Land Use Plan-1976

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Prepared For: Town of Holden Beach
R. Kenner Amos, Mayor
Town Council
J. D. Griffin, Jr., Mayor Pro-Tem
Mrs. Wyran Atkinson
T. David Bowers
Alan Holden
Jack Val ter
Lucille Burks, Town Clerk's Office
Prepared By Town Planning Board
Mrs. Rose Smith
J. B. Harman
George McDaniel
Spiro Poulos
Harold D. Stanley
John M. Clarke, Alternate
Mrs. Judy Holden, Alternate
Abstract: Land Use Plan prepared in accordance
with CAMA of 1974.
Technical Assistance
Provided By: N. C. Department of Natural and Economic Resources
George W. Little, Secretary
Division of Community Assistance
Robert W. Ewing, Director
Local Planning and Management Services Section
Billy Ray Hall, Chief
Southeastern Field Office, Wilmington, N. C.
John J. Hooton, Chief Planner
Thomas M. Cassell, Planner -In -Charge
Melba Thompson, Draftsperson

A
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LAND USE PLAN - Table of Contents
Article I -
Introduction
1
Article II - Present Conditions
3
Section
1: Population and Economy
3
Section
2: Existing Land Use
4
Section
3: Current Plans, Policies, and Regulations
7
Article III - Public Participation Activities
8
Section
1: Public Participation Process
8
Section
2: Major Issues
Section
3: Development Alternatives
18
Section
4: Objectives and Policies for Dealing with Issues
18
Article IV -
Constraints
22
Section
1: Land Potential
22
a.
Physical Limitations
22
b.
Fragile Areas
27
c.
Areas with Resource Potential
28
Section
2: Capacity of Community Facilities
28
Article V -
Estimated Demand
31
Section
1: Population and Economy
31
Section
2: Future Land Use Needs
33
Section
3: Community Facilities Demand
34

Article VI - Plan Implementation 35
Section 1: Intergovernmental Coordination 35
Section 2: Land Classification System 36
Section 3: Areas of Environmental Concern 38
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Section 4: Location and Development Standards 49
Article VII - Conclusion 51
Article VIII - Appendix 52
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F
Article I - Introduction
The Coastal Area Management Act of 1974 is a state law that asks
local governments in 20 counties in Coastal North Carolina to prepare a
blueprint for their future growth and development. It is a cooperative
program --local government shall have the initiative for planning; State
government shall establish Areas of Environmental Concern. With regard
to planning, State government shall act primarily in a supportive
standard -setting and review capacity. Enforcement shall be a concurrent
State -local responsibility.
Why plan? We only have to look in our own backyard to answer this
question. For as the General Assembly stated in the passage of the Act
. "among North Carolina's most valuable resources are its coastal
lands and waters. The coastal area, and in particular the estuaries, are
among the most biologically productive regions"of this state and of the
nation. Coastal and estuarine waters and marshlands provide almost 90
percent of the most productive sport fisheries on the east coast of the
United States. North Carolina's coastal area has an extremely high recrea-_
tional and esthetic value which should be preserved and enhanced.
In recent years the coastal area has been subjected to increasing
pressures which are the result of the often conflicting needs of a society
expanding in industrial development, in population, and in the recreational
aspirations of its citizens. Unless these pressures are controlled by
coordinated management, the very features of the coast which make it econom-
ically, esthetically, and ecologically rich will be destroyed."
Throughout the preparation of the Holden Beach Land Use Plan, every.
effort has been made to secure public participation. Among the vehicles
utilized to;inform the public and.to solicit their involvement are:
public meetings held by the Planning Board, Town Council, and Holden Beach
Property Owners Association; weekly newspaper coverage of meetings and
discussion of beach issues by a resident correspondent; and informal meet-
ings with town citizens to discuss results of a survey mailed to over 1100
property owpers.
On November 19, 1975, the preliminary draft of the Holden Beach Land
Use Plan was presented to the Planning Board and Town Council for their
review. Also, a copy was forwarded to the Coastal Resources Commission as
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required by State Guidelines. By January, the Town of Holden Beach had
received review comments on the preliminary draft conducted by some two
dozen state and federal agencies along with the Coastal Resources Commission.
Appropriate revisions were made and additional public meetings and
hearings completed. The Town of Holden Beach adopted a final draft on
May 18, 1976.
Elements of the Land Use Plan include a statement of local land use
objectives, policies and standards, a summary of data collection and
analysis, an existing land use map, a land classification map, and detailed
description of proposed Areas of Environmental Concern. The Table of
Contents of the Land Use Plan suggests the scope of this document which
is influenced by the outline of required and optional data in the "State
Guidelines for Local Planning . . ." as adopted by the Coastal Resources
Commission on January 27, 1975, and amended on October 15, 1975.
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Article II - Present Conditions
Section 1: Population and Economy
The 1970 permanent population of Holden Beach was 136. Past popula-
tion figures are not available because the Town was not incorporated until
1969. Also, population characteristics, such as sex and age, are unavail-
able at this time; however, an attempt will be made to estimate future
population projections up to 1994 based on available data.
In 1950, the estimated population of Holden Beach was 30; in 1960,
this figure remained approximately the same.l The lack of increased popula-
tion was a result of hurricane "Hazel" which struck the coast in 1954 caus-
ing widespread damage, particularly to the lower Brunswick County beaches.
By 1970, the permanent residents of the Town had increased to 136 or a
353 percent increase.
These figures should not be considered rigid or binding on the Town
since they do not take into account social and economic factors occurring
over the next twenty years; nor do they take into effect such factors as
water and sewer facilities, cost of land acquisition, and environmental
factors affecting future development.
By far, the most dominating industry of Holden Beach is tourism --not
the Myrtle Beach type tourism, but on a much smaller and different scale.
The resort business in Holden Beach is predominately cottage and apartment.
rental in nature,.with local realtors renting on a daily, weekly, or
monthly basis. The Holden Beach Fishing Pier Motel is also available to
people who desire this type of unit as opposed to single-family cottages
or apartments.
With respect to other densely populated tourist areas along the coast,
Holden Beach does.not have the carnival atmosphere as some other areas do.
It is not expected that Holden Beach will ever become such an area.
Commercial fishing is the only other industry located in Holden
Beach. This industry is very small with little chance for any major expan-
sion. However, to remain prosperous, Lockwoods Folly Inlet and the Shallotte
` Inlet must be dredged to accommodate larger commercial vessels.
lInterview with John Holden, November 1973
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It is doubtful whether any large scale industry would locate in
Holden Beach for many reasons. Most of the industrial location should
and would locate more inland, away from. the -beach itself.. The resort
industry appears to be the major industry to continue to dominate Holden
Beach's economic development in the future.
Section 2: EXistioo Land Use2
There are approximately 1,765'acres of land on Holden Beach of which
144 acres are urban and built up. In July, 1973, the following uses and
percentages constituted the 144 acres:
Use
Acreage
Percentage
Residential
107
74.3
Commercial
9
6.3
Public and Quasi Public
23
15.9
Mobile Homes
5
3.5
Total
144
100.0
See accompanying Land Use Map.
Residential Land Use --The amount of residential land in Holden Beach
includes 107 acres. or 6.3 percent of the total developed land in the Town.
Residential use as -it applies to Holden Beach includes all single and two-
family dwellings and apartments. The nature of this residential land use
is primarily single-family resort cottage -type development. Most of these
homes are seasonally occupied (83 percent), while 17 percent are year-round
owner occupied. There is no real concentration of permanent homes in any
particular area of the Town, just as there is no permanent concentration of
rental cottages. Both permanent and rental homes appear to be scattered
throughout the Town along Ocean Boulevard as well as along the canals.
Almost all of the 570 residential structures on Holden Beach could be
classified as sound with no unsound structures existing.
Although the mobile homes classification was categorized separately,
mobile homes do constitute a residential structure and should be looked upon
as such. Mobile homes, both in parks and on individual lots, consisted of.
2N.C. Dept. of,NER, DCA, Land Use Survey and Land Development Plan,
Holden Beach, North'Carolina, November 1974
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.
five acres of total land or 3.5 percent of developed land. By far, the
largest concentration of mobile homes is in the mobile home park just west
of the fishing pier. Some of these mobile homes, both in the park and on
individual lots, could be classified as unsound. Some, at least, should be
able to present a more pleasing appearance to other compatible residential
structures.
CormnerciaZ Uses --Next to mobile homes, commercial uses account for the
second lowest percentage of uses in the Town. Commercial uses generally
consist of fish and bait shops, a few seashell shops, one small grocery
store, and several small motels. Most of the commercial enterprises in the
Town are tourist, or at least season oriented. Commercial uses comprise
nine acres of total land, accounting for 6.2 percent of developed land in
the,Town.
The existing pattern of commercial development is concentrated along.
the entrance to Holden Beach on both sides of Jordan Boulevard. The Holden
Beach Fishing Pier and recreation area also constitute a small cluster of
commercial development together with the Surfside Pavillion and several bait
and fish stores east of the bridge along the Intracoastal Waterway. A
Central Business District (CBD), as the name implies and as planners know,
does not really exist in Holden Beach. This is to be expected and may con-
tinue to remain as such, since Holden Beach.is resort oriented with peak
populations occurring in the summer months; thereby, the Town is currently
not capable of supporting a well defined, high density CBD. As time goes
on, however, this could change.
Motels or hotels are few in Holden Beach and occupy only a small per-
centage of developed land. The motel by the Holden Beach Fishing Pier and
the one adjacent to Sanddollar Drive are the only motels in the Town. Both
are small, having only between eight and ten units.
Public and Quasi -Public Uses --The land uses in this category include
churches, campgrounds, and other recreational facilities, post offices,
town halls, water treatment plants, fire stations and police stations.
For the purposes of Holden Beach,.four of these apply:
1) The Holden Beach Town Hall
2) The Post Office
3) The Holden Beach Chapel
4) The Sand & Sea Campground and Fishing Pier Campground
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The above uses constitute 23 acres of total land or 15.9 percent of
developed land within the Town. Recreation by far dominates this category,
not only by the two private campgrounds in the Town, but also the several
miles of beach front.: The beach itself is the real "backbone" as to why
Holden Beach exists today. Natural recreational development in Holden Beach
is of prime importance to the Town and its residents and other property
owners, both now and in years to come.
Vacant and Undeveloped Land --This category is not really a land use
per se, but does consist of the largest majority of land in the Town.
Vacant and undeveloped land accounted for 1,566 acres or 91.6 percent of
the total land in the Town. Some of this land, however, is not suitable
for development or should not be developed; this would include large sections
on both ends of the island.
On the eastern end of the Island by Lockwoods Folly Inlet there has been
much erosion over past years. Although "beach berms" are being used to slow
the rate of erosion, this area should remain undeveloped in the future.
Also the marsh land on the western end of the Island near the Shallotte
River should not.be developed. Not only is this area of great environmental
concern, but it.also adds tremendous aesthetic value to the Town. The
filling in of marsh land for development should be discouraged whenever
feasible.
Any other areas, particularly along the Intracoastal Waterway, which
may produce negative effects on the environment if developed should remain
in their natural state.
Water and Seiner Service --As mentioned earlier, the present method of
obtaining water (from groundwater wells) is rapidly become inadequate to.
handle present population levels, (much less future population levels)
let alone the health hazards that could result by septic tank seepage into
existing wells. The Town is moving in the right direction by initiating a
water system to handle future development.
The present sewerage system is that of individual septic tanks. However,
when the concentration of the effluent nitrification fields and septic tanks
saturates the area, a sewer system will be required.
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Other Con comity Services --Garbage collection is provided by the Town
which contracts to a local firm to pick up once a week during the winter
months and twice a week during the summer. It remains to be seen whether
or not an increased collection system will be necessary during the planning
period (1974-1994).
Police protection is also offered by the Town with two permanent full-
time officers. Fire protection is supplied by the Tri Beach Fire service
located across the bridge on the mainland.
Hospitals are located at Southport and Wilmington with rescue service
coming from Shallotte.
Section 3: Current Plans, Policies and Regulations
Holden Beach is a new community. It is in a very formative stage in
regard to plans and policies; thus, the development of this Land Use Plan
has happened at a very critical moment. Much information derived from it
should enable the community to formulate needed policies and plans of action.
Existing Holden Beach development regulations are: Subdivision Regula-
tions, Zoning Ordinance, Environmental Impact Statement Ordinance, Mobile
Home Tie -down Ordinance, and N.C. State Building Codes (general construction,
electrical, plumbing, heating and air conditioning). Enforcement has been
hampered by the turnover and lack of training of a building inspector and
inadequate support of the governing body.
In order for future growth and development to take place in accordance
with this land use plan, then certain amendments to regulations will be
necessary. Specifically, if future services are to be provided as economically
as possible and not degrade the natural environment; then higher residential
densities and more compact -type developments must be allowed and encouraged
provided the necessary community facilities are available.
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Article III - Public Participation Activities
Section"l:'*Public-Participation'Process
Holden Beach is primarily a vacation community with over 1100 property
owners and only 180 permanent residents. Because of this, the Town decided
to use a combination of public meetings and surveys in order to involve the
public. Three public meetings --two called by the Town Council and one by
the Holden Beach Property Owners Association --were well attended and informa-
tive. A 30 percent response was received from the mailed.(1100) questionnaires.
The Nominal Group Technique was employed at one meeting to identify and priori-
tize issues as perceived by that group. At other public meetings, the dis-
cussion centered on identification of AECs. In addition to these efforts,
numerous informal open meetings were held and the events which transpired
were reported by a local correspondent to the two weekly newspapers. The
survey and the meetings were responsible for the identification of problems
and issues. Further discussion of these issues with public officials and
individuals resulted in the articulation of the Beach's goals and objectives.
During the month of August, 1975,. the Town of Holden Beach -conducted a
survey to solicit citizens' opinions and attitudes toward the use of the
Town's land --both public and private. The survey was mailed to 1110 property,
owners on file at the Town Clerk's office.
The following represents an analysis of opinions of approximately 28
percent who responded to the survey. This may be broken down as follows:
281 responses were from non-resident property owners; 20 returns were from
permanent resident property owners; and 8 were from renters.
Visitation Frequency
The third question asked how often do you reside in Holden Beach?.
Of the non-resident property owners, 42 percent reside there on the weekends,
38 percent spend several weeks and 18 percent reside there only during the
summer months. Of the renters, five people indicated their preference for
several weeks (most probably during summer) and two people preferred the.
weekends.
First KnowZedre of RoMen Beach
The next question asked -how one first learned about Holden Beach?
Of the 285 responses from non-resident property owners, 59 percent checked

