System Planning Report Long-Range Plan-1996

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TOWN OF HERTFORD
HERTFORD, NORTH CAROLINA
SYSTEM PLANNING REPORT
LONG-RANGE PLAN
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DCM COPY DCM COPY
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Division of Coastal Management
ITN (� A=IAT[b INC
C O N S U L T I N G E N G I N E E R S

TOWN OF HERTFORD
HERTFORD, NORTH CAROLINA
SYSTEM PLANNING REPORT
LONG-RANGE PLAN
I hereby certify that this Long -Range Plan
was prepared by me or under my direct
supervision and that I am a duly registered
professional engineer under the laws of the
State of North Carolina. Registration No.
6014. ,
( ate) _ ( eg L. Boo , PE)
CARp�
E.SS1
LEE.
Booth & Associates, Inc.
Consulting Engineers
Raleigh, North Carolina
May 3, 1996

TOWN OF HERTFORD
HERTFORD, NORTH CAROLINA
SYSTEM PLANNING REPORT
LONG-RANGE PLAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Title
Pge
I
PURPOSE OF REPORT
I-1
II
INTRODUCTION
II-1
III
SYSTEM LOAD PROJECTIONS
III-1
A. System Non -Coincident Peak Load
III-1
Projections
B. Substation and Circuit Projections
III-1
IV
PRESENT SYSTEM ANALYSIS
IV-1
A. Power Supply
IV-1
B. Distribution Substation
IV-1
C. Distribution Circuits
IV-1
D. Reliability
IV-2
V
DESIGN CRITERIA
V-1
A. Circuit Loading
V-1
B. Power Factor Correction
V-1
C. Economic Conductor Study
V-1
D. Reliability
V-2
E. Multiphasing
V-4
F. Conductor Replacement
V-4
G. Unit Cost
V-4
93-3615 TOC - 1 BOUu C. A5b0GAT . INC
C 015 0l f ING E•GIM((!S

TOWN OF HERTFORD
HERTFORD, NORTH CAROLINA
SYSTEM PLANNING REPORT
LONG-RANGE PLAN
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Section
Title
VI SYSTEM
ANALYSIS
A.
Load Center Analysis
B.
Power Supply Options
C.
New Load Centers
D.
The Recommended Long -Range Plan
VII CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
APPENDICES
Appendix A - Economic Conductor Study
Appendix B - Unit Costs
Appendix C - Power Delivery Options
Appendix D ' - Industrial Park Service Options
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
Electrical Distribution System Study
VI-1
VI-1
VI-3
VI-3
VII-1
93-3615 TOC - 2 BODU GAbbOCIAT . INC
co'sul Time C•GINCERS

PURPOSE OF REPORT
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C 0M 5ul f1AG EM Gi MC CAS

Town of Hertford, NC
I. PURPOSE OF REPORT
This report will provide the Town of Hertford a comprehensive long-range
outline for electric transmission and distribution system construction necessary
to maintain quality service for projected load levels through the year 2016. The,
purpose of this Long -Range Plan is to identify and analyze the power delivery,
transmission and distribution circuit options logically available to the Town.
Booth & Associates, Inc. was selected by the Town to evaluate the alternatives for
serving the projected long-range electric system load on both an economic and
operational basis. This Plan is intended to provide management with a guide for
the orderly development of the system, which will provide long-range service life,
minimize system losses, maintain adequate system reliability, and provide
flexibility to adapt to moderate changes in system growth patterns.
93-3615 1- 1 EODTW G A550DAMS I NC
CONSULTING ENCINEERS

�IJ
INTRODUCTION
EGGTiU G ASSODAM6 I NC
Co. SC. cl. cE s

Town of Hertford, NC
II. INTRODUCTION
This Long Range Plan was prepared to enable the Town of Hertford to
continue providing adequate service as load requirements grow systemwide.
System planning needs are addressed in this Plan through the load level of 10,450
M which is estimated to be reached by the year 2016. This report describes and
analyzes alternative plans for power supply and distribution system expansion.
Included is a recommended plan which balances the economic and operational
issues for the selection of the proposed long-range system expansion.
Design criteria was established for this study to ensure the recommended
plan provides adequate system capacity for normal operations and contingency
load shifts. Additionally, the design criteria accounts for adequate service
reliability while achieving an acceptable operating cost.
The scope of this project is to determine a cost effective method to
adequately serve the Town of Hertford's electrical system for the next 20 years.
Long-range planning provides direction to the Town for the least -cost expansion
of the system to provide adequate and dependable electrical service. The study
provides a method of expansion that allows new facilities to meet lonb term load
growth requirements while maintaining a high benefit -to -cost ratio and avoid
early obsolescence.
Overall, the Long Range Plan is a foundation and guide for future system
design. Recommended improvements should be implemented only as load levels
dictate, not necessarily in'the year recommended. Therefore, the Long Range Plan
is dynamic and should be periodically. reviewed and revised as necessary to
reflect any variances in load growth that may occur.
93-3615 it - 1 EGQTWCAY-0-DATES INC
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Town of Hertford, NC
III. SYSTEM LOAD PROJECTIONS
A. System Non -Coincident Peak Load Projections
System non -coincident peak load projections were prepared for the Town
of Hertford for the 20-year planning period. Forecasts, as shown in Figure III-1
(Page 111--2), were developed based upon historical delivery point data, circuit
ammeter readings, North Carolina Eastern Municipal Power Agency (NCEMPA)
projections, and the latest Land -Use Plan and zoning maps for the Town.
Historical breakdowns of each consumer's classification contribution to the total
system load were also analyzed and utilized in the system load projections. The
recommended system Long Range Plan is based upon an expected average annual
growth rate of 3.0 percent.
B. Substation and Circuit Projections
Circuit load projections are based upon historical circuit ammeter readings
for the past two years. Average annual growth rates were derived from historical
load growth in combination with land availability for residential, commercial, and
industrial load growth as outlined in the Town's latest Land -Use Plan. Circuits
were evaluated on an individual basis with its growth potential determined by
the existing consumer mix, land availability and zoning restrictions.
The substation projections reflect the sum total of individual circuit loads
adjusted by a diversity factor. The diversity factor accounts for the differential
of peak circuit load to circuit load at the time of the substation peak. Circuits will
peak at different times of the day due to varying consumer mixes on each circuit.
Present system diversity factors were calculated based upon the ratio of the sum
of the circuit loads to corresponding ammeter readings taken at the substation
voltage regulators.
93-3615 111- 1 EMTH G lA=1ATE5. I NC
CONSULTING E.GI.CE.S

-L
SYSTEM LOAD PROJECTIONS
B001JCA550-- IATES I�,C
Co. 3ultl VG En Gi.EE•i

Town of Hertford, NC
FIGURE III-1
System CP and NCP kW Demand
50,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
5,000
. ^I
3,000
2,000
1,000
1989 1991 1993 1995
Non
Coin
ident
Peak
w
�
�
o
A
�I
A
vV
t)1
A
UI
W
A
O
0
0
C
inei
ent P
ak
2001 2006 2016
Years
Historical CP Projected CP
Historical NCP Projected NCP
93-3615 111- 2 B3DI1-I G ASSOCIATES INC.
C 0N SV LIIN0 ENGINEERS

Town of Hertford, NC.
Substation and circuit load projections for the present system configuration
are shown in Table 1.
Table 7
System Load Projections
YEAR
SYSTEM
CP
kW
SYSTEM
NCP
kW
CIRCUIT AMMETER READINGS
Downtown
BE-LO
Edenton
Don Juan
1989
4,760
4,923
-
-
-
-
1990
4,693
5,023
-
-
-
-
1991
4,930
5,286
1,536
1,843
1,843
2,074
1992
5,140
5,154
1,766
1,728
2,342
1,574
1993
5,447
5,447
1,536
2,765
1,613
1,843
1994
5,227
5,278
1,536
2,765
1,613
1,651
1995
5,359
5,604
1,690
3,456
1,766
1,920
2001
6,400
6,700
2,010
3,620
2,110
2,310
2006
7,420
7,760
2,330
4,190
2,440
2,680
2016
9,970
10,450
3,135
5,440
3,500
3,600
93-3615 111- 3 Bcofl ! G ASODATES I Nc
C 0n IS fi+G EM GI v E E R S

Town of Hertford, -NC
Proposed development at the Perquimans Commerce Centre is not included
in the substation and circuit projections, because the magnitude and time frame
of the development is unknown. Appendix D, INDUSTRIAL PARK SERVICE OPTIONS,
explores several load growth scenarios for the Industrial Park and provides
alternative means for providing electrical service to these loads. As industries
move into this area and the potential load growth is more clearly defined, the
most effective service alternative for the projected load can be implemented based
upon this analysis.
93-3615 111- 4 EGr7 -AS�Z IAT55 11\C
C0-S41-- . [x 0.-Et-S

PRESENT SYSTEM ANALYSIS
BOUH G A550CIArE6. I NC.
C 0NSOL RING CNGII CC RS

Town of Herfford, NC
IV. PRESENT SYSTEM ANALYSIS
A. Power Supply
The Town of Hertford's electrical system receives power from North
Carolina Power (N.C. Power) at 4 kV. N.C. Power owns and maintains a 34.5 kV
to 4 kV substation with one three-phase 7,500 WA transformer. A 4 kV feeder
extends from the N.C. Power substation to the Town's substation. The Town
owns no transmission or transformation facilities.
B. Distribution Substation
The Town owns one four -circuit switching station that is fed from a N.C.
Power 4 kV line. The switching station distributes power at 4 kV throughout the
Town's service area via four distribution feeders. The substation consists of wood
pole, secondary bus structures that comprise four distribution circuit exits. Each
circuit is protected by a circuit recloser. There is no internal load transfer
capability between circuits.
C. Distribution Circuits
Four distribution feeders are currently in operation on the Town's electrical
system. Each circuit operates at 4.16/2.4 W. The following is a description of the
present system operating characteristics at peak loading periods.
® Church Street (Be-Lo) Circuit
At peak loading conditions, the thermal capacity of the main three-phase
feeder conductor is exceeded. Additionally, voltages at the circuit extremities fall
below the recommended minimum system voltage of 118 volts.
93-3615 IV - I EG ' C A55CDATES INC.
C 0M S.I II.G En G I % ( [ R S

Town of Hertford, NC
© Downtown Circuit
The historical peak loads on the Downtown Circuit do not result in any
major operating problems. However, peak conductor loading is approximately
70 percent of thermal capacity, which severely limits load shifting capacity. The
power losses on this circuit are also high.
© Don Juan Circuit
The historical peak loads on the Don Juan Circuit do not result in any major
operating problems. The main three-phase feeder line is loaded to 70 percent of
its rated capacity at peak. Voltages are within acceptable limits. This circuit also
has limited load transfer capacity, thus emergency switching -is severely restricted.
Edenton Road Circuit
At peak loads, the main three-phase conductors on the Edenton Road
Circuit are loaded to 80 percent of the rated thermal capacity. Additionally,
voltage levels at circuit extremities are marginal. The power losses on this circuit
are high. The circuit, similar to the other 4 kV circuits, is near its maximum
capacity and has severely restricted load transfer capability.
D. Reliability
Service reliability is an important factor in measuring the quality of service
provided to the consumer. The Town receives service from a N.C. Power 4 kV
delivery point. This delivery point is served from a N.C. Power 34.5 kV
distribution line and a N.C. Power 34.5 kV to 4 kV substation. The radial
configuration of this delivery point increases the Town's exposure in regard to
power supplier outages. For example, a power supply outage on the N.C. Power
34.5 kV distribution system or at the N.C. Power substation will interrupt
electrical service to the entire Town for the duration of the outage. Additionally,
the presence of multiple N.C. Power residential and commercial loads on the 34.5
93-3615 IV - 2 EODW C A'S I^TES I f ,C
CON SULTIYG CUG- CL.S

Town of Hertford, NC
W power supply feed increases the likelihood of both momentary and sustained
power supply outages.
Currently, the distribution system lacks adequate reserve capacity and inter -
circuit tie lines to handle contingency load shifts in the event of a major outage
on any given circuit. Service reliability can be enhanced with a strong inter -
circuit tie network. Additionally, the Town should closely monitor the N.C.
Power delivery point reliability. The Town should express concern to NCEMPA
any time the outage rate exceeds 0.5 hours per year at the delivery point.
93-3675 IV - 3 EOD1H C A=IATES I
C ON S UL TIUG Ex GIN EE AS

DESIGN CRITERIA
EOD'lW C ASSOCIATES INC
E ox Sul T�xG Ex :�x[[RS

Town of Hertford, NC
V. DESIGN CRITERIA
A. Circuit Loading
Distribution circuits, when installed or rebuilt, should be initially loaded to
a maximum of 40 percent of its thermal capacity rating. This allows capacity for
normal progressive load growth on the circuit and, more significantly, allows for
reserve capacity to provide back -feed during service interruptions or scheduled
maintenance procedures.
B. Power Factor Correction
The City should strive to maintain substation power factors at levels
between 98 percent lagging and unity. Maintaining adequate power factor levels
minimizes system losses and maximizes the capacity availability of existing
equipment. Additionally, maintaining near unity power factor is a contract
obligation.
C. Economic Conductor Study
As part of the Long -Range Plan, an economic conductor study was
performed fo' overhead distribution conductors. The following is a summary of
conductor recommendations based on the economic conductor evaluations.
93-3615 V- 1 BJTP C AS(IAT 5 I K
CONSUL LING [NGINLL.S

Town of Hertford, NC
INITIAL LOAD LEVELS FOR
LINE TYPE
RECOMMENDED CONDUCTOR
7/0 ACSR
336.4 kcmil ACSR
556 ACSR
Three -Phase (4 k)
less than or
between
greater than
equal to
300 kW and
600 kW
200 kW
600 kW
Three -Phase (12.5 k)
less than or
between
greater than
equal to 700
800 kW and
2,000 kW
kW
2,000 kW
The results of this study are included in Appendix A, ECONOMIC
CONDUCTOR STUDY.
D. Reliability
The electric utility industry has not adopted firm performance standards for
reliability of service for distribution facilities serving electric customers. Each
utility develops its own internal standards based on experience and practicality.
Therefore, the closest thing to industry reliability standards is a limited amount
of data on the reliability of electric service, which is actually being provided by
typical electric utilities across the nation.
Although formal outage rate standards have not been published by the
North Carolina Utilities Commission, the electric utility industry has developed
a set of indexes by which reliability of service can be measured. The development
of standards within an individual electric utility typically begins by establishing
a system of reliability measurement based on industry recognized indexes. After
a period of monitoring existing reliability, a utility begins to develop goals for
reliability improvement if it appears improvements are needed.
Outage frequency and durations are important measurements of power
system reliability, but they are not the only means of measurement. Other means
of measurement take into consideration the number of customers affected by each
outage.
93-3615 V- 2 EOD'iH G A��IATC6. I i iC.
C 0. 5U I TI.0 EIC, v E E R S

Town of Hertford, NC
The reliability index which is probably quoted most often in power system
reliability literature is the Average Service Availability Index (ASAI). This index
is defined as follows:
Average Service Availability =
Index (ASAI)
Total Customer Hours of Available Service
Total Customer Hours Demanded
Simple mathematical formulas relate the ASAI Index to the customer-hour-
outaged-per-customer index described as the System Average Interruption
Duration Index (SAIDI), and is defined as follows:
System Average Interruption
Duration Index (SAIDI)
Total Customer Hours of Outage
Total Number of Customers Served
The formulas (annual basis) relating ASAI and SAIDI are as follows:
ASAI = 8760-SAIDI
8760
SAIDI - 8760 x (I - ASAI)
Typical ASAI and SAIDI Index levels for electrical systems described as
urban are 0.99975 and 2.2 hours respectively. Typical ASAI and SAIDI Index
levels for electrical systems described as suburban are 0.99950 and 4.4 hours
respectively. Suburban is defined as outlying areas of a city as opposed to a
complete city adjacent to another city.
The Town should strive to limit the SAIDI Index to 2.0 hours systemwide,
and to one hour per delivery point, excluding severe storms.
93-3615 V - 3 BOD114 C. A555COATS I K
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Town of Hertford, NC
E. Multiphasing
Maintaining proper phase load balance is critical in maximizing the
distribution system's operating efficiency. Proper phase load balance will reduce
losses and improve reliability by improving sectionalizing device coordination
schemes. An effective means of balancing phase loads is multiphasing heavily -
loaded, single-phase taps. All single-phase taps loaded at 250 kW (35A) and
above should be multiphased.
F. Conductor Replacement
The Town has approximately 3.5 miles of small solid copper conductor on
the distribution system. Typically, these conductors are in excess of 40 to 50-
years-old and are showing significant deterioration. This poses substantial
reliability problems. It is recommended that the Town implement a systematic
program to replace these old line sections.
G. Unit Cost
Appendix B, UNrr CosTs, contains the unit costs for distribution
construction. These estimates are based on present day (1996) costs. The
expanded costs for improvements considered in this study should be considered
subjective and are contingent upon final circuit designs and routes, substation site
availability, and unforeseeable obstacles and considerations. Sufficient
contingency costs are included in the cost estimates to include moderate design
changes in the implementation of improvements.
The study considers planned roads, future zoning concerns, and land -use
plans as the primary criteria for site selection. . Minimal aesthetic or
environmental disturbance criteria is used.
93-3615 v - 4 BJTW C ASaTDATES i rC.
C 0. 5.l C..0 E. C . . C C.S

�I
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
M1 l C ASSOGATES I K
-CON SUITING CN GIN CC•S

Town of Hertford, NC
VI. SYSTEM ANALYSIS
A. Load Center Analysis
The Town of Hertford, North Carolina distribution system was analyzed
over the Long -Range Plan period based on an annual average system growth rate
of 3.0 percent. As described in Section III, specific areas are expected to grow at
higher rates than others, based on extensive analysis of land availability, zoning
restrictions, etc. As load increases, two new load centers could develop. Both
centers are highly dependent upon industrial and commercial load development.
The most likely area for this development is in the Perquimans Commerce Centre.
B.. Power Supply Options
The basis of the Long -Range Plan is the conversion of the Town of
Hertford's distribution system voltage from 4 kV to 12.5 W. The conversion is
recommended to accommodate increased capacity and voltage levels expected
over the next few years as well as to correct existing capacity problems. Four
alternative plans have been identified to upgrade the distribution voltage and
capacity of the Town's delivery point.
OPTION 1
► N.C. Power to upgrade substation by installing a 34.5 kV to 12.5/7.2 kV,
12,000 kVA transformer and extend a 12.5 kV feeder to the Town.
► Town will construct a new 12.5 kV six -circuit switching station.
► Town to pay leased facility charges based on the NCEMPA rate of
.43¢/kW.
93-3615 V1- 1 EMW C &YODATES I K.
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Town of Hertford, NC
OPTION 2
► N.C. Power to upgrade substation to a 34.5 kV to 12.5 kV voltage with- a.-
12,000 kVA transformer.
► Town will construct a new 12.5 kV six -circuit switching station.
► Town to pay leased facility charges of 1.9 percent per month of N.C. Power
construction costs.
OPTION 3
► Town to pay N.C. Power's construction costs for installing a 34.5 kV to 12.5
kV, 12,000 kVA transformer and 12.5 kV circuit.
► Town to construct a new 12.5 kV, six -circuit switching station.
► Town to pay leased facilities charge of 0.7 percent of N.C. Power
construction costs.
OPTION 4
► Town to construct its own 34.5 kV to 12.5 kV substation with a 12,000 kVA
transformer.
► Town to construct low -side bus with six circuits.
Town to own and operate substation.
Based on the economics found in Appendix C, POWER DELIVERY OPTIONS,
Option 1 is recommended. Considering total construction costs, debt service,
operations and maintenance costs and other operations and maintenance
considerations, and leased facilities charges, Option 1 represents a cumulative 20-
year cost of $402,990. This is less than half of the total cost of any other option.
93-3615 VI - 2 BODTI-I GA`-GGATE , INC
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Town of Hertford, NC
C. New Load Centers
The Town of Hertford has identified two potential load growth areas
during the Long -Range Plan period. The first potential load center is an
industrial park development at Perquimans Commerce Centre. The second is a
potential industrial park on the Don Juan Circuit.
The Town has two options for providing dependable service to the
Perquimans Commerce Centre. The Town can obtain a 34.5 kV delivery point at
the site. N.C. Power has 34.5 kV subtransmission lines available in the area. The
second option would be for the Town to construct a 34.5 kV express feed to the
proposed load center from the existing point -of -delivery. Both options have been
evaluated and further detail can be found in Appendix D, INDUSTRIAL PARK
SERVICE OPTIONS. This study shows that for load levels less than 1,500 kW, the
Town can supply reliable service through existing distribution circuits at 12.5 W.
For load levels greater than 1,500 kW, the Town must consider the above
described options for providing reliable service to the Industrial Park.
It is likely that development of commercial load on the Don Juan Circuit
will not exceed the capacity of existing circuitry at 12.5 W. However, should
load unexpectedly exceed available capacity, N.C. Power has 34.5 kV
subtransmission lines available in the area.
D. The Recommended Long -Range Plan
The recommended Long -Range Plan is based upon the design criteria set
forth in Section V, DESIGN CRITERIA. For ease in following the Plan, the
improvements are discussed by step rather than by type of improvement. The
tabulation of system improvements in the cost estimate is also set up in this
manner. Circuit diagrams accompany this report and indicate the location of the
recommended substation and distribution improvements.
93-3615 V1- 3 0-1-I C A�CIATES I NC
CONS ut TIMG C. GIN [C.S

Town of Herfford, NC
The Long -Range Plan effectively utilizes the existing distribution system
and expands on this system to continue providing sufficient capacity and reliable
service. Each recommendation was considered for its adaptability to being--
expanded in the years following the LonbRange Plan and adaptability for load
growth variances. Care was excercised to keep the necessity of future premature
abandonment to a minimum.
This Plan recommends a new 34.5 kV to 12.5 kV substation. Four power
delivery options are described in detail in Appendix C, POWER DELIVERY OPTIONS.
The electrical distribution system improvements recommended in the Lonb
Range Plan include the upgrading of lines and equipment from 4 kV to 12.5/7.2
kV. It will be necessary to convert most of the existing distribution lines to 12.5
kV over the course of the Long -Range Plan. Other distribution line improvements
are recommended to increase capacity of the line, upgrade single-phase lines to
three-phase, and create an inter -circuit tie line network.
Conversion of the distribution system voltage from 4 kV to 12.5 kV results
in significant demand loss reduction. For a comparative analysis, system losses
were calculated for the 20-year long-range planning period for both maintaining
the system at 4 kV and for a systematic conversion to 12.5/7.2 kV, as outlined in
this Lonb Range Plan. By the end of Step 1(2001), estimated demand and energy
loss savings total $271,300. This estimate considers that no effects of the voltage
conversion will be seen in the first three years of the Long -Range Plan due to the
time frame required to upgrade delivery point and switching station facilities.
Cumulative loss savings through the end of Step 2 (2006) of the LonbRange Plan
is estimated to be $1,115,100. Cumulative loss savings through the end of Step
3 (2016) of the Long -Range Plan is estimated to be $4,553,900. This represents the
total 20-year cost -of -losses differential between remaining at 4 kV and converting
to 12.5 W. This cost savings offsets the total cost of recommended improvements
outlined in this. study.
Dispersed throughout the system are small copper conductors. These
conductors should be evaluated" in terms of age, condition, and reliability. The
conductors should be replaced in conjunction with efforts to reinsulate the lines
93-3615 VI - 4 EODT I C A5�0GATE6. I NC
CONSULTING ENGINEERS

Town of Herfford, NC
for 12.5/7.2 kV operation. However, if the condition of the line poses section
reliability concerns, the conductor should be upgraded immediately, regardless
of the voltage conversion schedule.
With the voltage conversion program and the proposed upgrade of the N.C.
Power delivery point, a systemwide evaluation of the sectionalizing device
coordination should be completed.
Transformers and secondary services for new customers and service
upgrades are not included as part of this study. The estimated peak demand for
each step is as follows:
STEP - YEAR
EXPECTED NON -COINCIDENT
PEAK kW DEMAND
1-2007 6,700
2-2006 7,760
3-2016 10,450
System projections are based upon the historical system growth rate trends,
known industrial developments, land availability, and demographics, as discussed
in Section III, SYSTEM LOAD PROJECTIONS.
J
Table VI-1 lists all large power loads whose peak loads exceed 150 kW.
93-3615 VI - 5 ECOTIA CAS&MATES INC
CONSULTING CNGINC[NG

Town of Hertford, NC
TABLE VIA
TOWN OF HERTFORD
1994 COMMERCIAL ACCOUNT INFORMATION
Customer
Month
Demand
Ener
B e-Lo
Supermarket
January
155
74,640
February
152
92,160
March
156
76,160
April
147
78,560
May
149
81,040
June
146
85,520
July
150
83,200
August
168
90,320
September
141
79,760
October
147
82,400
November
137
70,560
December
137
73,600
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL:
967,920
Food Lion
January
250
139,120
February
271
161,920
March
245
1321720
April
251
145,760 .
May
253
148,720
June
283
152,400
July
307
153,360
August
297
176,800
September
271
146,400
October
269
146,400
November
235
128,160
December
230
127,200
TOTAL:
1,758,960
93-3615 VI - 6 ECOTW G ASJJCIATES I NC,
C ON 5OE TING Ex GIN E It As

Town of Hertford, NC
TABLE VI-1
TOWN OF HERTFORD
1994 COMMERCIAL ACCOUNT INFORMATION
Customer Month
Demand
Enema
1995
1995
Apricot January
280
30,400
16
320
February
238
36,480
15
640
March
223
33,040
16
1,520
April
208
42,640
86
5,440
May
199
41,200
118
18,720
June
214
46,880
135
23,760
July
215
41,200
120
15,840
August
207
33,360
135
25,520
September
95
11,680
125
26,560
October
40
2,560
111
19,920
November
0
-
103
18,960
December
0
-
TOTAL:
319,440
157,200
Apricot @
Don Juan
Bldg.'
January
32
2,400
192
39,168
February
48
2,080
179
33,792
March
80
7,360
182
54,912
April
80
16,640
189
44,544
May
96
14,560
202
39,168
June
96
18,880
104
17,664
July
144
16,800
137
22,656
August
28
.68,160
138
24,960
September
304
41,120
133
25,344
October
281
30,720
127
34,144
November
311
71,808
88
13,760
December
216
41,856
TOTAL:
332,384
350,112
;Apricot has left ttus building and gone back into the original Api
business is reportedly going into this building in the near future.
93-3675 VI - 7 EQDTW (-PSSCCIATES I
Co. $-,..G c.Gi.".,

Town of Hertford, NC
TABLE VI -I
TOWN OF HERTFORD
1994 COMMERCIAL ACCOUNT INFORMATION
Customer
Month
Demand
EneMt
1995
1995
Perquimans
High School
January
. 148
35,520
February
176
57,680
March
150
43,920
April
133
35,680
May
148
38,480
June
179
38,320
July
119
29,760
August
148
36,480
September
180
43,760
October
164
41,840
November
131
36,720
December
130
38,080
TOTAL:
476,240
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Hertford
Grammar's
January
65
4,320
184
35,360
February
68
5,120
200
51,040
March
54
.4,800
191
39,280
April
52
4,480
165
31,200
May
54
5,280
180
21,840
June
52
4,480
196
29,680
July
40
320
176
21,680
August
38
320
192
27,680
September
.54
5,120
207
34,640
October
136
8,160
190
29,200
November
189
28,080
192
28,320
December
180
30,400
-
TOTAL:
100,880
349,920
Hertford Grammar School rewired in Uctober '94, added air conditioning, and combined two meter
locations into one.
93-3675 VI - 8 BMTP C �C.
CC•SV lTIN C C. CI•CC RS

Town of Hertford, NC
The following is a step-by-step description and cost estimate of the
recommended distribution system improvements.
© Step 1 (1996-2001)
Two substation projects are recommended in Step 1 of the Longea
Plan. First, the existing 7,500 kVA transformer at the N.C. Power 34.5 kV
substation should be replaced with a three-phase 12 MVA transformer and the
- substation should be upgraded from 4 kV to 12.5 W. The N.C. Power low -side
bus structure is presently insulated to accommodate 12.5/7.2 kV operation.
The Town will need to construct a new six -circuit switching station at 12.5
W. The four existing circuit reclosers can be relocated to the new station. The
old 4 kV station is to be removed. There is sufficient land in the area owned by
the Town, which can accommodate the new station.
Distribution line projects recommended in Step 1 consist of the partial
conversion of the Downtown Circuit and the Edenton Road Circuit to 12.5/7.2 W.
The entire Church Street (Be-Lo) Circuit should be converted to 12.5/7.2 W.
Additionally, three new tie line projects from the substation along Grubb Street
and Church Street will improve circuit operations by reducing the distance from
the load source and create inter -circuit tie lines for back-up.
Several distribution line projects are recommended to upgrade conductors
in the main three-phase feeders to 336.4 kcrnil ACSR.
Over the five-year duration of Step 1, it is estimated that several existing
single-phase taps will experience significant load growth to justify multiphasing.
Based upon established design criteria, a total of 13,000 feet of single-phase line
should be rebuilt to three-phase 1/0 ACSR or 336.4 kcmil ACSR.
93-3675 VI - 9 B(3DT IGA560DAM6. INC.
C Cb SUL IInc Cs.I.6C e2

Town of Herfford, NC
A- significant number of air -break switches will be required in the area
during Step 1 to enhance inter -circuit tie lines and load shift capabilities.
Additionally, sectionalizing devices should be added in areas where multiphasmg
is required.
Three 500 kVA voltage regulators are recommended for Church Street at
King Street for temporary relief of low voltages at circuit extremities. In addition,
300 kVAC of capacitors are recommended to maintain system power factors
: within parameters established in Section V, DESIGN CRITERIA.
r- © Step 2 (2002-2006)
Distribution' line improvements recommended in Step 2 include the
conversion of the remainder of the Downtown, Don Juan, and Edenton Street
Circuits to 12.5/7.2 W. A 6,000-foot, three-phase 336.4 kcmil ACSR tie line is
recommended at Wynne Fork Road (State Road 1338) through the Industrial Park.
An additional 6,000 feet of multiphasing is recommended.
T
L
As a part of the conductor replacement program, small copper conductors
' should be replaced with 1/0 ACSR on all four circuits.
New circuit configurations will require revisions to the sectionalizing
schemes. Sectionalizing devices should be upgraded and installed as required to
properly protect personnel and facilities.
To maintain system power factors within parameters, a total of 300 kVAC
of capacitors should be installed. Optimum locations for these banks should be
evaluated as load growth dictates.
© Step 3 (2007-2016)
Distribution line improvements consist of two new three-phase tie lines and
upgrading distribution lines to create the main three-phase feeders from the
substation.
93-3615 Vl - 10 BODU G AS60--[ATE5 I NC
CONSUL TIN* ENGINEERS

Town of Hertford, NC
Small solid copper conductor should be replaced with 1/0 ACSR as a
continuation of the conductor replacement program.
To maintain system power factors within parameters established in Section
V, DESIGN CRITERIA, it is estimated that 900 kVAC of capacitor banks should be
installed. Sectionalizing devices should also be 'installed to properly protect the
► 3 area.
F
l-
L
93-3615 VI - 11 MOW CASSOCIATES I
COM3VEE-RG EM GSM EERS

Cost Estimate - LONG-RANGE PLAN
Town of Hertford, NC
SYSTEM PLANNING REPORT
LONG-RANGE PLAN
-
COST ESTIMATE - SUMMARY
Item Quantity
Cost
1.
New Tie Lines 11,500 Ft.
$
128,000
2.
Line Changes 19,100 Ft.
$
1,278,500
3.
New Substations L.S.
$
116,000
. -
4.
Increased Substation L.S.
$
212,000
Capacity
5.
Sectionalizing L.S.
$
60,400
6.
Voltage Regulator L.S.
$
26,000
7.
Capacitors 1,500 kVAC
$
16,000
-
8.
Conductor Replacement L.S.
$
111,700
t
L
TOTAL - LONG-RANGE PLAN:
$
1,948,600
93-3615 Vl - 12 BCCq I C ASaDATES I K
CONS 9I TOM CK 61%CCNS

Cost Estimate - STEP 1 Town of Hertford, NC
STEP 1 -
Item
Quantify
Cost
1. New Tie Lines
_ From Substation along
Grubb Street
` Three -Phase
• - 336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-2) .
1,100 Ft.
$
12,200
Grubb Street from
' Church Street to
Front Street
Three -Phase
336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-2)
300 Ft.
$
3,300
. - Church Street from
Market Street to
Dobb Street
Three -Phase
i 336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-2)
300 Ft.
$
3,300
` Subtotal New Tie Lines
1,700 Ft.
$
18,800
2. Line Changes
Grubb Street from
_ Hyde Park to
Church Street
Three -Phase 6 CU to
Three -Phase
336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-2)
1,700 Ft.
$
15,500
Convert Downtown Circuit
to 12.5/7.2 kV to
Church Street
L.S.
$
99,500
93-3675 V1- 13 &ODTW G ASbr-ODATI L INC
CONSULTING CM GINCLRS

Cost Estimate - STEP 1
Town of Hertford, NC
Item
Quantity
Cost
-- 2. Line Changes (continued)
Market Street at
Hyde Park
Single -Phase to Three -Phase
336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-1)
200 Ft.
$
2,000
Front Street from
Church Street to
Grubb Street
Vee-Phase 6 CU to
Three -Phase
• 336 kcmil ACSR (4-1)
900 Ft.
$
8,200
. Convert Church Street
Circuit (Be-Lo) to
- 12.5/7.2 kV (4-1)
L.S.
$
199,900
Convert Don Juan
" Circuit from Substation
Z - to Section 3060 (4-3)
L.S.
$
169,300
Railroad from
Grubb Street to Dobb Street
F Three -Phase 6 CU to
Three -Phase
_
336.4,kcmil ACSR (4-4)
700 Ft.
$
6,400
_ Dobb Street from
Edenton Road to
Woodland Avenue
Single -Phase 6 CU to
Three -Phase
336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-4)
1,500 Ft.
$
13,600
King Street from
Edenton Road to
Hyde Park
Single -Phase and Vee-Phase
to Three -Phase
336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-4)
1,100 Ft.
$
10,000
93-3615 VI - 14
-
EODiW G A550- LATQ I
CONSULTING CNOINCCOS

Cost Estimate - STEP i
Town of Hertford, NC
Item
Quantity Cost
2. Line Changes (continued)
Convert Edenton Road
Circuit to 12.5/7.2 kV
through Section 4037
L.S. $ 193,700
Sunset Drive and
Ansley Avenue
Single -Phase 6 CU to
Three -Phase 1/0 ACSR
1,200 Ft. $ 10,900
Subtotal Line Changes 7,300 Ft. $ 729,000
3. New Substation
Grubb Street
Section 3060
Install Three 500 kVA
Stepdowns L.S. $ 40,000
Church Street at
Grubb Street
Install Three 333 kVA
Stepdowns L.S. $ 36,000
Edenton Road at
Wynne Fork Road
Install Three 500
kVA Stepdowns L.S. $ 40,000
Subtotal New Substation $ 116,000
93-3615 VI - 15 BMTUGAS60--IAM6 LNG
CONSUL TONO En" Mccas

Cost Estimate - STEP 1 Town of Hertford, NC
Item
Quantify
Cost
4. Increased Substation Capacity
-- -
Replace N.C. Power
34.5 kV to 4 kV Transformer
with One Three -Phase
34.5 kV to 12.5/7.2 kV
12 MVA Transformer
L.S.
$
311,800*
— Rebuild Low -Side Bus Structure
for 12.5/7.2 kV Operation
L.S.
$
212,000
Subtotal Increased Substation Capacity
$
212,000
5. Sectionalizing
- - Grubb Street at
Hyde Park
Install Air -Break Switch (4-2)
L.S.
$
3,500
• Grubb Street at
Front Street
Install Air -Break Switch (4-2)
L.S.
$
3,500
Market Street at
Hyde Park
{
Install Air -Break Switch (4-1)
L.S.
$
3,500
King Street at
Church Street
Install Air -Break Switch (4-1)
L.S.
$
3,500
Church Street at
White Street
Install Three -Phase OCR (4-1)
L.S.
$
5,700
Grubb Street at
Railroad
Install Air -Break Switch (4-3)
L.S.
$
3,500
*Construction Costs and ownership by N.C. Power; not
included in total costs.
93-3615 VI - 16 P0Q1U G. ASQ-- VMS. INC
- CO.3 9 l TING Cw CIRCC.S

Cost Estimate - STEP 1
Town of Hertford, NC
Item
Quantity
Cost
5. Sectionahzip (continued)
-
Dobb Street at
Wingfield Street
Install Air -Break Switch (4-3)
L.S.
$
3,500
Grubb Street
Section 3060
Install Three -Phase OCR (4-4)
L.S.
$
5,700
Edenton Road at
Market Street
Install Air -Break Switch (4-4)
L.S.
$
3,500
Edenton Road at
Dobb Street
Install Air -Break Switch (4-4)
L.S.
$
3,500
King Street
East of Edenton Road
Install Air -Break Switch (4-4)
L.S.
$
3,500
Edenton Road at
High School
Install (4-4)
L.S.
$
3,500
Subtotal Sectionalizing
$
46,400
6. Voltage Re lgu ators
Church Street at
King Street
Install Three 500 kVA
'Voltage Regulators (4-1)
L.S.
$
26,000
7.. Capacitors
Install 300 kVAC
L.S.
$
3,200
93-3615 VI - 17
B09W G ASJJCIATES I W-
-
CONSUL SING ENGINEERS .

