologue
' The North Carolina coast faces a strong threat of damages from hurricanes,
northeasters, and other major storms. While there has been a marked lull in the
number of hurricanes that have stricken the North Carolina coast in the past 20 years,
' the threat still exists; many say that North Carolina is long overdue for a major storm. At
the same time, development along the coast has grown by leaps and bounds. Unless
this development is wisely located and built to withstand hurricane forces, North
Carolina's coastal communities will face massive destruction. Local governments, as
' the primary protectors of the public health, safety, and general welfare, have a
responsibility to reduce the risk of property damages and loss of life attending coastal
development. They also have a responsibility to ensure that reconstruction following a
' major storm can occur quickly and leave the community safer from disaster in the
future. These are the goals of hazard mitigation and reconstruction planning.
' The first important step in the design and construction of a storm -resistant residence is
to determine the types and magnitudes of natural hazards that are likely to occur near
the site. These conditions often result in substantial changes in the land forms on the
' site, in many instances making the lot nearly unrecognizable during and after the
storm. Good design must begin with a reasonable understanding of the magnitude of
the environmental hazards as well as the changes that are likely to occur on your lot
' and on those nearby.
IMPACTS AND COMPONENTS OF A HURRICANE
' The two most drastic effects of hurricanes are fatalities and property damage. Since
the turn of the century, the general trend has been toward a reduction in the number of
' deaths from hurricanes but an exponential increase in the amount of property damage.
Figure 2.3 illustrates these trends to 1970.
The main reason for the reduction and stabilization in death rate has been a
' combination of improvements in monitoring and warning systems and local
preparedness and evacuation planning. However, as the population continues to grow
in coastal areas beyond the point of safe evacuation within the available warning time,
' the potential for substantial loss of human life remains.
While hurricane fatalities have decreased since 1900, the increase in property
' damages is staggering. This increase in damages parallels the increase in population
and development in coastal hurricane -prone areas since World War II. Property
damages stem mainly from riverine flooding, storm surge flooding, and the waves
' which ride on top of the surge. They also stem from erosion beneath structures built
too near the water, and from high winds, which can affect a very large area.
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report. '
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
The aforementioned hurricane characteristics and forces described above create a '
number of different forces on buildings and facilities and these are briefly reviewed
below. ,
Air Generated Forces Applied to Buildings
Two primary types of wind forces depicted are: direct and suction (or negative), each ,
working either laterally (horizontally or sideways) or on roof and floor systems. Direct
lateral forces, for example, are those that act on windward (the direction from which the '
wind is coming) vertical surfaces, such as wall or piles. Negative or suction lateral
forces act on the leeward (the direction toward which the wind is blowing) side of
vertical surfaces, and also on surfaces which are parallel to the direction of air flow.
Forces are also exerted against interior walls as a result of rapid drops in outside air ,
pressure.
Wind forces can also lead to the destruction of certain public facilities and
'
infrastructure. Hurricane winds typically damage power and telephone lines.
Hurricane Diana which struck the North Carolina coast in 1984 resulted in the
destruction of the public water tower in Carolina Beach, as a further example.
'
Water Forces
Water forces include both hydrostatic forces (caused by the pressure of still water
bearing against one side of a surface) and hydrodynamic forces (caused by the
movement of flowing water pushing against or flowing around a surface). Other forces
'
include the battering-ram effects that may be exerted by water -borne debris, and the
scour and erosion which can result in the undermining of building foundations.
Water forces created by hurricanes and coastal storms also wreak havoc on certain
,
public facilities and infrastructures. Roads and highways can experience severe
erosion and scouring for instance. Public sewer and water lines can also be destroyed
or damaged from flooding.
'
Hurricane Tracks I
Selected tracks of major hurricanes affecting North Carolina since 1871 are shown in
figures 2 and 3. These are segregated into hurricanes approaching from the southeast
'
and southwest quadrants, respectively. Tracks of hurricanes bypassing the coast in
recent years are also included.
'
A few hurricanes strike the Atlantic coast north of Cape Hatteras from the northeast.
The tracks of tropical storms and hurricanes that moved from the northeast in the
general region of the study area, are shown in figure 4. The information on hurricane
tracks is taken from the charts of North Atlantic tropical cyclones compiled by Cry
(1965). For 1964 through 1974, similar tracks are published in the Monthly Weather
Review. I
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Historical Notes on Hurricanes
' Brief notes on the history of hurricanes and damages caused by them are abstracted
from published papers. Wind speeds are included to indicate the intensity of storms.
Wind speeds from Weather Bureau stations from storms before 1920's have been
adjusted by the instrumental corrections to anemometers developed at that time
(Harrison 1963). Since that time, official wind reports include the corrections. Prior to
1940, the highest wind given for a storm was usually the "maximum velocity," an
' average wind speed for a five minute period. In recent years, the highest sustained
wind is an average over a one -minute period. For a complete chronology of tropical
cyclones since 1586, the reader is referred to the publication on "North Carolina
Hurricanes" (Hardy and Carney 1962).
' September 4, 1815
' A major hurricane cut across extreme eastern North Carolina in early September
1815. This hurricane moved inland on the morning of September 4, passing close to
New Bern, N. C., on the Neuse River and recurved northeastward. At Beaufort, N. C.,
' the tide flowed 4 ft higher than ever known. Every one of the more than 20 vessels at
Ocracoke Inlet, along the Outer Banks of North Carolina, was driven ashore by the
shifting gale. In New Bern, the tide was one foot higher than in any storm since 1795
and reached an elevation of nearly 12 ft above common high-water mark (Ludlum
' 1963).
tJune 3-4, 1825
This early season tropical cyclone swept up the Atlantic coast with reports of major
' damage all the way from Florida to New York City. Very high winds, which lasted 30
hours, were reported by the post surgeon of Fort Johnston at Cape Fear, N.C. Along
the Outer Banks of North Carolina the hurricane lashed at shipping settlements. Near
Ocracoke Inlet, 25 vessels were driven ashore. A press dispatch from Adam's Creek,
' N.C., near Cape Lookout reported very heavy losses with crops destroyed and cattle
drowned as the storm tide rose 14 ft above low water. At New Bern, the tide rose 6 ft
' and considerable damages near the water front were reported (Ludlum 1963).
August 25, 1827
' This hurricane was traced to its origin in the Windward Islands on August 17. It struck
the coast between Cape Fear and Cape Hatteras on August 25. Ludlum (1963) gives
some descriptive accounts of the storm tides along this stretch of the coast: "The towns
' of New Bern and Washington, both heads of navigation for tidal rivers emptying into
Pamlico Sound, suffered severely from high tides, and such high waters, too, are
always caused by wind with an easterly component. At Washington the tide was 12 to
' 15 ft above ordinary tides and houses on Water Street found the river 5 to 6 ft deep in
their first floor during the height of the storm tide. For a period of time at New Bern, all
communication was by canoe. Near Cape Hatteras, two New York -to -North Carolina
' packets were driven ashore and smashed to pieces by the tremendous breakers. The
new Cape Hatteras Lightship off Ocracoke Inlet broke loose and piled up on the south
side of Ocracoke Island."
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
July 12-15, 1842
A very destructive hurricane swept the entire North Carolina coast, apparently most
'
severe in the Ocracoke - Portsmouth, N.C., area. This storm was reported to have been
the most violent experienced at Ocracoke Bar for 80 years (another great hurricane in
1761 changed much of the coast -line of the Outer Banks and cut through the New Inlet
'
near Wilmington, N.C.). The damage along the Outer Banks was immense. The entire
village on Portsmouth Island near Ocracoke Inlet, with the exception of one building,
was wrecked. A store at the settlement was blown down and floated away at the height
t
of the storm. Fourteen vessels went aground on the ocean beach near Ocracoke Inlet
and fourteen more on the inside beaches. Two unknown vessels were dashed to
pieces in the breakers on Diamond Shoals. A number of dead horses and cattle were
'
seen drifting down the Sound after the storm was over (Ludlum 1963).
September 7-8, 1846
'
This hurricane apparently approaching slowly from the south opened up two new
inlets of major commercial importance across the Outer banks. To the south of Cape
'
Hatteras, a new Hatteras Inlet between Ocracoke and Hatteras Islands provided a new
entrance into Pamlico Sound. To the north, Oregon Inlet (named after the first ship to
pass through) split Bodie Island below Nags Head for a more direct route to Albemarle
'
Sound ports. The hurricane caught 20 ships at Ocracoke Inlet and drove all but two of
them ashore or out to sea. The small community of Hatteras just south of the Cape had
all but six houses flattened by the storm. At Nags Head the tide rose about 9 ft higher
than common tide (Ludlum 1963).
October 23, 1878 '
This hurricane moved northward across Cuba, skirted the east coast of Florida and
moved inland between Wilmington and Morehead City, N.C., on October 23rd. It struck '
the Outer Banks with full hurricane force, with maximum winds of 77 mph recorded at
Cape Lookout and 63 mph at Portsmouth. The steamer City of Houston was lost on
Frying Pan Shoals; a great many ships were damaged or lost in the storm all along the '
Atlantic coast (Hardy and Carney 1962).
August 18, 1879
'
A severe hurricane moved inland near Wilmington on the 18th and back out to sea
near Norfolk with highest winds reported at Cape Lookout. The anemometer cups at
Cape Lookout were blown away and the wind was afterward estimated to have
'
reached 127 mph. Anemometers were also destroyed at Hatteras, Fort Macon, Kitty
Hawk, Portsmouth, N.C., and Cape Henry, Va., with speeds estimated at 100 mph or
more. A ship report indicated waves forty feet from trough to crest. This storm was most
'
destructive in the Morehead City - Beaufort, N.C., area where two hotels were
destroyed and 1,000 ft of railroad track torn up. All the wharves were washed away
and the chimneys of most houses were blown away. On the Outer Banks, the storm
'
caused great damage at Diamond City, which was near Cape Lookout (Hardy and
Carney 1962).
'
Town of Kill Devil Hills and William C. Schmidt Page 8-26

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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report:
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
August 17-18, 1899
One of the most severe hurricanes on record for the Hatteras area moved slowly
northward across the Outer Banks during August 17-18. By early morning of the 17th,
the wind was blowing from the northeast at 54 mph at Hatteras; it had reached 71 mph
at 1:00 p.m. with extreme velocities of 90 to 105 mph. The anemometer then blew
away; stronger winds probably occurred. Hatteras reported a barometer reading of
968.9 mb (28.61 in) at 8:00 p.m. of the same day (U. S. Weather Bureau 1899). The
Weather Bureau observer at Hatteras reported that "the entire island" was covered
with water to a depth of 4 to 10 ft. There were not more than four houses in which the
tide did not rise to a depth of 1 to 4 ft. All fishing piers and equipment were destroyed;
all bridges were swept away; a great proportion of the homes on the island were
damaged. There was much destruction at Diamond City, N.C. Flooding of much of the
coastal areas and strong winds and heavy rains inland as far as Raleigh did great
damage to crops (Hardy and Carney 1962).
July 31, 1908
This storm had its inception as a tropical storm off the east coast of Florida. It then
moved to the east-northeast, did a complete "loop" and became a hurricane as it
moved northeastward off the coasts of Georgia and the Carolinas. It moved inland
near Cape Lookout on July 31 then across Pamlico Sound, continuing its
northeastward movement. Highest reported wind was 46 mph at Hatteras, but the
storm piled up considerable water on the North Carolina coast south of Hatteras. This
combined with torrential downpours (10.73 inches in 72 hours at New Bern and 9
inches at Kinston) caused much flooding in the eastern counties. Damage was
"immense," but no injuries or fatalities were recorded. At New Bern, this was "the worst
storm in history" (Hardy and Carney 1962; Corps of Engineers, Wilmington, N.C. 1961;
and Sugg, et al., 1971).
September 16, 1933
This hurricane formed east of the Leeward Islands, moved northwest and then
northward, increasing in intensity and striking the coast a little west of Hatteras about 8
a.m. on the 16th. Maximum wind speed at Hatteras was estimated at 76 mph because
a portion of the anemometer was blown away. Winds were estimated up to 125 mph in
New Bern and Beaufort. Minimum barometric pressure at Hatteras was 957 mb.
Damage was heavy from a short distance south of New Bern to the Virginia line. It was
reported that hardly a building was left standing in several coastal towns. High winds,
waves, and piling up of water in Pamlico and Albemarle Sounds caused 21 deaths.
Wind and water did great damage at New Bern where water was reported to reach "a
height of 3 to 4 ft" (Hardy and Carney 1962). An estimated high tide of 7.0 ft MSL
occurred at Ocracoke, N.C. (Corps of Engineers, Wilmington, N.C. 1963).
Town of Kill Devil Hills and William C. Schmidt Page 8-27

Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
8. Supplemental Report: ,
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
September 18, 1936
This hurricane was one of the most severe hurricanes on record at Hatteras. Maximum
winds of 80 mph from the northwest were reported at Hatteras and 90 mph at Manteo,
N.C. As the hurricane approached Hatteras it began recurving northward and the
storm center passed close to the station on the coast. The highway from Currituck,
N.C., to Norfolk, Va., was washed out. About 35 ft of beach was cut away at Nags
Head, N.C. Tides were very high at Manteo and Hatteras (Hardy and Carney 1962). A
high tide of 6.0 ft MSL was reported at Hatteras and an estimated 6. 3 ft MSL at
Ocracoke, N.C. (Corps of Engineers, Wilmington, N.C. 1963).
September 14, 1944
The "Great Atlantic Hurricane" of September 1944 caused destruction to 900 miles of
the Atlantic coast from Hatteras northward. The center of the hurricane passed a short
distance to the east of Hatteras with estimated maximum winds of 110 mph. At
Hatteras a lowest barometric pressure of 947.2 mb (27.97 in) was recorded, the lowest
pressure reading on record at the station. Cape Henry, Va., reported maximum winds
of 134 mph with gusts estimated at 150 mph (Sumner 1944). There was heavy
damage in Elizabeth City, N.C., and the Nags Head area. The storm was very severe
and caused considerable property damage on Ocracoke Island. Local residents
reported the highest tide on record at Ocracoke Village, 7.5 ft MSL (Corps of
Engineers, Wilmington, N.C. 1963). A highest tide of 7.0 ft above mean low water (6.0
ft MSL) was reported by the U.S. Weather Bureau at Hatteras, N.C. (Sumner 1944).
August 12, 1955 - Connie
Hurricane Connie entered the North Carolina coast close to Cape Lookout about 8:30
a.m. on August 12. The prolonged pounding of high waves against the coast caused
tremendous beach erosion estimated to have been worse than that caused by Hazel
in 1954. Tides of about 4.0 ft MSL were reported at Ocracoke and Hatteras, N.C.
(Corps of Engineers, Wilmington, N.C. 1963), while water in the sounds and near the
mouths of rivers were 5 to 7 ft MSL (Harris 1963). At Fort Macon, N.C., winds of 75 mph
with peak gusts of 100 mph and lowest pressure of 962 mb were reported. The storm
also brought torrential rains with the maximum, ranging around 12 inches within 48 hrs
of falling near Morehead City. Total damage throughout the state was estimated at $50
million (Hardy and Carney 1962).
September 19, 1955 - lone
Hurricane lone, moving from the south, crossed the North Carolina coast near Salter
Path, about 10 miles west of Morehead City, about 5 a.m. on September 19. It then
slowly curved to the northeast, passing out to sea near the Virginia state line early on
September 20. When lone entered North Carolina, highest winds were a little over 100
mph in gusts. The highest recorded wind speed was 75 mph gusting to 107 mph at
Cherry Point. Minimum barometric pressure over North Carolina was 960 mb. Heavy
rains accompanied lone. At the same time, prolonged easterly winds drove tide water
onto the beaches and into the sounds and their estuaries to a height of 3 to 10 ft above
normal. The result was inundation of the greatest area of eastern North Carolina ever
n
0
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.,
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
known to have been flooded. At New Bern, the depth of water was the greatest on
record, being about 10.5 ft above mean low water, with 40 city blocks flooded. Several
hundred homes were washed away and thousands were flooded by water with depths
ranging up to 4 ft (Hardy and Carney 1962). A high tide of 7.2 ft MSL was reported at
Atlantic Beach, N.C. (Harris 1963). High tides of 5.7 and 3.8 ft MSL at Ocracoke and
Hatteras, N.C., respectively, were reported by the Corps of Engineers (Corps of
Engineers, Wilmington, N.C. 1963).
September 27, 1958 - Helene
Hurricane Helene was one of the most powerful storms of recent history and,
fortunately for North Carolina, the storm center moved up the coast staying well out at
sea, on September 26-27. Even so, the highest winds of record were recorded at
Wilmington, with peak gusts of 135 mph and fastest mile 85 mph. The lowest reported
central pressure was 932 mb at a point south-southeast of Cape Fear early on the
morning of the 27th (aircraft reconnaissance). There was some beach erosion due to
seas and tides but this was minimized by the passage of the storm at time of low
astronomical tide. The highest tides on ocean beaches were estimated at 3 to 5 ft
above normal. Tides were higher on the southern edge of Pamlico Sound, where a
sudden rise following the wind shift as the center passed brought the tides to 7 or 8 ft
above normal (Hardy and Carney 1962). At Ocracoke, N.C., local residents stated it
was the most severe storm since 1944. Water covered most of the island and swept
into about 25 homes in the village. The northern end of the island was breached at six
different locations during the storm. Over 2.5 miles of state highway steel -mat
pavement was washed out, and approximately 12 miles of National Park Service sand
fence located near the ocean shore was destroyed. High-water mark of 5.5 ft MSL was
reported by local residents in the village of Ocracoke. A high tide of 5.1 ft MSL was
recorded at Hatteras, N.C. (Corps of Engineers, Wilmington, N.C. 1963).
September 11, 1960 - Donna
Hurricane Donna passed inland over the North Carolina coast between Wilmington
and Morehead City on September 11. The center of the storm passed a few miles east
of Wrightsville Beach, although Wilmington and Wrightsville Beach were in the "eye"
for about an hour. Lowest barometric pressure at Wilmington was 962 mb. Tides of 6 to
8 ft above normal combined with high winds caused severe damage at many points.
Maximum winds were of hurricane force with Wilmington reporting a peak gust of 97
mph. The storm center moved northward along a path slightly east of a line from
Wilmington to Norfolk during the night of the 11 th. Coastal communities suffered heavy
structural damage from Wilmington to Nags Head, with considerable beach erosion.
Wind gusts were in excess of 100 mph and tides were 4 to 8 ft above normal (Hardy
and Carney 1962). High tides of 10.6 ft MSL were reported at Atlantic Beach, N.C., and
4 to 6 ft MSL in the sounds and near the mouths of rivers. Tides of 3 to 4 ft MSL were
reported on the Outer Banks near Hatteras (Harris 1963).
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
September 30 - October 1, 1971 - Ginger
8. Supplemental Report. ,
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
Ginger will be noted chiefly for its longevity and circuitous track. This storm was
tracked for 31 days during 20 of which it was a hurricane. On September 27, Ginger
moved northwestward and set a steady course toward the North Carolina coast. Its
center crossed the coast near Morehead City on the evening of September 30 with
maximum sustained winds of 75 mph and minimum central pressure of 993 mb. Total
damage caused by the storm in North Carolina is estimated at $10 million. Tides on
Pamlico Sound were 4-7 ft above normal. At Washington, Aurora, New Bern, and
Cherry Point, N.C., tides were 6 ft above normal. On the ocean beaches at Hatteras,
tides were 2-3 ft above normal (Simpson and Hope 1972).
February 17, 1973
One of the most damaging winter coastal storms of the present generation was on
February 17, 1973. The following newspaper quote succinctly describes the storm:
"North Carolina's land mass is smaller by several hundred acres this week as a result
of a severe coastal storm which gnawed away at beaches from Corolla to Cape Fear.
"During the two days following a freak storm that frosted the. state's eastern lowlands
with up to 15 inches of snow, savage 56-knot winds and powerful 40-foot waves
hauled tons of sand from the shore.
"The wind -whipped sea toppled large buildings in resort communities on the Outer
Banks, nearly bisected at least two offshore islands, ripped up highways, filled
roadbeds with sand and carved away large chunks of sandy beach.
"The worst of the storm's fury was directed at Buxton, Kitty Hawk and Nags Head, but
severe erosion and some property damage occurred at the more southerly resort
communities of Wrightsville Beach, Carolina Beach and Topsail Beach." (Raleigh
News and Observer February 19, 1973).
A typical description of local damage, from the same source, is "At Kitty Hawk four
beach cottages were washed away, nine were toppled by the waves but left partially
standing, 12 others received structural damage from the pounding surf and dozens of
others are left standing so near the encroaching sea that another storm would
undermine them."
October, 1991
The Halloween Storm of 1991, a Category 5 northeaster, damaged or destroyed
dozens of beach cottages by wave and storm surge, flooded miles of road and eroded
beaches and frontal dunes.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and William C. Schmidt Page 8-30
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' Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report.,
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
References
' Brower, D., D. Godschalk, and Wm. McElyea. "Before The Storm: Managing
Development To Reduce Hurricane Damages." Center for Urban and Regional
Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
' Brower, D., T. Beatley, and D. Blatt. Reducing Hurricane and Coastal Storm Hazards
Through Growth Management: A Guidebook for N.C. Coastal Localities
' Bush, David and Orrin, Pilkey Jr. "Principles of Property Damage Mitigation From
Coastal Storms and Hurricanes and an Introduction to Coastal Hazard
Mapping." March, 1993.
Coastal Resources Commission. "Outer Banks Erosion Task Force Report." July, 1984.
' Dare County Emergency Management Agency. "Dare County Hurricane Evacuation
Plan." 1988.
Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Building Performance: Hurricane Andrew
in Florida." 1993.
I
Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Building Performance: Hurricane Iniki in
Hawaii." 1993.
I
Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Flood Insurance Study." Kill Devil Hills,
NC: 1993.
' Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Reducing Losses in High Risk Flood
Hazard Areas: A Guidebook for Local Officials." 1987.
' Ho, Francis, and Tracey, Robert. Storm Tide Frequency Analysis for the Coast of North
Carolina North of Cape Lookout Chapel Hill, NC.
' Metro -Dade Project: C.H.A.R.T. "Hurricane Andrew: An Eighteen Month Review."
March, 1994.
Neal, W. and Orrin P. "Barrier Island Hazard Mapping." Oceanus vol.23, no. 4, 1981.
' North Carolina Division of Emergency " g y Management. Eastern North Carolina
Hurricane Evacuation Study." 1987.
' North Carolina Division of Emergency Management. "Hurricane
g Y 9 Preparedness
Information." 1992.
' Rogers, Spencer. "Coastal Environment and Site Characteristics."
Rogers, Spencer. "Coastal Erosion Issues in Flood Hazard Mapping."
Rogers, Spencer. "Coastal Flood Forces."
1 Town of Kill Devil Hills and William C. Schmidt Page 8-31

Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan 8. Supplemental Report:
Hazard Identification and Evaluation
The Town of Nags Head Hurricane and Storm Mitigation and Reconstruction Plan.
1988.
US Virgin Islands Territorial Emergency Management Agency. "Surviving the Storm."
Sixth Edition. 1992.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and William C. Schmidt Page 8-32

Appendices
I. Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance
2. NC DEHNR Coastal Management
Development Standards (CAMA)
3. Chapter 21, Article VI, Zoning Ordinance
4. North Carolina State Building Code
5. 1993 Land Use Plan Update
6. Dare County Recovery and Re-entry Stages
7. Kill Devil Hills Departmental Emergency
Operations Plans
8. Critical Facilities Inventory
9. Walk -Around Questionnaire
10. Article 7, Stormwater Management
11. Sedimentation and Erosion Control
12. Citizens Guide To Lessening Storm
Vulnerability

Appendix 1:
Flood Damage
Prevention Ordinance,
Town of Kill Devil Hills
I
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1

Appendix 1
Chapter 8
' FLOOD DAMAGE PREVENTION*
'
Art. I. In General, H 8-1-8-19
Art. II. Statutory Authorization, Findings of Fact, Purpose and Objectives, §§
8.20-8-29
'
Art. III. Administration, §§ 8-30-8.39
Art. IV. Provisions for Flood Hazard Reduction, §§ 8-40-8-43
ARTICLE I. IN GENERAL
Sec. 8-1. Definitions.
'
Unless specifically defined below, words or phrases used in .this chapter shall be inter-
preted so as to give them the meaning they have in common usage and to give this chapter its
most reasonable application.
'
Addition (to an existing building) means an extension or increase in the floor area or
height of a building or structure. Additions to existing buildings shall comply with the re-
quirements for new construction, unless the addition, renovation or reconstruction to any
building, that was constructed prior to the initial flood insurance study for that area, and the
addition, renovation or reconstruction does not equal fifty (50) percent of the present market
value of the structure: Where a fire wall is provided between the addition and the existing
building, the addition(s) shall be considered a separate building and must comply with the
standards for new construction.
'
Appeal means a request from a review of the local administrator's interpretation of any
provision of this chapter.
'
Area of shallow flooding means a designated AO or VO zone on a community's flood
insurance rate map (FIRM) with base flood depths from one (1) to three (3) feet where a clearly
defined channel does not exist, where the path of flooding is unpredictable and indeterminate,
'
and where velocity flow may be evident.
Area of special flood hazard is the land in the floodplain within a community subject to a
or greater chance of bein
or
ven
*Editor's note —The provisions of former Ch. 8 were deleted as being superseded by Ord.
No. 93-03, adopted Mar. 8, 1993. The deleted provisions pertained to similar subject matter,
contained in §§ 8-1-8-11, 8-46-8-49 and 8-66-8-71, which derived from Code 1975, § 20-
59.4(D)(4); an ordinance of Mar. 30, 1987; and Ord. No. 88.05, adopted Aug. 22, 1988.
Cross references —Administration, Ch. 2; buildings and building regulations, Ch. 4; civil
emergencies, Ch. 5; planning, Ch. 15; police, Ch. 16; sewers and sewage, Ch. 17; streets and
sidewalks, Ch. 18; subdivision regulations, Ch. 19; water, Ch. 20; zoning, Ch. 21.
Supp. No. 5 479

§ 8-1 KILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
Base flood means the flood having a one percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in
any given year.
Basement means that lowest level or story which has its floor subgrade on all sides.
Breakaway wall means a wall that is not part of the structural support of the building and
is intended through its design and construction to collapse under specific lateral loading forces
without causing damage to the elevated portion of the building or the supporting foundation
system. A breakaway wall shall have a design safe loading resistance of not less than ten (10)
and no more than twenty (20) pounds per square foot. A wall with loading resistance of more
than twenty (20) pounds per square foot requires a professional engineer or architect's certif-
icate.
Building means any structure built for support, shelter, or enclosure for any occupancy or
storage.
Coastal High Hazard Area means an area of special flood hazard extending from offshore
to the inland limit of a primary frontal dune along an open coast and any other area subject
to high velocity wave action from storms or seismic sources.
Development means any man-made change to improved or unimproved real estate, in-
cluding, but not limited to, buildings or other structures, mining, dredging, filling, grading,
paving, excavation or drilling operations, or storage of equipment or materials
Elevated building means a nonbasement building (a) built, in the case of a building in
zones Al through A30, AE, A99, AO, AH, B, C, or X to have the top of the elevated floor, or
in the case of a building in zones VI—V30, VE or V to have the bottom of the lowest horizontal
structural member of the elevated floor above the ground by means of pilings, columns (posts
and piers), shear walls parallel to the flow of water and, (b) adequately anchored so as not to
impair the structural integrity of the building during a flood up to the magnitude of the base
flood. In the case of zones Al through A30, AE, A, A99, AO, AH, B, C, and X, "elevated
building" also includes a building elevated by means of fill or solid foundation perimeter walls
with openings sufficient to facilitate the unimpeded movement of floodwaters. In the case of
zones Vl through V30, VE, or V, "elevated building" also includes a building otherwise
meeting the definition of "elevated building", even though the area below is enclosed by
-means of breakaway walls if the breakaway walls meet the standards of section 8-41(5) of this
chapter.
Existing manufactured home park or manufactured home subdivision means a manufac-
tured home park or subdivision for which the construction of facilities for serving the lots on
which the manufactured homes are to be affixed including, at a minimum, the installation of
utilities, the construction of streets, and either final site grading or the pouring of concrete
pads is completed before the effective date of this chapter.
Expansion to an existing manufactured home pariz or subdivision means the preparation of
the additional sites by the construction of facilities for servicing the lots on which the manu-
Supp. No. 5 480

FLOOD DAMAGE PREVENTION § 8-1
(3) Designed to be self-propelled or permanently towable by a light duty truck; and
' (4) Designed primarily not for use as a permanent dwelling, but as temporary living
quarters for recreational, camping; travel, or seasonal use.
' Reference feature is the receding edge of a bluff or eroding frontal dune or, if such a feature
is not present the normal highwater line or the seaward line of vegetation if highwater line
cannot be identified.
F
Remedy a violation means to bring the structure or other development into compliance
with state or local floodplain management regulations, or, if this is not possible, to reduce the
impacts of its noncompliance. Ways that impacts may be reduced include protecting the struc-
ture or other affected development from flood damages, implementing the enforcement provi-
sions of the ordinance or otherwise deterring future similar violations, or reducing federal
financial exposure with regard to the structure or other development.
Sixty year setback means a distance equal to sixty (60) times the average annual long-term
recession rate at a site, measured from the reference feature.
Start of construction (for other than new construction or substantial improvements under
the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (P.L. 97-348), includes substantial improvement, and means
the date the building permit was issued, provided the actual start of construction, repair,
reconstruction, rehabilitation, addition, or improvement was within one hundred eighty (180)
days of the permit date. The actual start means the first placement of permanent construction
of a structure (including a manufactured home) on a site, such as the pouring of slabs or
footings, installation of piles, construction of columns, or any work beyond the stage of exca-
vation or the placement of a manufactured home on a foundation. Permanent construction
does not.include land preparation, such as clearing, grading, and filling; nor does it include the
installation of streets and/or walkways; nor does it include excavation for a basement, footings,
piers or foundations, or the erection of temporary forms; nor does it include the installation on
the property of accessory buildings, such as garages or sheds not occupied as dwelling units or
not part of the main structure. For a substantial improvement, the actual start of construction
means the first alteration of any wall, ceiling, floor, or other structural part of the building,
whether or not that alteration affects the external dimensions of the building.
Structure means, for floodplain management purposes, a walled and roofed building, a
-manufactured home, including a gas or liquid storage tank, or other man-made facilities or
infrastructures that are principally above ground.
Substantial damage means damage of any origin sustained by a structure whereby the
cost of restoring the structure to its before -damaged condition would equal or exceed fifty (50)
percent of the market value of the structure before the damage occurred. See definition of
"substantial improvement."
Substantial improvement" means any repair, reconstruction, rehabilitation, addition, or
other improvement of a structure, the cost of which equals or exceeds fifty (50) percent of the
market value of the structure before the "start of construction" of the improvement. This term
Supp. No. 5
483
1

§ 8-1 HILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
includes structures which have incurred "substantial damage," regardless of the actual repair
work performed. The term does not, however, include either:
(1) Any project of improvement of a structure to correct existing violations of state or
local health, sanitary, or safety code specifications which have been identified by the
local code enforcement official and which are the minimum necessary to assure safe
living conditions; or
(2) Any alteration of a historic structure, provided that the alteration will not preclude
the structure's continued designation as a historic structure.
Substantially improved existing manufactured home park or subdivision means where the
repair, reconstruction, rehabilitation or improvement of the streets, utilities and pads equals
or exceeds fifty (50) percent of the value of the streets, utilities and pads before the repair,
reconstruction, or improvement commenced.
Variance is a grant of relief to a person from the requirements of this chapter which
permits construction in a manner otherwise prohibited by this chapter where specific enforce-
ment would result in unnecessary hardship.
Violation means the failure of a structure or other development to be fully compliant with
the community's floodplain management regulations. A structure or other development without
the elevation certificate, other certifications, or other evidence of compliance required in this
-chapter is presumed to be in violation until such time as that documentation is provided.
Zone of imminent collapse means an area subject to erosion adjacent to -the shoreline of an
ocean, bay or lake and within a distance equal to ten (10) feet, plus five (5) times the average
annual long term erosion rate for the site, measured from the reference feature.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8-2. Lands to which this chapter applies.
This chapter shall apply to all areas of Special flood hazard within the jurisdiction of the
Town of Kill Devil Hills.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8.3. Basis for establishing areas of special flood hazard.
The areas of special flood hazard identified by the federal emergency management agency
in its flood insurance study (FIS) and flood insurance rate map (FIRM) 375353, dated April 30,
1992, and scheduled to be effective for flood insurance rate purposes April 2, 1993, with
accompanying maps and other supporting data, and any revision thereto are adopted by
reference and declared to be a part of this chapter.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
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97
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P
FLOOD DAMAGE PREVENTION
Sec. 8-4. Compliance.
§ 8-20
No structure or land shall hereafter be located, extended, converted, or structurally al-
tered without full compliance with the terms of this chapter and other applicable regulations.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8.5. Abrogation and greater restrictions.
This chapter is not intended to repeal, abrogate, or impair any existing easements, cov-
enants, or deed restrictions. However, where this chapter and another conflict or overlap,
whichever imposes the more stringent restrictions shall prevail.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
I
Sec. 8-6. Interpretation.
In the interpretation and application of this chapter all provisions shall be:
'
(1) Considered as minimum requirements;
(2) Liberally construed in favor of the governing body; and
'
(3) Deemed neither to limit nor repeal any other powers granted under state statutes.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
'
Sec. 8-7. Warning and disclaimer of liability.
The degree of flood protection required by this chapter is considered reasonable for reg-
'
ulatory purposes and is based on scientific and engineering consideration. Larger floods can
and will occur on rare occasions. Flood heights may be increased by man-made or natural
causes. This chapter does not imply that land outside the areas of special flood hazard or uses
'
permitted within such areas will be free from flooding or flood damages. This chapter shall not
create liability on the part of the town or by any officer or employee thereof for any flood
damages that result from reliance on this chapter or any administrative decision lawfully
'
made hereunder.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
'
-Secs. 8-8-8-19. Reserved.
' ARTICLE II. STATUTORY AUTHORIZATION, FINDINGS OF FACT, PURPOSE
AND OBJECTIVES
Sec. 8-20. Statutory authorization.
' The legislature of the State of North Carolina has, in Part 6, Article 21 of Chapter 143;
Parts 3, 5, and 8 of Article 19 of Chapter 160A; and Article 8 of Chapter 160A of the North
Carolina General Statutes, delegated the responsibility to local governmental units to adopt
Supp. No. 5 485

§ 8-20 HILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
regulations designed to promote the public health, Safety, and general welfare of its citizenry.
Therefore, the board of commissioners does ordain as follows in this chapter.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8-21. Findings of fact.
(a) The flood hazard areas of the town are subject to periodic inundation which results in
loss of life, property, health and safety hazards, disruption of commerce and governmental
services, extraordinary public expenditures of flood protection and relief, and impairment of
the tax base, all of which adversely affect the public health, safety, and general welfare.
(b) These flood losses are caused by the cumulative effect of obstructions in floodplains
causing increases in flood heights and velocities, and by the occupancy in flood hazard areas
by uses vulnerable to floods or hazardous to other lands which are inadequately elevated,
floodproofed, or otherwise unprotected from flood damage.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8.22. Statement of purpose.
It is the purpose of this chapter to promote the public health, safety, and general welfare
and to minimize public and private losses due to flood conditions in specific areas by provisions
designed to:
(1) Restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health, safety, and property due to
water or erosion hazards, or which result in damaging increases in erosion or in flood
heights or velocities;
(2) Require that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities which serve such uses, be'
protected against flood damage at the time of initial construction;
(3) Control the alteration of natural floodplains, stream channels, and natural protective
barriers which are involved in the accommodation of floodwaters;
(4) Control filling, grading, dredging, and other development which may increase erosion
or flood damage; and
(5) Prevent or regulate the construction of flood barriers which will unnaturally divert
floodwaters or which may increase flood hazards to other lands..
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8-23. Objectives.
The objectives of this chapter are to:
(1) Protect human life and health;
(2) Minimize expenditure of public money for costly flood control projects;
(3) Minimize the need for rescue and relief efforts associated with flooding and generally
undertaken at the expense of the general public;
Supp. No. 5 486
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FLOOD DAMAGE PREVENTION
(4) Minimize prolonged business interruptions;
§ 8-32
(5) Minimize damage to public facilities and utilities such as water and gas mains,
electric, telephone and sewer lines, streets, and bridges located in floodplains;
(6) Help maintain a stable tax base by providing for the sound use and development of
flood -prone areas in such a manner as to minimize flood blight areas; and
(7) Ensure that potential home buyers are notified that property is in a flood area.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Secs. 8.24-8.29. Reserved.
ARTICLE III. ADMINISTRATION
Sec. 8-30. Designation of local administrator.
The building inspector is hereby appointed to administer and implement the provisions of
this chapter.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8-31. Establishment of development permit.
A development permit shall be required in conformance with the provisions of this chapter
prior to the commencement of any development activities.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8.32. Development permit and certification requirements.
Application for a development permit shall be made to the local administrator on forms
furnished by him or her prior to any development activities. The development permit may
include, but not be limited to, plans in duplicate drawn to scale showing: the nature, location,
dimensions, and elevations of the area in question; existing or proposed structures; and the
location of fill materials, storage areas, and drainage facilities. Specifically, the following
information is required:
(1) Where base flood elevation data is provided in accordance with section 8-33(10), the
application for a development permit within the zone A on the flood insurance rate
map shall show:
a. The elevation (in relation to mean sea level) of the lowest floor (including base-
ment) of all new and substantially improved structures, and
b. If the structure has been floodproofed in accordance with section 8-41(2), the
elevation (in relation to mean sea level) to which the structure was floodproofed.
(2) Where the base flood elevation data is not provided, the application for a development
permit must show construction of the lowest floor at least two (2) feet above the
highest adjacent grade.
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§ 8-32 KILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
(3) Where any watercourse will be altered or relocated as a result of proposed develop-
ment, the application for a development permit shall include: a description of the
extent of watercourse alteration or relocation; an engineering report on the effects of
the proposed project on the flood carrying capacity of the watercourse and the effects
to properties located both upstream and downstream; and a map showing the location
the proposed watercourse alteration or relocation.
(4) When a structure is floodproofed, the applicant shall provide a certificate from a
registered professional engineer or architect that the nonresidential floodproofed struc-
ture meets the floodproofing criteria in section 8-41(2).
(5) A floor elevation or floodproofing certification is required after the lowest floor is
completed. Within twenty-one (21) calendar days of establishment of the lowest floor
elevation, or floodproofing by whatever construction means, whichever is applicable,
it shall be the duty of the permit holder to submit to the local administrator a
certification of the elevation of the lowest floor, or floodproofed elevation, whichever
is applicable, as built, in relation to mean sea level. Said certification shall be pre-
pared by or under the direct supervision of a registered land surveyor or professional
engineer and certified by same. When floodproofing is utilized for a particular building,
said certification shall be prepared by or under th'e direct supervision of a professional
engineer or architect and certified by same. Any work done within the twenty -one -day
calendar period and prior to submission of the certification shall be at the permit
holder's risk. The local administrator shall review the floor elevation survey data
submitted. Deficiencies detected by such review shall be corrected by the permit
holder immediately and prior to further progressive work being permitted to proceed.
Failure to submit the survey or failure to make such corrections required hereby shall
be cause to issue a stop -work order for the nroiect.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8.33. Duties and responsibilities of the local administrator.
Duties of the local administrator shall include, but not be limited to:
(1) Review all development permits to ensure that the requirements of this chapter have
been satisfied;
(2) Advise permittee that additional federal or state permits may be required, and if
specific federal or state permits are known, require that copies of such permits be
provided and maintained on file with the development permit.
(3) Notify adjacent communities and the North Carolina Department of Crime Control
and Public Safety, Division of Emergency Management, State Coordinator for the
National Flood Insurance Program prior to any alteration or relocation of a water-
course, and submit evidence of such notification to the Federal Emergency Manage-
ment Agency.
(4) Ensure that maintenance is provided within the altered or relocated portion of the
watercourse so that the flood -carrying capacity is not diminished.
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FLOOD DAMAGE PREVENTION § 8-36
administrator and the clerk within ten (10) days following issuance of the final order. In the
absence of an appeal, the order of the administrator shall be final. The local governing body
shall hear an appeal within a reasonable time and may affirm, modify and affirm, or revoke
the order.
(i) Failure to comply with order. If the owner of a building or property fails to comply with
an order to take corrective action from which no appeal has been taken, or fails to comply with
an order of the governing body following an appeal, he shall be guilty of a misdemeanor and
shall be punished in the discretion of the court.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8.35. Penalties for violation.
Violation of the provisions of this chapter or failure to comply with any of its require-
ments, including violation of conditions and safeguards established in connection with grants
of variance or special exceptions, shall constitute a misdemeanor. Any person who violates this
chapter or fails to comply with any of its requirements shall, upon conviction thereof, be fined
not more than fifty dollars ($50.00) or imprisoned for not more than thirty (30) days, or both.
Each day such violation continues shall be considered a separate offense. Nothing herein
contained shall prevent the Town of Kill Devil Hills from taking such other lawful action as
is necessary to prevent or remedy any violation.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8-36. Variance procedure.
(A) The board of adjustment, as established by the town, shall hear and decide requests
for variances from the requirements of this chapter.
(b) Any person aggrieved by the decision of the appeal board or any taxpayer may appeal
such decision to the Court, as provided in Chapter. 7A of the North Carolina General Statutes.
(c) Variances may be issued for the repair or rehabilitation of historic structures upon the
determination that the proposed repair or rehabilitation will not preclude the structure's
continued designation as a.historic structure and the variance is the minimum necessary to
preserve the historic character and design of the structure.
(d) In passing upon such application; the appeal board shall consider all technical eval-
uations, all relevant factors, all standards specified in other sections of this chapter, and:
(1) The danger that materials may be swept onto other lands to the injury of others;
(2) The danger to life and property due to flooding or erosion damage;
(3) The susceptibility of the proposed facility and its contents to flood damage and the
effect of such damage on the individual owner;
(4) The importance of the services provided by the proposed facility to the community;
(5) The necessity to the facility of a waterfront location, where applicable;
ISupp. No. 5
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FLOOD DAMAGE PREVENTION
ARTICLE IV. PROVISIONS FOR FLOOD HAZARD REDUCTION
Sec. 8-40. General standards.
§ 8-41 '
In all areas of special flood hazard the following provisions are required:
(1) All new construction and substantial improvements shall be anchored to prevent
flotation, collapse, or lateral movement of the structure;
(2) All new construction and substantial improvements shall be constructed with mate-
rials and utility equipment resistant to flood damage;
(3) All new construction or substantial improvements shall be constructed by methods
and practices that minimize flood damages;
(4) Electrical, heating, ventilation, plumbing, air conditioning equipment, and other
service facilities shall be designed and/or located so as to prevent water from entering
or accumulating within the components during conditions of flooding;
(5) All new and replacement water supply systems shall be designed to minimize or
eliminate infiltration of floodwaters into the system;
(6) New and replacement sanitary sewage systems shall be designed to minimize or
eliminate infiltration of floodwaters into the systems and discharges from the systems
into floodwaters;
(7) On -site waste disposal systems shall be located and constructed to avoid impairment
to them or contamination from them during flooding; and
(8) Any alteration, repair, reconstruction, or improvements to a structure which is in
compliance with the provisions of this chapter, shall meet the requirements of "new
construction" as contained in this chapter.
(9) Nonconforming buildings or uses. Nonconforming buildings or uses may not be en-
larged, replaced, or rebuilt unless such enlargement or reconstruction is accomplished
in conformance with the provisions of this chapter. Provided, however, nothing in this
chapter shall prevent the repair, reconstruction, or replacement of a building or
structure existing on the effective date of this chapter and located totally or partially
within the floodway zone, provided that the bulk of the building or structure below
base flood elevation in the floodway zone is not increased and provided that such
repair, reconstruction, or replacement meets all of the other requirements of this
chapter.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8-41. Specific standards.
In all areas of special flood hazard where base flood elevation data has been provided, as
set forth in section 8.3, or section 8-33(10), the following provisions are required:
(1) Residential construction. New construction or substantial improvement of any resi-
dential structure (including manufactured homes) shall have the lowest floor, in-
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' § 8-41
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KILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
cluding basement, elevated no lower than the base flood elevation. Should solid foun-
dation perimeter walls be used to elevate a structure, opening_ s sufficient to facilitate
the unimpeded movements of ciooawaLCrs ai.a.a UU r..,....­
(2) Nonresidential construction. New construction or substantial improvement of any
commercial, industrial, or nonresidential structure shall have the* lowest floor, in-
cluding basement, elevated no lower than the base flood elevation. Structures located
in A zones may be floodproofed in lieu of elevation provided that all areas of the
structure below the required elevation are watertight with walls substantially im-
permeable to the passage of water, using structural components having the capability
of resisting hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads and the effect of buoyancy. A regis-
tered professional engineer or architect shall certify that the standards of this sub-
section are satisfied. Such certification shall be provided to the official as set forth in
section 8-32(5).
(3) Manufactured homes.
a. Manufactured homes that are placed or substantially improved on sites (i) outside
a manufactured home park or subdivision; (ii) in a new manufactured home park
or subdivision; (iii) in an expansion to an existing manufactured home park or
subdivision; or, (iv) in an existing manufactured home park or subdivision on
which a manufactured home has incurred "substantial damage" as the result of
a flood, must be elevated on a permanent foundation such that the lowest floor of
the manufactured home is elevated no lower than the base flood elevation and be
securely anchored to an adequately anchored foundation system to resist flota-
tion, collapse, and lateral movement.
b. Manufactured homes that are to be placed or substantially improved on sites in
an existing manufactured home park or subdivision that are not subject to the
provisions of section 8-41(3)a of this chapter must be'elevated so that the lowest
floor of the manufactured home is elevated no lower than the base flood elevation,
and be securely anchored to an adequately anchored foundation to resist flota-
tion, collapse, and lateral movement.
c. Manufactured homes shall be anchored to prevent floatation, collapse, or lateral
movement. For the purpose of this requirement, manufactured homes must be
anchored to resist flotation, collapse, or lateral movement in accordance with the
"Regulations for Mobile Homes and Modular Housing" adopted by the Commis-
sioner of Insurance pursuant to NCGS 143.143.-15. Additionally, when the ele-
vation would be met by an elevation of the chassis at least thirty-six (36) inches
or less above the grade at the site, the chassis shall be supported by reinforced
piers or other foundation elements of at least equivalent strength. When the
elevation of the chassis is above thirty-six (36) inches in height an engineering
certification is required.
d. An evacuation plan must be developed for evacuation of all residents of all new,
substantially improved or substantially damaged manufactured home parks or
subdivisions located within flood -prone areas. This plan shall be filed with and
Supp. No. 5 494