from a friend or relative, 23 percent learned on a previous vacation, and
17 percent from other means. From the renters, a similar pattern of response
was indicated:. six learned from a friend or relative, while one each indi-
cated from a previous vacation and other --by a job opportunity. It should
be noted that none of the renters that responded discovered Holden Beach
by advertisement for rental or sale.
Median Age
The median age of the respondent of non-resident property owners is
48 years of age; of permanent property owners 55; and of renters 35.
Present Dwelling Type
One question asked "What type of dwelling unit do you live in at
Holden Beach?" Ninety five percent of the non-resident property owners
said they reside in a single family dwelling; 37 percent live in a duplex,
less than 1 percent each live in a mobile home or apartment. Apparently
this question was misunderstood since many of the non-resident property
owners have unimproved property only. Fifteen respondents of the permanent
resident category reside in single-family dwellings, three reside in
duplexes, one in a mobile home, and one in an apartment. Of the renters,
most rent either an apartment or single-family dwelling.
Community Growth
The seventh question dealt with the amount of community growth desired.
In the non-resident property owner category, 41 percent wanted the beach
to remain the same in population.` Twenty-eight percent preferred a 10 percent
increase in the 'next five years. Eighteen percent wanted a 30 percent increase.
Less than 4 percent wanted a decrease in population. In the permanent resi-
dent category, eight respondents wanted it to remain the same. Nine preferred
a 10 percent increase in the next five years. The remaining three wanted
increases of 30, 50, and 75 percent. In the rental category, four respond-
ents preferred the Beach's population to remain the same, while one each
wanted the population to increase 10 and 30 percent. One renter suggested
a decrease of 30 percent.
Development Preferences
The eighth question queried,."Which type of development would you like_.
to see more or less in Holden Beach?" Surprisingly enough, all three cate-
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gories (non-resident, permanent resident, and rental) wanted the same type
of development to occur.
More Less
single-family housing mobile homes
public recreation facilities condominiums
public open space apartments
commercial services commercial trade
Also, public boat ramps and tennis courts were requested by several
persons.
Reasons for Locating
The ninth question dealt with reasons for selecting Holden Beach as a
permanent or temporary place of residence. In most cases, several reasons
were indicated thus, of 382 selections by non-residents: 47 percent chose
the community because it was a single-family beach and 32 percent because
of its pleasant surroundings. The percent preferred was nearly the same
in the other two categories of residents, too.
PubZic Expenditures
The tenth question asked the,areas in which people feel more or less
public funds should be spent? The programs receiving the highest and least
numbers of votes in order by resident category are:
non-resident property owners
More
water and sewer service (189)
erosion control (180)
beach access (130)
fire and police protection (114)
environmental protection (111)
rescue services (97)
medical services (99)
streets (91)
parks and recreation (86)
garbage collection (85)
permanent residents
More
erosion control (18)
beach access (14)
water and sewer service (14)
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Less
parks and recreation (27)
schools (26)
town management (25)
beach access (22)
water safety (15)
streets (15)
environmental protection (14)
medical services (13)
water and sewer service (12)
fire and police protection (10)
Less
town management (6)
schools (3)
fire and police protection (3)

permanent residents
Cont.
More
environmental protection (12)
parks and recreation (11)
water safety (11)
streets (10)
fire and police protection (10)
rescue service (10)
garbage collection (6)
renters
More
environmental protection (5)
erosion control (5)
water and sewer service (4)
rescue service (4)
beach access (3)
Less
medical services (2)
Less
schools M.
water safety (1)
Furthermore, other programs which were frequently requested were public
boat ramps and bicycle path programs. Although one program may appear in
both more and less expeditures columns because of the total vote count, it
is.the relative total number of votes that is meaningful for each program
or service.
Likes and DisZikes
The eleventh question asked what one likes most about Holden Beach?
The responses occurring most often in all three categories were: quietness,
cleanliness, and a noncommercialized and uncrowded beach. The twelfth ques-
tion asked just the opposite. Items mentioned most frequently by non-residents
were: campgrounds., lack of beach access, litter, mobile homes, absence of
a laundry and poor streets; by permanent residents: lack of parking, real
estate influence, absence of town newsletter, one bridge, property owners
association, and absence of water and sewer service; and by renters: inade-
quately furnished cottages and camping facilities.
Areas for Preservation
Question number thirteen queried whether development should be permitted
on lands near inlets, on marshland, and on frontal dunes. Non-resident
property owners voted as,follows:
on lands near inlets
on any marshland
on frontal dunes
Never With restrictions Always
113 122 11
161 70 9
139 89 9
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Permanent residents voted as follows:
Never
on lands near inlets 9
on any marshland 11
on frontal dunes 7
With restrictions
Renters voted as follows:
9
7
10
Always
0
0
0
Never. With restrictions Always
on lands near inlets 1 4 0
on any marshland 3 1 0
on frontal dunes 1 4 0
Question number fourteen followed by asking if one would support the
purchase by a public agency of those areas indicated "no development." Of
the non-residents, 128 voted yes, while only 62 said no. Permanent residents
voted 5 yes and 9 no. Renters voted 3 yes and 1 no.
The fifteenth question asked for a particular area that is unique or
special and should be preserved or protected in its natural state. The most
frequently mentioned areas of all three categories of residents were: marsh-
lands, dunes, nature trails, and shrimp -boat areas. Thus, there appears to
be more than a casual support for areas of preservation.
General ComentB
Under question number sixteen, the following comments were frequently
written by residents of all three categories:
continue craft fair and holiday dance
stabilize the inlet
develop tennis courts
encourage support for environmental issues
provide for maintenance of canals
control land use strictly
provide a commercial laundry
prevent commercialization of beach
Section 2: Land Use Issues
In order to formulate a series of goals and objectives which can in
turn be molded into policies for future development, we must identify the
major land use issues facing the Town of Holden Beach. The following is a
discussion of issues under five broad headings. These issues are current
issues and should be considered a refinement of those issues already identi-
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fied in the Land Development Plan.3 An issue is defined as "a point of
debate or controversy," and only through a discussion of all the issues
can we hope to begin to achieve the optimum accommodation of spatial
growth.
Impact of Population and Economic Trends
As described in the Land Development Plan, Holden Beach has experienced
recent growth. Much of this growth has been a result of summer tourism and
families retiring and/or building second homes for vacation. Therefore,
the economic recession that the nation has been coping with more recently is
reflected in the development stall on the Beach, even though Brunswick County
continues to enjoy economic boom. It is a difficult task to measure the
short-term impact and even more difficult to understand the long-term impact
of the development which has occurred. However, we know that unless the
proper development policies are implemented this continued growth can cause
unmanageable consequences in terms of demand for water and sewer services,
health hazards, traffic congestion, spiraling demand for police and fire
protection, increased social services demand, unavailability of recreational
facilities, and demand for other municipal services also.
The important impact of this new growth is felt upon the policies,
ordinances, and administrative mechanisms which are presently in place.
Citizen survey, governmental bodies, and public discussion have pointed out
the need for adopted growth policies and ordinances which should be enforced
by Town officials. Vested interests will continue to exert pressure and
influence which may or may not benefit the whole community --on Town policy.
Another impact of recent population and economic trends in Holden Beach
has resulted in an increased community demand for "low density sprawl."
Low density sprawl occurs when the entire community consists of single-family
homes, 75% sited in a traditional grid pattern and the rest clustered.
Neighborhoods are sited in a leapfrog pattern with litte contiguity. As
indicated by the land use survey analysis the Beach exemplifies this point
although most of it is a result of growth barriers. Unfortunately, the cost
analysis of this patter of development as compared with "combination mix"
and "high density planned" reveals that in every factor such as operating
3N. C. Dept. of NER, DCA, Land Use Survey and Land Development Plan,
Holden Beach, North Carolina, November 1974
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and maintenance cost, water pollution generation, energy consumption, land
utilization, water consumption, and capital cost; the overall cost to the.
neighborhood or community is significantly more.4
A most important fact about the development of Holden Beach is the
recent platting of lots. Prior to June, 1975, there were approximately
3,632 platted lots. The majority of these lots are approximately 5,000
square feet. There are approximately 600 residential structures located on
the Beach.
Since June, 1975, approximately 1,639 additional lots have been platted
and recorded in the Brunswick County Register of Deeds Office. The average
size of these lots is 5,000 square feet. Like the original developments
platted, many of the lots are unsuitable because they cover coastal wetlands
and are situated around future "finger canals" which will not receive permits
for construction based on today's permit standards.
The impetus for platting a 44 percent increase in lots was to avoid the
requirements of.Subdivision Regulations (adopted September 1, 1975); never-
theless, a poor development pattern is continued. -
While new development has been preliminarily proposed with the platting
of lots, the island will not be able to accommodate this potential growth
without the very necessary community facilities such as water and sewer systems.
Yet these services cost money; at the present density it is unlikely that
Holden Beach can afford a sewerage system. Ideally, critical facilities should
precede development. Yet, these basic community facilities will attract addi-
tional development which may well threaten the aesthetic environment.
Another impact of recent population and economic growth has been the
increased traffic congestion and lack of accessibility within the Beach as
well as to the Beach. Interestingly enough, Brunswick County has one of -the
highest traffic accident death rates of any county in southeastern North
Carolina. Associated with congestion is the potential for water, air, and
noise pollution which affects the social as well as the physical environment.
While there is a lack of specific monitoring data, engineering calculations
would suggest that water and air resources have probably experienced some
contamination as a result of previous development.
4Real Estate Research Corp.,-Vw Cost of Sprawl, Executive Sw=ary,
April 1974, pages 2-8
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Another impact is speculation. Much of the haphazard and unplanned
growth occurring on the Beach can be traced to land speculation. Strip
developments, like those on Ocean Boulevard, form a thin veneer of inten-
sive land use that hides much larger areas of undeveloped vacant land.
Most of these interior lands are being held with the hope that they will
eventually command a higher price.
Housing and Other Services
The primary housing problems are varied due to the resort nature of
the Beach community. The housing and housing -related controversies are:
the lack of water and sewer service and paved streets in the city limits;.
public concern over subsidized housing; local responsibility for increasing
housing opportunity; scattered trash and unkept lots throughout the community;
undersized lots and encroachment of development on dunes and marshlands.5
Obstacles to solving housing problems include: the lack of an adequate
inspection program, lack of enforcement in regards to Environmental Impact
Statement Ordinance and Zoning Ordinance.
Substandard homes do not exist on the Beach because it is a retirement
and second -home community.
Conservation of Productive Natural Resources
Foremost among Holden Beach's productive natural resources are the
applicable Areas of Environmental Concern. A detailed discussion of relevant
Areas of Environmental Concern appears later. The designation and enforcement
of AEC policy objectives and appropriate uses will no doubt give rise to
dispute.
Soils, surface water, groundwater, and air quality are productive
natural resources which deserve the -utmost consideration in the management
of these limited natural resources. A thorough examination of these factors
begins under the section entitled "Constraints."
Critical natural resources because of their unproductivity for man are
the soils of Holden Beach. As we will see later in this report, soils are
important due to their inability to accommodate intensive development
utilizing septic tank --nitrification fields.
5N. C. Dept. of NER, DCA, InitiaZ Housing Element, Holden Beach, North
CaroZina, November 1973

The open, highly porous soil structure allows high loading rates and
thus invites high -density development. In addition, the rapid movement of
effluent through the soil, together with the reduced effectiveness of
treatment during this movement, results in high potential for degradation
of quality of both surface and groundwater. Indiscriminate and unwise
development where septic tank systems are used poses a serious danger of
contaminating the adjacent water with fecal coliform and viruses. Even in
less densely developed areas the installation of septic tanks in sand fill
placed over existing organic muck or marsh vegetation can pollute surface
waters. In these situations, septic tank effluent may rapidly move horizon-
tally along the sand muck interface into surrounding surface waters classified
either "SA" or "SB" for shellfish harvesting and bathing. Unwise use of
septic tank systems appears to be a major cause of large areas of the coastal
waters being closed for shellfish harvesting. While this cause and effect
relationship has not been positively documented, there is tentative documenta-
tion of such a relationship in several areas.6
Because of this health hazard, septic tank nitrification fields are an
interim solution which should be governed by Regulation 79 as adopted by
the Environmental Management Division and Department of Human Resources.
Protection of Important Natural Environments
Probably the most important natural environment on the Beach is the
island itself, which constitutes'several natural resources. While this
environment provides recreation for some and a livelihood for others, it
must be remembered that it is solely responsible for the settlement of
Holden Beach. Without a doubt, the island and its access to the ocean is
Holden Beach's greatest asset. As the community continues to grow there
will be added "pressure" for developing the island for a multiple of uses..
As the existing land use map indicates the Beach supports a variety of uses
already: residential, commercial, governmental, utility, and recreational.
Competition for space along Ocean Boulevard will become even more keen.
This environment directly affects a high percentage of the residents and
6A. C. Turnage, Jr., Regional Engineer, Environmental Management Division,
ShaZZow Subsurface Disposal of Wastewater from proceeding on the Conference on
Water SuppZy and Wastewater in Coastal Areas, WrightsviZZe Beach, North
CaroZina, April 2-4, 1975, page 60
-16-

non-residents in the planning area; therefore, it warrants a great deal of
protection so that a maximum number of people will continue to benefit from
its use.
Protecting the natural environment of Holden Beach cannot be over-
emphasized. One must remember that Holden Beach is a barrier island and,
as such, is subject to a number of natural processes which are forever
changing the environment. As described in Orrin Pilkey's Horn to Live With
An Island, there are four natural events that occur which cause the island
to grow, to migrate, and change shape. Beach dynamics include: inlet forma-
tion, inlet migration, addition of new sand by overwash and/or wind action,
and sea level rise. These events do the following: inlet formation causes
the island to widen; inlet migration widens the island over the distance of
migration; the addition of new sand to the island gives it needed volume
and elevation; and the sea level rise causes the shoreline to migrate or
retreat landwards. This island evolution is better described: an island
rolls over and over on itself like a tank tread.7
Protection of Cultural and Historic Resources
There are certain unique features that readily represent the character
of an area. This is particularly true in Holden Beach. Holden Beach is
unique in relation to other beaches to its north and south. For this reason,
it continually attracts many visitors and tourists, forming the primary
economy of the Beach. Although development has occurred which has been less
than prudent, Holden Beach lacks the shoddy commercialism of many neighboring
beach communities. Two areas which aid in identifying the character of
Holden Beach are the two large tracts of land at either inlet. -In fact, the
tract of land at Lockwood's Folly Inlet supports a recently organized nature
trail. Perhaps this area lends itself more than any other due to the topo-
graphy, soil conditions, vegetation, and the absence of development.
An event which could be improved and help to emphasize the Town's
cultural resources is the Arts and Crafts Fair held each summer. A local
information center to house exhibits and to provide information about the
community would serve a vital community interest.
7Pilkey, Orrin H. and others. Hour to Live with An Island, N. C. Dept.
of NER, 1975, page 9
Sfil