Cost Estimate - STEP 1 Town of Hertford, NC
Item Quantity Cost
8. Conductor Replacement None - - --
TOTAL - STEP 1: $ 1,151,400
J
93-3615 VI - 18 B0DlW C A5u'-Q--IqT0. I W,
CON SOE TING ENGINEERS

Cost Estimate - STEP 2 Town of Hertford, NC
STEP 2
Item Quantity Cost
1. New Tie Lines
Wynne Fork Road (SR 1338)
through Industrial Park
Three -Phase
336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-1) 6,000 Ft. $ 66,800
2. Line Changes
Convert remainder of
Downtown Circuit (4-2)
L.S.
$
33,000
Church Street
U.S. 17 Bypass to
Industrial Park
Vee-Phase 4/0 to
Three -Phase 4/0 and
336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-1)
5,400 Ft.
$
75,800
Ainsley Avenue
Single -Phase 6 CU
Three Phase 1/0 ACSR (4-4)
600 Ft.
$
67,200:
Convert remainder of
Don Juan Circuit to
12.5/7.2 kV (4-3)
L.S.
$
84,700
Convert remainder of
Edenton Street Circuit to
12.5/7.2 kV (4-4)
L.S.
$
64,600
Subtotal Line Changes
6,000 Ft.
$
325,300
3. New Substation
None
-
93-3675 VI - 19
BCCR1 GA55a-- IATES If r-
CONSUITING C"GIN CE 95

Cost Estimate - STEP 2
Town of Hertford, NC
Item
Quantity
Cost
4.
Increased Substation Capacity
No Change
-
5.
Sectionalizing
i
Church Street at
`
Industrial Park
Install Air -Break Switch
L.S.
$
3,500
Ainsley Avenue at
Cresent Drive
Install Air -Break Switch
L.S.
$
3,500
E
Subtotal Sectionalizing
$
7,000
6.
Voltage Re lgtz ators
None
-
('
(_
7.
Capacitors
Install 300 kVAC
L.S.
$
3,200
`=
8.
Conductor Re lacement
Downtown Circuit
L.S.
$
13,300
y
Church Street Circuit
L.S.
$
17,300
Don Juan Circuit
L.S.
$
11,000
Edenton Street Circuit
L.S.
$
14,300
�-
r
Subtotal Conductor Replacement
$
55,900
TOTAL - STEP 2:
$
458,200
omwmlmwmmwmmw
93-3615 V1- 20 BMT14 (- MaDATQ. IW-
COxSULTING ENGINE[KS

Cost Estimate - STEP 3 Town of Herfford, NC
Item Quantify Cost
2. Line Changes (continued) -
Railroad from
Dobb Street to
Wynne Fork Road
Vee-Phase 2/0 to
Three -Phase
336.4 kcmil ACSR 3,900 Ft. $ 75,800
Subtotal Line Changes
5,800 Ft.
$
224,200
3.
New Substation
None
-
4.
Increased Substation Capacity
No Change
-
5.
Sectionalizing
Railroad at
Wynne Fork Road
Install Air -Break Switch
L.S.
$
3,500
Edenton Road at
Perquimans Court
High ,School
Install Air -Break Switch
L.S.
$
3,500
Subtotal Sectionalizing
$
7,000
6.
Voltage Regglators
None
-
7.
'Capacitors
Install 900 kVAC
L.S.
$
9,600
93-3615 VI - 22 B09W GA560CIAM6. IN
C UM S.L I,.0 [. 0.. tt Rs

Cost Estimate - STEP 3 Town of Hertford, NC
STEP 3
Item
Quantity
Cost
1. New Tie Lines
Perquimans Court
High School
Three -Phase
336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-4)
500 Ft.
$
5,600
Wynne Fork Road (SR 1338)
to Railroad
Three -Phase
336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-4)
3,300 Ft.
$
36,800
Subtotal New Tie Lines
3,800 Ft.
$
-42,400
2. Line Changes
King Street at
Hyde Park
Single -Phase 6 CU to
Three -Phase
336.41ccmil ACSR (4-4)
400 Ft.
$
74,200
Perquimans Court
High School
Single -Phase 6 CU to
Three -Phase
336.4 kcmil ACSR (4-4)
1,500 Ft.
$
74,200
93-3615 VI - 21 BODTW C. A5b(DATE6 I NC_
CON S0 L T$NG L. 41w C CRS

Cost Estimate - STEP 3
Town of Hertford, NC
Item
Quanft
Cost
-
S. Conductor Replacement
-
Downtown Circuit
L.S.
$
13,300
Church Street Circuit
L.S.
$
17,300
Don Juan Circuit
L.S.
$
10,900
Edenton Street Circuit
L.S.
$
14,300
s
F
Subtotal Conductor Replacement
$
55,800
r"
TOTAL - STEP 3:
$
339,000
E_
e•
jk
E
r-
f
93-3615 VI — 23 BODT .I G A56(JCIAT55. I f C
COX 3.L fix CM ZIM[E RS

VII
CONCLUSIONS
AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
J
BOORU G ASbYJCIAT 6. INS
G..$-1..0 E.G1.[C.s

Town of Hertford, NC
VII0 - CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
This Long -Range Plan is a dynamic guide for transmission and distribution
system expansion. It is recommended that the improvements listed herein be
implemented as load levels dictate, not necessarily in the year described. This
Plan should be reviewed and updated on a periodic basis so as to accurately
reflect current system characteristics and load growth rates.
The Town should proceed with the acquisition of land and rights -of -way
needed for the proposed substation. Discussions with NCEMPA and N.C. Power
for the new substation should begin as soon as possible to avoid any potential
' delays in construction of these facilities. The focus of these discussions should be
on N.C. Power providing the transformation.
The Town should examine improvements recommended in the Long -Range
Plan, especially Step 1, and compare those to known system loads and operational
._ conditions. Improvements should be prioritized according to needs, based on
actual system loads.
The Town should identify all small solid copper conductor on the electrical
system. These lines should be field inspected for visible signs of deterioration
E and prioritized based on potential service reliability exposure. Criteria for
prioritizing conductor replacement consists of age of line, number of consumers
served, and length of line.
This Long -Range Plan should be reviewed periodically and compared with
! the actual development of land use, customers, and electrical system loads.
Should significant changes in growth patterns or rates occur, modifications should
be made to the Plan. These modifications could consist of simply deferring or
accelerating improvements or require additional review for effected areas.
93-3615 V11- I BM1WGA550CIATES INr—
COMSULT- C CMG-CCRS

Town of Hertford, NC
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this Economic Conductor Study is to provide the Town of
Hertford with long-range system planning criteria and a guide to economically
select conductor size.
System planning is done on a long-range basis to maintain an efficient and
economical system. This study is a guide for developing system improvements
on a least -cost basis. It also reduces the possibility of over- or under -designing
the system, which often occurs when only immediate needs are considered.
Although the initial construction cost is a major factor when determining
the conductor size, the cost of losses should also be examined. Unlike the initial
construction cost, losses must be paid for throughout the life of the conductor and
will continue to escalate when wholesale power rates and load growth increases.
Therefore, a larger conductor size with lower losses and a higher construction cost
may be more economical than a smaller conductor size with higher losses and a
lower construction cost. With continually increasing wholesale power costs and
the necessity to maintain competitive retail rates, losses become an important
factor when selecting conductor sizes.
Increasing the conductor size also provides additional load carrying
capacity, lowers voltage drop; and reduces line losses. As a result, a larger
conductor size could feasibly reduce the total amount of reconductoring and
multiphasing, and defer dual circuits and new substations.
Three-phase 4.2/2.4 kV and 12.5/7.2 kV distribution line were considered
in this study. Several conductor sizes were evaluated from engineering,
construction cost, and operational standpoints to determine the least -cost
conductor size.
93-3615 A - 1 KOTH C A553-- IATES I NC.
C.-I.1.0 C•G. w C C.S

Town of Hertford, NC
PRESENT WORTH CONDUCTOR ANALYSIS
Each conductor was evaluated based on its present worth ownership cost
when subjected to a number of peak loading levels. A load growth rate of 3.0
percent was used in the conductor evaluations based on long-range load
projections. The following basic assumptions were developed to evaluate the cost
of losses.
• An annual interest rate of 8.0 percent
• An annual carrying charge rate of 12.0 percent
• A capitalization period of 20 years
• Annual load growth of 3.0 percent
• An annual load factor of 46.7 percent
• A power factor of 95.0 percent -
• A demand cost annualization factor of 7.71
• Initial demand charge of $20.95 per kW
• Initial energy charge of $0.03683 per kWh
• Wholesale energy and demand charge escalation of 2.0 percent
COMPARISON OF OVERHEAD CONDUCTORS
Five overhead conductor sizes are relevant based upon the loading and
service needs, of the Town of Hertford. These include 1/0 ACSR, 4/0 ACSR, 336.4
kcmil ACSR, 477 ACSR, and 556 kcmil ACSR.
THREE-PHASE 4 KV CONDUCTOR ANALYSIS
Figure 1 (Page A-4) depicts an economic conductor analysis for five three-
phase 4 kV conductors. These include 1/0 ACSR, 4/0 ACSR, 336.4 kcmil ACSR,
477 ACSR, and 556 kcmil ACSR.
At an operating voltage of 4 kV, much larger conductor sizes are necessary
to provide reliable and economical service to the Town. Up to 200 kW,1/0 ACSR
is economical and above that, 336.4 kcmil ACSR becomes the economical
93-3615 A - 2 BODW C ASJJCIATES I NC
C G•SG LTIN G C. GIN C C.S

Town of Hertford, NC
conductor. As proven in the analysis, 4/0 ACSR conductor is not economical at
any load level. For loads between 600 and 900 kW, 477 kcmil ACSR is the
economical conductor. It is not advisable to stock the 477 ACSR conductor for
such limited use, considering 556 kcmil ACSR is most economical for all loads
over 1,000 kW.
The following conductor installation guidelines are recommended for three-
phase 4.2 kV application.
Three -Phase 4.2/2.4 kV Economical Conductor Size
Initial Load Level
Recommended Conductor Size
Less Than or Equal to 200 kW
1/0 ACSR
300 kW through 600 kW
336.4 kcmil ACSR
700 kW through 2,500 kW
556 kcmil ACSR
93-3615 A - 3 EODTu C ASSOCIATES I
c GR SGi TIRG En GIN EE RS

Town of Hertford, NC
conductor. As proven in the analysis, 4/0 ACSR conductor is not economical at
any load level. For loads between 600 and 900 kW, 477 kcmil ACSR is the
economical conductor. It is not advisable to stock the 477 ACSR conductor for
such limited use, considering 556 kcmil ACSR is most economical for all loads
over 1,000 kW.
The following conductor installation guidelines are recommended for three-
phase 4.2 kV application.
Three -Phase 4.2/2.4 kV Economical Conductor Size
Initial Load Level
Recommended Conductor Size
Less Than or Equal to 200 kW
1/0 ACSR
300 kW through 600 kW
336.4 kcmil ACSR
700 kW through 2,500 kW
556 kcmil ACSR
93-3615 A- 3 BQQTW C A550GAM6. I K
c . . 5 . I I . . . e.. �. CC.S

Town of Herfford, NC
z
c
0
P
FIGURE I
Three -Phase 4.2 kV Conductor Comparison
800
700
600
500
400
300
200
100
0
100 300. 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1900 2100
Initial kW Loading @ 4.2 kV and 3.0% APR System Growth
— —3-1 /0 ACSR — - 3-336.4 kcmil ACSR -- 3-556 kcmil ACSR
E - 3-4/0 ACSR -- 3-477 ACSR
93-3615 A - 4 BQDTu C. A550GATE5 INC.
C ON 5 U L 7 ING EN GIN EENS

Town of Hertford, NC
THREE-PHASE 12.5 KV CONDUCTOR ANALYSIS
Figure 2 (Page A-6) shows the results of the three-phase 12.5 kV economic
analysis. The economical conductor is 1/0 ACSR for loads up to 600 kW.
Conductor should be carefully selected taking contingency load shift capacity into
account. If there is any doubt that the additional conductor is necessary, the next
larger size conductor should be installed. Replacement of undersized conductor
is very expensive.
The economic conductor for loads between 700 kW and 800 kW is 4/0
ACSR. The cost differential does not justify stocking an additional conductor for
such a limited use. The same principle is true for the 477 ACSR conductor. The
analysis shows the 477 ACSR conductor as economical between 1,900 kW and
2,400 kW, but 556 kcmil ACSR is economical for all loads over 2,500 kW. The cost
differential between 477 ACSR and 556 kcmil ACSR is so small that it is
recommended the Town standardize a maximum of three conductors.
The following conductor installation guidelines are recommended for three-
phase 12.5 kV application.
Three -Phase 12.5/7.2 W Economical Conductor Size
Initial Load Level
Recommended Cable Size
Less than or equal to 700 kW
1/0 ACSR
700 to 2,000 kW
336.4 kcmil ACSR
Greater than 2,000 kW
556 kcmil ACSR
93-3615 A - 5 B30TW C ASS` 1ATES I SIC
CONSUL II.G C.GIMC[.S

Town of Hertford, NC
FIGUR 2
Three -Phase 12.5 kV Conductor Comparison
500
no
M 300
i
200
100
a
♦
,J
♦
J
♦
_1
♦
J
100 400 700 1000 1300 1600 1900 2200 2500 2800 3100 3400 3700 4000
Initial kW Loading @ 12.5 kV and 3.0% APR System Growth
-=--3-1 /0 ACSR
• - 3-4/0 ACSR
3-336.4 kcmil ACSR — 3-556 kcmil ACSR
--- 3-477 ACSR
93-3615 A - 6 EODTH G A5�MATM I NC.
C DNSDLIIXD ENGINCCRS

ECONOMIC CONDUCTOR STUDY
DATA
BOOM G ArY�IATEIS INC.
C ON S V L TING ER GIN E E R S

Economic Conductor Study Page 1 of 3
Run date : 04-10-1996
Run Description : Town of Hertford - Three -Phase 4 kV Analysis
Base Data
Interest Rate ........................(./yr). 8.00
Carrying Charge Rate......... ......(./yr).
12.00
Capitalization Period ........ .........(yrs).
20
Lowest kW Load Level to be Evaluated........
100
Largest kW Load Level to be Evaluated.......
2500
Increments of kW Load Level .................
100
Load Growth Rate .....................(./yr).
3.00
Load Factor .............................(.).
46.70
Power Factor......... .................(%).
95
Demand Cost Annualization Factor.(Egv.Mo.)..
7.71
System Voltage .....................(P-P kV).
4.16
Initial Demand Charge.............($/kW/mo).
20.95
Demand Charge Escalation.............(./yr).
2.00
Initial Energy Charge ........... (cents/kWh).
3.68300
Energy Charge Escalation.............(./yr).
2.00
Loss Factor .................................
0.29276
Conductor Data
Neu / Grd
Constr.
Calc'd Equiv.
No. Pri Resis. Resis.
Cost
Resistance
Name Phases ohms/mile ohms/mile
$/mile
ohms/mile
-------- --------------------------
1/0 ACSR 3 0.86400 0.00000
--------
50,200
-------------
2.59200
4/0 ACSR 3 0.43400 0.00000
55,600
1.30200
.336 ACSR 3 0.27670 0.00000
.58,800
0.83010
477 ACSR 3 0.19570 0.00000
65,300
0.58710
556 ACSR 3 0.16790 0.00000
71,800
0.50370

Economic Conductor Study
Run date : 04-10-1996
Page 2 of 3
Calculation Data
Cumul.
Present
Growth
Interest
Demand
Energy
Worth
Year
Multip.
Rate
Charge
Charge
Factor
----
1
---------
1.000000
---------
8.000000
---------
20.950001
---------
3.683000
---------
0.925926
2
1.030000
8.000000
21.369001
3.756660
0.857339
3
1.060900
8.000000
21.796381
3.831793
0.793832
4
1.092727
8.000000
22.232309
3.908429
0.735030
5
1.125509
8.000000
22.676956
3.986598
0.680583
6
1.159274
8.000000
23.130495
4.066329
0.630170
7
1.194052
8.000000
23.593105
4.147656
0.583490
8
1.229874
8.000000
24.064968
4.230609
0.540269
9
1.266770
8.000000
24.546267
4.315221
0.500249
10
1.304773
8.000000
25.037191
4.401525
0.463193
11
1.343916
8.000000
25.537935
4.489556
0.428883
12
1.384234
8.000000
26.048695
4.579347
0.397114
13
1.425761
8.000000
26.569668
4.670934
0.367698
14
1.468534
8.000000
27.101061
4.764353
0.340461
15
1.512590
8.000000
27.643082
4.859640
0.315242
16
1.557968
8.000000
28.195944
4.956832
0.291890
17
1.604707
8.000000
28.759863
5.055969
0.270269
18
1.652848
8.000000
29.335060
5.157089
0.250249
19
1.702433
8.000000
29.921761
5.260231
0.231712
20
1.753506
8.000000
30.520195
5.365435
0.214548
PU Load Factor: 0.467
Demand Cost Annualization Factor: 7.71
Loss Factor: 0.29276

Economic Conductor Study Page 3 of 3
Run date : 04-10-1996
Run Description : Town of Hertford - Three -Phase 4 kV Analysis
Present Worth Operating Costs in Dollars per Mile
Based on
an Annual
Percent Growth
of 3.00 0
Initial
Load
3 Phase
3 Phase
3 Phase
3 Phase
3 Phase
kW
1/0 ACSR
4/0 ACSR
336 ACSR
477 ACSR
556 ACSR
-------
100
----------
61,816*
----------
66,849
----------
70,133
----------
77,540
----------
85,112
200
69,832*
70,875
72,699
79,356
86,670
300
83,191
77,585
76,978*
82,382
89,266
400
101,893
86,980
82,967*
86,618
92,900
500
125,939
99,059
90,668*
92,064
97,573
600
155,329
113,821
100,080
98,721*
103,284
700
190,062
131,268
111,204
106,588*
110,034
800
230,138
151,399
124,038
115,666*
117,822
900
275,559
174,215
138,584
125,954*
126,649
1,000
326,323
199,714
154,842
137,452
136,514*
1,100
382,430
227,898
172,811
150,161
147,417*
1,200
443,881
258,765
192,490
164,080
159,358*
1,300
510,675
292,317
213,882
179,209
172,339*
1,400
582,814
328,553
236,984
195,548
186,357*
1,500
660,295
367,474
261,798
213,098
201,414*
1,600
743,120
409,078
288,323
231,859
217,509*
1,700
831,289
453,366
316,560
251,829
234,643*
1,800
500,339
346,507
273,010
252,815*
1,900
549,996
378,166
295,402
272,026*
2,000
602,337
411,537
319,003
292,275*
2,100
657,362
446,619
343,815
313,562*
2,200
715,071
483,412
369,838
335,888*
2,300
775,464
521,916
3971070
359,252*
2,400
838,542
562,131
425,513
383,654*
2,500
904,304
604,058
455,167
409,095*

Economic Conductor Study Page l of 3
Run date : 04-10-1996
Run Description : Town of Hertford - Three -Phase 12.5 kV Analysis
Base Data
Interest Rate ........................(o/yr).
8.00
Carrying Charge Rate .......... ......(o/yr).
12.00
Capitalization Period.................(yrs).
20
Lowest kW Load Level to be Evaluated........
100
Largest kW Load Level to be Evaluated.......
4000
Increments of kW Load Level .................
100
Load Growth Rate .....................(o/yr).
3.00
Load Factor ................... ........M.).
46.70
Power Factor............................M.).
95
Demand Cost Annualization Factor.(Egv.Mo.)..
7.71
System Voltage .....................(P-P kV).
12.50
Initial Demand Charge.............($/kW/mo).
20.95
Demand Charge Escalation.............(%/yr).
2.00
Initial Energy Charge ........... (cents/kWh).
3.68300
Energy Charge Escalation.............(o/yr).
2.00
Loss Factor .................................
0.29276
Conductor Data
Neu / Grd
Constr.
Calc'd Equiv.
No. Pri Resis. Resis.
Cost
Resistance
Name Phases ohms/mile ohms/mile
$/mile
ohms/mile
-------- --------------------------
1/0 ACSR 3 0.86400 0.00000
--------
50,200
-------------
2.59200
4/0 ACSR 3 0.43400 0.00000
55,600
1.30200
336 ACSR 3 0.27670 -0.00000
58,800
0.83010
477 ACSR 3 0.19570 0.00000
67,100
0.58710
556 ACSR 3 0.16790 0.00000
71,800
0.50370

Economic Conductor
Study
Page 2 of 3
Run
date : 04-10-1996
Calculation Data
Cumul.
Present
Growth
Interest
Demand
Energy
Worth
Year
Multip.
Rate
Charge
Charge
Factor
1
1.000000
8.000000
20.950001
3.683000
0.925926
2
1.030000
8.000000
21.369001
3.756660
0.857339
3
1.060900
8.000000
21.796381
3.831793
0.793832
4
1.092727
8.000000
22.232309
3.908429
0.735030
5
1.125509
8.000000
22.676956
3.986598
0.680583
6
1.159274
8.000000
23.130495
4.066329
0.630170
7
1.194052
8.000000
23.593105
4.147656
0.583490
8
1.229874
8.000000
24.064968
4.230609
0.540269
9
1.266770
8.000000
24.546267
4.315221
0.500249
10
1.304773
8.000000
25.037191
4.401525
0.463193
11
1.343916
8.000000
25.537935
4.489556
0.428883
12
1.384234
8.000000
26.048695
4.579347
0.397114
13
1.425761
8.000000
26.569668
4.670934
0.367698
14
1.468534
8.000000
27.101061
4.764353
0.340461
15
1.512590
8.000000
27.643082
4.859640
0.315242
16
1.557968
8.000000
28.195944
4.956832
0.291890
17
1.604707
8.000000
28.759863
5.055969
0.270269
18
1.652848
8.000000
29.335060
5.157089
0.250249
19
1.702433
8.000000
29.921761
5.260231
0.231712
20
1.753506
8.000000
30.520195
5.365435
0.214548
PU Load Factor: 0.467
Demand Cost Annualization Factor: 7.71
Loss Factor: 0.29276

Economic Conductor Study Page 3 of 3
Run date : 04-10-1996
Run Description : Town of Hertford - Three -Phase 12.5 kV Analysis
Present Worth Operating Costs in Dollars per Mile
Based on an Annual Percent Growth of 3.00 0
Initial
Load
3 Phase
3 Phase
3 Phase
3 Phase
3 Phase
kW
-------
1/0 ACSR
4/0 ACSR
336 ACSR
477 ACSR
556 ACSR
100
-----------
59,440*
----------
65,655
----------
69,372
----------
79,123
----------
84,651
200
60,328*
66,101
69,656
79,324
84,823
300
61,808*
66,844
70,130
79,659
85,111
400
63,879*
67,885
70,793
80,128
85,513
500
66,542*
69,223
71,646
60,731
86,031
600
69,797*
70,858
72,689
.81,469
86,663
700
73,644
72,790*
73,921
82,340
87,411
800
78,083
75,020*
75,342
83,345
88,273
900
83,114
77,547
76,953*
84,485
89,251
1,000
88,736
80,371
78,754*
85,758
90,344
1,100
94,950
83,492
80,744*
87,166
91,551
1,200
101,756
86,911
82,923*
88,707
92,874
1,300
109,154
90,627
85,293*
90,383
94,311
1,400
117,144
94,641
87,851*
92,193
95,864
1,500
125,725
98,951
90,600*
94,137
97,532
1,600
134,899
103,559
93,538*
96,214
99,314
1,700
144,664
108,464
96,665*
98,426
101,212
1,800
155,021
113,667
99,982*
100,772
103,225
1,900
165,970
119,167
103,488
103,252*
105,352
2,000
177,511
124,964
107,184
105,866*
107,595
2,100
189,643
.131,058
111,070
108,614*
109,953
2,200
202,368
137,450
115,145
111,496*
112,426
2,300
215,684
144,139
119,409
114,513*
115,013
2,400
229,592
151,125
123,863
117,663*
117,716
2,500
244,092
158,408
128,507
120,947
120,534*
2,600
259,183
165,989
133,340
124,365
123,466*
2,700
274,867
173,867
138,363
127,918
126,514*
2,800
291,142
182,043
143,575
131,604
129,677*
2,900
308,009
190,515
148,977
135,425
132,955*
3,000
325,468
199,285
154,568
139,379
136,348*
3,100
343,519
208,352
160,349
143,468
139,855*
3,200
362,162
217,717
166,320
147,691
143,478*
3,300
381,396
227,379
172,479
152,047
147,216*
3,400
401,223
237,338
178,829
156,538
151,069*
3,500
421,641
247,594
185,368
161,163
155,037*
3,600
442,651
258,147
192,097
165,922
159,119*
3,700
464,252
268,998
199,015
170,815
163,317*
3,800
486,446
280,147
206,122
175,842
167,630*
3,900
509,232
291,592
213,419
181,003
172,058*
4,000
532,609
303,335
220,906
186,298
176,601*

Town of Hertford, NC
TABLE 1
LONG-RANGE PLAN
CONSTRUCTION UNIT COSTS
(Based on Average Conditions)
ITEM
COST/Mi. (S)
TIE LINES
Three -Phase 336.4 kcmil ACSR
58,800
CONDUCTOR REPLACEMENT
35,100
LINE CHANGES
Single -Phase to Three -Phase 1/0 ACSR
67,200
Single -Phase to Three -Phase 336.4 kcmil ACSR
74,200
Vee-Phase to Three -Phase 336.4 kcmil ACSR
75,800
Three -Phase to Three -Phase 336.4 kcmil ACSR
77,400
LINE CONVERSIONS
Single -Phase 12.5/7.2 kV
14,000
Vee-Phase 12.5/7.2 kV
17,000
Three -Phase 12.517.2 kV
20,000
DISTRIBUTION TRANSFORMERS (7.2 kV)
900 Ea.
AIR -BREAK SWITCHES
3,500 Ea.
SINGLE-PHASE OCR'S
1,900 Ea.
3.100 kVAC (12.5 kV)
3,200
3-500 WA VOLTAGE REGULATORS
$26,000
STEPDOWN TRANSFORMERS
3-500 WA
$40,000
3-333 WA
$36,000
(1) Cost adjustments are made in the detailed cost estimate to incorporate abnormal construction and
line conditions.
93-3675 B - I EGD-114 C ASSO--IATES I( C
C ON SO TING CN GIN CC RS

Town of Hertford, NC
POWER DELIVERY OPTIONS
The recommended plan to convert distribution system voltage to 12.5/7.2
kV necessitates upgrade of the N.C. Power Company 34.5 kV to 4 kV delivery
point. A total of four alternative plans were developed, examining various
scenarios of ownership and construction responsibilities and applicable leased
facilities charges. Each alternative plan was evaluated over a 20-year period,
considering total capital expenditures, debt service, operations and maintenance
costs, and leased facilities charges.
Option 1 consists of N.C. Power upgrading their 34.5 kV to 4. kV substation
to 34.5 kV to 12.5 kV and installing a 12 WA transformer. The Town of
Hertford would upgrade its 4 kV switching station to 12.5 kV. A distribution
surcharge of 43 cents per kilowatt (¢/kW) would be assessed by NCEMPA.
Option 1 represents the most economical means for delivery voltage upgrade.
Three other options were also evaluated. Option 2 consists of N.C. Power
upgrading their 34.5 kV to 4 kV substation to 34.5 kV to 12.5 kV and installing a
12 MVA transformer. The Town would upgrade its 4 kV switching station to 12.5
kV. The Town would also pay leased facilities charges of 1.9 percent of N.C.
Power's construction costs per month.
Option,3 consists of the Town paying N.C. Power's costs of upgrading their
substation to 34.5 kV to 12.5 kV and upgrading the Town's switching station to
12.5 kV. The Town would also pay leased facilities charges of 0.7 percent of the
N.C. Power substation upgrade costs.
Option 4 consists of the Town constructing and owning a new 34.5 kV to
12.5 kV substation to replace existing substation and switching station facilities.
Each of the alternative plans are significantly more expensive than the
recommended plan.
The following provides the economical analysis of each option over a 20-
year period.
93-3615 C - 1 Email J a `S�Q--VMS. INC
c I. 5. t I . . 0 C. 0.. C C.S

Town of Herfford, NC
OPTION #1
NCP to Upgrade Existing 4 kV Substation to 34.5 kV to 12.5/7.2 kV
Town of Hertford to Upgrade Low -Side Bus to 12.5 kV
Town to Pay NCEMPA Surcharge of $0.43/kW
Year
Construction
Cost
Debt
Service
O&M
kW
NCEMPA
Surcharge
Total
Cost
1
$212,010
$12,721
$0
5,772
$2,482
$15,203
2
$0
$12,721
$0
5,945
$2,556
$15,277
3
$0
$12,721
$0
6,124
$2,633
$15,354
4
$0
$12,721
$0
6,307
$2,712
$15,433
5
$0
$12,721
$0
6,496
$2,793
$15,514
6
$0
$12,721
$4,240
6,700
$2,881
$19,842
7
$0
$12,721
$4,389
6,901
$2,967
$20,077
8
$0
$12,721
$4-,542
7,108
$3,056
$20,319
9
$0
$12,721
$4,701
7,321
$3,148
$20,570
10
$0
$12,721
$4,866
7,541
$3,243
$20,829
11
$0
$12,721
$5,036
7,767
$3,340
$21,096
12
$0
$12,721
$5,212
8,000
$3,440
$21,373
13
$0
$12,721
$5,395
8,240
$3,543
$21,659
14
1$0
$12,721
$5,584
8,487
$3,650
$21,954
15
$0
$12,721
$5,779
8,742
$3,759
$22,259
16
$0
$12,721
$5,981
9,004
$3,872
$22,574
17
$0
$12,721
$6,191
9,274
$3,988
$22,899
18
$0
$12,721
$6,407
9,553
$4,108
$23,235
19
$0
$12,721
$6,631
9,839
$4,231
$23,583
20
$0
$12,721
$6 864
10,1341
$4 358
$23 942
ILTota� $212,010 1 $254,412 1 $81,818 1 1 $66,761 1 $402,990JI
93-3615 C - 2 Q�T'y (_ AY-0- �. E6. A NC_
C O.SYL taw, ..C_cc[ S

Town of Hertford, NC
OPTION #2
NCP to Upgrade Existing 4 kV Substation to 34.5 kV to 12.5/7.2 kV
Town of Hertford to Upgrade Low -Side Bus to 12.5 kV
Town to Pay Leased Facilty Charges of 1.9%/1\4o. of NCP's Construction Costs
Year
Construction
Cost
Debt
Service
O&M
Leased I*
Facilities Char a
Total
Cost
1
$212,010
$12,721
$0
$71,081
$83,802
2
$0
$12,721
$0
$71,081
$83,802
3
$0
$12,721
$0
$71,081
$83,802
4
$0
$12,721
$0
$71,081
$83,802
5
$0
$12,721
$0
$71,081
$83,802
6
$0
$12,721
$4,240
$71,081
$88,042
7
$0
$12,721
$4,389
$71,081
$88,190
8
$0
$12,721
$4,542
$71,081
$88,344
9
$0
$12,721
$4,701
"$71,081
$88,503
10
$0
$12,721
$4,866
$71,081
$88,668
11
$0
$12,721
$5,036
$71,081
$88,838
12
$0
$12,721
$5,212
$71,081
$89,014
13
$0
$12,721
$5,395
$71,081
$89,197
14
$0
$12,721
$5,584
$71,081
$89,385
15
$0
$12,721
$5,779
$71,081
$89,581
16
$0
$12,721
$5,981
$71,081
$89,783
17
$0
$12,721
$6,191
$71,081
$89,992
18
$0
$12,721
$6,407
$71,081
$90,209
19
$0
$12,721
$6,631
$71,081
$90,433
20
$0
$12,721
$6 864
$71,081
$90 665
Total 1
$212 010 1
$254 412 1
$81 818 1
$1 421 626 1
$1 757 855
* NCP's Construction Cost = $311,760
93-3615 C - 3 EMTW Cr ,��`GCIATES I (!C.
C 0.t.l tING EI GINE E NS

Town of Hertford, NC
OPTION #3
Town to Pay Delivery Point Construction Cost to Upgrade Substation
Town of Hertford to Upgrade Low -Side Bus to 12.5 kV
Town to Pay Leased Facilty Charges of 0.7%/Mo. of Delivery Point Construction Costs
Year
Construction
Cost
Debt
Service
O&M
Leased*
Facilities Charge
Total
Cost
1
$523,770
$31,426
$0
$26,188
$57,614
2
$0
$31,426
$0
$26,188
$57,614
3
$0
$31,426
$0
$26,188
$57,614
4
$0
$31,426
$0
$26,188
$57,614
5
$0
$31,426
$0
$26,188
$57,614
6
$0
$31,426
$5,541
$26,188
$63,155
7
$0
$31,426
$5,735
$26,188
$63,349
8
$0
$31,426
$5,936
$26,188
$63,550
9
$0
$31,426
$6,144
$26,188
$63,758
10
$0
$31,426
$6,359
$26,188
$63,973
11
$0
$31,426
$6,581
$26,188
$64,195
12
$0
$31,426
$6,812
$26,188
$64,426
13
$0
$31,426
$7,050
$26,188
$64,664
14
$0
$31,426
$7,297
$26,188
$64,911
15
$0
$31,426
$7,552
$26,188
$65,166
16
$0
$31,426
$7,816
$26,188
$65,430
17
$0
$31,426
$8,090
$26,188
$65,704
18
$0
$31,426
$8,373
$26,188
$65,987
19
$0
$31,426
$8,666
$26,188
$66,280
20
SO
$31,426
$8 970
$26,188
$66 584
Total
1 $523 770
$628 524
$106 921
$523 757
$1 259 202
* NCP's Construction Cost = $311,760
93-3615 C - 4 BMTu G ASQDATES. ( ( C.
C01 Sut TIMG CM:1n[ERS

Town of Hertford, NC
OPTION #4
Town to Construct 34.5 kV to 12.5/7.2 kV Substation (2-12 MVA Transformer)
Town of Hertford to Upgrade Low -Side Bus to 12.5 kV
Town Will Own and Operate Substation
Year
Construction
Cost
Debt
Service
O&M
Transformer
Losses
Leased
Facilities Char a
Total
Cost
1
$1,196,910
$71,815
$0
$9,961
$0
$811775
2
$0
$71,815
$0
$10,272
$0
$82,087
3
$0
$71,815
$0
$10,596
$0
$82,411
4
$0
$71,815
$0
$10,932
$0
$82,747
5
$0
$71,815
$0
$11,281
$0
$83,096
6
$0
$71,815
$23,938
$11,644
$0
$107,396
7
$0
$71,815
$24,776
$12,020
$0
$108,611
8
$0
$71,815
$25,643
$12,412
$0
$109,870
9
$0
$71,815
$26,541
$12,819
$0
$111,174
10
$0
$71,815
$27,470
$13,242
$0
$112,526
11
$0
$71,815
$28,431
$13,682
$0
$113,928
12
$0
$71,815
$29,426
$14,140
$0
$115,381
13
$0
$71,815
$30,456
$14,616
$0
$116,887
14
$0
$71,815
$31,522
$15,112
$0
$118,448
15
$0
$71,815
$32,625
$15,628
$0
$120,068
16
$0
$71,815
$33,767
$16,165
$0
$121,746
17
$0
$71,815
$34,949
$16,724
$0
$123,487
18
$0
$71,815
$36,172
$17,306
$0
$125,292
19
$0
$71,815
$37,438
$17,912
$0
$127,165
20
$0
$71,815
S38 749
$18 543
$0
$129 107
Total
$1 196 910
$1 436 292
$461 904 1
$275 005
SC
S2 173 201
93-3615 C- 5 D N G AV_ _aCIATES If r_
C 0 1 $ V L T I VC EN GIV CCP5

Town of Hertford, NC
INDUSTRIAL PARK SERVICE OPTIONS
Four options were identified and evaluated for providing the most
operationally and economically sound service to the Perquimans Commerce
Centre. Specific recommendations cannot be made at this time because the timing
and magnitude of any development in the area is unknown. The purpose of this
study is to provide the Town with a guide to select the most effective service
option to serve the load as it is developing in the area.
93-3615 D - 1 PQDTW G A5Lc`G-- IaTES I (`C
C—Su 1".0 E I-E c.S

Town of Hertford, NC
OPTION 1
Option 1 consists of serving the Industrial Park area from the Church Street
(Be-Lo) Circuit after conversion to a 12.5/7.2 kV operating voltage. Exhibits 1.1,
1.2, and 1.3 illustrate voltage levels, conductor loading and substation transformer
loading at various load levels at the Industrial Park. These loads include existing
circuit loads growing at projected growth rates. Figure 1.1 illustrates operating
parameters at load levels projected to 2001 or the end of Step 1 of the Long Range
Plan. Figure 1.2 illustrates operating parameters at the end of Step 2 (2006) of the
Long -Range Plan. Figure 1.3 illustrates operating parameters at the end of Step
3 or 2016.
The Town can serve up to 1,500 kW at the Industrial Park based on this
scenario for the duration of the. Lonb Range Plan. By the end of Step 3, an
assumed load of 1,500 kW at the Industrial Park will maximize the base
transformer capacity as well as maintain voltage and conductor loadings within
acceptable ranges.
Projected
Industrial Park
Load (M
Voltage
@ Park
Line
Loading
Percent
Total Load
at
Substation
Substation
Transformer
Percent Capacity
500
123.7
48%
7,200
60%
1000
122.7
55%
7,700
64%
1500
121.7
62%
8,200
68%
2000
120.7
69%
8,700
73%
2500
119.7
76%
9,200
77%
3000
118.7
83%
9,700
81%
.3500
117.6
90%
10,200
85%
4000
116.5
98%
10,700
89%
4500
115.4
106%
11,200
93%
5000
114.3
113%
11,700
98%
Figure 1.1 Option 1 - Step 1 (To Year 2001)
93-3615 D- 2 BOCLA u AY-G--IATES I NZ
C ON S V I I I [N GIN[C 4S