FLOOD DAMAGE PREVENTION
§ 8.41 '
approved by the local administrator and the local Emergency Management Co-
ordinator.
(4) Recreational vehicle. A recreational vehicle is ready for highway use if it is on wheels
or jacking system, is attached to the site only by quick -disconnect type utilities and
security devices, and has no permanently attached additions. Recreation vehicles
placed on sites shall either:
a. Be on site for fewer than eighty (80) consecutive days;
b. Be fully licensed for highway use; or
c. Meet the requirements of section 8-32 and sections 8-40 and 8-41(3).
(5) Elevated buildings. New construction or substantial improvements of elevated build-
ings that include fully enclosed areas that are usable solely for the parking of vehi-
cles, building access or storage in an area other than a basement and.which are
subject to flooding shall be designed to preclude finished living space and be designed
to automatically equalize hydrostatic flood forces on exterior walls by allowing for the
entry and exit of floodwaters.
a. Designs for complying with this requirement must either be certified by a pro-
fessional engineer -or architect or meet the following minimum criteria:
1. Provide a minimum of two (2) openings having a total net ,area of not less
than one (1) square' inch for every square foot of enclosed area subject to
flooding,
2. The bottom of all openings shall be no higher than one (1) foot above grade;
and
3. Openings may be equipped with screens, louvers, valves, or other coverings
or devices provided they permit the automatic flow of floodwaters in both
directions.
b. Access to the enclosed area shall be the minimum necessary to allow for parking
of vehicles (garage door) or limited storage of maintenance equipment used in
connection with the premises (standard exterior door) or entry to the living area
(stairway or elevator).
c. The interior portion of such enclosed area shall not be partitioned or finished into
separate rooms, except to enclose storage area.
(6) Temporary structures. Prior to the issuance of a development permit, for a temporary
structure, the following requirements must be met:
a. All applicants must submit to the local administrator a plan for the removal of
such structure(s) in the event of a hurricane or flash flood notification. The plan
must include the following information:
1. The name, address and phone number of the individual responsible for the
removal of the temporary structure;
2. The time frame prior to the event at which a structure will be removed;
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§ 8-41
HILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
3. A copy of the contract or other suitable instrument with a trucking company
to insure the availability of removal equipment when needed; and
4. Designation, accompanied by documentation, of a location outside the flood -
plain to which the temporary structure will be moved.
b. The above information shall be submitted in writing to the local administrator
and written
(7) Accessory structure. When accessory structures (sheds, detached garages, etc.) with a
value of three thousand ($3,000.00) or less, are to be placed in the floodplain the
following criteria shall be met:
a. Accessory structures shall not be used for human habitation;
b. Accessory structures shall be designed to have low flood damage potential;
c. Accessory structures shall be firmly anchored in accordance with section 8-40(1);
and
d. Service facilities such as electrical and heating equipment shall be elevated in
accordance with section 8-40(4).
(8) Floodways. Located within areas of special flood hazard established in section 8-3, are
areas designated as floodways. The floodway is an extremely hazardous area due to
the velocity of floodwaters which carry debris and potential projectiles and has ero-
sion potential. The following provisions shall apply within such areas:
a. No encroachments, including fill, new construction, substantial improvements
and other developments shall be permitted unless it has been demonstrated
through hydrologic and hydraulic analyses performed in accordance with stan-
dard engineering practice that the proposed encroachment would not result in
any increase in the flood levels during the occurrence of the base flood. Such
certification and technical data shall be presented to the local administrator.
b. If section 8-41(6)a is satisfied, all new construction and substantial improvements
shall comply with all applicable flood hazard reduction provisions of article IV.
c. No manufactured homes shall be permitted, except in an existing manufactured
home park or subdivision. A replacement manufactured home may be placed on
a lot in an existing manufactured home park or subdivision provided the an-
1:11U1111{_ Al1U I.11u uluVGi41V11 Z3 LA\141UJ Vl AG\-1.1V11 U_- J. V/ "4a 1+1Gb.
(9) Coastal high hazard areas (V zones). Located within the areas of special flood hazard
established in section 8-3, are areas designated as coastal high hazard areas. These
areas have special flood hazards associated with wave wash. The following provisions
shall apply within such areas:
a. All buildings or structures shall be located landward of the first line of stable
natural vegetation and comply with all applicable CAMA setback requirements.
b. All buildings or structures shall be elevated so that the bottom of the lowest
supporting horizontal member (excluding pilings or columns) is located no lower
than the base flood elevation level, with all space below the lowest supporting
Supp. No. 5
496

Supp. No. 5
FLOOD DAMAGE PREVENTION
§ 8-41
member open so as not to impede the flow of water. Open lattice work or deco-
rative screening may be permitted for aesthetic purposes only and must be de-
signed to wash away in the event of abnormal wave action in accordance with
section 8-41(5)h.
c. All buildings or structures shall be securely anchored on pilings or columns.
d. All pilings and columns and the attached structures shall be anchored to resist
flotation, collapse, and lateral movement due to the effect of wind and water loads
acting simultaneously on all building components.
e. A registered professional engineer or architect shall certify that the design, spec-
ifications and plans for construction are in compliance with the provisions con-
tained in section 8-41(5)b., c., and d. of this chapter.
f. There shall be no fill used as structural support. Noncompacted fill may be used
around the perimeter of a building for landscaping/aesthetic purposes provided
the fill will wash out from storm surge, thereby rendering the building free of
obstruction prior to generating excessive loading forces, ramping effects, or wave
deflection. The local administrator shall approve design plans for landscaping/
aesthetic fill only after the applicant has provided an analysis by an engineer,
architect, and/or soil scientist which demonstrates that the following factors have
been fully considered:
1. Particle composition of fill material does not have a tendency for excessive
natural compaction;
2. Volume and distribution of fill will not cause wave deflection to adjacent
properties; **and
3. Slope of fill will not cause wave run-up or ramping.
g. There shall be no alteration of sand dunes'or mangrove stands which would
increase potential flood damage.
h. Lattice work or decorative screening shall be allowed below the base flood ele-
vation provided they are not part of the structural support of the building and are
designed so as to breakaway, under abnormally high tides or wave action, without
damage to the structural integrity of the building on which they are to be used
and provided the following design specifications are met:
1. No solid walls shall be allowed.
2. Material shall consist of wood or mesh screening only.
3. Design safe loading resistance of each wall shall be not less than ten (10) nor
more than twenty (20) pounds per square foot; or
4. If more than twenty (20) pounds per square foot, a registered professional
engineer or architect shall certifythat the design wall collapse would result
from a water load less than that which would occur during the base flood
event, and the elevated portion of the building and supporting foundation
system shall not be subject to collapse, displacement, or other structural
damage due to the effects of wind and water loads acting simultaneously on
all building components (structural and nonstructural). The water -loading
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§ 8-41 KILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
values used shall be those associated with the base flood. The wind loading
values used shall be those required by the North Carolina Building Code.
i. If aesthetic lattice work or screening is utilized, such enclosed space shall not be
designed to be used for human habitation, but shall be designed to be used only
for parking of vehicles, building access, or limited storage of maintenance equip-
ment used in connection with the premises.
j. Prior to construction, plans for any structures that will have lattice work or
decorative screening must be submitted to the local administrator for approval.
k. Any alteration, repair, reconstruction or improvement to a structure shall not
enclose the space below the lowest floor except with lattice work or decorative
screening, as provided for in section 8-41(9)h. and i.
1. No manufactured homes shall be permitted except in an existing manufactured
home park or subdivision. A replacement manufactured home may be placed on
a lot in an existing manufactured home park or subdivision provided the an-
choring and elevation standards of section 8-41(3).
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8.42. Standards for subdivision proposals.
(The following standards shall apply to subdivision proposals:]
(1) All subdivision proposals shall be consistent with the need to minimize flood damage;
(2) All subdivision proposals shall have public utilities and facilities such as sewer, gas,
electrical, and water systems located and constructed to minimize flood damage;
(3) All subdivision proposals shall have adequate drainage provided to reduce exposure
to flood hazards; and
(4) Base flood elevation data shall be provided for subdivision proposals and other pro-
posed development which is greater than the lesser of fifty (50) lots or five (5) acres.
(Ord. No. 93-03, 3-8-93)
Sec. 8.43. Standards for areas of shallow flooding (AO zones).
Located within the areas of special flood hazard established in section 8-3, are areas
designated as shallow flooding. These areas have special flood hazards associated with base
flood depths of one (1) to three (3) feet where a clearly defined channel does not exist and where
the path of flooding is unpredictable and indeterminate. The following provisions shall apply
within such areas:
(1) All new construction and substantial improvements of residential structures shall
have the lowest floor, including basement, elevated to the depth number specified on
the flood insurance rate map. If no depth number is specified, the lowest floor, in-
cluding basement, shall be elevated at least two (2) feet above the highest adjacent
grade.
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Appendix 2:
NC DEHNR
Coastal Management
Development
Standards (CAMA)

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EHNR - COASTAL MANAGL••1f&VT T15A: 07K.0200- , t;
(3) The modification is for treating waste load types similar to those in the previously permitted
activity;
(4) The final discharge flow which may be associated with such modification remains the same as
the discharge flow permitted before modification;
(5) No additional acreage is necessary for land disposal of dewatered wastes or does not require-. --
subsurface pollutant injection;
(6) No significant. land -disturbing activity is. involved.
History Note: Statutory Authority C.S. 113A-103(5)(c); 113A-118(a);
Eff. Afarch 29, 1978.
.0206 SMALL DITCHES EXEMPTED
(a) Small ditches used for agricultural or forestry purposes with maximum dimensions equal to or less
than six feet (top width) by four feet deep are exempted from the CAMA permit requirement.
(b) All ditches with maximum dimensions greater than six feet by four feet will require application
for a letter of authorization from the Commission. If the Commission determines that the ditch will
affect estuarine or navigable waters, a major development permit will be required.
(c) Width and depth dimensions of all ditches will be measured at the ground level.
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 113A-103(5)(a); 113A-118(a);
Eff. November /, 1984.
.0207 STRUCTURAL ACCESSWAYS OVER FRONTAL DUNES EXEMPTED.
(a) The N.C. Coastal Resources Commission hereby exempts from the CAMA permit requirement
all structural pedestrian accessways over frontal dunes which can be shown to meet the following cri
teria:
(1) The accessway must not exceed six feet in width and must be for private residential or for public
access to an ocean beach. This exemption does not apply to accessways for commercial use
or for motor -powered vehicular use.
(2) The accessway must be constructed so as to make no alterations to the frontal dunes that are
not necessary to construct the accessway. -This means that wherever possible the accessway
must be constructed over the frontal dune without any altdration of the dunes. Iri no case shall
the dune be altered so as to significantly diminish its capacity as a protective barrier against,:
flooding flooding and erosion. Driving of pilings into the dune shall not be considered alteration of a
frontal dune for the purposes of this Rule.
(3) The accessway shall conform with any 'applicable local or state building code standards.
(b) Before beginning any work under this exemption the. CAMA local pernut officer or Department
of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources representative must be notified of the proposed activity'_
to allow on -site review of the proposed accessway. Notification can be by telephone, in person, or in
writing and must include:
(1) name, address, and telephone number of landowner and location of work including county and
nearest community;
(2) the dimensions of the proposed structural accessway.
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 113A-103(5)
Eft. November 1. 1984;
Amended Eff. December 1, 1991; Nay
c;
1, 1990.
• (W <LJ.1.bhi thg.AE.C-for estuarine shorelines contiguous 1p �ra1
Waters (ORM no CA. -MA permit will be rS uired if the propos
' idence which )tgs a built upgp. arca.,of,25 percgrxl, or less:
ltesourci
amily res-
AMT'11 CARO1.IN J ADS INISTR.a7'lJ'1: COPE 12112191
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EHNR - COASTAL. AMAAGEMENT TISA: 07K.020 a.
(1) has no stormwater collection system; and
(2) is at least 40 feet from waters classified as ORW.
(c) Before beginning any work under this exemption, the Department of Environment, Health, and
Natural Resources representative must be notified of the proposed activity to allow on -site review.
Notification may be by telephone, in person or in writing. Notification must include:
(1) the name, address, and telephone number of the landowner and the location of the work, in- '
eluding the county, nearest community and water body;
(2) the dimensions of the proposed pier, bulkhead with backfill or the area dimensions to be covered
by placement of riprap material;
(3) confumation that a written statement has been obtained, signed by the adjacent riparian property
owners indicating that they have no objections to the proposed work. (These statements do
not have to be presented at the time of notification of intent to perform work, but the penmittee .
must make it available to CRC agents at their request.)
(d) In eroding areas, this exemption shall apply only when, in the opinion of the local permit officer,
the house has been located the,maximum feasible distance back on the lot but not less than forty feet...
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 113A-/03(5) c;
Eff. November 1, 1984,
Amended Eff. December /, 1991; May 1, 1990; October 1, 1989.
.0209 EXEMPTION/ACCESSORY USES/iMAINTENANCE REPAIR/REPLACEMENT
(a) Accessory uses that are directly related to the existing dominant use, but not within the exclusion
set out in G.S. 113A-103(5)(b)(6) and that require no plumbing, electrical or other service connection;
and do not exceed 200 square feet shall be exempt from the CAMA- minor development permit re-
quirement if they also meet the criteria set out in Paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(b) Any structure or part thereof may be maintained, repaired or replaced in a similar manner, size'
and location as the existing structure without requiring a permit, unless such repair or replacement
would be in violation of the criteria set out in Paragraph (c) of this Rule. This exemption applies to-`
those projects that are not within the exclusion for maintenance and repairs asset out in G.S.::
113A-103(5)(b)(5) and Rule .0103 of this Subchapter.
(c) In order to be eligible for the exemptions described in Paragraphs (a) and (b) of this Rule, the
proposed development activity must meet the following criteria: ,
(1) the development must not disturb a land area of greater than 200 square feet on a slope of greater
than 10 percent;
(2) the development must not involve removal, damage, or destruction of threatened or endangered
animal or plant species;
(3) the development must not alter naturally or artificially created surface drainage channels;
(4) the development must not alter the land form or vegetation of a frontal dune;
(5) the development must not be within twentyfeet of an t y permanent surface waters; and
(6) the development must be consistent with all applicable use standards and local land use plans
in effect at the time the exemption is granted.
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 113A-103(S)(b); 113A-103(5)(c); 113A-111;
113A-118(a); 113A-120(8);
Eff. November 1, 1984.
.0210 1\O,)IINATION CATEGORIES EXCLUDED: 111NOR PERMIT EXEMPTION
The minor development permit exemptions in this Section are not applicable to the "Areas That
Sustain Remnant Species"; "Complex Natural Areas" and "Unique Geologic Formations" categories
of areas of environmental concem unless specifically. incorporated in the Coastal Resources Commis
sion's statement of designation.
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History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. /13,4403(iye); 113A-118(a); = '
Eff. November /, 1984.
.0211 ,JOCKEY'S RIDGE AEC
All development in the Jockey's Ridge area of envirorunental concern designated pursuant to 15A '
NCAC 7H .0507 that is not witlun any other designated area of environmental concern sliall be exempt
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MAW - COASTAL MANAGEMENT T15A: 0711.0200
the groin commences, the applicant shall obtain a written agreement with the new owner waiv-
ing the minimum setback and submit it to the permitting agency prior to initiating any devel-
opment of the groin.
(C) Groins shall pose no threat to navigation.
(D) The height of groins shall not exceed I ft. above mean lugli water or the normal water level.
' (E) No more than two structures shall be allowed per 100 ft. of shoreline unless the applicant can
provide evidence that more structures are needed for shoreline stabilization.
(f) "L" and "T" sections shall not be allowed at the end of groins.
(G) Riprap material used for groin construction shall be free from loose dirt or any other pollutant
' in other than non -harmful quantities and of a size sufficient to prevent its movement from the
site by wave and current action.
History Nate: Statutory Authority G.S. 113A-107(b); 113A403; 113A-113(b); 113A-124;
' 1:ff. September 9, 197 7;
Amended Eff. December 1, 1991; July 1, 1991; May 1, 1991; May 1, 1990.
' .0209 ESiUARiNE SHORELiNES
(a) Rationale. As an AEC, estuarine shorelines, although characterized as dry land, are considered
a component of the estuarine system because of tine close association with the adjacent estuarine waters.
' This Section defines estuarine shorelines, describes the significance, and articulates standards for devel-
opment.
(.b)—Description,.-Estuarine-shorelines,ize-those_not:n=n-slmrelines hich are esggcialI?
to erosion, flooding, or other adverse effects of wind and water and are intimately connected to the es-
' tuar��_e'Iarea extends from the mean, high water level or normal water level along the estuaries,
A.
sounds, ba_ys,_and brackish waters as set forth in_an agreement adopted by the Wildlife Resources
Commission and the Department of EnvironmentI iealth and Natural Resources [described in Rule
.02a6 a of_t,@_sSedi_onl for a distance of 75 feet landward. for those estuarine shorelines immediately
' _co�ntig�uous to waters classified as Outstanding .Resource Waters by the Environmental Management
�mmi`ssion, the estuarine shoreline XUE shall extend to 575 feet landward from the mean high water
level or nominal water level, _unless the Coastal_ Resources Commission establishes the boundary at
greater or lesser extent following reauireLnubl_ic hearina(s) within'the affected county or counties.
' (c) Significance. Development within estuarine shorelines influences the quality of estuarine life and
is subject to the damaging processes of shore front erosion and flooding.
(d) Management Objective. To ensure shoreline development is compatible with both the dynamic
' nature of estuarine shorelines and the values of the estuarine system.
(e) Use Standards
(1) All development projects, proposals, and designs shall substantially preserve and not weaken or
eliminate natural barriers to erosion, including, but not limited to, peat marshland, resistant clay
' shorelines, and cypress -guru protective fringe areas adjacent to vulnerable shorelines.
(2) All development projects, proposals, and designs shall limit the construction of impervious sur-
faces and areas not allowing natural drainage to only so much as is necessary to adequately
service the major purpose or use for which the lot is to be developed. Impervious surfaces shall
' not exceed 30 percent of the AEC area of the lot, unless the applicant can effectively demon-
strate, through innovative design, that the protection provided by the design would be equal to
or exceed the protection by the 30 percent limitation. Redevelopment of areas exceeding the
' 30 percent impervious surface limitation can be permitted if impervious areas are not increased
and the applicant designs the project to comply with the intent of the rule to the maximum ex-
tent practical.
(3) All development projects, proposals, and designs shall comply with the following mandatory
' standards of tile 'North Carolina Sedimentation Pollution Control Act of 1973:
(A) All development projects, proposals, and designs shall provide for a buffer zone along the
margin of the estuarine water wluch is sufficient to confine visible siltation within 25 percent of
' the buffer zone nearest the land disturbing development.
(B) No development project proposal or design shall permit an angle for graded slopes or fill
which is greater than an angle which can be retained by vegetative cover or other adequate ero-
sion -control devices or structures.
' (C) All development projects, proposals, and designs which involve uncovering more than one
acre of land shall plant a ground cover sufficient to restrain erosion within 30 working days of
' ,VORTll C:I ROLINA : II). IINISTR: I TI f T CODE 12112191 Pace 10

1IINR - COASTAL MANAGEMENT 7'15,4: 0711 .0200
completion of the grading; provided that this shall not apply to clearing land for the purpose of
forming a resen-oir later to be inundated.
(d) Development shall not have a significant adverse impact on estaurine resources.
(5) Development shall not significantly interfere with existing public rights of access to, or use of,
navigable waters or public resources.
(6) No major public facility shall be permitted if such facility is likely to require extraordinary public
expenditures for maintenance and continued use, unless it can be- shown that the public purpose
sen•ed by the facility outweighs the required public expenditures for construction, maintenance,
and continued use. For the purpose of this standard, "public facility" shall mean a project
which is paid for in any part by public funds.
(7) Development shall not cause major or irreversible damage to valuable, documented historic ar-
chitectural or archaeological resources.
(8) Established common-law and statutory public rights of access to the public trust lands and wa-
ters in estuarine areas shall not be eliminated of restricted. Development shall not encroach
upon public accessw•ays nor shall it limit the intended use of the accessways.
(9) Within the AI;C for shorelines contiguous to waters classified as Outstandiung Resource Waters
by the ENIC, no CANIA permit will be approved for any project which would,be inconsistent
with applicable use standards adopted by the CRC, IiNIC or III C for estuarine waters, public
trust waters, or coastal wetlands. For development activities not covered by specific use stand-
ards, no permit will be issued if the activity would, based on site specific information, materially
degrade the water quality or outstanding resource values unless such degradation is temporary.
_.
Specific Use Standards for ORW Estuarine Shorelines.
(l�_.-\Vitlun & wt.C.for estuari1111 ne shorelines contiguous to waters classified as ORW by the EMC
all development projects; proposals, and designs shall limit the built upon area to no more than
25 per -cent of the AEC area of the land to be developed or lower site specific percentage as
adopted by the LSIC as,ncccssan t� protect thc_exceRtional water Quality and outstandingre-
source values of the Olt\V. and shall:
(A) have no stormw•ater collection system;
(B) provide a buffer zone of at least 30 feet from the mean high water line;
(C)' otherwise be consistent with the use standards set out in Paragraph (e) of this Rule.
(2) Development (other than single-family residential lots) more than 75 feet from the mean iugh
water line but within the AEC which as of June 1, 1989:
(A) has a CAMA permit application in process, or
(B) has received preliminary• subdivision plat approval or preliminary site plan approval under
applicable local ordinances, and in which substantial financial resources have been invested in
design or improvement;
will be pennitted in accordance with rules and standards in effect as of June 1, 1989.
(3) �5inglc-family residential lots which would not be. buildable under_the low -density standards dc-
�ittcd in l'aragrapli •(fj(.I j_of tliis_(Zulc_.may be developed _for huts le -Tam y_rc idcnSital Pit s?
lone as tile.. . tgpmcnt com�ies2witli those standards to the maximum extent possible.
(4) For OR\Ts nominated subsequent to June 1. 1989, the clfectiye date in Paragraph (f)(2) of this
Rule shall be the dates of nomination by the ENIC.
History Note: Filed as a 7ernporary Ainclydment l ff. December 18, 19,71, for a Period of
120 Days to Gvpire on April /S. 1982;
Statutor3, Authority G.S. 113A-107(b); 1134-108; 1134-113(b); 113A-124;
F..ff September 9, l977;
Amended h_ff. December 1, 1991; May 1, 1990; October 1, 1989; July 1, 1989.
NORTH CAROLLVA ADMINISTRATIVE com.. 12112191 Page 11

0
EHA'R - COASTAL 11UVAGE31EA7 T15A: 0711 .0300
SECTION.0300 - OCEAN IIAZARD AREAS
.0301 OCEAN IIAZARD CATEGORIES
The next broad grouping is composed of those AECs that are considered natural hazard areas along
the Atlantic Ocean shoreline where, because of their special vulnerability to erosion or other adverse
effects of sand, wind, and water, uncontrolled or incompatible development could unreasonably en-
danger life or property. Ocean hazard areas include beaches, frontal dunes, inlet lands, and other areas
in wluch geologic, vegetative and soil conditions indicate a substantial possibility of excessive erosion
or flood damage.
1listory Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 113A-107(a); 113A-107(b); 113A-113(b)(6a);
113A-113(b)(6b); 113A-113(b)(6d); 113A-124;
Eff. September 9, 1977.
.0302 SIGNIFICANCE OF THE OCEAN HAZARD CATEGORY
(a) The primary causes of the hazards peculiar to the Atlantic shoreline are the constant forces exerted
by waves, winds, and currents upon the unstable sands that form the shore. During storms, these forces
are intensified and can cause significant changes in the bordering landforms and to structures located
on them. liazard area property is in the ownership of a large number of private individuals as well as
several public agencies and is used by a vast number of visitors to the coast. Ocean hazard areas are
critical, therefore, because of both the severity of the hazards and the intensity of interest in the areas.
(b) The location and form of the various hazard area landforms, in particular the beaches, dunes, and
inlets, are in a permanent state of flux, responding to meteorologically induced changes in the wave
climate. For this reason, the appropriate location of structures on and near these landforms must be ;
reviewed carefully in order to avoid their loss or damage. As a whole, the same flexible nature of these
landforms which presents hazards to development situated immediately on them offers protection to
the land, water, and structures located landward of them. The value of each landform lies in the par-
ticular role it plays in affording protection to life and property. Clhe role of each landform is described
in detail in Technical Appendix 2 in terms of the physical processes most important to each.) Overall,
however, the energy dissipation and sand storage capacities of the landforms are most essential for the
maintenance of the landforms' protective function.
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 113A-107(a); 113A-107(b); 113A-113(b)(6a);
113A-113(b)(6b); 113A-113(b)(6d); 113A-124,
Eff. September 9, 1977.
.0303 MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVE OF OCEAN IIAZARD AREAS
' (a) Tire CRC recognizes that absolute safety from the destructive forces indigenous to the Atlantic
shoreline is an impossibility for development located adjacent to the coast. The loss of life and property
to these forces, however, can be greatly reduced by the proper location and design of shoreline struc-
tures and by care taken in prevention of damage to natural protective features particularly primary and
' frontal dunes. Therefore, it is the CRC's objective to provide management policies and standards for
ocean hazard areas that serve to eliminate unreasonable danger to life and property and achieve a bal-
ance between the financial, safety, and social factors that are involved in hazard area development.
(b) The purpose of these Rules shall be to further the goals set out in G.S. 113A-102(b), with par-
ticular attention to minimizing losses to life and property resulting from storms and long-term erosion,
preventing encroachment of permanent structures on public beach areas, and reducing the public costs
of inappropriately sited development. Furthermore, it is the objective of the Coastal Resources
Com-mission to protect present cornmon-law and statutory public rights of access to the lands and waters
of the coastal area.
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 113A-107(b); 113A-113(b)(6) a.; 113A-113(b)(6) b.;
113A-113(b)(6) d.; 113A-124;
Eff. September 9, 1977;
Amended Eff. December 1, 1991; September 1, 1985; February 2, 1981.
0304 AECs «'ITI11N OCEAN IIAZARD AREAS
A'nn77r !'.fnnr rx'.t .1ntt7.\7CTA.t7'71'F r-nnr• n7111107 Pave 1

E11A*R - CO:ISTAL iWiVAGL•MEAT TISA: 0711.0300 ,
The ocean hazard system of AECs contains all of the following areas:
(1) Ocean Erodible Area.. This. is the in
'
area. wluch.there exists.a substantial possibility.of excessive
erosion and significant shoreline fluctuation. The seaward. boundary,of this_area is the mean low
water line. - 7•he landward extent of this is determined as follows:
_area
(a) a distance landward from.the first line of stable natural vegetation to the recession. line that would
be by
,
established multiplying the long-term annual erosion.rate•times.60,_Rvjtlg t wherg
there has been no long -tern erosion or the rate is less,than_two_fee t•per_yearlus•¢istance shall
be set at 120 feet landward from the first line of stable natural..vegetation.....%-_oLtlze purposes of
tlus Rule, tine erosion rat es•shall be those set forth in_tables.e.ntitled "Long.1'erm
'
Annual Erosion
Rates updated through .1986."• and approved by the. Coastal Resources Commission on July.Z9,
1988 (except as such rates may be varied in individual contested cases,or interpretive
_declaratory
rulings). The tables are available without cost from. any local permit ofcer or the Division'of
Coastal Managcmcnt; -� ..��—
I
and
(b) a distance landward from the recession line established in Subparagrapli..(a). of_tlus Paragraph
to the recession line that would be generated by a storm having a.one percent chance of being_
equalled or exceeded in any-gi��enear.
'
(2) The Itiglr hazard Flood Area. This is the area subject to high velocity waters (including, but
not limited to, hurricane wave wash) in a storm having a one percent chance of being equalled or
exceeded in any given year, as identified as zone V1-30 on the flood insurance rate maps of the
Federal Insurance Administration, U.S. Department of IIousing and Urban Development. In the
,
absence of these rate maps, other available base flood elevation data prepared by a federal, state,
or other source may be used, provided said data source is approved by the CRC.
(3) Inlet Hazard Area. The inlet hazard areas are natural -hazard areas that are especially vulnerable
'
to erosion, flooding and other adverse effects of sand, wind, and water because of their proximity,
to dynamic ocean inlets. This area shall extend landward from the mean low water line a distance .
sufficient to encompass that area within which the inlet will, based on statistical analysis, migrate,
and shall consider such factors as inlet territory,
,
previous structurally weak areas near the inlet
(such as an unusually narrow barrier island, an unusually long channel feeding the inlet, or an
overwash area), and external, influences such as jetties and channelization. These areas shall be
identified on inlet hazard area maps approved by the Coastal Resources Commission. In all cases,
'
this area shall be an extension of the adjacent ocean erodible area and in no case shall the width
of the inlet hazard area be less than the width of the adjacent ocean erodible area.
(4) Unvegetated Beach Area. This is a dynamic area that is subject to rapid unpredictable landform.
change from wind and wave action. The areas in this category shall be designated following de-
'
tailed studies by the Coastal Resources Commission. These areas shall be designated on.maps
approved by the Commission and available without cost from any local permit officer or the Di-
vision of Coastal Management.
,
history Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 11.IA-107; 113it-113; 113A-124,
Eff. September 9, 197 7;
Amended Eff. November 1, 1988; September 1, 1986; December 1, 1985;
'
January 1, 1984.
.0305 GENERALIDENTIFICATION AND I)ESCRIPTION OF LANDFUR,NIS
(a) Ocean Beaches. Ocean beaches are lands consisting of unconsolidated soil materials that extend
'
from the mean low water line landward to a point where either:
(1) the growth of vegetation occurs, or
(2) a distinct change in slope or elevation alters the configuration of the landform, whichever is
'
farther landward.
(b) Primary Dunes. Prunary dunes are the first mounds of sand located landward of the ocean
beaches having an elevation equal to the mean flood level (in a storm having a one percent chance of
being equalled or exceeded in any given year) for the area plus six feet. The primary dune extends
'
landward to the lowest elevation in the depression behind that same mound of sand (commonly referred
to as the dune trough).
(c) Frontal Dunes. In areas where there is a primary dune, that dune shall be deemed to be the
frontal dune. Wliere there is no primary dune, the frontal dune is deemed to be tine first mound of sand
,
located landward of the ocean beach having sufficient vegetation, height, continuity and configuration
VnDTrr !'.lunar ry 4 1ill fIVIC'Tn 1TTr'r r•nnr ni►►r►ni n __

l•11AW - COASTAL. t1lAjV.dGL•j11E'NT T15A: 0711.0300
to offer protective value. Man-made mounds seaward of the natural line of frontal dunes and dunes
' created after June I, 1979 shall not be considered to be frontal or primary dunes.
(d) General Identification. For the purpose of public and administrative notice and convenience,
each designated minor development pemut-letting agency with ocean hazard areas may designate,
subject to CRC approval, a readily identifiable land area within which the ocean hazard areas occur.
' This designated notice area must include all of the land areas defined in .0304 of this Section. Natural
or man-made landmarks should be considered in delineating this area.
(e) "Vegetation Line" means the first line of stable natural vegetation, which shall be used as the
reference point for measuring oceanfront setbacks. This line represents the boundary between the
normal dry -sand beach, which is subject to constant flux due to waves, tides, storms and wind, and the
more stable upland areas. It is generally located at or immediately oceanward of the seaward toe of the
frontal dune and/or erosion escarpment. In areas where there is no stable natural vegetation present,
this line shall be established by connecting or extending the lines from the nearest adjacent vegetation
' on either side of the site and by extrapolating (by either on -ground observation or by aerial photo-
graphic interpretation) to establish the line.
(0 "Erosion Escarpment" means normal vertical drop in the beach profile caused from high tide
' and/or storm tide erosion.
(g) Measurement line means the line from which the ocean front setback as described in .0306(a)
of this Subchapter is measured in the unvegetated beach area of environmental concern as described in
.0304(a)(4) of this Subchapter. Procedures for determining the measurement line shall be adopted by
' the Commission for each area where such a line is designated. These procedures shall be available from
any local permit officer or the Division of Coastal Management.
' history Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 113A-107; 113A-113(b)(6); 113A-124;
Eff. September 9, 1977;
Amended EJf. September 1, 1986; December 1, 1985; February 2, 1981;
August 15, 1979.
r—� .0306 GENERAL USE STANDARDS FOR OCEAN IiAZARD AREAS
(a) In order to protect life and property, all development not otherwise specifically exempted or.al-
lowed by law or elsewhere in these Rules shall be located according to whichever of the following rules
is applicable.
(1) If neither a primary nor frontal dune exists in the AEC on or behind the lot on which the de-
velopment is proposed, the development shall be landward of the erosion setback line. The
erosion setback line sliall be set at a distance of 30 tunes the long-term annual erosion rate from
the first line of stable natural vegetation or measurement line, where applicable. In areas where
the rate is less than 2 feet per year, the setback line shall be 60 feet from the vegetation line or
measurement line, where applicable.
(2) If a primary dune exists in the AEC on or behind the lot on which the development is proposed,
the development shall be landward of the crest of the primary dune or the long-term erosion
setback line, whichever is farthest from the first line of stable natural vegetation or measurement
line, where applicable. For existing lots, however, where setting the development behind the
crest of the primary dune would preclude any practical use of the lot, development may be lo-
cated seaward of the primary dune. In such cases, the development shall be located behind the
long-term erosion setback line and shall not be located on or in front of a frontal dune. The
words "existing lots" in this Rule shall mean a lot or tract of land which, as of June 1, 1979, is
specifically described in a recorded plat and which cannot be enlarged by combining the lot or
tract of land with a contiguous lot(s) or tract(s) of land under the same ownership.
(3) If no primary dune exists, but a frontal dune does exist in the AEC on or behind the lot on which
the development is proposed, the development shall be set behind the frontal dune or behind
the long-term erosion setback line, whichever :is farthest from the first line of stable natural
vegetation or measurement line, where applicable.
(4) Because large structures located immediately along the Atlantic Ocean present increased risk of
loss of life and property, increased potential for eventual loss or damage to the public beach area
and other important natural features along the oceanfront, increased potential for 1 iglier public
costs for federal flood insurance, erosion control, storm protection, disaster relief and provision
of public services such as water and sewer, and increased dilllculty and expense of relocation in
the event of future shoreline loss, a greater oceanfront setback is required for these..structures
♦• /1 T 4• r r / 1­ .1. . . n. I i♦' r r` T n I T r r• r. /! r\ r. n l l. it.,

E11A'R - CO;IS7'AL IIIAiVAGEitIENT TISA: 07H .0300
than is the case with smaller structures.. Therefore, in..addition to_ meeting tie criteria in this
for
Rule setback behind the primaryor frontal ..dune _or both_the-primary gnd frontal dunes. for
a _ ..be ........
I
all multi family residential structures . (including _motels,__ hotels,condominiums and
moteliminiums) of more than 4 units or 5,000_ square_ j'eet,tvtal_floor_area, and for anv non-
residential structure with a total area of more than 5,000_sgpa.ee feet,. the ervsio.n-het ack inn
shall be iwice the erosion setback as_established in .0306'a2(1) of this Ru(e,_p�oYlds� that in no
,
case shall this distance be less than 120.feet. _In_area swhere the„i to }s �rtpre_1hanL3..5Se�t oTr
year, this.setback.line shall be set.at a distance of.3Q times.the-long.term anos4 rc,tion racy nJys
105 feet.
(5) Established common-law and statutory public rights of access to public trust lands and waters
'
in ocean hazard areas shall not be eliminated or restricted. Development shall not encroach
upon public accessways nor shall it limit the intended use of the accessways.
(b) In order to avoid weakening the protective nature of ocean beaches and primary and frontal
'
dunes, no development will be permitted that involves the significant removal or.relocation of primary
or frontal dune sand or vegetation thereon. Other dunes within the ocean hazard area shall not be
disturbed unless the development of the property is otherwise impracticable, and any disturbance of any
other dunes shall be allowed only to the extent allowed by Rule .0308(b).
'
(c) In order to avoid excessive public expenditures for maintaining public safety, construction or
placement of growth -inducing public facilities to be supported by public funds will be permitted in the
ocean hazard area only when such facilities:
(1) clearly exhibit overriding factors of national or state interest and public benefit,
,
(2) will not increase existing hazards or damage natural buffers,
(3) will be reasonably safe from flood and erosion related damage,
(4) will not promote growth and development in ocean hazard areas.
'
Such facilities include, but are not limited to, sewers, waterlines, roads, bridges, and erosion control.
structures.
(d) Development shall not cause major or irreversible damage to valuable documented historic ar-
chitectural or archaeological resources documented by the Division of Archives and History, the Na-
'
tional I listorical Registry, the local land -use plan, or other reliable sources.
(e) Development shall be.consistent with minimum lot size and set back requirements established
by local regulations.
(f) Mobile homes shall not be placed within the high hazard flood area unless they are within mobile
'
home parks existing as of June 1, 1979.
(g) Development shall be consistent with general management objective for ocean hazard areas set
forth in Rule .0303 of this Section.
(h) Development shall not create undue interference with legal access to, or use of, public resources.
'
(i) Development proposals shall incorporate all reasonable means and methods to avoid or minimize
adverse impacts of the project. These measures shall be implemented at the applicant's expense and
may include actions that will:
'
(1) minimize or avoid adverse impacts by limiting the magnitude or degree of the action,
(2) restore the affected environment, or
(3) compensate for the adverse impacts by replacing or providing substitute resources.
6) Prior to the issuance of any permit for development in the ocean hazard AECs, there shall be a
'
written acknowledgement from the applicant that the applicant is aware of the risks associated with
development in this hazardous area and the limited suitability of this area for permanent structures.
By the Coastal
granting permits, Resources Commission does not guarantee the safety of the develop-
'
ment and assumes no liability for future damage to the development.
(k)' All relocation of structures requires permit approval. Structures relocated with public funds shall
comply with the applicable setback line as well as other. applicable AEC rules. Structures including
septic tanks and other essential accessories relocated entirely with non-public funds shall be relocated
'
the maximum feasible distance landward of "the present location; septic tanks may not be located
seaward of the primary structure. In these cases, all other applicable local and state rules shall be met.
(1) Permits shall include the condition that any structure shall be relocated or dismantled when it
becomes imminently threatened by changes in shoreline configuration. The structure(s) shall be relo-
'
cated or dismantled within two years of the time when it becomes imminently threatened, and in any
case upon its collapse or subsidence. However, if natural shoreline recovery or beach renourish ment
takes place within two years of the time the structure becomes imminently threatened, so that the
'
structure is no longer imminently threatened, then it need not be relocated or dismantled atthat time.
,\'OR 17! C. I ROL1.\;I :1 n.111,\'IS7'R,17717: CODE 02111192 faze 4

E-IMR - COASTAL,if.IA',4GE•r1fE,V7' TISA: 07H.0.100
ordinance as required by the National Flood Insurance Program. If any provision of the
' building code or a flood damage prevention ordinance is inconsistent with any of the following
AEC standards, the more restrictive provision shall control.
(2) All structures in (lie ocean hazard area shall be on pilings not less than eight inches in diameter
if round or eight inches to a side if square.
' (3) All pilings shall have a tip penetration greater than eight feet below the lowest ground elevation
under the structure. For those structures so located on the primary dune or nearer to the ocean,
the pilings must extend to five feet bclow mean sea level.
(4) All foundations shall be adequately designed to be stable during applicable fluctuations is
' ground elevation and wave forces during a 100 year storm. Cantilevered decks and walkways
shall meet this standard or shall be designed to break -away without structural damage to the
main structure.
' historyNote: Filed as a Temporary Amendment Eff. June 20, 1989, for a
Period of 180 Days to Expire on December 17, 1989;
Statutory Authority G.S. 113A-107(a); 113A-107(b); 113A-113(b)(6)a.,b.,d.;
' 113A-124,-
E•ff..lune 1, 1979,-
Amended Eff. December 1, 1991; March 1, 1990; December /, 1989, March 1, 1988.
.0309 USE STANDARDS FOR OCEAN HAZARD AREAS: EXCEPTIONS
(a) The following types of development may be permitted seaward of the oceanfront setback re-
quirements of Rule .0306(a) of the Subchapter if all other provisions of this Subchapter and other state
and local regulations are met:
(1) campgrounds that do not involve substantial permanent structures;
(2) parking areas with clay, packed sand or similar surfaces;
(3) outdoor tennis courts;
(4) elevated decks not exceeding a footprint of 500 square feet;
(5) beach accessways consistent with Rule .0308(c) of this Subchapter;
(6) unenclosed, uninhabitable gazebos with a footprint of 200 square feet or less;
(7) uninhabitable, single -story storage sheds with a footprint of 200 square feet or less;
' (8) temporary amusement stands; and
(9) swimming pools.
In all cases, this development shall only be permitted if it is landward of the vegetation line; involves
no significant alteration or removal of primary or frontal dunes or the dune vegetation; has over -walks
to protect any existing dunes; is not essential to the continued existence or use of an associated principal
development; is not required to satisfy minimum requirements of local zoning, subdivision or health
regulations; and.
meets all other non -setback requirements. of this Subchapter...._._,____
(b) Where strict application of the oceanfront setback requirements of Rule .0306(a) of this Sub-
chapter would preclude placement of permanent substantial structures on lots existing as. of June 1,
1979, single family residential structures may be permitted seaward of the applicable setback line in
ocean erodible areas, but not inlet hazard areas, if each of the following conditions are met:
(1) The development is set back from the ocean the maximum feasible distance possible on the ex-
isting lot and the development is designed to minimize encroachment into the setback area;
(2) Tile development is at least 60 feet landward of the vegetation line;
(3) The development is not located on or in front of a frontal dune, but is entirely behind the
landward toe of the frontal dune;
(4) The .development incorporates each of the following design standards, which are in addition to
those required by Rule .0303(d) of tlds Subchapter.
(A) All pilings have a tip penetration that extends to at least four feet below mean sea level;
(B) The footprint of the structure be no more than 1,000 square feet or 10 percent of the lot size,
whichever is greater.
(5) All other provisions of this. Subchapter and other state and local regulations are met. If the
development is to be serviced by an on -site waste disposal system, a copy of a valid permit for
such a system must be submitted as part of the CA'10A permit application.
For the purposes of this Rule, an existing lot is a lot or tract of land which, as of June 1, 1979, is spe-
cifically described in a recorded plat and which cannot be enlarged by combining the lot or tract of land
,__., with.a.contiguous lot(s) or tract(s) of land under the same. ownership,..- Z_ _footprint is defined as the
I,VOR 7*11 C.-I ROLL, I ; I D,11LVI.SMA HIT CODE 02111192
Page 3

Appendix 3:
Zoning Ordinance —
Non -Conformities,
Town of Kill Devil Hills

Appendix 3
'
§ 21-5.4 HILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
development in the
trict, a change in the scale or features of the proposed prior
petition.
'
(3) The board of commissioners shall receive a report from the planning board containing
its recommendations on resubmission of the petition.
'
(4) Any petition allowed by the board of commissioners under subsection (2) above must
be reviewed and approved in accordance with the procedures and standards required
under this chapter for the review of proposed amendments.
'
(Ord. No. 91-08, 11-18-91; Ord. No. 92-05, 5-1-92)
Sec. 21-5.5. Zoning amendment application fee.
'
(a) A fee as set, from time to time, by the board, plus associated procedural costs, shall be
paid to the town for each application for amendment to the zoning map or text. Legal adver-
tisement shall be the responsibility of the planning staff including notification by the planning
staff to adjoining property owners which is paid for by the applicant and evidenced at the
required public hearing.
'
(b) Zoning amendment application: [A copy of the zoning amendment application is in-
cluded in Appendix E, following this chapter.]
ARTICLE VI. NONCONFOR.MITIES
'
Sec. 21.6.1. Nonconformities.
(A) Intent. This chapter establishes standards and guidelines on the use and development
of land by establishing minimum standards as guidelines for managing growth in a direction
that will result in an environment satisfactory to the residents and visitors of Kill Devil Hills.
In many instances, land and improvements were developed or proposals for such were initiated
prior to the adoption of this chapter. These situations may not meet the minimum standards
contained in this chapter because they were developed under no specific standards or under
standards which were less restrictive. The board recognizes that the strict application of these
standards to such situations may create certain hardships for the property owner. Therefore,
it is the intent of this article to permit, under certain circumstances, these nonconformities to
continue but not to encourage their survival. It is further the intent of this article that
nonconformities shall not be enlarged upon, expanded or extended, nor be used as grounds for
adding other structures or uses prohibited elsewhere in the same district. It is further the
intent that, in cases of extreme hardship, application for a variance may be made to the board
of adjustment.
(B) Nonconforming lots of record..
(1) In any district in which single-family dwellings are permitted, a single-family dwelling
and customary accessory buildings may be erected on any single lot of record in the
Dare County Registry of Deeds as of the effective date of this chapter notwithstanding
Supp. No. 5 1300