Section 3: Development Alternatives
Since the primary land use in Holden Beach is residential, we can use
net residential density to describe three development alternatives: loin
density, with 1 to 8 dwelling units per acre; medium density, with 8 to 16
dwelling units per acre; and high density, with 16 dwelling units or more
per acre. The following discussion assumes the availability of the necessary
municipal water and sewer service.
Current zoning regulations permit approximately 6.6 dwelling units per
acre once right-of-ways and easements are subtracted. Using the above
standard, this is low density which consists almost entirely of single-family
dwellings in a traditional gridiron pattern. This type of development is an
easy route for municipal approval and a moderate land value return. However,
land consumption.is high and cost benefit ratio for municipal utilities is
high.
At the other end is high density development, with 16 dwelling units or
more per acre, which necessitates multi -storied structures. While market-,
ability is often questionable, this density provides greater land value
return. It is a more economical way of providing services. Based on avail-
able information, approval is unlikely by the municipal governing body because
of local sentiment and prejudice.
Right in the middle of these two extremes is medium density, with 8 to
16 dwelling units per acre. This density may be accomplished by the use of
cluster development of townhouses. This type of development affords lower
land consumption, better cost -benefit ratio for municipal services, and
positive compromise on other factors. Clustering in small groups would
result in minimum visual change to the property and marketability would
seem high. However, this density would require amendments to development
regulations.
However, recognizing that the unit family cost to provide water and
sewerage facility for a low density classification is high relative to that
for a high density classification, the property owners have expressed their
preference via survey for the low density pattern. If at a later date, the
cost proves to be greater than the property owners are willing to pay, the
density will be modified accordingly.
so

Short Range
Approximately 670,000 acres or 1/3 of the State's coastal waters are.
closed to our oyster and clam fishermen. Most areas are closed every year.
State and federal agencies readily admit that existing rules and regulations
do not adequately control the problems associated with the use of septic
tanks --in sandy soils where shallow wells are used for water supply, and
where development is adjacent to bodies of water as in the coastal area.
Simply stated, the ability of the natural and man-made systems of the area
to support the demands of various land uses is approaching its limits
(carrying capacity). It is unknown when the area will exceed its capacity;
yet, then it will be too late.
The solution is to have acceptable water supply and wastewater treat-
ment systems serving the Island. However, because of more pressing priori-
ties at the County, State, and Federal level, an inordinate amount of time
and expense will be required to construct these systems. Water system
construction has been estimated to require another two years; while sewerage
is conservatively estimated to be seven years from reality.
What happens to Holden Beach in the interim period prior to water and
sewer system service? Do we allow development to continue at its present
pace, risking public health and environmental degradation? Or do we opt for
controlled growth requiring the necessary water and sewer service systems
by placing'a temporary moratorium on development? At a minimum we can establish
a continuous monitoring program of our surface waters to alert us of declining
water quality.
Section 4: Objectives and Policies for Dealing with Issues
A great deal of development pressure has already been exerted upon
Holden Beach. Consequently, the overall appearance of the community shows
signs of change and will no doubt continue to do so. The amount of change
tolerated depends upon the citizens of the community. From all available
information (surveys, interviews, public meetings), people in Holden Beach
want a viable community; yet, they do not want to lose the assets which the
community presently enjoys. It is imperative that the Town's elected and
appointed officials and citizens vigorously support the goals and objectives
enumerated below. Only when these goals and objectives are adopted and
adhered to, as the Town's policies for land development and future growth,.
-19-

will the community retain the pleasant characteristics it has today.
Planning is pointless unless the plan impacts decision making.
In order to avoid any misunderstanding, the frequently used terms
of goal, objective, and policy are defined as follows:
Goal --a desired future condition;
Objective --a task or course of action to be performed; and
Policy --a commitment to action to reach a goal.
In the broadest sense, the goal of the Beach is to improve the social,
economic, and physical environment of the community as economically as
possible. Within this broadly stated goal, several specific goals and
objectives relating to the physical development of the area can be stated.
Goat: Provide a management system capable of preserving and managing
the natural resources in Holden Beach.
Objectives:
--Designate a Code Enforcement official to enforce the adopted
N.C. State Building Code, Subdivision Regulations, Zoning Ordinance,
and Environmental Impact Statement Ordinance.
--Support the findings of fact and recommendations of appointed boards,
commissions, and professional staff.
--Prevent development in any Area of Environmental Concern which would
result in a contravention or violation of any rules, regulations,
or laws of the State of North Carolina or of the Town of Holden Beach.
--No development shall be allowed in any AEC which would have a sub-
stantial likelihood of causing pollution of the waters of the State
to the extent that such waters would be closed to the taking of
shellfish under standards set by the Commission for Health Services
pursuant to G.S. 30-169.01.
--Adopt a flood plain district as part of the Zoning Ordinance which
would protect the flood prone areas as identified by the U.S. Corps.
of Engineers and HUD - Federal Insurance Administration.
--Employ full-time qualified personnel in order to improve the City's
management capability.
--Prohibit future construction or expansion of finger -canal type
residential.developments.:
-20-

Goat: Develop adequate and efficient public utilities and community
facilities.
Objectives:
--Encourage development near the bridge and avoid "urban sprawl."
--Construct an efficient and economical water system for all people.
--Construct an efficient and economical wastewater treatment system.
--Acquire title or permanent use to beach access ways for all citizens
to enjoy beach recreational activities.
--Limit future commercial establishments on the beach to convenience -
type shopping facilities.
Goal: Insure safe, decent, and a variety of housing for all citizens.
Objectives:
--Permit higher density of residential development in order that services
and facilities can reasonably be provided.
--Adopt a minimum housing code.
--Enforce ordinances to protect homeowners from natural hazards.
Goal: Promote accessibility and safety in area transportation.
Objectives:
--Emphasize safety and a continuous street improvement and construction
program.
--Review thoroughly new residential development plans and insure that
they comply with Subdivision Regulations.
--Mutually.adopt a detailed thoroughfare plan with the N.C. Department
of Transportation, Division of Highways.
Goal: Preserve the existing character and the aesthetic qualities of
Holden Beach.
,Objectives:
--Establish an appearance commission to preserve the community's aesthetic
quality, with power to review architectual plans in accordance with
G.S. 160A-451.
--Promote the cultural amenities of the community by organizing and
sponsoring an information center and community -wide events.
--Establish an adequate park and recreational area on either end of
the island.
-21-

.
Article IV - Constraints
Section 1: Land Potential
An analysis of land potential and capacity of community facilities will
aid in determining a land classification map. Moreover, it will give a more
complete picture of the Holden Beach environment.
a. Physical Limitations
Hazard Areas
While there are no man-made hazard areas on Holden Beach, there are three
natural hazards. These are: ocean erodible areas, estuarine erodible areas,
and flood hazards.
CoastaZ Erosion
Coastal erosion is the process by which land adjacent to tidal areas is
eroded by wave action and tidal currents. Coastal land areas are generally
in a constant state of flux, eroding and accreting on a regular basis.
However, this period of flux can be short, seasonal, or long over a number
of years. Erosion of the shore is the condition where the rate of soil dis-
placement exceeds the rate of replacement.
Essentially, there are three causes for coastal erosion: (1) normal
geologic changes, (2) storm conditions, and (3) changes made by man. Normal
changes in the coastal and sound areas have occurred for centuries. One such
change currently affecting North Carolina is a rising sea level, which aggrevates
erosion conditions. Storm conditions accentuate the effects of wave and wind
action on coastal and sound areas. Storm and wind -generated surges raise the
water level, thereby exposing natural (dune) protection and vulnerable areas
to erosion. Additionally, storm waves move much more soil than ordinary waves.
Man-made changes are probably the most detrimental. Development in areas
susceptible to erosion, particularly the coastal area, is a primary factor.
Once the investments have been made, it becomes necessary to protect them.
Additionally, structural measures, such as single or multiple -purpose reservoirs,
channel stabilization projects, beach protection projects, etc., change the
normal patterns of coastal erosion and accretion by changing the natural sedi-
ment conditions of feeder streams.
Ocean erodible areas are the areas above mean high water where excessive
erosion has a high probability of occurring. In delineating the landward
-22-

extent of this area, a reasonable 25-year recession line shall be determined
using the best scientific data available. The Center for Marine and Coastal
Studies at North Carolina State University has identified a probable recession
line from the toe of the dune for one in twenty-five years storm return fre-
quency at Holden Beach Pier as approximately 199 feet.8
Estuarine, sound, and river erodible areas are defined as the areas above
ordinary high water where excessive erosion has a high probability of occurring.
In delineating the landward extent of this area a reasonable 25-year recession
line shall be determined using the best available information.
A preliminary reconnaissance survey to determine the trend of shoreline
erosion in the lower reaches of Cape Fear, Lockwoods Folly, and Shallotte Rivers
revealed no evidence of significant shoreline erosion.9 However, discussions
with local residents have indicated erosion problems along the Intracoastal
Waterway, particularly in development projects which have "finger canals."
In regard to flood hazards there are two types: "riverine" which is
caused by precipitation and "coastal flooding," caused by wind -driven water
by the coincidence of storm and high tides. There is no coastal hazard areas
comparable to the.riverine "floodway" which must be maintained free of obstruc-
tions to convey flood flows. This is perhaps the most important difference
between coastal and riverine-area regulations. Coastal regulations are not
designed to preserve flood flows yet high hazard coastal areas deserve special
attention. Beaches and shorelines are buffeted by high energy waves that destroy
all but. the strongest structures. At Holden Beach special regulations are needed
not only to protect dunes, but also to protect other natural protective barriers
which blunt the force of wind and waves and minimize property damage.
Many coastal.communities are constructed at the confluence of a river.
and the sea, a location subject to both riverine and coastal flood problems.
Here regulations pertaining to both sorts of problems are needed. Special
regulations are also needed to meet island drainage problems at many coastal
locations even without a major river or stream. Torrential rains accompany
hurricanes and coastal storms often overtax drainage channels. Flood problems
$Knowles, C. E., Jay Langfelder and Others A Preliminary Study.of
Storm -Induced Beach Erosion for North Carolina North Carolina State University
October 16, 1973
9Hunnings, L. D., Area Engineer, Soil Conversation Service Inland Shoreline
Erosion Study Brunswick and New Hanover Counties January 30, 1975
-23-

r
arise if seawalls, dikes, or other engineering works constructed to prevent
flooding by onrushing seas block the seaward flow of water from inland
drainage channels,.10
Holden Beach (community no. 375352B) is an eligible community for.
Federal Flood Insurance under the regular program. FIA Flood Insurance Rate
Map dated May 2, 1975, indicates two zones: A11 - an area of special flood
hazards with base flood elevations and V11 - areas of special flood hazards,
with velocity, that are inundated by tidal floods. In both zones.the base
flood elevation is 14 feet above mean sea level.
soize
The soils of an area greatly determine the extent of present development
and suitability for future growth. Unless an area has proper soils, urban
development that occurs will be costly and may pose a health hazard. Soils
occurring together in a characteristic and repeating pattern constitute a
general soil area or soil association. An association consists of two or more
major soils and at least one minor soil and is named for the major soil. The
Land DeveZopment.Ptan, HoZden Beach, North CaroZina has identified the location
of two soil associations and an interpreation of each. However, the Soil.Map
indicating the location of the two associations is of such a general nature
that it is of little value in'planning for future development.
The U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service is pre-
paring a more detailed soil survey for the Outer Banks and barrier islands
of North Carolina. Fortunately some of the preliminary information about
soils has been compiled and made available.11 A preliminary map appears on
the following page which shows the location and extent of eight soil -mapping
units, some of which are soil series on Holden Beach. Such a map provides
the general soils data needed to plan the efficient use and orderly development
of the community's soil resources. The soil map is useful for (1) those who
want an idea of the soils, (2) those who want to compare the potential of
different parts of the planning area, or (3) those who seek the location of
areas suitable for specific types of land use It is not designed to show
10U.S. Water Resources Council, Washington, D. C. Regulations of FZood
Hazard Areas Vol. II parts V-VI 1971 page 122.
11Simpson, Glen, Soil Conservation Service, Shallotte, N.C. October 24,
1975.
-24-