Town of Hertford, NC
Projected
Industrial Park
Load (M
Voltage
@ Park
Line
Loading
Percent
Total Load
at
Substation
Substation
Transformer
Percent Capacity
500
123.4
55%
8,260
69%
1000
122.5
61%
8,760
73%
1500
121.5
68%
9,260
77%
2000
120.6
75%
9,760
81%
2500
119.6
82%
10,260
86%
3000
118.3
90%
10,760
90%
3500
117.3
98%
11,260
94%
4000
116.1
105%
11,760
98%
4500
115.0
113%
12,260
102%
5000
--
—
12,760
106%
Figicre 1.2 Option 1 - Step 2 (To Year 2006)
Projected
Industrial Park
Load (M
Voltage
@ Park
Line
Loading
Percent
Total Load
at
Substation.
Substation
Transformer
Percent Capacity
500
122.8
70%
10,950
91%
1000
121.8
76%
11,450
95%
1500
120.9
83%
11,950
100%
2000
119.8
90%
12,450
104%
2500
118.8
98%
12,950
108%
3000
117.8
105%
13,450
112%
3500
116.7
112%
13,950
116%
4000
--
--
14,450
120%
4500
--
--
14,950
125%
5000
--
--
15,450
128%
Figure 1.3 Option 1 - Step 3 (To Year 2016)
93-3615 D - 3 EMTu (. ASMATS I NC

Town of Hertford, NC
OPTION 2
Option 2 consists of constructing a 12.5/7.2 kV express circuit into the
Industrial Park. Figure 2.0 illustrates operating parameters at various projected
load levels at the Industrial Park.
Projected
Industrial Park
Load (M
Voltage
@ Park
Line
Loading
Percent
Total Load
at
Substation
Substation
Transformer
Percent Capacity
1500
124.9
17%
11,950
100%
3000
123.4
26%
13,450
112%
4000
122.4
35%
14,450
120%
5000
121.5
44%
15,450
128%
Figure 2.0 ' Option 2 - 12.5 kV Express Circuit
While theoretically this configuration could serve a projected.load at the
Industrial Park in excess of 5 MW, this option is limited to 1,500 kW by the 12
MVA transformer capacity. A second transformer dedicated to the Industrial
Park must be installed or the capacity of the transformer must be upgraded by
replacing the 34.5 kV to 12.47 kV transformer with a 20 WA transformer.
0
93-3615 D- 4 F09W C ASu'(DAT5 I K
CONS 0L TING CNGON LC RS

Town of Hertford, NC
OPTION 3
Option 3 consists of constructing a 34.5 W express circuit into the Industrial
Park area. Figure 3.1 illustrates operational parameters on the circuit at various
projected load levels.
Project Industrial Park
Load (kW)
Voltage Q Park
Line Loading Percent
3000
125.7
9%
4000
125.6
12%
5000
125.4
15%
Figure 3.1 Option 3 - 34.5 W Express Circuit
Projected loads at the Industrial Park well in excess of 5 MW can be served
from this configuration. Figure 3.2 illustrates line loss savings derived from this
option as compared to both Options 1 and 2. This option offers significant loss
savings over the other options.
Load
Church
Street
Circuit
(12.5 M
Losses (kW)
12.5 kV
Express
Circuit
Losses
(kW)
First -Year
Savings Q
$18.88/kW/Mo
34.5 kV
Express
Circuit
Losses
(kW)
First -Year Loss
Savings Q
$18.88/kW/Mo
500
12
1
$1,346
0
$1,468
1000
29
5
$2,936
1
$3,426
1500
52
11
$5,016
1
$6,239
2000
79
19
$7,341
2
$9,420
2500
112
31
$9,910
4
$13,213
3000
150
44
$12,968
6
$17,617
4000
245
80
$20,186
10
$28,750
5000
367
127
$29,362
16
$42,942
Figure 3.2 12.5 W Versus 34.5 kV Loss Savings to Serve the Industrial Park
93-3615 D - 5 BMTW C A550CIATE6 I NC
:OM SVE TING ENGINEER S

Town of Hertford, NC
OPTION 4
Option 4 consists of acquiring a 34.5 kV delivery point from N.C. Power in
the Industrial Park area. N.C. Power has 34.5 kV subtransmission lines available
in the area. As load develops in the area, negotiations with N.C. Power will be
necessary to determine the feasibility of this option.
93-3615
�j
EvTW G MATES i rC
CONS V I i'.0 [M C,•C!,S

Town of Hertford, NC
CONCLUSIONS AND _RECOMMENDATIONS
For projected load levels in the Industrial Park of 1,500 kW and less, the
Town should serve the Park from 12.5/7.2 kV circuitry. This option minimizes
capital expenditures to provide service to the Park, and any distribution line and'
substation improvements necessary on this circuit will be needed regardless of
industrial development in the area.
As loads approach 1,500 kW, the Town should enter into negotiations with
N.C. Power for a 34.5 kV delivery point at the Park. The time frame for
negotiating and constructing this point -of -delivery (POD) could be lengthy so it
is imperative that the need for the POD be identified and negotiations initiated
in a timely manner.
If a POD cannot be obtained from N.C. Power in this area, the Park should
be served from a 34.5 kV express feeder (Option 3). This alternative provides
adequate capacity to serve loads in excess of 5 MW within acceptable operating
parameters without affecting the capacity of the proposed 12 MVA transformer,
as Option 2 would. The 12.5 kV circuit extending to the Park should be
constructed in order to permit the addition of 34.5 kV on the pole line in the
future without the necessity for reconstruction.
93-3615 D - 7 B0OTW (. AS_KDATES I NC
C 0. S.I II.0 C . . . . EE.S

TOWN OF HERTFORD
INFRASTRUCTURE IMPROVEMENTS
July, 1996
I. WATER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS
SUPPLY
Priority 1 Priority 2
Description 0-2 YR 5-10 YR
Develop 300 GPM Well
Supply with Pump House,
Pumps, Piping and Controls $ 105,000 $ 105,000
Raw Water Supply Piping
Inter -connection System 14,500 6,000
Stand-by Power Connections
and Telemetry Modifications 17,500 11,500
Meter Installations 4,500 -----
Total Construction Supply $ 141,500 $ 122,500
TREATMENT
Description
Remove and Replace Filter
Media and Support Gravel
Each Filter
Remove and Replace Wash
Troughs Each Filter
Install Surface Wash
Assemblies, Piping and
Automatic Valves Each
Filter
Remove and Enlarge All
Filter Face Piping
Remove and Replace Filter
Influent, Effluent, Back-
wash and Rewash Valves
Priority 1
0-2 YR
$ 16,500
14,000
26,000
43,000
Priority 2
5-10 YR
$ -----
Total
$ 210,000
20,000
29,000
4,500
$ 264,000
Total
$ 16,500
14,000
26,000
43,000
651000 ----- 65,000

Priority 1
Priority 2
Descrit)tion
0-2 YR
5-10 YR Total
Install New Backwash Raw
Water and Finished Water
Controllers
60,000
----- 60,000
Install Dual Filter Control
Console with Rate of Flow
and Loss of Head Indicators
17,400
----- 17,400
Chemical Feed and Chlorination
System Improvements (Liquid
Bulk Storage)
116,000
----- 116,000
Replace Trough in Accelator
Basin, Sandblast and Paint
Superstructure
21,500
----- 210,500
Replace 1200 GPM Backwash
Pump
15,500
----- 15,500
Replace High Service Pumps,
Piping and valves
55,000
----- 55,000
Electrical Rework with
Stand-by Power
90,000
----- 90,000
Construct New 21' Diameter
Upflow Clarifier with
Relocated Piping
94,000
----- 94,000
Total Construction Treatment $
633,900
----- $ 633,900
J
STORAGE
Descriptio
Construct 250,000 Gallon
Elevated Storage Tank at
Industrial Park
Repaint Existing 100,000
Gallon and 500,000 Gallon
Elevated Tanks
Total Construction Storage
Priority 1
0-2 YR
Priority 2
5-10 YR
$ 320,000
Total
$ 320,000
140,000 ----- 140,000
$ 140,000 $ 320,000 $ 460,000

DISTRIBUTION
Unit
Location
Diameter
Length
Price
Total
Penn. Ave. (W. R/R - Chs)
8"
1525
$25.00
$ 38,125
W. R/R (Grubb - Dobb)
8"
625
25.00
15,625
Kenyon (Grubb - Dobb)
8"
550
25.00
13,750
Edenton Rd (Grubb - King)
12"
1450
30.00
43,500
Dobb (Edenton - Church)
8"
2275
25.00
56,875
Cov. Garden (Market - Dobb)
8"
320
25.00
8,000
Municipal (Grubb - Alley)
6"
465
22.00
10,230
Alley (Munic. - Church)
6"
285
22.00
6,270
Newby (Church - Front)
6"
275
22.00
6,050
Front (Punch - Market)
6"
1090
22.00
23,980
Hyde Park (King - J. Hunter)
6"
1245
22.00
27,390
J. Hunter (6" - Hyde Pk)
6"
560
22.00
12,320
Castleton (Cresent - Artie)
6"
300
22.00
6,600
Second (Edenton - Ainsley)
8"
390
25.00
9,750
17 By Pass (6" - SR 1338)
6"
1420
22.00
31,240
Service Road @ McDonalds
6"
430
22.00
9,460
Industrial Park (SR 1336)
12"
2450
30.00
73,500
Total Construction Distribution
Total All Construction
Technical: Basic
Administration & Inspection
Legal
Contingency
GRAND TOTAL WATER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS
$ 392,665
1,750,565
118,750
57,500
15,000
175,000
$2,116,815
9 -Q-
6
F.T.GREEN& ASSOC1,\T7-S

II. WASTEWATER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS
TREATMENT
Description
Total
Headworks (Bar Screen & Grit) $ 137,500
Influent Pump Station 85,000
Aeration Basin 448,000
Final Clarifier (1) 110,000
RAS Pump Station 75,000
Digester 77,000
Sludge Holding Modifications 65,000
Chlorine Contact Modifications 27,500
Chlorine/De-Chlorine System 65,000
Site Work/Yard Piping 170,000
Electrical Modifications 175,000
Total Construction Treatment $1,435,000
COLLECTION
Description Total
Pump Station - Industrial Park (350 GPM) $ 70,000
Pump Station #3 (Church St) Retrofit 55,000
Pump Station #6 (Willow St) Retrofit 55,000
6200' - 8" Diameter Force Main @ $20.00 124,000
3000' - 6" Diameter Force Main @ $17.00 51,000
Total Construction Collection $ 304,000
Total All Construction 1,739.000
Technical: Basic 120,000
Administration & Inspection 781,000
Legal 15,000
Contingency 175,000
GRAND TOTAL SEWER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS $2,127,000
f.E95766

Cybernet Version: 2.5 SN: 1162130135 24-07-1996
Description: Tanks 90o full, with proposed improvements
drawing: C:\PROJECTS\E95766\95766CYB
1-Lre Flow Summary. Page 1
JCT
Avg. Day
Avg. Day
Zone
Needed
Available
@Residual
Min. Zone
@JCT
No.
Demand
Pressure
No.
Fire Flow
Fire Flow
Pressure
Pressure
No.
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
(gpm)
(psi)
(gpm)
(gpm)
(psi)
(psi)
1
4.0
43.8
1
754.0
1040.3
20.0
23.9
5
2
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
1505.9
20.0
22.3
1
3
4.0
43.1
1
754.0
1672.2
20.0
24.0
646
4
0.0
41.5
1
750.0
1472.8
20.0
22.4
646
5
4.0
44.3
1
754.0
1043.8
20.0
23.3
1
6
0.0
44.1
1
750.0
1103.8
20.0
23.7
�5
7
0.0
43.3
1
750.0
1614.8
20.0
21.3
6
8
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
1869.0
20.0
23.2
9
9
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
1898.6
20.0
22.6
8
10
0.0
41.6
1
750.0.
1695.3
20.0
22.3
4
11
0.0
42.5
1
750.0
1819.9
20.0
28.3
12
12
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
1595.9
20.0
22.8
570
14
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
1205.8
21.1
20.0
570
15
0.0
43.3
1
750.0
1122.7
21.2
20.0
570
16
4.0
43.6
1
754.0
737.5*'
20.0
25.9
97
17
0.0
42.8
1
750.0
1041.2
21.3
20.0
570
18
0.0
41.3
1
750.0
679.4*
20.0
20.2
574
19
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
985.5
20.0
20.2
550
20
0.0
42.4
1
750.0
901.3
20.0
22.7
530
21
0.0
41.3
1
750.0
855.1
20.0
23.8
555
22
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
859.8
20.0
20.6
556
23
4.0
40.6
1
754.0
779.8
20.0
20.5
530
24
0.0
42.9
1
750.0
1940.4
20.0
22.7
25
25
0.0
40.3
1
750.0
1537.3
20.0
29.8
650
26
10.0
43.3
1
760.0
1856.5
20.0
31.4
25
27
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
1557.8
20.0
36.6
26
28
4.0
43.4
1
754.0
4577.0
20.0
29.0
29
29
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
3681.9
20.0
34.5
28
30
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
5000.0
39.2
36.2
640
31
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
326.9*
20.0
39.7
41
32
0.0
42.5
1
750.0
1742.8
20.0
22.8
210
33
0.0
41.2
1
750.0
1492.6
20.0
32.7
34
34
0.0
43.2
1
750.0
1857.8
20.0
24.2
33
35
0.0
41.8
1
750.0
1784.5
20.0
24.1
260
38
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
744.0*
20.0
20.0
296
39
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
5000.0
28.9
29.0
160
40
0•.0
41.1
1
750.0
5000.0
26.7
28.9
41
41
5.0
39.7
1
755.0
5000.0
26.8
27.2
1032
42
0.0
40.1
1
750.0
569.8*
20.0
20.0
1032
43
0.0
40.4
1
750.0
5000.0
32.5
33.0
1030
44
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
2101.8
20.0
21.4
43
* Needed Fire Flow not attained.

ire Flow Summary.
Page 2
JCT
Avg. Day
Avg. Day
Zone
Needed
Available @Residual
Min. Zone
@JCT
No.
Demand
Pressure
No.
Fire Flow
Fire Flow
Pressure
Pressure
Number
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(gpm)
(psi)
(gpm)
(gpm)
(psi)
(psi)
45
0.0
40.1
1
750.0
3029.3
20.0
19.9
105
46
0.0
40.2
1
750.0
1749.8,
20.2
20.0
105
47
0.0
40.0
1
750.0
1374.9
20.0
20.0
48
48
3.0
40.0
1
753.0
728.9*
20.0
33.7
47
49
0.0
40.6
1
750.0
2322.2
20.0
21.9
651
50
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
2665.2
20.0
23.8
653
51
15.0
41.1
1
765.0
2688.8
20.0
26.8
656
52
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
3081.1
20.0
22.7
656
53
0.0
42.5
1
750.0
1561.3
20.0
34.5
210
54
0.0
41.2
1
750.0
614.5*
20.0
39.5
312
55
0.0
42.5
1
750.0
3042.6
20.1
20.0
640
56
0.0
42.5
1
750.0
2302.2
20.0
32.0
69
57
4.0
41.5
1
754.0
5000.0
25.4
25.0
73
58
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
2233.6
20.0
31.5
246
59
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
1975.9
20.0
23.3
246
60
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
1594.2
20.0
27.6
264
61
0.0
41.2
1
750.0
1515.4
20.0
30.2
60
62
4.0
42.5
1
754.0
1841.3
20.0
32.7
284
64
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
2213.8
20.0
30.4
260
65
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
2084.5
20.0
26.4
264
66
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
1682.6
20.0
23.4
296
67
0.0
42.4
1
750.0
1837.6
20.0
25.9
12
68
10.0
43.3
1
760.0
1459.6
20.0
33.7
67
69
0.0
42.4
1
750.0
2072.5
20.0
26.2
336
70
0.0
43.8
1
750.0
866.5
20.0
20.1
338
71
0.0
43.1
1
750.0
1391.7
20.0
26.6
336
72
0.0
41.2
1
750.0
3640.6
20.0
27.8
71
73
4.0
41.1
1
754.0
858.7
20.0
39.5
41
74
0.0
44.2
1
750.0
2029.9
20.0
22.1
454
75
6.0
43.5
1
756.0
1218.3
20.0
32.4
352
76
6.0
43.9
1
756.0
306.7*
20.0
32.5
332
78
0.0
42.8
1
750.0
1252.3
20.0
20.4
454
79
0.0
43.2
1
.750.0
813.9
20.0
24.5
80
80
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
782.4
20.0
25.5
79
81
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
857.3
20.0
21.0
404
82
0.0
43.2
1
750.0
906.5
20.0
22.6
390
83
0.0
43.2
1
750.0
812.3
20.0
25.2
404
84
4.0
43.5
1
754.0
1143.8
20.0
20.1
454
85
0.0
43.2
1
750.0
1169.9
20.0
19.9
454
86
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
1036.6
21.0
20.0
454
* Needed Fire Flow not attained.

,re Flow Summary. Page 3
JCT
Avg. Day
Avg. Day
Zone
Needed
Available @Residual
Min. Zone
@JCT
No.
Demand
Pressure
No.
Fire Flow
Fire Flow
Pressure
Pressure
Number
-----------------------------------------------------------------------------
(gpm)
(psi)
(gpm)
(gpm)
(psi)
(psi) ,
87
5.0
41.0
1
755.0
868.1
20.0
21.1
454
88
0.0
43.6
1
'750.0
858.2
20.0
24.8
430
89
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
793.3
20.0
20.6
430
91
0.0
44.2
1
750.0
867.6
20.4
20.0
464
92
0.0
44.6
1
750.0
924.8
20.0
24.0
558
93
0.0
41.3
1
750.0
785.0
20.3
20.0
510
94
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
710.7*
20.0
20.0
96
95
4.0
40.7
1
754.0
648.6*
20.0
20.0
96
96
4.0
40.7
1
754.0
606.5*
20.0
22.3
95
97
0.0
43.3
1
750.0
785.1
20.0
24.0
602
98
2.0
44.9
1
752.0
819.5
20.0
27.3
570
100
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
526.0*
20.0
20.0
454
101
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
422.6*
20.0
20.0
103
102
3.0
41.0
1
753.0
386.9*
20.0
23.9
454
103
3.0
41.0
1
753.0
364.5*
20.0
24.9
101
104
0.0
40.1
1
750.0
778.1
20.0
20.0
105
105
4.0
40.1
1
754.0
537.7*
20.0
20.3
106
106
0.0
40.4
1
750.0
420.9*
20.0
20.7
107
107
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
348.7*
20.0
22.8
1000
110
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
496.4*
20.0
20.0
296
149
0.0
43.8
1
750.0
5000.0
29.1
29.2
39
160
0.0
41.4
1
750.0
5000.0
26.5
31.4
39
170
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
5000.0
35.0
34.6
640
180
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
5000.0
41.6
38.2
650
193
0.0
43.4
1
750.0
5000.0
26.3
28.8
27
196
0.0
43.4
1
750.0
5000.0
29.0
29.7
193
210
4.0
42.5
1
754.0
1809.9
20.0
21.0
32
222
0.0
41.2
1
750.0
5000.0
31.5
32.0
246
224
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
4066.5
20.0
21.2
225
225
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
3257.9
20.0
21.0
58
240
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
2088.7
20.0
21.0
34
243
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
3191.5
20.0
20.5
64
246
7.0
40.7
1
757.0
2028.0
20.0
22.4
59
260
4.0
41.2
1
754.0
1829.2
20.0
23.6
35
261
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
2764.8
20.0
20.8
65
264
4.0
40.8
1
754.0
1877.5
20.0
21.8
60
270
0.0
41.4
1
750.0
1226.5
20.0
21.2
272
272
4.0
42.5
1
754.0
352.2*
20.0
39.1
270
280
"4.0
41.4
1
754.0
1272.8
20.3
20.0
296
283
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
2222.5
20.0
20.5
66
* Needed Fire Flow not attained.

J re Flow Summary-.
Page 4
JCT
Avg. Day
Avg. Day
Zone
Needed
Available @Residual
Min. Zone
@JCT
No.
Demand
Pressure
No.
Fire Flow
Fire Flow
Pressure
Pressure
Number
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(gpm)
(psi)
(gpm)
(gpm)
(psi)
(psi)
284
4.0
41.1
1
754.0
1994.1
20.0
23.7
61
288
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
2859.8
20.0
25.0
62
292
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
581.2*
20.0
20.0
296
293
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
534.7*
20.0
23.0
296
296
4.0
41.1
1
754.0
419.9*
20.0
25.5
110
312
4.0
40.9
1
754.0
2205.0
20.0
22.8
54
320
0.0
41.2
1
750.0
4909.1
20.1
20.0
73
322
0.0
41.2
1
750.0
4794.4
20.1
20.0
73
332
0.0
43.9
1
750.0
461.2*
20.0
20.0
76
336
0.0
43.6
1
750.0
1474.4
20.0
20.1,
70
338
4.0
43.9
1
754.0
711.7*
20.0
27.2
70
350
0.0
44.2
1
750.0
1866.2
20.6
20.0
360
352
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
1496.4
20.0
25.9
75
360
0.0
42.5
1
750.0
1270.4
20.0
20.3
380
380
4.0
42.5
1
754.0
984.7
20.0
21.4
79
390
0.0
42.5
1
750.0
955.3
20.0
20.9
82
400
0.0
42.5
1
750.0
999.2
20.0
21.3
83
404
4.0
43.7
1
754.0
826.3
20.0
22.8
81
430
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
792.0
20.0
20.1
432
:432
4.0
43.8
1
754.0
464.9*
20.0
34.6
430
j450
0.0
43.6
1
750.0
982.4
20.0
21.5
88
451
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
895.6
20.0
20.0
454
453
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
434.1*
20.0
20.0
454
454
3.0
41.0
1
753.0
355.2*
20.0
26.3
103
460
0.0
43.8
1
750.0
944.7
20.1
20.0
464
464
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
820.3
20.0
22.7
91
480
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
793.7
20.0
20.0
96
490
0.0.
40.7
1
750.0
784.1
20.0
20.0
492
492
4.0
40.7
1
754.0
319.5*
20.0
36.4
490
510
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
773.9
20.0
20.0
512
512
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
324.9*
20.0
36.2
510
526
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
877.4
20.0
20.1
23
528
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
866.5
20.0
20.2
530
530
0.0
40.6
1
750.0
780.7
20.0
20.5
23
532
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
854.4
20.0
20.5
23
550
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
978.0
20.0
20.5
19
555
0.0
40.6
1
750.0
879.5
20.0
20.2
22
556
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
820.0
20.0
22.4
22
558
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
849.6
20.0
20.5
96
570
2.0
41.0
1
752.0
993.5
20.0
20.1
19
* Needed Fire Flow not attained.

i-re Flow Summary.
Page 5
JCT
Avg. Day
Avg. Day
Zone
Needed
Available
@Residual
Min. Zone
@JCT
No.
Demand
Pressure
No.
Fire Flow
Fire Flow
Pressure
Pressure
Number
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(gpm)
(psi)
I(gpm)
(gpm)
(psi)
(psi)
574
4.0
41.5
1
754.0
585.0*
20.0
25.0
18
600
0.0
43.3
1
750.0
1131.7.
21.1
20.0
570
602
0.0
43.5
1
'750.0
866.9
20.2
20.0
97
615
0.0
43.9
1
750.0
1348.7
20.7
20.0
570
640
0.0
40.2
1
750.0
1987.4
20.0
21.8
10
646
0.0
42.2
1
750.0
1471.2
20.0
22.0
4
650
5.0
40.2
1
755.0
2075.5
20.0
21.2
9
651
0.0
40.5
1
750.0
2162.3
20.0
20.7
25
653
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
2838.2
20.0
20.2
49
656
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
3079.9
20.0
21.8
51
658
0.0
41.1
1
.750.0
3129.9
20.0
22.0
52
690
0.0
42.5
1
750.0
5000.0
34.6
33.3
23
695
0.0
41.6
1
750.0
5000.0
26.3
25.9
73
700
0.0
41.4
1
750.0
4625.9
20.0
21.5
72
710
0.0
42.4
1
750.0
3562.9
20.0
21.3
56
720
0.0
42.4
1
750.0
2484.5
20.0
21.6
11
1000
4.0
43.9
1
754.0
333.7*
20.0
21.6
107
1005
0.0
40.2
1
750.0
1654.0
20.2
20.0
105
1010
0.0
40.1
1
750.0
3050.8
20.0
19.9
105
'012
3.0
40.7
1
753.0
952.9
20.0
37.6
105
.,315
0.0
40.0
1
750.0
3121.6
20.0
20.0
105
1016
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
348.7*
20.0
20.3
1018
1018
3.0
41.1
1
753.0
263.2*
20.0
28.4
1016
1020
0.0
40.0
1
750.0
3419.1
20.0
20.0
48
1025
0.0
40.0
1
750.0
3492.0
20.0
20.0
48
1026
4.0
40.1
1
754.0
1060.6
20.0
37.7
48
1030
7.0
39.7
1
757.0
5000.0
27.2
27.5
48
1032
4.0
40.1
1
754.0
462.2*
20.0
26.4
42
0

Cybernet
Version:
2.5 SN:
1162130135 24-07-1996
Description:
Tanks 900
full
Drawing:
C:\PROJECTS\E95766\95766CYB
_re Flow
Summary.
Page
1
JCT Avg. Day
Avg. Day
Zone
Needed
Available
@Residual
Min. Zone
@JCT
No. Demand
Pressure
No.
Fire Flow
Fire Flow
Pressure
Pressure
No.
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(gpm)
(psi)
(gpm)
(gpm)
(psi)
(psi)
1
4.0
43.6
1
754.0
429.1*
20.0
27.4
2
2
0.0
43.4
1
750.0
531.1*
20.0
20.3
1
3
4.0
42.9
1
754.0
694.0*
20.0
26.4
8
4
0:0
41.4
1
750.0
820.7
20.0
20.7
646
5
4.0
44.2
1
754.0
447.6*
20.0
24.1
6
6
0.0
43.9
1
750.0
497.0*
20.0
20.3
5
7
0.0
43.1
1
750.0
588.4*
20.0
20.2
2
8
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
857.9
20.0
22.2
3
9
0.0
40.6
1
750.0
1123.8
20.0
22.0
8
10
0.0
41.4
1
750.0
1020.1
20.0
19.9
4
11
0.0
42.3
1.
750.0
1008.6
20.0
22.9
720
12
0:0
40.5
1
750.0
928.9
20.0
20.8
555
14
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
796.9
22.5
20.0
555
15
0.0
43.1
1
750.0
763.5
22.2
20.0
555
16
4.0
43.4
1
754.0
609.4*
20.0
24.0
97
17
0.0
42.6
1
750.0
727.9*
21.9
20.0
555
18
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
558.2*
20.0
20.2
574
19
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
701.4*
20.3
20.0
555
20
0.0
42.1
1
750.0
686.8*
20.0
20.5
528
21
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
541.8*
20.6
20.0
555
22
0.0
40.5
1
750.0
439.3*
20.0
20.1
556
23
4.0
40.3
1
754.0
548.5*
20.0
20.4
530
24
0.0
42.8
1
750.0
926.4
20.0
20.6
8
25
0.0
40.2
1
750.0
985.6
20.0
23.4
8
26
10.0
43.2
1
760.0
1193.8
20.0
30.9
650
27
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
1381.1
20.0
29.5
26
28
4.0
43.3
1
754.0
4011.4
20.0
21.2
66
29
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
3532.2
20.0
31.0
246
30
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
5000.0
39.2
35.9
640
31
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
326.9*
20.0
39.7
41
32
0.0
42.3
1
750.0
1066.8
20.0
20.1
33
33
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
800.2
20.0
21.6
66
34
0.0
42.9
1
750.0
767.3
21.4
20.0
66
35
0.0
41.5
1
750.0
693.4*
20.2
20.0
260
38
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
461.7*
20.0
20.0
296
39
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
5000.0
27.1
27.5
149
40
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
5000.0
25.6
28.1
41
41
5.0
39.7
1
755.0
5000.0
26.1
26.5
1032
42
0.0
40.1
1
750.0
569.8*
20.0
20.0
1032
43
0.0
40.4
1
750.0
5000.0
32.2
32.7
1030
44
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
1984.3
20.0
21.2
43
* Needed Fire Flow not attained.

II. WASTEWATER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS
TREATMENT
Headworks (Bar Screen & Grit)
Influent Pump Station
Aeration Basin
Final Clarifier (1)
RAS Pump Station
Digester
Sludge Holding Modifications
Chlorine Contact Modifications
Chlorine/De-Chlorine System
Site Work/Yard Piping
Electrical Modifications
Total. Construction Treatment
COLLECTION
Description
Pump Station - Industrial Park (350 GPM)
Pump Station #3 (Church St) Retrofit
Pump Station #6 (Willow St) Retrofit
6200' - 8" Diameter Force Main @ $20.00
3000' - 6" Diameter Force Main @ $17.00
Total Construction Collection
Total All Construction
Technical: Basic
Administration & Inspection
Legal
Contingency
GRAND TOTAL SEWER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENTS
PE95766
Total
137,500
85,000
448,000
110,000
75,000
77,000
65,000
27,500
65,000
170,000
175,000
$1,435,000
Total
$ 70,000
55,000
55,000
124,000
51,000
$ 304,000
1,739.000
120,000
78,000
15,000
175,000
$2,127,000

,re
i
Flow Summary.
Page
3
JCT
Avg. Day
Avg. Day
Zone
Needed
.
Available
@Residual
Min. Zone
@JCT
No.
Demand
Pressure
No.
Fire Flow
Fire Flow
Pressure
Pressure
Number
-----------------------------------------------
(gpm)
(psi)
(gpm)
(gpm)
-------------------------------
(psi)
(psi)
87
5.0
40.7
1
755.0
592.6*
20.0
20.5
454
88
0.0
43.3
1
750.0
600.8*
20.0
22.1
430
89
0.0:
43.4
1
750.0
552.8*
20.0
20.4
430
91
0.0
43.8
1
750.0
606.1*
20.4
20.0
464
92
0.0
44.3
1
750.0
607.5*
21.1
20.0
558
93
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
534.3*
20.4
20.0
492
94
0.0
40.4
1
750.0
502.1*
20.0
20.0
96
95
4.0
40.4
1
754.0
476.2*
20.0
20.0
96
96
4.0
40.4
1
754.0
457.1*
20.0
21.4
95
97
0.0
43.1
1
750.0
636.0*
20.0
22.7
602
98
2.0
44.6
1
752.0
659.0*
20.0
23.2
555
100
0.0
40.7
1
750A
430.9*
20,0
20.0
454
101
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
364.2*
20.0
20.0
103
102
3.0
40.7
1
753.0
339.1*
20.0
23.1
454
103
3.0
40.7
1
753.0
322.7*
20.0
23.9
101
104
0.0
40.1
1
750.0
777.9
20.0
20.0
105
105
4.0
40.1
1
754.0
537.7*
20.0
20.3
106
106
0.0
40.4
1
750.0
421.0*
20.0
20.7
107
107
0.0
41.1
1
750.0
348.7*
20.0
22.8
1000
.110
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
371.9*
20.0
20.0
296
F149
0.0
43.8
1
750.0
5000.0
27.2
27.4
39
160
.0.0
41.4
1
750.0
5000..0
25.3
29.9
39
170
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
5000.0
34.9
34.3
640
180
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
5000.0
41.5
38.0
640
193
0.0
43.3
1
750.0
4899.6
20.3
20.0
650
196
0.0
43.3
1
750.0
4968.2
23.1
20.0
640
210
4.0
42.3
1
754.0
1046.0
20.4
20.0
33
222
0.0
41.2
1
750.0
5000.0
30.3
33.4
160
225
0.0
40.6
1
750.0
792.5
20.0
20.4
58
240
0.0
43.4
1
750.0
751.8
22.2
20.0
66
243
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
697.4*
20.0
20.6
64
246
7.0
40.4
1
757.0
726.8*
20.0
20.3
59
260
4.0
40.9
1
754.0
674.8*
20.0
20.3
66
261
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
632.4*
20.0
20.5
65
264
4.0
40.5
1
754.0
653.6*
20.0
20.1
60
270
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
562.5*
20.0
20.3
296
272
4.0
42.2
1
754.0
298.6*
20.0
33.7
296
280
4.0
41.0
1
754.0
551.5*
20.3
20.0
296
283
0.0
40.6
1
750.0
546.3*
20.0
20.3
66
284
A.0
.40.8
1
754.0
555.2*
20.0
20.7
283
* Needed Fire Flow not attained.

re
Flow, Summary.
Page
2
JCT
Avg. Day
Avg. Day
Zone
Needed
Available @Residual
Min. Zone
@JCT
No.
Demand
Pressure
No.
Fire Flow
Fire Flow
Pressure
Pressure
Number
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(gpm)
(psi)
(gpm)
(gpm)
(psi)
(psi)
45
0.0
40.1
1
750.0
3009.8
20.0
19.9
105
46.
0.0
40.2
1
750.0
1746.2
20.2
20.0
105
47
0.0
40.0
1
750.0
1373.3
20.0
20.0
48
48
3.0
40.0
1
753.0
728.7*
20.0
33.7
47
49
0.0
40.5
1
750.0
1359.6
20.0
20.0
25
50
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
1515.7
20.0
20.3
650
51
15.0
41.0
1
765.0
1762.3
20.0
21.8
650
52
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
2049.5
20.0
20.3
656
53
0.0
42.3
1
750.0
913.7
20.0
25.0
246
54
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
525.0*
20.0
33.2
312
55
0.0
42.3
1
750.0
594.7*
20.0
31.7
67
56
0.0
42.3
1
750.0
1197.5
20.0
23.2
710
57
4.0
41.2
1
754.0
975.7
20.0
22.4
312
58
0.0
40.6
1
750.0
777.0
20.0
21.3
225
59
0.0
40.5
1
750.0
717.8*
20.0
20.7
246
60
0.0
40.5
1
750.0
623.1*
20.0
21.0
61
61
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
571.7*
20.0
20.6
284
62
4.0
42.2
•1
754.0
480.2*
20.0
21.0
288
64
0.•0
40.8
1
750.0
696.4*
20.0
20.7
243
65
0.0
40.6
1
750.0
633.1*
20.0
20.5
261
66
0.0
40.5
1
750.0
543.4*
20.0
20.7
283
67
0.0
42.2
1
750.0
919.7
20.0
20.1
55
68
10.0
43.1
1
760.0
953.6
20.0
24.2
67
69
0.0
42.2
1
750.0
1117.2
20.0
23.2
336
70
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
711.0*
20.0
20.1
338.
71
0.0
42.8
1
750.0
939.4
20.0
24.1
336
72
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
929.6
20.0
20.2
700
73
4.0
40.8
1
754.0
580.0*
20.0
29.9
322
74
0.0
43.9
1
750.0
819.2
21.9
20.0
454
75
6.0
43.2
1
756.0
539.8*
20.0
28.5
352
76
6.0
43.6
1
756.0
281.8*
20.0
30.7
332
78
0.0
42.5
1
750.0
703.4*
21.1
20.0
454
79
0.0
42.8.
1
750.0
545.5*
20.0
21.9
80
80
0.0
43.4
1
750.0
518.8*
20.0
22.0
81
81
0.0
43.4
1
750.0
517.3*
20.0
22.2
80
82
0.0
42.8
1
750.0
570.0*
20.0
20.8
390
83
0.0
42.8
1
750.0
448.9*
20.0
20.6
404
84
4.0
43.1
1
754.0
556.5*
20.0
20.9
400
85
0..0
42.9
1
750.0
671.2*
20.9
20.0
454
86
0.0
43.4
1
750.0
644.0*
21.6
20.0
454
* Needed Fire Flow not attained.

i
;re Flow Summary. Page 4
JCT
Avg. Day
Avg. Day
Zone
Needed
Available
@Residual
Min. Zone
@JCT
No.
Demand
Pressure
No.
Fire Flow
Fire Flow
Pressure
Pressure
Number
------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(gpm)
(psi)
(gpm)
(gpm)
(psi)
(psi)
288
0.0
43.2
1
750.0
452.3*
20.0
22.2
62
292
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
408.2*
20.0
20.0
296
293
0.0
40.8
1
'750.0
389.2*
20.0
21.6
.296
296
4.0
40.8
1
754.0
333.2*
20.0
23.6
110
312
4.0
40.6
1
754.0
828.8
20.0
20.6
225
320
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
923.2
20.1
20.0
73
322
0.0
40.9
1
750.0
843.5
20.1
20.0
73
332
0.0
43.6
1
750.0
398.6*
20.0
20.0
76
336
0.0
.43.4
1
750.0
988.7
20.0
20.1
70
338
4.0
43.6
1
754.0
612.6*
20.0
25.4
70
350
0.0
43.9
1
750.0
787.2
22.1
20.0
454
352
0.0
43.2
1
750.0
706.2*
20.0
20.0
75
360
0.0
42.2
1
750.0
708.9*
20.8
20.0
454
380
4.0
42.2
1
754.0
607.8*
20.0
20.4
390
390
0.0
42.1
1
750.0
578.2*
20.0
20.6
400
400
0.0
42.1
1
750.0
555.4*
20.0
20.7
83
404
4.0
43.4
1
754.0
380.9*
20.0
25.7
83
430
0.0
43.4
1
750.0
554.4*
20.0
20.1
432
432
4.0
43.5
1
754.0
390.5*
20.0
30.5
430
-450
0.0
43.3
1
750.0
650.0*
20.0
20.3
454
1E51
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
602.3*
20.0
20.0
454
453
0.0
40.7
1
750.0
372.1*
20.0
20.0
454
454
3.0
40.7
1
753.0
315.8*
20.0
25.1
103
460
0.0
43.5
1
750.0
633.8*
20.1
20.0
464
464
0.0
43.4
1
750.0
587.5*
20.0
21.6
91
480
0.0
40.4
1
750.0
532.6*
20.0
20.0
96
490
0.0
40.4
1
750.0
531.9*
20.0
20.0
492
492
4.0
40.4
1
754.0
284.5*
20.0
33.3
490
510
0.0-
40.4
1
750.0
531.4*
20.0
20.0
512
512
0.0
40.4
1
750.0
289.3*
20.0
33.1
510
528
0.0
40.5
1
750.0
572.1*
20.0
20.9
530
530
0.0
40.3
1
750.0
551.0*
20.0
20.2
23
532
0.0
40.5
1
750.0
539.6*
20.0
22.1
23
550
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
695.5*
20.4
20.0
555
555
0.0
40.4
1
750.0
445.5*
20.0
20.1
22
556
0.0
40.6
1
750.0
421.7*
20.0
21.4
22'
558
0.0
40.5
1
750.0
538.4*
20.0
20.6
96
570
.2.0
40.8
1
752.0
705.9*
20.3
20.0
555
574
4.0
41.2
1
754.0
499.6*
20.0
23.7
18
600
0.0
43.1
1
750.0
767.2
22.2
20.0
555
* Needed Fire Flow not attained.