1
ZONING § 21-6.1
limitations imposed by other provisions of this chapter. These provisions shall apply
even though such lot fails to meet the requirements for area or width that are gen-
erally applicable in the district; provided, that yard dimensions and requirements
other than those applying to area and width of the lot shall conform to the regulations
for the district in which such lot is located.
'
(2) Any expansion of any building occupying a nonconforming lot, as of the effective date
of this chapter, must comply with the minimum requirements of the ordinance for
front, side and rear yard setbacks, height, density and coverage for the district in
'
which the lot is located.
(C) Nonconforming uses of land.
'
(1) Where, at the effective date of this chapter, existing uses of land are no longer
permissible under the terms of this chapter, such use may be continued provided that:
,
(a) No such nonconforming use shall be enlarged or increased, -nor extended to oc-
cupy a greater area than was occupied at the effective date of this chapter;
(b) No such nonconforming use shall be moved in whole or in part to any other
'
portion of the lot or parcel occupied by such use at the effective date of this
chapter;
(c) If such nonconforming use of land ceases for any reason for a period of more than l
'
sixty (60) days, any subsequent use of such land shall conform to the require-
ments specified by this chapter for the district in which such land is located
unless good faith attempts are made to rent or lease the land for the same
nonconforming use. In no event will the period exceed one hundred and eighty
(180) days. Land occupied by seasonal uses shall be exempt from this provision.
(d) No additional structures not conforming to the requirements of this chapter shall
,
be erected in connection with such nonconforming use of land;
(e) A conforming or nonconforming use of land may not be changed to any other
'
nonconforming use.
(D) Nonconforming structures.
Where,
'
(1) on the effective date of this chapter, then existing structures could not be built
under the terms of this chapter by reasons of restrictions or area, lot coverage, height,
yards, its location on the lot or other requirements concerning the structure, such
'
structure may be continued so long as it remains lawful, subject to the following
provisions:
(a) No such nonconforming structure may be enlarged or altered in a way which
increases its nonconformity, but any structure or portion thereof may be altered
to decrease its nonconformity.
(b) In the event a natural disaster, casualty loss or accidental occurrence leads to
,
extensive damage to a structure that is nonconforming in any respect or a struc-
ture that is used in a nonconforming manner, that structure or use may be
'
repaired or reconstructed to one hundred (100) percent of its status as of the date
Supp. No. 6 1301 1

' § 21-6.1 HILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
of enactment of this chapter. This provision becomes invalid thirty (30) years
from that date unless the structure suffers extensive damage during that thirty-
year period. In that event the provision becomes invalid thirty (30) years from the
date of loss. The following restrictions apply during the period:
1. The total amount of space devoted to a nonconforming use may not be re-.
'
stricted.
2. The reconstructed building may not be more nonconforming with respect to
'
dimensional restrictions such as yard requirements, height limitations, lot
coverage, or density requirements, and such dimensional nonconformities
must be minimized to the extent feasible or practical without undue hard-
ship.
3. If more than fifty (50) percent of the structure's value is destroyed, recon-
struction work may be done only after issuance of a conditional use permit by
the board of commissioners. The board of commissioners shall issue the permit
if it finds that the work will be done in accordance with this section and that
'
all reasonable effort has been made to reduce nonconforming items to the
extent possible without undue hardship and that the reconstructed building
will not make the property more noncomplying than it was before the damage,
occurred. The valuation for computation of percentage,of value destroyed
'
shall be that valuation appearing on the January 1 tax assessment of the
property for Dare County, the year immediately preceding the loss. In the
event of a dispute in valuation or percentage of destruction, an appraisal
'
certified and submitted by a qualified appraiser shall be presumptive evi-
dence that the appraised value of the structure and the amount of destruction
'
is as certified by an appraiser.
(c) Any such nonconforming structure located on a lot adjacent to the Atlantic Ocean
'
or Sound waters may be moved on the same lot provided that such movement does
not increase the nonconformity. All reasonable efforts will be made to reduce
nonconforming items to the extent feasible or practical without undue hardship.
(d) Renovation to nonconforming structures where cost of the work exceeds ten (10)
'
percent of the appraised value of the structure and not required due to partial or
total destruction of the structure may be done pursuant to a conditional use
'
permit issued by the board of commissioners.
1. When a "state of emergency" is declared by the mayor, the planning depart-
ment may issue permits for a single-family dwelling and permitted duplexes
if it finds that the work will be done in accordance with this section and that
all reasonable effort has been made to reduce nonconforming items to the
extent possible without undue hardship and that the reconstructed building
'
will not make the property more noncomplying than it was before the damage
occurred.
2. When a "state of emergency" is declared by the mayor, all commercial sites
'
and multifamily dwellings in excess of a duplex that cannot meet local, state
Supp. No. 6 1302

J
1
ZONING § 21-6.1
and federal ordinances will be reviewed by the planning board. The planning
board will recommend approval if it finds that the work will be done in
accordance with this section and that all reasonable effort has been made to
,
reduce nonconforming items to the extent possible without undue hardship
and that the reconstructed building will not make the property more non-
,
complying than it was before the damage occurred. If the planning board
recommends approval, the mayor may authorize the building inspector to
issue a permit. If the planning board does not recommend approval, the board
'
of commissioners shall make the determination of authorizing a permit. -
3. Section 21-6.1(D)(1)(d)4. and 5. shall expire one (1) year from the date of
adoption of this section.
,
(E) Nonconforming uses of a structure.
(1) If a lawful use of a structure, or of structure and land in combination, exist at the
'
effective date of adoption of this chapter, that would not be allowed in the district
under the terms of this chapter, the use may continue subject to the following provi-
sions:
'
(a) No existing structure devoted to a use, not permitted by this chapter for the
district in which it is located shall be enlarged, extended, constructed, recon-
structed, moved or structurally altered, except in changing the use of the struc-
ture to a use permitted in the district in which it is located.
(b) A nonconforming use may not be extended within or without the structure in
'
which it was located at the time of adoption of this chapter.
(c) Any structure, or structure and land in combination, in or on which a noncon-
forming use is superseded by a permitted use, shall thereafter conform to the
'
regulations for the district in which. the structure is located and the noncon-
forming use may not be resumed.
(d) When a nonconforming use of a structure, or structure and land in combination,
'
is discontinued or ceases to exist for six (6) consecutive months, the structure or
structure and land in combination, shall not thereafter be used in conformance
with the regulation of the district in which it is located. Such nonconforming use
'
shall not be deemed to have ceased in the case of good faith attempts to rent or
lease the vacant structure, building or land for the same nonconforming use as
the one which was discontinued.
'
(e) A conforming or nonconforming use of a structure, or structure and land in
combination,*at the time of adoption of this chapter, may not be exchanged for
'
any other use or activity not authorized for the district in which the structure is
located.
M Where nonconforming use status applies to a structure and land in combination,
,
removal or destruction of the structure shall eliminate the nonconforming status
of the land.
(g) Maintenance and repairs which are necessary to keep a structure which houses
'
a nonconforming use in safe and sound condition are permitted.
Supp.1No. r 1303 11

7
H
§ 21-6.1 HILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
(F) Nonconforming signs.
(1) A sign which existed legally prior to the adoption of this chapter but which could not
be erected or displayed under the terms of this chapter may be allowed to continue
subject to the following provisions:
(a) Minor repairs and maintenance of nonconforming signs including, but not lim.
ited to, repainting, electrical repairs, neon tubing repairs, will be allowed. No
structural repairs or changes in size, shape or message of a sign will be permitted
except to make the sign comply with the requirements of this chapter.
(b) New signs related to legally established nonconforming uses may be erected
provided they comply with the sign regulations which apply to the use in the most
restricted district in which the use is permitted.
(c) Nonconforming signs will be removed if the activity, business or use to which it
relates has been discontinued for a period of more than one hundred eighty (180)
consecutive days.
(d) When it becomes necessary to reconstruct any sign for a particular business,
every associated sign related to this business, including directional, must also be
brought into compliance with this chapter.
(G) Change of tenancy or ownership. A change of tenancy, ownership or management of
any existing nonconformities is allowed provided there is no change in the nature or character
of such nonconformities.
(H) Maintenance. Minor repairs to or routine maintenance of nonconformities are per-
mitted and encouraged.
(I) Permitted conditional uses not nonconforming. Any use which is permitted as a con-
ditional use in a district under the terms of this chapter shall not be deemed a nonconforming
use in such district but shall, without further action, be considered a conforming use.
(Ord. No. 91-08, 11-18-91; Ord. No. 93-11, 9-13-93)
ARTICLE VII. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Sec. 21-7.1. Stormwater management.
' (A) The purpose of this chapter is to:
(1) Mitigate damage to property caused by flooding,
' (2) Reduce existing and future maintenance of and capital expenditures for stormwater
drainage systems;
(3) Cooperate in the coordination of related goals expressed by state and federal regula-
tions and that require certain actions with regard to, but not limited to, stormwater
management, soil erosion and sedimentation control and flood plain management and
' Supp. No. 6 1304

7
J
J
k
P
I
Appendix 4:
North Carolina State
Building Code,
Coastal and Floodplain
Construction
Standards
k

Appendix 4
North Carolina
State Building Code
Volume IA — Administration and
Enforcement requirements
1994 REVISIONS
TO THE
1991 EDITION
INSTRUCTIONS
Items needed for a complete 1994 North Carolina State Building Code, Volume IA
— Administration and Enforcement
1. 1991 North Carolina Volume IA,
2. 1992 North Carolina Revisions,
2. 1993 North Carolina Revisions, and
3. 1994 North Carolina Revisions.
To update the 1993 NC Edition with the 1994 Revisions, replace (white & blue)
sheets by page number using the 1994 Revision package. Place all blue sheets in the
Code, even if the sheet contains only information about sheets to be removed. When
this is complete, you have a 1994 NC Edition.

These records shall be kept in the manner and for the periods prescribed by the
North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources [G.S. 153A-373, 160A, 433].
1.5.5 Liability. Any employee charged with the enforcement of the technical
codes, acting for the applicable governing authority in the discharge of his
'
duties, shall not thereby render himself personally liable. He is hereby relieved
from all personal liability, for any damage that may occur to persons or property
as a result of any act required or permitted in the discharge of his duties. Any
'
suit brought against any officer or employee because of such act performed by
him in the enforcement of any provision of the technical codes shall be
defended by the applicable governing authority until the final termination of the
proceedings. The permitting or inspection of any building, system or plan shall
'
not be construed in any court as a warranty of the physical condition of such.
No jurisdiction nor any employee shall be liable in tort for damages for any
defect or failure of any component which may occur subsequent to such
permitting or inspection [G.S. 153A-97, 160A-167].
'
1.6 EXISTING BUILDINGS
1.6.1 General. Alterations, repairs, rehabilitation work or additions may be
made to any existing structure, building or service system without requiring the
'
existing systems to comply with all the requirements of the technical codes. The
new work shall conform to the requirements of the technical codes for new
construction. For any portion of an existing building or service system which
'
creates a hazard or unsafe condition, the code enforcement official shall
determine the extent to which that portion of the existing building or service
system is to be upgraded to conform to the requirements of the technical codes.
1.6.2 Change or Occupancy. If the occupancy classification as designated in
'
the Building Code of any existing building is changed, the building and service
systems shall be made to conform to the intent of the technical codes for the
new occupancy as required by the code enforcement official.
'
NOTE: Change of ownership does not constitute change of occupancy [G.S.
153A-363, 160A-4231.
1.6.3 Modifications to Existing Buildings. The following work to existing
buildings shall comply with the provisions of the Code in effect at the date a
'
building permit is issued:
1. Additions of all types.
2. Work of all types made within any twelve (12) month period with a
combined value greater than fifty percent (50%) of the building value.
'
1.6.3.1 The following valuation definitions shall apply:
1. Building Value: Depreciated tax value of an existing building as accepted
by the U.S. Internal Revenue Service, or where not applicable, a value
,
computed on the same basis as depreciated tax value, or the property tax
value, whichever value is higher, shall be used to determine existing value.
2. Value of Modifications: Actual and/or fair market value cost of
construction of the modifications as certified to the code enforcement official
'
for issuance of a building permit.
1.6.4 Special Historic Buildings. The provisions of the technical codes
relating to the alteration, repair, restoration, relocation or moving of buildings
shall not be mandatory for existing buildings identified and classified by the
State as historic buildings when judged by the code enforcement official to be
safe.
6 North Carolina State Administrative Code/1992
'

CHAPTER 27
COASTAL AND FLOOD PLAIN
CONSTRUCTION STANDARDS
C-2701.0—PURPOSE, APPLICATION, AND SCOPE
The requirements set forth in this section shall apply to all construction
located within areas identified by governmental agency (state and federal)
as coastal high hazard areas, ocean hazard areas, the regulatory flood plain
areas, and all areas designated as 120 MPH wind zone. See Table No. R-
201.3.1.
C-2702.0—DEFINITION S
MSL: Mean sea level as defined by National Geodetic Vertical Datum.
Base Floor Elevation: The peak water elevation in relation to MSL
expected to be reached during a design flood which is established by the
Building Code Council as a flood having a one percent chance of being
equalled or exceeded in any given year.
Coastal High Hazard Area: An area subject to coastal flooding and high
velocity waters including storm wave wash, as shown by Federal
Emergency Management Agency Maps and subject to the approval of the
Building Code Council.
Ocean Hazard Area: An area, as identified by the North Carolina
Coastal Resources Commission, and subject to approval by the Building
Code Council, near the shoreline of the Atlantic Ocean which has been
identified as subject to at (cast one of the following hazards: (A) Historical
or predicted future trends of long term erosion, (B) erosion expected to
occur during a coastal storm reaching the base flood elevation, or (C)
shoreline fluctuations due to tidal inlets.
Flood Plain: Land below base flood elevation, which of record has in the
past been flooded by storm water -surface runoffs, or tidal influx: and —as
defined by the Corps of Engineers' maps, the Federal Emergency
Management Agency maps or as approved by Building Codc Council.
Lowest Floor: The lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area (including
basement). An unfinished or flood resistant enclosure, usable solely for
parking of vehicles, building access or storage in an area other than a
basement area is not considered a building's lowest floor; provided
1. That the walls are substantially impernieable to the passage of water
and the structural components have the capability of resisting
hydrostatic and hydrodynamic loads and effects of bouyancy or,
2. Construction shal be designed to automatically equalize hydrostatic
flood forces on exterior walls by allowing the entry and exit of flood
waters.
Regulatory Flood Plain: (Same as flood plain defined above)
303

1
One and Two Family Dwelling Code
'
1
C-2703.0—PILING STANDARDS
C-2703.1 All one and two family dwellings in areas identified as coastal
high hazard areas or ocean hazard areas shall be constructed on a pile
'
foundation of wood or concrete.
C-2703.2 Concrete Piles: Concrete piles may be used if made and
installed in accordance with N.C. State Building Code, Volume I —General
'
Construction, Chapter 13.
C-2703.3 Size or wood piles: Round timber piles shall not be less than 8
inches in diameter at building level and have a mininwm tip diameter of 6
'
inches. Square limber piles shall not be less than 8 inches square, nominal.
Piles supporting uncovered stairs, uncovered walkways and uncovered
decks shall be 6 inches x 6 inches minimum, or if round, have a minimum
tip diameter of 6 inches x 6 inches minimum, or if round, have a minimum
tip diameter of 6 inches. Piles supporting uncovered stairs, uncovered
walkways and uncovered decks less than five (5) feel above grade may be 4
inches x 4 inches minimum.
'
C-2703.4 Required depth of piles: Pile tip shall extend to a depth of not
less than 8 feet below the natural grade or finished grade of the lot
whichever is lower. All pilings within the Ocean Hazard Area shall have a
,
tip penetration of at least 5.0 feel below mean sea level or 16 feel below
average original grade whichever is least. Structures within Ocean Hazard
Areas which arc placed upon the site behind a line 60 times the annual
'
erosion rate away from the most seaward line of stable natural vegetation
area exempt from this additional tip penetration requirement.
C-2703.5 Spacing of wood piles: 'The maximum center -to -center spacing
of wood piles shall not be more than 8 feet on center under load bearing
'
sills, beams, or girders. However, for dwellings having more than two
stories above piles or where the piling spacing exceeds 8 feet on center, the
pile foundation shall be designed by a Professional Engineer or Registered
'
Architect. Pile spacing in the non -load bearing direction may be 12 feet.
C-2703.6 Tieing and bracing of wood piles: If sills, beams, or girders are
attached to the piling, a minimum of two-5/8 inch galvanized steel bolts per
'
beam member shall be through bolted at each piling connection. Piling
shall not be notched so that the cross-section is reduced below 50%. Sills,
beams, or girders may be attached using 3/16 inch x 4 inch x 18 inch hot
'
dip galvanized straps, 1 each side, bolted with two 1/2 inch galvanized
through bolts. (See figure 2706.3a). Bracing of pile foundations is required
where the clear height from ground to sill, beam, or girder exceeds 10 feet
or the dwelling is more than one story above piles. A line of X bracing is
'
defined as a row of piles with X bracing provided in at least 2 bays. A line
of X bracing shall be provided at all exterior pile liens. Where the perimeter
lines of X bracing exceed 40 feet, an additional line of X bracing shall be
'
provided near the center of the building. (See Figure 2703.6b). X bracing
304
,

Coastal and Flood Plain Construction Standards
shall be with 2x10's through bolted with two-3/4 inch bolts each end. The
building inspector may accept alternate bracing designs if they bear the seal
'
of a Professional Engineer or IZcgistcred Architect.
C-2703.7 The minimum net retention of preservatives shall be in
accordance with Section R-308.
'
C-2703.7 Piling may be placed by auger, jetting, or drop hammer. Piling
shall receive a final set by drop hammer or other approved methods,
acceptable to the Building Inspector to insure compaction of material at end
'
bearing.
C-2704.0 ELEVATION STANDARDS
C-2704.1 The lowest structural member excluding pilings and bracing
supporting the lowest habitable floor in the coastal high hazard area and
ocean hazard area, shall be elevated above the base flood elevation plus
wave height addition.
'
C-2704.2 The wave height addition is determined by the flood water depth
(D) under the building using the formula: (See Figure 2704.2)
wave height addition = 0.55 X D
'
Where D = Base Flood elevation minus lowest finish grade elevation
or
' other acceptable methods of wave height determination such as found in
"Estimating Wave Heights" (FEMA TD-3) or the Corps of Engineers
"Shore Protection Manual" (SPM).
11
304.1

b
One and Two Family Dwelling Code
FIGURE 2703.6a
1" MIN.
2 1/2" MIN.
GALVANIZED STRAP.
EACH SIDE, 3/16" x
2" MIN.
— —
—
X..
3 1/2" MIN.
2 1/2" MIN.
—_—_—_--_
1/2" GALVANIZED BOLTS
REQUIRED
1" MIN.
—
FIGURE 2703.6b
---
---
1
---�---�
I
-0 PILE PLAN
1 I NOTE PROVIDE LINES OF
PILE PLAN
NOTE PROVIDE UNES OF
hBCING AONG UNES
D
BRACING
A�CINCD GU
TI I I I
,B
UNE E OR F.
I I 1 1
mr-14
�4
OR
OR
0' 0'
0'
10' 10,
--
---
--
--
OR
OR
—
I I I
—4--4--- --
1 I
}-- �--
I I I I I A.B.E.F
OR
I 1 I I
C AND D
ELEVATIONS (SHOWING POSSIBLE ARRANGMENT OF X
BRACING IN LINE)
(G AND H SIMILAR).
304.2

FIGURE 2704.2
WAVE CONDITIONS ON A PILING SUPPORTED BUILDING
MAX. WAVE HEIGHT ELEVATION - BASE FLOOD. ELEVATION + 0.55 x D (FLOOD DEPTH)
MAXIMUM I
HEIGHT EL
D A FL00
C-2704.3 The elevation of the first habitable floor of all structures in the
Regulatory Flood Plain except.in the coastal high hazard and ocean hazard
areas shall be above the base flood elevation.'
Exception: This requirement does not apply to the addition, renovation
or reconstruction to any building which was constructed prior to the
initial Flood Insurance Study for that area if the addition, renovation or
reconstruction does not exceed 50% of the present market value of the
structure.
C-2704.4 Where walls are constructed below base flood elevation in
Coastal Fligh Hazard Area and Ocean Hazard Area, they shall be
constructed in a manner to eliminate wave forces on the pilings.
304.3

C-2705.0 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS AND
METHODS STANDARDS
C-2705.1 The requirements of Section C-2705.2 through C-2705.9 are
,
applicable in (he Coastal High Hazard Area, the Ocean Hazard Area, and
all areas defined as 120 MPII wind zone.
C-2705.2 Every rafter or roof (runs shall be anchored to the bearing wall
'
plate by metal ties. At the ridges, rafters shall have a minimum Ix6 collar
or wind beam. Every third rafter shall be anchored vertically with minimum
I x6 from its midpoint to ceiling joists below.
'
C-2705.3 Wood Frame Wall Construction: Maximum stud spacing
shall be 16 inches o.c. for 2x4's and 24 inches for 2x6's. Continuous 15/32
inch plywood or structural use panel sheathing shall fully overlap the top
wall plate and continue down so that it overlaps the sill, beam, or girder at
,
least 6 inches. On buildings with gabled and construction, plywood shall
extend to the top chord of roof trusses or top of rafter at roof line.
Exception: For a wall stud spacing of 16 inches o.c. or less, 7/16 inch
'
nonveneer structural use panel sheathing is permissible. Note especially
the nailing requirements found in Appendix B. The minimum height of
the top and bot(om panel shall be 4 feet. The long side of plywood or
'
structural use panels shall be installed in the vertical direction only. This
requirement applies to full and partial panels. (See sketch for blocking
.requirements). In lieu of the plywood system, 3/8 inch hot dip
'
galvanized steel rods which provide a continuous lie from top wall plate
down through the sill, beam, or girder may be installed. in all exterior
walls —one no more than 2 feet from each corner and no more than 8 feet
on center. Washer with a minimum dimension of 3 inches shall be used
'
at each end of these 3/8 inch round rods.
C-2705.4 Equal or better methods of tieing structures together and to
foundations designed for a specific building by a Professional Engineer or
'
Registered Architect shall be accepted by the Building Inspector.
C-2705.5 In the Coastal High hazard Area and the Ocean Hazard Area, all
metal connectors and fasteners outside of conditioned spaces shall be hot
'
dip galvanized steel after fabrication and meet ASTM A 153. Exposed
metal connectors, such as tie -down straps on porches, decks, and areas
under the structure shall be a minimum of 3/16 inch thick, and shall be hot
'
dip galvanized after fabrication and meet ASTM A 123 or ASTM A 153.
Metal connectors of approved equivalent corrosion resistant material may
be accepted. See Table 2705.5.
'
304.4 1

F
Table 2705.51
CORROSION RESISTANCE
(Applies Only to Structures Located In Coastal
High Hazard Areas and Ocean Hazard Areas)
F xposure Level
OPEA VEWIT.D/1{NCLOSED CONDITONED
(exteriors, porches, (n(tic. Door trusses, (heated/cooled living
underhoase cocloscd crauispaces areas)
and stud cavity)
Nails, swpIcs, screws
I lot Dip g;dv;utind
I lot dip g:dvanircd
—
Nails, halts, washers, tic
Ilut Dip g;iMmiied
I lot Dip galvanized
—
rods
Slcel comtection plates
I lilt Dip galvanized
I lilt Dip r;dv;mizcd
—
& straps (3/I6"
after fabrication
minimum tlncl:ttess)
Shect metal crn,nectors.
Stainless Stecl or I Ilia
I lilt dip ralvanized ancr
I lot dip gAv;mizcd
wind mtchors. joists
Dippcd galvanized
pl;ac fabric;pion
hangers, steel joists and
after Gibrication
Truss plates
Stainless Stccl air I lot
I lilt dip gAle-w vat nacr
Standual galvanized
Dipped galvanized
fahriruion air stainless
after Gthricudion
steel within fi-(l" of a
gable louver air soffit
;call, Olhcnvisc in
ttccairtlatice with I'll'-78
of the Truss Platte
Institute
'Applies only 10 sdttctures lac;ttctl in Consmi Iligh Ilazartl area turd Occan Huard Amt.
C-2705.6 (1) For masonry buildings, the roof structure, including rafters
and joists shall tic securely anchored to the footing by 3/8 inch steel rod not
more than 8 feet apart, one of which :~hall be no more than 2 feet from cacti
corner. All mortar used for masonry walls shall be type M or S.
(2) For masonry or wood frame buildings, all sills, beams or girders into
which smaller joists are framed, which bear on masonry foundation walls
or piers shall be anchored to the footing with 5/8 inch steel roods embedded
at least G inches therein. Rods shall have a 10 inch hook.
(3) Where wood partitions and masonry walls join, the stud abutting the
masonry shall be double and bolted to the masonry with three 1/2 inch
galvanized bolls.
(4) Sleet and wooden columns and posts, including porch columns shall
be anchored with nictal tics and bolts to their foundations and to the
members which they support.
304.5

'
C-2705.7 Roof Coverings
(1) Attaching devices shall be hot dip galvanized after fabrication or be
of other suitable corrosion resistant material.
'
(2) All butts or tabs on roof shingles shall be securely spotted or tabbed
with a plastic fibrous, asphaltic cement, or anchored by clips or locks. The
use of seal-o-matic roofing may be used as the equivalent of this
'
requirement.
(3) Where two or more layers of roll or built-up roofing are applied, the
deck shall be thoroughly mopped before the anchor sheet is nailed to the
'
sheathing with sheet metal caps and nails not over 12 inches on center in
each direction and 6 inches along edges and laps. Each additional sheet
above the anchor sheet shall be thoroughly mopped and finished with
corrosion resistant capping around edges of roof.
'
(4) All roof covering shall be Class A or Class B Covering, or Class C
asphalt covering.
C-2705.8 Insulation: Insulation installed in floors in buildings elevated
'
on pilings shall be hew in place with plywood with exterior glue or other
material approved by the building inspector.
C-2705.9 Detached accessory structures and out buildings shall be bolted
,
to their foundation or otherwise constructed so as to prevent overturning
during high winds.
'
I .
304.6 ,

u
SPACED BEAM TIE DETAILS
nE
SOUD BEAM TIE DETAIL
TYPICAL CONNECTIONS ON INTERIOR COLUMN LINES
FZ•7Fyti�
BEAMS
304.7

SOLID BLOCKING ON ALL
SHEATHING EDGES. (OPTIONAL.)
2 - 5 8" DIE BOLTS PER
BEAM OR BEAM END
TYPICAL 2 STORY WALL SECTION
304.8

k
E
F
Appendix 5:
1993 Land Use Plan
Update —
Post Disaster Recovery,
Town of Kill Devil Hills

Appendix 5
POST DISASTER RECOVERY
The following narrative discusses the mechanisms, procedures and
policies that should enable the Town to learn from its storm experiences and
to rebuild in a wise and. practical manner.
It is important that local officials clearly understand the joint
federal -state -local procedures for providing assistance to rebuild after a
storm so that local damage assessment and reconstruction efforts are carried
out in an efficient manner that qualifies the community for the different
types of assistance that are available. The requirements are generally
delineated in the Disaster Relief Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288) which authorizes a
wide range of financial and direct assistance to communities and individuals.
After a major storm event, local damage assessment teams will survey -
impacted areas to identify any citizens who need immediate medical attention,
food or shelter. They will also survey storm damage within the community.
Damage information will be compiled and summarized and the nature and extent
of damage will be reported to the North Carolina Division of Emergency
Management (DEM). DEM will compile local data and make recommendations to the
Governor concerning state actions. At this point, the Governor may request a
Presidential declaration of "emergency" or "major disaster." A Presidential
declaration makes a variety of federal resources available to local
communities and individuals.
Executive Order 1198 (Floodplain Management) directs all federal
' agencies to avoid either directly or indirectly supporting future unwise
development in floodplains, and Section 406 of the Disaster Relief Act can
require communities, as a prerequisite for federal disaster assistance, to
' take specific actions to mitigate future flood losses. Kill.Devil Hills has
been provided a comprehensive listing of the Federal Disaster Assistance
Programs that may be available following a major storm.
' A local assessment team is in place and include individuals who are
qualified to give reliable estimates of the original value of structures, an
estimated value of sustained damages and a description of the repairs. The
' logistics involved in assessing damage in the Town after a major storm will
possibly necessitate the organization of several damage assessment teams.
' The several damage assessment teams should include a public property
survey team, a business and industry survey team and a private dwelling survey
team. The public property survey team should consist of town department
head(s), a professional engineer (volunteer), an architect (volunteer), and a
' police officer (driver).
The business and industry survey team should consist of a tax assessor,
' a building inspector (CAMA Permit Officer), an industrial/commercial real
estate broker (volunteer), a chamber of commerce representative (volunteer),
an architect (volunteer), and a police officer (driver).
92-32 7 - 1

The private dwelling survey team should consist of a tax assessor, a
building inspector, a residential real estate broker (volunteer), a building
contractor (volunteer), and a police officer (volunteer).
Recruited volunteers should receive training so that the members of the
damage assessment team are familiar with required damage classification
procedures and reporting requirements. It is suggested that Dare County
assume the responsibility for developing and implementing a training program
for both county and town damage assessment teams. In establishing the
assessment teams, it might be difficult to fill certain positions, because the
services of some individuals will likely be in a great demand after a storm
disaster. The Emergency Management Coordinator should establish and maintain
an active "volunteer file" with standing instructions on where to report
following a storm. Damage assessment forms and procedures should be prepared
and distributed to volunteers as part of the training program.
Damage assessment is defined as a rapid means of determining a realistic
estimate of the amount of damage caused by a natural or man-made disaster.
For a storm disaster, it is expressed in terms of number of structures
damaged; magnitude of damage by type of structure, estimated total dollar loss
and estimated total dollar loss covered by insurance.
After a major storm event, members of the Damage Assessment Team should
report for a briefing from the Emergency Management Coordinator. The
Emergency Management Coordinator should establish field reconnaissance
priorities according to the extent of damage and where landfall occurred.
Because of the potentially large job at hand, the limited personnel resources
available to conduct the assessments and the limited time within which the
initial assessment must be made, the first phase of the assessment shall
consist of only an external visual survey of damaged structures. A more
detailed second phase assessment can be made after the initial damage reports
are filed.
The initial damage assessment should make an estimate of the extent of
damage incurred by each structure and identify the cause such as wind,
flooding or wave action. This first phase assessment should be made by a
"windshield" survey.
Damaged structures should be classified -.in accordance with guidelines
established by the State DEM. The four damage classifications are destroyed,
major, minor, and isolated. They are described later in this section.
It will be necessary to thoroughly document each assessment. In many
cases, mail boxes and other information typically used to identify specific
structures will not be found. Consequently, the damage assessment team must
be provided with functional maps and photographic equipment in order to record
and document its field observations. Enough information to complete the
damage assessment worksheet must be obtained on each damaged structure.
The second phase of the damage assessment operation should estimate the
value of the damages sustained. This operation should be carried out under
the direction and supervision of the Emergency Management Coordinator. A
special team consisting of tax clerks, tax assessment personnel and other
qualified staff should be organized by the Emergency Management Coordinator.
92-32 7 - 2

P
' This team should be incorporated into the plan. In order to estimate total
damage values, the Emergency Management Office should have a set of property
tax maps (including aerial photographs) identical to those utilized by the
' damage assessment field team, town maps delineating areas assigned to each
team and copies of all Town property tax records.
In order to produce the damage value information required, the following
' methodology should be employed:
1. The number`df businesses and residential structures that have been
' damaged within the Town should be summarized by damage
classification category.
2. The replacement cost or fair market value of each damaged
' structure excluding land value should be obtained from the owner
or occupant or estimated from existing tax records or best
available data and professional judgement. The damage
' classification categories are:
a. MIN (damages/uninhabitable) - The term "MIN" is an
' abbreviation for "minor" damage. "Minor" damages, when
considering housing damages, are defined as physical damages
which make the impacted home uninhabitable and have damages
of 10% or less of the home's replacement cost or fair market
' value. "Min" damages are those which will require minimal
repairs to doors, windows, floors, utilities, etc., to make
the structure habitable again.
' b. MAJ (damages/uninhabitable) - The term "MAY" is an
abbreviation for "major" damage. "Major" damages are
' defined as physical damages which make the impacted
structure or facility uninhabitable and have damages between
11% and 74% of the home's replacement cost or fair market
value. A home with extensive damages to its foundation,
' roof, and walls would be classified "MAY" damages.
C. DEST (damages/uninhabitable) - The term "DEST" is an
' abbreviation for "destroyed". "Destroyed" is defined to
mean those homes which have been made uninhabitable as a
result of the incident and have damages in excess of 75% of
' 92-32
their replacement cost or fair market value. If
reconstruction or relocation are the only options to
restoring the home to its original use, it should be
classified "DEST".
d. ISO. "ISO" is an abbreviation for "isolated." Even though
the home may not have sustained any physical damages, the
structure is considered unusable if the home is no longer
accessible or if there is a lack of essential utilities such
as electricity, water, etc.
3. The total value of damage for the incorporated areas of the Town
should then be summarized.
7-3

4. The estimated value loss covered by hazard- insurance should then
'
be determined.
5. Damage assessment reports should be used to:
'
a. obtain information on the various types of assistance that
might be available from federal and state agencies;
b. understand the various assistance programs; and
'
C. apply for such assistance. When a major storm does
eventually hit the Town and major damages occur,
consideration should be given to establishing an assistance
'
team to carry out the above functions as long as there is a
need to do so.
'
The Town should appoint a Recovery Task Force to oversee the
reconstruction process. The Recovery Task Force should consist of the:
• chairman of the Board of Commissioners;
'
0 town manager;
• emergency management coordinator;
• town tax appraiser;
'
• town finance director,
e town code inspector; and
• town planning and development director.
'
Under certain circumstances, interim development moratoriums should be
used in order to give a local government time to assess damages, to make sound
decisions and to learn from its storm experiences. Such moratoriums must be
,
temporary and must be reasonably related to the public health, safety and
welfare: It is not possible -to determine prior to a storm whether a temporary
development moratorium will be needed. Such a measure should only be used if
'
damage in a particular area is very serious and if redevelopment of the area
in the same manner as previously existed would'submit the residents of the',
area to similar public health and safety problems.
,
The need for a temporary development moratorium should be assessed by
the Town's Emergency Management Office within one week after the damage
assessment process is completed. Such assessment should clearly document why
,
such a moratorium is needed, delineate the specific uses that would be
affected by the moratorium, propose a specific schedule of activities and
actions that will be taken during the moratorium period and establish a
specific time period during which the moratorium will be in effect.
In addition, Section 1362 of the Flood Insurance Act authorizes the '
Federal government to purchase property deemed unsuitable for reconstruction.
Upon the determination by the Board of Commissioners that any section of Kill
Devil Hills is not suitable for reconstruction, federal acquisition should be '
recommended.
A schedule for staging and permitting repairs should be adhered to. The
schedule should be considered and revised as necessary after the damage '
assessment activities are completed. Generally, the schedule for staging and
permitting repairs should be as follows:
92-32 7 - 4

'
1.
Building permits to restore structures located outside of
designated AEC areas that were previously built in conformance
with local codes, standards and the provisions of the North
Carolina Building Code should be issued automatically.
2.
All structures suffering major damages as defined should be
repaired -or rebuilt to conform with the provisions of the North
'
Carolina Building Code and other related ordinances.
3.
All structures suffering minor damage as defined herein should be
permitted to be rebuilt to their original state before the storm
condition provided non -conforming use regulations are met.
'
4.
For all structures in designated AEC's and for all mobile home
locations, a determination should be made for each AEC as to
whether the provisions of the building code, regulations for AEC's
or other ordinances appeared adequate in minimizing storm damages.
'
For areas where the construction and use requirements appear
adequate, permits should be issued in accordance with either 1, 2
or 3 above. For AEC's where the construction and use requirements
do not appear to have been adequate in mitigating damages, a
'
temporary development moratorium for all structures located within
that specific AEC should be considered.
'
5.
Permits should not be issued in areas subject to a temporary
development moratorium until such a moratorium is lifted by the
Town or Dare County.
6.
All damaged water and sewer systems (both public and private)
shall be repaired so as to be flood -proofed by methods and
construction standards certified by a registered professional
'
engineer where practicable.
'
7.
All damaged roads used as major evacuation routes in flood hazard
areas should be repaired so as to be elevated at least one foot
above the 100-year floodplain elevation where practicable..
'
8.
All local roads that have to be completely rebuilt should be
elevated so as to be above the 100-year flood plain elevation,
using current specifications for reconstruction.
1
' 92-32
7-5

(3)
(4)
92-32
• Kill Devil Hills Administrative Services Building;
• Kill Devil Hills Water Administration Building;
• Thomas A. Baum Adult Services Center;
• Regional Desalinization Plant;
0 Outer Banks Chamber of Commerce;
• First Flight Elementary School;
• First Flight Middle School; and,
• Dare County Library (Kill Devil Hills Branch).
Public Participation
Policy Selected in 1987:
The Town encourages public participation in all land use decisions,
procedures, commissions, advisory agencies, and will establish a non-
resident property owner advisory commission.
Implementation Analysis as of 1992:
To successfully implement this policy, the Town advertised public
meetings and utilized direct correspondence, radio public service
announcements and public notices to.notify the public of meetings and
opportunities to provide input, thereby generating public interest and
promoting public education. A "Sunshine List" was maintained to notify
interested persons of meetings and public hearings. A non-resident
property owner advisory commission has not been established.
Hurricane Mitigation Planning
(a) Storm Hazards Planning and Mitigation
Policy Selected in 1987:
Hill Devil Hills Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance - This
ordinance should be designed to meet the National Flood Insurance
Program. The ordinance should also be designed to minimize flood
damage by referring to accepted practices and methods that would
set forth uniform rules for developers.
Implementation Analysis as of 1992:_
The Town designed its Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance to be
consistent with the National Flood Insurance Program. The
ordinance has been adopted and implemented. It refers to accepted
practices and methods that set forth uniform rules for developers.
Policy Selected in 1987:
Kill Devil Hills Hazard Area Redevelopment Policy - This policy is
related to the Building Code and the Flood Damage Prevention
Ordinance. The policy should indicate that reconstruction after a
storm be subject to the regulations of the building code which
2 - 19
E
r
r

' states that if any building damaged in excess of fifty percent of
its value to conform with code requirements for new buildings when
repaired. Also the flood damage prevention ordinance should
' require that all existing structures must comply with requirements
related to the 100-year flood elevation, which is if any repair,
reconstruction, or improvement of a structure is equal to or
' exceeds fifty percent of the market value, the improvement or
repair must follow the building code regulations.
' Implementation Analysis as of 1992:
The Town did not adopt a Hazard Area Redevelopment Policy but did
modify its zoning ordinance to address some redevelopment issues.
' Policy Selected in 1987:
The Town will continue to implement area wide street address
ordinance to increase the damage assessment team's ability to
identify remaining structures.
' Implementation Analysis as of 1992:
The Town successfully implemented this policy.
Policy Selected in 1987:
' The Town favors the establishment of a post -disaster fund of State
monies to be allocated to N.C. communities that have been declared
major disasters. This state fund would be used to supplement
Federal disaster relief aid.
' Implementation Analysis as of 1992:
' The Town took no further steps beyond selecting and stating this
policy supporting the establishment of a State funded post -
disaster relief fund.
' (b) Post -Disaster Reconstruction Planning
Policy Selected in 1987:
' Recommended Reconstruction Policies - It is recommended that the
Town Task Force consist of the following individuals:
' • Chairman of the Town Board;
• Town Manager;
' • Emergency Management Coordinator;
• Town Tax Appraiser;
0 Town Finance Director,
• Town Code Inspector; and,
• Town Planning and Development Director.
92-32 2 - 20

92-32
Implementation Analysis as of 1992: '
A Task Force has been set up by the Town although a Hazard Area
Redevelopment Policy has not been adopted. '
Policy Selected in 1987:
Building permits to restore structures located outside of ,
designated AEC areas that were previously built in conformance
with local codes, standards and the provision of the North
Carolina Building Code shall be issued automatically. '
Implementation Analysis as of 1992:
No policy providing for this procedure was adopted. '
Policy Selected in 1987: ,
All structures suffering major damages as defined in the Kill
Devil Hills Damage Assessment Plan shall be repaired or rebuilt to
conform with the provision of the North Carolina Building Code and '
other related ordinances.
Implementation Analysis as of 1992:
,
A Damage Assessment Plan was not adopted.
Policy Selected in 1987:
'
All structures suffering minor damage as defined in the Kill Devil .
Hills Damage Assessment Plan shall be permitted to be rebuilt'to
'
their original state before the storm condition provided non-
conforming use regulations are met.
Implementation Analysis as of 1992:
'
A Damage Assessment Plan was not adopted. However, language was
added to the Town's zoning ordinance concerning redevelopment.
,
Policy Selected in 1987:
'
For all structures in the designated AEC's and for all mobile home
locations, a determination shall be made for each AEC as to
whether the provisions of the N.C. Building Code, the State
Regulations for Areas of Environmental Concern, or other
,
ordinances appeared adequate in minimizing storm damages. For
area where the construction and use requirements appear adequate,
permits shall be issued in accordance with permitting policies 1,
'
2, and 3. For AEC's where the construction and use requirements
do not appear to have been adequate in mitigating damages, a
Temporary Development Moratorium for all structures located within
'
that specific AEC shall be considered.
2 - 21 1

IImplementation Analysis as of 1992:
No temporary development moratoria were imposed by the Town.
Policy Selected in 1987:
All individual mobile homes located in mobile home parks
'
sustaining some damage to at least 50% of their mobile homes in
the park shall be required to conform to current ordinances.
Implementation Analysis as of 1992:
This policy has not been implemented nor is it necessary since
'
there are no mobile home parks in Kill Devil Hills.
Policy Selected in 1987:
'
Permits shall not be issued in areas subject to a Temporary•
Development Moratoria until such a moratoria is lifted by the Town
'
or Dare County.
Implementation Analysis as of 1992:
'
No temporary development moratoria were imposed by the Town or
Dare County.
' Policy Selected in 1987:
All damaged water and sewer systems (both public and private)
shall be repaired so as to be elevated above the 100-year flood
' plain or shall be flood -proofed, with methods employed and the.
construction certified by a registered professional engineer.
' Implementation Analysis as of 1992:
This policy has not been implemented.
' Policy Selected in 1987:
All damaged roads used as major evacuation routes in flood hazard
areas shall be repaired so as to be elevated at least one foot
above the 100-year flood plain evacuation.
' Implementation Analysis as of 1992:
This policy deals primarily with NC 12 nd U.S.158 By -Pass which
both already meet or exceed the construction standard set forth.
' 92-32 2 - 22
1

Natural Hazards Planning
1.
2.
92-32
Introduction
The Division of Coastal Management encourages local
governments to focus on three phases of natural hazards
planning. These include storm hazard mitigation, post
disaster recovery, and evacuation plans.
The 1987 Town of Kill Devil Hills Land Use Plan included
"Storm Hazards Planning and Mitigation," "Post Disaster
Reconstruction Plan," and "Hurricane Evacuation" sections as
a part of Chapter VII. Much of the information contained in
APPENDIX 5 "Elements of Emergency Management Planning",
APPENDIX 6 "Hazard Areas", and APPENDIX 7 "Post Disaster
Recovery" of this Update was taken from the 1987 Plan.
Reviews of this information and the defacto procedures that
Town staff and others follow in time of emergency pointed to
the need for a separate Natural Hazards Plan to incorporate
the required issue areas and to accurately portray and set
forth the duties and responsibilities of the Town, Dare
County, and those agencies and personnel called upon in time
of emergency.
Storm Hazard Mitigation
BACKGROUND
Storm hazards are far more serious than commonly perceived.
The series of tornadoes which struck eastern North Carolina
in March of 1984 and publicity surrounding the devastation
caused by Hurricane Hugo in 1989 and Hurricane Andrew in
1992, have increased awareness of the need for storm hazard
mitigation and natural hazards planning.
There are numerous natural hazards and many are likely to
occur in Kill Devil Hills. These include:
• flooding and erosion;
• high winds (hurricanes and northeasters);
• tornadoes; and,
0 snow and ice storms.
Of particular importance to Outer Banks localities' land use
planning are storms and their resultant erosion, flooding,
and high winds. In order to effectively plan for such
hazards, a comprehensive approach is necessary. APPENDIX 5
discusses the elements of emergency management planning. It
also describes the ties between emergency management
planning and land use planning necessary to achieve a
comprehensive approach for mitigating hazards.
- 67 -
1
1
1

Because of the proximity of the Atlantic Ocean and the
'
Roanoke Sound and the nature of the barrier island upon
which Kill Devil Hills is located, the occurrence of a major
'
hurricane could create a hazard zone that would encompass
the entire community. Depending upon the severity and
nature of the storm striking Kill Devil Hills, certain lower
lying areas would be subject to flooding initially with the
'
higher areas containing development remaining relatively
safe except during the most severe of storms. In APPENDIX
6, hazard areas in Town are defined and are discussed
'
relative to storm severity.
Development has been intense within the hazard zones of Kill
Devil Hills although most of it has occurred in the higher,
'
less floodprone areas of the Town. As the Town's population
and reliance on tourism increases, there will be a greater
demand for intensifying water oriented land uses. Kill
.Devil Hills is in the mainstream of intense coastal
'
development pressures and it should be anticipated that
further development in and near hazard areas will occur.
'
At the present time there are some mitigation policies in
effect. Kill Devil Hills has a zoning ordinance, building
codes, and a flood damage prevention ordinance. Other
'
regulations include National Flood Insurance Program
regulations and state and federal emergency management
regulations.
Currently, Kill Devil Hills permits development to occur in
hazard areas. Similarly, it is expected that development
'
within the hazard areas will occur in the future. If
development is to occur in these areas it should be hazard -
resistant. Where,and what kind of development should occur
in Kill Devil Hills, and how this development should be
constructed so as to.minimize damage in the event of a major
'
storm are questions facing those that formulate policies and
regulations in the Town.
'
POLICY
The Town supports the development and adoption of a Natural
'
Hazards Plan. It also supports the continued enforcement of
the Kill Devil Hills Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance, the
continued implementation of the area -wide street address
ordinance, and the establishment of a post -disaster fund of
'
state monies to supplement federal disaster relief aid to be
allocated to North Carolina communities that have been
'
declared major disasters.
92-32 - 68 -

IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
3.
92-32
The Town will continue to enforce existing ordinances and
take measures as necessary to enhance storm hazard
mitigation efforts including support of the Dare County
Emergency Management Plan. It will identify supplemental
emergency powers that state statutes allow and seek the
necessary authorization from the state to exercise same.
The Town will develop and adopt a Natural Hazards Plan in
1993.
Post -Disaster Recovery
BACKGROUND
Clearly defined post -disaster recovery procedures will
permit Kill Devil Hills to deal with the aftermath of a
storm in an organized and efficient manner. APPENDIX 7
provides a conceptual approach to post disaster recovery --
to be used by the Town as a general guide while a Natural
Hazards Plan is developed and adopted.
Post -disaster recovery encompasses three distinct
reconstruction periods. The emergency period is the
reconstruction phase immediately after a storm. The
emphasis is on restoring public health and safety, assessing
the nature and extent of storm damage and qualifying for and
obtaining federal and state assistance. The restoration
period is the weeks and months following a storm disaster.
The emphasis during this period is on restoring community
facilities and utilities and essential business so the
municipality can return to normal activities. The.
replacement period is the period during which the community
is rebuilt. This period could last from months to years
depending on the nature and extent of the damages incurred.
POLICY
The Town supports
in place and the
Hazards Plan. It
Management Plan.
j
the continued use of procedures currently ,
development and adoption of a Natural
also supports the Dare County Emergency
IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGY
The Town will develop and adopt a Natural Hazards Plan in
1993.