wp S,.bol
Soil Nappi.E Unit.
HOLDEN
BEACH 20
to I.laod.
12
C-t . t
Qrteret lou .and, tidal tut.;
32
Ntuha.-Corolla toeplu -
NORTH CAROLINA
A ATLA INTR ACOASTAL
SU
IS
6
22
74
WATERWAY�..
'+ �
Nruhaa atria. . '
Corolla ..rl.
Deach Foredus.
Duckato. WATERWAY
ILd.laod-C.rteret 1NTRAGOAS[Af i
ATLANTIC
r•.` 1 �:1f� r.-•-•cas'
t t •� - ,• i .a.....�r•'>,.'i tel: ���...f.•:IT?!.•.•li
(f� •T
1_ SEC�•`:1•
....:i-i' ::;:1:'�".. ... .. .-'
t
]'�..,.• •:� .•' sE. HOLDEN
it
A I
W "^�; -•
L•--��1 ••. •_
HOLDEN
11
LDER
••1 1 HOLDEN d. �SION .
1 ' LA ( � EASTERN
1
OC
ATLANTIC [AN
ATLANTI. INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
HERITAGE HARMR
—� • PODINSON DEACN
WESTERN EXTENSION
�l
N
[;� — :J ::'�,ir r45:fi' "...+7—i.1'�"•` c _ N I MR& RHODA
gO.INSON BEACH t
EASTFRN EXTENSION
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ic• ct
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ATLANTIC INT
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accurately the kinds of soil on an individual tract of land and is not
suitable for planning such units of land.
The table below indicates the approximate acreage and percentage of the
total of the eight soils mapped. The Newhan-Corolla complex is used when these
soils are found in such an intricate pattern that they can't be separated on
the map. The Madeland-Carteret (Duckston) is used when dredge material has
been dumped onto the marsh and canal lots have been created from this. The
Duckston is a small area and may be included with Carteret for interpretation
since it is very similar with respect to physical location, similar vegetation,
and similar soil characteristics. The Beach fore dune is not dune land but
represents only the frontal dune.
HOLDEN BEACH SOILS
Percent
Map Symbol
Soil Maeping.Units
Acres
o Total
20
Dredge fill islands
147.8
-
8.4
12
Carteret -Low, sandy tidal marsh
591.4
33.5
52
Newhan-Corolla complex
322.6
18.3
50
Newhan series
310.2
17.6
15
Corolla series
56.0
3.2.
6
Beach fore dune
144.5.
8.2
22
Duckston series
36.0
2.0
36
Madeland-Carteret
156.8
8.8
Total
1765.3
100
On the following page is a Soil Interpretation Chart. This chart describes
the general soil characteristics and their suitability,for specific types of
uses for three soil series.
Because they are biologically productive, Dredge fill islands, Carteret -
Low sandy tidal marsh, and Beach fore dune are prohibited from future develop-
ment. From the Soil Interpretation Chart, we see that the three soil,series
are generally unsuitable in their natural state for community -development type
uses and that only the Newhan series is provisionally suitable for septic .tanks.
Sandy soils are deceiving in regard to use as soil absorption systems. When
water is applied to sandy soils, it dissipates very rapidly. However, this
does not permit soil any holding capacity to absorb the waste. Consequently,
the waste flows quickly to ground -water aquifers which eventually intersect
the surrounding surface water. Therefore the Beach is quite limited in its
natural state to accommodate intensive development.
-25-

SOIL INTERPRETATION CHART
Seasonal High
Drainage
Pot. for Drainage
Special
Soil Series
Slope
Setting
Flooding
Water Table
Class
Most Restr. Layer
Limitations
Newhan
2-7-30%
Sand dunes
Infrequent - only
5 ft. +
Ex. W. D.
Not needed
Subject to severe
by coastal storms
20"/hr. 0-6411
erosion by severe
storm tides
Corolla
0-41,
Between sand dunes
Frequent
Within 1�-31 of
S. P. D.
Poor outlets
Subject to erosion
surface Jan. -Dec.
2011/hr. 0-7211
by severe storm tides
2 mo.
Carteret
0-2%
Salt marsh flats
Daily or monthly
At or within 11 of
V. P. D.
Poor outlets
Salt marsh
surface 2 mo.
611/hr. at 0-801,
Suitability
for Community Development
Local Roads
Soil Series
Dwellings
Limitations
& Streets
Limitations
Roadfill Limitations
Topsoil
Limitations
Newhan
Unsuit.
High storm
Unsuit.
High storm tides
Suit.
Unsuit.
Too sandy
tides
Soil binder
needed
Too sandy
Corolla
Unsuit.
SHWT High
Unsuit.
SHWT High storm
Prov. suit SHWT
Unsuit.
storm tides
tides
Too sandy
Carteret
Unsuit.
High water
Unsuit.
High water table
Unsuit. SHWT
Unsuit.
table flooding
Flooding

SOIL INTERPRETATION CHART
Suitability.for
Sanitary Facilities
Sewage
Sanitary
Soil Series Septic Tank
Limitations Lagoon
Limitations Landfill
Limitations Ponds
Limitations
Newhan. Prov. Suit
May.pollute Unsuit.
Very rapid perm. Unsuit.
Very rapid perm. Unsuit.
Very rapid
water supplies
Perm•
V. rapid perm.
Corolla Unsuit.
SHWT Unsuit...
Flooding SHWT Unsuit.
Flooding SHWT Unsuit.
Very rapid
Erosion potential
perm.
Carteret Unsuit. High water table Unsuit. High water table Unsuit. High water table Unsuit. Rapid perm.
Flooding Flooding Flooding
Seepage Seepage
Source:
Joseph A. Phillips and others,
Soil Associations of the Coastal
Area Management Region
Soil Cons. Service and NCSU
Raleigh June 29, 1975.
A L.L........ ..mo t.......
W.D. - Well drained
S.P.D.-Somewhat poorly drained
P.D.-Poorly drained
V.P.D.-Very poorly drained
M.W.D.-Moderately well drained
Ex.W.D.-Excessively well drained
SHWT - Seasonal high water table
HWT - High water table
NS - Not suitable

8ydrogeoZogy12
An understanding of the hydrogeology of an area is the first step toward
evaluating the availability, occurrence, and chemical quality of the ground-
water in the planning area. The void spaces between the rock materials that
underlie Holden Beach constitute the reservoir in which the water is stored and
the conduits through which the water moves. While a thorough examination of
the geology and groundwater has not been completed at this time, there are
pertinent facts that have been identified by the Regional Hydrologist with the
North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources.
Geographically, the Town of Holden Beach is in the Lumber River Basin.
Groundwater resources supply all water needs for the town, hence Holden Beach
is not located in any designated public water supply watershed.
The first aquifer encountered is the Post -Miocene Aquifer, a water table
aquifer composed of unconsolidated sand; the aquifer exists between land
surface and an estimated 45 feet below land surface (BLS). Underlying the
Post -Miocene Aquifer is the Tertiary System Aquifer, an artesian aquifer.
occurring between 45 feet BLS and an estimated 90 feet BSL; consolidated
limestone and unconsolidated sand provide the geologic framework for this
aquifer. From an estimated 90 feet BLS to an estimated 1300 feet BLS is
the Cretaceous System Aquifer. Groundwater is stored in unconsolidated
sands under artesian and flowing artesian conditions. Basement hardrock is
at an estimated 1300 feet BLS.
Because of a lack of data, the quality and quantity of groundwater native
to each aquifer is uncertain. The quantity of groundwater in each aquifer
is limited, a direct function of poor aquifer characteristics and the presence
of unusable quality groundwater. Brackish groundwater supposedly occurs in
parts of the Post -Miocene and Tertiary System Aquifer; brackish water occurs
in the entire Cretaceous System Aquifer.
Groundwater recharge occurs on Holden Beach. Rainfall infiltrates
directly into the Post -Miocene Aquifer. Since the Post -Miocene Aquifer is
probably hydraulically connected to the Tertiary System Aquifer, recharge
of the Post -Miocene is also effective recharge to the Tertiary System Aquifer.
T
f�
12Memorandum from Richard Shiver, Regional Hydrologist, North Carolina
Department of Natural and Economic Resources Wilmington, N. C. September 12,
1975.
-26-

Individual wells screened in the upper Post -Miocene Aquifer are the
sources of potable water on Holden Beach. These wells are necessarily shallow
to avoid lower brackish groundwater. Individual septic tanks saturate the
Island and the close proximity of shallow water wells to septic tank leachate
poses a potential health hazard. A well -field probably would not be successful
on the island because of unfavorable hydrogeology and hydrochemistry.
Holden Beach is a barrier island and its groundwater problems are
summarized below:
1) Shallow wells in nearness to septic tanks;
2) Overdrafting supply of fresh groundwater initiates/accentuates
salt water encroachment; and
3) Individual wells preclude monitoring groundwater quality changes
on Holden Beach.
b. Fragile Areas
The following are areas which could easily be damaged or destroyed by
Inappropriate or poorly planned development:
Coastal Wetlands
Sand Dunes along the Outer Banks
Ocean Beaches and Shorelines13
Estuarine Waters
Public Trust Areas
Coastal Inlet Lands14
Special Aquifer Areas - Outer Banks and Barrier Islands
The definition and importance of each of these areas is described under
the section in this report entitled "Areas of Environmental Concern."
However, detailed information regarding Lockwoods Folly Inlet is avail-
able from Corps of Engineers, Wilmington, N. C.15 Based on a 1961 survey of
Lockwoods Folly Inlet by the Corps of Engineers and one in 1970 by,; -the
13See Knowles, C. E., Jay Langfelder and Others A Preliminary 4tudy of
Storm -Induced Beach Erosion for North Carolina NCSU October 16, 1973.
14See Langfelder, Jay and Others A Historical Review of Some of North
Carolina's Coastal Inlets Report No. 74-1 NCSU January 1974.
15Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District, Draft Environmental Statement
"Lockwoods Folly Inlet Navigation Improvement" January 1976.
-27-

National Ocean Survey, the rate of accumulation of material on the ocean
shoal was found to be approximately 180,000'cubic yards per year. In addi-
tion, maintenance dredging in the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway at Lockwoods
Folly Inlet during the same time interval required the removal of an average
of 60,000 cubic yards per year. Thus, between 1961 and 1970, Lockwoods
Folly Inlet entrapped a total of 240,000 cubic yards of littoral material
per year or about 40 percent of the gross littoral drift at the inlet.
During the period from 1961 to 1970, the ocean entrance channel was oriented
in a southeasterly direction, which would facilitate tidal flow bypassing
of material from Holden Beach to Long Beach. Conversely, the southeasterly
inlet channel orientation would impair natural bypassing from Long Beach to
Holden Beach. It is estimated that the total alongshore influx of sediments
to the inlet amounts to approximately 600,000 cubic yards annually, of which
460,000 cubic yards are supplied by eastward transport from Holden Beach,
and 140,000 cubic yards by westward transport from Long Beach. The total
annual accumulation of sediments within the inlet shoal system is estimated
at 240,000 cubic yards, comprised of the total 140,000 cubic yards moving
westward from Long Beach and 100,000 cubic yards transported eastward from
Holden Beach. The remaining 360,000 cubic yards of sediment entering the
inlet complex from the east end of Holden Beach is transported to Long Beach
by tidal flow action. The alongshore material transport deficits for the
shores adjacent to Lockswoods Folly Inlet are 140,000 and 100,000 cubic yards
at Holden Beach and Long Beach, respectively.
-c. Areas with Resource Potential
Another fragile area on Holden Beach is the east end of the Beach on the
property of John Herbert Holden. Mr. Holden has permitted the use of his
property for local residents as a nature trail. The 2,000 feet trail enables
one to view plants of the "ocean -spray community" as they grow in their natural
habitat.
Section 2: Capacity of Community Facilities
Water System
With the exception of one -small private water system serving approximately
12 cottages, there.are not any community or public water systems. AT1 potable
water supplies are: from individual wells. As noted in the'section IHydro-
geology" of this report, there are severe problems on a Barrier island with
-28-

this type of water supply. A public water supply system as part of the
Brunswick County Water System has been approved and contracts for construc-
tion are proposed to be let in 1976. The Holden Beach distribution system
is outlined in an Engineering Report.l6
Sewer System
All wastewater treatment is accomplished by means of individual septic -
tank nitrification fields. Continued development of the Beach using this
type of wastewater disposal threatens not only the groundwater supply, but
adjacent surface waters as well.
Holden Beach along with Ocean Isle and Shallotte are part of the
Southwest Brunswick County 201 wastewater planning area. It is anticipated
that the study of alternatives will be completed between March 1976 and
December 1976.
Aoroughfares
According to the Highway Capacity Manual,17 the practical capacity for
two lanes plus parking for two-way traffic is 5700-8100 vehicles per day.
Capacity is defined as the maximum number of vehicles which has a reasonable
expectation of passing over a given section of a lane or a roadway in both
directions during a given time period under prevailing roadway and traffic
conditions. The 1974 average daily traffic count on NC 130 at the Holden:
Beach bridge was 1720. However, two consecutive 24-hour weekday counts made
in August, 1975 at the same location had 5953 and 6164 vehicles. These counts
were unadjusted for vehicles with 3 or more axles.18 Understandably, this
artery is considerably more heavily traveled in the summer months.
However, the most critical highway problem is the one -lane bridge across
the Intracoastal Waterway. It is the only access to the island and is dan-
gerous in an emergency.
EducationaZ Facilities
There are not any schools .on Holden Beach.
16pierson and,.Whitman, Inc. Engineering Report Water System - Town of.
HoZden Beach August 1973
17Highway Research Board Highway Capacity ManuaZ Special Report 87
1965
18Letter of Mr. E. R. Shull&, Traffic Survey Engineer N.C. Division of
Hiahways Auaust 26. 1975
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Solid Waste Disposal
Holden Beach's Sanitation Department utilizes the county solid waste
disposal landfill on the mainland.
-30-