re Flow Summary.
Page 5
-JCT
Avg..Day
Avg. Day
Zone
Needed
Available
@Residual
Min. Zone
@JCT
No.
Demand
Pressure
No.
Fire Flow
Fire Flow
Pressure
Pressure
Number
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
(gpm)
(psi)
(gpm)
(gpm)
(psi)
(psi)
602
0.0
43.2
1
750.0
680.6*
20.2
20.0
97
615
0.0
43.7
1
750.0
848.0
22.5
20.0
555
640
0.0
40.1
1
750.0
1145.5
20.0
21.3
4
646
0.0
42.1
1
750.0
776.8
20.0
22.0
4
650
5.0
40.1
1
755.0
1203.6
20.0
20.4
640
651
0.0
40.4
1
750.0
1250.9
20.1
20.0
25
653
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
1490.8
20.2
20.0
25
656
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
1946.7
20.0
20.3
51
658
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
2159.1
20.0
20.3
52
690
0.0
42.5
1
750.0
5000.0
33.8
33.0
222
700
0.0
41.0
1
750.0
890.7
20.0
21.1
454
710
0.0
42.3
1
750.0
1255.0
20.0
21.1
56
720
0.0
42.2
1
750.0
1042.8
20.0
21.4
11
1000
4.0
43.9
1.
754.0
333.7*
20.0
21.6
107
1005
0.0
40.2
1
750.0
1651.0
20.2
20.0
105
1010
0.0
40.1
1
750.0
3030.8
20.0
19.9
105
1012
3.0
40.7
1
753.0
.952.5
20.0
37.6
105
1015
0.0
40.0
1
750.0
3100.1
20.0
20.0
105
1016
0.0
40.8
1
750.0
348.8*
20.0
20.3
1018
1018
3.0
41.1
1
753.0
263.2*
20.0
28.4
1016
120
0.0
40.0
1
750.0
3390.8
20.0
20.0
48
i025
0.0
40.0
1
750.0
3461.9
20.0
20.0
48
1026
4.0
40.1
1
754.0
1060.0
20.0
37.7
48
1030
7.0
39.7
1
757.0
5000.0
26.5
26.8
48
1032
4.0
40.1
1
754.0
462.2*
20.0
26.4
42
J

u`I)fi I�:TS
------------------------ -- - -------- r-----------------
F:.acl ?tear T, -a fain S . Pr
-------=Ifr
-----------`---------------------------------- ----
1 N. Front St_ 314 i?.Front St. F�:uble 6
R. Pr
- - - - -
3a �
---
PSI
- - - -
g
-----------
� _.
- - - - - -
--
_
Cal
- - - - -
Sos
? N.Front St. 1�::rch Alley T_iple 6
41
a9
/3 !
GoS '
3 N.Front. St. E.Glrubb St Triple 6
S . Front -St E . Market St. Double 6
1f /
3 D
�
7YO
5 N.Church St. Kes.oy Apts. Ybie b
'
^o
oS
3 Church- bt . erry !X uo e
v
?N.Church St. Ruich Al ey ip e h
RI
y
G
3 N.Chu. ch St. W.Grubb--St. Triple.-
N.Church St. Courthouse— Triple
L0 N.Church St. E.Market-St. Tripe
SO
aD
7 O
L.1 S.Church St. Dobb St Triple-i 6
"
12 S.Church•St. W.King St. Double 8
D
aAl1
Sl b
L3 S .Ovarch St. ihite St. Triple
3
8 0
14 S.Church St. Walters Bridge Triple
may.
aS
a
bS
15 S.C'hurch St. ARPLIC Dr.Tripe
3
S
O
o
16 ARPDC Dr. Rear LotTri-Dle 6 1
q Ata
L7 S. Church St. Howell Triple 8
tb erry ST. Belo Rear trip e
as
ao.
i 7so
0 Sx-livarch St. Hardees _ripe 8
q 1
cl
IQ D
7Sa
S. hurc1 St. Wards Corner - 'Tripe
A
O
Sb
21 J.S. 17S. Wash House. - • Trip•1e b
L.R�9v
nr -U.S,b. JaC.son hOlesai e TYiPIF b
14
1 -
1
&.1-5
23 U.S. 17 S. Food Lion _ripe b
cZ!
O
24 R.Grubb St. Municipal t. Triple b�
'M. -u *'b bt. barrows ,_ley Iripie
' 6 H . Uru'z, b St. Covent Gar- en 1 r I i e C
(
`
2' 0.7:ra-5-5 St. E.c_ca..emjT 77lri^ e b
28 .Urubb St. aca emv Triple b
'=? W.Gruob St -rk t. Double 6
J lug
30 :4.Gru1bb St. Behind F.D. Tripe 14
3IBehind �:La_31 .Grub4
j
32 W.Grubb St. Edenton Rd St. Triple by3
Ufa
aS/
So
3,3 N.ur,aw„ bL. ►• .K. . ,ae. trine : b
�„
....�.�.,..�..:--.......
34 W.C-r,,,.bb St. Perry St. Triple
1^ N.l:rubb !,t. Woodland St.
ikl:':", ow at. DCub ` 4
<; }ti l6N. -r.St re
. .
( -1G 6
�4 t�.`.Tr i�4b St.:JKro/,llna Ave. Tlrt ,1-1-
*••-r-�-
3 w.�r':bb ,.t. kairyon D Triple 4
_, 1
I
,�._.._._......._
r� _
49 . irut'• St. �,X:Mi_ a_rm lrl�ye
1
W. Ur•„abu St. vointir,' 14orner ^�
�... C. -zdar Stretch Nater .si Triple -, e 6--
43 J?Trl'= LlaTlt .,.:. !�:)L Triple 14
drr.:
�-�
"-4 -e. I,'."i� e Y u'�nt 1C!:~ i::.` i L pie � r 1 J� � i s
45 Don JuL,i Rd.� Don Iuan
46 Don vi:an Ed Arian Uenter lr_pie
D3n Rd.
"8 Center
~=?�tis�-
�� ;•%.?Ia,=?:=t St. G ur- iripie
vrim
1
.4'.i? rl vt St. Co��ent uen =_ D 8
r1.M k e t jt. SJ =ca4em�'
St. Edenton Rd. St Tr; lr "C
I

✓-
�f
56
Road
W. Dobb St
?char
Hyde Park
_ Type
Double
Main
-
6
.Pr_
R.PR_
PSI
Floc,
l C:N,*
57
W_Dobb St_
Edenton Rd St
Double
F
58
W.Dobb St.
W_RR.P.ve.
Triple
6
59
t.
Perry St.
ub I e
39
W. Dobb St.
E. Woodland Cir_
Triple
6
31
W.Dobb St.
_ Woodland Gir.
rip e
32
W.Dobb St.
Carolina.Ave.
TrIpie
6.
33
-
34
Penns.* Ave.
erry . t..
ripe
b
35
Penns. Ave.
Woodland St.
ripe
6
36 .
Penns. Ave.
Charles
'ou Te
37-
W.King St.
Covent Uaruen
Tripe
o
;
p
38
ing t
race t:
ripe 6
4a
33
3
O _
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ing t
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a3 ;r.;e or. .a.
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i er park
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riple a
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ripe o
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LEGEND
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EXIST. SAN. SEWER
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PROP. FORCE YNN
® PROP. PUMP STATION
DAM* 4 LLY '06 8CALE
F.T. GREEN AND ASSOCIATES, P.L.�.c. W.O. Esc ,� _ TOWN 4F HERTF4RD �'y mllm °i 1O .
.TM -_
CA N/A N/A "°� ' °° HERTFC�RD
Ma c�oL�eeo E NOM CAFOLi vans � � JLMLY 25.E 19" JE �' F EMUMANS CA. NORTH CAROLINA

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7F
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FT GREE M AND ASSOCIATES, P.LL.C. DAB JULY ass SALE
� � NIA 151 HOW- r - W TOWN OF HERTFORD WASTEWATER TREATMENT
3 303 JYNO
wvm Ommax RO BTF�T P.O.BOX 0W c Dxxmmt YffiT. N/A
LIMBOR �C 27=3 PLOT DATE: JULY 24, 1996 DKP PalOUMAM Ca°UM NORM CAROMA IMPROVEMENTS

C,
LEGEND
(EXISTING)
14"
12"
S"
6"
4"
2"
—2"-----------
(PROPOSED)
12M
6"
F.T. GREEN AND ASSOCIATES, P.L.L.C. DATE* JULY 1M SCALE WATM SYSTEM IM MVEMENTS
cofamim ecmaffm F.B. 66 ' N/A 7,, ,., TOWN OF HERTFORD
95766WD3.DWG HERTFORD
i 303 Npf{T}� c�a o�oRo sTT T IPA60X amPLOT DAATTE. JU/LY 24. 1996 JE VAT O PERQUIMANS CO. NORTH CAROUNA
V L SON, NORTH CAROLINA 27803

7
m
Iq
0
T
MCDOWELL & ASSOCIATES,
' ENGINEERS -SURVEYORS
POST OFFICE BOX 391
_ ELIZABETH CITY
NORTH CAROLINA 27909
252-338-4161
MAY 31, 2002
11

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
Town Of Hertford
Report For Preparing A Stormwater Management Plan
May 31, 2002
"Hertford citizens desire to maintain the historic character and charm of Hertford,
and promote its historic character in an effort to bring about more economic
growth. Citizens also want to see more utilization of the Perquimans River, while
at the same time protecting water quality." (vision statement for the next 5-10 years
from Town's Draft 1998 Land Use Plan Update(Revised June 2000)
A policy for Best Management Practices for stormwater events is attempting to
provide a balance between protecting man from water and water and the
environment from man.
This report indicates that to develop a comprehensive Stormwater Management
Plan it normally is a multi -year process. The amount of time is driven by the
amount of existing information and ordinances and regulations in place. The
Town of Hertford does not currently have much information or regulations in
place to expedite this process, but significant progress has been made in year
one toward developing a plan. The information gathered this past year focused
on the "big picture" or planning goals ;however, significant information has been
obtained to help prioritize individual issues for detail design, correction and /or
further evaluation.
1. A review of the Town's Draft 1998 Land Use Plan Update(Revised June 2000)
that this plan can help at least 9 issues and 12 of the proposed polices for
DLUP.
2. This plan will also support the Town's Flood Plain Ordinance(5/11/87); Town's
Subdivision Regulations(12/22/97); and the Town's Zoning Regulations(Revised
10/13/98).
3. Primary components of a Stormwater Management Plan are:
a. An ordinance(see Appendix 1 of the report for a Draft Ordinance)
b. Maps reflecting stormwater management facilities, features and issues

N
within the Town's planning areas( see Exhibit 1, 2 and Figure 1 as well as
the base facilities Maps in Appendix 2 of the reports.). This information
needs to be constantly updated as time and resources permit.
4. Attached to this Executive Summary are four Exhibits/maps 1,1A,1 B, and 1C.
Exhibit 1 is in the report also at a larger scale.
a. Exhibit 1 is the backbone of maps for overall planning purposes, reflecting
the total area involved in Hertford's planning for stormwater management
concerns. The delineation of this area is driven primarily by the drainage
basins and/or the 100 year flood plain (El. 7.0) of Castleton Creek and
Jennies Gut which both originate outside the ETJ in the county and
ultimately flow through the Town's limits on its way to the Perquimans
River. These drainage basin configurations and significant wetlands
suggest that coordination with Perquimans County, NCDOT and CAMA
would be prudent and necessary to maintain the integrity of this plan in
protecting the water quality of the Perquimans River and the
environmentally sensitive areas which typically are in the 100 year flood
plain areas.
b. Exhibits 1 C shows the existing Town's Limits and its ETJ area (Total
3,726 ac+)
C. Exhibit 1A is to accent the additional area (3,870 ac +) outside the ETJ
area that now becomes a part of Hertford's planning because of
stormwater management considerations. Total area involved is
approximately 7,596 or approximately double the size of the area currently
within the Town's ETJ jurisdiction.
d. Exhibit 1 B is to accent the size in color of the 13 drainage basin. These
basin lines are approximate and will change as more detail field
information become available. Also it is expected that these individual
basins will be subdivided into smaller subbasins as more field data
becomes available
5. The Plan's ultimate objective is to provide policy and regulations to
accommodate the following minimum control standards promulgated by EPA and
NCDWQ- NPDES PH II Rules. The State is currently finalizing its rules. Hertford
is too small to be mandated yet to establish these standards, but they are good
guidelines to follow. Minimum standards are:
a. 1. Public Education and Outreach
Distributing educational materials and performing outreach to inform citizens
2

about the impacts polluted storm water runoff discharges can have on water
quality.
b. 2. Public Participation/Involvement
Providing opportunities for citizens to participate in program development and
implementation, including effectively publicizing public hearings and/or
encouraging citizen representatives on a storm water management panel.
C. 3. Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination
Developing and implementing a plan to detect and eliminate illicit discharges to
the storm sewer system (includes developing a system map and informing the
community about hazards associated with illegal discharges and improper
disposal of waste.
d. 4. Construction Site Runoff Control
Developing, implementing, and enforcing an erosion and sediment control
program for construction activities that disturb 1 or more acres of land (controls
could include silt fences and temporary storm water detention ponds).
e. 5. Post -Construction Runoff Control
Developing, implementing, and enforcing a program to address discharges of y
-- .-post-construction storm water runoff from new development and redevelopment
areas. Applicable controls could include preventative actions such as protecting
sensitive areas (e.g., wetlands) or the use of structural BMPS such as grassed
swales or porous pavement.
f. 6. Pollution Prevention/Good Housekeeping
Developing and implementing a program with the goal of preventing or reducing
pollutant runoff from municipal operations. The program must include municipal
staff training on pollution prevention measures and techniques (e.g., regular
street sweeping, reduction in the use of pesticides or street salt, or frequent
catch -basin cleaning).
6. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Proposed actions for year two of developing this Stormwater Management Plan.
a. Because of its complexity consider reviewing this report in a work session
with Town Council and other interested parties.
3

b. Review the draft Stormwater Management Ordinance in Appendix 1 and
revise as necessary to be applicable for the policies and capabilities of the
Town. This ordinance assumes that there will be technical expertise
available to help the town implement the ordinance. If the town does not
have a full time Engineer on staff, then a consultant could be hired to
assist the town from funds generated by Article II Section D. Fees. This
ordinance also incorporates by reference standards developed by other
state agencies- see Article I, Section E. Stormwater Management Design
Manual/Criteria. The Town can develop later its own criteria as time and
funding permits.
C. Continue to get information on the infrastructure system to add to the maps
in appendix 2.
i. This would include legal work to determine existing easements.
ii. Provide necessary coordination and equipment to uncover buried
pipe systems to properly determine condition and size.
d. Set up a planning meeting with DOT to determine what role and what help
they will be relative to systems that drain their ROW and are creating
problems for Town citizens.
e. Set up meetings with CAMA representatives to field visit all storm sewer
systems that need repair and the repair work is in their jurisdictional area.
Some projects may be minor but others may require major permits. Some
projects may able to be combined under one permitting process saving
time and money.
f. Set up meeting with Perquimans County to discuss Best Management
Practices promoted by this report. Review with them the drainage basins
that flow through Castleton Creek and Jennies Gut which are under their
jurisdiction. The County's new zoning initiative would also speak to these
issues.
g. Review the following issues for possible action in the coming fy03-04.
Consider using Powell Bill funds if no other funds are available. Set aside
monies each year until the issues are satisfactorily resolved. The six
issues selected are from the list on Figure 1. The selection was prioritized
based on simplicity of project both in construction , developing new
policies, and coordination with other agencies. The rest of the issues can
better be prioritized after meeting with the other agencies mentioned above
as well as decisions are made on funds available and policies or guidelines
are developed.
No 21. map 8- Minor repair to sub standard street crossing on
Castleton Ave.
n
KA

ii. No4. map 5- 206 Charles St.: Help coordinate piping ditch along
common property line close to house. Develop maintenance policy.
Ditch is upstream of public ROW but does threaten house
foundation and drains more than one lot. Consider doing project
with cost sharing for all lots that benefit. Could possible finance over
time for the property owners.
iii. Nos. Map 5 - Woodland Circle area: Clean out rear property line
catch basin area. Also determine if easements exists for pipe
system that goes under two structures. Establish relocation/repair
policy if problem comes up with pipe system.
iv. No 23. - Map 8.- Gaston Dr. Check on system condition plus
existing easements across lot that has been piped and ditch
downstream where fencing is encroaching. Possible wetlands
downstream
V. No 11. Map 5- 211 Grubb St: Promote FEMA buy out of both
houses either side of 211. Coordinate uncovering/locating pipe
system from Grubb St to Market St. System may be under
structures, rip rap. It is under the greenhouse on Grubb St. This
system drains both Dobb and Grubb Streets which are DDT's.
streets.
vi. No 24. Map 8 Whidbee/Wynnefork Rd- Upstream drainage
coordinated with DOT and farmland west of Edenton Rd. Lower
level of house is El 3.9'- 3' below 100 year flood plain and is subject
to backup from Castleton Creek. Whidbee pipe crossing needs to be
evaluated for possible flap gate.
5

Le g end
T T 7
-•-•-•- ETJ LINE
BASIN
M 100 YEAR FLODO BOUNDARY
MIN. ELEVATION - 7.0•
Weflands shorn on OCM Mop Sept. 29. 7997
Perwimans County Indicate slgnlrtcant f-furef
In the some general location as the FIRM 700
yaw Flood Plain loction. Exceptions to this ore
two large-M_onoged Plnelond- oreoa designated
with o W. Note: Contours ore in meter.
I
1. The preparation of this map financed M
Part through a grant Goaded by the North
C-wk,o coastaai Mono9wnen1 Program.
through funds prodded oY the CoastalZone M—gement Act o/ 1972. -
amended. which Is odm Nlatered by the
Office of Ocean o" Coastal Resource
Manogwnent. National Oceanic and
Atmafphwic Administrotton.
2. This mop. data and descriptbns we for
gsnerot planning purposes only and should
not are used for detos design. Site specinc
Walt. and data collection should " used
for verinaatlon and permitting purposes.
rt
' :•vrt
- - T•
DRAINAGE BASINS
Basin
Inside ETJ
(A—)
Outside ETJ
(Acres)
Total Acres
B,
93
93
82
407
168
575
B3
569
1329
1896
B4
352
1812
2164
85
445
383
828
B6
228
228
87
336
336
B8
268
52
320
89
380
126
506
B10
455
455
81
5
Totals
1 3726
L2870
7596
x ` tal 1
`��`�� n `/�- Inlorma[ion /or this mnp taken (ram:
`? ! 1. NC Q A'on7e nwV er v. T. Dint. a rIN Nl�b/ ara 9a
cw Iw Nft. NC -Ili. teen[- Is v*agw . lttaa
2 3 N.r+or _ h fa Nc n..lfo - N[/. ro Is' Ouwaanpw Ian
3
3. T.n F by 1De 7- af ce Coo- for wW4^o. Pe Caw•IY.
y NorU f:a.o1Y•e. D7 ,•dww [ Oa+D1 Ypsepwnw•t
't}�j 1.
DDIeO ]. 9Ds.
T 3701Da aaa1 a t 0001 a
Rd. + r ;{ '� 37a113 - 0100 4 0107 a et oils a
4 f ` 5 6
B7 ,yam rDnr
B6�1 � .:tea: , � •
B5 _
Art
m '0 .�� •:1: > � .�� arc Po _a
?.> ` caasllwre i
10 11 12
BAH `Wj •f11
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/• E.T.J. Une ..�. \
%
- _- r�! -
EXHIBIT 1 4�0
- .� d ! • (DRIANAGE BASINS.100 YEARFLOOD PLAN WETLAND FEATURES)
- - , Preliminary
• Stormwater Management Plan
• `_ Town of Hertford
Enanaslel Church' Porquimans County. North Carnlina
rssoren rsas oeP®
- Iw o.ehaa aw C w.aoeet +�tm000la. PA
fin 11a G- atilt 00
O�r
•a1 1 nfprr W Y31-01 - 10'.ws.ew.r
n t b r>fiT a4RY On, aaY OYaIM
EYSe3 [SwlatF+•M

Le 9 C-- n C1
i�rz�i"ERTFORO TOWN LJL41T5
BASIN
100 YEAR FLOOD BOUNDARY
MIN, ELEVATION - 7-0
W.tionds shown on DCU Map Sept. 29. 7997
Perquk"ons County Indicate signIficont features
in the - 9-1 locotion as the FIRM 100
yew Flood Plain faction. E,cept;ons to this are
two large -Managed Pineland' oreas designated
-Ith 7,-- Not- Cant- - I, -*I-,
7i
p-
2
B10
J
1. The preparation of this map n-ced In
part thougf, . grant provided by the North
Carolina Coostaai Ad—g—ont Program,
throughfunds provided by the C—'V ZoneManagement Aot of 1972. as
amended, which is administered by the
Of"'C. of Ocean and Coastal Resource
Management. Notional Oceanic and
AtmaX,hw(c Administration.
2, This map, data and descriptions ore for
g,,,nwo, planning purposes only and should
not b* used for d4r1ok design. Site specinc
Waits and data —R—flon should be used
for veriflcatlon and ­miffkq —rp—
__j
DRAINAGE BASINS
Basin No.
insideETJ
(AO)
OutsideETI
to nes;
Total Acres
BI
93
93
B2
407
168
575
B3
569
in
1898
B4
352
1812
2164
B5
445
383
828
B6
228
228
B7
336
336
B8
268
52
320
89
380
126
506
B10
455
455
B11
51
51
812
92
813
50
I Totals
1 3726
3870
7596]
Information rot this map taken from
1. M a­­V. mop Or V.S D-1. a T- ­- G-.,-
9—,
Ca Iw NY. HC NE/4 E~ta, 15' apodrorgrS. fM2
3
z 7tm Flood ft,,t. •I- P.—. C-11
Aaw'o,, OotSd ANy 3, 1951
17aIW boo, *boa"
,rB 13
;C , -
c—
DO
1 1021
, 10
Una
B3ii
I EXHIE31T
41 (DRWNAGE WiNS. 100 YEAR --LOW OWN, WETLXND;EATURM
Preliminary
4f
Stormwater Management Plan
4f
Town of Hertford
Parqui--s County, North C-1-
Assowls. PA
HCltT OU
5W

Le end
7HERTFORD TQV*4 LIMITS
—•—•—•— ETJ LINE
BASIN
100 YEAR FLOOD BOUNDARY
MIN. ELEVATION — 7.0'
Wetlonds shown on DCM Mop Sept. 29. 1997
Pxpuimons County Indfcote significant fectures
n the some genercf 7oco1lon os the FIRM 100
year Flood Ploin Ioction. Ex"pifons to this ore
I— Jorge(�'Monoged Plnelond' ores deslgnoted
-
with o d` Note: Contours we In meters
1. The r—poratloo o1 this mop neon Ced In
port through a grmt provded by the North
Carolina Cooetoof Management Progrom.
through flrnda provided b the coo"',Zone Monagem—f Act o11972. m
omended. welch is odmNfstered by the
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
Management. NotIonal Oceanic and
Atmospherle Adminietr.tlan.
2. This map, data —d deecrlptfonf ore for
gene-d plannNg purpose! only and should
not be ed for detoe design. Site ap—lfic
vlslls ond dot.—11—tion should be used
for reriflcatfon ond pe Jtting purposes.
[-. f J Ltne
I
64 --
—♦
1
i
Epp
Chrucn
- - — - — 1-E"—'a Ci
;•KT
DRAINAGE BASINS
Basin No.
InsiAe ETJ
(Acres)
Outside ETJ
(Acres)
Total Apes
Bt
93
93
B2
407
168
575
B3
569
1329
1898
B4
352
1812
2164
B5
445
3B3
828
B6
228
228
B7
336
336
B8
268
52
320
BSI
126
506
B10
455
455
Bit
51
51
B12
92
92
1
Totals
3726
3870
7596
1733 ACC own
lJlyds
1993 ACt tuts a own ants
i lb8SIn OUMM t1Jown
B3
o
a
b S ar.
a �
�.. EXHIBIT 1A -_ -
(DR ANAGE W NS,100 YEAR FLOW O IN.' LAND FEARKS),
Preliminary
,JI Stormwater Management Plan
i Town of Hertford
I: Perqutmans County, North Carolina

­q cl—h
L- t--- n cl
199E AAgCl own Lht)
11
(�ETTRUts& I oA7 Limits)
3726 ACi Totai
'Ic—
wr
2
3
4
115
6
G—Ibb sr.
.k—,, Gu.
7
8
9
C
Ttr Akin 9:T I ADGA
Preliminary
Stormwater Management Plan
Town of Hertford
Parquirnans County. North Carolina
oc�m
ow �A—
11 ww
AD & ASSOMM FA
CIO Iq I NEXT OW
2
1- 2OW
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[1567�;:
_ja3?
ra

TOWN OF HERTFORD
REPORT FOR PREPARINGA
STORMMA TER MANAGEMEVTPLAN i
yy Y .l. i[•
( z
L �1 Iy,' V•y1't Y
1, ,1 Planni _ '. Land l un�in;lti,vl
K Tools
I1.II��.hii1 �t.',�;lrii•lul• of, liutiir•
I'ru�l„ Watershed
_ Protection
-l. liittir Dui Di.i�n
Non-Sionnimatir
Discharges
��. tili�l'Illllalil' Ii�ll�� �, 1'n��',I� �� �iilllllinl � ,+Illfl�l
MCDOWELL & ASSOCIATES, PA
ELIZABETH CITY, NC
MAY 31, 2002
am
7a

Preparation of this report, maps, and documents, etc. was financed in part through a
grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided
by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office
of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.
W

TABLE OF CONTENTS
I.- Introduction
II. Review of Town's Ordinances and Planning Documents
III. Strategies for Developing an Effective Local Plan
IV. Inventory of Town's Existing Stormwater Facilities and Issues
V. Conclusion and Recommendations
VI. List of Figures, Exhibits, and Additional Reference Materials
Exhibit 1: Town of Hertford Planning Area Drainage Basins
Exhibit 2: Soils Map
Figure 1: Index of Town's Stormwater Management Issues
Appendix 1: A Town of Hertford Draft Stormwater Management Ordinance
Appendix 2: A. Preliminary Existing Facilities Maps
Appendix 3: A. North Carolina Municipal NPDES Phase II Stormwater Program (Draft 4/30/02)
Appendix 4: A. NC Stormwater Management,15a NCAC 2H.100 DENHR 12/1/1995
B. Stormwater Best Management Practices. NCDENR (April.1999)
Appendix 5: Reference to the Following Documents
A. Town's Flood Plain Ordinance
B. Pasquotank River Basinwide Water Quality Management Plan(Draft May 2002)
C. A Citizens Guide To Water Quality Management In North Carolina (September 2000)
D. Better Site Design, Center for Watershed Protection, Inc (August 1998)
E. North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program
F. Coastal Shoreline Rules

I. INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this Report is to assist the Town of Hertford(Town)in developing
a comprehensive Stormwater Management Plan(Plan) for its jurisdictional area. In
return this Plan will provide support and supplement the Town's Flood Plain Ordinance,
1998 Draft Land Use Plan update(revised June 2000) as well as the Town's
subdivision and zoning regulations.
This Report is also being formulated to support and respond to the State's Phase
II NPDES Stormwater Program Strategy(Draft April 11, 2002), Pasquotank River Basin
Water Quality Plan Update Draft(May 2002) and the North Carolina Wetlands
Restoration Program(NCWRP).The final Plan will take several years to develop and
implement subject to the amount of information needed, Town staff available to
implement as well as funding limitations.
The work program for this Report for the past year consisted of the following
accomplished milestones:
• Conducted Public Hearing on 1/14/02 to solicit citizen input with Town Council.
• Researched local ordinances, planning documents and information with Town
Manager and other Town staff.
• Integrated Town's new(October 2000) aerial photography both color and black
and white into base mapping.
• Completed base map to document existing topographic information and
stormwater management features/issues.
• Developed and prioritized a list of Stormwater Management issues to consider
and evaluate for future action.
• Prepared this Year 1 report which includes recommended policy initiatives that
can serve as a guide towards implementation, including specific tasks to be
performed to allow subsequent preparation of a Stormwater Management
Implementation Action Plan which will support the Town's local ordinances, the
proposed Land Use Plan Update, as well as the State's Phase II NPDES
Stormwater Program Strategy, and Pasquotank River Basin Water Quality Plan
Update Draft(May 2002) appropriate for a small community.
Prepared a draft Stormwater Management Ordinance
• Will conduct public review of draft report on June 10, 2002.
In general these activities will:
Allow local officials to make clear public policy choices and serve as a framework
and guide for use in future decision making.
EO

Help establish standards which can be used by the Coastal Resources
Commission (CRC) in reviewing and approving guidelines for land use planning
and development.
These activities will help Hertford analyze existing stormwater management
conditions (including natural and manmade constraints) and project trendsto
serve as general guides for future desired development of Hertford with the
overriding issue that of growth management while at the same time protecting
unique coastal resources.
II. REVIEW OF TOWN'S ORDINANCES AND PLANNING DOCUMENTS
1. The review of the Town's Draft 1998 Land Use Plan Update(Revised June 2000)
reflects this Report supporting it in the following way.
a. Hertford vision statement for the next 5-10 years is:
"Hertford citizens desire to maintain the historic character and charm of
Hertford, and promote its historic character in an effort to bring about more
economic growth. Citizens also want to see more utilization of the Perquimans
River, while at the same time protecting water quality."
This Report speaks directly to protecting water quality and supports this vision
statement of the DLUP and the environmental integrity of coastal North Carolina
through providing mapping, data, and recommendations to assist at least 9 issues
and12 of the proposed policies, of the Town's DLUP as reflected below:
L Issue: Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC) and
Appropriate Land Use in AEC's(Coastal Wetlands,
Esturine Waters, Public Trust Area AEC's, and
Esturine Shoreline AEC's
(1) Policy 1: To allow those developments that meet current
zoning regulations and all other local, State
and Federal regulations applicable to AEC
areas.
ii. Issue: Constraints to Development Including Flood
Prone Areas, Soil Suitability and Septic Tank Use:
(1) Policy 2: Development in areas containing Dorovan
muck soils or Chowan silt loam soils or in
areas subject to flooding may be permitted
under certain conditions.
2

(2) Policy 3: A vegetative buffer shall be establish in areas
adjacent to the Perquimans River, Castleton
Creek and its tributaries in those areas
containing Dorovan muck and Chowan silt
loam soils.
(3) Policy 5: To use existing State and Federal regulatory
programs to monitor appropriateness of future
development in fragile land areas along the
Perquimans River and Castleton Creek
iii. Issue: Stormwater Run -oft
(1) Policy 8. Steps will be taken to discourage excessive
runoff, particularly from agricultural uses, in the
surrounding area.
(a) Implementation:
Review Subdivision Ordinance to determine it
urban runoff is adequately addressed and
revise if needed.
Notify the State Land Quality staff when land
disturbing activities of greater than one acre
take place and encourage Perquimans County
to do the same for activity adjacent to the
Perquimans River.
Work closely with Perquimans County in
identifying the potential adverse impact
associated with uncontrolled agricultural
stormwater runoff.
Encourage the County to participate in the
Best Management Practices Program
Upland excavation for marina basin
development shall be permitted if all required
federal, State and local permits are secured
prior to excavation.
iv. Issue: Restriction of Development in Areas Up to Five
Feet Above Mean High Water
(1) Policy 13: To not restrict development in areas up to five
feet above mean high water (the potential area
of impact from rising sea level) other than as
regulated by CAMA, zoning or the National
Flood Insurance Program.
3

V. Issue: Commercial and Recreational Fisheries
(1) Policy 16: To protect the river's aesthetic and water
quality and fisheries found in the area.
vi. Issue: Local Commitment to Provide Services to
Development
(1) Policy 21: Work to provide the needed infrastructure to
accommodate existing and future
development.
(a) Implementation: Local officials will periodically update
the Community Facilities Plan to address all the
funding requirements of future public improvements.
vii. Issue: Types, Density, Location, Units per Acre of
Anticipated Residential Development
(1) Policy 35. The Hertford Zoning Ordinance will be used to O
determine location and units per acre of future
residential development
viii. Issue: Storm Hazard Mitigation
(1) Policy 36. Control development in the AEC's and
floodprone areas to protect the health, safety
and welfare of the citizens of Hertford.
(2) Policy 37. Purchase of damaged property in most
hazardous areas if either Federal or State
funds can be secured for such purpose.
(a) Implementation:
(i) Regulate development in the floodprone areas
by vigorously enforcing the existing zoning and
subdivision regulations and the Building Code
and by establishment of a vegetated buffer
zone.
(ii) Review and update zoning and subdivision
ordinances to insure that all land within the
Town's jurisdiction will continue to be 0
4

adequately regulated against hurricane/storm
hazards. Review to include analysis of
permitted uses allowed in areas subject to
flooding (high density and large structures) and
make determination if new zoning category or
change,in permitted density and uses is
needed.
ix. Issue: Continuing Public Participation
(1) Policy 40. Residents will continue to be included in the
planning process on an on going basis.
2. Town's Flood Plain Ordinance(5/11/87)
The development of this Report will assist the implementation of the five stated
purposes for this ordinance by the gathering of field data ,the mapping of existing
stormwater features and the recommending of proposed corrections and design
standards for best management practices. The five purposes outlined in this ordinance
are:..
a. Restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous to health, safety, and
property due to water or erosion hazards, or which result in damaging
increases in erosion or in flood heights or velocities;
b. Require that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities which serve
such uses, be protected against flood damage at the time of initial
construction;
C. Control the alteration of natural flood plains, stream channels, and natural
protective barriers which are involved in the accommodation of flood
waters;
d. Control filling, grading , dredging and other development which may in
crease erosion or flood damage;
e. Prevent or regulate the construction of flood barriers which will unnaturally
divert flood waters or which may increase flood hazards to other lands
3. Town's Subdivision Regulations(12/22/97)
5