1
Appendix 6:
Dare County Recovery
and Re -Entry Stages
L
E

Appendix 6
n
H
RECOVERY AND REENTY STAGES*
RS-5 Catastrophic damage has rendered transportation routes impassable;
destroyed or damaged severely damaged essential :11 •utility
production or distribution systems; and created dangerous debris or
unsanitary 1•: of emergencyand/Ormartlal
• :111 11 11
effect for an indefinite period of time. Reentry is limited U) emergency
:.� • • / :11 • • : t/ : • w '111 :r11 • �1 • /1• it 1 • /1 .ttl �fl �: w
;II• M :1
routes -
communication systems,11 production and/ordistribution systemsand
created dangerous debris of unsarntary conditions. A state of emergency is
1/ effect for :i/ 11 • :11111 period of 1 11
Reentry limited to emergency
• e!/
response and damage assessment personnel, equdpmcnt�, vehicles, vessels
and aircraft and service vehicles necessary to supply essential goods.
RS-3 Intermediate to minor damage has impacted Portions Of
transportation • Ir;•1 • 11 11 11/ : 1 ons systems,11lity production :11 • •
distribution systems:II • created • :It • e1 • 1 debris Or
II :1.1 •:conditions
• 1 • 1 • 11.
Reentry will be limited to emergency and • damage assessm �•
personnel, e• 1 • /1 efvehicles:11 •vesselsandservice vehicles necessary rsupply essential goods in those portions of •
theCounty where thedamage 1
occurred- Ifthere areareasit ' dangerous or i/ :1{1 L:conditions1 no
present or have abated, reenty wffi be authorized for individuals who arek
vehicles displaying Dare County HmsidwV reentry permit :11 • it
vice
vehiclesauthorized temporaryentry permit stateof emergency ge1 /
effect for damaged areas and will be discontnued in areas where dangerow,
or unsanitary nditions are no longer present
RS-2 Minor damage or flooding has temporarily discontinued access to
certainareas or r► i• 1/isolated disruptions of utility services. • ie!1 1
will be 111 ! i • for .i 11 .•a displaying Dare County Reentrypermit
-,and all service and supply vehicles. Ihere will b
1 •restrictions! 1vesselsor aircraft

RS-1 All transportation routes are fully opera#ional and all utility systems
'
are on line. Unlimited reentry will he declared within 12 to 24 hours.
'
RS-U Unlimited is
reentry declared at daylight of the first day following
conditions RS-1. All control points are discontaaued.
1
'
* County Recovery an-d Re -Ent Stages
Source: Dare C ty ry Re -Entry g
1

U
F
0
Appendix 7:
Departmental Storm
Preparedness and
Hurricane Mitigation
Plans,
Town of Kill Devil Hills

I
MEMORANDUM
Appendix 7
TOWN OF KILL DEVIL HILLS
August 4, 1995
TO: Debora P. Diaz, Town Manager
FROM: Bettie Rabb, Administrative Service Director
' Mary E. Quidley, Town,Cle
REF: Administration Department Disaster Preparedness Plan
' I. PURPOSE.
A. The purpose of this plan is to establish guidelines, procedures and policies
' that will facilitate the organized management of disaster preparedness for
the Administration Department, assure that open communication is
maintained as best as possible between our citizens and visitors and
' provide each group and the town staff with the most up-to-date and
current information available.
' B. The Administration Department and the Town Clerk, in addition to
providing a variety of support functions and personnel assistance for the
board of commissioners, management and other town departments, are
responsible for all record -keeping functions, including personnel records,
' of the town.
iII. STORM RESPONSE.
A. Category 1 or 2 storms will draw the least amount of physical response
' from this department. For either category storm the following will be
done:
' 1. All computers will be backed up in duplicate and tapes (a)
removed to the records storage building and b) taken home by the
Administrative Services Director.
' 2. Computers and office equipment will be moved away from window
locations and covered with plastic as available.
3. The Administration vehicle will be moved to the Public Works
Complex on the Baum Tract.
Land Where Flight Began

4 ' Administrative Services Director or designee will call a staff
meeting to review departmental storm response. '
a. Assignments as necessary and appropriate will be made.
5. Town Clerk will receive instructions and direction from the Town ,
Manager.
a. During the preparedness stages the Town Clerk will '
be responsible for maintaining a record of all staff
meetings, and emergency Board actions, including
ordinance adoptions/amendments, proclamations or ,
resolutions adoption, etc.
,
B. If a Category 3, or greater, storm is approaching, and sufficient notification is
provided for response, we will assume major damage conditions will exist after the
storm is over; most buildings in town will be severely damaged and possibly
unusable, thereby effecting the destruction of equipment, records, etc. Upon
'
notification that landing of a hurricane of this intensity is imminent, the following
action will be taken:
'
1. All computers will be backed up in triplicate, as time allows, and
tapes sent (a) with the Administrative Services Director or
designee, (b) with the Secretary II, and (c) west with the fire
trucks to the Rocky Mount location.
2. Computers will •be stored in accordance with the arrangements on
,
the Resources List.
3. Records Storage. All Administration filing cabinets and the
'
contents of the personnel cabinets located in the Town Manager's
office will be moved to the records storage building. The water
plant on Eighth Street will be used for overflow storage. Storage
,
boxes will be used as necessary; an extra supply is kept on hand in
the records storage building.
'
a. Personnel records will be additionally secured in the
records storage building in their own filing cabinets, under
separate lock, the key to which will be held only by the
,
Town Manager or Administrative Services Director.
b. The Public Works Department will provide personnel and
'
equipment to Administration for the purpose of records
removal and storage to the records storage building and
water plant.
C. All Board of Commissioners and Planning Board minutes

' books will be placed in boxes and moved to the records
storage building.
' 4. Records storage coordination from each department based on their
estimated storage space needs will be achieved by the Town Clerk
' and Administrative Assistant, based on the prepared list of records
that will require storage as provided to the Town Clerk
a. Each department will provide the personnel necessary to
move departmental records to the records storage building.
b. Records will be moved to the records storage
' building/water plant in a controlled and coordinated
manner which assures the safety of the materials being
moved.
C. Estimated records relocation from each department, as
follows:
' Administration Department - 9 filing cabinets, 10 storage
boxes and other records and equipment as
previously identified
' Police Department - 5 boxes and 1 computer
Public Works Department - 3 filing cabinets and 1
computer/printer
' Taxes & Finance Department - 30 boxes
Utilities Department - 25 boxes
Fire Department -10 boxes (category 4 or 5)
' Planning & Inspections Department - 0 for records
storage building; 10 filing cabinets for
distribution between water plant building at 1634
North Croatan Highway and Eighth Street plant
building, based on 2 categories:. those records
mandated for retention by law and those we choose
to keep
' S. Administrative Services Director or designee will call a staff
meeting to review departmental response.
' a. Assignments as necessary and appropriate will be made.
t�
' 6. Town Clerk will receive instructions and direction from the Town
Manager.
MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITIES.
IA. To coordinate and organize town -wide preparedness, evacuation and response to
pre/post hurricane and disaster conditions.

B.
To disseminate information as available and appropriate between the Dare
County Control Group and Staff, thereby assuring open communication and
shared up-to-date information that may be pertinent to the town's response.
'
C.
To provide staff support, guidance and recommendations to the Kill Devil Hills
governing board as necessary.
,
D.
Will make the ultimate decision on total evacuation of town personnel at such
time as that decision is necessary.
'
IV. PERSONNEL ALLOCATION.
'
A.
If an advised evacuation order is received, all available department personnel will
be utilized. If an employee is uncomfortable or anxious about maintaining his/her
position at the workplace, he/she will be allowed to leave, using vacation leave or
'
compensatory time. Use of vacation leave or compensatory time to achieve
advised evacuation is mandatory unless otherwise advised by the Town Manager.
'
B.
Upon issuance of a mandatory evacuation order from the Dare County Control
Group, only those persons from Administration designated by the Town Manager
will be available as a skeleton crew and will relocate to the KDH Control Center
'
at 1634 North Croatan Highway as directed. These employees will further
evacuate as conditions necessitate.
1
C.
It is the responsibility of all town employees to monitor all available news sources,
including printed, audio, and audio-visual media, to stay advised of employee
staging areas, re-entry procedures, personnel needs, and general information
,
pertinent to their positions with the Town of Kill Devil Hills.
D.
All Administration employees will provide the Administrative Services Director
and/or Town Clerk with addresses and telephone numbers where they may be
'
reached after the storm has passed.
V. CRITICAL PERSONNEL ASSIGNMENTS.
A.
Administrative Services Director - to be one of the first to return from an
,
evacuation order to assist Administration in coming back on-line for operation
and inter -departmental assistance. If evacuation is chosen or directed this
position is to be one of the first to return to assist Administration.
'
B.
Administrative Assistant - to complete first responsibility to records storage; then
available to stay or go as directed and provide assistance, as needed, in any area.
'
If evacuation is chosen or directed, this position is to be one of the first to return
to assist Administration in coming back on-line for operation and citizen
assistance.
'
C.
Town Clerk - to complete first responsibility to records storage; then available to

' stay or go as directed by the Town Manager and provide assistance as needed in
any area. If evacuation is chosen or directed this position is to be one of the first
' to return to assist Administration is coming back on-line for operation and citizen
assistance.
a. During the preparedness stages and throughout the scope of the disaster
the Town Clerk will be responsible for maintaining a record of all staff
meetings, and emergency Board actions, including ordinance
adoptions/amendments, proclamations/resolutions adoption, etc.
D. Town Manager - will coordinate, oversee and direct town -wide staff re aredness
P P
response, mitigation, and volunteer/donation organization, and assistance that Kill
Devil Hills can provide other locations.
' VI. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
The first step towards long-term restoration is damage assessment. When disaster strikes
' it is important that local and state government officials begin to assess the situation as
soon as the immediate response is complete. By analyzing the disaster's full impact
government respond adequately and effectively.
' Kill Devil Hills utilizes staff and citizen volunteers on its damage assessment team. In
the event of a major disaster this team will be divided to assess damages and losses to
.public property, business and industrial property, and private dwellings throughout Kill
' Devil Hills. It will be their responsibility to properly, quickly and efficiently complete all
appropriate damage assessment forms that will be necessary to qualify the town, if
eligible, for receipt of federal and state aid and reimbursement assistance. The initial
' work conducted by these persons will also be important to determine the necessity of
petitioning fora declaration of a state of emergency by appropriate state and federal
officials.
IF

MEMORANDUM
TOWN OF KILL DEVIL HILLS
August 4, 1995
TO: Debora P. Diaz, Town Manager
FROM: Bettie Rabb, Administrative Services Director
Mary E. Quidley, Town Clerk
REF: Resources List for Hurricane Preparedness and Response
Resources available to this department in the event of a Category 3 (or higher) hurricane
will depend on the proper management of our Fixed Assets Inventory during the storm
preparation period. The following is proposed:
1. Computer Placement
a. Portable computers and two portable printers (Bubble jet printers) will be
maintained by on -site personnel and evacuated with the last
Administration Department personnel to leave.
b. File server, Administrative Services Director's and Town Clerk's
computers and printers will be taken to the water plant building at the
Fresh Pond.
C. All other computer equipment, with the exception of the 286, will be
stored in the records storage building at 102 Town Hall Drive.
2. Other Equipment Placement
a. Administrative Assistant's calculator to the water plant; ASD's calculator
to the records storage building; TM's calculator to be maintained by on -
site personnel and evacuated with the last Administration Department
personnel to leave.
b. FAX machine to the records storage building, along with the remote
telephone and three telephones from the Administration Building. Three
telephones will also be taken to the water plant.
C. Rolodexes
1. FAX Rolodex, Secretary I and II, TC, AA Rolodexes to records
storage building.
Land Where Flight Began

3.
2. TM's and ASD's Rolodexes to accompany them.
d. Administration vehicle to be stored at Public Works Complex.
e. Administration copier to be moved to the water plant.
f. Dictaphones - two to be taken to the records storage building, two to the
water plant, along with a number of cassette tapes for each.
g. The Sharp typewriter will be moved to the records storage building.
Miscellaneous Items
a. Copies of the current Powell Bill maps and zoning map will be placed in
the records storage building and water plant.
b. Plain street maps have been placed in the records storage building and.
provided to each department head.
C. Petty cash will be stored in the personnel file cabinet in the records
storage building.
d. Current BOC Appointments Book will be filed in the records storage
building.
e. Other items that may also be considered in the event of disaster are:
1. Notice of debris clean-up needs.
2. Periodic information sheets for BOC, staff and citizens.
f. Attached to this memorandum are, or will be:
1. Current Employees List.
2. Current list of the Board of Commissioners.
3. Blank Personal Hurricane Preparedness Plan to be filled out by
each Administration employee and department head and filed
with the Administrative Services Director and/or Town Clerk.
4. Proclamation of the Mayor of Kill Devil Hills Establishing a State.
of Emergency in the Town of Kill Devil Hills and Enumerating
Prohibitions and Restrictions Imposed by Same.
5. Order Terminating a State of Emergency in the Town of Kill Devil
Hills.
6. Volunteer Coordination Statement.
7. A fill -in -the -blank form for relocation of town offices.
8. Notice of Emergency Meeting and Agenda for disaster
response.
9. A fill -in -the -blank form for interim meetings schedule for Board of
Commissioners.
10. Order for peddler/itinerant vendor prohibition during time period

that emergency declaration is in effect (to protect citizens
from being scalped).
11. Blank Order form for any action BOC deems necessary.
12. Outline for Disaster Preparation and Recovery.
13. Damage Assessment Team Members (staff and citizens) and
Support Staff Lists.
14. List of telephone numbers, FAX numbers, and mobile telephone
numbers for all town departments and extensions. (The Town
Manager will be provided with all personnel beeper numbers.)
A

ADMINISTRATION AND DEPARTMENT HEAD
PERSONAL HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS PLAN
The purpose of the Personal Hurricane Preparedness Plan is to provide the
Administration Department with a procedure to ensure a smooth transition from "day to day"
operations to "hurricane ready" and to also ensure that the Administration Department will be
available to provide guidance and assistance to all other functions of the town during the stages
of hurricane preparation.
Name
Mailing Address
Physical Address
EVACUATION INFORMATION
Category I:
Category II:
Category III:
Category IV:
Category V:
In the event my family leaves home, and in the event I choose to or am directed to
evacuate, our destination will be:
In the event I am injured, notify:
Name Address
Address continued
Telephone

I have provided for my family and home:
A. EMERGENCY LIGHT SOURCES
Flashlight
Batteries
Lanterns
Candles
Matches
Portable Radio
B. FIRST AID KIT CONTAINERS
Band -aids
Bandage rolls
Local antiseptic
Aspirin
Prescribed medications
C. BABY SUPPLIES
Food
Canned milk
Formula
Disposable diapers
Hygiene supplies, soap, etc.
Blankets and bedding
Plastic bags
D. FOOD AND Water (for 3 days minimum) NON-PERISHABLE
Canned meats
Canned vegetables
Canned fruits
Canned juices
Containers of water
*Plan on one quart per person per day minimum

E. SECURITY OF RESIDENCE
Window area
taped
boarded
Doors braced
Power cut off
Drapes or curtains closed
Bath tub clean/filled w/water
Water supply to house cut off
Loose yard items secured
Boats/vehicles secured
Tools/materials for damage control
Waterproof container for
documents and valuables
Checked with insurance agent
about damage

Proclamation #01- Hurricane
PROCLAMATION OF THE MAYOR OF KILL DEVIL HILLS
' ESTABLISHING A STATE OF EMERGENCY
IN THE TOWN OF KILL DEVIL HILLS AND
ENUMERATING THE PROHIBITIONS AND RESTRICTIONS
' IMPOSED BY SAME
' WHEREAS, in accordance with Chapter 5, Civil Emergencies of the Kill Devil Hills
Town Code, Sections 5-1 through 5-7, the office of the mayor is authorized and empowered to
' establish certain restrictions deemed essential to the preservation of public order and
immediately necessary to serve the safety, health and welfare needs of the people within the
town; and
' WHEREAS, the Town of Kill Devil Hills is under immediate impending threat from
Hurricane this day of , 19 ;
' NOW THEREFORE BE IT PROCLAIMED that this proclamation shall declare to all
persons the existence of a state of emergency and shall further implement the following
provisions, restrictions and prohibitions:
' 1. Exemptions. The followingclasses shall be exempt from all or an art of such
P YP
restrictions established by this proclamation, while acting in the line of and within the scope of
' their respective duties: law enforcement officers, firefighters, and other public employees, rescue
squad members, doctors, nurses, employees of hospitals and other medical facilities, on -duty
military personnel whether state or federal, on -duty employees of public utilities, public
' transportation companies, and newspaper, magazine, radio broadcasting and television
broadcasting corporations operated for profit, and such other classes of persons as may be
essential to the preservation of public order and immediately necessary to serve the safety, health
' and welfare needs of the people within the town.
2. Curfew. There is hereby established a curfew prohibiting the appearance in
public of anyone who is not a member of the exempted class identified in section 1 above, in the
following geographical areas within the Town of Kill Devil Hills, and time periods in and during
which this restriction shall apply:
' a.
from o'clock .m., , 19 until
o'clock m., , 19

b.
from o'clock .m., 19 until
o'clock .m., 19
C.
from o'clock m., 119
until o'clock m., .19
d.
from o'clock .m., 19
until o'clock .m., , 19
3. Restrictions on possession, consumption or transfer of intoxicating liguor. There
is hereby established a prohibition on the possession, consumption or transfer of intoxicating
liquor, other than on one's own premises, to be effective at o'clock
.m. on the day of , 19 , which shall apply to the following
geographical areas within the Town of Kill Devil Hills:
a.
b.
C.
d.
4. Restrictions on possession_transportarion and transfer of dangerous weanons and
substances. There is hereby established a prohibition on the transportation or possession off
one's own premises, or the sale or purchase of any dangerous weapon or substance throughout
the jurisdiction of the Town of Kill Devil Hills to be effective at o'clock
.m. on the day of , 19 . (For the purposes of this section,
"dangerous weapon or substance" means: a) any deadly weapon, ammunition, incendiary device,
explosive, gasoline, or other instrument or substance designed for a use that carries a threat of
serious bodily injury or destruction of property; b) any other instrument or substance that is
capable of being used to inflict serious bodily injury or destruction of property, when the
circumstances indicate that there is some probability that such instrument will be so destructively
used; or c) any part of any ingredient in any instrument or substance -included above.)
5. Restriction on access to areas. There is hereby established the following area

restrictions and prohibitions throughout Kill Devil Hills to be effective at
o'clock .m. on the day of .19
a.
1.1
C.
d.
Further, the chief of police and his subordinants are authorized to restrict or deny access
to any area, street, highway or location within the Town of Kill Devil Hills if in their judgment
that restriction or denial of access or use is reasonably necessary to promote efforts being made
to overcome this state of emergency or to prevent further aggravation of this state of
emergency.
AND BE IT FURTHER PROCLAIMED that this proclamation shall expire five (5) days
after its last imposition unless sooner terminated.
This day of .1995.
SEAL
Mayor
ATTEST:
Mary E. Quidley, Town Clerk

Order Number
ORDER TERMINATING A STATE OF EMERGENCY
IN THE TOWN OF KILL DEVIL HILLS
On ,at oclock, _.m., there was
established a local State of Emergency for the Town of Kill Devil Hills, by Proclamation Number
, which also enumerated conditions and prohibitions imposed by same;
On _.m. it has been determined that
the conditions which made this declaration of a State of Emergency no longer exist.
Thereby Proclamation Number , and all of the restrictions and orders thereof,
is terminated.
This proclamation is effective immediately, this day of
OWE%
ATTEST:
Mary E. Quidley, Town Clerk
1
1
1
1
Mayor

VOLUNTEER COORDINATION STATEMENT
BY THE HILL DEVIL HILLS BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
The Town of Kill Devil Hills Board of Commissioners is requesting that all volunteers
wishing to aid in disaster relief in the Town of Kill Devil Hills coordinate any planned volunteer
efforts through the , located at
phone 919- - . It is especially important
that volunteer individuals and groups coordinate assistance and relief efforts with the
to achieve maximum effectiveness.
The Board of Commissioners and staff wish to express its sincerest and most heartfelt
appreciation to all those who have responded to Kill Devil Hills and Dare County during this
time of need and emergency. We thank you all for your donations, kind wishes and prayers.
Mayor

1
PUBLIC NOTICE OF
RELOCATION INFORMATION FOR
HILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN OFFICES
The Municipal Complex at was
' damaged during the effects of
Certain town offices are temporarily relocated to
' Locations for all municipal departments and services are now as follows:
'
Administration/Board of Commissioners
Taxes and Finance
Planning and Inspections
'
Police
Fire
'
Public Works
Utilities
' All legal and public notices for the Town of Kill Devil Hills will now be posted at
locations:
' Residents are urged to check one of these locations for Board of Commissioners meeting
information and public notices that may be of importance and interest.
' Posted this, day of , 19
Mary E. Quidley
Town Clerk
U

NOTICE OF EMERGENCY MEETING AND AGENDA
KILL DEVIL HILLS BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
Meeting Location:
Date and Time:
I. Call to Order
II. Discussion of local disaster and prioritized response needs
III. Update on damage assessment
IV. Discussion and direction of implementation of draft Storm Hazard and Post -Disaster
Reconstruction Plan and essential town services, including but not limited to limitations
on utilities services, curfews, barricades, and public safety services.
V. Other Business
VI. Adjourn
Posted at:
by: Mary E. Quidley, Town Clerk
It is urgent public necessity that requires this meeting to be held upon hours notice
under the North Carolina Open Meetings Law, Article 33C of the North Carolina General
Statutes.

PUBLIC NOTICE TO
' CITIZENS AND TAXPAYERS OF THE
TOWN OF KILL DEVIL HILLS
' BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS INTERIM MEETINGS SCHEDULE
NOTICE is hereby given that from this date forward the Kill Devil Hills Board of
Commissioners will convene in order to allow the Board of Commissioners to stay
' abreast of disaster recovery efforts and victims needs following the devastation of Hurricane
on , 19 . This meeting schedule will continue until
amended by action of the Board. As scheduled at this time the Board of Commissioners will
' meet on , ,
until further notice.
The regular meeting place of the Board of Commissioners, 102 Town Hall Drive, was
' damaged in the storm and will not be available for public use until that building has been
restored. The interim meeting location of Board of Commissioners, Planning Board, and all
other board and committee meetings has been designated as
' located at in Kill Devil Hills.
All legal and public notices of the Board of Commissioners and the Town of Kill Devil
Hills will now be posted at the following locations:
' Residents are urged
to check one of these locations to learn of pending Board of Commissioners action.
1
Posted this day of , 19
1
Mary E. Quidley
' Town Clerk
n
C�
!I

Order Number:
ORDER OF THE BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS OF
THE TOWN OF KILL DEVIL HILLS
date
There is hereby enacted a prohibition of all vending from mobile vehicles or stations at
any location within the corporate limits of the Town of Kill Devil Hills.
Adopted this day of , 19
SEAL
Mayor
ATTEST:
Mary E. Quidley, Town Clerk

POST -DISASTER RESPONSE OUTLINE
for MANAGEMENT USE
I. What You Need to Know When You Arrive
A. What's happened?
B. How bad is it?
C. What is generally going on? (get a feel for what everyone is doing)
D. How can I help? (proceed with organizing your own responsibilities, first)
II. Into the Disaster Area
'A. Check and inventory the physical areas for which you are responsible
B. Check and inventory the equipment, supplies and materials for which you are
responsible
C. Check the records for which you are responsible
III. Governmental Offices Locations and Relocations
A. Identify all usable buildings and structures, including the resources of each
building (i.e., centralization, communications capabilities, suitability for temporary
office spaces)
B. Identify all town departments that will need temporary quarters, including
minimum office space needs (private office space may be an unaffordable luxury,
needs should be kept to bare -bones necessities as there may be many that need
accommodations)
IV. Setting Parameters for Governing
A. First 24 Hours
1. What must be done today?
2. What's scheduled for today that needs to be canceled? To be

relocated?
3. What groups require notification?
B. Next 48 Hours
1. Planning a Town Hall meeting
2. Planning emergency Board meetings and revised meeting schedules
C. First Week
1. Start some "normal' things happening as soon as possible
2. Planning first regular Board meeting
V. Communications Areas that Will Require Special Attention
A. With Town staff
B. With the Board of Commissioners
C. With other agencies
D. With volunteers from other cities
E. With victims
VI. Setting Up a Volunteer Center
A. Establish the need for a volunteer coordinator
B. Finding a suitable person/persons
1. With knowledge of Kill Devil Hills
2. With knowledge of victims and disaster area
3. With knowledge of how the town functions
4. With qualifications as a communicator, organizer and fearlessness
C. Finding a suitable location
1. Near the disaster area
2. Good accessibility
3. Good communication links
4. Adequate space and parking
D. Must coordinate needs with offers to help

VII. Press Releases and Notices to Victims
A. Notify about changes in meeting locations, offices relocations, and dates of
meetings, etc. .
B. Provide phone numbers
1. Emergency numbers
2. Help line numbers
3. Town department numbers
4. Others
C. Aid stations, message centers, and command posts
VIII. Dealing with Dignitaries
A. Transportation
B. Scheduling
IX. Dealing with Physical Loss of City Properties
A. Insurance claim coordination
B. Relocating operations
X. Changed Real Property
A. The human toll
1. Loss of life
2. Neighbors displaced
3. Family life disrupted
4. Social aspects of community life
B. The cost to government
1. Loss of tax base
2. Changes to appraised value
3. Increased building and code enforcement activity
4. The need for sensitivity and creativity

DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TEAM MEMBERS
August 1, 1995
1. C. A. Smith, Public Works Director
P.O. Box 2492
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
home: 441-2956
work: 480-4042
2. Darrell Merrell, Utilities Director
P.O. Box 133
Poplar Branch, NC
home: 453-2559
work: 480-4086
3. Billy Gray, Chief Building Inspector
P.O. Box 45
Kitty Hawk, NC 27949
home: 261-2524
work: 480-4053
4. Jay Overton, Engineer
2503 North Croatan Highway
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
home: 441-7970
work: 441-2114
5. Mike Goodwin, Building Inspector
P.O. Box 2770
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
home: 473-5678
work: 480-4052
6. Matt Lowcher, Building Inspector
216 Windjammer Road
Nags Head, NC 27959
home: 441-0802
work: 480-4057
7. Randy Metzger, Assistant Utilities
Director
2049 Bay Drive
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
home: 441-7842
work: 480-4085
8. Victor Diaz
P.O. Box 183
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
home: 441-3174
9. Robert E. Rollason, Jr., Real Estate
Appraiser
533 Myrtle Court
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
home: 441-5928
work: 441-8227

DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TEAM SUPPORT
STAFF
,
August 1, 1995
1. Teresa Pickrel, Finance and Taxes
Director
P.O. Box 686
'
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
home: 441-5362
work: 480-4072
'
2. Karol Hines, Tax Collector
,
P.O. Box 214
Kitty Hawk, NC 27949
home: 441-4998
t
work: 480-4072
,
3. Greg Loy, Planning Director
P.O. Box 2864
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
'
home: 261-0161
work: 480-4056

'
ADMINISTRATION
'PLANNING DEPARTMENT
4000
Charlotte - Receptionist
4050
Nancy - Secretary
'
4003
4004
Debbie - Secretary
Mayor
4052
4053
Mike - Bldg. Insp.
Billy Bldg. Insp.
-
4005
Town Clerk
4054
Donna - Zoning Adm.
'
4006
4007
Leslie - Admin. Asst.
TM's Conference
4055
4056
Ralph - Planner
Greg - Director
4008
Town Attorney
4057
Matt - Bldg. Insp.
4009
Bettie - Adm. Serv.Dir.
4010
Town Manager
FIRE DEPARTMENT
4011
Conference Room
4060
Marie - Secretary
File Room
4061
Chief Penland
'4012
4013
Fax Room
4062
Assistant Chief Clark
4014
Records Storage
4063
Training Office
4015
Kitchen
4064
Dayroom
4016
Executive Session
4065
Shift Commander
4066
Training Room
DEPARTMENT
'POLICE
4020
Communications Desk
4021
TC
4022
Sheila
4024
Betty
4025
File Room
4026
Patrol Desk
-4027
Shift Supervisor
4028
Breathlyzer Room
'4029
Brooks Hart
4030
Chief Gradeless
4031
Harris
' 4032
Walker
4033
Mulford
4034
Mora
' 4035
Dees
4036
Lorraine - Secretary
4038
Conference
' 4047
ACO/Shelter
WORKS DEPARTMENT
'PUBLIC
4040
Margaret
_
4042
Chuck - Director
Randy - Streets
'4043
4044
John - Solid Waste
4045
Sam - Bldg & Grds
4046
Gene - Shop
FINANCE DEPARTMENT
4070
Central Office
4071
Page - MIS
4072
Teresa - Director
4073
Betty - Accounting
4075
Robin - Accounting
4076
Sharon - Accounting
4077
Karol - Tax Collector
4078
Teresa - Cashier
UTILITIES DEPARTMENT
4080
Barbara - Clerk
4082
Ruth - Clerk
4083
Cathy - Adm. Serv.
4084
Mardi - Meter Reader
4085
Randy - Asst.Director
4086
Darrell - Director
4087
Art - Wastewater
4088
Darlene - Plant Supervisor
4089
Systems
4090
Plant
4091
Pump Station

Computers and office equipment moved away from window and covered with plastic.
' Admin vehicle to Public Works Complex on Baum Tract.
I
Records Storage Building
Computer backup tapes
'
Administration filing cabinets (9)
Personnel cabinets from TM's office (key with TM or ASD)
Board of Commissioners minutes books
'
Planning Board minutes books
Police Dept. boxes (5) and computer (1)
Public Works Dept. filing cabinets (3) and computer/printer (1)
'
Tax/Finance Dept. boxes (30)
Utilities Dept. boxes (25)
Fire Dept. boxes (10)
'
Remaining Admin computer equipment except 286 (see Water Plant below)
ASD calculator
'
FAX machine
Remote telephone
Telephones (3)
'
Rolodexes (FAX, Secretary I and II, TC, AA)
Dictaphones (2) plus cassettes
Sharp typewriter
Powell Bill maps and zoning map
'
Street maps
Petty cash (in personnel file cabinet)
'
BOC Appointments book
' Water Plant (Eighth Street)
Planning Dept. filing cabinets (10)
' File server, ASD computer, TC computer, printers
AA calculator
Powell Bill maps and zoning map
' Telephones (3)
Copier
Dictaphones (2) plus cassettes

Town Manager
Rolodex
Administrative Services Director
Computer backup tapes
Rolodex
Secretary II
Computer backup tapes
Rocky Mount
Computer backup tapes
Last Admin Personnel to Leave
Portable computers
Portable (bubble jet) printers (2)
TM calculator
7

r
KILL DEVIL HILLS TAX AND FINANCE DEPARTMENT
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES FOR HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS
' PURPOSE AND GOALS:
The Kill Devil Hills Tax and Finance Department provides support services to all town departments.
' Our goal is to identify and provide safety for critical equipment and supplies in the event of a
threatening storm to Kill Devil Hills and to be available to assist in the reconstruction phase.
F
II
H
An organizational meeting will be held of all department employees. Personnel will be rotated so
that employees can safely secure their families and homes. Each employee will notify the Finance
Director of where they can be reached in the event they evacuate and they will be told it is their
responsibility to monitor news media regarding reentry procedures after a storm.
Depending on the storm category the following actions will be taken:
CATEGORY I AND II STORMS:
A. All equipment and supplies will be safely stored away, from window locations. A back up
of the town's computer system will be made by the MIS technician including Finance, Planning, Fire,
Administration, Water Administration and Public Works departments. All computer work stations
will be disconnected to prevent electrical damage.
CATEGORY III AND HIGHER STORMS:
The following procedures will be followed for all Category IV and V storms. They will be followed
for all Category III storms depending on advice received from the Town Manager and County Control
Group and after all factors have been evaluated.
A. The battery pack for the laptop computer will be charged and this piece of equipment will
remain with the Finance Director along with a printer and cable. The Finance Director will also
keep the operating account checkbook.
B. Tax maps and tax scrolls showing valuations will be sent out of town for safety with an
employee who evacuates. This information will be needed to determine property losses during
reconstruction. (As the finance department is working to replace its financial software we are looking
to include software for taxes which will make this tax information more readily available to us which
would be especially helpful during reconstruction after a storm.)
C. Battery, flashlight, and film supplies will be replenished.

D. Three (3) complete back ups of the computer system will be done by the MIS technician for
the Finance, Planning, Fire, Administration, Water Administration and Public Works departments.
Two of these backups will leave the County with employees who are evacuating and the third backup
will be stored in the records storage building. The Novell disks and manuals, tape disks and license
books will also be taken by someone leaving the County. If at all possible the CPUs containing the
tape units will be taken out of the County as these will be needed to restore backup tapes. If it is
not feasible to remove them from the County they will be stored in the records storage building.
E. A supply of cash will be accessed from our checking account for emergency purchases.
F. Some supplies will be removed from the finance department and stored in the records storage
building including copy paper, pens, pencils, adding machines and tape, etc. When packing these
items the goal will be to have enough supplies to get us through a short period of time until we can
order and receive more if necessary. All blank checks will be stored in the records storage building.
G. We will follow up and be sure that all necessary precautions have been taken with our
building by the public works department.
RECONSTRUCTION:
As soon as possible after the storm when reentry has been authorizedall employees will make
arrangements to return to work. The finance director will establish and maintain a separate account .
of expenditures related to the disaster to include funds disbursed, salaries and wages plus overtime
for regular and extra employees engaged in disaster work, cost of travel for related disaster. work,
equipment, supplies and other materials used.
All employees of the finance department will work closely with other departments to ensure that
proper financial records are being maintained to assure reimbursement from appropriate agencies.
The tax and finance department employees will work with the damage assessment team to determine
the value of property damaged.
CRITICAL PERSONNEL:
All employees of the tax and finance department will strive to remain in town to assist with necessary
precautions. After a storm they will all return to town as soon as possible to assist with
responsibilities. The Finance Director will coordinate the operations of the department before and
after a storm.
This statement of procedures is merely a guideline to be followed if necessary. Actual procedures
may be amended to accommodate individual storms.
July 1995
J

KILL DEVIL HILLS TAX AND FINANCE DEPARTMENT
RESOURCE LIST FOR HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS
PERSONNEL:
Finance Director:
Teresa Pickrel
1237 C South Virginia Dare Trail
P.O. Box 686
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
Work Phone [phone]
Home Phone [phone]
Tax Collector:
Karol Quidley
Accountants:
Sharon MacLean and Robin Elliott
Accounting Tech:
Betty Cozart
MIS Tech:
Page Nichols
Central Cashier:
Teresa Iverson
EQUIPMENT:
One Laptop computer
DATA:
Land and building valuations for damage assessment
Property owner names and addresses
Business owner names and addresses
Town fixed asset information
OTHER:
Money for purchases
July 1995

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
May 5, 1993
KILL DEVIL HILLS FIRE DEPARTMENT
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURE
for
HURRICANES AND OTHER STORMS
1. When a hurricane has developed or may be developing which
appears to pose a threat to Kill Devil Hills, or when the
National Weather Service issues a Hurricane Watch,
Tropical Storm Warning, or severe winter Storm Watch, the
Chief of the Fire Department, or his designee, may take
any or all of the following actions:
A. All career Firefighters are called in for a mandatory
meeting to prepare themselves and families in
advance.
(1) Scheduled Leaves are canceled until further
notice.
(2) Callbacks may occur for those persons already
on leave.
(3) Pagers are to be worn, kept in the "open"
position and personnel are advised they are
subject to recall.
(4) They are to leave a telephone number where they
can be reached.
(5) A maximum callback to reporting to the station
time is established depending on the situation.
B. All Volunteer Firefighters are called in for a
meeting to prepare themselves and families in
advance.
(1) A roll call is performed, to determine which
Volunteer Firefighters will -be part of the
response force.
(2) Those Volunteer Firefighters that are to be part
of the response force will keep their pagers
with them and in the "open" position.
(3) They are to leave a telephone number where they
can be reached.

'
,
R DHFD
Hurricane SOP
Page 2
.S/5/93
C.
At the meeting the Firefighters are:
(1) Told the time of the next scheduled meeting if
'
recall does not occur sooner.
(2) Told that when they do come in on storm call.
they should bring a:
'
(a) Change of clothes for up to 3 days
(b) Sleeping bag or bedding
'
(c) Enough non-perishable foodstuffs for 3 days
(d) Supply of their own shaving equipment,
toiletries, and health care necessities
,
(e) Flashlight
(f) Not to bring excessive valuables
D.
A special Hurricane/Storm Log shall be started at
'
this time.
E.
That as events dictate, meetings will be held as
'
required.
F.
Assign such additional Firefighters as necessary
'
to duty.
G.
The Fire Department Officers shall':
'
(1) Implement the Incident Command System.
(2) Receive preliminary instructions in addition to
those given to the Firefighters.
'
(3) Set up the Fire Department Day Room as an
Incident Command site and establish the forms -
'a
and roll call required forfull Fire
,
Department participation.
'
(4) Establish a phone and radio watch in the Day
Room.
(5) Turn the TV to the Weather Channel.
'
(6) Have the hurricane statistics being plotted and
tracked.
(7) Make plans to have provisions brought to the
'
Fire Station if a callout is necessary.

'
KDHFD Hurricane SOP 5/5/93
Page 3 -
H. The On -duty Firefighters shall:
'
(1) Check the operation of the generator and have
the fuel tank topped off.
(2) Check the condition of all Fire Department
vehicles and fuel up.
(3) Prepare the materials for boarding up the
Fire Station.
(4) Set up the basement area as an Eating, Lounge,
and Day Room for off -duty Firefighters and
those not assigned.
(5) Set up the Training/Meeting Room as a sleeping
'
area for additional Firefighters that might need
to stay when not assigned to detail.
(6) Test all portable and mobile radios.
'
(7) Check all rain gear.
(8) Such other duty that may be required to get the
'
Fire Department in readiness.
2. When a Hurricane, dangerous Tropical Storm, or other
serious storm is forecast to strike the coast at or near
Kill Devil Hills, or a Hurricane Warning or Severe Winter
Storm Warning for the Dare County area is issued by The
National Weather Service or the Dare county Control Group
or Mayor or Town Manager of Kill Devil Hills issues an
evacuation, the Chief of the Fire Department may take any
or all of the following actions:
'
A. All Career Firefighters and those Volunteer
Firefighters that are part of the response force
shall be called in to the Station and prepared for
'
the storm in accordance with l.'C.(2).
B. All Firefighters will be assigned to apparatus and
'
assigned tasks:
(1) Special Storm Log will continue.
(2) Bring in provisions.
'
(3) One Engine Company put on Initial Fire Response.
C. Firefighters use other apparatus to tour
subdivisions, check condition of areas and report
back if it appears that citizens are taking any
actions as far as storm preparations and if areas
appear heavy, moderate or lightly populated.
0

RDHFD
Hurricane SOP
5/5/93
Page-4
D.
Firefighters
assigned to move apparatus to safe
havens in accordance
with attached plan or on orders
,
of the Chief
of the Department.
E.
Firefighters
assigned to other tasks to assure
security and
preparedness of the Fire Department
'
and/or Town
facilities.
F.
-If Evacuation
is ordered:
'
(1) The Evacuation command post will be established
at the- Fire Station. '
(2) Assignments will be made by sectors.
(3) Electronic PAs from apparatus will make the
initial announcements in the areas (police '
assistance may be necessary).
(4) Evacuation instructions will be taken to
designated spots in the Town. '
(5) When ordered and if time and manpower allows, a
door-to-door notification will be given to
residents.
G. Police may require assistance with traffic control. '
(1) The Chief. of Police shall request assistance. '
(2) The Fire Chief may allow Fire Dept personnel
to assist if enough Fire Dept personnel are
available and all Fire Department tasks are '
complete or can be completed without those
he assigns.
H. Crews may be assigned to remove Fire Department '
Equipment to a safe haven (See attached procedure)
Procedure (1).
3. When wind speeds reach sustained speeds. ,
A. Most routine duties will cease when wind speeds reach '
45 mph sustained.
(1) Crews will be assigned to an A and B Shift with '
12 hours on and 12 hours off.
(2) Help with movement of some civilians may be
required.
(3) Response to downed wires and like calls can be '
expected to increase.
(4) Standard (Automatic) Mutual Aid stops.
(5) If Fire Department evacuation has been ordered '
it should be completing at this time.
(6) The Basement and Training Room are available
For off -duty shift use at this time. _ ,

' KDHFD Hurricane SOP 5 5 93
Page 5-
B. All Fire Department vehicles and personnel should be
' off the street when wind speeds reach sustained speed
60 mph (or if conditions warrant at lower speeds).
C. All firefighting activities would cease when in the
opinion of the Fire Chief or his designee, conditions
exist to create a situation where there is an
inability to control or extinguish a fire or conditions
' exist which could endanger the lives of personnel.
The Fire Liaison Officer shall be advised at the time
this occurs.
' D. Those firefighters who are riding out the storm
should be in place to do so at this time and all
' preparation completed.
4. Recovery: After the Storm
'
A. Damage assessment Fire Department
(1) Check Fire Department complex
'
(2) Check equipment
(3) Report damage
'
B. Damage assessment Town
(1) Divide Town into sections, establish Fire
Department as Incident Command at Fire
Headquarters
(2;) Look for:
'
(a) victims -
(b) Collapsed structures
(c) Loose propane tanks _-
(d) Downed wires
'
(e) Other fire hazards
(f) Take corrective action and report.
5. Step Down. At the time the Chief of the Fire Department
or his designee has determined that storm status is no
-
'
longer required, the facility shall be put back into
normal order, the Special Log will be completed, signed,
and dated, and normal operations will resume.
6. Fire Communications may be assigned to operate through
Station 14 by the Incident Commander.

KDHFD Hurricane SOP 5/5/93
Page 6
7. This SOP is meant to be used in coordination with the
Multi -Disaster Hazard Plan and instructions from
Management of Kill Devil Hills. As with all SOPs they
are guidelines that may need to be modified to meet the
demands of -an individual situation'.

-5/5/93
' PROCEDURES (1)
EVACUATION OF PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT
1. Category 1 and 2 Hurricanes: Ail Kill Devil Hills
Fire Equipment will remain in place with available manning.
2. Category 3 Hurricanes: Firefighters will be assigned
' to remove equipment. Each storm of this category shall be
evaluated with information received from all available
sources. A decision may be made to evacuate any or all
apparatus. The control group will be notified if such action
is anticipated. Apparatus evacuation will start by order of
the Fire Chief with the approval of the Town Manager. If
evacuation occurs, (1) 1000 Reserve Engine will remain
' manned or unmanned depending on anticipated conditions.
3. Category 4 and 5 Storms: •Personnel will be assigned
' to move the 102'/1500 GPM Ladder Truck and two (2) Engines
inland. All other Fire Department personnel will be removed
from the Outer Banks inland on orders of the Fire Chief after
' approval by the Town Manager of Kill Devil Hills.
PROCEDURE FOR MOVEMENT:
' 1. Three (3) apparatus and minimum crews will take the
equipment to Rocky Mount, NC (Chief Gard has spoken to
' Chief Hawkins of Rocky Mount Fire Department, for space).
2. A 1000 GPM Reserve Pumper will remain in Kill DeviL
' Hills.
3. The last crew to leave will be placed at
pre -determined staging areas for rapid return to Kill Devil
' Hills after the storm has passed.
Note: On Category 3.Storms where equipment is
removed, a crew may stay in Kill Devil Hills with the Reserve
Apparatus.
' 4. Evacuation will be started as late as possible but in
time to reach our designated safe haven. The time of year
and conditions may vary significantly for each event, making
exact time of departure unpredictable.