Article V - Estimated Demand
Section 1: Population and Economy
Due to the small -size of and the lack of historical data for Holden Beach,.
the forecasting of population is at best guesswork. It does not account for
any future economic change as brought about by location of industry nearby or
national recession.
HISTORIC POPULATION
Percent Change Ave. Percent of
1960 1970 1960-1970 Count 1960-1970
Holden Beach 30* 136 353.3 ess than .0
Lockwoods Folly Twp. 4,289 4,748 10.7 20.5
Brunswick County 20,278 24,223 19.4 100.0
*Land Development Plan, Holden Beach, N. C. 1974
Source: U. S. Dept. of Commerce 1960 and 1970
U. S. Census of Population
AVERAGE TERMANENT'RESIDENT POPULATION
1973* 1974 1975
Holden Beach — 70 —1 80 N/A**
Brunswick County 29,800 31,900 .35,621***
*As of July 1 according to N.C. Dept. of Administration, OSP
**Not available because of small data base
***As of January 1 according to Brunswick County Planning Department
POPULATION PROJECTIONS
Permanent*
1980 1985 1990
Holden Beach LM = 350
*Based on arithmetic mean projection
Seasonal Peak*
1975 1980 1985 1990
Holden Beach 0-0 6M00 T6 00 10400
*Based on local officials, building permits s
f_
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Holden Beach has tripled its permanent population since 1960. The
permanent population is projected to increase arithmetically in the coming
decade due to the attractiveness of the Beach.
Forecasting seasonal peak population is a much more difficult task.
The present summer population is based on 8.5 persons per dwelling times
approximately 600 dwelling units. Building permits over the last five
years (1970-1974) averaged 43.6 new units per year. Assuming a continued
issuance of building permits at this rate, then the seasonal peak population
will increase by some 1800 persons every five years.
Over the last five years the Brunswick County economic picture has
been very bright. There are more recent signs of a leveling off of this
economic boom. According to two economic indicators such as personal income
and employment characteristics, Brunswick County has improved but still lags
behind the State in most cases. Since November 1974, the unemployment rate
has continued to increase: January 1975 - 12.1%; May 1975 - 12.7%; and
August 1975 - 14.8%.19 These figures are much the same as the rest of the
nation's because of the recession.
Because Holden Beach's economy is based on tourism, it is difficult
to project future economic conditions. Tourism and the construction of
second homes is more dependent upon the state economy and national economy,
which are beyond.the control of the local decision -makers. However, our
leisure -time industries are growing more and more each year. The only other
industry is commercial fishing. While most of the fishing fleet is moored
on the mainland side'of the Intracoastal Waterway,.a number of persons
reside on the Beach and are employed by the fishing industry. The exact
value added by this segment is unknown, but it is one of the commercial and
sport fishing centers of the County. This is especially important at a
time when statistics indicate that the total landing in quantity for shell-
fish and finfish is decreasing (1960-73) in the State as a whole, while
Brunswick County had its largest total landings in quantity ever recorded
in 1972.20
x
19N.C. Employment Security Commission
20Easley, Jr- J. E. and Beth Sossamon N.C. Fisheries Data N. C.
Agriculture Extension Service 1974 page 6 and 29
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Section 2: Future Land'Use Needs
Determining future land needs is a very important part of land use
planning. While some growth will occur as a result of natural events, a
great deal depends upon the amount of growth desired by the community.
Under "Estimated Demand" we have shown the growth that will probably
occur based on recent trends. Yet, even more growth may be desired by
the community. All available information (surveys, public meetings, inter-
views) indicates the people of Holden Beach want the community to continue
to grow, but not at the expense of the characteristics which make it a
unique beach.
Holden Beach has a finite amount of land upon which to develop. It
is imperative that this resource be utilized wisely. The table below
indicates the amount of land available for future development.
HOLDEN'BEACH LAND USE
Acres
1765.0
Total Land Area
Urban and built-up 144.0
Dredge fill islands 147.8
Low, sandy tidal marsh 591.4
Beach fore dune 144.5
Developable land area 1027.8
737.3
As previously noted approximately 6.2 and 15.9 percent of the present
land is used for commercial and public uses, respectively. Provided these
percentages remain constant, Holden Beach will have approximately 574.4 acres
for future residential development.
The Zoning Ordinance adopted August 15, 1972, contains two residential
districts: R1 and R2. R1 District permits single family dwelling units and
requires a minimum of 5,000 square feet. R2 District permits single and
multifamily dwelling units, motels, apartments, and campgrounds, and requires
a minimum of 5,000.square feet. At present, approximately 95 percent of
residentially zoned land is R1. Consequently, if all of the 574.4 acres
for future residential land was developed in accordance with the existing
zoning ordinance, then Holden Beach's maximum obtainable permanent population
would be 18,436 people (4754 lots x 3.51 persons per dwelling unit and 250
lots x 7 persons per dwelling unit). Of course, the seasonal population
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would be much more.
Consequently, residential land is available to accommodate estimated
population demand without encroaching upon fragile areas, e. g., wetlands,
sand dunes, and inlet and shoreline dynamic areas with certain limitations.
These limitations include the need for essential community facilities
(water and sewer) and prudent and responsible planned development which does
not degrade the water quality of surface waters.
Section 3: Community'Facilities Demand
Holden Beach has to have water and sewer facilities to accommodate
not only future development but present development as well. Without these
facilities, Holden Beach runs the risk of contamination of the health,
economic, and recreational environment. The publicity associated with
such a turn of events could easily destroy what so many citizens on the
beach have worked for.
A map depicting the proposed water distribution system is on the next
page•
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-HOLDEN BEACH
w V1Y1T1 1 /- A r-%^l BA 1 A
ATLANTIC INTRACOASTAL WATERWAY
NERITAOE /ARBOR
ATLANTIG

'Article-VI='P1anjmplementation
Prior to 1974, local land use plans were purely advisory in nature.
Local governments often.adopted comprehensiveplans and then proceeded to
ignore them by zoning land and building facilities in a manner inconsistent
with the plan. Under the Coastal Area Management"Act of 1974 the development
of -land use plans is just the initial phase of the coastal area management
program; for this is a continuing process calling for periodic review (at
least once after five years) and revision to keep the plan current, and for
management of other governmental actions in a mannet'eftsistent'with-the
Tans.
The law requires each town desiring to develop its own implementation and
enforcement plan to identify a "designated local official" to review,
process, and issue permits in Areas of Environmental Concern...
While regulations called for in the act relate only to permit authority
affecting designated Areas of Environmental Concern, the permits need to
be coordinated with both the local land use plan and other existing regulations.
The really crucial part of the program will be to see if the local plans
can be effectively used to guide government actions --by local, state, and.
federal agencies --within the local jurisdiction.
Section 1: Intergovernmental Coordination
On Holden Beach, there are two local units of government which provide
services to the island and have authority to levy taxes. These two units are:
the Town of Holden,Beach and the County of Brunswick. Historically, counties
have been responsible for software services (i.e., health, education and welfare)
while municipalities were responsible for hardware services (i.e., water, sewer,
streets and sanitation). However with a changing demographic picture, both
cities and counties have initiated services of both types.
Coordination of services between Holden Beach and Brunswick County have been
achieved in some instances such as fire protection, refuse disposal, and
water service. However, new agreements in other areas should be explored.
Possible.areas for joint services include recreation, wastewater treatment,
emergency rescue service, building inspection, and beach erosion control.,
The degree to which any of these service agreements can be achieved will be
determined by the -cost involved. The cost in turn can be held to a_hinimum
f
by land use control. Only Holden Beach has authority to regulate tfie use
of the land on the island.
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Coordination in the development of the Land Use Plan between Brunswick
County and Holden Beach has been achieved.through informal meetings by
the planning staff and citizens' attendance at County Advisory Committee
meetings.
land:
Secti6n*2:''Land'C1astificati6n'S Item
The North Carolina Land Classification System contains five classes of
a. Developed --Lands where existing population density is moderate
to high and where there are a variety of land uses which have
the necessary public services.
b. Transition --Lands where local government plans to accommodate
moderate to high density development during the following ten-year
period and where necessary public services will be provided to
accommodate that growth.
c. Community --Lands where low density development is grouped in
existing settlements or will occur in such settlements during
the following ten-year period and which will not require extensive
public services now or in the future.
d. Rural --Lands whose highest use is for agriculture, forestry, mining,
water supply, etc., based on their natural resources potential.
Also, lands for future needs not currently recognized.
e. Conservation --Fragile, hazard, and other lands necessary to
maintain'a healthy natural environment and necessary to provide
for the public health, safety, or welfare.
These five classes provide a framework to be used by the Town to identify
the general use of all lands within the corporate limits. Such a system pre-
sents an opportunity for Holden Beach to provide for its needs as well as to
consider those of the whole state. Also, it is a statement of policy on where
and to what density we want growth to occur, and where we want to conserve
the beach's natural resources by guiding growth.
Applying this system to Holden Beach as shown on the accompanying map,
land falls into three categories: Conservation, Transition, and Rural.
Conservation represents all land identified as AECs and where soil conditions
will not support development. Transition includes land that will be provided
water and sewer service within the next ten years. Incidentally, the_�unit
-36-

cost of water and sewer depends upon the density of.development permitted.
The higher the density, the less unit cost per subscriber. The remainder
of the land area is classified as Rural for future -land needs not currently
recognized..
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Section 3: 'Potential*Areas of Environmental Concern
Coastal'WetlandS'='General
Coastal wetlands are defined as "any salt marsh or other marsh subject
to regular or occasional flooding by tides, including wind tides (whether or
not the tide waters reach the marshland areas through natural or artificial
watercourses), provided this shall not include hurricane or tropical storm
tides. Salt marshland or other marsh shall be those areas upon which grow
some, but not necessarily all, of the following salt marsh and marsh plant
species: Smooth or salt water Cordgrass (Spartina'alterniflora); Black
Needlerush (Juncus'roemerianus); Glasswort (Salicornia spp.); Salt Grass
(Distichlis Spicata); Sea Lavender (Limonium spp.); Bulrush (Scir us spp.);
Saw Grass (Cladium Jamaicense); Cat -Tail (Typha spp.); Salt=Meadow Grass
(Spartina Patens); and Salt Reed Grass Martina cynosuroides)." Included
in this statutory. definition of wetlands is "such contiguous land as the
Secretary of Natural and Economic Resources reasonably deems necessary to
affect by any such order in carrying out the purposes of this Section."
(G.S. 113-230 (a))
For policy purposes, coastal wetlands may be considered in two categories:
(1) low tidal marsh; (2) other coastal marshlands which have different signifi-
cance and policy implications.
Coastal Wetlands - Low Tidal Marshland
a. � Description. Defined as marshland consisting primarily of
SSpartina alterniflora and usually subject to inundation by the normal rise and
fall of lunar tides.
b. .Significance. Low tidal marshland serves as a critical component
in the coastal ecosystem. The marsh is the basis for the high net yield system
of the estuary through the production of organic detritus (partially decomposed
plant material) which is the primary input source for the food chain of the
entire estuarine system. Estuarine dependent species of fish and shellfish
such as menhaden, shrimp, flounder, oysters and crabs currently make up over
90 percent of the total value of North Carolina's commercial catch.
In addition, the roots and rhizomes of the'Spartina alterniflora serve as
waterfowl food and the stems as wildlife nesting material. Low tidal marsh
also serves as the first line of defense in retarding shoreline erosion. The
plant stems and leaves tend to dissipate wave action while the vast network
of roots resists soil erosion. Marshes of this type operate additionally as
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land uses allocation of - this type shall be given. to. development which
requires water access and cannot function anywhere.else,.such as ports,
docks and marinas, provided that the actual location of.such facilities
within the marsh consider coastal, physical and biological systems and
further provided that feasible alternatives regarding location and design
have been adequately considered and need for such development can be
demonstrated. Such allocation may only be justified by the projected
land use demands and by community development objectives, but in no case
shall the allocation exceed the capacity of the marshland system to sustain
losses without harm to the estuarine ecosystem unless the losses would be
offset by a clear and substantial benefit to the public.
Estuarine'Waters
a. Description. Estuarine waters are defined in G.S. 113-
229 (n) (2) as, "all the water of the Atlantic Ocean within the boundary
of North Carolina and all the waters of the bays, sounds, rivers, and
tributaries thereto seaward of the dividing line between coastal fishing
waters and inland fishing waters, as set forth in an agreement adopted by
the Wildlife Resources Commission and the Department of Conservation and
Development filed with the Secretary of State entitled 'Boundary Lines,
North Carolina Commercial Fishing -Inland Fishing Waters, revised March 1,
1965,"' or as it may be subsequently revised by the Legislature.
b. Significance. Estuaries are among the most productive
natural environments of North Carolina. They not only support valuable
commercial and sports fisheries, but are also utilized for commercial navi-
gation, recreation, and aesthetic purposes. Species dependent upon
estuaries such as menhaden, shrimp, flounder, oysters and crabs make up
over 90 percent of the total value of North Carolina's commercial catch.
These species must spend all or some part of their life cycle in the
estuary.- The high level of commercial and sports fisheries and the aesthetic
appeal of coastal North Carolina is dependent upon the protection and sus-
tained quality of our estuarine areas.
c.. Policy Objective. To preserve and manage estuarine waters
so as to safeguard and perpetuate their biological, economic and aesthetic
values.
-39-

traps for sediment originating from upland runoff thus reducing siltation
of the estuarine bottoms and consequent detriment.to marine organisms.
c.- Polity:Objedtive. To- give the highest priority to the preserva-
tion of low tidal marshland.
d. -Appropriat6 and'Uses. Appropriate land uses shall be those
consistent with the above policy objective., These marshes should be considered
unsuitable for all development which will alter their natural functions.
Inappropriate land uses include, but are not limited to the following examples:
restaurants and businesses; residences, apartments, motels, hotels, and trailer
parks; parking lots and offices; spoil and dump sites; wastewater lagoons;
public and private roads and highways; and factories. Examples of acceptable
land uses may include utility easements, fishing piers, docks, certain agri-
cultural uses except when excavation or filling affecting estuarine or
navigable waters is involved, and such other uses which'do nog significantly
alter the natural functions of the marsh.
Coastal Wetlands - Other Coastal Marshland
a. Description. All other marshland which is not low tidal marsh-
land and which contains the species of vegetation as listed in the first
paragraph under Coastal Wetlands - General.
b. Significance. This marshland type also contributes to the
detritus supply necessary to the highly productive estuarine system essential
to North Carolina's economically valuable commercial and sports fisheries.
The higher marsh types offer quality wildlife and waterfowl habitat depending
on the viological and physical conditions of the marsh. The vegetative diver-
sity of wildlife types than the limited habitat of the low tidal marsh. This
marshland type also serves as an important deterrent to shoreline erosion
especially in those marshes containing heavily rooted species. The defense
system of rhizomes and roots of Juncus roemerianus are highly resistant to
erosion. In addition, the higher marshes are effective sediment traps.
c. Policy Objective. To give a high priority to the preservation
and management of the marsh so asto safeguard and perpetuate their viological,
economic and aesthetic values.
d. Appropriate -Land -Uses. Appropriate land uses shall be those
consistent with the above policy objective. Highest priority shall be
allocated to the conservation of existing marshlands. Second priority for.
-40-