The development of this Report will assist the subdivision regulations in Article VI
Design Standards and Article VII Improvements in which both articles speak to "Town 0
Standards". At this point in time The Town has developed minimal standards relative to
stormwater best management practices. This Report will lay out the framework for the
development of a comprohensive approach to the preparation of a plan for the design
and construction standards for stormwater management practices for controlling both
drainage quantity as well as qualitity.
4. Town's Zoning Regulations(Revised 10/13/98)
The zoning regulations provide minimal guidance / regulations relative to
stormwater best management practices. As mentioned above this report will help to
provide the town with this needed policy and standards information so their existing
regulations can be modified as. appropriate.
III STRATEGIES FOR DEVELOPING AN EFFECTIVE LOCAL PLAN
The primary role of local governments in stormwater management is to address
local problems and needs and at the same time, comply with state and federal
regulations in the most cost-effective manner. In North Carolina, local governments
have the major responsibility for regulating land use activities and their associated
impacts. As local communities across the state grow, local governments will need to
increase their efforts to manage stormwater runoff.
The Town of Hertford is too small to be regulated by the new NPDES PH II rules, but
they are good general guidelines to use to develop a local plan. The Phase II Rule
defines a small storm water management program as a program comprising six
elements that, when implemented in concert, are expected to result in significant
reductions of pollutants discharged into receiving water bodies. The six program
elements, termed "minimum control measures," are outlined below.
1. Public Education and Outreach
Distributing educational materials and performing outreach to inform citizens
about the impacts polluted storm water runoff discharges can have on water quality.
2. Public Participation/involvement
Providing opportunities for citizens to participate in program development and
implementation, including effectively publicizing public hearings and/or encouraging
citizen representatives on a storm water management panel.
3. Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination
Developing and implementing a plan to detect and eliminate illicit discharges to
71

the storm sewer system (includes developing a system map and informing the
community about hazards associated with illegal discharges and improper disposal of
waste.
4. Construction Site Runoff Control
Developing, implementing, and enforcing an erosion and sediment control
program for construction activities that disturb 1 or more acres of land (controls could
include silt fences and temporary storm water detention ponds).
5. Post -Construction Runoff Control
Developing, implementing, and enforcing a program to address discharges of
post -construction storm water runoff from new development and redevelopment areas.
Applicable controls could include preventative actions such as protecting sensitive
areas (e.g., wetlands) or the use of structural BMPS such as grassed swales or porous
pavement.
6. Pollution Prevention/Good Housekeeping
Developing and implementing a program with the goal of preventing or reducing
pollutant runoff from municipal operations. The program must include municipal staff
training on pollution prevention measures and techniques (e.g., regular street
sweeping, reduction in the use of pesticides or street salt, or frequent catch -basin
cleaning).
Local governments, citizens and land managers should utilize measures to
minimize the generation of stormwater runoff, such as limiting the amount of impervious
surfaces and maximizing the infiltration of runoff onsite. They must also be aware of
their actions that can pollute stormwater runoff and implement pollution prevention and
control measures to protect water quality. People must realize that stormwater
problems are caused by many individual activities and everyone must do his or her part
to prevent or solve these problems. There are numerous sources of technical
assistance available. In addition, there are many opportunities for citizens to become
actively involved in local efforts to protect water resources.
The required elements of a comprehensive local stormwater management
program may vary considerably from one community to another. Political, social,
environmental, and. economic conditions vary between communities. In addition, state
and federal requirements potentially impact the elements of the local program. Cities
and counties may have different problems and approaches and needs which require
different program elements. As mentioned above there are a minimum of six goals that
must be met for Phase II compliance. Listed below is some of the information needed to
develop this comprehensive program.
A set of well defined goals and objectives is perhaps the most important element.
Unfortunately, communities often undertake expensive construction projects or adopt
stormwater control ordinances without fully understanding the problem, why action is
-7-

needed, or how much control or management is required. 0
Goals and objectives state a community's philosophy and need and give
direction to the entire stormwater program. They also serve as a benchmark that can be
used to gauge the effectiveness of the program. Field work and studies include:
a. System Inventory — Identifies and maps the location, size, capacity and
condition of the stormwater drainage system. Helps identify pollution
sources such as illicit connections.
b. Hydrologic/Water Quality Studies — Hydrologic studies examine the
location, frequency and severity of flooding. Water quality monitoring
helps identify specific pollutants and their sources and helps develop an
effective stormwater pollution prevention and control program.
C. Stormwater Master Plan — Evaluates various control options and lays out
a plan of action for addressing stormwater problems, issues and needs in
each drainage basin. Today's master plans should address both
stormwater quantity and quality impacts.
d. Stormwater regulations and ordinances are another important part of the
comprehensive stormwater program. These policies address the
fundamental questions of 'Who, what, when, where and how" (e.g., who
pays for the program and how?). They are typically used to control runoff
quantity and/or quality from new development/redevelopment. They strive
to reduce the volume and peak rate of runoff and prevent and control
pollutant loadings from the site..
e. Identify Pollution Sources = Examine land uses and activities within
watersheds in your community. Are land uses primarily residential,
commercial, institutional, industrial or a combination of land uses? Are
land disturbing activities taking place? Is illegal dumping a problem? Your
water quality data may also help you identify potential pollution sources in
your community. Again, citizen volunteers can conduct streamwalks and
use other means of identifying pollution sources.
f. Look at your own municipal facilities and activities first and modify existing
practices/programs to address stormwater quality concerns. Identify
pollution prevention opportunities at vehicle fueling and maintenance
areas, airports, water and sewer treatment plants, chemical storage and
application sites, salt storage areas, etc.
g. Develop a good operation and maintenance plan/program with clear
responsibilities and adequate funding. Frequent inspections should be
made of all stormwater practices to ensure they are functioning as
designed. Erosion/ sedimentation and stormwater management
measures will fail without maintenance, which can cause offsite impacts
and possible fines. Make sure there is adequate space and access to
detention basins and other practices to allow proper maintenance.
h. Designate onsite areas for sediment disposal to lower maintenance costs.
Inform property buyers/tenants of the location, purpose, and O&M
responsibilities of structures (e.g., deed restrictions, lease agreements,
-8-

etc.). If necessary, establish an O&M fee to fund necessary maintenance.
Encourage all parties to use good housekeeping practices to prevent and
manage stormwater runoff impacts.
Remind citizens that to be sensitive stewards of their environmental assets that
they should:
• Minimize impervious areas to reduce runoff.
•
Divert roof drains and other runoff to vegetated areas on your property.
•
Preserve or plant trees and shrubs along streams to keep them cool.
•
Retain or create 50 to 100 foot buffers of vegetation between waterways and
impervious areas to help filter out pollutants.
•
Keep their vehicles tuned up and repair leaks quickly.
•
Wash their car on the lawn, not the driveway.
•
Stop soil erosion — plant vegetation on all bare areas.
•
Never pour used oil, paint thinners, and other pollutants into storm drains or
waterways or on the ground. Take these household hazardous wastes to a
recycling/collection center.
•
Properly use and store all household chemicals. Clean up spills quickly.
•
Use lawn care practices that protect water quality. Minimize the use of fertilizers
and pesticides on your lawn; sweep (don't wash) fertilizer off driveways and
_ . walkways and compost yard wastes:
•
Clean litter from the street and storm drains in front of their home and along
streambanks to keep it out of our waters.
•
Walk their dog in vegetated areas or bury or flush pet wastes.
•
Design all new construction to prevent runoff and stormwater pollution.
•
Report any pollution, illegal dumping or soil erosion that you see to authorities.
•
Support agencies and organizations working on clean water programs.
•
Organize a Stream watch Group that "adopts" a stream, river or lake in your
community.
•
Conduct stream cleanups that remove trash and debris from waterways.
•
Develop or expand community recycling/collection programs for used oil,
household
hazardous wastes and other potential pollutants.
•
Organize school and public education programs on stormwater problems and
solutions.
•
Help develop or improve community programs that prevent soil erosion, reduce
runoff
and stormwater pollution.
Adequate funding of the program is critical to its success and is often the biggest
challenge facing stormwater managers. Past reliance on the general fund to provide
needed revenues has often resulted in poorly funded programs. Stormwater utilities
which charge user fees are fast becoming a popular method of funding stormwater
programs. Possible funding sources:

1. Tax Revenues (General Fund)- Property and sales tax revenue can be used for
stormwater management activities. However, stormwater programs usualiy lose
in the budget battle for these funds.
2. Special Service Districts - District tax revenues can be used to provide specific
stormwater services not available in other sections of a city or county.
3. User Fees (Stormwater Utility)- Cities and counties in NC can now charge
individual properties monthly user fees based on their contribution of stormwater
runoff.
4. Special Assessments- One-time assessments can be levied against properties in
proportion to the benefit each receives from a specific stormwater project.
5. Powell Bill Funds -Cities can use these gas tax revenues to construct and
maintain stormwater drainage systems within city street rights -of -way.
6. Grants and Loans -Few grant and loan funds are available for stormwater
programs. Check with the state or EPA about special demonstration funds or the
Rural Development Administration about funds for rural areas and small towns.
7. Permit and Inspection Fees -Local governments can set fees to cover the cost of
permitting and inspection programs.
8. Impact/Facility Fees -Special local enabling legislation is needed to charge these
one-time fees that are related to the impact generated by the new development
project.
IV Inventory of Town's Existing Stormwater Facilities and Issues
One of the primary components of a Plan is to inventory the Town's planning area
jurisdiction, development and land use trends, topographical and land features as well as its
infrastructure to collect, handle and convey storm water to its appropriate destination. These
items include:
1. Rivers, streams, canals and major ditches
a. The Hertford area is drained by the Perquimans River which in turn is a
subbasin(03-01-52) of the Pasquotank River Basin area. This basin area is one of
17 classified basins across the State of North Carolina in which detail basin plans
have been developed(1993-1998) for water quality planning purposes. The
Pasquotank Basin plan has recently been updated(May 2002) and is in draft form.
b. Significant drainage ways in the Hertford Plan area are Castleton Creek and
-10-

Jennies Gut.(Exhibit 1)
C. Of primary importance in developing the Plan is to determine the drainage basins
within the Hertford planning area. Exhibit 1 (USGS base map) reflects the
following information:
i. Hertford town limits area is approximately 1700 acres; the ETJ area is
approximately 3726 acres.
ii. There are 13 major drainage basins in the Hertford planning area which
incorporate the ETJ area plus an additional 3870 acres out into
Perquimans County. Total area for these 13 basins is approximately 7,596
acres or approximately 12 square miles- twice the size of Hertford's
current ETJ area.. Tributaries of Castleton Creek account for much of this
rural/farmland area south of Hertford out into the County. Jennies Gut
drains areas west of Hertford , King St and portions of Dobb St,
Perquimans H. S. and the cemetery area. The balance of the area drains
directly in to the Perquimans River through field ditches and storm sewer
systems in the Hertford "downtown" area.
d. Flood plain areas are approximated on Exhibit 1 .The FIRM 100 year flood plane
is 7.0' msl. This flood plane essentially is located along the banks of the
Perquimans River as well. as it follows Jennies Gut across Edenton Road as well
n as it*extends well into the County along the tributaries of Castleton Creek This
.i flood plain area -plays a significant role in planning a comprehensive
stormwater management plan. Land development in these areas should be
monitored carefully because of potential flooding issues as well as the likely
hood of disturbing sensitive environmental areas.
2. Exhibit B reflects the Perquimans County soils map in this planning area as well as the
flood plain areas and the13 drainage basins. The problematic soils of Dorovan and
Chowan commonly show up in the flood plain areas.
3. Hertford's stormwater system infrastructure has been shown schematically on the 12
maps in appendix 2 of this report. These maps have aerial photography dated 10-23-02 as
their base. This data is a combination of field investigations as well as interviews with
Town staff and citizens in the area. There are in excess of 30 individual piped stormwater
collection systems in the developed portions of the town limits of Hertford. This
inventory was hampered by either lack of access or buried systems preventing visible
access for inspection purposes. A lack of significant rainfall also precluded our ability to
observe the systems being stressed thereby revealing weakness. Problem areas have been
determined through interviews with Town staff, a public hearing, and historical public
complaints. Figure 1 has been developed to outline the issues that have been determined
in this inventory process:
-11-

a. There have been 26 areas/issues identified. Figure 1 reflects the map number,
issue number, and general location.
b. There is a listing of categories that each issue has been evaluated by to geta
sense of difficulty and priority in formulating corrective action where appropriate
for the future. The categories are:
i. Pipe system under building(difficult to maintain, access, may damage
structure)
ii. Sewer inflow(wastewater treatment plant issue if stormwater using up
plant capacity)
iii. Castleton Creek(system drains into)
iv. Jennies Gut(system drains into)
V. Flow Quantity(system probably to small)
vi. Flow Quality(runoff subject to excessive nutrients, oil, gasoline, silt, etc)
vii. 100 year Flood Plain(controls land use, building standards, indicator of
wetlands etc)
viii. Wetlands(restricted areas , maybe complicated and expensive permitting,
and construction, CAMA)
ix. Perquimans County(coordination, land use, large agricultural areas)
X. CAMA(coordination, wetlands, land use)
xi. DOT(coordination, responsible for major streets in the area)
(1) Church St
(2) Dobb St.
(3) Grubb St.
(4) Edenton St.
(5) U.S. 17 Bypass
xii. Agricultural Drainage(coordination, agricultural practices, NC Soil &
Water Conservation).
xiii. Large commercial(land use, BMP, large impervious areas)
xiv. Legal(Need Court House research for deeds, easements, subdivision plats,
new ordinances and policies, etc)
4. The maps in this report are for planning purposes only and should not be used for final
design or permitting. Individual site visits and surveys should be performed as needed to
confirm actual existing conditions in the field.
-12-

1. The preparation of this map financed in
part through a grant provided by the North
Carolina Coostaal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal
Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource
Management, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
2. This map, data and descriptions ore for
general planning purposes only and should
not be used for detail design. Site specific
visits and data collection should be used
for verification and permitting purposes.
L- ep e-n(J
TOWN OF HERTFORD TOWN LIMITS
®°—°—°— ETJ LINE
BASIN
RMOP100 YEAR FLOOD BOUNDARY
MIN. ELEVATION = 7.0'
Wetlands shown on DCM Map Sept. 29, 1997
Perquimans County indicate significant features
in the some general location as the FIRM 100
year Flood Plain loction. Exceptions to this are
two large "Managed Pineland" areas designated
with a Note: Contours are in meters. V
1 ; Eli
ra It,r
DRAINAGE BASINS
Basin No.
Inside ETJ
(Acres)
Outside ETJ
(Acres)
Total Acres
B1
93
93
B2
407
168
575
B3
569
1329
1898
B4
352
1812
2164
B5
445
383
828
B6
228
228
Bl
336
336
B8
268
52
320
B9
380
126
506
B10
455
455
B11
51
51
B12
92
92
B13
50
50
Totals
3726
3870
7596
�d Information for this map taken from:
4' 1. NC Quadrangle map by U.S. Dept. of The Interior Geological
Survey.
41
• _ t 1 Center Hill, NC — NE/4 Edenton 15• Quadrangle, 1982 4.
' 1 2 r; ' k 3 Hertford, NC — NE/4 Hertford 15' Quadrangle, 1982
r •.,
2. "Firm Flood Insurance Rate Map" for Perquimans County,
1 7�`—� • •, , ., ---. '' _ - North Carolina, by The Federal Emergency Management
Trailer
F Agency. Dated July 3, 1985.
/� Park \� Panels: 370188 - 0001 B & 0002 B
..t.r lierh,il Rd_
� 03 I w� 37 15 0100 B 0105 B & 0115 B
0 I j
•., �� :: ii r, 1 x 25
Nixon �
• �.; - ,:^ ,, r:c,rV Point
f
I . ,
4 5 ---- — -- - 6
•��im� �yb
G6 ,CI' ..'(arul3fJ t;r. I
�• G d}
`•4.
I ierlford j '
ro ,� I Q r'I. Crow 0
B7 ,OC V` Point
•0 ry \�\r;.. a? Jennies Gut46
I l
fit\ + •, I >:� , I -. _...__ __ - _. _._. _. -- _
i •
- I ,r 9
M d
Bd.� 4.0 O • GJ 1.
�0l • 11117 "�r •`� ••v� v
o l u
�'��• I j 0� Perquimans 1
.. �..
enter
Commerce r�;9
R
to 12
. e ' ..
10 ,� . •� 11 dstS
y) V
000
�• l 11 a • Perquimans t ++
rc
CommTrce
R SW ��� Centfr.0000
•••j•�.'
n a��
F
n
E.T.J. Line
6as� a a
71
' Y �
/\y
_ j'
ys m
9 \ � ''1 ,.`\ .gyp\ � -� I - / l y� I \� •' � { �r'
�i 1 s+ .y��+ 911+�.0 �• �• fr so �. Q1�C.A
°,. EXHIBIT 1 r�det�
Cem:(DRIANAGE BASINS, 100 YEAR FLOOD PLAIN, WETLAND FEATURES)
,
Preliminary
Stormwater Management Plan
Town of Hertford
3 Em n el Church Perquimans County, North Carolina
DESIGNED DRAWN CHECKED McDOWELL & ASSOCIATES, PA
.. ,........... WPM DAB/KML NrPM #1 araNmts SURVEYORS
CAD NO. DATE SCALE P. Box 391
\- I� wily�uuiWN ;''d9 rm�;u!�na(' Npy9 1 HERT QU 5-31-02 1" — 2000• 7715 NEIXSVIlIE RO.
PROJ. NO. FILE NO. SHEET EuZAB H CITY, NORTH QAROUNA
,/ ! E1583 _—_-- (252)33a-4161

Information for this map taken from:
1. Sheet #6 of the "Soil Survey of Chowan and Perquimans
Counties, North Carolina," by the U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Soil
Conservation Service, issued Sept. 1986.
2. "Firm Flood Insurance Rate Map" for Perquimans County,
North Carolina, by The Federal Emergency Management
Agency. Dated July 3, 1985.
Panels: 370168 — 0001 B & 0002 B
370315 — 0100 B, 0105 B & 0115 B
100 Year Flood Boundary
Min. Elev = 7.0' (Note: Contours are in meters.)
NGVD 1929
Zone A & A5
The preparation of this map financed in part through a grant
provided by the North Carolina Coostaal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of
1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
This map, data and descriptions are for general planning
purposes only and should not be used for detail design. Site
specific visits and data collection should be used for verification
and permitting purposes.
C, ;I I StA
V�'" t
AEA, A\1 DO q'1 DO r
j Go
40,
v/
Legend
^ TOWN OF HER TFORD TOWN LIMITS
-'-°-'-'-'- ETJ LINE
BASIN
100 YEAR FLOOD BOUNDARY
MOM MIN. ELEVATION = 7.0
DO DOROVAN SOIL TYPE
CO CHOWAN SOIL TYPE
L; :11111
IL <- _
�.•DO
•• '
AIN C91
a s/ DO" "'
i) t eT r7L.,R, d , 1 0 ,r 1��%n 0� „Illlhlhlllm —
® Q M 1
R,:,
DO 111 j
II III II
I VI 1
0 � ` � .n' it y � ` °" � � ` •� I N IIIII I Illlli I ( `_� D 1.7 ,f
�Q `,Pa• ., I� ( 1. •� DO
®®
�\� I''�•, '• I I�III�IIIIIr ! �!11 1 i5
�%K IIIII IyII Illllll����l�l�lililllll�l� plilllllllll �� ,, 6
IIIIIIIIII�III�IIII III I
r 11 1 �III�I IIIII ��� IMP I���IIII ��II Illd
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C i EXHIBIT 2
-4.
�♦ Preliminary
Stormwater Management Plan
�II Town of Hertford
Perquimans County, North Carolina
\� DESIGNED DRAWN CHECKED
�in ♦ , /�(� McDOWELL ASSOCIATES, P.A.
C/JV a�♦ ` ♦ WPM DAB DATE
WPM
c//�
h Ue♦ ` /' ♦ CAD N0. DATE SCALE ENGINEERS - SURVEYORS
D.
_ / 1 HERT QU 5-31-02 1" = 2100' P. a EE Sot
_ R EIJZ MF7H CITY.
O
NO. FILE N0. SHEET EINLIBE7FR an NIXtTH CAROIJNA
(252)3M-41e1

McDowell ard Assoclatm P A. Figure No. 1

McDowell and Associates, P. A.
Figure No.
Perquimans High
5 14 School X X X X. X X X
Pipe crossing
Jennies
5 14. Gut,cementary X- X X- X X X X
King St -Edenton
St Laundry Mat
5 14 area X X X X
5 15 Punch Alley IX
Grubb 8
Perquimans
Street (Police
5 16 Depart.) X
Market 8 Covent
Garden
Street(Methodist
5 17 Church area) X
Brace Ave. Cul
5 18 . de Sac X X
Front
-rH
Slreet/Jessup
5 13 House X [XT X ['X X
107 S. Front
'
I
5
20
Street
X
X
• X
I X
as eon & Artie
8
21
Streets
X
X
600. 602 Gaston
8
22
Drive area
X
X
X
IGaston
Drive
'8
23
Area
X
X
X
Whidbee
Dnve/Wynnefork
8
24
Dr.
X
X
X
X
IPhillips
8 High
8,0
25
Street
Wynne Fork
11
26
Court (Housing)
X
X
X
X
IMajor
drainage canal serving
southwest portion of the Hertford
ETJ area. Drains to Castleton Cree.
X
near Church St bridge.
pipe to low ,prevents flushing.
Elev-1.0 +, Need Bridge, maybe
X
NC Wetlands Restoration project?
rpa appears to be under laundry
mat.system drains Dobb St. 331
X
Dobbs St close to pipe
Restricted storm drain causes water
to cross Towe's backyard. causing
erosion. Restricted inlets due to
asphalt overlays on Church St
allow easy plugging by leaves
forcing waterover flow to low area '
adjacent to Tows driveway.
Ponding water caused by large
drainage basin and leaves plugging
upstream basins forcing water to
flow to low area at street
intersection. Drains Grubb St
Ties to 18 downstream. Drains
Dobb St Etc.Slow Drainage -
Storm Sewar undersized/ plugged 7
Outlet Ditch does not drain properly
iowland/wetlands Vegetation
impedes flow. Storm pipe has joint
holes. Housing proximity to
lowlands presents
X
maintenance/nuisance concerns.
tomnvater system under house
generates maintenance concerns.
X
Drains Church St 1
Yard erasion duo to suspected bad
Joints in clay pipe - a portion has
allready been replaced by Town,
using PVC material. Drains Dobb St
10- substandard Existing onn
Cross Drain In poor condition
Out- buildings etc encroach on
major drainage slough/dhch.
Existing open ditch needs
maintenance Jr cleanout -
X
X
easements unknown?
E
Existing fences encmach/restrict
ditch. Existing open ditch needs
maintenance / cleanout.
Easements unknown from Gaston
X
X
St.
6
Bottom floor/garage area built to
low and subject to flooding.house
Elev— 3.9 ,St el=5.4'
6
Existing oxen ditch needs
maintenance / cleanout -Ditch is
Within an existing town RAI. The
X
House may encroach into the kW?
1
Stormuvaia ponding in parking area
causing water infiltration into
sanitary sewer system - Outlet ditch
X
restricted ?
( 3
0

IV CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
1. Proposed actions for year two of developing this Stormwater Management Plan.
a. Because of its complexity consider reviewing this report in a work session
with Town Council and other interested parties.
b. Review the draft Stormwater Management Ordinance in Appendix 1 and
revise as necessary to be applicable for the policies and capabilities of the
Town. This ordinance assumes that there will be technical expertise
available to help the town implement the ordinance. If the town does not
have a full time Engineer on staff, then a consultant could be hired to
assist the town from funds generated by Article II Section D. Fees. This
ordinance also incorporates by reference standards developed by other
state agencies- see Article I, Section E. Stormwater Management Design
Manual/Criteria. The Town can develop later its own criteria as time and
funding permits.
C. Continue to get information on the infrastructure system to add to the
maps in appendix 2.
i. This would include legal work to determine existing easements.
ii. Provide necessary coordination and equipment to uncover buried
- pipe systems to properly determine condition and size.
d. Set up a planning meeting with DOT to determine what role and what help
they will be relative to systems that drain their ROW and are creating
problems for Town citizens.
e. Set up meetings with CAMA representatives to field visit all storm sewer
systems that need repair and the repair work is in their jurisdictional area.
Some projects may be minor both others may require major permits.
Some projects may able to be combined under one permitting process
saving time and money.
f. Set up meeting with Perquimans County to discuss Best Management
Practices promoted by this report. Review with them the drainage basins
that flow through Castleton Creek and Jennies Gut which are under their
jurisdiction. The County's new zoning initiative would also speak to these
issues.
g. Review the following issues for possible action in the coming fy03-04.
Consider using Powell Bill funds if no other funds are available. Set aside
so much money each year until the issues are satisfactorily resolved.
The six issues selected are from the list on Figure 1. The selection was
-13-

prioritized based on simplicity of project both in construction , developing
new policies, and coordination with other agencies. The rest of theissues
can better be prioritized after meeting with the other agencies mertioned
above as well as decisions are made on funds available and policies or
guidelines are developed.
i. No 21. map 8- Minor repair to sub standard street crossing on
Castleton Ave.
No4. map 5- 206 Charles St.: Help coordinate piping ditch abng
common property line close to house. Develop maintenance policy.
Ditch is upstream of public ROW but does threaten house
foundation and drains more than one lot. Consider doing proect
with cost sharing for all lot that benefit. Could possible finance over
time for the property owners.
iii. Nos. Map 5 - Woodland Circle area: Clean out rear propertyline
catch basin area. Also determine if easements exists for pipe
system that goes under two structures. Establish relocationhepair
policy if problem comes up with pipe system.
iv. No 23. - Map 8.- Gaston Dr. Check on system condition plus
existing easements across lot that has been piped and ditch
downstream where fencing is encroaching. Possible wetlands
downstream 0
V. No 11. Map 5- 211 Grubb St: Promote FEMA buy out of both
houses either side of 211. Coordinate uncovering/locating pipe
system from Grubb St to Market St. System may be under
structures, rip rap. It is under the greenhouse on Grubb St. This
system drains both Dobb and Grubb Streets which are DOT's
streets.
vi. No 24. Map 8 Whidbee/Wynnefork Rd- Upstream drainage
coordinated with DOT and farmland west of Edenton Rd. Lower
level of house is El 3.9'- 3' below 100 year flood plain and is subject
to backup from Castleton Creek Whidbee pipe crossing needs to
be evaluated for possible flap gate.
-14-

DRAFT
STORM WATER MANAGEMENT ORDINANCE
FOR
TOWN OF HERTFORD
NORTH CAROLINA
m
MAY 31, 2002

Table Of Contents
Article I. General Provisions
Section A.
Title; purpose
Section B.
Definitions
Section C.
Scope of ordinance
Section D.
Exemptions from requirements
Section E.
Stormwater Management Design Manual/Criteria
Article II. Storm Water Concept/Sketch and Preliminary Development Plans
Section A.
Scope of development plans
Section B.
Storm water concept/sketch and storm water management plans
Section C.
Permit requirements
Section D.
Fees
Section E.
Permit suspension and revocation
Section F.
Minimum runoff control requirements
Section G.
Storm water management facilities
Section H.
Plan requirements
Section 1.
Section J.
Plan hydrologic criteria
Prohibition of Illegal Discharges and Plan water quality criteria
Section K.
Professional registration requirements
Article III. Ownership and Town Participation
Section A. Ownership of storm water management facilities
Section B. Town participation
Article IV. Maintenance, Construction and Inspection
Section A. Maintenance
Section B. Maintenance agreement (privately owned facilities only)
Section C. Construction and inspection
Article V. Miscellaneous Provisions
Section A.
Variances from requirements
Section B.
Penalties
Section C.
Grandfather clause
Section D.
Conflict with other laws
Section E.
Severability
Section F.
Amendments
1
Men

Section G. Liability
Section H. Effective date
1. ARTICLE I. GENERAL PROVISIONS
SECTION A. Title: purpose
1. The provisions of this ordinance shall constitute and be known as the "Storm Water
Management Ordinance for The Town Hertford.
2. The purpose of this Ordinance is to protect, maintain, and enhance the public health, safety,
and general welfare by establishing minimum requirements and procedures to regulate:
a. The adverse effects of increased storm water runoff associated with both future land
development and existing developed land within the Town's limits as well as its
extraterritorial jurisdiction area. Proper management of storm -water runoff will
minimize damage to public and private property, ensure a functional drainage system,
reduce the effects of development on land and stream channel erosion, assist in the
attainment and maintenance of water quality standards, enhance the 'local
environment associated with the drainage system, reduce local flooding, maintain as
nearly as possible the pre -developed runoff characteristics of the area, and facilitate
economic development while mitigating associated flooding and drainage impacts.
b. Illegal non -storm water discharges to the storm drainage system to the maximum
extent practicable as required by federal and state law. This ordinance establishes
methods for controlling the introduction of pollutants into the Municipal Separate
Storm Sewer System (MS4) in order to comply with requirements of Phase II of the
National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit process. Additional
objectives of this ordinance are:
1. To regulate the contribution of pollutants to the small Municipal Separate
Storm Sewer System(MS4) by stormwater discharges by any user
2. To prohibit illicit connections and discharges to the Municipal Separate Storm
Sewer System .
3. To establish legal authority to carry out all inspection, surveillance and
monitoring procedures necessary to ensure compliance with this ordinance
3. The application of this Ordinance and the provisions expressed herein shall be the minimum
storm water management requirements and shall not be deemed a limitation or repeal of any
other.- powers _granted by any Federal, State, or Local requirements. In addition, if site
characteristics indicate that complying with these -minimum requirements will not provide
adequate designs or protection for local property or residents, it is the designer's responsibility
to exceed the minimum requirements as necessary. The Town Engineer or designee shall be
2

responsible for the coordination and enforcement of the provisions of this ordinance.
SECTION B. Definitions
For the purpose of this Ordinance, the following terms, phrases and words, and their derivatives, shall
have the meaning given herein:
As -built plan shall mean a set of engineering or site drawings that delineate the specific
permitted storm water management facility as actually constructed.
2. Best management practices shall mean a wide range of management procedures, schedules
of activities, prohibitions on practices and other management practices which have been dem-
onstrated to effectively control the. quality and/or quantity of storm water runoff and which are
compatible with the planned land use.
3. Cross -drain culvert shall mean a culvert located under a roadway.
4. Design report shall mean the report that accompanies the storm water management plan and
includes data used for engineering analysis, results of all analysis, design and analysis
calculations (including results obtained from computer programs), and other engineering data
that would assist the Town Engineer in evaluating proposed storm water management facilities.
5. Designer shall mean a professional who is permitted to prepare plans and studies required by
this ordinance.
6. Detention structure shall mean a permanent storm water management structure whose primary
purpose is to temporarily store storm water runoff and release the stored runoff at controlled
rates.
7. Development should generally mean any of the following actions undertaken by a public or
private individual or entity:
- the division of a lot, tract or parcel of land into two (2) or more lots, plots,
sites, tracts, parcels or other divisions by plat or deed, or
- any land change, including, without limitation, clearing tree removal, grubbing,
stripping, dredging, grading, excavating, transporting and filling of land.
8. Develop,land shall mean to change the runoff characteristics of a parcel of land in conjunction
with residential, commercial, industrial, or institutional construction or alternation. 0
3

9.
Developed land use conditions shall mean the land use conditions according to the current
Town Land Use Map or proposed development plan.
10.
Easement shall mean a grant or reservation by the owner of land for the use of such land by
others for a sppecific or purposes, and which must be included in the conveyance of
purpose
land affected by such easement.
11.
Erosion shall mean the wearing away of land surface by the action of wind, water, gravity, ice,
or any combination of those forces.
12.
Erosion and sediment control shall mean the control of solid material, both mineral and
organic, during a land distur ing activity to prevent its transport out of the disturbed area by
means of air, water, gravity, or ice.
13.
Existing land use conditions shall mean the land use conditions existing at the time of the
development
proposed
14.
GradinQ shall mean excavating, filling tluding hydraulic fill) or stockpiling of earth material,
or any combination thereof, including land in its excavated or filled condition.
-15.
Hazardous Materials shall mean any material, including any substance, waste, or combination
thereof, -which because of its quantity, concentration, or physical, chemical, or infectious
characteristics may cause, or significantly contribute to, a substantial present or potential
hazard to human health, safety, property, or the environment when improperly treated; stored,
transported, disposed of, or otherwise managed.
16_
Ille al'Dischar "e shall mean any -director -indirect non -storm water discharge to the storm
ram system, except as exempted in Section X of this ordinance.
17.
Illicit Connections shall mean either of the following:
Any drain or conveyance, whether on the surface or subsurface, which allows an illegal
discharge to enter the storm drain system including but not limited to any conveyances which
allow any non -storm water discharge including sewage, process wastewater, and wash water
to enter the storm drain system and any connections to the storm drain system from indoor
drains and sinks, regardless of whether said drain or connection had been previously allowed,
permitted, or approved by an authorized enforcement agency or,
Any dram or conveyance connected from a commercial or industrial land use to the storm drain
system which has not been documented in plans, maps, or equivalent records and approved
by an authorized enforcement agency.
18.
Impervious shall mean the condition of being impenetrable by water.
19.
Imperviousness shall mean the degree to which a site is impervious.
20.
Infiltration shall mean the passage or movement of water through the soil profile.
21.
Interior culvert shall mean a culvert that is not located under a roadway.
22.
Land disturbing activity shall mean any use of the land by any person that results in a change
in the natural cover or topography that may cause erosion and contribute to sediment and
4

alter the quality and/or quantity of storm water runoff.
23. Maintenance shall mean any action necessary, to preserve storm water management facilities
in proper working condition, in order to serve the intended purposes set forth in Artie I of this
Ordinance and to prevent structural failure of such facilities. Maintenance shall not include
actions taken solely for the purpose of enhancing the aesthetics aspects associated mith storm
water management facilities.
24. Town Engineer shall mean the duly designated Department Head of the Town enoneering
department or department of public works, or his duly authorized agent.
25. Town Engineering Department shall mean the department responsible for all storm water
management activities and implementation of the provisions of this ordinance.
26. Town shall mean the Town ofHertford.
27. Natural waterways shall mean waterways that are part of the natural toppograpphy. They usually
maintain a continuous or seasonal- flow during the year and are charactenzed as being
irregular in cross-section with a meandering course. Construction channels such as drainage
ditches shall not be considered natural waterways.
28. Nonerodible shall mean a material, e.g., natural rock, riprap, concrete, plastic, etc., that will not
experience surface wear due to natural forces of wind, water, ice, gravity or a combnation of
those forces.
29. Nonpoint source pollution shall mean pollution contained in storm water runoff from ilklefined, _
diffuse sources.
30. Non -Storm Water Discharge. shall mean any discharge to the storm drain system that is not
composed entirely of storm water.
31. One hundred vear frequent storm shall mean a storm that is capable of producing rainfall
expected to be equate or r exceeded on the average of once in 100 years. It also may be
expressed as an exceedance probability with a 1 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded
in any given year.
32. On -site storm water management shall mean the design and construction of a facility necessary
to control storm water runo wit in and for a single development.
33. Person responsible for the land disturbing activity shall mean:
a. the person who has or represents having financial or operational control over the
landdisturbingactivity; and/or
b. the landowner or person in possession or control of the land who directly or indirectly
allowed the land disturbing activity or has benefitted from it or who has failed to
comply with any provision of this ordinance.
34. Pollutant. shall mean anything which causes or contributes to pollution. Pollutants mayclude,, inut are not limited to: paints, varnishes, and solvents; oil and other automotive fluids;
non -hazardous liquid and solid wastes and yard wastes; refuse, rubbish, garbage, litter, or
5

other discarded or abandoned objects, ordinances, and accumulations, so that same may
cause or contribute to pollution; floatables;pesticides, herbicides, and fertilizers; hazardous
substances and wastes; sewage, fecal coliform and pathogens; dissolved and particulate
metals; animal wastes; wastes and residues that result from constructing a building or
structure; and noxious or offensive matter of any kind.
35. Post -development conditions shall mean the conditions which exist following the completion
of the land disturbing activity in terms of topography, vegetation, land use and rate, volume
or direction of storm water runoff.
36. Pre -developed conditions shall mean those land use conditions that existed prior to the
initiation ot the land disturbing activity in terms of topography, vegetation, land use and rate,
volume or direction of storm water runoff.
37. PreliminaU plat shall mean the preliminary plat of a residential subdivision submitted pursuant
to the Towns Subdivision Regulations.
38. Record surv.ev shall mean a final field survey which locates the visible surface features of a
constructed storm water facility on the ground, but without locating non -visible or sub -surface
features such as the actual route and elevation of buried pipe.
39. Recdonal storm water management shall mean the design and construction of a facility
necessary to control storm water runoff within or outside a development and for one or more
developments.
_ 40. Registered Civil Engineer shall mean a civil engineer properly registered and licensed to
conduct work within the Town.
41.. Registered Land Surveyor shall mean a land surveyor properly registered and licensed to
conduct work within the Town.
42. Reciistered Landscape Architect shall mean a landscape architect properly registered and
licensed to conduct work within the Town.
43. Responsible personnel shall mean any foreman,superintendent, or similar individual who is the
on -site person in charge of land disturbing activities.
44. Retention structure shall mean a permanent structure whose purpose is to
permanent y shore a given volume of storm water runoff. Release o?nmary
he given volume is by
infiltration and/or evaporation.
45. Sediment shall mean solid particulate matter, both mineral and organic, that has been or is
ei�ng transported by water, air, ice, or gravity from its site of origin.
46. Stabilization shall mean the installation of vegetative or structural measures to establish a soil
cove— r to reduce soil erosion by storm water runoff, wind, ice and gravity.
47. Stage work or stage construction shall mean a plan for the staged construction of storm water
facilities where portions of the facilities will be constructed as different stages of the proposed
development are started or completed.
0

48. Storm Drainagee System. Facilities by which storm water is collected and/or conveyed,ncluding
but not limited to any roads with drainage ditches and or systems, municipal streetsgutters,
curbs, inlets, piped storm drains, pumping facilities, retention and detention basins, natural and
human -made or altered drainage channels, reservoirs, and other drainage structures.
49. Storm water concept plan shall mean the overall proposal for a stone drainage system,
including storm water management structures, and supporting documentation as speafied in
the Storm Water Management Design Manual, for each proposed private or public devdopment
to the extent permitted by law. Also included are the supporting engineering calculafons and
results of any computer analysis, if necessary
50. Stone water management shall mean the collection, conveyance, storage, treatmentand dis-
posal of stone water runoff in a manner to minimize accelerated channel erosion, increased
flood damage, and/or degradation of water quality and in a manner to enhance and ensure
the public health, safety, and general welfare, which shall include a system of vegetative or
structural measures, or both, that control the increased volume and rate of storm wafer runoff
caused by manmade changes to the land.
51. Storm water Management Design Manual/Criteria shall mean the information and guidelines
or design, performance, and review criteria for storm water management practices in the
Town. This information can be obtained from the. Town Engineer.
52. Store water management facilities shall mean those structures and facilities that are designed
for the collection, conveyance, storage, treatment and disposal of storm water runoff into and
through the drainage system.
53. Storm water management plan shall mean the set of drawings and other documents chat com-
prise all o, the information and specifications for the drainage systems, structures, concepts
and techniques that will be used to control storm water as required by this ordinance and the
Storm Water Management Design Manual/Criteria. Also included are the supporting engneering
calculations and results of any computer analysis.
54. Storm water management qualitative control shall mean a system of vegetative, structural, or
of er measures that re uce or eliminate pollutants that might otherwise be carried by storm
water runoff.
55. Storm water runoff shall mean the direct response of a watershed to precipitation and includes
the su ace and subsurface runoff that enters a ditch, stream, storm drain or other
concentrated flow during and following the precipitation.
56. Swale shall mean a structural measure with a lining of grass, riprap or other materials which
can function as a detention structure and convey storm water runoff without causing erosion.
57. Ten-year frequency storm shall mean a storm that is capable of producing rainfall expected to
be equaled or exceeded on the average of once in 10 years. It may also be expressed as an
exceedance probability with a 10 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given
year.
101

58. Twenty-five frequency storm shall mean a storm that is capable. of producing rainfall
Qexpected to be equaled or exceeded on the average of once in 25 years. It may also be ex-
pressed as an exceedance probability with a 4 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded
in any given year.
59. Two-year frequency storm shall mean a storm that is capable of producing rainfall expected
to be equaled or exceeded on the average of once in 2 years. It may also be expressed as an
exceedance probability with a 50 percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given
year.
60. Variance shall mean the modification of the minimum storm water management requirements
for specific circumstances where strict adherence of the requirements would result in unneces-
sary hardship and not fulfill the intent of this ordinance.
61. Waiver shall mean the relinquishment from storm water management requirements by the Town
Engineer for a specific land disturbing activity on a case -by -case review basis.
62. Wastewater shall mean any water or other liquid, other than uncontaminated storm water,
discharged from a facility.
63. Water quality shall mean those characteristics of storm water runoff from a land disturbing
activity that relate to the physical, chemical, biological, or radiological integrity of water.
64. Water quantity shall mean those characteristics of storm water runoff that relate to the rate and
volume of the storm water runoff to downstream areas resulting from land disturbing activities.
65. Watershed shall mean the drainage area contributing storm water runoff to a single point.
SECTION C. Scope of ordinance
No person shall develop any land within the town's jurisdiction without having provided for appropriate
storm water management measures that control or manage runoff, in compliance with this Ordinance,
unless exempted in Article I, Section D below.
R]