Procedures (1) Evacuation of Personnel and Equipment
Page 2
5. Evacuation will be coordinated between the Chief of
the Fire Department and the Town Manager of Kill Devil Hills.
6. The County Control Group shall be notified of plans to
start evacuation of apparatus.
7. On return, Fire Department apparatus and personnel
shall report to predetermined staging areas for the purpose
of accountability and ease of return to The Outer Banks and
Kill Devil Hills.
This is intended to be a guideline. Events and conditions
may change actions taken for individual storms.

' RESOURCE LIST
A. Organization: Kill Devil Hills Fire Dept.
'
Address: 1634 N. Croatan Hwy
P. O. 1719
Kill Devil Hills, N. C. 27948
'
Principle Officer: Doug Penland, Chief
Business Phone: [phone]
'
Home Phone: [phone]
B. Number of Paid Personnel 17
'
Number of Volunteer Personnel 17
Number of Vol. Support Perrsonnel 8
Number of Administrative Perrsonnel 1
C. Number & e of vehicles:
es.
'
1. 1994 KME 1500 GPM Pumper
2. 1993 Chevy 4WD pick-up truck
3. 1992 Jeep SW 4WD
'
4. 1991 Ford Sedan
5. 1991 Ford F-350 4WD Lighting Truck
6. 1989 E-One 1500 GPM Pumper
'
7. 1986 Grumman 102' Platform, 1500 GPM
8. 1970 Am. LaFrance 1000 GPM Pumper
'
9. 1986 Mobile Kitchen
1
17-
11
10. Surplus Army 6 X 6
D. Number & Capacities of Generators
1.
Onan Diesel
(fixed on T-14)
2.
Honda Gas
E-14
3.
Honda Gas
E-143
4.
Winco Gas
U-144
5.
Winco Gas
E-142
E. Number & types of Radios
Vehicle
Engine 1
1410
1412
1413
1409
Engine 3
Platform 1
Engine 2
1419
6500 watts
3500 watts
3500 watts
3400 watts
4500 watts
1. Mobil Radios:
a)
16 channel Motorola w/scanner
Fire 14
b)
16 channel Motorola w/scanner
T-14
c)
8 channel Motorola
E-14
d)
8 channel Motorola
E-142
Radio #
E-14
Utility 14
Fire 141
Fire 14
Utility 144
E-143
T-14
E-142
W-14
Storm 14

'
e) 8 channel Motorola
E-143
0 8 channel Motorola
Utility 14
g) 8 channel Motorola
Utility 144
'
h) 8 channel Motorola
Fire 141
i) 10 channel Regency
unassigned
,
2.
Base Station: Motorola 4 channel in
Station 14
Encoder: 1 Zetron (Base Station)
'
1 Motorola (E-14)
3.
Portable Radios: 29
'
Radio Number
a)
16 channel Motoroa HT-1000
Chief Penland
Chief 14
b)
16 channel Motorola HT-1000
D/C Clark
D/C 14
'
c)
16 channel Motorola HT-1000
Capt. Jones
1424
d)
16 channel Motorola HT-1000
Capt. Allsbrook
1427
e)
16 channel Motorola HT-1000
Capt. Horgan
1428
'
f)
16 channel Motorola MT-1000
A/C Lee
A/C 14
g)
16 channel Motorola MT-1000
Capt. Bressette
1426
h)
16 channel Motorola MT-1000
Capt. Logan
1429
'
i)
16 channel Motorola MT-1000
E-14
E-14 A
j)
16 channel Motorola MT-1000
E-14
E-14 B
'
k)
16 channel Motorola MT-1000
E-14
E-14 C
1)
16 channel Motorola MT-1000
E-14
E-14 D
m)
8 channel Motorola MT-500
Capt. Barnes
1425
,
n)
8 channel Motorola MT-500
Sgt. Forney
none
o)
8 channel Motorola MT-500
Sgt. Turek
none
p)
8 channel Motorola MT-500
E-142
E-142
'
q)
8 channel Motorola MT-500
E-143
E-143 A
r)
8 channel Motorola MT-500
E-143
E-143 B
s)
8 channel Motorola MT-500
T-14
T-14 A
,
t)
8 channel Motorola MT-500
T-14
T-14 B
s)
8 channel Motorola MT-500
U-14
U-14
u)
8 channel Motorola MT-500
U-144
U-144
'
v)
2 channel Motorola P-110
U-144
none
w)
2 channel Motorola P-110
Lee
none
x)
2 channel Motorola P-110
Castellow
none
'
y)
2 channel Motorola P-110
Batton
none
z)
2 channel Motorola P-110
Pitsch
Chaplin 14
aa)
2 channel Motorola P-110
Grimes
none
'
bb) 2 channel Motorola P-110
spare
'
Scanners: 9 10-channel
1 30-channel

'
Mobil telephones: 3 Chief 441-8336 F-14
D/C 473-0963 F-141
'
E-14 473-0964 E-14
F.
Watercraft: 16' Carolina Skiff w/25 HP Motor & trailer Boat 14
'
G.
Aircraft: None
'
H.
Specialized Industrial Equipment: None
I.
Specialized Rescue Equipment:
'
1 Porter -power 6 Come -a -long
P ) g
'
2) Air Chisels (2) E-14 & T-14 7) Amkus Rescue Tools (2 sets)
3) Maxi Air Bags 8) Torpedo Bouys (6)
4) Elecrtic Winch 9) Life preservers (12)
5) Chlorine "A" kit 10) Haz-Mat Suits (Class B)
J.
Specialized Health Care
'
1) Stokes Baskets (2)
2) First Responder Medical Kits (4)
'
3) Backboards (3)
4) Oxygen Kits (4)
'
K.
Number of Health Care Beds Available? None
L.
Specialized Firefighting equipment.
'
1) Monitors: Four portable 1,000 GPM deluge monitors w/fog & stacked tips
2) Pumpers: Two 1500 GPM pumpers
One 1000 GPM pumper
'
1500 GPM pump on Ladder T-14
3) Ladder trucks: 102' platform
4) Specialized extinguishing agents: 50 gallons AFFF Foam
'
Two 95 GPM eductors, one 120 GPM eductor
5) One Aim 3000 gas detector
6) Protective gear: 50 complete sets of turnouts
12 Class B Haz-mat suits
29 Scott 4.5 Air Packs & 29 spare bottles
'
7) Light/Heavy Rescue: Capable of medium duty rescue, have two complete sets
of hydraulic rescue equipment, air bags. air chisels, etc.
9) Water Carring Capabilities:
E-14 500 gallons
'
E-142 500 gallons
E-143 750 gallons
T-14 150 gallons

M. Is your facility adequate and available for use as an emergency shelter?
N. Are lavatory and cooking facilities available? YES
O. Approximately how many people will the facility sleep? 5
P. Will you allow inspection of the facility for possible use as a shelter?
Q. List the names and telephone numbers of your chief personnel:
1)
Doug Penland
Chief
2)
Craig Clark
Deputy Chief
3)
Tommy Lee
Asst. Chief
4)
Bill Jones
Captain
5)
Denny Horgan
Captain
6)
Mike Allsbrook
Captain
7)
Dan Bressette
Captain
8)
Ron Barnes
Captain
9)
Bill Logan
Captain
NO
YES

TOWN OF KILL DEVIL HILLS
July 27, 1995
MEMORANDUM
TO: Debora Diaz, Town Manager
FROM: Greg Loy, Planning Director
SUBJECT: Hurricane Preparedness Plan
Pursuant to your request, I have attached the Planning Department's updated Hurricane
' Preparedness Plan including Damage Assessment Map and updated Appendices.
After careful review of the plan, it has become obvious that the Planning Department
' has a need for a 2-way radio system for communications in the event of a disaster. I
recommend that the Planning Department be issued, loaned or purchase 4-6 VHF radios
for such occasions. Ideally, these radios should be hand held battery operated and
effective within a minimum of a 5 mile radius. The radios should be adaptable to an
externally mounted VHF mobile antenna (and include this antenna) and include power
adapters to operate units from a 12 vehicle electrical system.
These radios would be beneficial utilized in the normal day to day departmental
operations.
Land Where Flight Began

PLANNING DEPARTMENT '
1995 HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS PLAN
In the event of the threat and high probability of landfall of a Category II or stronger hurricane, the '
following procedures will be instituted and accomplished by the Planning Department:
1. Department Head will call a staff meeting. '
2. Employees will complete attached personal preparedness checklist, secure home and make
arrangements to evacuate families (& pets). I
3. Mike Goodwin will prepare the following equipment for transport: 2 printers, video camera and
FAX machine with at least two workstations and necessary cables and supplies. This equipment will
,
be evacuated with personnel leaving the area.
4. Mike Goodwin will be designated to move all other computer and office machinery to a safe high
'
location, such as a desktop.
5. Billy Gray and Matt Lowcher will fuel Town vehicles, check for proper operation, and move these
vehicles to higher ground.
,
6. Billy Gray will shut off main power before leaving building.
7. Ralph Allen will gather and copy necessary damage assessment forms , damage assessment maps,
'
tax maps (with street numbering system), and orthophotograph maps for evacuation. - These maps
should leave with him and be housed in a watertight container.
'
8. Evacuation - Upon advice of Manager and Control Group,P employees will evacuate. Address,
telephone numbers and location of each evacuated staff member will be provided to the Director of
Planning.
'
9. Re-entry/Recovery - After the storm has passed and as soon as the Manager and control group
(and conditions) will allow, all Planning and Inspections employees will be required to report to work.
'
Town offices will be reoccupied or suitable temporary office space will be established. Greg Loy will
work with management to establish offices and communications.
,
10. Preliminary Damage Assessment will begin immediately. At least one member of the staff will
remain in the office to handle communications and information disbursement at all times.
'
11. Damage assessment reports will be submitted to the County Tax Office as stipulated in current
procedures.
'
12. Reconstruction - A building permit triage will be established and permits will be issued as
expeditiously as possible with priority given to critical facilities.
'
F:\USERS\PLAN\HOME\NANCY\WPFILES\7-95GL.WPS '

KILL DEVIL HILLS PLANNING DEPARTMENT
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PLAN
JULY 1995
A. PURPOSE - To efficiently conduct those activities which involve assembly of the
damage assessment team, and performing task of damage assessment to enhance
disaster response operations.
B. GOALS - Preliminary Damage Report, due within 24 Hours -
C. PREPARATIONS PRIOR TO LANDFALL
D. EVACUATION
PERSONAL HURRICANE PLAN
It is mandatory that all Planning Department employees complete a Personal Hurricane
Plan which will be filed with the Planning Director. The plan will utilize' the form
attachment "A".

' KILL DEVIL HILLS PLANNING DEPARTMENT
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT AND DISASTER RELIEF PLAN
1
I. PURPOSE: This plan sets forth the authority, organization, concept of operations,
' responsibilities and provides instructions and procedures for the conduct of damage
assessment operations by means of on -the -scene surveys following a natural disaster
on technological hazards in Kill Devil Hills. It also provides for the submission of the
' Expenditure/Obligation Report (Appendix 7). The information obtained during the
survey is essential in assessing the extent of damage within the Town and will be used
for assessing damage caused by all types of disasters such as flooding, tornado, winter
' storm, hurricane, nuclear incident, chemical explosion, etc.
III. AUTHORITY AND REFERENCES: See NCCEMP Annex A, Damage Assessment
Plan.
' III. ORGANIZATION: The organization for damage assessment operations will be as
shown in Appendix 2.
1
IV. CONCEPT OF OPERATION. This plan calls for:
' A. PRE -DISASTER. The Planning Department artment will maintain equipment a d
n
' supplies (maps, forms, Town directories, etc.) in readiness condition.
B. DURING THE DISASTER. Damage Assessment Teams will remain in safe
' areas and prepare to report for duty.
C. POST -DISASTER. As soon as safety conditions permit, Damage Assessment
' Teams will report to the Town Emergency Operating Center (EOC), receive
assignments and pick up equipment. and supplies; move to emergency or
disaster relief area in vehicles equipped with two-way radios; survey assigned
' areas; record damage; transmit general damage assessment information via
radio or other means to EOC; return to EOC when directed; and provide
written report to the County Damage Assessment Officer (DAO). Damage
' assessment will continue until all suspect areas are assessed even though
Federal or State assistance has arrived.

u
Page 2
V. RESPONSIBILITIES:
A. PLANNING DIRECTOR
1. Ensure that equipment and supplies (damage assessment planning
maps, property evaluation and insurance data, damage assessment
forms, Town directories, etc.) are readily available in the EOC.
2. Schedule damage assessment training for the Damage Assessment
Section (DAS) and provide for the instruction at least annually and
prior to March of each year.
3. Review this plan annually, and update as needed.
4. Notify the Accountant/Finance Officer that an emergency or disaster is
imminent and request he/she establish a separate account for
expenditures related thereto.
5. Provide situation briefing in EOC and, in coordination with the Damage
Assessment Officer (DAO), brief -and dispatch teams as needed to
affected areas.
6. Planning Director or his designee and DAO will remain in the EOC
and receive damage assessment reports to advise the Town Manager of
the situation.
7. Provide consolidated damage assessment reports to the NC Emergency
Management Area Coordinators Office or to the State Emergency .
Response Team (SERT) at its Field Command Post -if it is operational.
8. Retain reports for use in future to support disaster impact data (See
Paragraph VI A9 below).
B. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT OFFICER (DAO) PLANNER
1. Assist the County EMC in maintaining Damage Assessment Section
readiness to include this plan; equipment, forms and supplies; and
training. Update damage assessment planning maps (See Appendix 3)
and property evaluation and insurance data (See Appendix 4) to include
information available in the Tax Supervisor's Office and from local
insurance firms.
I I
n

I
Page 3
2. Update personnel rosters and vehicle assignments.
3. Upon notification of an emergency or disaster, report to the EOC and
notify Survey Teams by fastest means available.
4. In coordination with the Planning Director, dispatch appropriate teams
to the affected area.
5. If possible, remain in the EOC and receive damage data (See Appendix
5) from the teams, review for accuracy, record and plot information, and
advise Planning Director of the situation.
' 6. Prepare consolidated damage assessment data in prescribed format
(Appendix 6) for transmittal by the DAO to the appropriate State
Division of Emergency Management Area Office.
' C. DAMAGE ASSESSMENT TEAMS.
'
1. Assist Damage Assessment Officer and Planning Director in
maintaining readiness by checking equipment and supplies, attending
training sessions and reporting any changes to personnel rosters.
'
2.
Upon official notification, report to the EOC as soon as conditions
permit, receive assignments, pick up equipment, supplies, and forms.
3. Move in vehicles equipped with two-way radios to the emergency or
disaster area assigned.
'
4. Survey areas, record damage on Damage Assessment Worksheet -
(Appendix 5), transmit general damage assessment information by
'
fastest means available to the EOC.
5. Return to EOC when directed and provide Damage Assessment
' Worksheet(s)
D. FINANCE OFFICER. Establish and maintain a separate account of
expenditures for the disaster to include municipal expenditures and submit the
Expenditure/Obligations Report (Appendix 7) when requested.

Page 4
VI. INSTRUCTIONS AND PROCEDURES:
A. GENERAL. Damage assessment is a rapid means of determining a realistic
estimate of the amount of damage caused by the disaster. For the purpose of
this plan it is expressed in terms of numbers of structures, types of
damage (destroyed, major damage, minor damage, habitable or
uninhabitable), estimated total dollar loss, estimated total uninsured dollar
loss, and information describing the physical and economic impact of the
disaster. Disaster impact information includes but is not limited to the
following and should include as many of the items as possible in the letter of
transmittal for the Damage Assessment Report.
1. Number homes inaccessible (due to loss of roads, bridges, or for other
reasons).
2. Number of people displaced and need housing.
3. Number of substandard homes damaged or destroyed.
4. Unemployment estimates, businesses affected and estimated length of
problem.
5. Needs for food, clothing, and medicine.
6. Needs of elderly and other special populations.
7. Minority problems.
8. Economic conditions of community -- normal or depressed.
9. History of past disasters.
10. Debris problems.
11. Emergency protective measures taken by government.
12. Resources available to needs of people.
13. Resources needed and unavailable in terms of type, quantity and
duration.

IPage 5
' B. REPORTS.
1. To State. Damage Assessment reports will be submitted by the county
' government for the entire county and will consolidate municipal and
county data. The reports will be submitted to the State Director, N.C.
Division of Emergency Management through the appropriate State
' Division of Emergency Management Area Office as soon as possible,
following the occurrence.
'
a. Situation Report. This narrative report (Appendix 6)
will be submitted as soon as possible but within 24 hours of
'
occurrence.
2. To County. The County Damage Assessment Officer will compile all
data received from Team Captains and develop the final Damage
Assessment Reports. Copies of these reports will be submitted to the
county Emergency Management Coordinator for transmittal to the N.C.
'
Division of Emergency Management.
C. TEAM PROCEDURE. Damage Assessment Worksheets and instructions will
be made available to Survey Team Members prior to being dispatched to
'
affected areas.
'
1. Survey Team members will obtain damage assessment information by
on site visit utilizing the Damage Assessment Worksheet. If this is
not
possible, obtain data by any means possible, such as telephone or
'
personal contact.
2. Upon completion of the inspections, submit worksheets to the Damage
'
Assessment Officer through the Team Captain.
3. Team Captains will compile and complete the worksheet(s) using
'
instructions. If there is insufficient time to complete all information,
transmit necessary information to the County EOC by fastest means.
Turn all completed worksheet(s) and any written reports in to the
'
County EOC.

Page 6
D. SECTION PROCEDURE. Damage Assessment Officer will:
1. Review all team worksheets for accuracy.
2. Consolidate all team worksheets.
3. Using Appendix 3 (Damage Assessment Planning Map).
4. Using the above data from the worksheets, complete Section A (Private
Property Non -Agricultural) of the County Damage Assessment Report
in accordance with instructions contained in Appendix 7.
5. Complete Section C - Economic Impact and Section D - Public
Property.
6. Provide copies of damage assessment reports to Planning Director.
E. COUNTY ACCOUNTANT/FINANCE OFFICER PROCEDURE. See
Appendix 7, this Annex and also Increased Readiness Checklist in each threat
annex to this plan.
VII. APPROVAL:
Planning Director
Planner

Page 7
Appendixes:
I - Organization Chart
2 - Personnel Rosters and Vehicle Assignments
3 - Damage Assessment Planning Map
4 - Property Evaluation and Insurance Data
5 - Damage Assessment Worksheet
6 - Situation Report
7 - Expenditure/Obligation Report (Force Account Record)
DISTRIBUTION: Same as Basic Plan plus one to each person named in Appendix 2.

F
HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS PLAN:
IName: Address:.
' EVACUATION' INFORMATION'::
Category I:
Category II:
' Category III:
Category IV & V:
In the event my family ii6aves home, their destination will be:
r
In the event I am injured, notify:
'
Name:
Phone-#:
'
Address:
Name:
Phone
Address:
'
I have provided for my `family and
home:.
A. EMERGENCY LIGHT SOURCES:
CHECK
ONE
_
'
Flashlight
No
(
)
Yes
(
)
Batteries
No
(
)
Yes
(
)
'
Lanterns
Candles
No
No
(
(
)
)
Yes
Yes
(
(
)
)
Matches
No
(
)
Yes
(
)
Portable Radio
No
(
)
Yes
(
)

B.
C.
D.
E.
FIRST AID KIT CONTAINING:
*
Band-Aids
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Bandage rolls
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Local antiseptic
No
A )
Yes (
)
*
Aspirin, etc. etc.
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Prescribed medications
No
( )
Yes (
)
BABY SUPPLIES:
AGE OF CHILDREN (3mos),
(3),
(6), ( )
*
Food
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Canned milk
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Formula
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Disposable diapers
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Hygiene supplies, soap etc.
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Blankets and bedding
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Plastic bags for trash/waste
No
( )
Yes (
)
FOOD AND WATER (for 3 days minimum)
NON
PERISHABLES
*
Canned meats
No
( )
Yes
( )
*
Canned vegatables
No
( )
Yes
( )
*
Canned fruits
No
( )
Yes
( )
*
Canned juices
No
( )
Yes
( )
**
Containers of water
No
( )
Yes
( )
(**) Plan on one quart per person
per
day minimum
basis
SECURITY
OF RESIDENCE:
*
Window area Taped
(
) Boarded
( )
*
Doors braced
No
(
) Yes
( )
*
Power cut off
No
(
) Yes
( )
*
Drapes or curtains closed
No
(
) Yes
( )
*
Bath tub clean/filled w/water No
(
) Yes
( )
*
Water supply to house cut off
No
(
) Yes
( )
*
Loose yard items secured
No
(
) Yes
(' )
*
Boats/vehicles secured
No
(
) Yes
( )
*
Tools/materials for damage
control
No
(
) Yes
( )
*
Waterproof containers for
documents and valuables
No
(
) Yes
( )
*
Checked with insurance
agent about damage
No
(}
Yes
( )

' ORGANIZATION CHART
'PLANNING DEPARTMENT
i
I
0
F

PLANNING AND INSPECTION DEPARTMENT EMPLOYEES
Loy, Greg, Director of Planning and Inspection
P.O. Box 2864
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
Allen, Ralph, Planner
5130 Pine Hill Lane
Kitty Hawk, NC 27949
Elliott, Donna, Zoning Administrator
P.O. Box 2343
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
Gray, Billy, Chief Building Inspector
P.O. Box 45
Kitty Hawk, NC 27949
Goodwin, Mike, Building Inspector II
P.O. Box 2770
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
Lowcher, Matt, Building Inspector II
216 Windjammer Road
Nags Head, NC 27959
Miller, Nancy, Administrative Assistant
1503 Captains Lane
Kill Devil Hills, NC 27948
Planning and Inspection Department Equipment:
Vehicle #632 - Ford sedan
Vehicle #634 - Ford sedan
Vehicle #703 - Ford pick-up truck

APPENDIX 3
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
PLANNING MAP

I
Appendix 4
IPROPERTY AT RISK
' In an effort to define exposure to a major storm event, we have analyzed the risk of our
tax base. To successfully understand the magnitude of threats from hurricanes and other
' severe storms, it is important to understand the nature of our property "at risk." Several
exercises were completed to help understand the dollar value of the relative vulnerability
of structures. The following methodology was utilized:
' - Total tax value of structures in all "flood zones" as of 3/94
' - Exposure to a strong Category #3 storm - 130 mph sustained winds, 9-12 foot storm
surge
' - Average tide (no lunar tide event)
- Does not include value of roads, waterlines, powerlines, telephone lines, etc.
SUMMARY A
' Kill Devil ' i Hills Total Structure Value (3/94) $377,577,600.00
' Structure value in Flood Zone "X"-$156,500,922.00
' Total tax value of structures in all flood zones $221,076,678.00
(excluding zone x)
(Property at risk of flooding - 58.5% of structure value)
Utilizing methodology above and applying this information to the risk map, the following
' assumptions can be made:
SUMMARY B
' Kill Devil Hills Total Structure Value 3/94 $377 577 600.00 2D
' Structure value in extreme risk areas $105,543,230.00
(Property at extreme risk - 28% of structure value)
I

Kill Devil Hills Total Structure Value (3/94) $377,577,600.00
Structure value in high risk areas $114,768,448.00
(Property at high risk - 30.4% of structure value)
Kill Devil Hills Total Structure Value (3/94) $377,577,600.00
Structure value in moderate risk areas $156,500,922.00
(Property at risk - 41.4% of structure value)
Kill Devil Hills Total Structure Value (3/94) $377-9577,600.00
Structure value in low risk areas $ 765,000.00
(Property at risk - .2% of structure value)
* Refer to the Hazards Area Map to locate the individual risk zones i.e. extreme, high,
moderate, low.
LI

Appendix S
Training Program
in the
NORTH CAROLINA
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROCESS
STUDENT MATERIALS
North Carolina Division of Emergency Management March 1991

C
TRAINING PROGRAM
IN THE
' NORTH CAROLINA
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROCESS
' Year after year, natural disasters in North Carolina claim their toll in both lives lost
and in properties destroyed. Furthermore, the potential for damage from a disaster is
' increasing. This is due to population growth in high hazard areas, increasing structural
values, mounting investments and an ever-increasing economic interdependence be-
tween businesses, communities and government.
' In the aftermath of a disaster, an impacted community looks to its government to
reestablish services, remove and dispose of debris, and to ultimately ensure long-term
restoration to its community.
The first step towards this long-term restoration is called damage assessment.
When disaster strikes, it is imperative that local and state government officials begin to
assess the situation as soon as the immediate response is complete. Only by analyzing
' the disaster's full impact can government respond adequately and effectively.
An effective damage assessment will give local government officials vital informa-
tion on which to base decisions on prioritizing services, how best to commit resources and
even where to begin.
Damage assessment also gives local government the information it needs to justify
' requesting supplementary assistance from the state and federal governments.
During this course, , local and state government officials and others assigned
damage assessment duties are introduced to the importance and purpose of conducting
' and reporting damage assessments following a disaster. In addition, participants are
introduced to the vocabulary of damage assessment, the difference between large and
small intensity disasters, and the need for estimating damages in terms of numbers and
' dollars. The course will cover operating procedures and standards used to evaluate
housing, business, and public sector losses.

PROTOTYPE ORGANIZATION FOR COUNTY
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
Public Sector
Damage Assessment
Team(s)
Assesses Damages to
Public and Non -
Profit Facilities
County
Emergency
Management
Coordinator*
Damage Assessment
Officer
Damage Assessment
Unit
1
Private Sector 1
1
Damage Assessment 1
Team(s) 1
Assesses Housing Losses Municipal Damage
Assesses Business Losses Assessment Officer
Private Sector
Damage Assessment
Team(s)
Public Sector
Damage Assessment
Team(s)
*Note: Damage Assessment Reports from the county and municapilities are forwarded to the
Area Coordinator, North Carolina Division of Emergency Management, by the County
Emergency Management Coordinator
3

Appendix 6
1
1
1
1
North Carolina Division of Emergency Management
Situation Report
1. General Information
County:
Incident:
Reported by:
Report
Number: Date: Time:
Incident Period:
Received by:
(State EM)
II Adverse Impacts to Private Sector (Population, Homes, Business)
EM-81
03191
A. Number of confirmed dead?
Estimated numberof injured?
(transported to medical treatment centers)
B. Estimated numberof uninhabitable homes?
C. Estimated number of isolated homes and apartments?
D. Estimated number of persons requiring temporary housing?
E. Estimated number of businesses and industries damaged?
4

III. Adverse Impacts to Public Facilities & Private Non -Profit Facilities
(GoOmmentowned facilities, Schools, Housing Authorities, etc.)
A. Are major roadways blocked with debris or critical bridges or roadways damaged?
(If yes, explain)
B. Estimated number of people without power?
CP&L• Duke: N.C. Power: EMC, REA (specify):
Estimated time before restoration of power (days):
C. What critical facilities have been impacted? (Specify, name, and explain)
Hospitals: Schools:
Fire/Police Station:
EOC:
Water Facility: Other:
(Water distribution, supply, or storage facilities)
IV. Description of Impacted Area
A. Estimate the size of.the area (in %of County or Municapility) impacted:
B. Attach a map delineating the boundaries of the impacted area.
(use street names, road numbers, etc., to include all municapilities affected.)
5

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
N.C. DIVISION OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
SBA ECONOMIC INJURY SURVEY
1) Name of Business
2) Owner
3) Telephone #
4) Business Address
5) Gross Revenue for Survey Period
6) Projected Gross Revenue for Survey Period
7) Estimated Total Loss
(Subtract Line 6 from Line 5)
8) Percent Decrease
(Divide Line 7 by Line 5)
9a) Can you obtain a loan?
b) If yes, what is rate?
Yes No
10) Number of Persons Employed by the Business Full-time
Part-time
11) Expected Number of Employees to be Laid Off Full-time
Part-time
12) Normal Months of Operation
EM-82
03191
ADDITONAL INFORMATION MAY BE PUT ON BACK OF FORM
8

KILL DEVIL HILLS POLICE DEPARTMENT
HURRICANE POLICY
' A. PURPOSE OF THIS POLICY:
Is to provide the Police Department with a procedure to enable this
' Department to make a smooth transition into a Hurricane Ready Department and
reduce the issue of confusion.
' B. POLICY GOALS:
* Protect life and property of our citizens
' Protect the lives of -our personnel
* Protect Departmental equipment
* Reduce personnel stress level in a measurable way
' C. DEFINITIONS:
L Control Group: The executive group within local government who make
decisions about local response activities. This group consists of the Chairman of the
Dare County Board of Commissioners, who is the Chairman of the Control Group,
' the Mayors of the five incorporated towns in Dare County, the Superintendent of the
Cape Hatteras National Seashore and the County Emergency Management Co-
ordinator.
2. Support Group: The local governmental departments and volunteers who will
carry out the response activities upon the direction of the Control Group.
3. Hurricane: When a tropical storm reaches winds of 74 mph or more, it is
' classified as a hurricane.
Category One: Winds of 74-95 mph. Damage is primarily to shrubbery, tree
' foliage and unanchored mobile homes. 'No real damage to other structures.
Some damage to poorly constructed signs. And/or storm surge 4 to 5 feet
above the normal tide level. Low lying coastal roads inundated, minor pier
' damage, some small craft in exposed anchorage torn from moorings.

I
Category Two: Winds of 96-110 mph. Considerable damage'to shrubbery '
and tree foliage. Some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed mobile
homes. Extensive damage to poorly constructed signs. Some damage to
roofing material of buildings. And/or storm surge of 6 to 8 feet above normal '
tide levels. Coastal roads and low lying escape routes inland cut by water 7
to 8 hours before the arrival of the hurricane center. Considerable damage
to piers. Marinas will be flooded and small craft in unprotected anchorages '
will be tom from their moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline residences
and low lying areas shall be required. '
Category Three: Winds of 111-130 mph. Foliage torn from trees with some
large trees blown down. Practically all poorly constructed signs will be blown '
down. There will be damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window
and door damage. Some. larger structures near the coast will be damaged by
battering waves and floating debris. Low lying escape routes inland will be '
cut by rising water 9 to 10 hours before the hurricane center arrives. There
will be major erosion of the beaches. Massive evacuation of all residences
within 500 yards of shore will possibly be required, and single story residences '
on low ground within 2 miles of the shore line.
Category Four. Winds of 131-155 mph. Shrubs and trees will be blown down ,
and all signs also. Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows and doors.
There, will be complete failure of roofs on many small residences and
complete destruction of mobile homes. And/or storm surge 13 to 18 feet '
above normal tide level. Flat terrain 2 feet or less above sea level could be
flooded inland as far as 6 miles. Major damage to lower floors of structures ,
near shore due to flooding and battering.of waves and floating debris. Low
lying escape routes inland will be cut by rising water 11 to 12 hours before the
hurricane center arrives. There will be major erosion of the beaches. '
Massive evacuation of all residences within 500 yards of shore possibly
required and of single story residences on low ground with 2 miles of shore.
Category Five: Winds greater than 155 mph. Shrubs and trees will be blown
down with considerable damage to the roofs of buildings and all signs will be '
blown down. Very severe and extensive damage to windows and doors. There
will be complete failure to roofs of many residences and industrial buildings.
F. tensive shattering of glass in doors and windows. Some complete building ,
failures. Small buildings overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of
mobile homes. And/or storm surge greater than I8 feet above sea level.

Major damage to lower floors to all structures Iess than 15 feet above sea
' level within 500 yards of the shore. Low lying escape routes inland will be cut
by rising water 12 to 13 hours before the hurricane center arrives. Massive
' evacuation of residential area on low ground within 5 to 10 miles of shore
possibly required.
4. Hurricane Warning. A hurricane is expected to strike your area within 24
' hours or less.
' 5. Hurricane Watch: A hurricane may threaten your area within 24 to 36 hours.
6. Storm Surge: The strong winds associated with hurricanes and tropical storms
' cause the sea level to rise above normal tidal heights, with giant wind -driven waves
and strong unpredictatable currents, sometimes covering 50 miles.
' 7. Tropical Depression: An area of low pressure rotary circulation of clouds and
winds to 38 mph.
' 8. Tropical Storm: Counterclockwise circulation of clouds'and winds 39 mph to
73 mph. The storm is assigned a name.
' D. PRE-LAINDFALL:
When the National Weather Service predicts that a hurricane may strike Dare
' County, and when gale force winds reach an area' 300 nautical miles from Dare
County, all scheduled time off, vacation, and training shall be cancelled.
' Departmental personnel shall make themselves available immediately for recall to
duty. Officers reporting in will have a fully -serviced -ready vehicle with a full gas
tank.
' 1. Personnel not already on shift shall muster at the Kill Devil Hills Police
Department. Assignments will be made at this muster. All divisions will be required
' to muster with the inclusion of the Animal Control Division.
2. Category IL III, IV and V hurricanes will dictate the division of the
' Department into Two Teams. The Team Commanders shall be the two most senior
Officers under the Chief of Police or his Deputy Chief, in the absence of the Chief
- of Police.
' 3. Cate
gory I hurricanes will not require the division of the Department into
' teams unless an unexpected amount of damage occurs.
1

IJ
4. Detectives will integrate into the Patrol Division and the Administrative
personnel will man phones and radios and provide information for the public and ,
direction to the Department.
5. In the event the Department goes into the Team Concept, each team will be '
on 8 hour shifts. If the storm is one of devastating nature, the recovery period may
be days or even weeks. '
E. EVACUATION:
The Control Group will notify the Department six hours prior to the Control Group's '
public announcement to evacuate. This alert gives law enforcement time to prepare and
make Team assignments. '
1. Category IV and V hurricanes will dictate that a complete evacuation from
the area be conducted by all personnel in an orderly fashion. The evacuation of the Police '
Department will be done in an organized manner.
. 2.- Category I and II hurricanes will demand that all Police Department
'
personnel remain in the county with few exceptions.
3. Category III hurricane evacuation of law enforcement personnel will be
'
determined by the Control Group as per instructions from the Kill Devil Hills Mayor, with
few exceptions.
'
4. Equipment to remain behind if Police Department evacuates to be left at
P
designated sights:
1. Chevrolet Suburban
'
2. Honda A.T.V. (anchored)
3. 5 patrol cars (marked)
,
4. Portable lights (3)
5. Portable Honda generator (bums 1 gal. per hr.) _
6. Cache of gasoline
,
7. Cache of water and food (20 persons for one day)
5. Traffic Assignments for Evacuation:
'
-- * One man on foot at Ocean Acres Drive and By-pass
* One man on foot at Colington Intersection and By-pass
'
* One man on foot at Third Street and By-pass
* Two, one man patrol cars roving evacuation route
4 ..
'
L

U
J
Traffic lights will be put on flashing yellow for caution and officers on foot at
the three intersecting areas will direct traffic. The roving patrol officers will attend
to traffic backed up on side streets and other problem areas on the evacuation route.
Once evacuation has been completed, officers will return to Command Center
for further assignment.
6. POLICE EVACUATION:
All Police Department personnel not involved in traffic control or routine
Police work, will involve themselves with the loading of essential equipment and
necessary documents at the direction of the Team Commander of III, IV or V
category hurricanes.
' When word comes from the Control Group, the Police Department will
convoy to a designated area inland. At the designated area inland, the Department
will marshall there for further instructions.
7. RE-ENI TRY:
' After the storm has' subsided, a re -entry -will begin. If bridges have been
damaged, re-entry of essential personnel to undertake the task ahead, will be air-
lifted in if and when those arrangements can be made
i A.
If an airlift -entry has to be made, Sworn Officers will be the only members
of the Department to make re-entry immediately. Hopefully those members can be
lifted to a point which has been designated for the Department's cache of equipment
Once on the ground, the Officers will receive orders to conduct reconnaissance of
the Town to locate the dead and injured and help coordinate medivacs for the
injured. Observation of the devastation of the sector being reconnoitered will be a
part of the assignment and reported back to Command Center.
PERSONAL HURRICANE PLAN:
PURPOSE:
Itwill be necessary for all Police Department personnel to be involved in maintaining
order during this time of confusion. You will discover that a great deal of stress will
fall upon you and your family.
5
I

To help reduce this stress, the Department has prepared a Hurricane Plan for each
of its members to complete and have approved and placed in personnel file by the Deputy
Chief of Police. This plan is basic, but will assists you with your planning. Once you have
been called back to duty, you may be unable to return to your residence.
1. All members of the Police Department, Sworn and Non -Sworn are required
to participate in filling out and completing a plan.
2. All personnel must have his plan approved and on file with the Deputy Chief
of Police.
3. You will be responsible to complete your Hurricane Plan prior to recall to the
Department
4. See Division Supervisors for your Personal Hurricane Plan forms and
Hurricane Prepareness Information.
0

Section: A
PERSONAL HURRICANE PLAN:
INTRO D UCTIO N
' Each member of the Kill Devil Hills Police Department shall submit his or her Personal
Hurricane Plan. It must be approved by the Deputy Chief of Police and filed. In this plan,
' he or she, must state how their family and property are to be secured before he or she
reports for duty when the Police Department goes into the Hurricane Operational Mode.
Each individual's Hurricane Plan will be a permanent fixture to his or her file. These plans
shall be addressed accordingly, depending upon the category of the storm:
CATEGORY: WINDS: STORM SURGE:
' I 74-95 mph 4-5 feet
II 96-110 mph 6-8 feet
' III 111-130 mph 9-12 feet
IV 131-155 mph 13-18 feet
V 156- + 19- +
It is imperative that the department member file his plan have it approved by the Deputy
' Chief of Police. Once the officer or member of the department has been placed into the
Hurricane Team Status, he or she maybe -unable to return home until many hours after the
storm has depleted itself: and the assignment of the member has been completed.
' Hurricanes are stressful events and the member sh
ould not be burdened with more than
necessary while in the performance of his or her duty. His or her stress level will be
' elevating the moment evacuation starts and will increase as the storm intensifies. If the
hurricane is devastating and the aftermath requires long working hours for the teams, the
stress level will increase even more. A good plan which secures your family and property
' will help to remove a great deal of worry about personal affairs and make you a more
effective employee.
' Personal Hurricane Plan should include:
' * Evacuation Information and
* How residence and yard are secured
— * Shelter Information and
' * Rations (food and water) to be taken to shelter
* In the event you family evacuates or goes to shelter, what
special items will they take, bedding, medication, etc.
1
1

Name:
Section: I
HURRICANE PREPAREDNESS PLAN:
Address:
EVACUATION INFORMATION:
Category I:
Category II:
Category III:
Category IV a v•
In the event my family leaves home, their destination will be:
In the event I am injured, notify:
Name: Phone #:
Address:
Name: Phone #: .
Address:
I have provided for my family and home:
A. EMERGENCY LIGHT SOURCES:
Flashlight
Batteries
Lanterns
Candles
Matches
Portable Radio
CHECK
ONE
No
( )
Yes
( )
No
( )
Yes
( )
No
( )
Yes
( )
No
( )
Yes
( )
No
( )
Yes
( )
No
( )
Yes
( )

B.
C.
D.
E.
Section: I Page Z
FIRST
AID KIT CONTAINING:
*
Band-Aids
No
( )
*
Bandage rolls
No
( )
Yes
Yes (
)
*
Local antiseptic
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
*
Aspirin, etc. etc.
No
( )
Yes (
)
Prescribed medications
No
( )
Yes
BABY SUPPLIES: AGE OF CHILDREN (3mos),
(3),
(6), ( )
*
*
Food
Canned milk
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Formula
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Disposable diapers
No
( )
( )
Yes
Yes
*
*
g i
yg ene supplies, soap etc.
No
( )
(
Yes
)
Blankets and bedding
No
(
)
*
Plastic bags for trash/waste
No
( )
( )
Yes
Yes
FOOD AND WATER (for 3 days minimum)
NON
PERISHABLES
*
Canned meats
No
*
Canned vegetables -
No
( )
Yes (
)
*
Canned fruits
No
( )
( )
Yes (
Yes
)
*
Canned juices
)
**
Containers of water
No
Yes
Yes
(**) Plan on one quart Per Person
(
per day minimum
)
basis
SECURITY OF RESIDENCE:
*
*
Window area Taped
Doors braced p
( )
Boarded (
)
*
Power cut off
No
No
. ( )
( )
Yes
Yes (
)
*.
*
Drapes or curtains closed
No
( )
(
Yes
)
Bath tub clean/ filled. w/water
No
( )
Yes
*
*
Water supply to house cut off
No
( )
(
Yes (
)
)
Loose yard items secured
No
( )
Yes
*
*
Boats/vehicles secured
Na
( )
(
Yes (
)
)
Tools/materials for damage
*
control
No
( )
Yes (
)
Waterproof containers for
*
documents and valuables
No
( )
Yes (
)
Checked with insurance
agent about damage
No
( )
Yes (
)

' TOWN OF KILL DEVIL HILLS
To: Deborah Diaz Town Manager August 19, 1993
From: James H. Gradeiess Chief of Police
' Ref: Police Department list of resources to be utilized during disaster.
'
Personnel -
21 Police officers broken down into two teams;
and 3 non -sworn persons to work communications.
'
Two animal control officers , with one assigned
to one of the police teams.
s.
'
Personnel -
Associated equipment for each officer such as radios,
handguns, long guns, handcuffs and inclement weather
Vehicles
clothing.
20
-
sedan vehicles, I fou rvheel drive Suburban truck,
'
1 all terrain vehicle (four wheels) 2 animal control
trucks. All
vehicles are radio equiped
Communications- 1 communication room with Police Information Met -work,
'
telephones, base radio, giving the capabilities of
c-cmmunicating with all necessary recievers.
Buildings—
Records (1) Patrol (2) Police Administration & C.I.D. (3)
Assembly and training room (4)
'
Assignments
- Law enforcement, traffic control, rescue, and security of
damaged buildings
and facilities., Handling stray annimals.
Notification to the public and to diseminate information as
'
available. _
1

n
�I
TOWN OF KILL DEVIL HILLS
July 31, 1995
MEMORANDUM:
TO: Debora P. Dia7ij Town Manager
FROM: C.A. Smith, Director, Public Works
REFERENCE: Amended Public Works Hurricane Plan
The following actions are to be taken by the Public Works
Department and employees in the event of a major storm %or
hurricane.
When a WATCH is issued the following -actions will be taken:
1. Solid Waste - Move all roll -out containers along beach road back
to the houses. This will be done from the north end to the south
end of town. Containers will be removed back to houses on west
side of 158 if time permits. All trash barrels will be removed
from beach and beach accesses. Bulk trash will be removed from the
beach road as time permits and also other areas of town. Fuel all
vehicles as they need it and place at Baum Tract.
2. Street Department - Check all tools, rakes, chain saws, replace
batteries 'as needed in barricade lights, consolidate cones,
barricades and other traffic control devices. Have fuel tank for
off -road fuel filled, fill all vehicles and equipment. Check with
rental agencies for extra chain saws, small generators. Be able to
pickup if needed.
3. Building & Grounds - Check all emergency• generators for
operation and have fueled. - Run check these generators. Get
together tape, and boards for all town windows to be taped and
boarded. Secure bathhouse. Check with other departments as needed
to help move or secure records. Fuel all vehicles.
4. Fleet Maintenance - Check with all departments and insure that
all emergency equipment is operational. Have extra tires on hand
and "flat proofed" as needed for emergency operations. Fuel all
equipment.
0
Land Where Flight Began

Amended Public Works Hurricane Plan Continued:
5. Administration - Consolidate radios from Public Works, check
with outside contractors for the availability of emergency
equipment if needed. Place all Public Works equipment at the Baum
Tract for further direction from the Town Manager or Control Group
for placement or evacuation. Rotate Public Works personnel so that
they may secure their homes and families.
When a hurricane WARNING is issued the following actions will be
taken:
1. All available. Public Works personnel will board/tape secure town
buildings.
2. Assist town personnel with loading records/equipment in the
event that evacuation is ordered.
3. Place Town/Public Works equipment as directed or prepare to move
to a safe area if directed.
4. Place cones, barricades, and other traffic control devices as
requested and assist Police/Fire Department in traffic control as
directed by the Town Manager/Control Group.
5. Co-ordinate with equipment rentals and contractors for equipment
that will be needed for cleanup and debris removal.
6. Place Public Works radios or mobil phones -as needed with in town
department for communications.
Public Works personnel will be released as directed by the Town
Manager/Control Group to remove their families or evacuate if they
desire. Co-ordination for return will be made with all personnel
leaving the area or evacuating. Co-ordination for recall after the
event by Public Works personnel will be made at this time. The
Public Works Director will direct Public Works operations and other
duties as requested/directed by the Town Manager/Control Group.
cc: file

TOWN OF KILL DEVU, HILLS
August 18, 1993
TO: DEBORA P . DI�VAZZ*, TOWN MANAGER
FROM: C.A. SMITH,' DIFYECTOR OF PUBLIC WORKS
REF: EQUIPMENT LIST FOR PUBLIC WORKS TO BE USED DURING STORM EVENTS.
The following list is equipment located within the Public Works Dept.
and those items that may be used during storm events.
1. 1 Toyota pick-up
2. 6 Ford pick-ups
3. 3 trailers
4. J.D. 310C backhoe/loader
5. J.D. 444D loader
6. 2 air compressors (1 portable)
7.. Portable generator
8. 1 Mack dump truck
9. l.Galion motor grader
10. 1 Ford flatbed
11. 3 chain saws
12. 2 concrete/steel saws
13. 1 500 gallon portable water trailer
14. 1 circular saw
15.. 1 air nailer
16. Barricades with lights
17. Traffic control cones
18. Assorted hand tools(shovles,rakes, pitch. forks,hammers)
Trailers will be -used to remove public records and equipment in the
event evacuation is required. Also available are the following for fuel:
5QO gallon water trailer can be used for fuel,a 500 gallon off -road
tank is located at the Public Works complex with fuel,two (2) 250
gallon generator tanks may be used for fuel if needed. One is located
at the Public Works complex and the other is located at the Fire Dept.
file

August 1, 1995 '
HURRICANE PROCEDURES
UTILITIES DEPARTMENT
DEPARTMENT WIDE:
1. Keep track of all work done before, during and after '
the storm. Include all man hours, equipment used
(including rentals) and any outside contractors used to
make repairs.
2. Each employee should know and memorize exactly what '
his or her responsibilities are.
3. A List of approved contractors will be kept at he
Administrative offices. '
4. It is the employees responsibility to monitor storm
conditions media reports, BEFORE, and AFTER and to
contact their immediate supervisor to determine future '
work and meeting status's.
Administration:
,
1. Fuel both vehicles.
2. Locate all flashlights and batteries.
3. Secure all windows and doors.
'
4. Wrap all necessary files and equipment in plastic
bags to protect them as much as possible.
5. Page in Finance will take care of computer software
'
and hardware arrangements.
6. Secure all equipment. One option is to remove all
electronic equipment from office and take it to a safer
land. The exact location will be determined at the time.
,
7. Unless otherwise instructed all vehicles will be
located the warehouse.
8. Depending on the class of Hurricane expected only
'
Darrell and Randy M. will be available. Depending on the
phone lines and the class of Hurricane, they may be at
their homes and reachable there. The exact plan of
'
action would not be determined until the class of
Hurricane and/or point of strike is known.
Plant:
1. Fuel vehicle.
,
2. Locate all flashlights and batteries.
3. Secure all windows and doors.
4. Wrap all necessary files and equipment in plastic
,
bags to protect them as much as possible.
5. Fill all storage tanks and elevated tanks to the
fullest.
6. Have a full supply of chemicals on hand for
'
chlorination of the system and contamination testing.
Chlorine levels will be elevated slightly before and
1

'
during the storm.
7. Top off generator tank and complete a thorough
inspection of the generator.
8. Locate and fill all gasoline cans.
9. Buy canned goods, some medical supplies, and extra
batteries.
10. Tie down all outside items which could become
'
airborne.
11. AT TOWN HALL PUMP STATION:
'
A. Turn off power to the building with the main
breaker.
B. Leave TH Tower OPEN.
C. Secure doors and windows to pump station with
plywood or sandbagging.
'
D. Valve off Dare County Altitude valve pit, use
the emergency by pass only. Sand bag both valve pits.
'
12 AT 8TH ST WATER PLANT:
A. The 8th St Water Plant will be the control
center for water service operations during the storm.
B. Secure doors and windows with plywood or
sandbagging.
C. Park vehicles behind ground storage tank.
D. Valve off Dare County altitude valve -pit, use
the emergency bypass, cover pit with plastic and
sandbags.
'
E. CLOSE the 8th St water tower by valving it off
from the system by use of the valves outside of the pit.
Cover pit with sandbags.
F. If the telephone telemetry goes out to the town
'
hall tower, shut off the pumps unless conditions will
allow someone to go out and visually check the gauge at
the base of the tower.
'
G. If the plant is evacuated or it becomes apparent
that ocean water will enter the plant, cut off electrical
power to the plant by use of the main power switch
located outside the plant on the power pole.
'
Darlene has volunteered to stay at the plant up through
a category III or until an evacuation notice is given.
1
Systems:
'
1. Fuel all vehicles.
2. Locate all flashlights and batteries.
-
3. Secure all windows and doors.
'
4. Wrap all necessary files and equipment in plastic
bags to protect them as much as possible.
5. Secure any loose items at warehouse.
6. Check all repair items and supplies that may be
needed for recovery.
7. Depending on the class of Hurricane expected all
temployees
can be reached at home.