d. Appropriate Uses. Appropriate uses shall be those consistent
with the above policy objective. Highest priority shall be allocated to
the conservation of estuarine waters. The development of navigational channels,
the use of bulkheads to prevent erosion, and the building of piers or wharfs
where no other feasible alternative.exists are examples of land uses appro-
priate within estuarine waters, provided that such land uses will not be
deterimental to the biological and physical estuarine functions and public
trust rights. Projects which would directly or indirectly block or impair
existing navigation channels, increase shoreline erosion, deposit spoils
below mean high tide, cause adverse water circulation patterns, violate water
quality standards, or cause degradation of shellfish waters are generally
considered incompatible with the management of estuarine waters.
Renewable Resource Areas - Watersheds or Aquifers - General
Public water supply watersheds or aquifers are defined as areas that
are present sources of public water supply, as identified by the N. C. Commission
for Health Services or the Environmental Management Commission, or that area.
classified for water supply pursuant to G.S. 143-214.1.
Renewable Resource Areas - Watersheds or Aquifers - Special Aquifer
Areas - Outer Banks and Barrier Islands
a. Description. Areas of well -drained sands that extend downward
from the surface to include an extensive area of fresh water that is an
important source for a public water supply identified by the North Carolina
Department of Human Resources, Division of Health Services, or that are
classified for water supply use pursuant to G.S. 143-214.1. The information
necessary to identify these areas will be supplied by the Division of Health
Services in cooperation with the State Geologist.
b. Significance. Naturally occurring aquifers on.the outer banks
and barrier islands generally occur in well drained sands at relatively
shallow depth. Recharge to these aquifers is through precipitation and,
occasionally, indirectly from adjoining freshwater marshlands. Very little
filtration of chemical contaminants or of viruses is afforded by the sand'
materials, and the potential exists for extensive pollution of these supplies
rendering them unsafe as sources of public water supply. Additionally, a
rate of water withdrawal that greatly exceeds water recharge from the surface
can result in saltwater intrusion rendering all or part of the aquifer
unsuitable as a water supply source.
-41-

c. Policy'Objective. To eliminate as nearly as possible the
potential.for contamination of special aquifer areas that may result in a
public health hazard or significantly limit the value of the aquifer as
water supply source.
d. Appropriate Land Uses. Appropriate land uses shall be.those
consistent with the above policy objective. Special aquifer areas shall be
planned for those kinds of development that will not rely upon subsurface
waste disposal systems, result in injection of wastes into the ground,
significantly increase the risk of accidental discharge onto:the_surface
of liquid or other easily soluble contaminants, or increase the withdrawal
of water from the aquifer to a rate that may cause saltwater intrusion.
Inappropriate uses would include chemical or fuel processing or storage
facilities or residential development employing septic tank sewage disposal
systems. These AECs should be planned for low intensity of use where
feasible, and new intensive development that must occur should be provided
with public waste water disposal systems.
Areas Subject to Public Rights - General
Areas such as waterways and lands under or flowed by tidal waters or
navigable waters, to which the public may have rights of access or public.
trust rights and areas which the State of North Carolina may be authorized
to preserve, conserve, or protect under Article XIV, Section 5, of the
North Carolina Constitution.
Areas Subject to Public Rights - Certain Public Trust Areas
a. Description. All waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the lands
thereunder from the mean high water mark to the seaward limit of State
jurisdiction; all .natural bodies of water subject to measurable lunar tides
and.lands thereunder to the mean high water mark; all navigable natural
bodies of water and lands thereunder to the mean high water mark or ordinary
high water mark as the case may be, except privately owned lakes to which the
public has no right of access; all waters in artificially created bodies of
water in which exists significant public fishing resources or other public
resources, which are accessible to the public by navigation from bodies of
water in which the public has rights of navigation; all waters in artificially
created bodies of water in which the public has acquired rights by prescription,
-42-

custom, usage, dedication or any other means. In determining whether the
public has acquired rights in artificially created bodies of water, the
following factors shall be considered: (1) the use of the body of water
by the public; (ii) the length of time the public has used the area;
(iii) the value of public resources in the body of water; (iv) whether the
public resources in the body of water are mobile to the extent that they can
move into natural bodies of water; (v) whether the creation of the artificial
body of water required permission from the State; and (vi) the value of the
body of water to the public for navigation from one public area to another
public area.
For purposes of the description in Areas Subject to Public Rights -
General and Certain Public Trust Areas, the following definitions shall
apply:
(1) Mean High Water Mark means the line on the shore established
by the average of all high tides. It is established by survey
based on available tidal datum. In the absence of such datum,
the mean high water mark shall be determined by physical markings_
or comparison of the area in question with an area having similar
physical characteristics for which tidal datum is readily available..
(2) Navigable means navigable -in -fact.
(3) Navigable -in -fact means capable of being navigated in its natural
condition by the ordinary modes of navigation includes modes of
navigation used for recreational purposes. The natural condition
of a body of water for purposes of determining navigability shall
be the condition of the body of water at mean high water or
ordinary high water as the case may be, and the condition of the
body of water without man-made obstructions and without temporary
natural obstructions. Temporary natural conditions such as water
level fluctuation and temporary natural obstructions which do not
permanently or totally prevent navigation do not make an otherwise
navigable stream nonenavigable.
(4) Ordinary High Water Mark means the natural or clear line impressed
on the land adjacent to the waterbody.- It may be established by
erosion or other easily recognized characteristics such as shelving,
change in the character of the soil, destruction of terrestrial
vegetation or its inability to grow, the presence of litter and debris,
or other appropriate means which consider the characteristics of the
surrounding area. The ordinary high water mark does not extent beyond
the well defined banks of a river where such banks exist.
-43-

b. Significance. The public has rights in these waters
including navigation and recreation. In addition, these waters support
valuable commercial.and sports fisheries, have aesthetic value, and are
important potential resources for economic development.
c. Policy Objective. To protect public rights for navigation
and recreation and to preserve and manage the public trust waters so as to
safeguard and perpetuate their biological, economic and aesthetic value.
d: Appropriate Uses. Appropriate uses shall be those consistent
with the above policy objective. Any land use which interferes with the
public right of navigation, or other public trust rights, which the public
may be found to have in these waters, shall not be allowed. The development
of navigational channels, drainage ditches, the use of bulkheads to prevent
erosion, and the building of piers or wharfs are examples of land uses appro-
priate within public trust waters provided that such land uses will not be
detrimental to the.biological and physical functions and public trust rights.
Projects which would directly or indirectly block or impair existing naviga-
tion channels, increase shoreline erosion, deposit spoils below mean high
tide,.cause adverse water circulation patters, violate water quality standards,
or cause degradation of shellfish waters are generally considered incompatible
with the management of public trust waters.
Natural Hazard Areas - General
Natural hazard areas where uncontrolled or incompatible development
could unreasonably endanger life or property, and other areas especially
vulnerable to erosion, flooding, or other adverse effects of sand, wind,
and water.
Natural Hazard Areas - Sand Dunes along the Outer Banks
a. Description. Dunes are defined as ridges or mounds of loose
wind-blown material, usually sand.
b. .Significance. Dunes comprise a major portion of the outer
banks and barrier islands and represent a protective barrier for the sounds,
estuaries, and mainland. Development with inadequate design or construction
may alter the protective character of the dunes and subject property to.an
increased risk of substantial damage due to the adverse effect of wind and water.
-44-

c. Policy Objective. To insure that development which is under-
taken utilizes sound engineering practices to minimize the erosive effects
of wind and water.
d. Appropriate Land Uses. Appropriate land uses shall be those
consistent with the above policy objective. Only those developments that can
be safely undertaken utilizing recognized engineering practices and site
preparation and site maintenance to minimize unnecessary damage from wind and
water should be allowed.
Natural Hazard Areas - Ocean Beaches and Shorelines (on the Outer Banks)
a. Description. These are defined as land areas without vegetation
covering, consisting of unconsolidated soil material that extends landward
from the mean low tide to a point where any one or combination of the following
occur: (1) vegetation, or (2) a distinct change in predominant soil particle
size, or (3) a change in slope or elevation which alters the physiographic
land form.
b. Significance. Sand deposits of ocean beaches and shorelines
represent a dynamic zone which does'not afford long term protection for
development. The nature of tidal action and the force of storms is such that
they cause the beach areas to constantly shift. Littoral drift is a natural
phenomenon whereby sand is removed from beaches by wave action and littoral
currents and is deposited upon a different stretch of the beach. The action
also shifts the line of high tide and low tide. Ocean beaches and shorelines
are valuable for public and private recreation and are located within a
natural hazard area. Development within this dynamic zone may result in
loss of property and possible loss of life.
c.. Policy Objective. To preserve to the greatest extent feasible
the opportunity to enjoy the physical, aesthetic, culture and recreational
qualities of the natural shorelines of the State and to allow that type
development which will withstand the prevalent natural forces and not unreasonably
interfere with the rightful use and enjoyment of the beach area.
d. Appropriate Land Uses. Appropriate land uses shall be those
consistent with the.above policy objective.
Natural Hazard Areas - Coastal Floodplains
a. Description. Coastal floodplain is defined as the land areas
-45-

adjacent to coastal sounds, estuaries or the ocean which are prone.to flood-
ing from storms with an annual probability of one percent or greater (100
year storm). These areas are analogous to the 100 year floodplain on a
river. Information necessary to identify these areas will be supplied by
the State Geologist.
b. Significance. Coastal floodplains are those lands subject to
flooding or wave action during severe storms or hurricanes. They are lands
where uncontrolled, incompatible, or improperly designed building, structures,.
facilities, and developments can unreasonably endanger life and property.
Except for those portions of the areas lying within estuarine or ocean erodible
areas, they are not generally or necessarily subject to severe erosion or
dynamic action leading to replacement of the land with a body of water. In
most instances, structures within this area do not obstruct the.flow of waters
or create any additional back waters.
c. Policy Objective. To ensure that all buildings, structures,
facilities and developments are properly designed and built to maintain their
stability, integrity, and safety in the event of flood surge from a 100 year
storm.
d. Appropriate Land Uses. Appropriate land uses shall be those.
consistent with the above policy objective. It is reasonable to allow a
certain degree of.development if it is carefully controlled and meets strin-
gent engineering standards for stability, integrity and safety during a 100.,
year storm. (Code..of Federal Regulations, Title 24, Chapter 10, Subchapter B)
Natural Hazard Areas - Excessive Erosion Areas - General
Areas where geologic and soil conditions are such that there is substan-
tial possibility of excessive erosion or seismic activity.
Natural Hazard Areas - Excessive Erosion Areas - Coastal Inlet Lands
a. Description. Defined as the natural zone of migration of
coastal inlets. Such a zone covers all areas that are expected to be eroded
by future inlets and inlet migration based on the best available data and
studies, including relevant historical photography, surveys, maps and other
appropriate information. The information necessary to identify these areas
will be supplied by the State Geologist.
b. Significance. The particular location of the inlet channel
is a temporary one, as such channels are subject to extensive migration.
-46-

Coastal inlet lands are extremely dynamic land areas that are highly
suceptible to becoming completely displaced by water.
c. Policy'Objective. To limit unnecessary hazards to life
or property or unreasonable requirements for .public expenditures to protect
property or maintain safe conditions.
d. Appropriate'Land Uses. Appropriate land uses shall be those
consistent with the above policy objective. .Recreational or conservation
activities and easements for access represent the preferred land use.
Moveable temporary structures for recreational purposes may be appropriate.
Permanent'or substantial residential, commercial, institutional, or indus-
trial structures are not appropriate uses in coastal inlet lands.
Natural Hazard Areas - Excessive Erosion Areas - Ocean Erodible Areas
a. Description. Defined as the area above mean high water where
excessive erosion has a high probability of occurring. In delineating.the
landward extent of -this area a reasonable 25-year recession line shall be
determined using the best scientific data available. The information necessary
to identify these areas will be supplied by the State Geologist.
b. Significance. Ocean erodible areas are extremely dynamic lands
highly susceptible to becoming completely displaced by water.
c. Policy Objective. To limit unnecessary hazards to life or
property or unreasonable requirements for public expenditures to protect
property or maintain safe conditions.
d. Appropriate Land Uses. Appropriate land uses shall be those
consistent with the above policy objective. Permanent or substantial residen-
tial, commercial, institutional or industrial structures are not appropriate
uses in estuarine and sound and river erodible areas unless stabilization
has been achieved along the affected reach. Recreational, rural and conservation
activities represent appropriate land uses in those erodible areas where shore-
line protective construction has not been completed.
Development Standards Applicable to All AECs
a. No development should be allowed -in any AEC which would result
in a contravention or violation of any rules, regulations, or laws of the
State of North Carolina or of local government in which the development takes
place.
-47-

b. No development should be allowed in any AEC which would have
a substantial likelihood of causing pollution of the waters of the State
to the extent that such waters would be closed to the taking of shellfish
under standards set by the Commission for Health Services pursuant to
G.S. 130-169.01.
-48-

Section 4: *Location*and'Deyelopment'Standards
These standards serve-two.purposes: as a basis for the Land Use Plan,
and as a guide to public officials and citizens for evaluating development
proposals. These standards state where the various land uses should be
located and how land should be developed for each land use. Residential
areas should:
--Have public water and sewer service within corporate limits.
--Have minimum lot sizes of 20,000 square feet where community/public
water and sewer service is unavailable; and 15,000 square feet
where either water and sewer facilities are available, but not
both.
--Be bound but not crossed by major thoroughfares.
--Construct utilities including electric and telephone lines under-
ground, where the ground water table prohibits underground electric
wires, utility poles should follow rear property lines.
--Not located in flood prone areas or,.in the case of beach communities,
be above minimum building elevation and flood proofed as determined
by HUD - Federal Insurance Administration.
--Provide locations for churches, schools, recreation, and neighborhood
serving.stores near their center.
--Be buffered from other land uses.
Commercial areas should:
--Locate near intersections of major thoroughfares to better serve
trade areas.
--Not be permitted to develop in strips, but rather in compact, grouped,
and consolidated into functional units.
--Provide adequate off-street parking with designated entrances and
exits.
--Have adequate space; neighborhood shopping centers should range from
3 to 6 acres in size while community shopping centers should range
from 10 to 30 acres in size.
--Have compatible signs which do not obstruct sight.
Office and institutional areas should:
--Serve as buffers between residential areas and commercial or
industrial.uses.
-49-

--Locate in planned office and institutional parks.
--Have adequate off-street parking facilities.-
--Have compatible signs.which do not obstruct'sight.
sifl!