SECTION D. Exemptions from requirements
The following development activities are exempt from the provisions of the Ordinance and the
requirements of providing storm water management measures.
1. Construction or improvement of single family residences or their accessory buildings u hich are
separately built and not part of multiple construction of a subdivision development.
2 Sites not part of a larger development that are smaller than one acre
SECTION E. Storm water Management Design Manual/Criteria
From time to time the Town Engineer will develop technical information to assist in the design and
evaluation of storm water management facilities in the Town. The following documents are
incorporated by reference and are available in the office of the Town Engineer for review.
1. a. NC Administrative Code Section 15A NCAC 2H.100 Stormwater Management-
b. Stormwater Best Management Practices , NCDENR, DWQ, April 1999
c. Handbook of Design for Highway Surface Drainage Structures, NCDOT,1973
d. Guidelines for Drainage Structures and Hydraulic Design, NCDOT, June 1990.
Addendum to c. above.
These documents and other information provided by the Town Engineer for recommended design
procedures and criteria are presented for conducting hydrologic and hydraulic evaluations. Although
the intention of the information is to establish uniform design practices, it neither replaces the need
for engineering judgment nor precludes the use of information not presented. Other accepted
engineering procedures may be used to conduct hydrologic and hydraulic studies if approved by the
Town Engineer.
ARTICLE II. STORM WATER CONCEPT AND PRELIMINARY DEVELOPMENT PLANS
SECTION A. Scope of development plans
1. a. In developing plans for residential subdivisions, individual lots in a residential
subdivision development shall not be considered to be separate land disturbing
activities and shall not require individual permits. Instead the residential subdivision
9

01
development, as a whole, shall be considered to be a single land disturbing activity.
Hydrologic parameters that reflect the ultimate subdivision development shall be used
in all engineering calculations.
b. If individual lots or sections in a residential subdivision are being developed by
different propertyy owners, all land disturbing activities related to the residential
subdivision shall owners, all
the approved storm water management plan for the
residential'subdivision. Individual lot owners or developers shall sign a certificate of
compliance that all activities on that lot will be carried out in accordance with the
approved storm water management plan for the residential subdivision.
C. Residential subdivisions which were approved prior to the effective date of these
regulations are exempt from these requirements. Development of new phases of
existing subdivisions which were not previously approved shall comply with the
provisions of these regulations.
d. All other land disturbing activities on sites one acre or larger.
SECTION B. Storm water concept/sketch and storm water management plans
1. A storm water concept/sketch plan for each development( subdivision or site.plan) greater
than or equal to one acre shall be submitted for review by the Town Engineer prior to
submission of the storm water management plan and construction plans for the entire
development, or any portion thereof.
2. All preliminary plats of the development shall be consistent with the storm water concept plan
required in Paragraph 1 above.
3. Upon approval of the concept/sketch plan, the applicant shall submit a final storm water
management plan (as part of the construction plans) to the Town Engineer for review and
approval; provided that the Town Engineer may accept and submit into the review process a
storm water concept plan if it identifies the location and type of facilities to be constructed in
sufficient detail to accurately estimate construction costs and the Town Engineer determines
that a storm water management plan is not needed. If accepted under this provision, the storm
water concept plan then becomes the storm water management plan for this development.
4. Should any storm water management plan involve any stone water management facilities or
land to be dedicated to public use, the same information shall also be submitted for review and
approval to the department having jurisdiction over the land or other appropriate departments
or agencies identified by the Town Engineer for review and approval. This storm water
management plan shall serve as the basis for all subsequent construction.
5. The storm water concept lan may be reviewed, if needed, with the designer, after Town
review, where it will either Pbe approved, approved with changes, or rejected. If rejected,
changes, additional analysis, or other information needed to approve the next submittal of the
concept plan shall be identified.
10

SECTION C. Permit requirements
1. No final occupancy permit shall be issued without the following:
a. Recorded easements for storm water management facilities.
b. Receipt of an as -built plan which includes a certification of the storm drainage system.
2. No site grading permit shall be issued or modified without the following:
a. Right of entry for emergency maintenance if necessary.
b. Right of entry for inspections.
C. Any off -site easements needed.
d. An approved storm water concept plan or storm water management plan, as .
appropriate.
3. The approved storm water management plan shall contain certification by the applicant that
all land' clearing, construction, development and drainage will be done according to the storm
water managementplan or previously approved revisions. Any and all site grading permits may
be revoked at any time if the construction of storm water management facilities is not in strict
accordance with approved plans.
4. In addition to the plans and permits required from the Town, applicants shall obtain all state O
and federal permits required for the proposed development.
SECTION D. Fees
A list of fees for plan review and other fees associated with this ordinance can be obtained from the
Public Works Department. The Town may retain as necessary the services of consultants who are
expert in the planning, designing, and inspection of stormwater management facilities. The cost of
these services may be included in the review fees as well as implementation fees for as built as well
as maintenance inspections after the facilities are built.
SECTION E. Permit suspension and revocation
A site grading permit may be suspended or revoked if one or more of the following violations
have been committed:
a. violation(s) of the conditions of the storm water management plan approval;
b. construction not in accordance with the intent of the approved plans;
C. non-compliance with correction notice(s) or stop work orders(s); or
d. the existence of an immediate danger in a downstream area in the judgment of the Town Engineer.
11

If one or more of these conditions is found, a written notice of violations shall be served upon
the owner or authorized representative and an immediate stop -work order may be issued. The
notice shall set forth the measures necessary to achieve compliance with the plan. Correction
of these violations must be started immediately or the owner shall be deemed in violation of
this ordinance.
SECTION F. Minimum runoff control requirements
1. The minimum storm water control requirements shall provide management measures
necessary to accomplish the following:
a. Storm drainage systems shall be designed based on size of drainage basins involved.
However emergency spillways shall be designed to pass the 50 year storm The design
of these facilities shall be approved by the Town Engineer.
b. The requirements, or portions thereof, of item (a.) may be waived by the Town
Engineer if it can be shown by detailed engineering calculations and analysis which are
acceptable to the Town Engineer that one of the following exists:
1. the installation of storm water management facilities would have insignificant
effects on reducing downstream flood peaks; or
2. storm water management facilities are not needed to protect downstream
developments and the -downstream drainage system has sufficient capacity to
receive any increase in runoff for the design stone; or
3. it is not necessary to install storm water management facilities to control
developed peak discharge rates at the exit to a proposed development and
installing such facilities would increase flood peaks at some downstream
locations; or
4. the Town Engineer determines that storm water management facilities are not
needed to control developed peak discharge rates and installing such facilities
would not be in the best interest of the Town.
C. The requirements, or portions thereof, of item (a.) may not be waived if the Town
Engineer determines that not controlling downstream flood peaks would increase
known flooding problems, or exceed the capacity of the downstream drainage system.
d. A waiver shall only be granted after a written request is submitted by the applicant
containing descriptions, drawings, and any other information that is necessary to
evaluate the proposed land disturbing activity. A separate written waiver request shall
be required if there are subsequent additions, extensions, or modifications which
would alter the approved storm water tunoff" characteristics to a land disturbing
activity receiving a waiver.
e. Discharge velocities shall be reduced to provide a nonerosive velocity flow from a
structure, channel, or other control measure or the velocity of the 1 0-year design
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stone runoff in the receiving waterway prior to the land disturbing activity, Mkichever
is greater.
2. For all storm water management facilities, a hydrologic - hydraulic study shall be doneshowing
how the drainage system will function with and without the proposed facilities. For such studies
the following land use conditions shall be used.
a. For the design of the facility outlet structure, use developed land use condlons for
the area within the proposed development and existing land use condilDns for
upstream areas draining to the facility.
b. For any analysis of flood flows downstream from the proposed facility, use existing
land use conditions for all downstream areas.
C. All storm water management facilities emergency spillways shall be checked using the
50-year storm and routing flows through the facility and emergency spillways.For this
analysis, developed land use conditions shall be used for all areas within the analysis.
d. If accepted for Town maintenance, the effects of existing upstream detention facilities
can be considered in the hydrologic -hydraulic study.
SECTION G. Storm water management facilities
1. Storm water management facilities may include both structural and nonstructural elements.
Natural swales and other natural runoff conduits shall be retained where practicable 0
2. Where additional storm water management facilities are required to satisfy the minimum
Control requirements, the following measures are examples of what may be used:
a. storm water detention structures (dry basins);
b. storm water retention structures (wet ponds);
C. facilities designed to encourage overland flow, slow velocities of flow, and flow
through buffer zones;
d. infiltration practices.
3. Where detention and retention structures are used, designs which consolidate these facilities
into a limited number of large structures will be preferred over designs which utilize a large
number of small structures.
4. Storm water management plans can be rejected by the Town Engineer if they incorporate
structures and facilities that will demand considerable maintenance, will be difficult to maintain,
or utilize numerous small structures if other alternatives are physically possible.
5. The drainage system and all storm water management structures within the Town (including
both public and private portions) will be designed to the same engineering and technical
13

criteria and standards. The Town Engineering Department's review will be the same whether
the portion of the drainage system will be under public or private control or ownership.
6. All stone water management measures shall be designed in accordance with the design criteria
or procedures approved by the Town Engineer.
SECTION H. Plan requirements
Storm water management plans shall include as a minimum the following:
1. A vicinity map indicating a north arrow, scale, boundary lines of the site, and other information
necessary to locate the development site.
2. The existing and proposed topography of the development site including for individual lot
grading plans in single family subdivisions.
3. Physical improvements on the site, including present development and proposed development.
4. Location, dimensions, elevations, and characteristics of all storm water management facilities
on site as well as impacted downstream receiving facilities.
5. All areas within the site which will be included in the land disturbing activities shall be identified
and the total disturbed area calculated.
6. The location of temporary and permanent vegetative and structural storm water management
(� as control measures.
�J. 7. An anticipated starting and completion date of the various sta es of land disturbing activities
and the expected date the final stabilization will be completed•
8. A determination that all occupied first floor elevations of any structures complies with the
Town's current flood hazard regulations.
9. Storm water management plans shall include designation of all easements needed for
inspection and maintenance of the drainage system and storm water management facilities.
As a minimum, easements shall have the following characteristics.
a. Provide adequate access to all portions of the drainage system and structures.
b. Provide sufficient land area for maintenance equipment and personnel to adequately
and efficiently maintain the system with a minimum of ten (10) feet along both sides
of all drainage ways, streams, channels, etc., and around the perimeter of all
detention and retention facilities, or sufficient land area for equipment access for
maintenance of all storm water management facilities. This distance shall be measured
from the top of the bank or toe of the dam whichever is applicable.
C. Restriction on easements shall include prohibiting all fences and structures which
would interfere with access to the easement areas and/or the maintenance function
of the drainage system.
10. To improve the aesthetic aspects of the drainage system, a landscape plan for all portions of
14

the drainage system shall be part of the storm water management plan. This landscape plan
shall address the following.
a. Tree saving and planting plan.
b. Types of vegetation that will be used for stream bank stabilization, erosion control,
sediment control, aesthetics and water quality improvement.
c. Any special requirements related to the landscaping of the drainage system and efforts
necessary to preserve the natural aspects of the drainage system.
11. To improve the water quality aspects of the drainage system, the storm water management
plan shall include best management practices to control the water quality of the runoff during
the land disturbing activities and during the life of the development.
12. The storm water management plan shall include all engineering calculations needed to design
the system and associated structures including pre- and post -development velocities, peak
rates of discharge, and inflow and outflow hydrographs of stone water runoff at all existing and
proposed points of discharge from the site, including offsite pertinent drainage calculations.
13. Description of site conditions around points of all surface water discharge including vegetation
and method of flow conveyance from the land disturbing activity.
14. Construction and design details for structural controls.
15. The expected timing of flood peaks through the downstream drainage system shall be
assessed when planning the use of detention facilities.
16. In determining downstream effects from storm water management structures and the develop-
ment, hydrologic -hydraulic engineering studies shall extend downstream to a point where the
proposed development represents less than or equal to the predevelopment flow.
17. If the storm water management plan and/or design report indicates that there may be a
drainage or flooding problem at the exit to the proposed development or at any location
between the exit point and the 10 percent downstream point, the Town Engineer may require:
a. water surface profiles plotted for the conditions of pre- and post -development for the
10-year design storm;
b. water surface profiles plotted for the conditions of pre- and post -development for the
100-year design storm;
C. elevations of all structures potentially damaged by 10- and/or 100-year flows.
15

18. All storm water management plans submitted for approval shall contain certification by the
person responsible for the land disturbing activity that the land disturbing activity will be
accomplished pursuant to the approved plan and that responsible personnel will be assigned
to the project.
19. All storm water management'plans shall contain certification. by the person responsible for the
land disturbing activity, of the right of the Town Engineer to conduct on -site inspections.
20. The storm water management plan shall not be considered approved without the inclusion of
an approval stamp with a signature and date on the plans by the Town EngineeringDepart-
ment. The stamp of approval on the plans is sole)y an acknowledgment of satisfactory
compliance with the requirements of these reguations. The approval stamp does not constitute
a representation or warranty to the appcant or any other person concerning the safety,
appropriateness or effectiveness of any provision, or omission from the storm water manage-
ment plan.
24. Approved storm water management plans remain valid for three (3) years from the date of an
approval. Extensions or renewals of the planapprovals will be granted by the Town Engineer
upon written request by the person responsible for the land disturbing activity.
SECTION I. Plan hydrologic criteria
The storm design frequency to be used for the storm water concept and storm water management
�} plans shall generally be based on the size of the drainage basins involved:
1. 75 Acres or less = 5-year
> 75 and < 300 Acres = 10 year
>300 and < 500 Acres = 25-year
Greater Than or Equal to 500 Acres = 50-year
2. 2- and 10-year design storms for all private detention and retention basins using procedures
/criteria approved by the Town Engineer.
3. The Town Engineer .may require that a drainage analysis be conducted to check the 100-
year storm event for impact of local flooding, and possible flood hazards to adjacent structures
and/or property.
4. For the desiggn of storage facilities, a secondary outlet device or emergency spillway shall be
provided to dischar a the excess runoff in such a way that no danger of loss of life or facility
failure is created. The size of the outlet device or emergency spillway shall be designed to
pass the 50-year storm as a minimum requirement.
5. Storm drainage shall be designed to maintain the predeveloped runoff rate for the 10 year
storm.
SECTION J. Prohibition of Illegal Discharges and Plan water qualily criteria
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1. Prohibition of Illegal Discharges.
No person shall discharge or cause to be discharged into the municipal storm drain system or
watercourses any materials, including but not limited to pollutants or waters containing any pollutants
that cause or contribute to a violation of applicable water quality standards, other than slam water.
The commencement, conduct or continuance of any illegal discharge to the storm dram system
s prohibited except as described as follows:
a. The following discharges are exempt from discharge prohibitions established by this
ordinance: waterline flushing or otherpotable water sources, landscape irrrr'g ation or
lawn watering, diverted stream flows, rising ground water, ground water infd►ation to
storm drains, uncontaminated pumped ground water, foundation or footiirg drains
(not including active groundwater dewatering systems), crawl space pumps, air
conditioning condensation, springs, non-commercial washing of vehicless� natural
riparian habitat orwet-land flows, swimming pools(if dechlorinated-typicallylessthan
one PPM chlorine), fire fighting activities, and any other water source not containing
Pollutants.
b. Discharges specified in writing by the authorized enforcement agency as being
necessary to protect public health and safety.
C. Dye testingis an allowable discharge, butrequires a verbal notification to the
authorized -enforcement agency prior to the time of the test.
d. The prohibition shall not apply to any non -storm water discharge permitted under an
NPR permit, waiver, or waste dischar a order issued to the discharger and
administered under the authority of the Federal Environmental Protection Agency,
provided that the discharger is in full compliance with all requirements of the permit,
waiver, or order and other applicable laws and regulations, and provided that written
approval has been granted for any discharge to the storm drain system.
2. Prohibition of Illicit Connections.
a. The construction, use, maintenance or continued existence of illicit connections to the
storm drain system is prohibited.
b. This prohibition expressly includes, without limitation, illicit connections made in the
past, regardless of whether the connection was permissible under law or practices
applicable or prevailing at the time of connection.
C. A person is considered to be in violation of this ordinance if the person connects a line
conveying sewage to the MS4, or allows such a connection to continue.
3. Access to Facilities
a. The Town Engineer shall be permitted to enter and inspect facilities subject to
regulation under this ordinance as often as may be necessary to determine
compliance with this ordinance. If a discharger has security measures in force which
require proper identification and clearance before entry into its prem' es, the
discharger shall make the necessary arrangements to allow access to representatives
17

of the authorized enforcement agency.
b. Facility operators shall allow the Town Engine er ready access to all parts of the
premises for the purposes of inspection, sampling, examination and copying of
records that must be kept under the conditions of an NPDES permit to discharge
storm water, and the performance of any additional duties as defined by local, state
and federal law.
C. The Town Engineer shall have the right to set up on any permitted facility such
devices as are necessary in the opinion of the authorized enforcement agency to
conduct monitoring and/or sampling of the facility's storm water discharge. He also
has the right to require the discharger to install monitoring equipment as necessary.
The facility's sampling and monitoring equipment shall be maintained at all times in
a safe and proper operating condition by the dischargger at its own expense. All
devices used to measure stormwater flow and quality shall be calibrated to ensure
their accuracy.
d. Unreasonable delays in allowing the Town Engineer access to a permitted facility is
a violation of a stone water discharge permit and of this ordinance. A person who is
the operator of a facility, with a NPDES permit to discharge storm water associated with
industrial activity commits an offense if the person denies the authorized enforcement
agency reasonable access to the permitted facility for the purpose of conducting any
activity authorized or required by this ordinance.
e. If the Town Engineer has been refused access to any part of the premises from which
stormwater is discharged, and he/she is able to demonstrate probable cause to
believe- that there may be" a violation of this ordinance, or that there is a need to
inspect and/or sample as part of a routine inspection and sampling program designed
to verify compliance with this ordinance or any order issued hereunder, or to protect
the overall public health, safety, and welfare of the community, then the authorized
enforcement. agency may seek issuance of a search warrant from any court of
competent jurisdiction.
4. WATERCOURSE PROTECTION
Every person, owning property through which a watercourse passes, or such person's lessee, shall
keep and maintain that part of the watercourse within the property free of trash, debris, excessive
vegetation, and other obstacles that would pollute, contaminate, or significantly retard the flow of water
through thewatercourse. In addition, the owner or lessee shall maintain existing privately owned
structures within or adjacent to a watercourse, so that such structures will not become a hazard to the
use, function, or physical integrity of the watercourse.
5. NOTIFICATION OF SPILLS
Notwithstanding other requirements of law, as soon as any person responsible for a facility or
operation, or responsible for emergency response for a facility or operation has information of any
known or suspected release of materials which are resulting or may result in illegal discharges or
pollutants discharging into storm water, the storm drain system, or water of the U.S. said person shall
take all necessary steps to ensure the discovery, containment, and cleanup of such release. In the
event of such a release of hazardous materials said person shall immediately notify emergency
response agencies of the occurrence via emergency dispatch services. In the event of a release of
m

non -hazardous materials, said person shall notify the authorized enforcement agency in person or by
phone or facsimile no later than the next business day. Notifications in person or by phoneshall be
confirmed by written notice within three business days of the phone notice. If the discharge of
prohibited materials emanates from a commercial or industrial establishment, the owner oroperator
of such establishment shall also retain an on -site written record of the discharge and the actims taken
to prevent its recurrence. Such records shall be retained for at least three years.
6. ENFORCEMENT
Whenever the Town Engineer finds that a person has violated a prohibition or failed to meet a
requirement of this Ordinance, the Town Engineer may order compliance by written notice ofviolation
to fhe responsible person. Such notice may require without limitation:
a. The performance of monitoring, analyses, and reporting;
b. The elimination of illicit connections or discharges;
C. That violating discharges, practices, or operations shall cease and desist;
d. The abatement or remediation of storm water pollution or contamination hazards and
the restoration of any affected properly; and
e. Payment of a fine to cover administrative and remediation costs; and
f. The implementation of source control or treatment BMPs.
If abatement of a violation and/or restoration of affected property is required, the notice shall set forth
a deadline within which such remediation or restoration must be completed. Said notice shall further
advise that, should the violator fail to remediate or restore within the established deadline, the work
will be done by a designated governmental agency or a contractor and the expense thereof shall be
charged to the violator.
Following are the criteria related to using storm water management facilities for water quality
purposes.
7. Ponds, lakes and reservoirs
a. When ponds are used for water quality protection, the ponds shall be desgned as
both quantity and quality control structures. Sediment storage volume shall be
calculated considering the clean out and maintenance schedules specified by the
desiggner during the land disturbing activity. Sediment storage volumes may be
predicted by the Universal Soil Loss Equation or methods acceptable to the Town
Engineer.
b. The sediment basin shall be designed and constructed to accommodate the
anticipated sediment loading from the land -disturbing activity and meet a removal
efficiency of 85 percent suspended solids. The outfall device or system design shall
Q
19

take into account the total drainage area flowing through the disturbed area draining
to the basin.
C. Other practices may be acceptable to the Town Engineer if they achieve an equivalent
removal efficiency of 85 percent for suspended solids concentrations. The efficiency
shall be calculated for disturbed conditions for the 10-year 24-hour design storm
event.
d. Permanent water quality ponds having a permanent pool shall be designed to store
and release the first 1 inch of runoff no sooner than two days or greater than five
days from the site. Minimum depth shall be seven(7) feet.
8. Infiltration practices
a. Permanent infiltration practices, when used, shall be designed to accept, at a
minimum, the first inch of runoff from all impervious areas.
b. Areas draining to infiltration practices must be established and vegetative filters
established nor to runoff entering the system. Infiltration practices shall not be used
if a suspended solids filter system does not accompany the practice. If vegetation is
the intended filter, there shall be at least a 20 foot width of vegetative filter prior to
storm water runoff entering the infiltration practice.
C. The bottom of the infiltration practice shall be at least 2.0 feet above the seasonal
high water table, whether perched. or regional determined by direct piezometer
measurements which: -can be demonstrated to be representative of the maximum
height of the water table on an annual basis during years of normal precipitation, or
by the depth in the soil at which mottling first occurs.
d. The infiltration practice shall be designed to completely drain of water within 72 hours.
9. Soils must have adequate permeability to allow water to infiltrate. Infiltration practices are
limited to soils having an infiltration rate of at least 0.52 inches per hour. Initial consideration
will be based on a review of the appropriate soil survey, and the survey may serve as a basis
for refection. On -site soil borings and textural classifications must be accomplished to verify the
actual site and seasonal high water table conditions when infiltration is to be utilized.
10. The design.of infiltration practice shall provide an overflow syystem with measures to provide
a non -erosive velocity of flow along its length and at the outfall.
11. The slope of the bottom of the infiltration practice shall not exceed five percent. Also, the
practice shall not be installed in fill material as piping along the fill/natural ground interface
may cause slope failure.
SECTION K. Professional registration requirements
Storm water concept and storm water management plans and design reports that are incidental to the
overall or ongoing site design shall be prepared, certified, and stamped/sealed by a qualified
20

registered Professional Engineer, Land Surveyor or Landscape Architect, using acceptable engineering
standards and practices. All other Storm water concept and storm water management plans ail design
reports shall be prepared, certified, and stamped/sealed by a qualified registered Prafessional
Engineer, using acceptable engineering standards and practices.
The engineer, surveyor, or landscape architect shall. perform services only in areas of his/her com-
petence, and shall undertake to perform engineering .or land surveying assignments only when
qualified by education* and/or experience in the specific technical field. In addition, the engineer,
surveyor, or landscape architect must verify that the plans have been designed in accordancewith this
ordinance and the standards and criteria stated or referred to in this ordinance.
ARTICLE III. OWNERSHIP AND Town PARTICIPATION
SECTION A. Ownership of storm water management facilities
1. All storm water management facilities shall be privately owned and maintained unlessthe Town
accepts the facility for Town ownership and maintenance. The owner of all private facilities
shall grant to the Town, a perpetual, non-exclusive easement which allows for public inspection
and emergency repair.
2. All storm water management measures relying on designated vegetated areas or special site
features shall be privately owned and maintained as defined on the storm water management
plan.
SECTION B. Town participation (�
When the Town Engineer determines that additional storage capacity beyond that required by the �✓
applicant for on -site storm water management is necessary in order to enhance or provide for the
public health, safety and general welfare to correct unacceptable or undesirable existing conditions
or to provide protection in a more desirable fashion for future development, the Town Engineer may:
a. require that the applicant grant any necessary easements over, through or under the
applicant's property to provide access to or drainage for such a facility;
b. require that the applicant attempt to obtain from the owners of property over,through
or under where the storm water management facility is to be located, any easements
necessary for the construction and maintenance of same (and failing the obtaining of
such easement the Town may, at its option, assist in such matter by purchase,
condemnation dedication or otherwise, and subject to (c) below, with any cost
incurred thereby to be paid by the Town); and/or
C. participate financially in the construction of such facility to the extent that such facility
exceeds the required on -site storm water management as determined by the Town
Engineer.
To implement this provision both the Town and developer must be in agreement with the proposed
facility that includes the additional storage capacity and jointly develop a cost sharing plan which is
agreeable to all parties.
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ARTICLE IV. MAINTENANCE, CONSTRUCTION AND INSPECTION
Section A. Maintenance
1. Any storm water discharge control, facility which services a single lot or commercial and
industrial developments shall be privately owned and maintaired; provided, however, the
owner thereof shall.grant:to the..Town, a perpetual, non-exclusive easement which allows for
public inspection and emergency repair, in accordance with the terms of the maintenance
agreement set forth in Article IV, Section B, below.
2. All regional storm water discharge control facilities, identified on Town storm water discharge
control master plans, shall be publicly owned and/or maintained.
3. All other storm water discharge control facilities shall be publicly owned and/or maintained only
if accepted for maintenance by the Town.
4. Private maintenance requirements shall be a part of the deed to the affected property.
Section B. Maintenance agreement (privately owned facilities onlyl
1. A proposed inspection and maintenance agreement shall be submitted to the Town Engineer
for all private on -site storm water discharge control facilities prior to the approval of the storm
water management plan. Such agreement shall be in form and content acceptable to the Town
Engineer and shall be the responsibility of the private owner. Such agreement shall provide for
access to the facility by virtue of a non-exclusive perpetual easement in favor of the Town at
reasonable times for regular inspection by the Town Engineer. The agreement will identify who
will have the maintenance responsibility.
a. A description of the property on which the storm water management facility is located
and all easements from the site to the facility;
b. Size and configuration of the facility;
C. A statement that properties which will be served by the facility are granted rights to
construct, use, reconstruct, repair, maintain, access to the facility;
d. A statement that each lot served by the facility is responsible for repairs and
maintenance of the facility and any unpaid ad valorem taxes, public assessments for
improvements and unsafe building and public nuisance abatement liens charged
against the facility, including all interest"charges together with attorney fees, cost and
expenses of collection. If an association is delegated these responsibilities, then
membership into the association shall be mandatory for each parcel served by the
22

facility and any successive buyer, the association shall have the power to levy
assessments for these obligations, and that all unpaid assessments levied by the
association shall become a lien on the individual parcel; and
e. A statement that no amendments to the agreement will become effective unless
approved by the Town.
2. The agreement shall provide that preventive maintenance inspections of storm water manage-
ment facilities may be made by the Town Engineer, at his option. Without limiting the generality
of the foregoing, the Town Engineer's inspection schedule may include an inspection during
the first year of operation and once every year thereafter, and after major storm events (i.e.,
5- or 10-year floods).
3. Inspection reports shall be maintained by the Town Engineer.
4. The agreement shall provide that if, after an inspection, the condition of a facility presents an
immediate danger to the public health, safety or general welfare because of unsafe conditions
or improper maintenance, the Town shall have the right, but not the duty, to take such action
as may be necessary to protect the public and make the facility safe. Any cost incurred by the
Town shall be paid by the owner.
5. The agreement shall be recorded by the owner in the Register of Deeds prior to the final
inspection and approval.
6. The agreement shall provide that the Town Engineer shall notify the owner(s) of the facility of
any violation, deficiency or failure to comply with this Ordinance. The agreement shall also
provide that upon a failure to correct violations requiring maintenance work, within ten (10)
days after notice thereof, the Town Engineer may provide for all necessary work to place the
facility in proper working condition. The owner(s) of the facility shall be assessed the costs of
the work performed by the Town Engineer pursuant to this subsection and subsection 4 above
and there shall be a lien on all property of the owner which property utilizes or will utilize such
facility in achieving discharge control, which lien, when filed in the Register of Deeds, shall have
the same status and priority as liens for ad valorem taxes. Should such a lien be filed, portions
of the affected property may be released by the Town following the payments by the owner of
such owner's pro-rata share of the lien amount based upon the acreage to be released with
such release amount to be determined by the Town Engineer, in his reasonable discretion.
7. The Town Engineer, at his sole discretion, may accept the certification of a registered engineer
in lieu of any inspection required by this Ordinance. 0
23

Section C. Construction and inspection
1. Prior to the approval of the storm water management plan, the applicant shall submit a
proposed staged construction and inspection control schedule. This plan shall indicate a phase.
line for approval; otherwise the construction and inspection control schedule will be for the
entire drainage system.
2. No stage work, related to the construction of storm water management facilities, shall proceed
until the next preceding stage of work, according to the sequence specified in the approved
staged construction and inspection control schedule, is inspected and approved.
3. Any portion of the work which does not comply with the storm water management plan shall
be promptly corrected by the permittee.
4. The permittee shall notify the Town Engineer before commencing any work to implement the
storm water management plan -and upon completion of the work.
5. The permittee shall provide an "as -built" plan certified by a registered professional (as outlined.
in Article II, Section K) Jo be submitted upon_ completing of the storm water management
facilities included in the storm water management plan. The registered professional shall certify
that:
a. the facilities have been constructed as shown on the "as -built" plan, and
b. the facilities meet the approved storm water management plan and specifications or
achieves the function for which they were designed.
6. A final inspection shall be conducted by the Town Engineer upon completion of the work
included in the approved storm water management plan to determine if the completed work
is constructed in accordance with the plan.
7. The Town Engineer shall maintain a file of inspection reports and provide copies of all
inspection reports to the permittee that include the following.
a. The date and location of the site inspection.
b. Whether the approved plan has been properly implemented.
24

C. Any approved plan deficiencies and any actions taken.
8. The Town Engineer will notify the person responsible for the land disturbing activity in
writing when violations are observed describing the following.
a. Nature of the violation.
b. Required corrective actions.
C. The time period for violation correction.
ARTICLE V. MISCELLANEOUS PROVISIONS
SECTION A. Variances from requirements
1.Appeals, variances, and interpretations shall be conducted in accordance with the applicable
sections of the Town's current regulations .
SECTION B. Penalties and Violations
101
1. Violations and Penalties shall be processed according to the appropriate sections of the
Town's current regulations .
SECTION C. Grandfather clause
Any applicant or owner of a parcel of land within the jurisdiction of the Town who has constructed the
required storm water management facility or who is in the process of meeting the storm water
mana ement requirements of the law at the time of the effective date of this Ordinance may elect to
applylo the Town Engineer for reconsideration under the provisions of this ordinance.
SECTION D. Conflict with other laws
Whenever the provisions of this ordinance impose more restrictive standards than are required in or
under any other ordinance, the regulations herein contained shall prevail. Whenever the provisions
of any other ordinance require more restrictive standards than are required herein, the requirements
of such shall prevail.
25

SECTION E. Severabilijy
If any term, requirement or provision of this Ordinance or the application thereof to any person or
circumstance shall, to any extent, be invalid or unenforceable, the remainder of this Ordinance or the
applicationof such terms, requirements and provisions to persons or circumstances other than those
i to which it s held invalid or unenforceable, shall not be affected thereby and each term, requirement
or provision of this Ordinance shall be valid and be enforced to the fullest extent permitted by law.
SECTION F. Amendments
This ordinance may be amended in the manner as prescribed by law for its original adoption..
SECTION G. Liability
Neither the approval of a plan under the provisions of this ordinance nor the compliance with the
provisions of this ordinance shall relieve any person from the responsibility for damage to any person
or property otherwise imposed by law nor sFiall it impose any liability upon fhe Town for damage to any
person or property.
SECTION H. Effective date
The'Ordi'nance shall be effective on
OTI

� Preliminary
Existing Facilities For
Stormwater Management Plan
Town of Hertford
Perquimans County, North Carolina
Me
Legend for Map Sheets 1-12
EXIST. STORM DRAIN W/ SIZE, MATERIAL,
AND ARROW INDICATING FLOW DIRECTION
.-
CMP= CORRUGATED METAL PIPE
-75-Tca—
CP= CONCRETE PIPE
TCP= TERRA COTTA PIPE
ASS= PLASTIC PIPE
PVC= PLASTIC PIPE
CB i
INLET STRUCTURE (CATCH BASIN OR DROP INLET)
a
NOTE: FOR CLARITY ON THE DRAWING, NO TEXT IS
SHOWN FOR CATCH BASINS / DROP INLETS
oL
ANY OTHER TYPES OF STRUCTURES ARE LABELED
SUCH AS JUNCTION BOX (JB) OR MANHOLE (MH)
SHORT DASHED LINES DENOTE PIPELINES NOT
Hou
FOUND DURING FIELD SURVEY. LINE DRAWN IN
THE MOST LIKELY LOCATION.
•'�'�'•'•"""" ""•
HERTFORD TOWN LIMITS
ETJ LINE
®
INDICATES STORMWA:TER
MANAGEMENTISSUES
DESIGNED
DRAWN
CHECKED
A&DOWELL & ASSOCIATES, P.A.
WPM
DAB/KML
WPM
AP
I ErrGpvEERs SWrvfrCRS
CAD NO.
DATE
SCALE
5-31-02
1' = 2500'±
P. 0. Box 391
1715 OEEKSMLU RD. -
tLZABEM CRY, NCRTH CAR"A
PROJ. NO.
FILE NO.
SHEET
E1583
Cover
[phone]
Elf
Ael
�•' , Map .Index "' }
Scale ?" = 2500` r
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17YP. DRAINAGEt� fi *rru E T.J. Line
r BASIN REFERENCE 11 a � •
r Date of Aerial PhotographVi, 10-23-00
The preparation of this map was nonced in port
through a grant provided by the Nth Carolina Coastal
Management Program, through fund provided by the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 19 2, as amended,
Cover Sheet which l administered by the Nat of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management,Notional Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.

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n- The preparation of this map was financed in part - �GRAPHIC SCALE
through ❑ grant provided by the North Cara6na Coostat
Management Program, through funds provided by the -ir�� - - 400• 01 200' 400
E. T.J_ Line _ - _ Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. as amended, ��.c
which is administered by the office of Ocean and
. - - - - - Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration. 1 inch = 400' ft.
Map No. 12
Preliminary
Existing Facilities For
Stormwater Management Plan
Town of Hertford
Perquimans County, North Carolina
DESIGNED DRAWN CHECKED
WPM DAB/KML WPM a MCDOWEIL & ASSOCIATES, PAL
CAD NO. DATE SCALE - slAzvEroRs
------ 5-31-02 t' = 400' P. o eox 391
1T5 NfD(Svkl£ RA
PROJ. NO. FILE NO. SHEET ELZAI$TH aT . NORTH CAR"A
E7583 72 of 72 (919)3M-116t

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GRAPHIC SCALE ,
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Preliminary
Existing Facilities For
Stormwater Management Plan
Town of Hertford
Perquimans County, North Carolina
DESIGNED DRAWN CHECKED m
WPM DAB/KML WPM ll McDOWELL k ASSOCIATES. P.A.
CAD N0. DATE SCALE Box a7s �Ryrral+s
------ 391
5-31-02 �" = 400' P. o.
1715 WE.'El(SlWL
LE RD.
PROJ. NO. FILE NO. SHEET euz+eETN OTr. NORTH awouNA
E1583 — — — — — — 9 of 12 [phone]
Map No. 9
Map Index 1,
m='E
.
mmm
The preparation of this map was financed in part '
through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal
Management Program. through funds provided by the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. as amended.
which Is administered by the office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management. National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.

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The preparation of this mop was financed in part
through o grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal
Management Program, through funds provided by the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. as amended.
which is administered by the office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management. Notional Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
GRAPHIC SCALE
400' 0' 200' 400'
1 inch = 400' ft_
Map in
:7
o.o
ao0
Map No. 6 11
Preliminary
Existing Facilities For
Stormwater Management Plan
Town of Hertford
Perquimans County, North Carolina
DESIGNED DRAVIN CHECKED
WPM DAB/KML µpit Ps NcDOWELL & ASSOCIATES, P.A.
FNGWER5 - SURVEYORS
CAD NO. DATE SCALE
- - - - - - 5-37-02 1" = 400' P. o. BM 391
/]15 NEEKSITLLE RD.
PROJ. NO. FILE NO. SHEET EUZABETH Cl Y, IWW1 CAROURA
E1583 - - - - - - 6 of 12 (919)3M-4161

24-TCP
�►C, ' !
18"TCP EJ
�12
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Water
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PCe Ge �6 " ��i15 CMP -
c.
CfI
7 co
Hertford 1N 40
C,Grammar
12" RCP 12" TCP 15" CMP T
i5" RCP *15" RCP
15" RCP
F , 10 U p
O a. - Oe
O i esr
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5" CMP 12" CP +
` /
Map Index :,QQ� moo+°� 1 i
ME;
M®
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10" ...18" \18" RCP .,
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GRAPHIC SCALE 36" RCP
�� 15" RCP ` DBL.R�
400, Q' 200' 400'
1 inch - 400' ft.
Map No. 5 , !`
Preliminary
Existing Facilities For
Stormwater Management Plan
Town of Hertford
Perquimans County, North Carolina
DESIGNED DRANK CHECKED
yypM DAB/KML I WPM & MCOOWELL & ASSOCIATES, P.A.
EN(9NS fRS . amvEmas
CAD NO. DATE SCALE
------ 5-31-02 1" = 400'
PROJ. NO. FILE NO. SHEET
E1583-------- 5 of 12
P. 0. BOX 391
1715 MEEKSWLIE RV.
ELQi BM Crry NORTH CAROINA
[phone]
Perquimans
0:
River _ � 1
15" TCP OUTLET
•_ - -
PUNCH a
�GQ 12rt 15..
ti ALLEY 2" TCP, -
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15"RCi
10" CMP
f- a 12" RCP
X2114"
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ABS w a. PDEPTE r
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JB INSIDE
~
12" RCP ri>•ZRCP
GRNHOUSE
aT
`
Hertford -
C3 _
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18 0 - HALL
75" MH I
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EXPOSED-
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18" CP
DOBB
CL
ST �`;oE
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r OUTLET THRU
KING ST_
~---i f WOOD BULKHEAD
78" RCP
� 18' RCP f
`
`CB(s) FULL OF 5"CMP - - -
END OF PIPE -I WATER -
BURIED
L
SWAMPY
\ j
AREAZOP
INS
✓
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USG
Perquimans
CO-
Cedarwood
24"RCP
River
Perquimans
`RCP Cemetery
�r
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to
12 RC -
a mar'°
15" RCP � '�`
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36"RCP 15"CMP
18"RCP \18"RCP
!•► `36" RCP
15" RCP t } Uf°�
a. _....
CP
_
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through by the North Carolina Coastal
Ln
T
a grant provided
Management Program, through funds provided by the
0
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, -
a = a which is administered by the office of Ocean and
U 5 l� Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Ga.
X _ +U Atmospheric Adm nistration-
-
� �_ •�� fir. .