8. Isolate valves.
9. The following equipment will be fueled and ready for
use:
EQUIPMENT
LOCATION
One
Backhoe
Warehouse
One
2500 Watts Portable
Generator Warehouse
One
Pickup Truck
Bill's House
All
other Vehicles
Warehouse
Two
2" Pumps
Warehouse
Two
All Purpose Saws
Warehouse
one
61' Diesel Pump
Baum Tract
Handtools
Warehouse/Vehicles
Chainsaw
Warehouse
Bill Waterfield and Ralph Wilson will stay at the water
plant up to a category 5 storm.
Wastewater:
1. Fuel Vehicle.
2. Locate all flashlights and batteries.
3. Secure area around Plant of any loose items.
4. Check Generators for. switch over operation and make
sure fuel tanks are full.
5. Besure spare parts inventory is complete and
accessible.
6. Sandbag lift stations 1 and 2.
7. If the storm is greater than a category III, plant
personnel will disconnect power to the plant before
leaving.
Art Beckwith and Monte Hooker will stay up to a category
3 storm.

Appendix 8
Training Program
in the
NORTH CAROLINA
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROCESS
STUDENT MATERIALS
North Carolina Division of Emergency Management March 1991

' TRAINING PROGRAM
IN THE
NORTH CAROLINA
' DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROCESS
' Year after year, natural disasters in North Carolina claim their toll in both lives lost
and in properties destroyed. Furthermore, the potential for damage from a disaster is
increasing. This is due to population growth in high hazard areas, Increasing structural
' values, mounting investments and an ever-increasing economic interdependence be-
tween businesses, communities and government.
In the aftermath of a disaster, an impacted community looks to its government to
' reestablish services, remove and dispose of debris, and to ultimately ensure long-term
restoration to its community.
The first step towards this long-term restoration is called damage assessment.
When disaster strikes, it is im erative that local and state government officials begin to
assess the situation as soon as the immediate response is complete. Only by analyzing
the disaster's full impact can government respond adequately and effectively.
An effective damage assessment will give local government officials vital informa-
tion on which to base decisions on prioritizing services, how best to commit resources and
' even where to begin.
Damage assessment also gives local government the information it needs to justify
requesting supplementary assistance from the state and federal governments.
' During this course, local and state government officials and others assigned
damage assessment duties are introduced to the importance and purpose of conducting
and reporting damage assessments following a disaster. In addition, participants are
introduced to the vocabulary of damage assessment, the difference between large and
small intensity disasters, and the need for estimating damages in terms of numbers and
dollars. The course will cover operating procedures and standards used to evaluate
housing, business, and public sector losses.

Disaster Event Flow Chart
and [damage Assessment Activities
INCIDENT
LOCAL GOVERNMENTS SITUATION
RESPOND .� REPORTS
LOCAL INITIAL STATE
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT , RESPONDS
STATE/LOCAL STATE RECOVERY
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT a� PROGRAMS
S
INITIATED
am WM rim w..i
FEDERAUSTATE/LOGAL
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT
GOVERNOR REQUEST
DECLARATION
FEMA
REVIEWS
PRESIDENTIAL
DISASTER j
DECLARATION I
DISASTER. PROGRAMS
IMPLEMENTED
LOCAL
DAMAGE
ASSESSMENT
CONTINUES
UNTIL
COMPLETE

PROTOTYPE ORGANIZATION FOR COUNTY
DAMAGE ASSESSMENT PROGRAM
Public Sector
Damage Ass'eissment,
Team(s)
Assesses Damages to
Public and Non -
Profit Facilities
County
Emergency
Management
Coordinator*
Damage Assessment
Officer
Damage Assessment
Unit
OWN OWN OWN INNOWN IMMUNI WMININ low IN= 011
Private Sector
Damage Assessm"eint
Team(s)
................
Assesses Housing Losses
Assesses Busineqs Losses
Private Sector
Damage Assessment
Team(s)
...... ...... -.- .............. .
NJIN
Municipal Damage
Assessment officer
Public Sector
Damage Assessment
Team(s)
`Note: Damage Assessment Reports from the county and municapilities are forwarded to the
Area Coordinator, North Carolina Division of Emergency Management, by the County
Emergency Management Coordinator
M

North Carolina Division of Emergency Management
Situation Report
I. General Information
County:
Report
Number: Date:
Incident: Incident Period:
Reported by:
Received by:
Time:
(State EM)
II Adverse Impacts to Private Sector (Population, Homes, Business)
EM-81
03191
A. Number of confirmed dead?
Estimated numberof injured?
(transported to medical treatment centers)
B. Estimated number of uninhabitable homes?
C. Estimated number of isolated homes and apartments?
D. Estimated number of persons requiring temporary housing?
E. Estimated numberof businesses and industries damaged?
4

N.C. DIVISION OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
SBA ECONOMIC INJURY SURVEY
1) Name of Business
2) Owner
3) Telephone #
4) Business Address
5) Gross Revenue for Survey Period $
6) Projected Gross Revenue for Survey Period $
7) Estimated Total Loss $
(Subtract Line 6 from Line 5)
8) Percent Decrease
(Divide Line 7 by Line 5)
9a) Can you obtain a loan? Yes No
b) If yes, what is rate?
10) Number of Persons Employed by the Business Full-time
Part-time
11) Expected Number of Employees to be Laid Off Full-time
Part-time
12) Normal Months of Operation
ADDITONAL INFORMATION MAY BE PUT ON BACK OF FORM
EM-82
03/91

INITIAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT —HOUSING LOSSES
1) COUNTY (3) INCIDENT (or) (4) ASSESSMENT TEAM: (5) INCIDENT PERIOD:
( j FLOOD ( ) TORNADO (6) DATE OF SURVEY:
2) MUNCIPALITY ( ) HURRICANE
( ) OTHER (n PAGE OF
(Spe fy)
REF I NAME OF
NO. OCCUPANT
EM 39
REV. 9/90
STREET/ROUTE(SR/
HOME
TYPE
STATUS
DAMAGES
ISO
WATER
REPLACE COST
EST.
INS.
EST.
PROB
MOBILE HOME PK/
(41)
V)
V)
(UNIHABITABLE)
LEVEL IN
OR
DOLLAR
INCOMEfd
ASSIS
BLDG. NAME/
STRUCTURE
MARKETVALUE
LOSS
DEVELOPMENT/ETC.
PRI
SEC
SF
MF
I MH
OWN
RENT
MIN
MAJ
DEST
(In Feet)
HO
NFIP
LO
MED
HI
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
(21)
(22)
(23)
(24)
(25)
(26)
(27)
(28)
(29)
x
a
yF:
rwi3'
i<7 K:X
a,,yxF
5°k a
TOTALS'
6

Instructions - Initial Damage Assessment - Housing Losses
A. Generallnfonnation
1. COUNTY - The term "COUNTY" refers to the name of the county where the
reported damages oocmred. Information reported on the Initial Damage Assea-
me t-Housing tmxs Torah is a composltect all such damages Incurred wi thin the
stated "COUNTY".
Z MUNICIPALITY - Indicate the name of the municipality where these damaged
hosMliving units or manufactured boom are located.
3. INCIDENT: ROOD 0, TORNADO () HURRICANE 0, OTHER 0-
The term "WC D NT'rders to the tornado, hurricane, flood, fare, chemical spill,
etc,whichaused thheneed tofile tdsreportin the&atplace. Check the appropriate
incident U'VIHER" is checked, specify the Incident by name
4. ASSESSMENT TEAM - Indicate the last name6 first initial, of those Individuals
responwble for conducting the damage assessment and for reporting the damages
as shown.
S. INC DENTPERIOD-The"AICIDEMPE WIY'refestothe dmespan fromwhen
theinddent o¢smred to when there b nolcngera threat to people or their property.
In the case of a burrican% flood, or even a fire, the "INCIDENT PERIOD" may
encompass several days In the case of a tornado, the ^INCIDENT PERIOD" Is
usually only one day. However, there are exmplicem
6. DATE OF SURVEY -The term"DATEOFSURVEY"referto the date the damage
assessment was conducted. nds may or may not be the date the incident occurred.
7. PAGE —OF _ - Pages should be mmnbe ed inconsecutive order with the
total number of pages indicated on each page Le-1 of 5, 2 of 5, 3 of 5, etc
B. Damage Assessment Information -Housing Losses
8. REP. NO. - The term "REF. NO." is an abbreviation for "reference number". Each
affected hcuse,Bvingumdtormanufad redhomearetobenumberedinconsmuttve
order for ease in tdentifiatim totalling, etc
9. NAME OF OCCUPANT - Indicate, If known, the name of the owner/tenter
ocmpantof theaffectedhouse,Bvingtmdtoruwbilehome However,if theoccupant
is a renter, then you mtust also enter the tame of the owner of the building on the
Initial Dmnagt Assessment - Btubhas fassa/orm.
10. STREET/ROUTFISR/MOBILEHOME PARK/BLDG.NAME/ DEVELOPMENT/
ETC- Indicate the affected property's site sddr®, Le., street address, route, road,
mobile home park building name, development, etc
It. FRI(Home)-Theterm "PRI" is an abbreviation for primary home. Iftheoccupant
lives in the home 50%err more of the year the home is considered their primary
dwelling. Indiate,by s check mark, U thedsmaged home In question is theptimury
dwelling unit for the occupant If u nlc nowr6 din&" PRI".
13. SF (type of home) - The term "SF" is an abbreviation for a single-family type of
lame Unless known otherwise, consider all stick -built, wood -frame and pre -fabri-
cated housing units as "SF'. Indlcate, by the use of a check mark that the home in
question is a single-family type of home
14. MF(typeofbomd-Theterm"MF"isanabbreviation formulti-famdlytypeofhome.
Muld-family dwelling units include all duplexes, apartments and omdomdnhmuL
IndicaMby the use of a check mark that the homein question Is a muld-family type
of home
15. MH (type ofbome) -The term "MH"is anabbreviatlonfor manufactured ormoblle
home Indiatq by the use of a beck mark that the home in question Is a manufac-
tured (mobile) type of home,
16. OWN(status)-The term "OWN"referstoowneshipstatus of the home in question,
Le, whether or not thebome Is owned or rented. Indicate, by the useof a check mark,
that you ca>sider the home in question to be owned by the occupant
17. RENT (status) - The tercet "RNT" refer to the ownership status of the home in
question, Le whether or not the home isowned orrented. lndicate,bythe use ofa
check mark that you consider the home in question to be rented by theomrpant If
rented, then you must also consider the home to count as a business and enter the
name of the owner and other appropriate Information on the Initial Damage
Assessment -puniness Losses form.
18. MIN (damugea/uninhabitable).- The term'?AIN" is an abbreviation for' minor"
damage "Minor" damages, when considering housing damages, are defined as
physical damages which make thetmpadedhometminhabltableandhavedamages
of 10% orless, of the home's replacement cost or fair market value. "Min" damages
are those which will region nintaal repairs to doo3, windows, floors, utilities, etc,
to make the structure habitable again.
19. MAJ (damages/uninhabitable) - The term "MAJ" is an abbreviation for *coma
damage "MaW damages are defined as physical damages which make the
impacted structure or facility uninhabitable and have damages between 11 % and
74% of the home's replacement cost or fair market value A home with extensive
damages to its foundation roof and walls would Indicated ?.W" damages
20. DEST (damuges/uminhabitable) - The term "REST' is an abbreviation for "der
stroyed". "Destroyed" is defined to mean those home which have been made
uninhabitable as a result of the Incident and have damages in excess of 75%of their
replacement cost or fair market value If reconstruction or relocation are the only
options to restoring the home to its original use, then "DES " should be checked.
KN T: Consideroldermumufaeh red homes whichhavebeen flooded oroverturned
manufactured homes as being destroyed.
21. ISO.- "1S0" is an abbreviation for isolated % Even though the home may not have
sustained anyphysical damages, the structureb considered unusable if thehomels
no longer accessible or if thereb a lackof essential utilities such as elec ricity,water,
etc.
12. SEC (home) - The term 'SEC' Is an abbreviation for secondary home. If the
occupant lives in the home less than 50% of the year the home Is considered their 22. WATER LEVEL IN STRUCTURE -In the event that flood water entered the home,
secondary dwelling. Mks te, by a cheek mark If the damaged home in question is Indicate, In feet, the height of the water within the structure
a secondary dwelling unit for the occupant If unknown, check "PRI".
23. REPLACEMENT COST OR FAIR MARKS! VALUE s Obtain from the owner or
occupant, or estlmutefrom existing tax reconds, cr give your best estimate of the fair
market value or replacement cad of the damaged, destroyed or otherwise umtnlab-
liablehome, toInclude contents. However," does not include land value.
24. EST. DOLLAR LOSS - Obtain from the owner or occupant, or give your best
estimate, as to the estimated total dollar lose incurred as a result of the incident
Include contents
25. HO (insurance) -The term "HO" Is an abbreviation for homeowners Onsunmee)•
Indicate, to the best of your ability, whether or not the owner/occupant has
homeowner insurance coverage. Put a "check" it the column if the answer is yes.
Leave blank If the answer is m If unknown, leave blank.
26. NFIP (insurance) - Indicate, to the best of your ability, whether or not the owner/
occupant has flood insurance coverage Put s "dwW in the column If the answer
is yes Leave blank If the answeris no. If umdmown,leaveblar&
27. LOW (estimated income)- Based upon guidance received from the local tax office,
indicate, to thebest of your ability,whether the owner/occupant has a low,mmedium
orhigh average annual income. lndicate,by theuse of a check mark,yourpariimW
choice. In the absence of any guldanoq utilize the following table as a general guide
as to income levels:
Income (per year) Rank
less than S15,000 LO
$15,001- S50,000 MED
Greater than S50 M HI
28. MED (estimated income)- Based upon guidance readved foam the local tax office,
indicate, tothebestof your abflity,whethertheowner/ocanpanthas alow, medium
or high avenge annual income Indtcate,bytheuseof a che&nurk yourparti-Wu
choice. In the absence of guidance, utfllze the above table
29. HI (estimated income) - Based upon guidance received from the local tax office,
indicate, to thebest of yourability,whether the owner/oocrpant has a low,mediu m
or high average annual income. Indicate by the use of a check mark yourparticular
choice. In the absence of guidance,, utilize the above table
30. RT (probable assistance) - Leave this area blank. For State use only.
31. HR (probable assistance) - Leave this am blank For State use only.
M

1) COUNTY _
2) MUNCIPALITY
INITIAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT —BUSINESS LOSSES
(3) INCIDENT( (4) ASSESSMENT TEAM:
( ) FLOOD ( ) TORNADO
( ) HURRICANE
( ) OTHER
(5) INCIDENT PERIOD:
(6) DATE OF SURVEY:
(7) PAGE
OF
REF
NAME OF BUSINESS/
TENANT/
ESTIMATED
EMPLOYEES
REPLACEMENT COST OR
ESTIMATED
DOLLAR
% Unlns. Loan
I COL 17
IS:
NUMBER
COVERED
<40%
40.75%
3.75%
NO.
SITE LOCATION/
OWNER &
DAYS OUT OF
FAIR MARKET VALUE
DOLLAR
AMOUNT
Bus. Vacua
TELEPHONE NO.
TYPE BUS.
OPERATION
BY U.I.
LOSS
INSURANCE
I(`d ts)-(cal. tsy
(�
()
(.1)
COVERAGE
(ad.14)) x 100°G
MIN
lu.l
DEST
(8)
(9)
(10)
(11)
(12)
(13)
(14)
(15)
(16)
(17)
(18)
(19)
(20)
T
O
LAND: $
$
$
STRUCTURE:$
$
$
CONTENTS: $
$
$
T
LAND:;
;
S
O
STRUCTURE:;
;
S
CONTENTS: $
$
;
T
0
LAND: $
$
$
STRUCTURE:$
$
$
CONTENTS:$
$
;
NOT
LAND: $
$
$
STRUCTURE:$
$
$
CONTENTS: $
$
$
T
O
LAND: $
$
$
STRUCTURE:;
$
$
CONTENTS: $
$
$
T
O
LAND:;
$
$
STRUCTURE:$
$
$
CONTENTS:$
$
$
NOT
LAND: $
$
$
STRUCTURE:$
$
$
. ...
CONTENTS: $
$
$
SUBTOTALS.
$
Is
I$
IEV 9/90
9

A. General Information
COUNTY - The tern "COUNTY" refers to the name of the
county where the reported damages occurred. Information re-
ported on the Initial Damage Assessment - Business Losses form
is a composite of all such damages incurred within the stated
"COUNTY'.
2. MUNICIPALM - Indicate the name of the municipality where
these business or industrial losses were incurred.
INCIDENT: FLOOD (), TORNADO (), HURRICANE ( ),
OTHER ( ) - The term "INCIDENT" infers to the flood, tornado,
hurricane, fire, chemical spill, etc, which caused the need to file
this report in the fast place. Check the appropriate incident. If
"OTHER"is checked, specify the incident by name.
4. ASSESSMENT TEAM - Indicate the Iast name, first initial, of
those individuals responsible for obtaining the information con-
tained on the form.
5. INCIDENT PERIOD - The "INCIDENT PERIOD" refers to the
time span from when the the incidentoccurred to when there is no
longer a threat to people or their property. In the case of a
hurricane, flood, or even a fire, the 'INCIDENT PERIOD" may
encompass several days. In the case of a tornado, the "INCI-
DENT PERIOD" is usually only one day. However, there are
exceptions.
6. DATE OF SURVEY -The term "DATE OFSURVEY" refers to the
date the information being reported is assessed. This may or may
not be the date the incident occurred.
7.PAGE OF -Pages should be numbered in consecutive
order with the total number of pages indicated on each page, i.e.,
I of 5,2 of 5,3 of 5, etc.
B. Damage Assessment Information -Business Losses
8. REF. NO. -The term "REF. NO." is an abbreviation for "reference
number". Each affected business or industry are to be numbered
in consecu tive order for ease in identification, totallingbusinesses
and industries, etc
Instructions: Initial Damage Assessment -Business Losses
9. NAME OF BUSINESS/SITE LOCATION/ TELEPHONE
NUMBER - Indicate the name of the business or industry which
incurred physical damages as a result of theincident. If more than
one building or facility was affected per business or industry,
summarize and report damages on one line only. Also enter the
site location of the affected business or industry. For example, the
site location would include thestreet,route,road, industrial park,
etc, where the impacted structure is located. Also enter the
business telephone number.
10. TENANT/OWNER (circle choice) cis TYPE OF BUS. - Circle
whether the damaged structure and contents being assessed is
owned by the business occupant (circle O) or rented/leased by
the business occupant, and thus a tenant (circle T). IF THE
BUSINESS OCCUPANT IS A TENANT, ADD TO THE FORMA
SECOND BUSINESS FOR THE OWNER OF THE BUILDING.
Enter the kinds of products manufactured, stored, shipped, treated,
sold, etc., by the affected entity. If services are provided, indicate
the type of service, e.g., catering, landscaping, legal, financial, etc.
11. ESTIMATED DAYS OUT OF OPERATION - Estimate the
number of days the affected business or industry will be inoper-
able as a result of the incident.
12. NUMBER (EMPLOYEES) - Obtain from the owner or other
officials the numberof peopleemployed by thebusiness orindus-
try. If not readily available, give best estimate.
13. COVERED BY U.I. (EMPLOYEES) - Obtain from the employer
or appropriate officials the number of employees covered by Un-
employment Insurance. If the information is not readily avail-
able, give best estimate.
14. REPLACEMENT COST OR FAIR MARKET VALUE - Obtain
from the employer or other appropriate officials, orestimate from
tax records the total replacement cost OR fair market value of the
damaged business' land, structure and contents.
15. ESTIMATED DOLLAR LOSS - Obtain from the owner or other
appropriate officials the estimated total dollar loss incurred as a
result of the incidenL If the information is not readily available,
give a best estimate. Include losses to inventory, equipment,
furnishings, etc
10
16. DOLLAR AMOUNT INSURANCE COVERAGE -Obtain from
the owner or other appropriate officials theestimated total dollar
amount of insurance coverage. If unknown, enter "unk .
17. %u UNINS. LOSS BUS. VALUE - The "% UNINS. LOSS BUS.
VALUE" is an abbreviation for the percent uninsured loss to the
value of the business. This value consists of the relationship
between the business's total losses, its insurance coverage, and
the replacement cost OR total fair marketvalue of land, structure
and contents. The percentage is calculated by subtracting column
16 from column 15 and dividing that number by the dollar
estimate listed in column 14. The entire result is then multiplied
by 100%. For example, if the:
Estimated Dollar Loss = $325,000
Dollar Amount of Insurance Coverage = $100,000
Total Fair Market Value:
Land = $120,000
Structure = $675,000
Contents = $200,5W
Then, the % uninsured loss to the value of the business is:
I($325,000-$100,000)/($120,000+$675,000+$200,5W)1 x 100%=22.6%
If the insurance information required under column number 16,
"DOLLAR AMOUNT INSURANCE COVERAGE", is not known,
then do not attempt to calculate the percentage to be entered
under column 17. Simply, leave this column blank.
18. IF COL 17 IS: <40% MIN - If the percentage calculated and
entered under column number 17, "% UNINS. LASS BUS. VALUE",
is less than 40%, check'%W'. Column number 17 must have
been filled out in order to complete this entry. If column 17 is left
blank, also leave columns 18,19 and 20 blank.
19. IF COL 17 IS: 40%-75% MAJ - If the percentage calculated and
entered under cohunn number 17, "% UNINS. LASE BUS. VALUE",
is between 40% and 75% (inclusive), check "MAJ". Column
number 17 must be filled out in order to complete this entry. If
column 17 is left blank, also leave columns 18,19 and 20 blank.
20.1E COL 17 IS: >75%. DEST - If the percentage calculated and
entered under column nuns 17, "% UNINS. LOSS BUS. VALUE",
is greater than 75%, check "DEST". Column number 17 must '
have been filled out in order to complete this entry. If column 17
is left blank, also leave columns 18,19 and 20 blank

INITIAL DAMAGE ASSESSMENT —PUBLIC ASSISTANCE
DAMAGED ENTITY (3) POPULATION (7) INCIDENT (.r) (8) ADD-L INFO SOURCE (10) ASSESSMENT TEAM (11)INCIDENT PERIOD
(a) County Government (b) Municipality (4) ANNUAL OP BUDGET ( ) FLOOD
(c) Private Non-Protd (d) Indian Tribe (5) OUTSTANDING DEBTS ( ) ( ) HURRICANE (9) TELEPHONE NUMBER (12) DATE OF SURVEY
(Specly One) (6) NET BUDGET O TORNADO .
) COUNTY ( ) OTHER (131 PAGE OF
IEF
40.
:14)
NAME(LOCATION
(STREET, SR,
X-ROADS, ETC.)
(15)
DESCRIPTION
OF
DAMAGE
(16)
C A T E G O R
I E S (DOLLARS)
TOTAL
ESTIMATED
DAMAGES
(24)
DOLLAR
AMOUNT
INSURANCE
COVERAGE
(25)
TOTAL
ESTIMATED
UNINS.
LOSSES
(26)
COMMENTS
(NOTE ANY
IMPACTS
DUE TO LOSS)
(27)
A
DEBRIS
REMOVAL
(17)
B
PROTEC•
MEASURES
(18)
C
ROADS.
8RCOES
(19)
D
WATER
CONTROL
(20)
E
Bu)wa
E��'
(21)
F
PUSLc
UTILITIES
(22)
G
PARKS&
REM
ER
(23)
EM 40 TOTALS
REV. 9/90
129) TOTAL EST. UNIN �LOSS/POPULATION -
(29) TOTAL EST. UNINS. LOSS/NET BUDGET x 100 .
% IWACT ON BUDGET

Instructions: Initial Damage Assessment - Public Assistance
A. General Information
1. DAMAGED ENTITY -The term "DAMAGED INTITTIY" refes to the public entity
(rmdcipality, cumty government, private rroo-profit entity or Cherokee Indian
Nation) which owns the damaged property and/or Is responsible for its mainte-
nance or upkeep. Examples of various "DAMAGED ENTITIES"include: the City
of Lumberton, the Town o( Dixon or the Brmswick Electric Membership Corpora-
tion Each "DAMAGEDENITIY" must have& separate Initial Damage Assessment
- Public Assistance form on which to doaunent its damages.
2. COUNTY- Indicate thenameo(thecmmtywhereinthedamagedpropetyislocated
or where the incident -related expense was incurred.
3. POPUI A71ON - Enter the population of the affected jurisdiction. This is only
applicable if the)uuisdiction in question is a local government entity or the Cherokee
Indian Nation
4. ANNUAL OF BUDGET -The "ANNUAL OPERATING) BUDGET', as used here,
Is the cost of the "DAMAGED (public) ENTITY'S" normal operating expenses
(salaries, utilities, equipment maintenance, supplies etc.) to include nardes budg-
eted for capital projects.
S. OUTSTANDING DEBTS - The tam "OUTSTANDING DEBTS" refers to the
amount of monies allocated this fiscal year for servicing the "DAMAGED (public)
ENTTIY'S" outstanding debt It doe not refer to the "DAMAGED (public)
FNfl7Y'S" total debt.
6. NET BUDGET - The "NET BUDGET' is equal to the "ANNUAL OPERATING
BUDGET" minus any "OUTSTANDING DEBTS".
7. INCIDENT- This term refers to the tornado, hurricane, flood, fire, chemical spill,
etc, which caused the reed to file the Initial DaaageAssesment- Public Assistance
report in the first place Simply use a check mark to designate the type of incident.
If the incident was not a flood,hurricane or tornado and'OTHER" is checked, please
specify the "of incident.
S. ADD'LINFORMATION SOURCE - Indicate the name and)obtitle ofthe of ial(s)
contacted for fiscal, insurance, and damage information.
9. TELEPHONE NUMBER -Indicate the telephonenuunber(s) of those contacted and
listed above as "ADDITIONAL INIORMATION SDURCES".
10.ASSESSMENT TEAM - Indicate the last name, first initial, of those individuals
responsible for conducting this frdtid Damage Assamsend - PuNk Assistance report
and for reporting the damages as shown
11. INCWENTPERIOD-The "INCIDENT PERIOD" refers to the timespan from when
the incident occurred to when there is no longer a direst to people or their property.
In the case of a hurricane, flood, or even a f m the 'INCIDENT PERIOD' may
encoampasa several days. In the ass of a tornado, the 'INCIDENT PERIOD' is
usually only one day. However, there are exaeptiota.
IZ DATE OF SURVEY - Indicate the date this damage assessment was conducted.
13. PAGE_ OF - Pages should be numbered in consecutive order with the
total number of pages indicated on each page, Le, I of 4 2 of S, 3 of 5, etc
& Damage Assessment Information - Public Assistance
14. REF. NO.- The terns "REF. NO" ban abbreviation for reference number. Each
affected public property 1s to be be numbered in consecutive order for ease in
Identification, totalling sites, facilities, etc.,
IS.NAMIULOCATION(ST XLT SR,X ROAD,ETC.)-Givethenameofthedamaged
or destroyed facility as well as its site location For example XYZ Waste Water
Treatment Plant, 2.8 miles west of the Int of N.C. Hwy 55 and 210 on SR 2DI0.
16DFSCRIPTION OF DAMAGE - Describe the general damage incurred at the
particular site identified. However, each entryshould correspond to only onesingle
category of work. Do not combine categories of work. For example, if you are
documenting damages to a building, enter all damages to the building on one line.
A second entry for associated debris removal should be entered on a separate line.
The following are only examples and an serve as a general guide:
Category A - Emergency Debris Removal
"Wind generated building materials, trees and personal property on public prop,
erty," or "rock sand, trees, stumps, and other debris reducing waterway opening".
Category B - Emergency Protective Measures
'Search and rescue, traffic control and security: police and firemen regular and
overtime pay, temporary employees, eta,'or "temporary pumps for flooding'.
Category C- Road; Signs, Bridges
"Roadway surface washed out by floodwaters," or "pavement washed out and
failed,subgrade and ditchesaco rW or "flood damage toroad surface culvert and
ditches," or -bridge abutments undermined, wing walls and rip -rap washed out"
Category D- Water Control (Facilities)
"High water damaged levee", or "high velocity flow scoured material from behind
drainage or outlet structures".
Category E - Public Buildings and Equipment
"Floodwaters deposited debris throughout Interior of building', or "walls, floors,
telling, door, HVAC systems, wiring, plumbing, roofing, etc damaged.'
Category F- Public Utilities
'Sewer lines blocked with debris," or "electrical distribution system damaged"
Category G - Parks, Recreational Facilities, Other
"Floodwaters, high winds damaged/destroyed park grasslands," or "school
ballpark lights misaligned."
17. CATEGORY A - DEBRIS REMOVAL - Estimate, on a site by site basis, the total
dollar cost to remove debris and dispose of elsewhere Use $600 per cubic yard of
debris to estimate cost. Hint: Calculate the amount of debris an a cubic yardage, site
by site basis. The size of any one "site" is generally considered to be about all the
debris, along on e city block, which anild be brought to the right-of-way and hauled
away. Add all sites together and report on one line. Retain estimates for later use
I& CATEGORY B - PROTECTIVE MEASURES - Estimate the total dollar expenses
incurred for labor, equipment and materials used in responding to the incident
19. CATEGORY C- ROADS, SIGNS, BRIDGES- Estimate damages, in dollars, to the
damaged entity's road systems to include: pavement, aubgrade, ditches, culverts,
nabs, gutters, sidewalks, bridge abutments, wing walls, rip rap afgns, etc
20. CATEGORY D - WATER CONTROL- Estimate damages, in dollars, to any flood
control, drainage, and irrigation works including, but not If sited to: dikes, levees,
drainage chumelsi, drops, clheduy siphons, flumes, gablotp, and catch basins.
12
21. CATEGORY E-BLDGS do EQUIP- Estimate, In dollars, damages to any hospitals,
publiclibrarles, penal and publkweIIare ft6dWtko1n0. pubHteolleges and udversl-
des, police and firestatkm; publicofficebudldings and seaeatiaulbundings along
with related equipmen0 furnishings, consumable supplies, etc This Includes those • -
privately owned, not for profit, buildings and related equipment damaged or
destroyed as a result of the TncidenL
22. CATEGORY F - PUBLIC UTILITIES - Estimate, in dollars, damages Incurred by
municipal and emmty owned utilities to include dec43al distribution systems
(FlectriCitles), water and waste water treatment facilities sewage PAP stations,
wells, etc Also obtain estimates of damages Incurred by private non-profit rural
electric cooperatives, telephone companies, and other large private non-profit enti-
ties.
23. CATEGORY G - PARKS & REC. 6c OTHER - Estimate, in dollars, damages to
mtuddpal and county owned recreational area and quipment to Include tennis
courts,ball parks, recreational part, school stadiums (trot school buildings), awhn-
ming facilities, sower fields, etc
24. TOTALESTIMATED DAMAGES -Add together the amount of dollar damage or
expenses incurred on each line and enter that amount here.
25.DOLLAR AMOUNT INSURANCE COVERAGE - Request from the proper
officlal(s), the dollarinna"ce coveragefor any of the described damages Enter this
amount as indicated. If the amount of insurance coverage is unlanown, enter
unknown However, continue to try and obtain the "DOLLAR INSURANCE COW
ERAGE" and report the information as it becomes available.
26. TOTAL ESTIMATED UNINS. LOSS - The -TOTAL ESTIMATED UNINSURED
LASS" Ls calculated by subtracting the "DOLLAR INSURANCE OOVERAGE' from
the "TOTAL ESTIMATED DAMAGES'%
27. COMMENTS (NOTE ANY ADVERSE IMPACTS DUE TO LOSS) - Enter any in-
formation not heretofore disclosed, which would indicate severe impact to the
community, its people, the economy, etc,
28. TOTAL EST. UNINS. LOSS/POPULATION - S CAPITA - The Incident's
perapita impadis calculated byadding togetherall estima ted unirataed losses and
dividing by the population of the affected Jurisdiction. Example: A municipality of
6AW people suffered uninsured losses of S18,000 for debris removal, 54,000 for
building damages and $21AWfor recreational and water facility damages. The per
capita impact to the municipality is:
1518,000 + $4AW + S2100) / 6,000 people a 17.17 per person
29.TOTAL EST. UNINS. LOSSMET BUDGET x Iw% - % IMPACT ON
BUDGET - The % impact on an affected public entity's budget is calculated by
adding together all estimated uninsured losses, dividing by the net budget and
multiplying the entireresultby 100 percent. Example The total operatingbudget for
thepublice ntityb$5AW0=. Amount obligated for servicingdebts equals SMAD0.
The total estimated uninntred losses were as outlined under number 28 above or
S43AW. The percent impact on budget is;
1$43,000 / ($5AW,000 - $650,000)) x 100% - 0.99%

Disaster Application Center
Entrance Public
Women DAC Break
tRestroom Administration Day Care Area
. Building Exit
Greeters
Men Exit
lRestroom Inter iew
' Waiting Receptionist
Area
_Me`' `" ( IA eL I } k Medical
' l Amei ican Assistance
Storage (r� �!� �.5 J Red ross
Local
Government
Salvation
Army
' Re gistra ion Mitigation Social
ounseling Services
Community Agin
Action
' Staff SBA
Break Interfaith Counseling
Area Insu ance
Housing
Maps Assistance
mergency Tax Counseling
At Legal Assistance
Services
SBA
Application Counseling
Center VA ASCS FMHA ESC

DISASTER APPLICATION CENTER
TYPICAL, STATIONS
STATIONS
Greeters
Receptionist
Registration
Small Business
Administration
Flood Map Reader
Legal Services
Insurance
Employment Security
Commission
Division of Aging
Counseling
Tax Assistance
Agricultural Stabilization
Conservation Service
Farmers Home Administration
COMMENTS
Welcome, identify special needs (i.e. day
care, handicapped, interpreter,
counseling, etc.)
Name, insurance coverage, assign number,
appointments, etc.
Complete registration form used for
Temporary Housing, Individual and Family
Grant and Small Business Administration
Programs. Also, identifies other
programs the disaster victims need to see
at DAC.
Physical Loss Loans - Individuals
Physical Loss Loans - Businesses
Economic Injury Loans
Determine if property is located in flood
hazard area.
Consumer protection assistance from Young '
Lawyers of the NC Bar Association
Consumer protection assistance with '
insurance policies.
Assistance with Disaster Unemployment
payments and Job Services
Help . with making applications for
assistance.
,
Mental Health provides counseling for
those suffering emotional distress. May
'
operate special -programs for children,
schools, etc.
'
Representatives from NC Department of
Revenue and IRS to assist with casualty
loss.
'
Crop and Farm land assistance programs
including cost sharing grants, emergency
food, emergency livestock and technical
'
assistance.
Home repair loans and grants. I
Home loan purchase program

leterans Benefits
Housing
Veterans Affairs and Veterans
Administrations representatives assist
with benefit programs including home loan
adjustments.
Assistance NC Housing Finance Agency, Housing
Authority, Community Development Block
Grant and other local housing assistance
programs.
lalvation Army
imerican Red Cross
Social Services
nterfaith
�ommunity.Action Agencies
itigation
�ocal Gqvernments
Lit Interview
Vouchers for' food, clothing, shelter,
etc.
Food, clothing shelter, medical,
emergency cleaning kit, etc. Also
operates a Phase II home assistance
program.
Emergency assistance programs, Food
Stamps, Aid to Families with Dependent
Children, emergency housing, etc.
Coordinates' assistance from churches.
Assist with food, clothing, housing,
medical assistance, counseling, etc.
Non-profit community based organizations
that can assist with emergency food,
clothing, housing, medical and job
counseling assistance. May also operate
the low-income energy assistance program.
Assistance to property owners on
construction and repair techniques that
may reduce future disaster losses. Local
governments; state agencies and volunteer
groups may be asked to assist with this
effort.
Provide information on topics such as
public service restoration, debris
removal, building permits, utility
reconnection, mail service, etc.
Last stop to make sure applicants saw the
agencies from which they need
assistance. Collect registration forms
and help with additional questions.

FEOERAL EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT AGENCY
DISASTER ASSISTANCE REGISTRATION/APPLICATION
Sre Prluecy Act
on rrrvrrse
CONTROL NO.
rojil.a. No, J067.0009
D
i P o 8 n 1
1 I•:apky.June 30. 1987
A I APPLICANT INFORMATION
1. NAME OF APPLICANT (Last, Fir,(. All?
2, NAME OF SPOUSE/Co-APPIIC.nt (Last. Ylnt. Aft)
SSN
13.
APPLICANT
SPOUSE
�. GIVE A BRIEF SUMMARY OF HOW YOU WERE AFFECTED BY THE DISASTER
S. DATE OF LOSS
6. ADDRESS OF
DAMAGED PROPERTY
No. Oil. Street City State IZip
7. COUNTY
S. PRIMARY RESIDENCE
D NO, 90 to 9 D YES D Own/Rent Frea ❑ Rent ❑ House ❑ Mobile Home ❑ Apartment/Ouplew D Other
9. CURRENT MAILING
ADDRESS
No. I Dir. I St ... I City State ZIP
Some as above ❑
10. PHONE
NUMBERtsi
CURRENT PHONE
WORK PHONE ALTERNATE
PHONE
I 1
1
YES NO
It. Was Your BUSINESS damaged (fwcfudr. rental property you Dorn, but not tarns property!► .............. D Check D2, 9, 8 ❑
12.E Was your FARM damaged (indud.s trope, livestock, farm bidet., moehtnery, but not FARAt HOME)1.i sr'J 7+s g :':. � D Check D2, 7. 8 � • 1 0 ❑
13. Have you lost time at work or become UNEMPLOYED due to this disaster (includes Self-smployed)► , , , , . , ❑+ Check D5 ❑
14, Are your dltascer-related needs LIMITED to BUSINESS or FARM damage, or UNEMPLOYMENT? .. ..C3.STOp. Sic 1p 10 09. 11 ❑
-
15. 00 you have EMERGENCY need for CLOTHING, SHELTE R or FOOD7 .•••• , ❑ Check D3, A ❑
. .
IS. Oo you h.v. dlsatter related ❑ MEDICAL D DENTAL, or D FUNERAL EXPENSES? . . . . ........ . ❑ Chock D3. C141, tu;tr.••.D
17. Was your HOME or PERSONAL PROPERTY affected (Include. vehletrs)T .................. .. CAsek D2, 8
18. Do YOU need snv Mevlcvs related to Items O n • C)t • A
O
-/
NAMES OF ALL PERSONS LIVING IN
RELATION
TO HEAD
m
td
OEP,
continued.
O
I
HOME AT THE TIME Of DISASTER
OF
HOUSEHOLD
to
O
<
Y/N
us
HOH
O
0
2
P
20. Hssanyons listed above al/0 visited o DAC and applied for osshunce7 Vanse):
B I INSURANCE/HOUSING INFORMATION (Rcgistrar. Adults appikent on disaster housing assistance ❑)
1. DAMAGE OR LOSSES CAUSED BY:
D Flood ❑ D
2, INSURANCE
COVERAGE: 0 NO INSURANCE O Homeowners/Renters O Mobile Homs
Wind Other
❑ Rein D Firs
D FLOOD - Policy No. 6 Company
REGISTRAR: If damage is limited to wind, rain and/or fire end applicant has homeowners/mritars insurance, check 8121. skip to C
3. Have any of the following Items been SO SEVERELY affected that you and your family SHOULD NOT LIVE IN your primary residence?
D Foundation/Outrbs W.11/ D Roo/ ❑
Only Access IBrlogo/Ro.d)'
D Debris/Standing Water/Mud ❑ Utility D Furnace D
(Season) Other
❑ YES. chock B111 and continue D NO, continue
a. Have you roads any repair$ to the above Items at your own expense TO ENABLE YOU TO LIVE THERE?
0 YES,
. check B111 ❑ NO - If 03 and 04 above are NO, check 0131 below
APPLICATION 8111 D Temporary Housing APPI leatlon 8131 D No ADpilcatlon-insu Hleient Dimage/Ewpenas '
DECISION: B 8 121D No Ap Ilcation - Insurance
S. CURRENT LOCATION:
❑Ftionds/Family ❑Men Sheltor ❑Hot.!/Motel ❑Rentol Unit
S. PAID FOR BY:
OADplicant ❑R.d Cross❑Other
❑No Cost
C I INCOME INFORMATION (Registrar. Advise applicant on SBA and [PG progrorrts ❑)
1. DAMAGE ESTIMATE 3. INCOME TEST Wsok UMonth Y..r
Real Estate S a, Gross Income of Applicant . , . . , , , , . , . . ,
Personal Property b. Other gross Income (include sDoust i Income. Interest, dividends)
Other c- Total N ♦ b) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
d. SBA minimum cost of living amount for this size household. .
2. NUMBER OF DEPENDENTS IN HOUSE. It 3d Is LESS than 3c: If 3d Is GREATER then 3c:
HOLD INCLUDING APPLICANT: - Check CI I I below, Issue SBA Application - Chock 01 and go to Section E
APPLICATION CI11 ❑ SBA ADDIIcation Isuued, C131 D SRA Decline Issued- This IS an IFO Application for Housing. Personal Property
DECISION C and Tronsportation
' Ct21 ❑ SBA Appltcation Refused Ct41 ❑ MEDICAL DENTAL FUNERAL EX►ENSES•Thb IS on IFO Application
D REFERRALS (Initial in btank rpoee.)
❑ 1. Summary Decision (SBA) ❑ 6. Busin.ss Loans (SBA) ❑ 11. Legal Services 016. Aging Services
02. Map Read« ❑ 7. Agricultural Aid 012. SOCIA Security - ❑f?.
❑3. American Rod Cross ❑ S. Taw Assistance 013,Voterons S-kn Ole.
04. Vol. Agency ❑ 9. Local Officials ❑/a, Food Stamps 019.
_
❑S. Unsmpt. Assistance 010. Insurance Services 01S.Consumer Svc- 020. Exit Interview
COMMENTS:
E CERTIFICATION
REGISTRAR: Ask APPLICANT to,.ed the CE RTIF ICATION/AUTHORIZATION on the,-.,$. side and SIGN below,
APPLICANT: 1 have r.ad of h.d r.ed to -send understand the Certllic.tlon on the reverse of this form. ❑
I. SIGNATURE OF,APPLICANT
2. DATE
3. OAC No.
O. NAME OF REGISTRAR (Prinf)
5. Loed Registrar (Init.)
F I FLOOD HAZARD DETERMINATION (Thlt srelion Ire be completed by map reader)
I. COMMUNITY -PANEL NO. 2. MAP DATE 3- ZONES Ozpr.:,n Ozpn.v Doth«
O Not t.1s eel ON. Map OF loodw.y
.
DIRECTION TO DAMAGED PROPERTY (Nesrert Cross street and other location aids (sketch map 1/neeeuaryl)
FEMA Fnrm ort_co
- --------- roan yu rz, see no wntcrt ARE DOSOLETE.