ArticleVll='Conclusion
The Land Use Plan -culminates six months' work by.the Town of Holden
Beach, plus the substance -of several public meetings.and a survey, where
input was. given by property owners and residents of the Island.
Obstacles to present and future development are clearly identified.
Means and methods for dealing with development problems are recommended.
The protection of the public health, safety, and welfare of present and
future residents can be assured provided Town Council implements the recommen-
dations listed herein as development policy.
Major conclusions of the Land Use Plan are:
--Existing development threatens the quality of surface waters
and groundwater.
--Providing water and sewer service and other municipal services
to the present pattern of development (density) will result in
higher economic, environmental, and personal costs.
--Beach access, recreation facilities, water safety, rescue service,
fire and police protection, and street.surfacing are all municipal
services in need of improvement.
--Holden Beach requires the professional services of full-time
qualified personnel to insure the efficient and wise management
of the Island's resources.
--Unless the proper controls are implemented, Areas of Environmental
Concern face significant deterioration which would lessen the
attractiveness of the Beach and would violate the laws of the
State of North Carolina.
-51-

Citizen Opinion Survey for the Town of Holden Beach,
Holden Beach is preparing a land use plan in order to cbmply..with the requirements of the
Coastal Area Management Act of 1974. one of the most important aspects of -land uSe planning .is
that the plan adequately reflects citizen opinions and attitudesjoward the use of'the commun
ity's land --both public and private. The following survey is intended to give each citizen
the opportunity to express his opinion on land use problems and issues. Your cooperation in
answering the following questions will be appreciated.
Upon completing the questionnaire, please return to:
Your local real estate agent or
Mrs. Lucille C. Burks
Town Clerk
Town Hall - 110 Rothschild St.
Holden Beach, N.C. 28462
Check ( ) appropriate space.
1. Are you a property ( ) owner or ( ) renter?
2. Are you a permanent resident of Holden Beach? ( ) yes ( ) no.
3. If not, how often do you reside in Holden Beach?
( ) weekdays (-; ) weekends ( ) several weeks ( )summer months
4. How did you first learn about Holden Beach?
( ) from a friend or relative
( ) advertisement for rental or sale
( ) previous vacation
( ) other
5. What is your age?
6. Do you live in a: ( ) single family house
( .) duplex
( ) mobile home -- at Holden Beach?
( ) apartment
7. During the next five years would you like to see the population of Holden Beach --
( ) stay the same
increase ( ) 10% ( ) 30% ( ) 50% ( ) 75%
decrease ( ) 10% ( ) 30% ( ) 50% ( ) 75%
8. Which of the following types of development would you like to see more or less of in
Holden Beach?
More Less
single-family housing ( ) ( )
apartments ( ) ( )
condominiums ( ) ( )
mobile homes ( ) ( )
commercial trade ( ) ( )
commercial services ( ) ( )
public open space ( ) ( )
public recreation facilities ( ) ( )
(playgrounds and parks)
other (specify)
9. For what reasons did you choose to live in Holden Beach?
( ) close to work
( ) pleasant surroundings
( ) reasonable rent
( ) reasonably priced land and house
( ) close to family and friends
( ) single-family beach
other
10. In which of the following areas do you feel more public funds should be spent?
More Less
garbage collection ( ) ( )
water and sewer service ( ) ( )
fire and police protection ( ) ( )
schools ( ) ( )
parks and recreational ( ) ( )
(facilities and programs)
streets ( ) ( )
environmental protection
water safety ( ) ( )
town management ( ) ( )
medical services ( ) ( )
rescue service
erosion control ( ) ( )
beach access ( ) ( )
other

- 2 -
11. What do you like most about Holden Beach?
12. What do you like least about Holden Beach?
13. Do you think development should be permitted in the following areas --
Never With Restrictions Always
on lands near inlets
on any marshland
on frontal dunes ( ) ( ) ( )
other
14. In those areas that you have indicated no development, would you support the purchase
by public agency? ( )• Yes ( ) No
15. Is there any particular area or type of area within the Town limits that you feel
is unique or special and should be preserved or protected in its present state
or form?
16. Please use the following space to make any additional comments you would like.
Thank you for your help and cooperation. This questionnaire should be returned.
to the Town Hall by August 15th.
Mrs. Lucille C. Burks
Town Clerk
Town Hall - 110 Rothschild St.
Holden Beach, N.C. 28462

..Rare'and'Endangered'Speeies*
BRUNSWICK*COUNTY
Am hibians ...................
Gopher Frog ='Rana'Aerolata'amphibian
Status: Periphera - Undetermined in North Carolina
ReRe-- 1eS ..A ........... .. ... I.:..... .
American alligator='Alligator'Mittissippi6htis
General Comments: Protected, North Carolina, but development and
alteration of habitat endangers species.
Status: Peripheral - Endangered in North Carolina and nationally
Coral Snake - Micurus'Fulvius
General Comments: Very Secretive, North Carolina northern limit range
Status: Peripheral - Rare in North Carolina
Eastern Diamond Rattlesnake - Crotalus Adamanteus
General Comments: North Carolina nort ern imit range
Status: Peripheral - Rare in North Carolina
Vascular Plants
Sagi ttari a teres
Preferred Habitat: Acid, Sandy ponds and bogs
General Comments: Very rare
Status: Rare -
Ultricularia Olivacea
Preferred Habitat. onds
General Comments: Very rare
Status: Rare and endangered
Heterotheca Correllii
Preferred.Ha itat: Sandy woods
General Comments: Very rare
Status: Rare
*Source: North Carolina Department of Natural and Economic Resources,
Prelirninar *list'of*Endaiigered,Plant'and'Animal'S eeies in
Nort Carolina, June 1973.

Residential areas should:
—Have public water and sewer service within corporate
limits.
—Have minimum lot sizes of 20,000 square feet where com-
munity/public water and sewer service is unavailable; or of
15,000 square feet if either water and sewer facilities are
available, but not both.
—Be bound but not crossed by major thoroughfares.
—Construct utilities including electric and telephone lines
underground; where the groundwater table prohibits under-
ground electric wires, utility poles should follow rear pro-
perty lines.
—Not locate in flood -prone areas or, in the case of beach
communities, be above minimum building elevation and
floodproofed as determined by HUD —Federal Insurance
Administration.
—Provide locations for churches, schools, recreation, and
neighborhood serving stores near their center.
—Be buffered from other land uses.
Commercial areas should:
—Locate near intersections of major thoroughfares to better
serve trade areas.
—Not be permitted to develop in strips, but rather in con-
solidated functional units.
—Provide adequate off-street parking with designated en-
trances and exits.
—Have adequate space; neighborhood shopping centers
should range from 3 to 6 acres in size while community
shopping centers, from 10 to 30 acres in size.
—Have compatible signs which do not obstruct sight.
Office and institutional areas should:
—Serve as buffers between residential areas and commercial
or industrial uses.
—Located in planned office and institutional parks.
—Have adequate off-street parking facilities.
—Have compatible signs which do not obstruct sight.
T T /- % T T1 T"N X T " T­% A Z ­1 T T
A
OLDEN BEACH
A 1/1nT1 1 ^ A n/11 I P. I A
ARTICLE V11 - CONCLUSION
The Land Use Plan culminates six months' work by the Holden
Beach Planning Board and planning advisor, plus the substance
of several public meetings and a survey where input was given
by property owners and residents of the Island.
Obstacles to present and future development are clearly
identified. Means and methods for dealing with development
problems are recommended. The protection of health, safety,
and welfare of present and future residents can be assured,
provided the Town Council implements the recommendations
listed herein as development policy.
1
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ROBINSON BEACH
WESTERN EXTENSION
ATLANTIC OCEAN
ROBINSON BEACH
EASTERN EXTENSION
HOLDEN BEACH HARBOR
RHODA McMILLAN
HARBOR ACRES
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MRS. RHODA McMILLAN
Major conclusions of the Land Use Plan are:
—Existing development threatens the quality of surface wa-
ters and groundwater.
—Providing water and sewer service and other municipal
services to the present pattern of development (density)
will result in higher economic, environmental, and per-
sonal costs.
—Beach access, recreation facilities, water safety, rescue
service, fire and police protection, and street surfacing are
all municipal services in need of improvement.
—Holden Beach requires the professional services of full-
time qualified personnel to insure the efficient and wise
management of the Island's resources.
—Unless the proper controls are implemented, environ-
mentally fragile areas face significant deterioration which
would lessen the attractiveness of the Beach and probably
would violate the laws of the State of North Carolina.
EXISTING LAND USE
URBAN AND BUILT—UP
RESIDENTIAL
COhT1ERC (AL -
GOVERNMENT & INSTITUTIONAL -
CULTURAL EMTERTAIM1ENT & RECREATIaN
UNDEVELOPED LAND
WATER
H
WETLAND
TRANSITION
RURAL
CONSERVATION
LAND CLASSIFICATION
ATLANTIC 0CEAN