•
o
10
Map No. 4
Preliminary
Existing Facilities For
Stormwater Management Plan
Town of Hertford
Perquimans County, !North Carolina
DESIGNED DRAWN CHECKED
WPM DAB/KML WPM 11 le MCDOWELL & ASSOCIATES, P.A.
EN(iNEMS - SURVEYORS
CAD NO. DATE SCALE
- - - - - -
5-31-02 1- = 400' P. a Box 391
M5 x 2XSVI r RD.
PROJ. NO, FILE NO. SHEET r OT . NINTH CAROMA
El 583 - - - - - - 4 of 12 :919J33B-<t6f
The preparation of this map was financed in part GRAPHIC SCALE
through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal
Management Program, through funds provided by the [F00' 0. 200' 400' - •` 7!"
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972. as amended. "»-- -
which is administered by the office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management. National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration. 1 inch=400"n.
y tip _ 3

♦
♦ O�
The preparation of this mop was financed in part
GRAPHIC SCALE
♦ �� - - -
through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal
Management Program, through funds by the
400' 200'
provided
0' 400'
'
.
♦ -
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended,
ce
which is administered by the offof Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and
♦ I�y� - -
Atmospheric Administration.
1 inch = 400' ft.
Miller & Meads
Mobile Park ♦
N '
Preliminary
Existing Facilities For
Stormwater Management Plan
Town of Hertford
L Perquimans County, North Carolina
❑ESONED DRAWN CHECKED
WPM DAB/KML WPM (aAkDOWELL d' ASSOCIATES, P.A.
CAD NO. DATE SCALE f1n SORv[r0R5
- - - - - - 5-31-02 1" = 400' P. 0. Bar 391
M5 YAZK5V JX RD.
PROJ. NO. FILE NO- SHEET EJLIBER On. ROR1H CARmma
ET 583 ------ 3 of 12 (919)338-41e1
Map No. 3 J�c�
R a•.
��..
>*4F
0 Town of Hertford
Sewage
Treatment Plantrz
/ ;
CIO
JF
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2
I 4
1
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/ 10 1
le,1
le,
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♦' ♦ 5 R��`. %� ♦ �' ♦ River
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10" PVC INTO
! iQ 1 ' i _ ' >• i + +� RIVER
j� 48" RCP,
CL
SWAMP 15" RCP'
' o�P}-,,4F 15"McCRANEY �j ■
36 i 0 cA
IF
1
_' = �17"PVC: � ��P-
Map Index

SR 1110
f
■
_
The preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal
Management Program, through funds provided by the
Coastal Zone Man ogement Act of 1972. as amended,
which is administered by the office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management. National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
CEIV7-ER HILL HVVy
Map No. 2
O 4r
30"RCP
0�
Map Index
C,
2
3
♦
s
4
5
6
' O,V
7
8
9
40
10
11
12
♦ `
R
♦
�e Miller & Meads
12"CPP
♦.'
ram=
36°/* Mobile Park `
y I'
9
/* j
FOR
SR 1110
t, � -
♦
1 fir'
aft
♦
♦
71'0
"its
, ,�
♦
i�
IF
♦ �'
�G
5
♦
Preliminary
Existing Facilities For
Stormwater Management Plan
Town of Hertford
Perquimans County, North Carolina
DESIGNED DRAWN CHECKED
WPM DAB/KML WFM ate McDOWEL- i ASSOCIATES. P.A.
CAD NO- DATE SCALE ENa?YEfS A/RVEYORS
------ 5-31-02 1" = 400' P. a Box 391
1T5 KEKA4LE RD.
PROJ. NO. FILE NO. SHEET EUZABEIN CnY. NORTH CARCMA
E1583 — — — — — — 2 of 12 (919)3-' -na1
bk
O�
hh
5�
` Ditch
GRAPHIC SCALE
400' 0' 200' 400'
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NPDES Phase II Stormwater Program Desciption
Page 1 of 2
STORMWATER AND GENERAL. PERMMS. UNrr
NPDES PHASIC 11
STORMWATER PROGRAM
UPDATE: 0413012002
At the April 11, 2002 meeting of the Environmental Management Commission (EMC), the Commission. members voted to send draft Rule
language, for implementing the NPDES Phase II program in North Carolina, to public notice and public hearing. Click HERE to download the
text of the Subject Matter Notice, which is scheduled to be published in the State Register on May 15, 2002.
NOTE: Subject Matter Notice document updated 05/09/02 to correct typographical errors, references and Incorporate public hearing
information
The public hearings are scheduled for June 2002 as follows:
Date
City
Location
Time
06/18/02
Kemersville
Municipal Council Chambers
7:OOPM
O6/20102
Smithfield
Wilson Lecture Hail, Johnston County CC
7:OOPM
06/24102
Asheville
AB Tech Auditorium, Asheville -Buncombe Technical CC
7:OOPM
06/25/02
Washington
Washington Civic Center
7:0013M
IL 06127/02
Wilmington
Municipal Council Chambers
7:OOPM
Links to maps and/or directions to each hearing location
Kemersville
M3R
Smithfield
http-//www.johnston.cc.nc.usAocationsLIocations.htm
Asheville
httl2-/Iwww.asheville.cc.nc.us/Securibddirections.htm
Washington
htti3://www.ci.washington.nc.us/civicmap.htm
Wilmington
httn://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/su/NPDES Phase II Stormwater Proffam Temn Rule 043002.h... 6/3/2009.

Proposed Action: At the April 11, 2002 meeting of the Environmental Management
Commission (EMC), the Commission members voted to send draft rule language, for
implementing the NPDES Phase II program in North Carolina, to publid notice and public
hearing. In addition,. the Commission voted to publish a list of outstand 'ng issues (see Append x-
1) related to the rule language and NPDES Phase Himplementation. Tile Commission is seeking
public comments specifically on the listed issues and ways to resolve th se issues. The
Commission is also seeking comments on the draft rule language in ge ral, but would like
specific comments on Item 10 of the line language.
Item 10 was developed to address a unique situation that exists, with re pect to the NPDES
Phase II program implementation, in the state of North Carolina. North( Carolina is one of the
few states in which roads and associated drainage ways are owned and $perated by the state's
Department of Transportation in the unincorporated areas of counties. The federal NPDES
Phase.II rules were written with the expectation and intent that counties would implement the
NPDES Phase II program in their jurisdictional areas. The expectation Yas based on the
statutory authorities for land use decisions residing with counties: The nderlying assumption
being that the ownership of roads and drainage systems was directly Iin zed to these land use
authorities: Furthermore, the federal regulation requires permits for ow er/operators of the storm
sewer systems. In North Carolina, the counties do not own the loads or the associated drainage
ways. The end result is a gap in NPDES Phase II program coverage in - e densely populated
unincorporated areas of the state. To address this issue, the EMC requ4sted the language in Item
10 be developed. It is presented here for discussion purposes, to reques}j comment, and to note to
the. public that the EMC intends to address this issue.
Public Hearing: Public hearings will be held across the state in the mo th of June. EMC
ak
members will serve as hearing officers. Anyone wishing to-speat th hearings is requested to
provide a written copy of their oral comments at the time of the hearing The hearing are
scheduled to be held in the following cities:
i
• Asheville
• Kernersville
• Smithfield
• Washington
• Wilmington
The time and location of each meeting has not been finalized at this tim . This information will
be posted on the Division of Water Quality Stormwater and General Pei mits Unit web site (
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/su/stormwater.btml ) once the times and locations have been confirmed.
'Misinformation will. also be available by calling 919-733-5083, Ext. Z 3.
Me

1 15A NCAC 2II.0126 is amended as a draft proposed rule as follows:
2
3 .0126 Stormwater Discharges-
4 Permits for stormwater discharges to surface waters shall be issued in accordance
5 Environmental Protection Agency regulations 40 CFR 12241 and M 122.21,
6 122.3'1 which are hereby incorporated by reference including any subsequent tune:
7 publication are available from the Government Institutes, Inc.4 Research Place, S
8 1714 fora cost of sip siz -nine dollars ($36 M ($69.00) each plus €eufsix
9 and handling. Copies are also available at the Division of
10 Building, 512 N. Salisbury Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27604. These federal i
11 the world wide web at httnJ/www.gpo.gov/narn/cfrrmdex.html
12 (1) For the purpose of this Rule, these terms shall be defined as follows:
13 (a) Department means the North Carolina Poartment of Environment a
14 (b) Municipal separate storm sewer system (MS4) pursuant to 40 CFR 1
15 or system of conveyances (including roads with drainage systems. m.
16 curbs. Butters. ditches. manmade chatmels. or storht drains):
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23 (H) Designed or used for collecting or conveying stormwater.
24 I,iii) Which is not a combined sewer and
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these Rules and UnitedStates
ents. Copies of this
200, Rockville, MD 20160-
ars E$4.003 6.00 shipling
6, Water Ouality. Arcbdde
EO
fly) Which is not part of a Publicly Owned Treatment Works MOM as
defined at 40 CFR 1222
(c) Permitted by Rule means an entity is considered permitted pursuant to q.S.
143-215.1 and subject to
iudicial review Rursuant G.S. 143-2155. It shall not be necessary for thh
Department to issue serrate
is rovided such entities coMLJY with Sub -Item 6 iiof this Rule.
Such entities shall be
subject to enforcement remedies pursuant to G.S. 143-215.6 143 215.
and 143-215.6C.
d Population Density means the Mpulation of an area divided by the area's
geogmphical measure in
square miles, equal topersons per square mile. For the purposes of this
jefinition, the populationshall
a
equal the sum of the pci anent and seasonal populations, or be calculator-&m
n measure of housing
33 unit density. .
34 a Pre -development dischar a rate means the actual or calculated stormwa,
35 'the one year 24 hour design storm for a project area prior to initiating a
36 the new development.
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discharges to waters of the State or to an interconnected MS4.
(g)Redevelopment means any rebuilding activity other than a rebuilding adiivi_ty that
fi) results in no net increase in built -upon area, and i
ii rovides pgual or geater stormwater control than the Rrevious deve o ment
(h) Significant contributor of pollutants means an MS4 or a discharge that, ;
on the quality and uses of that water body; or that
11SCS ill WG WMC;Lb�blUlll Ilr. UCICIIUIIIGU U DUMIt tV 1Jt11\l./'1l. LD .UL1ULLL ill1U 1JH lYl.lil., LD
.0300.
(i) Small municipal -separate storm sewer system "small MS4" pursuant to 40 CFR 122.26(b)(16) means
of UU51Culu.
(a) Federal desi ng ation.
as determined by the most recent Decennial Census l
under a NPDES permit for stormwater management.
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(b) State designation process.
The department shall identify additional public bodies that have the potential
to discharge stormvater
resulting in ezceedarices of water quality standards, including-jtpainne
t of designated uses, orother
significant water nuality impacts, including adverse habitat and biologic
impacts. Asa first stef the
public bodies shall be identified based on the categories listed at Sub -Item
(i) of this Rule. Oncea
ublic body has been identified the desi ation of that body, sM two as
subject to the iremtnt to
apply for permit coveiage will be made based on the criteria -at Sub-Ite
(ii) of this Rule. '
ation.
by the most scent
0). *StM One: Identification of Public Bodies Rgtentiall subject tore
(A) Municipality. A municipality, outside of an urbanized area as determined
Ikcermial Census by the Bureau of the Census, will be identi6Jd
as a potential regulateJMS4
(I) the population is greater than 10,000 and,
pursnant to U.S. 105-129.3.
been designated under Mother categgoH. .
the following criteria:
waters, including:
(1) waters classified as high quality, outstanding resource, sheksh, trout or nutrient
sensitive waters in accordance with 15A NCAC 2B .0101(�
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(ID waters which have been identified as providing habitat for federally -listed aquatic animal
Act. 16 U.S.C. 1531-1544; or-.
the requirements of 33 U.S.C. 1313(d): and
(B) Has exhibited high g owth or growth potential, wbere ;
(I)' higb growth shall be defined as a 10 year rate of gowth e: ceeding 1.3 times the state
Qopulation growth rate for that same period or a 10 Year rat of growth which exceeds
fifteen percent (15%):
previous 10 years:
(C) Whether the public body discharges are, or have the potenti ltbe. a sirtnificant contributor
of pollutants to waters of the United States.
under the following guidelines.
;.
(a) The dgpartttient-will implement the designation'process in accordance with the department schedule
for Basinwide Plans starting January Ol. 2004.
through basinwide planninge_ fforts.
in Sub -Item (3)(b) of this Rule.
fL.- an rl.,.... ;n I, „r.,.,;rts..i . I
designation for each of the listed public bodies.

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the Department
(4) Petitions
(a) -In accordance with 40 CFR 122.26(f),
(i) Any operator of a MS4 may petition the -department to require a sMhmte NPDES stormwater
permit for any discharge into the MS4, and
coverage must meet the following requirements: .
(i) Petitions must be submitted on department approved forms.
(ii) A separate petition must be filed. for each petitioned entit&
entity based on the following standards:
imnairm-nt_
discharges subject to the petition.
literature to suppgrt the sampling methods.
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(v) Ile Mfitioner must certify that a copy of the petition and any subsequent additional information
submitted by the petitioner has been provided to the chief adminish live officer of the petitioned
entity within 48 hours of submitting said petition and. additional'in�rmation to the department.
NO Petitions must include the following to be eligible for considerationi
(A) Completed set of petition form(s);
information on land uses in the drainage area and the characteristics of stormwater runoff
from these land uses:
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(,C) Documentation of receiving waters impairment or degradation:;
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(D) A man delineating the drainage area of the petitioned entity, the location of sampling stations,
the location of the stormwater outfalls in the adjacent area of the sampling locations and
general features such as, surface waters,•tnajor roads and pplitijal boundaries to appropriately
4
locate the area of concern for the reviewers: and
(E) Certification of petitioned entity notification.
(vii) On a case by case basis the department may request additional infolrmation necessary to evaluate
the petition. '
(c) Petition Administration. All petitions received by ihe_demrnnent-will bi processed under the
following guidelines:
department does not notify the petitioner of receipt within 90 days. I
(ii) Substantially incomplete petitions will be returned to the petitioner with guidance on what is
needed to complete the petition package.
(iii) Pursuant to 40 CFR 122.26(fl(5). the deparment must make a final hetermination on any petition
within 180 days of receipt. The 180-day Rgdod betdns upon receiptfof a complete petition
application • The department will draft the designation decision pursuant to the applicable
designation criteria from Sub -Item (2)(b)(u) of this Rule,
•days ;
interest in bolding'such hearing. The hearing date will be no less thhn 15 days from the receipt of
the request for public hearing. '
pending a final determination on the original petition.
(A) If the department designates the petitioned entity, any new petitions placed on administrative
designated, 'new petitions for•the Previously petitioned entity mirst present new information or
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1 demonstrate that cohditions have changed substantially in order to be considered If new
2 information is not provided, the petition shall be returned as substantially incomplete.
3 (viii) If the final determination is that the petitioned entity shall be desigmated then the department
4 will notify the petitioned entity of its designation and will require a NMES stormwater pert
5 application. The application shall be required to be submitted no lafer than 18 months from tie
6 date of notification.
7 (5) Application schedule. Designated public bodies must submit applications on •department approved forms
8 and shall provide program descriptions for the minimum measures identifiedin Item (6) of this Rule
9 (a) The application deadline will not be less than 18 months from the date of designation notification.
10 except for.
11 (i) 1990 Decennial Census federally designated small MS4s, which must apply by March 10 2003
12 GO 1990 Decennial Census federally designated counties, which must apply by March 10 2003
13 (iii) Municipally operated industrial activities, which must apply by March 10 2003
14 (b) Smalf MS4's and counties that are federally designated based upon the t00 Decennial Census ora
15 future decennial census, must apply'for permit coverage with in 18 moAs of the designation
16 publication.
17 (6) Stormwater Management Requirements
18 (a) All designated public -bodies subject to this Rule shall develop implemept and enforce a stormwater
19 management plan approved by the department in accordance with Sub-Ikms (6)(b)-(6)(g) of this Rule
20 The plan shall be designed to reduce discharge of pollutants _from MS4s io the -maximum extent
21 practicable and. except as otherwise proviall ded, shinclude but not be limited to the following
22 minimum measures: -
23 (i) A public education and outreach program on the impacts of stormwater discharges on water bodies
24 to infonai citizens of how to reduce pollutants in stormwater runoff.IIM6 public body may satisfy
25 thi6mQuirement by developing a local education and outreach prog(am: by participating in a -
26 statewide education and outreach program coordinated by the department; or a combination of
27 those approaches.
28 (ii) A public involvement and participation program consistent with all applicable state and local
29 requirements.
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(iii) A program to detect and eliminate illicit discharges within the MS4; The program shall include a
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storm sewer system mapping component which at a minimum identifies stormwater outfalls and
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the names and location of all waters within the jurisdiction of the public body.
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(iv) A program to reduce pollutants in any stormwater runoff to the MS4 from construction activities
resulting in a land disturbance of heater than or equal to one acre. Implementation and
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enforcement of the Sedimentation Pollution Control Act. G.S. 113AI-50 et seq., by either the
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Dgpartrnent or through a local program developed pursuant to G.S: 13A-54(b). in conjunction
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with the states NPDES permit for construction activities, may be used to meet this minimum
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measure either in whole or in part.
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(v) A program to address post -construction stormwater runoff from new development and
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redevelUment projects that cumulatively disturb greater than or Mial to one acre, including
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projects less than one acre that are part of a larger common plan of Oevelopment or sale, that
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discharge -into the MS4•or into. an interconnected MS4, pursuant to Item (9) of this Rule..
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(vi) A pollution prevention/good housekeeping program for municipal operations that addresses
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gyration and maintenance, including a training component, to prey6t or reduce pollutant runoff
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from those operations. ;
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(b) Counties designated pursuant to 40 CFR 122.32 and counties designated) pursuant to this Rule, shall:
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(l Apply for a permit to implement the six minimum measures*througfiout the county's
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unincorporated jurisdictional area: or
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60 Submit an application, indicating they will:
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(A) adopt ordinance(s) and implement programs addressing host -construction stormwater runoff
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throughout the entire county's unincorporated iurisdictional areas, pursuant to Item (9) of this
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Rule, to be permitted by -rule: and
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(B) institute the pollution prevention/ good housekeeping measure. pursuant to Sub -Item
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(6)(a)vr1 of. this Rule, in accordance with a separate NPDES permit for municipal operations.
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If the county selects this option -the State•will implement the remaining four minimum measure
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requirements throughout the entire county's unincorporated jurisdictional area through existing
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programs and NPDES stormwater permits to the"extent allowed under those programs and
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permits• or
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(iii) Apply for permit coverage only for their small MS4's.' If a county selects this option, the county
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shall implement the six minimum measures within the scope of the ounty's small MS46). If the
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county selects this option, the State will implement the six minimum measures throw out the
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county's unincorporated jurisdictional area through existing prog[4s and NPDES stormwater
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permits as set forth in Item 10 of this'Rule.
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(c) Municipalities designated pursuant to 40 CFR 122.32 or designated pursuant to the criteria set out in
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Sub -Item (2)(b) of this Rule shall apply for a permit to implement the sii minimum measures
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throughout the municipality's iurisdictional area.
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(d) MS4's designated as "Other MS4's" pursuant to the criteria set out in Syb-Item (2)(b) of this Rule
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shall apply for a permit to, at a minimum. implement the pollution prev_*t on/good housekeeping
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measure throughout the -MS4's jurisdictional area. Other minimum measures may be assigned ona
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case by case basis. '
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(e) All public bodies desi ang ted by Mtition shall meet the requirements set put in Sub -Items (6)(b). (6)(c)
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or (6)(d) of this Rule as applicable.
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1 (f) All public bodies designated by TMDL.pursuant to the criteria•set out iniSub-Item (2)(b) of this Itule
2 shall meet the requirements as set out in Sub -Items (6)(b)(6)(c) or (6)(0) of this Rule as_pplicaNe
3 including, but not limited to additional requirements associated with the TMDL
4 (it) The Department may allow designated public bodies to use existing statd and local programs to neet
5 the required permit minimum measures either in whole or in part
6 (7) Waiver. The department may waive the requirements set out in Item (6) of this Rule pursuant to 40 ffR
7 12232(d) or 40 CFR 122.32(e).
8 (8) Implementation Schedule.
9 (a) Designated public bodies, other than counties, pursuant to Item (2) of this Rule, shall have permit-
10 conditions that establish schedules for implementation of each commeit of the stormwater
11 management program based on the submitted application., and shall fulliimplement a program
12 meeting the requirements set out in Item (6) of this Rule within five 3mfrom permit issuance_
13 (b) Counties desi ng ated pursuant to 40 CFR 122.t and counties desi rated pursuant to Sub -Item a b) of
14 this Rule, shall have the following implementation options:
15 fi) Counties electing to implement the six minimum measures throughdut the county's
16 unincorporated jurisdictional area, shall have permit conditions thatotablish schedules for
17 implementation of each component of the stormwater management pm am based on the
18 submitted application, and shall fully implement a program meeting the applicable requireme�s
19 set out in Sub -Item (6)(a) of this Rule within five years from.permitlissuance.
20 GO Counties electing tv be permitted by rule shall adopt ordinances and implement required measures
21 within two years of notification of approval of application foryermitted by rule status and
22 thereafter report annually on the implementation of the ordinance(sk
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23 (iii) Counties electing mi to seek pert coverage only for small MS4's owded or operated by the county
24 shall have two years from the date bf permit issuance to fully implement air =rn_for the snnll
25 MS4's which meets the applicable requirements set out in Sub-Itemi(6)(a) of this Rule.
26 (9) Post -construction stormwater management
27 (a) All designated public bodies, required to implement the post constructioh stormwater management
28 minimum measure, must devTelgZ-implement and adopt by ordinance aBost-construction stormwal
29 management program for new development and redevelopment as part or their plan to meet the
30 minimum requirements pursuant to Sub -Item (6)(a)(v) of this Rule. Thebe ordinances, and subsequent
31 modifications, will be reviewed and approved by the Department prior tQ implementation. The
32 approval process will establish subsequent timeframes when the Departrhent will review verfonmasce
33 under the ordinance (s). The reviews will occur, at a minimum, every fitvears. Designated pubic
34 bodies without ordinance making powers, shall demonstrate similar actions taken in their post
35 construction stormwater management program to meet the minimum measure requirements
36 Sbl The post construction program shall apply to new development projects Ihat cumulatively disturb one
37 acre or more, and to pmiects less than an acre that are part of a larger common plan of development or
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sale. The post -construction pmeram shall apply to redevelopment projects that cumulatively disturb
one acre or more, and to proiects less than an acre that are part of a larger common plan of
development or sale.
(c) The department shall submit a model ordinance including best managemeent practices to control and
Commission for approval. The department shall work in cooperation with local governments to
develop this model ordinance. The model ordinance shall include both structural and non-structural
the.foIlowing requirements:
(i) All subject development and redevelopment projects. as defined at Item (b) of this Rule, must
control and treat the runoff from the one year 24 hour storm. Runoff volume drawdown time shall
be a minimum of 24 hours, but not more than 120 hours. ;
(ii) All structural stormwater treatment systems used to meet the requirements of the program shall .be
designed to have an 85% average annual removal for Total Suspended Solids.
(iii) The pmeram shall include an operation and maintenance componW that ensures the adequate
long-term option of the BWs required by the program. !
era
jiv) A pi _gm shall be developed to -control, to the maximum extent practicable, the sources of fecal
coliform.. At a minimum the:program shall include the development and implementation of an
oversight program to ensure proper operation and maintenance of orb -site wastewater treatment
systems for domestic wastewater.
(e) For programs with development/redevelopment draining to SA waters, the following additional
requirements must be incorporated into their program
(i) A local ordinance shall be developed, adopted and implemented to ensure that the best practice for
reducing fecal coliform loading is selected. The best practice shall be the practice that results in
the highest degee of fecal die off and controls to the maximum extent Practicable sources of fecal
coliform while still meeting the requirements of Item (9)(d) of this Mule. The local ordinance(g)
' t
shall incorporate a proyram to control the sources of fecal coliform fo the maximum extent
practical, including: .
(A) Implementation of a pet waste management program: and
(B) Implementation of an oversight program to ensure aroper'operation and maintenance of on -
site wastewater treatment systems for domestic wastewater.
GO New direct points -of stormwater discharge to SA waters or expansion of existing points of
discharge to any stormwater conveyance system, or system of conv4yances that discharge to SA
waters, shall not be allowed. Overland sheetflow of stormwater or 9tormwater discharee to a
wetland, vegetated buffer orother natural area capable dproviding�tment or absorption will
not be considered a direct Rgint of stormwater discharge for the purposes of this Rule.
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1 (0 For programs with developmentfredevelopment draining to trout M) waters the following
2 additional requirements must be incorporated into their program
3 (i) A local ordinance sball be developed, adopted and implemented to ensure that the best
4 management practices selected do not result in.a sustained increase In the receiving water
5 temperature, while still meetin¢ the requirements of Item (9)(d) of ibis Rule.
6 (g) For programs with developmenth•edevelopment draining to Nutrient Senhitive waters the followig
7 additional requirements must be incorporated into their pro am.
8 (i) A local ordinance shall be developed, adopted and implemented to dnsure that the best
9. management tractice for reducing nutrient loading is selected whilestill meeting the requirements
10 of Item (9)(d) of this Rule. Where a Department approved NSW Urban Stormwater Management
11 Program is in place the provisions of that program fulfill this requirement
12 (ii) A nutrient application (Both inorganic fertilizer and organic nutrient!;) management program shall
13 be developed and included in the stormwater management program:
14 (h) Public bodies may develop and implement comprehensive watershed Otection plans that may beused
15 to meet part, or a11, of the reouirements of Item (9) of this Rule.
16 (i) The department may require more stringent stormwater management must on a case-by-caseksis
17 where it is determined that additional measures are required to protect whter quality and maintain
18 existing and anticipated uses of these -waters. ;
19 (i) The Department may develop guidance on the scientific and engineering standards for best
20 management practices that shall be used to meet the post construction eliments of this Rule
21 Alternative design criteria may be approved by the Department where a 8emonstration•is made the the
22 altemative design will provide:
23 (i) Equal or better management of the stormwater :-
24 (ii). Equal or better protection of the waters of the state: and
25 (iii) No increased potential for nuisance conditions.
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27 As discussed earlier, Item 10 wai developed to address the coverage gaps created by North Carolina's unique
28 governmental structure with respect to state. roads. Please note that there are fotjr instances In the Item 10
29 language where precise values for dwelling units per acre, percent built -upon area for all residential and ion-
30 residential development, and minimum vegetated setback have not been specified. The Commission Is
31 interested In what values the public feels are appropriate. The state has several Arograms in place with
32 stormwater components similar to the one outlined In Item 10: Appendix 2 sumnharbes the values that
33 appear in those rules with respect to the aforementioned Items.
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3.5. (10) State Program Implementation. For those desi¢nated counties that select the option outlined in Sub -Item
36 (6)(b)(iii) of this Rule, the state shall implement post construction stormwater control requirements is
37 accordance with this Item.
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(a) Areas subject to the Host construction stormwater controls shall be those census blocks, which have a
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population density of greater than 500 persons Rer square mile located itr the unincorporated portions
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of the designated county.
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(b) The post construction stormwater control requirements shall apply to -all Mew development and
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redeveloprrient projects that cumulatively disturb one acre or more, and to projects less than one acre
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that are part of a larger common plan of development or sale.
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(c) Projects subject to this Item shall applyfor permit coverage under the following stormwater
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inanagement options.
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(i) Low Density Projects.* Projects shall be permitted as low density if the project has: '
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(A) No more than XXX dwelling tests per acre or YYY percent bu It -upon area for all residential
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and non-residential development:
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(B) Stormwater runoff from the development shall be transported frjom the development by
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vegetated conveyances to the maximum extent practicable: and:
14
(C) A minimum vegetated setback of ZZZ feet shall be required frdm all perennial and
15
intermittent surface waters.
16
(D) The permit shall require recorded deed restrictions and protectioe covenants to ensure that
17
development activities maintain the development consistent with the approved proiect
18
(H) lEgh Density Projects. Projects exceeding the low density threshold established in Sub -Item
19
.ti
(10)(c)(i) of this Rule shalt implement stormwater control nieasuresthat:
20
(A) Control and treat stormwater runoff from the•one year 24 hour storm Runoff volume
'21
drawdown time shall be a 'nimum'of 24 hours brit not more than 120 hours.
22
(B) All structural stormwater treatment systems.used to meet the requirements of the program
23
shall be designed to have an 85% average annual removal for T12tal Suspended Solids.
24 (C) The size of the system shall take into account the runoff at the Oltimate built -out potential
25 from all surfaces draining to the system, including any off -site drainage. The storage volume
26 of the system -shall be calculated to provide for the most conservative protection usinit runoff
27 calculation methods described on pages A-1 and A.2 in "Controlling Urban Runoff: A
28 Practical Manual for Planning and Designing Urban BMWs" which is hereby incorporated by
29 reference not including amenaments. This document is available through the Metropolitan
30 Washington, D.C. Council of Governments at a cost of forty dollars ($40.00). Other
31 engineering -methods map be approved if these methods are shown to provide equivalent
32 protection..
33 (D) All side sloRM being stabilized with vegetative cover shall be no steeper than 3.1 (horizontal
34 to vertical).
35 (E) A minimum vegetated setback of ZZZ shall be required from perennial and intermittent
36 surface waters.
13

1 (F) For vroiects that drain to SA waters the requirements of Sub -Item (9)(e)(ii) of this Rule n
2 apply. Control measures implemented for proiects draining to SA waters shall ensure that the /
3 best management practice for reducing fecal coliform loading is selected
4 (G) For nroiects draining to trout (Tr) waters best management practices selected must not result
5 in sustained increases in receiving water temperature whfle still meeting uirementoof
6 this Item.
7 (H) The permit shall mguire recorded deed restrictions and protectjve covenants to ensure tkt
8 development activities maintain the development consistent wi� the approved proiect
9 (1) Stormwater control measures shall be located in recorded drainage easements for the proposes
10 of operation and maintenance and shall have recorded access a>treements to the nearest peblic
11 ri t-of--way These easements shall be granted in favor of the party responsible for opeating
12 and maintaining_ the stormwater management structures.
13
14 History Note. Authority G.S. 143-214.1; 143-214.7; 143-215.1; 143-215.3(aXl); .
15 Eff. November 1,19k,
16 Amended E,Q: August 3,1992.
0
A*
14

APPENDIX 1
List of issues on which the Environmental Management Commission is:seeking public comment.
Please note that for some issues, references (in parenthesizes) have been given to direct the
reader to specific Items of the Rule language and other reference material.
• Designation policy —checklist of criteria versus case by case evaluation. (See Item 2)
• Clarification of authority to regulate.counties. (See discussion in introduction)
• Fairness — municipalities versus counties. (See discussion in introduction and EMC proposal
to address coverage gaps. See also options outlined for counties in Item 6)
• Petitioning — liberalizing requirements and effects of that liberalization. (See Item 4).
• Fiscal note and the cost/benefit of the various components of the Rule. (North Carolina
specific fiscal potehas yet to be developed pending finalization of Rule language. Federal
fiscal note is available from the US EPA, document number EPA 833-R-99-002, October
1999)
• Consistency with federal EPA deadlines. (See Item 5)
• Post -Construction — designed based vs. performance based rules. (see Item 9)
• Protection of sensitive waters from pollutants of concern. (See Item! 9)
15

APPENDIX 2
Summary of existing_ program limits
XXX
YYY
ZZZ
Classifications
Coverage*
Dwelling
Units/Acre
Densi **
Vegetated
Setbad<
HQW /-ORW.
1 mile
1 DUI AC
12%' BUA
30ft
WS-II
Y2 mile
1 DU / 2AC
6% BUA
30ft / 101 ft
watershed
1 DU / AC
12%! BUA
30ft 1101 ft
WS-III
'/a mile
1 DU/AC
12 %i BUA
30ft / 101 ft
watershed
1 DU / Y2 AC
24% BUA
30It / 101 ft
WS-IV-
Y2 inile
1 DU / Y2 AC
24 % BUA
30ft / 101 ft
watershed
-1 DU /'h AC
24 %: BUA
3011 / 101 ft
Coastal County
All -
N/A
30%:BUA .
30ft
Coastal County -SA
Y2 mile
N/A '
25%!BUA
30 ft
*The limits in column 4, 5, and 6 apply within the coverage area specified in column 2. Where a
distance is given, the coverage area is delineated at that distance from the receiving water.
Where "watershed" is listed, the coverage area is.the entire watershed. Por coastal counties,
"All" means the coverage area is the entire county.
**Density (BUA) — Built upon area
16
101