Declaration Process
Incident
;a's�3:
y.:ta3yKiiYL:y�
Governor's Request
f "'" t>
FEMA Evaluation
c.k%^
President's Declaration
The Damage Survey Report (DSR)
Process
APPLICANT BRIEFING
Notice Of Interest
DSR PREPARATION
Site -by -Site
DSR REVIEW
AND APPROVAL
At DFO
DFO MEETING WITH
APPLICANTS AGENTS
Review/Apply
1
SMALL PROJECTS
100% FUNDED
(less than $40,000)
! PROJECT CLOSEOUT
Rev. 7.24.92
LARGE PROJECTS
REIMBURSED AS COMPLETED
(greater than $40.000)
FINAL INSPECTION/AUDIT
VOUCHER ANALYSES
PROJECT CLOSEOUT
N"'I3Z 7/h V4A,\.
North Carolina
Public Assistance
Program
Prepared By:
N.C. Division of
Emergency Management
116 W. Jones St.
Raleigh, NC 27603-1335

This brochure is designed to familiarize
State and Local Governments with the Public As-
sistance Program.
The Public Assistance Program Is:
A reimbursement grant program which
provides funding on a percentage basis to eligible
applicants who have suffered damages as a result
of a Presidentially -declared disaster under the
Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency
Act, PL 93-288, as amended, and whose damages
are within an area authorized for Public
Assistance.
Funding under this program is limited to
repairing / restoring damaged items / facilities
to their predisaster condition and will only be
provided once all other means of funding have
been exhausted.
Eligible Applicants Include:
-State and Local Governments
-Private Non -Profit Organizations:
*Educational Facilities
*Utilities
*Emergency Facilities
*Medical Facilities
*Custodial Care Facilities
*Other Facilities providing essential
governmental services to the general
public.
-Indian Tribes
To be eligible for Financial Assistance,
the damage in question must be:
*the result of the declared event:
*within the designated disaster area;
*the responsibility of the applicant;
*ineligible for other Federal Assistance
Programs
Eligible costs include:
*Salary and wages, including fringe
benefits;
*Materials and equipment;
*Contact work and equipment rental;
*Insurance reduction.
Categories of Work.
*A:
Debris
*B:
Protective Measures
*C:
Roads and Bridges
*D:
Water Control Facilities
*E:
Public Buildings and Equipment
*F:
Public Utilities
*G:
Park, Recreation, Miscellenous
Time Restraints
Because of the application process for each
category of work, time limitations will apply.
Damage Surveys (DSRs) P_ 60b" 1-
Damage Surveys are conducted by an
inspection team. This team includes: Federal,
State and Applicant inspectors. The inspectors
prepare a Damage Survey Report (DSR) for each
site which identifies the eligible scope of work and
prepares a quantitative estimate for the eligible
work.
The Role of Local Government 9 d' `'Ja -
in DSR Operations t-l'L
G 01 dor "
*Prepare a list of work performed and facilities
damaged. -
*Mark the location of each damage site on a
city/county map.
* Ensure that a knowledgeable person of all
damage is available to accompany the survey
team.
* Be prepared to give the survey team a
detailed cost breakdown of personnnel,
equipment and materials for all completed
work.
_ 1<
Documentation
Begin documentation as soon as you
begin responding to the emergency. Do not
wait until you have been instructed to begin
documentation or until a major disaster has
been declared. If you wait, you may lose
reimbursement which you would have
received.
If you have any questions, contact
the N.C. Division of Emergency Management,
116 W. Jones St., Raleigh, NC 27603-1335.

M NC";M STATE EOC 910 r 33 7554 (MON Oa, i 3' Al09:33 :-" T. 09 :32/ NO. 3360263-010 P. I
Appendix 8
FACSIMILE TRANSMITTAL HEADER
' EMERGENCY
MANAGEMENT
NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF EMERGENCY MANAGEMENT
I N.C. DEPT. OF CHIME CONTROLANQ PUBLIC SAFETY
Operations Number .......................... 919-733-7554
Tralning Number ................................ 919-733-6327
Pians/NFIP Number .......................... 919-7%"796
Other................................................
NAME: .. , re a i ny R NAME: T_ _' a A r- nd4-
AGENCY: _ K ; 11 .N.v , O AGENCY: �L_ r-_ r4
FAX NO: (q I CO qLH - '110 2- M -
TE: 4 TIME: -3p NUMBER OF PAGES (including header) 2
' Remarks/Special Instructions:
I. Pe -re- A re-
n
. 0,r K ►11
l�ev�� u`,11s. �o1`ow�,�g ►s i
,and n ea res-r
� otA hAde. add ��-%0`1 Cues any
y
G ras6
Or
add;_�4C," Cg j Tease give me q
calf a-- CV) 7.33 ^ 36�3-
need

FROM NCEM STATE EOC 919 733 7554
(MON) 0A, 18' 94 09:34
/ST, 09:32/ NO, 3360263-610
F, 2'
FACNAME
STREETNAME
NEARESTX
ADMIN BLDG (FIRE POLICE PLAN FIRE TAX)
CROATAN HWY
US HWY 158
'
'MINISTRATION OFFICE KDH
TOWN HALL DR
Us HWY 158
"AUM CENTER
MUSTIAN ST
US HWY 158
BAUM OCEAN OUTFALL
BAUM ST
VIRGINIA DARE
T I
BICKETT STREET SOUND OUTFALL
HAYMAN BLVD & BAY DR
HAYMAN DR
CAROLINA TEL SUBSTATION
ASHEVILLE DR
VIRGINIA DARE
T
COLLINGTON BOOSTER STATION
OCEAN BLVD
TOWN HALL RD
DARE COUNTY LIBRARY KDH
MUSTIAN ST
MEADOWLARK
'
DESALINATION WATER PLANT
MUSTIAN ST
MEADOWLARK
ELEVATED WATER TANK KDH
CROATAN HWY
US HWY 158
ELEVATED WATER TANK KDH
8TH ST
CROATAN HWY
'
FERRIS WHEEL DAY CARE
1ST ST
PRINCESS ANNE
FIRST FLIGHT AIRPORT
CROATAN HWY
US HWY 158
FIRST FLIGHT ELEMENTARY
VETERANS DR
US HWY 158
'
FIRST FLIGHT ELEMENTARY MULTI -PURPOSE RM
VETERANS DR
US HWY 158
FIRST FLIGHT MIDDLE SCHOOL
VETERANS DR
US HWY 158
FIRST FLIGHT MIDDLE SCHOOL CAFETERIA
VETERANS DR
US'HWY 158
FIRST FLIGHT MIDDLE SCHOOL GYMNASIUM
VETERANS DR
US HWY 158
FLEET MAINTENANCE KDH
OCEAN BAY BLVD
US HWY 158
GROUND WATER TANK
MUSTIAN ST
MEADOWLARK
GROUND WATER TANK KDH
CROATAN HIGHWAY
US HWY 158
,
KILL DEVIL HILLS EOC
TOWN HALL DR
US HWY 158
KILL DEVIL HILLS FIRE STATION
CROATAN HWY
US HWY 158
KILL DEVIL HILLS POLICE DEPARTMENT
CROATAN HWY
US HWY 158
,
LAKE DRIVE OCEAN OUTFALL NC DOT
LAKE DR
VIRGINIA DARE
T
MARTIN/ATLANTIC OUTFALL
ATLANTIC ST
VIRGINIA DARE
T
' HIGHWAY DRAINAGE DITCH
1ST ST
US HWY 158
..•: POWER SUBSTATION COLLINGTON
VETERANS DR
US HWY 158
'
NORTH OF 3RD STREET OVERWASH
VIRGINIA DARE TR
VIRGINIA DARE
OUTER BANKS BEACH CLUB WASTE WATER TREAT
OCEAN BAY BLVD
COLLINGTON RD
OUTER BANKS CABLEVISION TOWER
VIRGINIA DARE TR'
MEMORIAL DR
'
PUBLIC WORKS ADMINISTRATION KDH
OCEAN BAY BLVD
US HWY 158
SAN DIST #1 WASTE WATER TREATMENT PLANT
OLD NAGS HEAD WOODS RD
NAGSHEAD WOODS
SOUND OVERWASH
BAYVIEW DR & INDIAN/CANAL
DR CANAL DRIVE
'
US POST OFFICE KDH
VIRGINIA-DARE TR
US HWY 158
US POST OFFICE. OUTER BANKS TRADING POST
VIRGINIA DARE TR
BAUM ST
WATER ADMINISTRATION KDH
TOWN HALL DR
US HWY 158
WRIGHT BROTHERS AIRPORT
CROATAN HWY
COLLINGTON RD
WRIGHT BROTHERS MAINTENANCE
CROATAN HWY
CROATAN HWY
WRIGHT BROTHERS MEMORIAL
CROATAN HWY
US HWY 158
WRIGHT BROTHERS MUSEUM
CROATAN HWY
US HWY 158
,

0
k
I
0
I
Appendix 9:
Storm Hazard
Mitigation and Post
Disaster Recovery and
Reconstruction —
Issues and Policy
Positions,
Town of Kill Devil Hills

Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Recovery Your Opinion Please...
and Reconstruction —Issues and Policv Positions Strongly Agree Disagree Strongly Comments, Questions, and Suggestions
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Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Recovery Your Opinion Please...
SAo�pp Agree Disagree nicon�giy Comments, Questions, and Suggestions
and Reconstruction —Issues and Policv Positions
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1
Appendix 10:
Stormwater
Management
Requirements,
Town of Kill Devil Hills

Appendix 10
ARTICLE VII. GENERAL PROVISIONS
Sec. 21•7.1. Stormwater manngement.
(A) The purpose of this chapter is to:
(1) Mitigate damage to property caused by flooding;
(2) Reduce existing and future maintenance of and capital expenditures for stormwater
drainage systems;
(3) Cooperate in the coordination of related goals expressed by state and federal regula-
tions and that require certain actions with regard to, but not limited to, stormwater
management, soil erosion and sedimentation control and flood plain management and
Supp. No. 6
1304

ZONING § 21-7.1 '
(4) Guide growth in an orderly manner consistent with the Kill Devil Hills Land Use
'
Plan.
(B) For all development, other than one- or two-family dwellings, there shall be provided
a comprehensive plan for the proper drainage of all surface water to systems on and off the
'
property in question. The design criteria as stated in the following paragraphs or that as may
be specified by state or federal agencies, whichever is the most restrictive, will be used. Every
reasonable effort will be made to retain a maximum of the runoff on site to the extent feasible
'
and practical. The Stormwater Management Plan shall be certified by a North Carolina
registered professional engineer for compliance to requirements of this section.
'
(C) All surface water drainage into the site being developed or generated on said site must
be accommodated in accordance with these guidelines. All surface water drainage leaving the
site shall be channelled to points of approved discharge, including but not limited to, a natural
,
or man-made watercourse, a lake, pond, ditch, stormwater drainage system or other appro-
priate and approved points of discharge.
'
(D) No surface water shall be channelled or directed into a sanitary sewer or septic tank
system. Distances between open ditches and septic tank systems must be specified on the plans
and approved by the Dare County Sanitarian. This approval must be obtained by the developer
'
prior to approval of the drainage system by the town of Kill Devil Hills.
(E) For management and control of stormwater runoff, techniques such as, but not limited
to, retention, detention, and infiltration systems will be used.
'
(F) The drainage design criteria for open and closed drainage systems shall generally
conform to these guidelines, and the most recent editions of the Handbook of Design for
'
Highway Surface Drainage Structures prepared by the NC DOT, the American Society of Civil
Engineers Manual of Engineering Practice No. 37, and Urban Hydrology for Small Water-
sheds (Technical Release No. 55) prepared by the Soil Conservation Service.
'
(G) Development plans shall show the flow direction of stormwater on and off the prop-
erty; size, slope, invert, and rim elevations of system components and ditch cross sections in ,
the vicinity of the development and/or to a distance as is necessary to evaluate the impact of
runoff to existing surface water drainage systems. '
(H) Drainage calculation, drainage area maps, flood routing calculations, infiltration
calculations, storm sewer back water curve calculations, and other information that may be
required, from time to time, shall accompany or be a part of site plans submitted. '
(I) Estimated runoff calculations may be computed by the Rational Method (Q=CIA) (see
below) or the Soil Conservation Service method in Technical Release No. 55, (SCS TR-56) ,
"Urban Hydrology for Small Watersheds" or other approved methodologies. Sizing of struc-
tures will be based on the Manning Equation. Culverts shall be evaluated for inlet and outlet
control as necessary. '
(1) Q means flow in cubic feet per second.
(2) C means runoff coefficient. '
Supp. No. 6 1304.1 1

ZONING § 21-7.2
' runoff hydrograph shall be computed using the tabular method as defined in the most recent
edition of SCS TR-55 or other accepted engineering analysis.
' (L) All underground storm sewers, open drainage ways, and related strictures shall be
constructed to the applicable provisions of the most recent edition of Roadway Standard Draw-
ings and Standard Specifications for Road and Structures produced by the North Carolina
Department of Transportation.
(M During the construction, preparation, arrangement and installation of improvements
' and facilities in developments, the developer shall maintain each stream, creek, ditch, or
channel contiguous to or located within the subdivision in a unobstructed state and shall
remove from such watercourses and the banks of the watercourses all debris, logs, timber, and
' other accumulations that would, in time of flood, clog or dam the passage of waters in their
downstream course. Installation of appropriately sized conduit, culverts, bridges or other
required structures shall not be constructed in a way which will obstruct the flow of drainage.
' (N Responsibility for maintenance. During the development of a site, the person con-
ducting the land -disturbing activity shall install and maintain all temporary and permanent
' erosion and sedimentation control measures as required by the approved plan or any provision
of this chapter, the Act, or any order adopted pursuant to this chapter or the Act. After site
development, the land owner or person in possession or control of the land shall install and/or
maintain all necessary permanent erosion and sediment control measures, except those mea-
sures installed within a road or street right-of-way or easement accepted for maintenance by
a governmental agency.
' (0) Additional measures. Whenever the town determines that significant sedimentation
is occurring as a result of land -disturbing activity, despite application and maintenance of
protective practices, the person conducting the land -disturbing activity will be required to and
' shall take additional protective action.
(P) In all cases, including one- and two-family dwellings, the developer shall be required
' to provide culvert pipes, and swales.
(Ord. No. 91-08, 11-18-91)
' Sec. 21.7.2. Soil erosion and sedimentation control
(A) Purpose. The purpose of this section is to:
' '1) Regulate certain land -disturbing activity to control accelerated erosion and sedimen-
tation in order to prevent the pollution of water and other damage to lakes, water-
courses, and other public and private property by sedimentation.
' (2) Establish procedures through which these purposes can be fulfilled.
' (B) Scope and exclusions. This section shall apply to land -disturbing activities undertaken
by any person, with the following exclusions:
(1) Those undertaken on agricultural land for the production of plants and animals
useful to man, including, but not limited to, forage and sod crops, grain and feed crops,
I
Supp. No. 4 1305

§ 21-7.2 KILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE ;#
tobacco, cotton and peanuts, dairy animals and dairy products, poultry and poultry '
products, livestock, including beef cattle, sheep, swine, horses, ponies, mules or goats,
including the breeding and grazing of any or all such animals, bees and apiary ,
products, fur animals;
(2)
Those undertaken on forestland for the production and harvesting of timber and
timber products and which are conducted in accordance with Forest Practice Guide-
'
lines Related to Water Quality (best management practices) as adopted by the De-
partment. If land -disturbing activity undertaken on forestland for the production and
harvesting of timber and timber products is not conducted in accordance with Forest
'
Practice Guidelines Related to Water Quality, the provisions of this chapter shall
apply to such activity and any related land -disturbing activity on the tract; and
'
(3)
Activity undertaken by persons as defined in G.S. 113A-52 (8) who are otherwise
regulated by the provisions of The Mining Act of 1971, G.S. 74-46 through G.S. 74-68;
and
'
(4)
Land -disturbing activity over which the state has exclusive regulatory jurisdiction as
provided in G.S. 113A 56(a).
'
(C)
General requirements.
(1)
Plan required. No person shall initiate any land -disturbing activity which uncovers
more than one-half contiguous acre without having an erosion control plan approved
by the town.
(2)
Protection of property. Persons conducting land -disturbing activity shall take all rea-
sonable measures to protect all public and private property from damage caused by
such activity.
,
(3)
More restrictive rules shall apply. Whenever conflicts exist between federal, state, or
local laws, ordinances, or rules, the more restrictive provision shall apply.
'
(D)
Basic control objectives. An erosion and sedimentation control plan may be disap-
J P Y
proved pursuant to subsection (o) if the plan fails to address the following control objectives:
,
(1)
Identify critical areas. On -site areas which are subject to severe erosion, and offsite
areas which are especially vulnerable to damage from erosion and/or sedimentation,
are to be identified and receive special attention.
,
(2)
Limit time of exposure. All land -disturbing activity is to be planned and conducted to
limit exposure to the shortest feasible time.
,
(3)
Limit exposed areas. All land -disturbing activity is to be planned and conducted to
minimize the size of the area to be exposed at any one time.
(4)
Control surface water. Surface water runoff originating upgrade of exposed areas
'
should be controlled to reduce erosion and sediment loss during the period of expo-
sure.
Supp. No.
4 1306
'

' ZONING § 21-7.2
(5) Control sedimentation. All land -disturbing activity is to be planned and conducted so
as to prevent off -site sedimentation damage.
' (6) Manage stormwater runoff. When the increase in the velocity of stormwater runoff
resulting from a land -disturbing activity is sufficient to cause accelerated erosion of
the receiving watercourse, plans are to include measures to control the velocity at the
point of discharge so as to minimize accelerated erosion of the site and increased
sedimentation of the stream.
' (E) Mandatory standards for land -disturbing activity. No land -disturbing activity subject
to the control of this section shall be undertaken except in accordance with the following
mandatory standards:
' (1) Buffer zone.
.:(a) No land -disturbing activity during periods of construction or improvement to
' land shall be permitted in proximity to a lake or natural watercourse unless a
buffer zone is provided along the margin of the watercourse of sufficient width to
confine visible siltation within the twenty-five (25) percent of the buffer zone
nearest the land -disturbing activity. Waters that have been classified as trout
waters by the Environmental Management Commission shall have an undis-
turbed buffer zone twenty-five (25) feet wide or of sufficient width to confine
' visible siltation within the twenty-five (25) percent of the buffer zone nearest the
land -disturbing activity, whichever is greater. Provided, however, that the town
may approve plans which include land -disturbing activity along trout waters
when the duration of said disturbance would be temporary and the extent of the
disturbance would be minimal. This subsection shall not apply to a land -disturbing
' activity in connection with the construction of facilities to be located on, over, or
under a lake or natural watercourse.
(b) The twenty -five-foot minimum width for an undisturbed buffer zone adjacent to
' designated trout waters shall be measured horizontally from the top of the bank.
(c) Where a temporary and minimal disturbance is permitted as an exception by
subsection (E) (1) (a) of this section, land -disturbing activities in the buffer zone
' adjacent to designated trout waters shall be limited to a maximum of ten (10)
percent of the total length of the buffer zone within the tract to be distributed
such that there is not more than one hundred (100) linear feet of disturbance in
' each one thousand (1,000) linear feet of buffer zone. Larger areas may be dis-
turbed with the written approval of the planning director.
(d) No land -disturbing activity shall be undertaken within a buffer zone adjacent to
' designated trout waters that will cause adverse temperature fluctuations, as set
forth in 15 NCAC 2B.0211 "Fresh Surface Water Classification and Standards,"
' in these waters.
(2) Graded slopes and fills. The angle for graded slopes and fills shall be no greater than
the angle which can be retained by vegetative cover or other adequate erosion, control
devices or structures. In any event, slopes left exposed shall, within thirty (30) working
I
Supp. No. 4 1307

§ 21-7.2 HILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
days of completion of any phase of grading, be planted or otherwise provided with
ground cover, devices, or structures sufficient to restrain erosion.
(3) Ground cover. Whenever land -disturbing activity is undertaken on a tract comprising
more than one-half acre, if more than one-half contiguous acre is uncovered, the
person conducting the land -disturbing activity shall install such sedimentation and
erosion control devices and practices as are sufficient to retain the sediment gener-
ated by the land -disturbing activity within the boundaries of the tract during con-
struction upon and development of said tract, and shall plant or otherwise provide a
permanent ground cover sufficient to restrain erosion after completion of construction
or development. Except as provided in subsection (F) (2) (e) of this section, provisions
for a ground cover sufficient to restrain erosion must be accomplished within thirty
(30) working days or one hundred twenty (120) calendar days following completion,
whichever period is shorter.
(4) Prior plan approval. No person shall initiate any land -disturbing activity if more than
one-half contiguous acre is to be uncovered unless, thirty (30) or more days prior to
initiating the activity, an erosion and sedimentation control plan for such activity is
filed with and approved by the town.
(F) Design and performance standards.
(1) Except as provided in section (F) (2) (b) of this section erosion and sedimentation
control measures, structures, and -devices shall be so planned, designed, and con-
structed as to provide protection from the calculated maximum peak rate of runoff
from the ten-year storm. Runoffrates shall be calculated using the procedures in the
USDA, Soil Conservation Service's "National Engineering Field Manual for Conser-
vation Practices," or other acceptable calculation procedures.
(2) In high quality water (HQW) zones the following design standards shall apply:
(a) Uncovered areas in high quality water (HQW) zones shall be limited at any time
to a maximum total area within the boundaries of the tract of twenty (20) acres.
Only the portion of the land -disturbing activity within a HQW zone shall be
governed by this section. Larger areas may be uncovered within the boundaries
of the tract with the written approval of the planning director.
(b) Erosion and sedimentation control measures, structures, and devices within HQW
zones shall be so planned, designed, and constructed to provide protection from
the calculated maximum peak rate of runoff of the twenty -five-year storm which
produces the maximum peak rate of runoff as calculated according to procedures
in the United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service's "Na-
tional Engineering Field Manual for Conservation Practices," or according to
procedures adopted by any other agency of this state or the United States or any
generally recognized organization or association.
(c) Sediment basins within HQW zones shall be designed and constructed such that
the basin will have a settling efficiency of at least seventy (70) percent for the
forty (40) micron (0.04 mm) size soil particle transported into the basin by the
Supp. No. 4 1308

J
P
n
ZONING
§ 21-7.2
runoff of that two-year storm which produces the maximum peak rate of runoff as
calculated according to procedures in the United States Department of Agricul-
ture Soil Conservation Services "National Engineering Field Manual for Con-
servation Practices" or according to procedures adopted by any other agency of
this state or the United States or any generally recognized organization or asso-
ciation.
(d) Newly constructed open channels in HQW zones shall be designed and con-
structed with side slopes no steeper than two (2) horizontal to one (1) vertical if a
vegetative cover is used for stabilization unless soil conditions permit a steeper
slope or where the slopes are stabilized by using mechanical devices, structural
devices or other acceptable ditch liners. In any event, the angle for side slopes
shall be sufficient to restrain accelerated erosion.
(e) Ground cover sufficient to restrain erosion must be provided for any portion of a
' land -disturbing activity in a HQW zone within fifteen (15) working days or sixty
(60) calendar days following completion of construction or development, which-
ever period is shorter.
' (G) Stormwater outlet protection.
(1) Persons shall conduct land -disturbing activity so that the post construction velocity of
' the ten-year storm runoff in the receiving watercourse to the discharge point does not
exceed the greater of -
(a) The velocity established by the table in paragraph (4) of this section; or
(b) The velocity of the ten-year storm runoff in the receiving watercourse prior to
development.
' If conditions (a) or (b) of this paragraph cannot be met, then the receiving watercourse
to and including the discharge point shall be designed and constructed to withstand
' the expected velocity anywhere the velocity exceeds the "prior to development" ve-
locity by ten (10) percent.
' (2) Acceptable management measures. Measures applied alone or in combination to sat-
isfy the intent of this section are acceptable if there are no objectionable secondary
consequences. The commission recognizes that the management of stormwater runoff
' to minimize or control downstream channel and bank erosion is a developing tech-
nology. Innovative techniques and ideas will be considered and may be used when
shown to have the potential to produce successful results. Some alternatives are to:
' (a) Avoid increases in surface runoff volume and velocity by including measures to
promote infiltration to compensate for increased runoff from areas rendered im-
pervious;
(b) Avoid increases in stormwater discharge velocities by using vegetated or rough-
ened swales and waterways in lieu of closed drains and high velocity paved
' sections;
I
Supp. No. 4 1309

§ 21-7.2 HILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
(c) Provide energy dissipators at outlets of storm drainage facilities to reduce flow
velocities at the point of discharge. These may range from simple rip -rapped
sections to complex structures;
(d) Protect watercourses subject to accelerated erosion by improving cross sections
and/or providing erosion -resistant lining.
(3) Exceptions. This rule shall not apply where it can be demonstrated that stormwater
discharge velocities will not create an erosion problem in the receiving watercourse.
(4) The fallowing is a table for maximum permissible velocity for storm water discharges:
Maximum permissible
velocities
Material
F.P.S. M.P.S.
Fine sand (noncolloidal)
2.5 .8
Sandy loam (noncolloidal)
2.5 .8
Silt loam (noncolloidal)
3.0 .9
Ordinary firm loam
3.5 1.1
Fine gravel
5.0 1.5
Stiff clay (very colloidal)
5.0 1.5
Graded, loam to cobbles (noncolloidal)
5.0 1.5
Graded, silt to cobbles (colloidal)
5.5 1.7
Alluvial silts (noncolloidal)
3.5 1.1
Alluvial silts (colloidal)
5.0 1.5
Coarse gravel (noncolloidal)
6.0 1.8
Cobbles and shingles
5.5 1.7
Shales and hard pans
6.0 1.8
Source —Adapted from recommendations by Special Committee on Irrigation Re-
search, American Society of Civil Engineers, 1926,
for channels with straight align-
ment. For sinuous channels, multiply allowable velocity by 0.95 for slightly sinuous,
by 0.9 for moderately sinuous channels, and by 0.8 for highly sinuous channels.
(Id) Borrow and waste areas. When the person conducting the land -disturbing activity is
also the person conducting the borrow or waste disposal activity, areas from which borrow is
obtained and which are not regulated by the provisions of the Mining Act of 1971, and waste
areas for surplus materials other than landfills regulated by the department's division of solid
waste management shall be considered as part of the land -disturbing activity where the
borrow material is being used or from which the waste material originated. When the person
conducting the land -disturbing activity is not the person obtaining the borrow and/or disposing
of the waste, these areas shall be considered a separate land -disturbing activity.
(I) Access and haul roads. Temporary access and haul roads, other than public roads,
constructed or used in connection with any land -disturbing activity shall be considered a part
of such activity.
(J) Operations in lakes or natural watercourses. Land -disturbing activity in connection
with construction in, on, over, or under a lake or natural watercourse shall be planned and
I
r
Supp. No. 4 1310 '
C

ZONING § 21-7.2
conducted in such a manner as to minimize the extent and duration of disturbance of the
stream channel. The relocation of a stream, where relocation is an essential part of the
' proposed activity, shall be planned and executed so as to minimize changes in the stream flow
of characteristics, except when justification for significant alteration to flow characteristic is
provided.
(I) Responsibility for maintenance. During the development of a site, the person con-
ducting the land -disturbing activity shall install and maintain all temporary and permanent
erosion and sedimentation control measures as required by the approved plan or any provision
' of this section, the Act, or any order adopted pursuant to this section or the Act. After site
development, the land owner or person in possession or control of the land shall install and/or
maintain all necessary permanent erosion and sediment control measures, except those mea-
sures installed within a road or street right-of-way or easement accepted for maintenance by
a governmental agency.
' (L) Additional measures. Whenever the town determines that significant sedimentation
is occurring as a result of land -disturbing activity, despite application and maintenance of
protective practices, the person conducting the land -disturbing activity will be required to and
shall take additional protective action.
(M) Existing uncovered areas.
' (1) All uncovered areas existing on the effective date of this chapter which resulted from
land -disturbing activity, exceeding one-half contiguous acre, are subject to continued
accelerated erosion, and are causing off -site damage from sedimentation, shall be.
' provided with a ground cover or other protective measures, structures, or devices
sufficient to restrain accelerated erosion and control off site sedimentation.
(2) The town will serve upon the landowner or other person in possession or control of the .
land a written notice of violation by certified mail, return receipt requested, or other
means reasonably calculated to give actual notice. The notice will set forth the mea-
sures needed to comply and will state the time within which such measures must be
' completed. In determining the measures required and the time allowed for compli-
ance, the authority serving notice shall take into consideration the economic feasi-
bility, technology, and quantity of work required, and shall set reasonable and at-
tainable time limits of compliance.
(3) The town reserves the right to require preparation and approval of an erosion control
' plan in any instance where extensive control measures are required.
(4) This rule shall not require ground cover on cleared land forming the future basin of
a planned reservoir.
(N Permits.
(1) No person shall undertake any land -disturbing activity subject to this chapter without
first obtaining a permit from the town except that no permit shall be required for any
land -disturbing activity:
' (a) For the purpose of fighting fires;
I
Supp. No. 4 1311

§ 21-7.2 KILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
M For the stock piling of raw or processed sand, stone, or gravel in material pro-
cessing plants and storage yards, provided that sediment control measures have
been utilized to protect against off -site damage; or
(c) That does not exceed five thousand five hundred (5,500) square feet in surface
area disturbed. In determining the area, contiguous lands under one (1) or diverse
ownership being developed as a unit will be aggregated.
(NOTE: THIS EXCLUSION FROM PERMITS SHOULD ALLOW LAND -DISTURBING AC-
TIVITIES FOR CONSTRUCTION OF A SINGLE FAMILY RESIDENCE ON A SINGLE LOT,
BUT MAY NOT EXCEED ONE-HALF ACRE.)
(2) The town may establish a fee if considered necessary.
(0) Erosion and sedimentation control plans.
(1) An erosion control plan shall be prepared for all land -disturbing activities subject to
this chapter whenever the proposed activity is to be undertaken on a tract comprising
more than one-half acre, if more than one-half contiguous acre is to be uncovered. The
plan shall be filed with the town and the Dare County Soil and Water Conservation
District, at least thirty (30) days prior to the commencement of the proposed activity.
(2) Persons conducting land -disturbing activity which uncovers one-half or more contig-
uous acres shall file one (1) copy of the erosion control plan with the town at least
thirty (30) days prior to beginning such activity and shall keep another copy of the
plan on file at the job site. After approving the plan, if the town either upon review
of such plan or on inspection of the job site, determines that a significant risk of
accelerated erosion or off -site sedimentation exists, the town will require a revised
plan. Pending the preparation of the revised plan, work shall cease or shall continue
under conditions outlined by the appropriate authority.
(3) Erosion control plans may be disapproved unless accompanied by an authorized state-
ment of financial responsibility and ownership. This statement (see Appendix C) shall
be signed by the person financially responsible for the land -disturbing activity or his
attorney in fact. The statement shall include the mailing and street addresses of the
principal place of business of the person financially responsible and of the owner of
theland or their registered agents. If the person financially responsible is not a
resident of North Carolina, a North Carolina agent must be designated in the state-
ment for the purpose of receiving notice of compliance or noncompliance with the
plan, the Act, this chapter, or rules or orders adopted or issued pursuant to this
chapter.
(4) The Dare County Soil and Water Conservation District within twenty (20) days of
receipt of any plan, or within such additional time as may be prescribed by the town,
shall review such plan and submit its comments and recommendations to the town.
Failure of the soil and water conservation district to submit its comments and rec-
ommendations within twenty (20) days or within the prescribed additional time will
not delay final action of the plan.
0
1
Supp. No. 4 1312 '
1

ZONING § 21-7.2
' (5) The Kill Devil Hills Department of Planning and Development will review each
complete plan submitted to them and within thirty (30) days of receipt thereof will
' notify the person submitting the plan that it has been approved, approved with
modifications, approved with performance reservations, or disapproved. Failure to
approve or disapprove a complete erosion and sedimentation control plan within
' thirty (30) days of receipt shall be deemed approval. Denial of a plan will specifically
state in writing the reasons for denial. The town must approve or deny a revised plan
within fifteen (15) days of receipt, or it is deemed to be approved. If, following com-
mencement of a land -disturbing activity pursuant to an approved plan, the town
determines that the plan is inadequate to meet the requirements of this section, the
town may require such revisions as are necessary to comply with this section.
' (6) Any plan submitted for a land -disturbing activity for which an environmental docu.
ment is required by the North Carolina Environmental Policy Act (G.S. 113A-1 et
' seq.) shall be deemed incomplete until a complete environmental document is avail-
able for review. The town shall promptly notify the person submitting the plan that
the thirty -day time limit for review of the plan pursuant to subsection (0) (5) of this
' section shall not begin until a complete environmental document is available for
review.
(7) The plan required by this section shall contain architectural and engineering draw-
' ings, maps, assumptions, calculations, and narrative statements as needed to ade-
quately describe the proposed development of the tract and the measures planned to
t comply with the requirements of this section. Plan content may vary to meet the
needs of specific site requirements. Detailed guidelines for plan preparation may be
obtained from the town on request.
' (8) An erosion control plan may be disapproved upon a finding that an applicant, or any
parent or subsidiary corporation if the applicant is a corporation:
' (a) Is conducting or has conducted land -disturbing activity without an approved
plan, or has received notice of violation of a plan previously approved by the
commission or a local government pursuant to the Act and has not complied with
' the notice within -the time specified in the notice;
(b) Has failed to pay a civil penalty assessed pursuant to the Act or a local ordinance
adopted pursuant to the Act which is due and for which no appeal is pending;
' (c) Has been convicted of a misdemeanor pursuant to G.S.113A-64(b) or any criminal
provision of a local ordinance adopted pursuant to the Act; or
(d) Has failed to substantially comply with state rules or local ordinances and reg-
ulations adopted pursuant to the Act.
For purposes of subsection (8), above, an applicant's record may be considered for only
' the two (2) years prior to the application date.
(9) Applications for amendment of an erosion control plan in written and/or graphic form
may be made at any time under the same conditions as the original application. Until
' such time as the amendment is approved by the town, the land -disturbing activity
Supp. No. 4 1313

§ 21-7.2 KILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE '
shall not proceed except in accordance with the erosion control plan as originally
approved. '
(10) Any person engaged in land -disturbing activity who fails to file a plan in accordance
with this section, or who conducts a land -disturbing activity except in accordance with '
provisions of an approved plan shall be deemed in violation of this section.
(P) Appeals.
(1) Except as provided in subsection (P) (2) of this section the appeal of a disapproval or '
approval with modifications of a plan shall be governed by the following provisions:
(a) The disapproval or modification of any proposed erosion control plan by the town ,
shall entitle the person submitting the plan to a public hearing if such person
submits written demand for a hearing within fifteen (15) days after receipt of a '
written notice of disapproval or modifications.
(b) Hearings held pursuant to this section shall be conducted by the planning board
within twenty (20) days after the date of the appeal or request for a hearing. '
(c) The planning board shall make recommendations to the board within ten (10)
days after the date of the hearing on any erosion control plan.
(d) The board of commissioners will render its final decision on any erosion control '
plan upon which a hearing is requested within ten (10) days of receipt of the
recommendations from the planning board.
(e) If the board of commissioners upholds the disapproval or modification of a pro- '
posed soil erosion and sedimentation control plan following the hearing, the
applicant shall then be entitled to appeal that decision to the North Carolina
Sedimentation Control Commission as provided in section 113A-61(c) of the Gen- ,
eral Statutes and Title 15 NCAC 4B.0018(b).
(2) In the event that an erosion control plan is disapproved pursuant to subsection (0) (8)
of this section, the town shall notify. the director of the division of land resources of
'
such disapproval within ten (10) days. The town shall advise the applicant and the
director in writing as to the specific reasons that the plan was disapproved. The
applicant may appeal the town disapproval of the plan pursuant to subsection (0) (8)
'
of this section directly to the commission.
(Q) Inspections and investigations.
,
(1) Agents, officials, or other qualified persons authorized by the town will periodically
inspect the sites of land -disturbing activity to determine compliance with the Act, this
,
section, or rules or orders adopted or issued pursuant to this section, and to determine
whether the activity is being conducted in accordance with an approved plan and
whether the measures required in the plan are effective in controlling erosion and
'
sediment resulting from land -disturbing activity. Notice of the right to inspect shall
be included in the notification of plan approval.
(2) If, through inspection, it is determined that a person engaged in land -disturbing
'
activity has failed to comply with the Act, this section, or riles, or orders adopted or
'
Supp. No. 4 1314

IZONING § 21-7.2
' issued pursuant to this section, or has failed to comply with an approved plan, a notice
of violation shall be served upon that person by registered or certified mail or other
' means reasonably calculated to give actual notice. The notice shall set forth the
measures necessary to achieve compliance with the plan, specify a reasonable time
period within which such measures must be completed, and warn that failure to
' correct the violation within the time period will result in the assessment of a civil
penalty or other enforcement action. However, no time period for compliance need be
given for failure to submit an erosion control plan for approval or for obstructing,
' hampering or interfering with an authorized representative while in the process of
carrying out his official duties. If the person engaged in land -disturbing activity fails
to comply within the time specified, enforcement action shall be initiated.
' (3) The town shall have the power to conduct such investigation as it may reasonably
deem necessary to carry out its duties as prescribed in this section, and for this
' purpose to enter at reasonable times upon any property, public or private, for the
purpose of investigating and inspecting the sites of any land -disturbing activity. No
person shall refuse entry or access to any authorized representative or agent of the
' town who requests entry for purposes of inspection, and who presents appropriate
credentials, nor shall any person obstruct, hamper, or interfere with any such repre-
sentative while in the process of carrying out his official duties.
(4) The town shall also have the power to require written statements, or the filing of
reports under oath, with respect to pertinent questions relating to land -disturbing
' activity.
(R) Penalties.
' (1) Civil penalties.
(a) Any person who violates any of the provisions of this section, or rules or orders
adopted or issued pursuant to this section, or who initiates or continues a land -
disturbing activity for which an erosion control plan is required except in accor-
dance with the terms, conditions, and provisions of an approved plan, shall be
' subject to a civil penalty of not more than five hundred dollars ($500.00), except
that the penalty for failure to submit an erosion control plan shall be as provided
in subdivision c. of this subsection. No penalty shall be assessed until the person
' alleged to be in violation has been notified of the violation by registered or
certified mail, return receipt requested, or other means reasonably calculated to
give actual notice. The notice shall describe the violation with reasonable par-
ticularity, specify a reasonable time period within which the violation must be
corrected, and warn that failure to correct the violation within the time period
will result in the assessment of a civil penalty or other enforcement action.
' However, no time period for compliance need be given for failure to submit an
erosion control plan for approval or for obstructing, hampering or interfering
with an authorized representative while in the process of carrying out his official
' duties. Each day of continuing violation shall constitute a separate violation.
I
Supp. No. 4 1315

§ 21-7.2 KILL DEVIL HILLS TOWN CODE
(b) The board of commissioners shall determine the amount of the civil penalty to be
assessed under this subsection and shall make written demand for payment upon
the person in violation, and shall set forth in detail a description of the violation
for which the penalty has been imposed. In determining the amount of the pen-
alty the governing body shall consider the degree and extent of harm caused by
the violation and the cost of rectifying the damage. Notice of the assessment shall
be by registered or certified mail or other means reasonably calculated to give
actual notice. If payment is not received or equitable settlement reached with
thirty (30) days after demand for payment is made the matter shall be referred to
the town attorney for institution of a civil action in the name of the town in the
appropriate division of the General Courts of Justice for recovery of the penalty.
(c) Any person who fails to submit an erosion control plan for approval as required
by this section shall be subject to a single, noncontinuing civil penalty of not more
than one thousand dollars ($1,000.00). Any person who is subject to a civil penalty
under this subsection may be subject to additional civil penalties for violation of
any other provision of this section, or rules or orders adopted or issued pursuant
to this section.
(d) Civil penalties collected pursuant to this chapter shall be used or disbursed as
directed by G.S. 113A-64(a).
(2) Criminal penalties. Any person who knowingly or willfully violates any provision of
this section, or rule or order adopted or issued pursuant to this section, or who know-
ingly or willfully initiates or continues a land -disturbing activity for which an erosion
control plan is required except in accordance with the terms, conditions, and provi-
sions of an approved plan, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor punishable by imprison-
ment not to exceed ninety (90) days, or by a fine not to exceed five thousand dollars
($5,000.00), or by both, in the discretion of the court under GS 113A-64(b).
(S) Injunctive 1-elief.
(1) Whenever the governing body has reasonable cause to believe that any person is
violating or threatening to violate this section or any rule or order adopted or issued
pursuant to this section, or any term, condition, or provision of an approved erosion
control plan, it may, either before or after the institution of any other action or
proceeding authorized by this section, institute a civil action in the name of the town
for injunctive relief to restrain the violation or threatened violation. The action shall
be brought in the Superior Court of Dare County.
(2) Upon determination by a court that an alleged violation is occurring or is threatened,
it shall enter such orders or judgments as are necessary to abate the violation or to
prevent the threatened violation. The institution of an action for injunctive relief
under this section shall not relieve any party to such proceedings from any civil or
criminal penalty prescribed for violation of this section.
(T) Severability. If any subsection or subsections of this section is,;are held to be invalid or
unenforceable, all other subsections shall nevertheless continue in full force and effect.
Supp. No. 4 1316

ZONING § 21-7.3
(U) Effective date.
' November 18, 1991.
(t) Revisions. The town shall incorporate revisions required by the commission within
' eight (8) months following receipt of the required revisions. If standards and provisions of this
section currently meet or exceed the required revisions the commission shall be so notified
within ninety (90) days of their receipt.
(Ord. No. 91-08, 11-18-91)

U
Appendix 11:
Citizens Guide To
Lessening Storm
Vulnerability
F

Appendix 11
CITIZENS GUIDE TO LESSENING
STORM VULNERABILITY
Stormproofing Techniques
The most practical stormproofing measures a property owner can institute
' to an existing structure are installation of storm shutters or plywood cut to
fit over windows and doors in the event of a hurricane warning. This
'improvement protects the integrity of the "building envelope" from flying
debris common in high winds. Other measures include affixing roof rafter
tie -down devices to top plates of framing members, increased nailing size
' and schedule for siding and roofing (particularly around perimeter and
seams) and elevating structures above flood waters. Updating homeowners
and flood insurance policies (flood damage is not covered by homeowners
insurance) on an annual basis is another practical measure property owners
can undertake.
The following pages provide additional information on lessening storm
' vulnerability.
7
u

1
.. HURRICANE WIND
HOME SELF INSPECTION
Will your house stand up to the forces of a catastrophic hurricane (strong Category 3 or
greater)? Here is a check list that can help you make your home more resistant to
hurricane force winds. To answer some of these questions may require you to get up
into your attic crawl space with a flashlight. You may feel more comfortable with an
experienced engineer or contractor inspecting your home.
Whatever choice you make, take some time to do this well before the storm strikes.
ROOF DESIGN
* Low pitched roofs are more vulnerable than steeper roofs because the some factors
that make an airplane fly can help lift this roof type off the house.
* Is your roof pitched less than 30 degrees from horizontal? _yes _no
* Hip roofs seem to reflect winds better than gable designs. Is your roof hipped?
_yes _no
* Gables of masonry construction seem to perform better. If your roof is gabled, are
the gabled ends of masonry construction? _yes no"
* If your roof is gabled, are there braces behind the trusses at both ends, holding them
in place? __yes _no
* If your roof is gabled, are the ends of the trusses along the outside walls attached to
the tops of the wall at all points with metal hurricane straps? _yes no
DID YOU KNOW?
* Steep roofs often experience structural failure at the ridges or gable ends where the
wind's suction forces are high. Lower or gradually sloped roofs receive damage at roof
corners.
ROOF BRACING
Are the roof trusses braced independently; that is, are their braces that connect the
trusses together rather than the roof sheathing connecting the trusses together?
_yes _no

Mpi--_ON CONTINUOUS PATH
CNN C1CgC
M
This connection system shovl+s an exainp a"of a h
continuous Ioad transfer' path IA''r two-stor-y: ,�; .�
house. This illustratioh does not 8hoµi
engineered system, and different SinipscSft'tt`.
products finny be used in similaHonnectioiis:?';1}, i
Consult a qualified designer to ensure that j". ;'
correct quantities, fasteners and installation
methods are used to aclueve the full deGi^;i'.'`:`: , i
load values. `j;'
;y,°V
CORROSION RESISTANTi:ii`'
CONNECTORS "
Coastal regions tend to be corrosive in nature because'ti`�.:
of the salt content in the air. As metal corrodes, the
i
structural integrity of the part is reduced. Special.'?i
precautions should be taken to limit the amount of
corrosion of metal parts exposed to this environment,' l
Selected Simpson Strong -Tie connectors are availale r j
in additional corrosion resistant coating options:
Z-MAXT" triple zinc coating, HDG hot -dipped i; ;?
galvanized and SST300 stainless steel.
Z-MAX, the best value -for -money corrosion resistant
coating, provides three times the zinc of our standard':
galvanized products and meets ASTM requirements
for G185 galvanizing and all Simpson's published load
specifications listed for the product. If you are building'7'
in a coastal or highly corrosive area, consult, local
Simpson Strong -Tie representative for details on
Z-MAX products and specifications.
I IDG products are hot -dipped galvanized after fabrics- t
tion. I IDG provides excellent corrosion resistance in `
salt air for heavy gauge steel products. "sating weight,.
increases with material thickness.
SST300 connectors are manufactured from type 316';,.'- i
stainless steel and supplied with type 316 stainless . .
steel nails. In Simpson s product line, SST300
connectors provide the highest corrosion resistance
in salt air.
-ument provided by:
,,TT "gj SIMPSON STRONG TIE?COMPANY, INC.
The World's "No Cquar• Timbcr Connector Company.
1450 Doolittle Drive, San Leandro, CA 94577
© Phone:[phone]
s and trtianufactLid np, in
Distributed by:

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4.3 GLAZING AND TRANS PA1ZENT STRUCTURAL OPENINGS
• In areas of grealesl exposure to win(Iborne projecliles, consideration
should be given (o the use of in -place shutters or emergency protection
devices (Fi(;;URLiS 88-91), increase(1 use of shatter -resistant transparent
material, a reduction in the use of glazing, and improved adherence to
adeduate attachment procedures.
• The specifications for windows and glass doors should be stated such that the
design crilcria for wind loading arc (lie same as (hose For the structure itself.
FtCURC 88. Prcfahrirated slnrm ,clnrll( rs.
92 I, 13()II.nIN(t Pimr7oRMAN(T II'N I- TFAM Rn-ott r

ROOF SURFACE
' What kind of surface covers your roof?
* Asphalt or composite shingles - This common roof covering may start tearing off when
winds reach 60 mph. Sometimes failure occurs due to installation damage (i.e. small
tears left by staple guns or misplaced nails not allowing the next shingle layer to lay flat)
' * Clay tiles - This roof covering is good by apt to shatter if hit by flying debris. Loose
tiles can become projectiles and damage others.
* Concrete flat tiles - This roof covering also does well if it was well bonded to the
mortar on the roof. Tiles that become loose can also become projectiles.
* Gravel - This roof performs well if properly maintained, however, gravel can become
projectiles in extreme conditions. They should be recoated with asphalt and gravel
periodically.
SUB ROOFING MATERIAL
Is your subroof material plywood sheathing? _yes no
ROOFING CONNECTIONS
Is the roofing material nailed or stapled? _nailed _stapled
Do the nails or staples actually connect the sheathing to the roof trusses? _des no
Do hurricane straps or clips anchor the roof to the walls? es no
P P �'
' WIND TURBINES
Wind turbines on roofs can be dangerous if not capped and secured during severe winds.
If you have one of these on your roof can the turbine be removed, and can the opening
be capped? _yes no
'WINDOWS AND DOORS
* Properly installed hurricane shutters or boards keep the winds out of the house, which
in turn, places less uplift pressure on the roof. Do you have hurricane shutters installed
' on your windows or plan to board up your windows? _yes _no
If you answered "no" to many of these questions, you should either: consider leaving
' your home and finding a safer place to stay when hurricane force winds are forecasted to
reach 130 mph or greater.
AND ;
Strengthen your home to survive these winds. Consult a qualified contractor or P.E. for
further information.

n
I
I1.
I� H U R R 1.• C A N E S
EMERGENCYINFORMATTON
1.' The 75-160 mile per hour winds of a hurricane can extend
1 inland for hundreds of miles. Hurricanes cari spawn tornadoes,
which add to the destructiveness of the storm. Floods and flash
floods generated by torrential rains also cause damage and loss
i
of life. Following a hurricane, inland streams and rivers can
flood and trigger landslides.
i -
Z. When a hurricane watch is issued, the best response is to
protect your property by boarding up windows, bringing in
outside items and being prdpared to evacuate fire area as soon
as officials so advise.
i
3. Even more dangerous than lie high winds of a hurricane is
the storm surge - a dome of ocean water that can be 20 feet high
At its peak and 50 to 100 miles wide. The surge can devastate
coastal communities as it sweeps ashore. Nine out of ten liurri-
cane fatalities are attributable to tie storm surge.
C
1!
C
I'�' ` 5•ISltmes'
IS•JOtlmts
over JO times
?� *OCttrrtnCtl of destroclion
over a 50•yar period
r
Areas in the Uniled Slates vulnerable to hurricanes include the Allonlic and Gulf coasts from
' Texas to Maine,.lhe lerrilories in the Caribbean and Iropical areas of the weslem Podfic,
t, indudinq liawau.
A hurricane is a tropical storm
with winds that have reached a
constant speed of 74 miles per
hoar or more. Hurricane winds
blow in a large spiral around a
relatively calm center known as
the "eye." The "eye" is gener-
ally 20 to 30 miles wide, and the
stout may spread outward 400
miles. As a hurricane ap-
proaches, the skies will begin to
darken and winds will grow in
velocity. Asa hurricane nears
land, it brings severe rains, wind
and storm surges. August and
September are peak,months
during a hurricane season, which
generally lasts from June Ahrough
Its

�- and Stale
Local American Red Crass Chapler
• Local Emergency Management Office
Q • Slate Emergency Management Office
0
Z Federal and National
C2 • American Red Crass (111(u rington, D.C.)
• federal Emergency Management Agency (FWcrsl►ingion, D.C.)
• National 11urTiCane Censer (Ali(rnd, FL)
• National Weather Service (Rockville. AID)
Z• National Occanic and Atmospheric Administration
ICI (Rockville, AID)
BACHCHOUNDERSAAND
, CT SHEETS
• Earlliquakes
'
• Floods and Flash Flood s
• Thunderstorms and Lightning,
'
• Tornadoes
• Winter Slorms
• Disaster Supplies Kit
D I D Y 0
U K N O
W.__ .
I
• On the average, ten Ironical
detected in
• A single hurricane can last for
•. The Galveslon, Texas hurricane
in 1900 is
'
slonns are the North
more than two weeks over open
Ilre largest natural
Allantic each year. Of these, six
waters and can nip a path across
disaster in United Slates history.
may grow into hurricane propor-
the entire length of (he eastern
This hurricane took 6,000 lives.
'
lion, of which two are likely to
seaboard.
I lurricane I Lugo in 1989 was (he
strike the coast of the United
most costly hurricane, claiming
,
Slales.
• In the Western Pacific, hum-
$9.2 billion in direct losses and
canes are referred to as "ly-
26 lives.
,
• I iurricarte winds in the norlhern
phoons" and in the Indian Ocean
hemisphere circulate inn coon-
lhey are called "Ironical cy-
,
lerclockwise motion around lire
clones." These storms have
hurricane's center or "eye,"
caused catastrophic loss of life
'
while hurricane winds in the
in the Philippines, Bangladesh
southem hemisphere move
and elsewhere and are signifi-
'
clockwise.
candy stronger than the hurri-
canes in the United States. ,h
'
s FAQ
s Federal Emergency Managemej Agency

11),11'edetal
Emergency Management Agency
1HURR1 CAN ES
Hurricanes can be dangerous killers. Learning the hurricane warning messages and planning ahead
'can reduce chances of injury or major property danrige.
Plan an evacuation route.
Contact the local emergency
management office and ask for the community hunricane pre-
paredness plan. This plan
' should include information on
the safest evacuation routes and
nearby shelters.
Learn safe routes inland.
Be ready to drive 20 to 50 miles
inland to locate a safe place.
Have emergency supplies on hand.
• Flashlight and extra bnneries
• Portable battery -operated radio
and extra batteries
• First aid kit and manual
• Emergency food and water
• Portable can opener
• Essential medicines
- Cash and credit cards
• Sturdy shoes
Make arrangements for pets.
Pets may not be allowed into
emergency shelters for health
and space reasons. Contact your
local humane society for infor-
mation on local animal shelters.
I
i
Protect your windows.
Pennanent shutters are the best
protection. A lower -cost
approach is to put up plywood
panels. Use 1/2" plywood —
marine plywood is best —cut to
Fit each window. Remember to
ntnik which board fits which
window. Pre -drill holes every
18" for screws.
Trim back dead or weak
branches from trees.
Know file difference. between
a "hurricane watch" and a
"hurricane warning." (See
1lru-ric•ane 111(rtches acid
Warnings.)
Check into flood insurance. You
can find out about file National
Flood Insurance Program
through your local insurance
agent or emergency manage-
ment office.
There is nonnally a five-day
waiting period before a new
policy becomes effective.
A hurricane watch is issued when !here
is a Ihreal of hurricane tondilions within
24.36 hours. A hurricone warning is '
issued when hurricane conditions (winds
of 14 miles per hour or greater, or
dangerously high water and rough seas)
are expelled in 24 hours or less.
I
i
C:7 DURING A HURRICANE WATCH
■ Listen to the radio or televi-
sion for hurricane progress
reports.
A
■ Check emergency supplies.
■ Fuel car.
n firing in outdoor objects such
tislawn furniture, toys and garden
tools, and anchor objects that
cannot be brought inside.
I
■ Begin shuttering or boarding
up windows.
■ Turn refrigerator and freezer
Ito coldest settings. Open only
when absolutely necessary and
close quickly.
■ Review evacuation plan.
in Moor boat securely or move
it to a designated safe place.,11se
rope or chain to secure boat to
0

C' DURING A HURRICANE WARNING
■ Listen constantly to the radio "
�+ or television for official ills( ruc-
I r� (ions. Make sure you have a
.A
battery -operated radio, in case
power goes out.
■ Secure buildings by closing
r and boarding up windows.
i Remove outside antennas.
■ if in n mobile honie, check
lie -clowns and evacuate immedi-
ately.
■ Store valuables and personal
papers in a waterproof container
on the highest level of your
Home.
■ Avoid elevators.
If of home
■ Stay inside, away froni win-
(lows, skylights an(I glass doors.
■ Store (Irinking water in clean
bathtubs, jugs, hottles and -
cooking utensils.
■ Keep a supply of flashlights
and extra batteries homely. Avoid
open flames, such as candles and
kerosene lamps, as n source of
light.
When Ilia slorm center passes
directly overhead, there is usually a
lull that can Iasi a few minutes to
more Ilion holf-an-(tour. this calm is
not a sign Ilia[ Ilia hurricane is over,
but is most likely Ilia center or "eye"
o1 the storm. In fact, Ilia most intense
pail of a hurricane comes just before
and just after Ilia eye has passed
Through an area.
I
■ if power is lost, [till) off major
appliances to reduce power
"surge" when electricity is
restored.
if officials indicate evacuation is
necessary
■ Leave as soon as possible.
Avoid flooded roads and watch
for wnshe(I out bridges.
■ Secure you home by unplug-
ging applianccs and turning off
electricity and the main water
valve.
x Tell someone outside of the
storm area where you are going.
X 11'6111e pernrits, elevate furni-
ture to protect it from flooding.
(heck the gas, electrical mid wafer lines
for darnage. Wear heavy shoes and
work gloves as proteclion against debris
and broken glass.
Open windows and leave Ilia building if
you smell gas. Raped gas leakage to Ilia
aulliorifies.
(heck ulilily lines and appliances for
dainage. If electrical wiring appears
damnged, turn off the current at Ilia
main metal box.
If you suspect sewage lines are
damaged, avoid using Ilia loilel and
tall a pluniber.
If water pipes ara damaged, contact the
wafer company and do not use water
from Ilia lop. Oblain emergency water
from flat water Ionks, toilet larks (not
bowls) and nielled ica tubes.
Do not strut oil utilities unless
instruded to do so by local
officials, or unless you are in
imminent danger from sorneliring
like an obvious gas leak. Remem-
ber flint your gas supply must be
■ Bring pre -assembled enter-
gency supplies and warm
protective clothing.
N Take blankets and sleeping
bags to shelter.
■ Lock up home and leave.
Stay tuned to local radio for
information.
Return home only after an "all
clear" is issued by authorities.
■ Avoid loose or dangling
power lines and report them
inimediately to the power
company, police or fire depart-
ment.
■ Enter home with cnution.
■ Beware of snakes, insects or
animals driven to higher
groun(i by flood water.
■ Open windows and (loor:s to
ventilate an(I dry home.
■ Check refrigerate(I foods lor-
spoilage.
Drive only if absolutely
necessary and avoid flooded
roads and washed out bridges.
Following a major hurricane, it may
lake several weeks to restore services
and clear roads and several months to
remove all Ilia debris from neighbor-
hoods. Be patient and cooperale with
instructions and requests from
nuthorifies
FI
C

��_�T�� ��
�,J'� •�
��i,, I =11111111
�ATT,i�
Walk Or Drive Cautiously
Debris -filled streets are dangerous
Snakes and poisonous insects ma
This materialisprovidedatapublic
'' "`
•
I -
...
beahazard.Washoutsmavweakei
road and bridge structures whirl
purpose
service. its is to increase
J
could collapse under vehicl.
cane awarenescThe key toswvivaUs'
''" 1 ancesettlements and/or taxdeduc.
there is no electricity, gas pumps
den tools, toys and orb er loose
In an inside room away from doors
Be prepared to offer assistance to
weight
advance prewratfon
lions for losses. Inventory check•
won't work.
objects can be deadly missiles.
and windows. Don't go out in the
shelter workers if necessary, and
Guard Against Spoiled Food
-!BEFORE a
{ lists can be obtained from your
;!•'t insurance representative. Don't
Canned Goods and Nod -Perishable
Anchor securelytr bring indoors
I brief calm duringpazsageofthetye
-" ..i of the storm. The lull sometimes
stress to all family member their
obligations to keep the shelter clean
..
. ' :,I Food may spoil ifrefrigeratorpowe
'HURRICANE-7
rdescriptions-pods
trust your memory. List
Protect Windows And Other Clan
••'r'.;J ends suddenly as winds return from
and sanitary.
.•t is off more than a few hours. Freez
s
•. , i and take pictures. Store theseardother
impauntinsurancepapersinwar,.
Store packaged foods which can be
pritmredwithoutcookingandneed
Board up or shutter large windows
securely. Tape exposed glass to
..; _.�• i the opposite direction. Winds can
increase in seconds to 75 mph or
• •
Don l Travel Farther Than NKes•
;; J ers will keep food several days i
'ti doors are not opened after powe
T
proof containers or in your safety
no refrigeration. There may be no
reduce shattering. Draw drapes
d
nary
s, J failure but do not refreeze foot
`•
deposit box.
electricity or gas.
across windows and doors to pro.
Protect Property
Roads may be lammed. Don't let
^' once it begins to thaw.
Elevation Of Your Home Above
What Your Insurance Will Cover
Containers For Drinking Water
tectagainstflyingglassifshattering
does occur,
J Without taking any unnecessary
your stranded auto become your
, coffin
Do Not Use Water Until Safe
Sea Level
Get this in/ormation from local
? Review your insurance policies and
�: to avoid misunder-
Have clean, air -tight containers to
store sufficient drinking water for
Move Boats On Trailers Close To •
= I risks, protect your property from
:..:.!
damage. Temporary repairs can
,
• "
Lock Windows And Doors
>�. * : Use your emergency supply or boi
?';'- water before drinking
g until ofricia
Emergency Management officials,
your coverage
standing later. Take advantage of
several days. The local water supply
Howe
.,•
reduce your losses.
Turn off gas, water, electricity..
c : ', word that the water is safe. Repor
Your nearest Weather Service
office can Supply flood -stage data
flood insurance. Separate policies
are needed for protection against
could be interrupted or eontami-
rated•
fill boats with -+ter to weigh them
down. Lash secs elY ro sailer and
Stay Away From Windows And
- Check to see that you have done
everything ro protect property
•''' broken sewer or water mains is
; ,:. ; proper authorities.
for area streams and waterways
Find out if your home is subject to
:'. wind and Good damage, which
frequentlydon't realize until
•
Materials For Protecting Class
use tie -downs to anchor trailer to
the ground or house
Class Doors
Move furniture away from exposed
from damage and loss.
. •
'-.Take Extra Precautions To Preven
storm surge ltidan flooding
people
too late.
Openings
Have shutters or lumber for pro
Check Mooring ling Of Boats In •
:door and windows
'. ^ :
Cary Along Survival Supplies
•First Aid Kit
Fire
;lowered water pressure in city arc
Maximum Storm Surge Which
tecting large windows and doors
Water, Then Leave Them
Keep A Continuous Communica•
• Canned or dried provisions, cantown
water mainsand rheintenup
Might Occur
WHENs WATCHand
masking tape for•use on small
Store Valuables and Personal
tions Watch
opener, spoons, etc.
lion of otherservices may make fun
Information about the potential for
•
windows,
Papers
Keep radio or television tuned for
i
a Bottled water
righting extremely difficult after
inland flooding and storm surge is
available through your local Emer•
Materials For Emergency Repairs
Put irreplaceable documents in
- - information from official sources.
,: ; ;. i Unexpected changes can some-
• Extra family medication, pre-
srrptions
-.•1.; , ,I hurricane.
„ • -=!
gencyManagementOffice.
Your insurance policy may cover
waterproof containers and store in
times call for last minute reloca•
a Spare lasses, hearing aid and
eyeglasses. B
• '
Monitor storm reports on radio and
the cost of materials used intem-
highest
g Ywi hycu
no^:
Batteries, if required.
•
Route To Safes If You Have To
y
Leave
television.
If considering moving to a shelter,
porary repairs, so keep all receipts,
These will also be helpful for any
ate be sure to ul±them with you.:
Remain Calm
Keep Important Papers With You
Planvour escape route early. Check
make arrangements for all pets.
income tax deductions.
Prepare For Storm Surge, Toma•
does And floods
+ Your ability to meet emergencies
At All Times
Insurance
with Emergency Management for
Pets are not allowed in shelters.
will help others.
':
• DmeisLicense and other idmti-
`<:
low points and flooding history of
' Refill needed prescriptions.
' Storm surge, tornadoes and flash
" I
i ftcation
`,-
;;:�:,' Insurance representatives will b,
your route,
. If evacuation has not already been
s s
floods are the worst killers asso-
i a Insurance policies
on the scene immediately follow
Check the numberofhours itcould
-' recommended,considetleavinglhe
ciated with a hurricane. In a tor -IF
•
a Property inventory
ing a major disaster to speed up tht
take was to evacuate to a safe area
area early to avoid long hours on
t1
nado waming, seek inside shelter
f a Medic -alert or device with spe.
handling of claims. Notify you
during peak evacuation traffic.
limited evacuation routes.
belowgrourdleveLlfounide.move
away at right angles from tornado: if
. .
cial medical information
a a Maps to your destination
:. insurance agent a broker of an,
'tiJ losses - and leave word whereyot
.Location of Nearest Official
Shelter
;..Check Supplies
t 'Transistor Radio With Fresh
Listen Constantly To Radio Or TV ..
escape is impossible, lie flat in a
ditch or low spot The surge of
....
:A%! Know Where You Are Going
;:"
i ;Take Warm Protective Clothing
:! :'j an beconncted.
`Take
Emergency Management can give
=_ Batteries
Keep a log of humane position. _;
intensity and expected landfall.
4:::
.. - ' ocean water plus flash flooding of
`-`.'` Leave Early, In Daylight If Possible.x'�i
~
Steps To Protect Property
Make temporary repairs to protec
you the location oftheshelter near.
est Your home and explain what_
' ? Radio will be your most useful
.: information source. Have enough
;Discount rumors. Use telephone
"F streams and rivers due to torrential
"� rains combine to make drowning •,. ,' Move Your Most Valuable Posses.
AFTER
:a{Y,' property from further damage o�
{t
you should bin with u.
Plan for familys Know
? batteries to last several days. There
••.; 7:' f may be no electricity,
- sparingly'
"((You Live In A MobBe Home
'..I the greatest cause of hurricane
:deats.
..'•:' sions That You Can't Take With
; '4,`You To Higher Points Within Your
.
a
T
iKl i,
looting Use only reputable con
tractors (sometimes in the chaotic
your safety.
y, ,Y
days followingadisaster,unscruou
how to contact family members
_:
Flashlights, Candles or Lamps
' 1 Check tie downs anti lave imme
CheckyourSurvivalSupprresOrsce
/ ::Home
;r,�
.=ii
lr
lous operators will prey on tht
should the need arise
a+- Matches
diatel for a safer place. Mobile •
y
homes are not safe in hurricane
A air.
g
?•`
For Shelters_
If You Are Evacuated, Delay
y
k4T"
t�-•-
unsuspecting) check the Bette
g) -
How Safe Is Your Home?
:d Near the seashore. plan to relocate
_ '•: '( Store matches in waterproof con
:; ' tainer. Have lantern fuel for several
,.:i
force winds.
• '
,r
' s Take Wanketsasl
; , sleeping flash•
:.:;.:• Return Until Recommended Orr
Business Bureau. Kee all recei
D cat
'rt rt for materials used.
. ,.
=j during a hurricane emergency. If
?.�;; :jj days Know how to use safely.
_' Prepare For High Winds
• a
�'� lights, special dietary foods, infant
' '• needs and lightweight loldin
^t B
'::`�':` Authorized By Loral Authorities
f�%?a
i;
`i Be Patient
you live in a mobile home, alwaysi
plan to relocan
»_ PoB Tank OF Gasoline
- n'i Brace your garage door, Lower •
t antennas. Be to make
a •
chairs.
..,
v t
`•
vtr Beware Of Outdoor Hazards
'`" '
.
I Hardship cases will be settled first
s-:1E.
N-er let your vehicle gas tank he
prepped
Register every person arriving with
Watch out for loose or dangling
by insurance represenratves. Don't
The Inventory Of Your Property
less than half -full during hurricane
repairs.
....( You at the shelter. �
power lines, and report them im-
- s assume Your settlement will be the
i A complete inventory of personal
'season: fill upassoon asahvrncane
Anchor Objects Outside
Stay Indocirz
:'; Do not take pets, alcoholic bever•
ages or weapons of an kind
cad to
.•:w . ,� mediately, to Is authorities.
,;,'
e
--,1.:
- -'
same as your neighboi s. Policy
forms differ damage is
property will help inobbininginsur.
,watch is posted. Remember. when
Garbage ant, awnings, loose r•
B Bs Ba
,,.J Y
shuters.
: �.,.A by lives are lost
rty by
-
. �v..
and storm
-
�-r.••: n.•
..,.,•.,*...--.•....-e-r•..,....•:
''aq,.,,...aa�,..,-tf�-a�nt.•rl-4s..
•ram', ; �
'%�•-
ohm erne e
i Takes A Team Effort
i
Responsi'biliry for the clean-up falls
to numerous locat, state and federal
l agencies. Alocal disaster coordina-
' J for/director or his representative
will be on hand to help residents in
this effort

Storm Hazard
Mitigation
and Post -Disaster
Reconstruction Plan
Town of Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina 1996
Summarized to the right are the specific policies and actions which the Town will implement in
support of storm hazard mitigation and post -disaster reconstruction. These policies and actions
comprise an integrated strategy for reducing death and destruction related to major storm
events.
For convenience, policies and actions are presented in two general categories according to
whether their effect is felt before the storm or after. The easiest way to determine this is to
apply one of two questions to each policy or action:
1. Will this policy or action help mitigate storm damage?
or
2. Will this policy or action help with post -storm reconstruction?
In each category, the party responsible for carrying out the item is identified, and an approxi-
mate time frame for seeing it done is suggested. This summary provides a convenient check-
list for the Town as it pursues each element of the overall strategy.
■ w■r w �� ■ ■� ■ r� w �� ■ ■■� ■ ws ■ .�i w s „anW'An r w a a rra a a r■ wsw. ■ —s w w —. ■ �, a o■■ ■ ■ar ■ a � ■ w a a way a a awe a w ® a rrr a w ■ a ems. ■ w �■ w
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1 r I J Wit:
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Policy or Action
Responsibility
Time
1
The Town shall continue to enforce existing rules and regulations including NC Building
Planning and
On -
Codes, the Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance, Chapter 21 Zoning & utilize policies
Development
going
stipulated in the Land Use Plan.
Department
2
The Town shall continue to effect changes in current standards n regulations w i
g a d which
Board of
On -
implement the mission of storm hazard mitigation.
Commissioners
going
3
Should long term or storm -related erosion forces movethe ocean shoreline to a point
Planning g Board
Within 2
west of the Beach Road, the Town shall consider the application of Ocean Impact Area
years
zoning to this "new" oceanfront area. This will require further study, including the
possible establishment of a floating zone.
4
The Town shall institute mitigative lndsca e/ve etative controls through the
Planning Board
Within 2
landscaping section of the zoning ordinance, including protection of existing
years
vegetation, stabilization of dunes and encouragement of planting new vegetation.
5
The Town shall support Beach Replenishment to provide storm damage protection.
Board of
On -
Commissioners
going
6
The Town supports underground installation/replacement and flood proofing of utilities.
Planning Board
Within 5
The Town shall revise the zoning ordinance to require new electrical, cable and
years
telephone service installations to be underground. A detailed study will be conducted
on relocating existing overhead utilities underground.
7
The Town supports capital improvements planning for property acquisition in areas of
Planning and
On -
extreme and high hazards. The Town shall investigate outside funding sources for land
Development
going
acquisition and shall encourage gifts and donations for tax credits, as a mitigative
Department
measure for future storm events. To provide a proactive approach, priority areas for
acquisition shall be identified in advance of storm events.
8
The Town shall include storm -proofing for public facilities in its capital improvements
Planning Board
On -
plan.
going
9
The Town supports a public education/information sharing program with the goal of
Planning and
On -
making the town more resistant to the forces of a storm. This will include a public
Development
going
outreach program to educate the public as to storm resistant building design and
Department
construction standards in excess of the NC Building Code. The Town also supports the
establishment of a Reconstruction Information Center.
10
The Town shall encourage the use of mast -arm type signals for new installation and the
Planning Board
On -
replacement of damaged signals by NC DOT and private individuals.
going
11
The Town will hire registered land surveyors or engineers to analyze height of flood
Planning and
W/in 45
waters after a storm and evaluate the relationship to the base flood elevations and
Development
days of
make recommendations for changes, if necessary.
Department
Storm
12
The Town will further pursue mitigation options available through existing development
Planning and
On -
controls, including the building code, zoning ordinance and land use plan. The Town will
Development
going
conduct studies to analyze both the feasibility and benefits of revising development
Department
controls such as reductions in density, setbacks greater than those required by
LAMA, first floor heights, and changes in landscape requirements.
Policy or Action
Responsibility
Time
1
For rapid recovery after a major storm, the Town shall enter into standing contracts
Public Works
On -
with clean up contractors, utility & street construction contractors, and equipment
Department
going
rental contractors.
2
The Town shall enter into mutual aid agreements with inland communities for the
Town Manager
On -
following services: building inspections, public works, debris removal, public safety.
going
3
The Town shall create a Municipal Facilities Master Plan for buildings oand facilities
pg
Planning Board
Within 2
reconstruction. This municipal Ian will include location of a m p p campus on the Baum
years
Tract.
4
which in The Town shall create a Debris Removal Plan whi eludes public vs. private
Planning Board
Within 1
areas/types of debris removal responsibility.
and Public Works
year
Department
5
The Town shall maintain rights to pre -approved burn sites on the Baum Tract and on
Planning and
On -
the National Park Service land at the Wright Brothers National Historic Site.
Development
going
Department
6
The Town shall investigate opportunities standing contracts for alternative debris
Public Works
Within 1
disposal methods, including incinerator trucks.
Department
year
7
Town shall create a Reconstruction Information Center for execution prior to a major
Planning and
On -
storm event and to enhance recovery efforts after the storm.
Development
going
Department
8
To deal with the large number of requests for permits after a major storm, the Town
Planning and
On -
shall employ a "building permit triage" for orderly issuance of building permits. (For
Development
going
additional information, see section on Reconstruction Management).
Department
9
The Town shall allow repairs to structures damaged by a major storm event to be
Board of
On -
exempt from the Town's normal fee schedule.
Commissioners
going
10
The Town shall employ temporary reconstruction moratoriums to allow time for
Board of
As
determining the extent and type of damage, considering appropriate mitigation
Commissioners
need -
opportunities, mobilizing Town support personnel, and for accommodation of
ed
reconstruction personnel. (For additional information, see section on Reconstruction
Management).
11
Central Sewage - The Town supports the establishment of a community -wide
Board of
On -
wastewater treatment facility, but does not support the surface water discharge of
Commissioners
going
effluent, should a new community -wide plant ever be constructed.
12
The Town shall establish a contractors identification system which will include names,
Planning and
Within 2
addresses, phone numbers and experience in the county.
Development
years
Department
13
The Town shall use the nuisance ordinance for debris removal of destroyed structures
Planning and
As
not removed within a reasonable time frame.
Development
need -
Department
ed
14
The Town shall establish standing contracts and strategic locations for debris
Public Works
Within 1
removal containers, incorporating improved and unimproved right of ways and Town-
Department
year
owned land for large dumpsters.
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I� a .................................. r' rra 10 r a '® a MOWN r r r �� r ■� r �� r ■au r rr� a
Hazard Areas Map
Town of Kill Devil Hills, NC
NORTH
800 1600
Scale in
r-f S d 9 k T4 $ ss i ak
Hazard easMap-
TheAr
.- following paragraphs describe how the various hazard areas designated on the Kill Devil
Hills Hazard Areas Map were determined. The map is based upon a hazardous areas land
classification system to help determine relative degrees of risk fromflooding, wind driven de-
bris, erosion, and wind associated with various locations in the community. As seen below, the
system employs several factors relating to the characteristics of a strong Category III hurricane
(130 mph sustained winds, 9-12 foot.�1���e) and an average tide (no lunar tide).
Fn
y
s.W , P
E
sK
\
x,
s, n
k
f
The "limited hazard" area represents the least dangeroust of all geographic locations in Kill
Devil Hills. As the Hazard Areas Map indicates, the maritime forest is found within this zone.
This area enjoys all the natural defenses including good elevation, removal from wave action,
and substantial vegetation. However, under certain conditions, downed trees may be hazard-
ous to property and power lines and obstruct recovery.
G'
J'Ne floodii
and good vegetative cover in plat
good vegetative cover, provides .
potential for both life and property losses. IN
often at or just slightly above mean sea level.
and sound waterfronts increase the el_,
iod ef6VA ibn (above the 500 year flood)
s more resistant to flooding, and with
ka..storm, forces.
in a floating
nf­
host dangerous location in terms of th(
have little, if any, vegetation and are
sion and direct exposure to both ocear
would be on danger -
",Each classification Note: Hazard Area zone Fv�wrt Each classification is general, not site
specific. The Town of Kill ©evil k M r'ty for discrepancies in the risk areas
approximated on this map as coevent,
A TL AN71C OCEAN
ATLANT/C OCEAN
ArLA/VPC
OCEAN

Storm Hazard
Mitigation
and Post -Disaster
Reconstruction Plan
Town of Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina 1996
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The purpose of the Storm Hazard Mitigation and Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan is to establish
procedures and actions to reduce the potential for the loss of life, minimize damage to property and to
provide a framework for orderly reconstruction in the event of a hurricane or other natural disaster.
Copies of the complete Plan are available at the Town's Planning and Development Department.
Main Objectives of the Plan
This Plan is part of the Town's comprehensive strategy for dealing with the long term consequences of
a major storm. More specifically, the mitigation actions set forth in this Plan are intended to:
1. Protect human life and health.
2. Facilitate evacuation.
3. Promote rebuilding and reconstruction in a prompt and orderly manner.
4. Reduce damages to existing and future development. .
5. Reduce damages to existing and future public facilities and structures.
6. Minimize expenditures of public and private money for repetitive repairs and reconstruction.
7. Minimize need for emergency actions associated with storm events which are usually under-
taken at public expense.
8. Minimize prolonged business interruptions, especially involving businesses providing critical
supplies and services.
9. Assist in maintaining a stable tax base by providing for sound use of land which may be
located in storm hazard areas.
10. Lessen exposure of the Town to liability claims.
11. Balance the need to rebuild infrastructure and buildings with the need to preserve and
enhance the beaches, dunes and other natural features of the Kill Devil Hills environment.
Other Objectives of the Plan
In addition to the above -noted primary objectives, there are a number of other beneficial objectives that
this Plan helps to achieve, but that do not relate directly to the mitigation of destructive storm effects.
These objectives include:
1. Enhance local recreational and open space opportunities including enhancement of public
access to beach, ocean and sound.
2. Enhance and restore local, natural ecosystems.
3. Reduce traffic congestion, noise and other transportation generated problems.
4. Enhance the long-term economic vitality of the town.
5. Improve the efficiency in delivery of public services.
6. Protect and improve the aesthetic and scenic characteristics of the town's environment.
Citizens Guide to
Lessening Storm
Vulnerability
STORM PROOFING
TECHNIQUES
The most practical storm proofing measures a
property owner can do to an existing structure
in the event of a hurricane warning are the
installation of:
• storm shutters, or
• plywood over windows and doors.
Other measures that may aid in lessoning storm
vulnerability and risk of loss include:
• Affixing rafter tie -down devices to top plates of
framing members
• Increase nailing schedule and size for siding
or roofing repairs (particularly around perim-
eter and seams)
• Elevating structures above flood waters
• Videotaping the property, structure and pos-
sessions, and
• Updating homeowners and flood insurance
policies (flood damage is not covered by
homeowners insurance) on an annual basis.
The following provides additional information
on lessening storm vulnerability.
HURRICANE WIND
HOME SELF INSPECTION
Will your house stand up to the forces of a cata-
strophic hurricane (strong Category 3 or greater)?
Following is a check list that can help you make
your home more resistant to hurricane force winds.
To answer some of these questions, you may have
to get up into your attic with a flashlight. Or, you
may feel more comfortable with an experienced
engineer or contractor inspecting your home.
Whatever choice you make, examine your house
thoroughly and make the necessary adjustments
before a storm strikes.
ROOF DESIGN
• Is your roof pitched less than 30 degrees from
horizontal? yes —no (Low pitched roofs are
more vulnerable than steeper roofs because the
same factors that make an airplane fly can help lift
this roof type off the house.)
• Is your roof hipped? yes no (Hip roofs
seem to reflect winds better than gable designs.)
• If your roof is gabled, are the gabled ends of
masonry construction? yes no (Gables of
masonry construction seem to perform better.)
• If your roof is gabled, are there braces behind the
trusses at both ends, holding them in place?
yes no
• If your roof is gabled, are the ends of the trusses
along the outside walls attached to the tops of the
wall at all points with metal hurricane straps?
yes no
ROOF BRACING
• Are the roof trusses braced independently; that is,
are there braces that connect the trusses together
rather than the roof sheathing connecting the
trusses together? yes no
ROOF SURFACE
What kind of surface covers your roof?
• Asphalt or composite shingles - This common
roof covering may start tearing off when winds
reach 60 mph. Sometimes failure occurs due to
installation damage (i.e. small tears left by staple
guns or misplaced nails not allowing the next
shingle layer to lay flat)
• Clay tiles- This roof covering is good but likely to
shatter if hit by flying debris. Loose tiles can be-
come projectiles and cause even more damage.
What This Plan Is and What It Is Not
This Plan is not an emergency operations plan (EOP). EOP plans are prepared by the Town and the
County to respond on a short term basis to crisis situations, ranging from hazardous waste spills to major
storm events. As the EOP name implies, these plans are operational in nature, oftentimes setting emer-
gency procedures for marshaling people and equipment in very rapid order to deal with the immediate
needs of those persons affected by the emergency event.
Frequency of Major
Storms by Time of
Year, 1886-1980
Neumann, et al, Trod
Cyclones of the North Atlantic
Ocean, 1871-1980. Asheville,
NC: National Climatic Center.
1981
Percentage Probability
that a Hurricane or a
Great Hurricane will
strike a 50-mile seg-
ment of the U.S.
Coastline in any given
year.
McElyea, et al, Before the
Hurricane Damages. Chapel
Hill, NC: Center for Urban
and Regional Studies. 1982
Number of tropical storms and hurrlcanes
observed on each day,May 1-December 31,1886 through 1980
MAY JUN JUL AUG SEP OCT NOV DEC
❑ HURRICANES ❑ GREAT HURRICANES
575 • 57 h
�..0
5 6
• t*
5 55
53
52
1
2 1
•
4 (0
4 7 46
46
65
•
45 1♦ ry
44 • 43 co
4 2
42
41 04 tel:
40 • 40
3 • 38
30
37
36 • 37 CO.
•
36
3 ••:.,..
• 35 C4
34 34
13 14 6
• 17
18 19 •33
• 20 32
1 O
7 8 9 10 11 12
• 32 N
' 21 31 • • �[, ••.:::::,
31
o
6 • • 15 17
14
5 11 1 13 16
22 3 ..
18 23 29
Z5
,p
a• 8 9 9 6 3147 g)
19 e+"'•;
3 • 7 (� 6 9
2a 2
tS 2 2zO
20 6 1b
8 z
• 5
6 2324 25
4
4
5 g
2
This Plan, on the other hand, is long term in nature, setting forth policies and preventive actions which the
Town can act upon now to help mitigate the destruction caused during a major storm event. In addition, this
Plan sets forth post -storm policies and standards to guide reconstruction in a pre -planned, orderly way.
Such reconstruction may take months or even years to complete, depending upon the severity and ultimate
impact of the storm.
• Concrete flat tiles - This roof covering does well
if it is well bonded to the mortar on the roof. Tiles
that become loose can also become projectiles.
• Gravel - This roof performs well if properly main-
tained, however, gravel can become projectiles in
extreme conditions. They should be recoated with
asphalt and gravel periodically.
SUB ROOFING MATERIAL
Is your subroof material plywood sheathing?
yes no
ROOFING CONNECTIONS
• Is the roofing material nailed or stapled?
nailed stapled
• Do the nails or staples actually connect the
sheathing to the roof trusses? yes no
• Do hurricane straps or clips anchor the roof to the
walls? yes no
Tl� ���E`}f� II
If you have a wind turbine on your roof, can it be
removed, and the opening capped?
yes no (Wind turbines on roofs can be
dangerous if not capped and secured during severe
winds.)
8 ,(r it N D 0' 8 , il\'' U1, 'E 0 l yl l i+
Do you have hurricane shutters installed on your
windows or plan to board up your windows? yes
no (Properly installed hurricane shutters or
boards keep winds out of the house, which in turn,
places less uplift pressure on the roof.)
If you answered "no" to many of these ques-
tions, you should investigate the feasibility of
strengthening your home to survive high
winds. Consult a qualified contractor, archi-
tect, or professional engineer for further
information.
The above information concerning Storm Proofing Tech-
niques was adapted from material provided by the Division of
Public Safety, Emergency Management Program. Additional
information can be obtained from the Kill Devil Hills Planning
and Development Department.
Storm
Preparedness
Tips
Hurricanes can be damaging and life threatening.
Paying attention to hurricane warning messages
and planning ahead can reduce chances of injury
or major property damage.
BEFORE THE STORM
Plan an evacuation route.
Contact the local emergency management office
and ask for the community hurricane preparedness
plan. This plan should include information on the
safest evacuation routes and nearby shelters.
Learn safe routes inland.
Be ready to drive 20 to 50 miles inland to locate a
safe place.
Have emergency supplies on hand.
• Flashlight and extra batteries
• Portable battery -operated radio and extra
batteries
• First -aid kit and manual
• Emergency food and water
• Portable can opener
• Essential medicines
• Cash and credit cards
• Sturdy shoes
Make arrangements for pets®
Pets may not be allowed into emergency shelters
for health and space reasons. Contact your local
humane society for information on local animal
shelters.
Why Prepare This Plan Now ?
Unless a suitable plan for reconstruction has been prepared preceding a disaster, the pressure and ur-
gency to rebuild damaged properties and facilities after the storm may create a pattern of construction and
land use even more susceptible to destruction than the previous pattern. Unless a pre -planned effort has
been made to correct inappropriate development patterns, reconstruction may be unimaginative and
lengthy, and provide inadequate relief from future damaging occurrences.
Two Phases of Hazard Mitigation
Hazard mitigation occurs in two distinct phases of disaster planning— the pre -disaster phase and the post -
disaster reconstruction phase. These two phases may be described as follows:
Pre -Disaster Mitigation
Pre -disaster mitigation involves the identification of public policies and actions which can be taken today
which reduce future disaster impacts, including injury or loss of life, and the extent of damages to public
and private property. The overriding goal is to make new development and redevelopment less suscep-
tible to future disaster damages. Pre -disaster mitigation offers the opportunity to develop policies and
programs in the relative calm between storm events —without the duress and pressure that accompany
immediate, post -disaster decision -making. Pre -disaster planning also promotes a more rapid and efficient
recovery, while at the same time making the most of post -disaster opportunities for safety improvements.
Post -Disaster Mitigation
Post -Disaster mitigation involves the implementation of policies to guide the reconstruction of the commu-
nity in a way which seeks to eliminate or reduce those development and building practices which make the
community especially susceptible to storm damage. The need for post -disaster mitigation is often best
understood by the public immediately following a storm event, when the reality of the disaster threat is
fresh in people's minds. Following a hurricane or major coastal storm, damage may be widespread. Numer-
ous opportunities will be available during reconstruction to promote hazard mitigation, as well as to achieve
other local land use objectives.
Experience in other coastal states and localities hit by hurricanes indicates that reconstruction and rebuild-
ing can occur very quickly and that mechanisms must be put into place prior to the storm which will serve
to coordinate and manage the reconstruction process. Such a system will insure that significant opportuni-
ties for mitigation are not overlooked or lost in the haste to rebuild, while facilitating swift reconstruction and
recovery for those structures or portions of the community not as heavily damaged.
Post -disaster mitigation can also be greatly aided by the abundance of technical and financial assistance
that is often available. It is important that the mitigation Plan set forth specific policies and actions that
position the Town to take advantage of every form of assistance to which the community may be entitled.
Finally, post -disaster reconstruction, if handled correctly, is actually pre -disaster mitigation, in terms of the
next event. And there will always be a next event.
Protect your windows®
Permanent shutters are the best protection. A
lower -cost approach is to put up plywood panels.
Use 1/2" plywood— marine plywood is best —cut to
fit each window. Remember to mark which board
fits which window. Pre -drill holes every 18" for
screws.
Trim back dead or weak branches from
trees.
Maintaining your trees will not only help prevent
damage to your house but to your neighbor's
property as well.
Know the difference between a "hurricane
watch and a "hurricane warning."
A hurricane watch is issued when there is a threat
of hurricane conditions within 24-36 hours. A
hurricane warning is issued when hurricane condi-
tions (winds of 74 miles per hour or greater, or
dangerously high water and rough seas) are ex-
pected in 24 hours or less.
Check into flood insurance.
You can find out about the National Flood Insur-
ance Program through your local insurance agent
or emergency management office. There is nor-
mally a thirty -day waiting period before a new policy
becomes effective. (Remember, flood damage is
not covered by homeowners insurance)
DURING A
HURRICANE WATCH
• Listen to the radio or television for hurricane
progress reports.
• Check emergency supplies.
• Fuel car.
• Bring in outdoor objects such as lawn furniture,
toys and garden tools, and anchor objects that
cannot be brought inside.
• Begin shuttering or boarding up windows.
• Turn refrigerator and freezer to coldest settings.
Open only when necessary and close quickly.
• Review evacuation plan.
• Attach boat securely or move it to a designated
safe place. Use rope or chain to secure boat to
trailer. Use tie -downs to anchor trailer to the
ground or house.
DURING A HURRICANE
WARNING
• Listen constantly to the radio or television for
official instructions. Make sure you have a battery
operated radio, in case power goes out.
• Secure buildings by closing and boarding up
windows. Remove outside antennas.
• If in a mobile home, check tie -downs and evacu-
ate immediately.
• Store valuables and personal papers in a water-
proof container on the highest level of your home.
• Avoid elevators.
• Stay inside, away from windows, skylights and
glass doors.
• Store drinking water in clean bathtubs, jugs,
bottles and cooking utensils.
• Keep a supply of flashlights and extra batteries
handy. Avoid open flames, such as candles and
kerosene lamps, as a source of light.
• If power is lost, turn off major appliances to
reduce power surge when electricity is restored
If officials indicate evacuation is necessary
• Leave as soon as possible. Avoid flooded roads
and watch for washed out bridges.
• Before leaving, unplug appliances and turn off
electricity/propane and the main water valve.
• Tell someone outside of the storm area where you
are going.
• Secure yard furniture, outdoor storage sheds, etc.
• Elevate furniture to protect it from flooding.
• Bring pre -assembled emergency supplies and
warm protective clothing.
• Take blankets and sleeping bags to shelter.
• Lock up home and leave.
— From the Federal Emergency Management Agency,
TOWN OF KILL DEVIL HILLS USEFUL NUMBERS
General Information ..................480-4000
Planning and Development ......480-4050
Public Works..............................480-4040
Fire Department ........... 9-1-1 or 480-4060
Police Department ....... 9-1-1 or 480-4036
Utilities ........................................ 480-4080
Storm Hazard Mitigation and
Post -Disaster Reconstruction Plan
Town of Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina
1996
Town of Kill Devil Hills, North Carolina
1996 STORM HAZARD MITIGATION AND
POST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN
BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
F. Duncan Wright, Mayor
,I
E. M. Coy Harbeson, Mayor Pro Tem
James D. Hanks
William R. Morris, Jr.
Jeffrey D. Shields
William Schmidt, Chairman
John B. Gladden, Vice Chairman
Bob Combs, II
John I. Robey, III
Ray Sturza
Sherry Rollason
E. Michael Murray
I +` E
Debora P. Diaz, Town Manager
William G. Loy, Director of Planning & Development
Charles Smith, Director of Public Works
Ralph Allen, Planner
CONSULTANT
Glenn Harbeck Associates
Community Planning and Public Involvement
5607 Keswick Court
Wilmington, North Carolina 28409
Hazard Areas Map methodology was provided in part by David M.
Bush, Research Associate, Program for the Study of Developed
Shorelines, Department of Geology, Duke University through a grant
provided by the Federal Emergency Management Agency.
Special Thanks to Stephen R. Gabriel of the North Carolina Division
of Coastal Management, for his overall assistance.
The preparation of this document was financed in part through a
grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of
1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.