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SHORT RANGE
Approximately 670,000 acres or 1/3 of the State's coastal
waters are closed to our oyster and clam fishermen. More areas
are closed every year. State and federal agencies readily admit
that existing rules and regulations do not adequately control the
problems associated with the use of septic tanks. These prob-
lems occur in sandy soils where shallow wells are used for water
supply and where development is adjacent to bodies of water,
as in the coastal area.
Simply stated, the ability of the natural and man-made
systems of the area to support the demands of various land uses
is approaching its limits (carrying capacity). It is unknown when
the area will exceed its capacity; yet then it will be too late.
The solution is to provide acceptable water supply and
wastewater treatment systems to service the Island. However,
because of more pressing priorities at the county, state, and
federal level; an inordinate amount of time and expense will be
required to construct these systems. Estimates show that water
system construction will require another two years while sewer-
age system construction will require at least seven years.
What happens to Holden Beach in the interim period prior to
water and sewer system service? Do we allow development to
continue at its present pace, risking public health and environ-
mental degradation? Or do we opt for controlled growth by
placing a temporary moratorium on development?
Section 2: Capacity of Community Facilities
With the exception of one small private water system serving
approximately 12 cottages, there are not any community or
public water or wastewater treatment systems. Soils in their
natural state are highly porous which invites high intensity
development; but the rapid movement or wastewater with
reduced effectiveness of treatment results in high potential for
degradation of both surface and groundwater quality.
ARTICLE V - ESTIMATED DEMAND
Section 1: Population and Economy
Future permanent and seasonal peak population is expected
to increase arithmetically in the coming decade due to the
attractiveness of the beach.
Population Projections
Holden Beach 1980 1985 1990
Permanent 250 300 350
Seasonal Peak 6,800 8,600 10,400
Two of the most important factors which would seem to
indicate continued economic improvement for Holden Beach
are the growth and expansion of leisure and recreational
activities, and an increase in its use as a retirement community.
These conditions are based upon the assumption that there will
be no severe economic recession or boom, such as the locating
of a petrochemical complex. There are too many factors beyond
the local decision -making capacity to make definite assump-
tions about the future.
Section 2: Future Land Use Needs
Holden Beach has a finite amount of land upon which to
develop. If present residential land uses continue, the beach
will have approximately 574.4 acres for future residential de-
velopment. Consequently, residential land is available to ac-
commodate anticipated population demand without degrading
fragile areas, provided essential community facilities (water and
sewer) and prudent and responsible planned development oc-
cur.
Section 3: Community Facilities Demand
Holden Beach has to have two essential community services
with facilities to accommodate not only future development,
but present development as well. The cost of these services shall
be borne by all property owners, as it will enhance the value of
each parcel. The services are water and sewerage.
Total water system cost including construction and adminis-
trative cost was estimated in August, 1973, at $780,000. This
estimate has since been revised as of September, 1975, to
$1,100,000.
While very little information is available at this time on a
sewer system for Holden Beach, an engineering firm has been
retained to prepare an EPA 201 Wastewater Facilities Plan which
will include most of Southwest Brunswick County. It has been
estimated that, given the present development pattern on
Holden Beach, a sewer system would cost 4 times as much as a
water system for the beach alone. In light of this information,
present density restrictions will have to be re-examined in order
to permit the construction of the necessary wastewater facilities
in an economical manner.
ARTICLE VI - PLAN IMPLEMENTATION
Prior to 1974, local land use plans were purely advisory in
nature. Local governments often adopted comprehensive plans
and then proceeded to ignore them by zoning land and building
facilities in a manner inconsistent with the plan. Under CAMA,
the development of land use plans is just the initial phase of the
coastal area management program; for this is a continuing
process calling for periodic review (at least once after five years)
and revision to keep the plan current.
The Act also calls for the management of other govern-
mental actions in a manner consistent with the plans.
The law requires each town desiring to develop its own
implementation and enforcement plan to identify a "designated
local official" to review, process and issue permits in Areas of
Environmental Concern.
Regulations called for in the Act relate only to permit
authority affecting designated Areas of Environmental Concern;
however, the permits need to be coordinated with both the
local land use plan and other existing regulations. The really
crucial part of the program will be to see if the local plans can
be effectively used to guide government actions —by local,
state, and federal agencies —within the local jurisdiction.
Applying this system to Holden Beach as shown on the
accompanying map, land falls into three categories: Conserva-
tion, Transition, and Rural. Conservation represents all land
identified as potential AEC's and where soil condition will not
support development. Transition includes land that will be
provided water and sewer service within the next ten years.
Incidentally, the unit cost of water and sewer depends upon the
density of development permitted. The higher the density, the
less unit cost per subscriber. The remainder of the land area is
classified as Rural for future land needs not currently rec-
ognized.
Section 3: Potential Areas of Environmental Concern
Holden Beach is a barrier island which contains the follow-
ing environmentally fragile areas. These areas are currently
under study to determine what types of development are
suitable to them.
3.1 Coastal Wetlands —Low Tidal Marshland
Description. Defined as marshland consisting primarily
of Spartina alterniflora and usually subject to inunda-
tion by the normal rise and fall of lunar tides.
3.2 Coastal Wetlands —Other Coastal Marshland
Description. All other marshland which is not low tidal
marshland.
Appropriate land uses are those with will not alter
natural functions. Examples of acceptable land use may
include utility easements, fishing piers, and docks.
3.3 Estuarine Waters
Description. Estuarine waters are defined in G.S. 113-
229(n) (2) as, "all the water of the Atlantic Ocean within
the boundary of North Carolina and all the waters of
the bays, sounds, rivers, and tributaries thereto sea-
ward".
3.4 Renewable Resource Areas —Watersheds or Aquifers —
Special Aquifer Areas —Outer Banks and Barrier Islands
Description. Areas of well -drained sands that extend
downward from the surface to include an extensive area
of fresh water that is an important source for a public
water supply identified by the North Carolina Depart-
ment of Human Resources, Division of Health Services,
or that are classified for water supply use pursuant to
G.S. 143-214.1. Appropriate land uses are those which
do not rely upon subsurface waste -disposal system or
result in salt water intrusion.
3.5 Areas Subject to Public Rights
3.5.1 General
Description. Areas such as waterways and lands
under of flowed by tidal waters or navigable wa-
ters, to which the public may have rights of ac-
cess or public trust rights; and areas which the
State of North Carolina may be authorized to pre-
serve, conserve, or protect under Article XIV,
Section 5, of the North Carolina Constitution.
3.5.2 Certain Public Trust Areas
Description. All waters of the Atlantic Ocean and
the lands thereunder from the mean high water
mark to the seaward limit of State jurisdiction; all
natural bodies of water subject to measurable
lunar tides and lands thereunder to the mean high
water mark; all navigable natural bodies of water
and lands thereunder to the mean high water mark
or ordinary high water mark as the case may be,
except privately owned lakes to which the public
has no right of access. Appropriate land uses are
those which do not interfere with public right
of navigation. Navigational channels, drainage
ditches, bulkheads and piers are appropriate land
uses.
3.6 Natural Hazard Areas —Sand Dunes along the Outer
Banks
Description. Dunes are defined as ridges or mounds of
loose wind-blown material, usually sand. Appropriate
land uses are those employing engineering practices and
site preparation to minimize unnecessary damage.
3.7 Natural Hazard Areas —Ocean Beal and Shorelines
[on the Outer Banks]
Description. These are defined as land areas without
vegetation covering, consisting of unconsolidated soil
material that extends landward from the mean low tide
to a point where any one or combination of the fol-
lowing occur: (1) vegetation, or (2) a distinct change in
predominant soil particle size, or (3) a change in slope
or elevation which alters the physiographic land form.
Appropriate land uses are those which preserve to the
greatest extent feasible, the opportunity to enjoy the
physical aesthetic, cultural, and recreational qualities
of the shorelines.
3.8 Natural Hazard Area —Coastal Floodplains
Description. Coastal floodplain is defined as the land
areas adjacent to coastal sounds, estuaries, or the ocean
which are prone to flooding from storms with an annual
probability of one percent or greater (100-year storm).
Land uses must comply with standards of the Federal
Insurance Administration.
3.9 Natural Hazard Areas —Excessive Erosion Areas
3.9.1 General
Description. Areas where geologic and soil con-
ditions are such that there is substantial possibil-
ity of excessive erosion or seismic activity.
3.9.2 Coastal Inlet Lands
Description. Defined as the natural zone of mi-
gration of coastal inlets. Recreation, conserva-
tion, and easements for access are appropriate
uses. Moveable temporary structures are recom-
mended for recreational purposes.
3.10 Natural Hazard Areas —Excessive Erosion Areas —Ocean
Erodible Areas
sec ro etween ru %_ oun y an o en eat s
t Ja�,„„,;.�,,a Section 1: Land Potential Description. Defined as the area above mean high wa-
rd through informal meetings b the planning staffs and b
• rahlit " s�t,�t�r a. Physical Limitations g g y p g y ter where excessive erosion has a high probability of
1 fl, •w citizen attendance at County Advisory Committee meetings.
„," White there are no man-made hazard areas on Holden occurring. In delineating the landward extent of this
Beach' there are three natural hazards: ocean erodible areas Section 2: Land Classification System area a reasonable 25-year recession line shall be de -
estuarine erodible areas, and flood hazards. termined using the best scientific data available. Ap-
eFrom the soils information, we note that the three soil series ThNorth Carolina Land Classification System contains five propriate land uses are recreation, conservation, and
d f l lasses oan:
are generally unsuitable in their natural state for community- ceasements for access.
development uses and that only the Newhan series is provision- a. Developed —Lands where existing population density is 3.11 Natural Hazard Areas —Excessive Erosion Areas —Es-
moderate to high and where there are a variety of land
a y,9Uil, r ally suitable for septic tank -nitrification system. tuarine and River Erodible Areas
Fr ,r l From the hydrogeology, we note that Holden Beach is a uses which have the necessary public services. Description. Defined as the area above ordinary high
barrier rs t'a i barrier island and its groundwater problems may be sum- b. Transition —Lands where local government plans to ac- water where excessive erosion has a high probability of
mar fzed: i °Sh t marized: 1) shallow, wells are too near to septic tanks; 2) comr-no¢la•temoderate to high density development during occurring. In delineating the landward extent of this
the following ten-year period and where necessary public
ove'rdraftFfg su overdrafting supply of :fresh groundwater in area, a reasonable 25-year recession line shall be de-
r- .t ricro " serviceti will be provided to accommodate that growth.
Salt , <: salt water• encrpac•hmer�t, and 3) individ I wells prevent' the termined using the best available information. Perma-
i�n r5s , "- c. CommurdtilLands ,where low density 'development is
mo ' w�l" tnonitorinIg:cd groundwater quality changes w"Wch occur. nent or substantial residential, commercial, insittution-
rlrtorxn r#u
b I`rd b. Fragile Areas ,i' gm (jai existi�ri�� settlements or wtll; occur in , such al or itrdiastrial structures are not appropriate land uses.
„ c i , 5ettheamenLs , dating tthe following ten year period and
The fill"' n�` v,1, ' „,i, 1fdUdaw *are4,areas which could ea�ll be damn �a, o�
destro ed�Illb tn�' dpstnaryed iri® ro bate or poorly lan'ne' d 'velo me�n�"''` iwhsehvwi,ff�nmtvo ire extensive)ky,�is ' ` gl.ngf Nr, t i , „.
y y pp p p y p P �t i',�C o Oetirblo�ent Standards Applicable to All AECs
t f to ur, the future.
Coastal W " ! Coastal Wetlands icvr to to , nI h, a ,. fNo tfpvtbpvwierrot! siiud�dibe allowed in any AEC which would
t t. Rural---L.;nd; \%ho,, h;�,h,• durRorAl++Landgwho"bighest use r c >r e�fq� �Xfiy�, i,,,, ,i n i n r violation of an rules regulations,
()utc r lial Sand Dunes along the Outer Banfcs rl 1 f ,i cu re9Ult 1yt a c"ntraued t d y ,
''' q C)C d DBeal ,1 IIIi11In:,• �%,Itl "apply, r't( " I),t"ed re�m�tf�;,rwateorefappfy, etc., b C t tr rIlla , horelines Ocean Beaches and Shorelines ts�, wR'?,I ih� VtpC �rtl1 (.i, n,or>IatvYsl ,tll�ec>S't�ttrt?r 1lWmrxh Carolina or of local government in
,,G �I 11, Iyp�Wl. Estuarine Waters "1 l(", pot,•nti 11 AI"o, la,,,i" for frstitnccaR,p6len6talcrrMso, lands & i�f t t r�eff}q� ,ftutril,, t,l,t,, which the development takes place.
Es uarlrre r' �{ Flf
rc ntly recognized rently recognized.
Pudic TrU t' l t Public Trust Areas — o devilct>r lent should he a1lc,wed iN(altty�IfapwitimiisivrAwli41be allowed in any AI ( �tihic h wolidd
seal roil it'll
e. Conservation Fragile, , har,trd, ar�f �ibnsdr�rad6onc �ssl�i ,hazard, olth�[�l� �I q�q �ryo l of c,ttr"hlweoalltthn m,intibbl il+rOihTM)d of causing pollution oI the eN,it,•r"
Coastal Inlet Areas
i l Aquffer Af 'a, li"—Outer Banks adieh Isl�rrlAreas—Outer Banks iaintai h althy natural envirotwwatiran&rie�ithN natural e n y
l * ql �' iarrrea Ian s ) PIA(Al l {j � c�4�rt that such vrf�tttlo Srtat4,(k(b)ehPlOxedntc,that Stich water, wo1;1r1 he c to"ed to
Coastal Flood 'Iaims Coastal Flood Plains to providre � a t(e public health, safetNp�vrIMffrre.tlie public healtl�h�aI AN__pW �f�ish under standartdlrf,,mtk[)Wtbt 4-ottfitalib�oder standards set Iw 11w t Owml,,,ir,n
Ocean Erodible Areas Ocean Erodible Areas for Health ServicesPursuant to C.S.f�i3(Wk&-h1Services pursuant to C S 130-"If,•, t't
es five classes provide a framevildr�csdofibe alsedeby�rt�®de ,a trilmt�work to be ust,(I y the
Estuarine, Sound, and River Erodibld Areasne, Sound, and River Fr ille . rea
gown to Identify the general use Fofvralholakifsiti.t,�yf thill thel „w o 6110 i isf"Lo � jr }� t��Ed Developme cStAndArd&ovation and Development ` r ,.., - E t
A c�or orate li its. A I system preseptsr,fln bpportdnit�) f,orsy"tc•r,� pre"t r t rr , f �r
description of each of these areas alDplearsitnmKdlar(AfrE�its VIIthese urea a yearttl
in e Ar ,( E: l I, f fb�l� Q` i ar s serve two pud�sustlasvart�aOisrfdP,IthA-,(�rA;, t�%() purpc
Ho ge a_ io provide for its neddeldslimMfiaab to pomidert,,r ,t . r', , I, . , v. i r r ; <
Section 3: Potential Areas of EnvirofimAhtal lCohearri i Areas m Fravml, h"( , ;ine yr �ay� c� Us I'lar� �n�# Est fi ide to publfQmiflffcvalb fJrrci at#rilzens fin.!, ,laic off
>< ose o e w�ioh , state. Also, it is thh(hasisf ftor"a�9tatemel ofi�,+� it 1, Iiir ",. t i ,r , r te. Areas of Resource Potential r ��.,,�, �_I I,' �:,{ ,• I' ,,>evAtwisiN cfll %1� j�n Mt* oposals. TlwesH,standatdeisltt.Iteiwthrene !here
policy.on where apd �olwhat density iwdiwant, grbwth,iio iced , ` the variotfs 1a4utses'sfid`u'Id be locila�nd how hand) "shoulld be ' ,�d an
Those lands adjacent to the inlets haVie resburde btentral as ' 6
I p guiding growth. ral resources by and where "we want to conserve the beach's!natural possible State or local parks. d'evefopeci'for` eacY1 land tise. (Continued on other side) ontlnu
Section 4: Objectives and Policies for Dealing with Issues
It is imperative that Holden Beach's elected and appointed
officials and citizens vigorously support the goals and objec-
tives enumerated below. Only if these goals and objectives are
adopted and adhered to as the Town's policies for land develop-
ment and future growth, will the community retain the pleasant
characteristics it has today. Thus, planning is pointless unless
the plan impacts decision -making.
GOAL: Provide a management system capable of preserving
and managing the natural resources in Holden Beach.
OBJECTIVES:
—Designate a Code Enforcement Official to enforce the
adopted N.C. State Building Code, Subdivision Regu-
lations, Zoning Ordinance, and Environmental Impact
Statement Ordinance.
—Support the findings of fact and recommendations of
appointed boards, commissions, and professional
staff.
—Prevent development in any Area of Environmental
Concern (AEC) which would result in a contravention
or violation of any rules, regulations, or laws of the
State of North Carolina or of the Town of Holden
Beach in which development takes place.
—Prevent development in any AEC which would have a
substantial likelihood of causing pollution of the wa-
ters of the State to the extent that such waters would
be closed to the taking of shellfish under standards set
by the Commission for Health Services pursuant to
G.S. 130-169.01.
—Adopt a flood plain district as part of the Zoning Ordi-
nance which would protect the flood prone areas as
identified by the U.S. Corps of Engineers and HUD —
Federal Insurance Administration.
—Employ full-time qualified personnel in order to im-
prove the City's management capability.
—Prohibit future construction or expansion of "finger
canal" type residential developments.
GOAL: Develop adequate and efficient public utilities and
community facilities.
OBJECTIVES:
—Encourage development near the bridge and avoid
"urban sprawl."
—Construct an efficient and economical water system
for all people.
—Construct an efficient and economical wastewater
treatment system.
—Acquire title or permanent use to beach access ways
for all citizens to enjoy beach recreational activities.
—Limit future commercial establishments on the beach
to convenience -type shopping facilities.
GOAL: Insure safe, decent, and a variety of housing for all
citizens.
OBJECTIVES:
—Permit higher density of residential development in
order that services and facilities can be provided rea-
sonably.
—Adopt a minimum housing code.
—Enforce ordinances to protect homeowners from nat-
ural hazards.
GOAL: Promote accessibility and safety in area transportation.
OBJECTIVES:
—Emphasize safety and a continuous street -improve-
ment and construction program.
—Review thoroughly new residential development plans
and insure that they comply with Subdivision Regu-
lations.
—Mutually adopt a detailed thoroughfare plan with the
N.C. Department of Transportation, Division of High-
ways.
GOAL: Preserve the existing character and the aesthetic quali-
ties of Holden Beach.
OBJECTIVES:
—Establish an Appearance Commission to preserve the
community's aesthetic quality, with power to review
architectual plans in accordance with G.S. 16OA-451.
—Promote the cultural amenities of the community by
organizing and sponsoring an information center and
communitywide events.
—Establish an adequate park and recreational area on
either end of the island.
ARTICLE IV - CONSTRAINTS
Section 1: Intergovernmental Coordination
On Holden Beach, there are two local units of government
which provide services to the island and have authority to levy
taxes. These two units are: the Town of Holden Beach and the
County of Brunswick. Historically, counties have been responsi-
ble for software services (i.e., health, education and welfare),
while municipalities were responsible for hardware services
(i.e., water, sewer, streets and sanitation). However, with a
changing demographic picture, both cities and counties have
initiated services of both types.
Coordination of services between Holden Beach and Bruns-
wick County has been achieved in some instances such as fire
protection, refuse disposal, and water service. However, new
agreements in other areas should be explored. Possible areas for
joint services include recreation, wastewater treatment, emer-
gency rescue service, building inspection, and beach erosion
control. The degree to which any of these service agreements
can be achieved will be determined by the cost involved. The
cost in turn can be held to a minimum by land use control. Only
Holden Beach has authority to regulate the use of the land on
the island.
Coordination in the development of the Land Use Plan
b B • k C t d H Id B h ha been achiev-