EHNR - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT T15A: 02H .1000
SECTION .1000 - STORMWATER MANAGEMENT
.1001 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT POLICY
The rules in this Section set forth the requirements for application and issuance of permits for stormwater
management systems in accordance with G.S. 143-215.1(d) and 15A NCAC 2H .6200. These requirements
to control pollutants associated with stormwater runoff apply to development of land for residential,
commercial, industrial, or institutional use but do not apply to land management activities associated with
agriculture or silviculture unless specifically addressed in special supplemental classifications and management
strategies adopted by the Commission.
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 143-214.1; 143-214.7; 143-215.3(a)(I);
E . January 1, 1988,
Amended E . September 1, 1995.
.1002
DEFINITIONS
The definition of any word or phrase in this Section shall be the same as given in Article 21, Chapter 143
of the
General Statutes of North Carolina, as amended. Other words and phrases used in this Section are
defined as follows:
(1)
"Built -upon Area" means that portion of a development project that is covered by impervious or
partially impervious cover including buildings, pavement, gravel roads and parking areas, recreation
facilities (e.g., tennis courts), etc. (Note: Wooden slatted decks and the water area of a swimming
pool are considered pervious).
(2)
"CAMA Major Development Permits" mean those permits or revised permits required by the Coastal
Resources. Commission according to 15A NCAC 7J Sections .0100 and .0200.
(3)
"Certificate of Stormwater Compliance" means the approval for activities that meet the requirements
Q
for coverage under a stormwater general permit for development activities that are regulated by this
Section.
(4)
"Coastal Counties" include Beaufort, Bertie, Brunswick, Camden, Carteret, Chowan, Craven,
Currituck, Dare, Gates, Hertford,. Hyde, New Hanover, Onslow, Pamlico, Pasquotank, Pender,
Perquimans, Tyrrell, and Washington.
(5)
"Curb Outlet System" means curb and gutter installed in a development which meets low density
criteria [Rule .1003(d)(1) of this Section] with breaks in the curb or other outlets used to convey
stormwater runoff to grassed swales or vegetated or natural areas and designed in accordance with
Rule .1008(g) of this Section.
(6)
"Development" means any land disturbing activity which increases the amount of built -upon area or
which otherwise decreases the infiltration of precipitation into the soil.
(7)
"Drainage Area ot; Watershed" means the entire area contributing surface runoff to a single point.
(8)
"Forebay" means a tlevice located at the head of a wet detention pond to capture incoming sediment
before it reaches the main portion of the pond. The forebay is typically an excavated settling basin
or a section separated by a low weir.
(9)
"Genera] Permit" means a "permit" issued under G.S. 143-215.1(b)(3) and (4) authorizing a category
of similar activities or discharges.
(10)
"Infiltration Systems" mean stormwater control systems designed to allow runoff to pass or move
(infiltrate/exftltrate) into the soil.
(11)
"Notice of Intent" means a written notification to the Division that an activity or discharge is
•
intended to be covered by a general permit and takes the place of "application"- used with individual
permits.
(12)
"Off -site Stormwater Systems" mean stormwater management systems that are located outside the
boundaries of the specific project in question, but designed to control stormwater drainage from that
project and other potential development sites. These systems shall designate responsible parties for
operation and maintenance and may be owned and oper-Ated as a duly licensed utility or by a local
government.
(13)
"On -site Stormwater Systems" mean the systems necessary to control stormwater within an individual
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EHNR - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TISr1: 02H .1000
development project and located within the project boundaries.
(14) "Redevelopment" means any rebuilding activity which has no net increase in built -upon area or
which provides equal or greater stormwater control than the previous development (stormwater
controls shall not be allowed where otherwise prohibited).
(15) "Seasonal High Water Table" means the highest level that groundwater, at atmospheric pressure,
reaches in the soil in most years. The seasonal high water table is usually detected bythe mottling
of the soil that results from mineral leaching..
(16) "Sedimentation/Erosion Control Plan" means any plan, amended plan or revision to an atproved plan
submitted to the Division of Land Resources or delegated authority in accordance with G.S.
113A-57.
(17) "Stormwater" is defined in G.S. 143, Article 21.
(18) "Stormwater Collection System" means any conduit, pipe, channel, curb or gutter forthe primary
purpose of transporting (not treating) runoff. A stormwater collection system does not include
vegetated swales, swales stabilized with armoring or alternative methods where natural topography
or other physical constraints prevents the use of vegetated swales (subject to case-by-ase review),
curb outlet systems, or pipes used to carry drainage underneath built -upon surfaces that are
associated with development controlled by the provisions of Rule .1003(d)(1) in this Section.
(19) "10 Year Storm" means the surface runoff resulting from a rainfall of an intensity expected to be
equaled or exceeded, on the average, once in 10 years, and of a duration which will produce the
maximum peak rate of runoff, for the watershed of interest under average antecedent wetness
conditions.
(20) "Water Dependent Structures" means a structure for which the use requires access orproximity to
or siting within surface waters to fulfill its basic purpose, such as boat ramps; boat hones; docks,
and bulkheads. Ancillary facilities such as restaurants, outlets for boat supplies, parlQng lots and
boat storage areas are not water dependent uses.
(21) "Wet Detention Pond" means a structure that provides for the storage and control of runoff and
includes a designed and maintained permanent pool volume.
(22) "Vegetative Buffer" means an. area of natural or established vegetation directly adjacent to surface
waters through which stormwater runoff flows in a diffuse manner to protect surface raters from
degradation due to development activities. The width of the buffer is measured horizontally from
the normal pool elevation of impounded structures, from the bank of each side of streams or rivers,
and from the mean high water line of tidal waters, perpendicular to the shoreline.
(23) "Vegetative Filter" means an area of natural or planted vegetation through which stormwater runoff
flows in a diffuse manner so that runoff does not become channelized and which provides for control
of stormwater runoff through infiltration of runoff and filtering of pollutants. The defined length of
the filter shall be provided for in the direction of stormwater flow.
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 143-213; 143-214.1: 143-214.7; 143-215.3(a)(1 ),
E• f . January 1, 1988,
Amended E, . December 1, 1995; September 1, 1995.
.1003 STORMWATER MANAGEMENT: COVERAGE: APPLICATION: FEES
(a) The intent of the Commission is to achieve the water quality protection which low density development
near sensitive waters provides. To that end, the Director, by applying the standards in this Section shall cause
development to comply with the antidegradation requirements specified in 15A NCAC 2B .0201 by protecting
surface waters and highly productive aquatic resources from the adverse impacts of uncontrolled high density
development or the potential failure -of stormwater control measures.
(b) To ensure the protection of surface waters of the State -in accordance with G.S. 143 ^14.7, a permit is
required in accordance with the provisions of this Section for any development activities which require a
CAMA major development permit or a,'Sedimeniation/Erosion. Control Plan and which meet any of the
following criteria:
(1) development activities located in the-20 coastal counties as defined in Rule .1002(4) of this Section;
(2) development activities draining to Outstanding- Resource Waters (ORW) as defined in 15A NCAC
2B .0225; or
(3) development activities within one mile of and draining to High Quality Waters (HQW) as defined
19_1
aq
101
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EHNR - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT T15A. 02H .1000
in 15A NCAC 213.0101(e)(5).
Projects under a common plan of development shall be considered as a single project and shall require
stormwater management in accordance with this ' Section. Local governments with delegated
Sedimentation/Erosion Control Programs often implement more stringent standards in the form of lower
thresholds for land area disturbed. In these situations, the requirements of this Rule apply only to those
projects that exceed the state's minimum area of disturbance as outlined in G.S. 113A-57. Specific permitting
options, including general permits for some activities, are outlined in Paragraph (d) of this Rule.
(c) Development activity with a CAMA major development permit or a Sedimentation/Erosion Control Plan
approved prior to January 1, 1988 are not required to meet the provisions of these Rules unless changes are
made to the project which require modifications to these approvals after January 1, 1988.
(d) Projects subject to the permitting requirements of this Section may be permitted under the following
stormwater management options:
(1) Low Density Projects: Projects permitted as low density projects must be designed to meet and
maintain the applicable low density requirements specified in Rules .1005 through .1007 of this
Section. The Division shall review project plans and assure that density levels meet the applicable
low density requirements. The permit shall require recorded deed restrictions and protective
covenants to ensure development activities maintain the development consistent with the plans_ and
specifications approved by the Division.
(2) High Density Projects: Projects permitted as high density projects must be designed to meet the
applicable high density requirements specified in Rules .1005 through .1007 of this Section with
stormwater control measures designed, operated and maintained in accordance with the provisions
of this Section. The permit shall require recorded deed restrictions and protective covenants to
ensure development activities maintain the development consistent with the plans and specifications
approved by the Division. Stormwater control measures and operation and maintenance plans
developed in accordance with Rule .1008 of this Section must be approved by the Division. In
addition, NPDES permits for stormwater point sources may be required according to the provisions
of 15A NCAC 2H .0126.
(3) Other Projects: Development may also be permitted -on a -case -by -case basis if the project:
(A) controls runoff through an off -site stormwater system meeting provisions of this Section;
#_ (B) is redevelopment which meets the requirements of this Section to the maximum extent practicable;
(C) otherwise meets the provisions of this Section and has water dependent structures, public roads
and public bridges which minimize built -upon surfaces, divert stormwater away from surface
waters as much as possible and employ other best management practices to minimize water
quality impacts.
Director's Certification:- Projects may be approved on a case -by -case basis if the project is certified
by the Director that the site is situated such that water quality standards and "uses are not threatened
and the developer demonstrates that:
the development plans and specifications indicate stormwater control measures which shall be
installed in lieu of the requirements of this Rule: or
the development is located such a distance from surface waters that impacts from pollutants
present in stormwater from the site shall be effectively mitigated.
General Permits: Projects may apply for permit coverage under general permits for specific types
of activities. The Division shall develop general permits for these activities in accordance with
Rule .1013 of this Section. General Permit coverage shall be available to activities including, but
not limited to:
(A) construction of bulkheads ann boat ramps;
(B) installation of sewer lines with no proposed built -upon areas;
(C) construction of an individual single family residence; and
(D) other activities that, in the opinion of the Director. meet the criteria in Rule .1013 of this Section.
Development designed to meet the requirements in Subparagraphs (d)(1) and (d)(3) of this Paragraph must
demonstrate that no areas within the project site are of such high density that stormwater runoff threatens
water quality.
(e) Applications: Any person with development activity meeting the criteria of Paragraph (b) of this Rule
shall apply for permit coverage through the Division. Previously issued Stormwater Certifications (issued in
accordance with stormwater management rules effective prior to September 1, 1995) revoked due to
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EHNR' - ENWRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT T15A-.02H .1000
certification violations must apply for permit coverage. Stormwater management permit applications, project
plans, supporting information and processing fees shall be submitted to the appropriate Division of
Environmental Management regional office. A processing fee, as described in Paragraph (f) of thisRule, must
be submitted with each application. Processing fees submitted in the form of a check or money order shall
be made payable to N.C. Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources. Applictions which
are incomplete or not accompanied by the processing fee may be returned. Permit applications shall be signed
as follows:
(1) in the case of corporations, by a principal executive officer of at least the level of vine -president,
or his authorized representative;
(2) in the case of a partnership, by a general partner and in the case of a limited partnership, by a
general partner;
(3) in the case of a sole proprietorship, by the proprietor;
(4) in the case of a municipal, state or other public entity by either a principal executve officer,
ranking official or other duly authorized employee.
The signature of the consulting engineer or other agent shall be accepted on the application only if
accompanied by a letter of authorization.
(f) Permit Fees:
(1) For every application for a new or revised permit under this Section, a nonrefundable application
processing fee in the amount stated in -Subparagraph (f)(2) of this Paragraph shall be submitted at
the time of application.
(A) Each permit application is incomplete until the application processing fee is received;
(B) -No processing fee shall be charged for modifications of permits when initiated by the Director;
(C) A processing fee of forty dollars ($40.00) shall be charged for name changes;
(D) No processing fee shall be required for name changes associated with the initial transfer of
property from the developer to property owner or responsible party. Any subsequent changes
in ownership shall be subject to the name change processing fee in Part (C) of this Paragraph.
(2) Schedule of Fees
Permit Application
Processing Fee
New Timely
Applications/ Renewals
Modifications/ Without
Rate Renewal Modifications
Low Density $225 N/A
High Density 385
Other 225 N/A
Director's Certification 350 N/A
General Permits 50 NIA
(g) Supporting Documents and Information. This Paragraph outlines those supporting documents and
information that must be submitted with stormwater applications. Additional information may also be
applicable or required. The applicant shall attempt to submit all necessary information to describe the site,
development and stormwater management practices proposed. The following documents and information shall
be submitted with stormwater applications:
(1) two sets of detailed plans and specifications for the project;
(2) plans and specifications must be dated and sealed as outlined in Rule .10080) of this Section and
show the revision number and date;
(3) general location map showing orientation of the project with relation to at least two references
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•EHNR - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TI SA: 02H .1000
(numbered roads, named streams/rivers, etc.) and showing the receiving water (a USGS map
preferable);
(4)
topographic map(s) of the project area showing original and proposed contours and drainage
patterns;
(5)
delineation of relevant boundaries including drainage areas, seasonal high water table, wetlands,
property/project boundaries and drainage easements;
(6)
existing and proposed built -upon area including roads, parking areas, buildings, etc.; '
(•)
technical information showing all final numbers, calculations, assumptions, drawing and procedures
associated with the stormwater management •measures including but not limited to: built -upon area,
runoff coefficients, runoff volume, runoff depth, flow routing, inlet and outlet configuration (where
applicable), other applicable Information as specified;
(8)
operation and maintenance plan signed by responsible party;
(9)
recorded deed restriction and protective covenants. As an alternative proposed deed restriction and
protective covenants and a signed agreement to provide final recorded articles shall be accepted
when final documents are not available at the time of submittal.
(h)
Permit Issuance and Compliance: Stormwater management permits . shall be issued in a manner
consistent with the following:
(1)
Stormwater management permits issued for low density projects shall not require permit renewal.
(2)
Stormwater management permits issued for projects that require the construction of engineered
stormwater control measures shall be issued for a period of time not to exceed 10 years.
Applications for permit renewals shall be submitted 180 days prior to the expiration of a permit
and must be accompanied by the processing fee described in Paragraph (f) of this Rule.
(3)
Stormwater management permits shall be issued to the developer or owner and shall cover the
entire master plan of the project ("stormwater master plan permit"). The master plan permit shall
include specifications for stormwater management measures associated with each individual lot or
property within the project.
(Q-
Any individual or entity found to be in noncompliance with the provisions of a stormwater
r�
management permit or the requirements of this Section is subject to enforcement procedures as set
forth in G.S. 143, Article 21.
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 143-214.1; 143-214.7, 143-215.1(d), 143-215.3(a)(1),
Eff. January 1, 1988,
Amended Eff. December 1, 1995; September 1, 1995.
.1004 STATEWIDE STORMWATER GUIDELINES
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 143-214.1; 143-214.7, 143-215.3(a)(1),-143-215.8A.
Eff. January 1, 1988,
Repealed E•,.: September 1. 1995.
.1005 STORMWATER REQUIREMENTS: COASTAL COUNTIES
All development activities within the coastal counties which require a stormwater management permit in
accordance with Rule .1003 of this Section shall manage stormwater runoff as follows:
(1) development activities within the coastal counties draining to Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW)
shall meet requirements contained in Rule .1007 of this Section;
(2) development activities within one-half mile of and draining to SA waters or unnamed tributaries to
SA waters:
• (a) Low Density Option: Development shall be permitted pursuant to Rule .1003(d)(1) of this Section
if the development has:
(i) built -upon area of 25 percent or less; or proposes development of single family residences on lots
with one-third of an.acre or greater with a built -upon area of 25 percent or less;
(ii) stormwater runoff transported primarily by vegetated conveyances; conveyance system shall not
include a discrete stormwater collection system as defined in Rule .1002 of this Section;
"`✓✓✓ (iii) a 30 foot wide vegetative buffer. ,
(b) High Density Option: Higher density developments shall be permitted pursuant to Rule .1003(d)(2)
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EHNR - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT T15A: 02H .1000
of this Section if stormwater control systems meet the following criteria:
(i) no direct outlet channels or pipes to SA waters unless permitted in accordance withI5A NCAC
2H .0126;
(ii) control. systems must be infiltration systems designed in accordance with Rule .©08 of this 0
Section to control the runoff from all surfaces generated by one and one-half inchesof rainfall.
Alternatives as described in Rule .1008(h) of this Section may also be approved ifthey do_ not
discharge to surface waters in response to the design.storm;
(iii) runoff in excess of the design volume must flow overland through a vegetative filterdesigned in
accordance with Rule .1008 of this Section with a minimum length of 50 feet mesured from
mean high water of SA waters;
(3) development activities within the coastal counties except those areas defined in Items (1) and (2) of
this Paragraph:
(a) Low Density Option: Development shall be permitted pursuant to Rule .1003(d)(1) ofthis Section
if the development has:
(i) built -upon area of 30 percent or less; or proposes development of single family residewes on lots
with one-third of an acre or greater with a built -upon area of 30 percent or less;
(ii) stormwater runoff transported primarily by vegetated conveyances; conveyance systmn shall not
include a discrete stormwater collection system 'as defined in Rule .1002 of this Seciion; .
(iii) a 30 foot wide vegetative buffer.
(b) High Density Option: Higher density developments shall be permitted pursuant to Rule 1003(d)(2)
of this Section if stormwater control systems meet the following criteria:
(i) -control systems must be infiltration systems, wet detention ponds. or alternative stormwater
management systems designed in accordance with Rule .1008 of this Section;
(ii) control systems must be designed to control runoff from all surfaces generated by one inch of
rainfall.
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 143-214.1, 143-214.7, 143-215.1; 143-215.3(a); n
Eff. September], 1995. /
.1006 STORMWATER REQUIREMENTS: HIGH QUALITY WATERS
All development activities which_ require a stormwater management permit under Rule .1003 of tis Section
and are within one mile of and draining to waters classified as High Quality Waters (HQW) shall manage
stormwater runoff in accordance with the provisions outlined in this Rule. More stringent stormwater
management measures may be required on a case -by -case basis where it is determined that additional measures
are required to protect water quality and maintain existing and anticipated uses of these waters.
(1) All waters classified as WS-I or WS-II (15A NCAC 213 .0212 and .0214) and all waters located in
the coastal counties (Rule .1005 of this Section) are excluded from the requirements of this Rule
since they already have requirements for stormwater management.
(2) Low Density Option: Development shall be permitted pursuant to Rule .1003(c)(1) of Isis Section
if the development has:
(a) built -upon area of 12 percent or less or proposes single family residential development on lots of
one acre or greater;
(b) stormwater runoff transported primarily by vegetated conveyances; conveyance system shall not
include a discrete stormwater collection system as defined in Rule .1002 of this Section;
(c) a 30 foot wide vegetative buffer.
(3) High Density Option: Higher density developments shall be permitted pursuant to Rule .1003(c)(2)
of this Section if stormwater control systems meet the following criteria:
(a) control systems must be wet detention ponds or alternative stormwater management systems
designed in accordance with Rule .1008 of this Section;
(b) control systems must be designed to control runoff from all surfaces generated by one inch of
rainfall.
History Note: Statutory Authorhy G. S. 143-214.1; 143-214. 7; 143-215.1; 143-215. 3(a);
Eff. September 1, 1995,-
Amended Eff. December 1, 1995.
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EHNR - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TISA: 02H .1000
.1007 STORMWATER REQUIREMENTS: OUTSTANDING RESOURCE WATERS
All development activities which require a stormwater management permit under Rule .1003 of this Section
and which drain to waters classified as Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW) shall manage stormwater runoff
in accordance with the provisions of this Rule. Water quality conditions shall clearly maintain and protect
the outstanding resource values of waters classified as Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW). Stormwater
management strategies to protect resource values of waters classified as ORW shall be.developed on a site
specific basis during the proceedings to classify these waters as ORW. The requirements of this Rule serve
as the minimum conditions that must be met by development activities. More stringent stormwater
management measures may be required on a case -by -case basis where it is determined that additional measures
are required to protect water quality and maintain existing and anticipated uses of these waters.
(1) Freshwater ORWs: Development activities which require a stormwater management permit under
Rule .1003 of this Section and which drain to freshwaters classified as ORW shall manage
stormwater runoff as follows:
(a) ' Low Density Option: Development shall be permitted pursuant to Rule .1003(d)(1) of this Section
if the development has:
(i) built -upon area of 12 percent or less or proposes single family residential development on lots
of one acre or greater;
(ii) stormwater runoff transported primarily by vegetated conveyances; conveyance system shall not
include a discrete stormwater collection system as defined in Rule .1002 of this Section; and
(iii) a.30 foot wide vegetative buffer.
(b) High Density Option: I1igher density developments shall be permitted pursuant to Rule .1003(d)(2)
of -this Section if stormwater control systems meet the following criteria:
(i) control systems must be wet detention ponds or alternative- stormwater management systems
designed in accordance with Rule .1008 of this Section; and
(ii) control systems must be designed to control runoff from all surfaces generated by one inch of
rainfall.
(2) Saltwater ORWs: Development activities which require a stormwater management permit under Rule
.1003 of this Section and which drain to saltwaters classified as ORW shall manage stormwater
runoff as follows:
(a) ._ Within 575 feet of the mean high water line of designated ORW areas, development activities shall
comply with the low density option as specified in Rule .1005(2)(a) of this Section.
(b) Projects draining to saltwaters classified as ORW that impact the Areas of Environmental Concern
(AEC), determined pursuant to G.S. 113A-113, shall delineate the ORW AEC on the project plans
and conform to low density requirements as specified in Rule .1005(2)(a) of this Section within the
ORW AEC.
(c) After the Commission has received a request to classify Class SA waters as ORW and given
permission to the Director to schedule a public hearing to consider reclassification and until such
time as specific stormwater design criteria become effective, only development which meets the
requirements of Rule .1003(d)(3)(A), (B) and (C).and Rule .1005(2)(a) of this Section shall be
approved within 575 feet of the mean high water line of these waters.
History Note: Statutory Authority G.S. 143-214.1; 1.43-214.7, 143-215.1; 143-215.3(a);
Eff. September 1, 1995.
.1008 DESIGN OF STORMWATER MANAGEMENT MEASURES
(a) Structural Stormwater Control Options. Stormwater control measures which may be approved pursuant
to this Rule and which shall not be considered innovative include:
(1) Stormwater infiltration systems including infiltration basins/ponds, swales, and vegetative filters;
(2) Wet detention ponds; and -
(3) Devices approved in accordance with Paragraph (h) of this Rule.
All stormwater management structures are subject to the requirements of Paragraph (c) of this Rule.
(b) Innovative .Systems. Innovative measures for controlling stormwater which are not well established
through. actual experience may be approved on a demonstration basis under the following conditions:
(1) There is a reasonable expectation that the control measures. will be successful;
(2) The projects are not located near High Quality Waters (HQW);
NORTH CAROLINA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 12115195 Page 7

EHNR - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT T1SA: 02H .1000
(3) Monitoring requirements are included to verify the performance of the control measures; and
(4) - Alternatives are available if the control measures. fail and sh_ all be required when the Director
determines that the system has failed.
(c) General Engineering Design Criteria For All Projects.
(1) The size of the system must take into account the runoff at the ultimate built -out potential from all
surfaces draining to the system, including any off -site drainage. -The storage volume of the system
shall be -calculated to provide for the most conservative protection using runoff calculation methods
described'on pages A.1 and A.2 in "Controlling Urban Runoff: A Practical Manual For Planning
And Designing Urban BMPs"- which is hereby incorporated by reference not including
amendments. This document is available through the Metropolitan Washington (D.C.) Council of
Governments at a cost of forty dollars ($40.00). This method is also described in the Division's
document "An Overview of Wet Detention Basin Design." Other engineering methods may be
approved if these methods are shown to provide for equivalent protection;
(2) All side slopes being stabilized with vegetative cover shall be no steeper than 3:1 (horizontal to
vertical);
-(3) All stormwater management structures shall be located in recorded drainage easements for the
purposes of operation and maintenance and shall have recorded access easements to the nearest
public right-of-way. These easements shall be granted. in favor of the party responsible for
operating and maintaining the stormwater management structures;
(4) Vegetative filters designed in accordance with Paragraph (f) of this Rule are required from the
overflow of all infiltration systems and discharge of all stormwater wet detention ponds. These
filters shall be at least 30 feet in length, except where a minimum length of 50 fret is required in
accordance with Rule .1005(2)(b)(iii) of this Section;
(5) Stormwater controls shall be designed in accordance with the provisions of this Section.,;. Other
.designs may be -acceptable if these designs are shown by the applicant, to the satisfaction., of the
Director, to provide equivalent protection;
(6) -In accordance .with -the Antidegradation Policy as defined in 15A NCAC 2B .0201, additional
control measures may be required on a case -by -case basis to maintain and protect. for existing and
anticipated uses, waters with quality higher than the standards; and
() Stormwater control measures used for sedimentation and erosion control during the construction
phase. must be cleaned out .and returned to their designed state.
(d) Infiltration System Requirements. Infiltration systems may be designed -to provide infiltration of the
entire design rainfall volume required for a site or a series of successive systems may be utilized. Infiltration
may also be used to pretreat runoff prior to disposal in a wet detention- ponds. The following are general
requirements:
(1) Infiltration systems shall- be a minimum of 30 feet from surface waters and 50 feet from Class SA
waters;
(2) Infiltration systems shall. be a minimum distance of 100 feet from water supply wells;
(3) The bottom of infiltration systems shall be a minimum of two feet above the seasonal high water
table;
(4) Infiltration systems must be designed such that runoff in excess of the design volume by-passes the
system and does not flush pollutants through the system;
(5) Infiltration systems must be designed to completely draw down the design storage volume to the
seasonal high water table under seasonal high water conditions within five days and a
hydrogeologic evaluation may be required to determine whether the system can draw down in five
days; _
(6) Soils must have a minimum hydraulic conductivity of 0.52 inches per hour to be suitable for
infiltration;
(T) Infiltration systems must not be sited on or in fill material, unless approved on a case -by -case basis
under Paragraph (h) of this Rule;
(8) Infiltration systems may be required on a case -by -case basis to have an observation well to provide
ready inspection of the system;
(9) If runoff is directed to infiltration systems during construction of the project, the system must be
restored to design specifications after the project is complete and the entire drainage area is
stabilized.
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EHNR - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT T15A: 02H .1000
(e) Wet Detention Pond Requirements. These practices may be used as a primary treatment device or as
a secondary device -following an infiltration system. Wet detention ponds shall be designed for a specific
pollutant removal. Specific requirements for these systems are as follows:
(1) The design storage volume shall be above the permanent pool;
Q (2) The discharge rate from these systems following the one inch rainfall design storm shall be such
that the draw down to the permanent pool level occurs within five days, but not in less than two
days; .
(3) The design permanent pool level mean depth shall be a minimum of three feet and shall be
designed with a surface area sufficient to remove 85 percent of total suspended solids. The design
for 85 percent total suspended. solids removal shall be based on "Methodology for Analysis of
Detention Basins for Control of Urban Runoff Quality" which is hereby incorporated by reference
not including subsequent amendments. This document is- available from the U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency (Document number EPA440/5-87-001) at no cost;
(4) The inlet structure must be designed to minimize turbulence using baffles or other appropriate
design features and shall be located in a manner that avoids short circuiting in the pond;
(5) Pretreatment of the runoff by the use of vegetative filters may be used to minimize sedimentation
and eutrophication of the detention pond;
(6) Wet detention ponds shall be designed with a forebay to enhance sedimentation at the inlet to the
pond;
(7) The basin side slopes for the storage volume above the permanent pool shall be stabilized with
vegetation down to the permanent pool level and shall be designed in accordance with
Subparagraph (c)(2) of this Rule;
(8) The pond shall be designed with side slopes no steeper than 3:1 (horizontal -to vertical);
(9) The pond shall be designed to provide for a vegetative shelf around the perimeter of the basin.
This shelf shall be gently sloped (6:1 or flatter) and shall consist of native vegetation;
(10) The pond shall be designed to account for sufficient sediment storage to allow for the proper
operation of the facility between scheduled cleanout periods.
(f) :'Vegetative Filter Requirements. Vegetative filters shall be used as a non-structural method for providing
(� additional infiltration, filtering of pollutants and minimizing stormwater impacts. Requirements for these
`f filters are as follows:
A distribution device such as a swale shall be used to provide even distribution of runoff across
the width of the vegetative filter;
(2)' The slope and length of the vegetative filter shall be designed, constructed and maintained so as
to provide a non -erosive velocity of flow through the filter for the 10 year storm and shall have
a slope of five percent or less, where practicable; and
(3) Vegetation in the filter may be natural vegetation, grasses or artificially planted wetland vegetation
appropriate for the site characteristics. -
(g) Curb Outlet Systems. Projects that meet the low density provisions of Rules .1005 through .1007 of
this Section may use curb and gutter with outlets to coney the stormwater to grassed swales or vegetated
areas prior to the runoff discharging to vegetative filters or wetlands. Requirements for these curb outlet
systems are as follows:
(1) The curb outlets shall be located such that the swale or vegetated area can carry the peak flow from
the 10.year storm and the velocity of the flow shall be non -erosive;
(2) The longitudinal slope of the Swale or vegetated area shall not exceed five percent, where
practicable;
(3) The side slopes of the swale or -vegetated area shall be no steeper than 5:1 (horizontal to vertical).
Where this is not practical due to physical constraints, devices to slow the rate of runoff and
encourage infiltration to reduce pollutant delivery shall be provided;
(4) The minimum length of the swale or vegetated area shall be 100 feet; and
(5) In sensitive areas, practices such as check dams, rock or wooden, may be required to increase
detention time within the swale or vegetated area.
(b) Alternative Design Criteria. In addition to the control measures outlined in Paragraphs (b), (d), (e),
(f) and (g) of this Rule, stormwater management systems consisting of other control options or series of
control options may be approved by the Director on a case -by -case basis. This approval shall only be given
in cases where the applicant can demonstrate that the Alternative Design Criteria shall provide equal or better
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EHNR - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT T15A: CH .1000
stormwater control, equal or better protection of waters of the state, and result in no increased pitential for
nuisance conditions. The criteria for approval shall be that the stormwater management system shdl provide
for 85 percent average annual removal -of Total Suspended Solids and that the discharge rate from ]be system
meets one of the following:
(1) the discharge rate following the one -inch design storm shall be such that the runoff volune draws
down to the pre -storm design stage within five days, but not less than two days; or
(2) the post development discharge rate shall be no larger than predevelopment discharge ate for the
one year 24 hour storm.
(ii) Operation and maintenance plans.- Prior to approval of the development by the Division anopemtion
and maintenance plan or manual shall be provided by the developer for stormwater systems, indicating the
operation and maintenance actions that shall be taken, specific quantitative criteria used for determiting when
those actions shall be taken, and who is responsible for those actions. The plan must clearly indicate the steps
that shall be taken and who shall be responsible for restoring a stormwater system to design specilications if
a failure occurs and must include an acknowledgment by the responsible party. Developmert must be
maintained consistent with the requirements in these plans and the original plans and any modification to these
plans must be approved by the Division.
U7 System Design. Stormwater systems must be designed by an individual who meets any Nord! Carolina
occupational licensing requirements for the type of system proposed. Upon completion of constriction, the
designer for the type of stormwater system installed must certify that the system was inspected during
construction, was constructed in substantial conformity with plans and specifications approved by the Division
and complies with the requirements of this Section prior to issuance of the certificate of occupancy.
History Note: Statutory Authority G. S. 143-214.1; 143-214.7, 143-215.1; 143-215.3(a),
Eff. September 1, 1995. _
.1009 STAFF REVIEW AND PERAM PREPARATION
(a) The staff of the permitting_ agency shall conduct a review of plans, specifications and other project data,
accompanying the application and shall determine if the application and required information are complete.
The staff shall acknowledge receipt of a complete application.
(b) If the application is not complete with all required information, the application may be returded:to the
applicant. The staff shall advise the applicant by mail:
(1) how the application or accompanying supporting information may be modified to make them
acceptable or complete; and
(2) that the 90 day processing period required in G.S. 143-215.1 begins upon receipt of corrected or
complete application with required supporting information.
(c) If an application is accepted and later found to be incomplete, the applicant shall be advised how the
application or accompanying supporting information may be modified to make them acceptable or complete,
and that if all required information is not submitted within 30 days that the project shall be returned as
incomplete.
History Note: Statutory Authority G. S. 143-215.1; 143-215.3(a);
E•f. . September 1, 1995.
.1010 FINAL ACTION ON PERIVIIT APPLICATIONS TO THE DIVISION
(a) The Director shall take final action on all applications not later than 90 days following receipt of a
complete application and with required information. All permits or renewals of permits and decisions denying
permits or renewals shall be in writing.
(b) The Director is authorized to:
(1) issue a permit containing such conditions as are necessary to effectuate the purposes of G.S. 143,
Article 21;
(2) issue permit containing time schedules for achieving compliance with applicable water quality
standards and other legally applicable requirements:
(3) deny a permit application where necessary to effectuate:
(A) the purposes of G.S. 143, Article 21; .
(B) the purposes of G.S. 143-215.67(a);
\'ORTH CAROLINA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE -12115195 Page 10

o.
EHNR - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT T15A: 02H .1000
(C) rules on coastal waste treatment, disposal, found in Section .0400 of this Subchapter;
(D) rules on "subsurface disposal systems," found in'15A NCAC 18A .1900. Copies of these Rules
are 'available from the Division of Environmental Health, P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North
Carolina 27626-0535; and
(E) rules on groundwater quality standards found in Subchapter 2L of this Chapter.
(4) hold public meetings when necessary_ to obtain additional information needed to complete the
review of the application. The application will be considered as incomplete until the close of the
meeting record.
(c) If a permit is denied, the letter of denial shall state the reason(s) for denial and any reasonable measures
which the applicant may take to make the application approvable.
(d) Permits shall be issued or renewed for a period of time deemed reasonable by the Director.
History Note. Statutory Authority G. S. 143-215.1, 143-215.3(a),
E$: September 1, 1995.
.1011 MODIFICATION AND REVOCATION OF PEILMUS
Any permit issued by the Division pursuant to these Rules is subject to revocation, or modification upon 60
days notice by the Director in whole or part for good cause including but not limited to:
(1) violation of any terms or conditions of the permit;
(2) obtaining a permit by misrepresentation or failure to disclose fully all relevant facts;
(3) refusal of the permittee to allow authorized employees of the Department of Environment, Health,
and Natural Resources upon presentation of credentials:
(a) to enter upon permittee's premises on which a system is located in which any records are required
to be kept under terms and conditions of the permit;
(b) to have access to any copy and records required to be kept under terms and conditions of the
permit;
(c) to inspect any monitoring equipment or method required in the permit; or
(d) to sample any discharge of pollutants;
(4) failure to pay the annual fee for administering and compliance monitoring.
History Note. Statutory Authority.G S_ 143-215.1; .143-215.3(a),
Eff. September 1, 1995.
.1012 DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY
For permits issued by the Division, the Director is authorized
contained in these Rules except the following:
(1) denial of a permit application;
(2) revocation of a permit not requested by 'the permitter; or
(3) modification of a permit not requested by the permittee.
History Note. Statutory Authority G.S. 143-215.3(a);
E . September 1, 1995.
to delegate any or all of the functions
.1013 GENERAL PERMITS
(a) In accordance with the provisions of G.S. 143.215.1(b)(3) and (4), general permits may be developed
by the Division and issued by the Director for categories of activities covered in this Section. All activities
in the State that received a "Certificate of Coverage" for that category from the Division shall be deemed
covered under that general permit. Each of the general permits shall be issued individually under G.S.
143-215.1, using all procedural requirements specified for state permits including application and public
notice. Activities covered under general permits, developed in accordance with this Rule, shall be subject to
the same standards and limits, management practices, enforcement authorities, and rights and privileges as
specified in the general permit. Procedural requirements for application and permit approval, unless
specifically designated as applicable to individuals proposed to be covered under the general permits,.apply
only to the issuance of the general permits. After issuance of the general permit by the Director, activities
in the applicable categories may request coverage under the general permit, and the Director or his designee
NORTH CAROLINA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE .12115195 Page 11

MEW - ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT TISA: 02H .1000
shall grant appropriate certification. General permits may be written to regulate categories of otter activities
that all: involve the same or substantially similar operations; have similar characteristics; requre the same
limitations or operating conditions; require the same or similar monitoring; and in the opinion ofdie Director
are more appropriately controlled by a general permit. ( j
(b) . No provision in any general permit issued under this Rule shall be interpreted to allow tie permittee
to violate state water quality standards or other applicable environmental standards.
(c) For a general permit to apply to an activity, a Notice of Intent to be covered by the generallermit must
be submitted to the Division using forms provided by the Division and, as appropriate, fdlowing the
application procedures specified in this Section. If all requirements are met, coverage underthe general
permit may be granted. If all requirements are not met, a long form application and full applicaion review
procedure shall be required.
(d) General permits may be modified and reissued by the Division as necessary. Activities covered by
general permits need not submit new Notices of Intent or renewal requests unless so directed by tie Division.
If the Division chooses not to renew a general permit, all facilities covered under that general pewit shall be
notified to submit applications for individual permits.
(e) All previous state water quality permits issued to a facility which can be covered by a gen:ral permit,
whether for construction or operation, are revoked upon request of the permittee, termination of the individual
permit and issuance of the Certification of Coverage.
(f) Anyone engaged in activities covered by the general permit rules but not permitted in accordance with
this Section shall be considered in violation in G.S. 143-215.1.
(g) Any individual covered or considering coverage under a general permit may choose to pursue an
individual permit for any activity covered by this Section.
(h) The Director may require any person, otherwise eligible for -coverage under a general permit, to apply
for an individual permit by notifying that person that an application is required.. Notification shall consist of
a written description of the reason(s) for the decision, appropriate permit application forms and application
instructions, a statement establishing the required date for submission of the application, and a statement
informing the person that coverage by the general permit shall automatically terminate'upon issuance of the
individual permit. Reasons for requiring application for an individual permit may be:
(1) the activity is a significant contributor of pollutants; 0
(2) conditions at the permitted site change, altering•the constituents or characteristics of the site such
that the activity no longer qualifies for coverage under a general permit; -
(3) noncompliance with the general permit;
(4) noncompliance with Commission Rules;
(5) a change has occurred in the availability of demonstrated technology or. practices for the control
or abatement of pollutants applicable to the activity: or
(6) a determination that the water of the stream receiving stormwater runoff from the site is not
meeting applicable water quality standards.
(i) Any interested person may petition the Director to take an action under Paragraph (h) of this Rule to
require an individual permit.
G General permits may be modified, terminated, or revoked and reissued in accordance ,Ath the authority
and requirements of Rules .1010 and .1011 of this Section.
History Note: Statutory Aitthority G. S. 143-215.1; 143-2I5.3(a),
Ef . September 1, 1995.
500 copies of -this public document were printed at a cost of $ 155.70 or
$ .31 per copy.
NORTH CAROLINA ADMINISTRATIVE CODE 12115195 Page 12

101
S'TORMWA'TER I
BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES
e��
NCDENR
N.C. Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
Water Quality Section
April 1999
500 copies of this public document were printed at a cost of $680.80, or $1.36 per copy.

Table I Contents.
Page Number
Introduction
1.0 Wet Detention Basins
1.1 Introduction
2
1.2 Definitions
3
1.3 Design Requirements
4
1.4 Example Piedmont Basin Design
6
1.5 Operation and Maintenance
7
1.6 Inspections
8
1.7 Peak Flow Reduction
8
1.8 Certification/Approval
8
1.9 References
10
2.0 Stormwater Wetlands
2.1 Introduction
13
2.2 General Characteristics
13
2.3 Advantage
16
2.4 Disadvantages
17
2.5 Cost
17
2.6 Design Requirements for Extended Detention Wetlands
17
2.7 Design Requirements for Pocket Wetlands
19
2.8 Maintenance
21
2.9 Peak Flow Reduction
21
2.10 References
21
3.0 Sand Filters
3.1 Introduction
23
3.2 Design Requirements
24
3.3 Maintenance
25
4.0 Bioretention Areas
4.1
Introduction
29
4.2
The Bioretention Concept
30
4.3
Bioretention Area Components
36
4.4
Sizing the Bioretention Area
37
4.5
Drainage Considerations
38
4.6
Locating the Bioretention Area
40
4.7
Peak Runoff Control and Pollutant Reduction
40
4.8
Water Balance for Bioretention Areas
41
4.9
Grading Plan Guidelines
44
4.10
Planting Plan
44
4.11
Plant Species Selection
46
4.12
4.13
Number and Size of Plant Species
Plant Material Layout
53
53
4.14
Plant Material Guidelines
55

Page Number
O4.15 Planting Soil Guidelines 56
4.16
Mulch Layer Guidelines
58
4.17
Plant Growth and Soil Fertility
59
4.18
Maintenance Guidelines
60
4.19
Example Soil Specifications for Bioretention Areas
62
4.20
Example Plant Specifications for Bioretention Areas
63
4.21
References
64
5.0 Grassed Swales
5.1
Introduction
66
5.2
General Characteristics
66
5.3
Advantages
66
5.4
Disadvantages
68
5.5
Costs
68
5.6
Design Requirements
68
5.7
Maintenance
68
5.8
References
69
6.0 Extended
Dry Detention Basins
6.1
Introduction
71
6.2
Advantages
71
6.3
Disadvantages
71
6.4
6.5
Costs
Design Requirements
73
73
6.6
Additional Design Considerations
73
6.7
Maintenance
74
6.8
Peak Flow Reduction
74
6.9
References
74
7.0 Filter
Strips
7.1
Introduction
76
7.2
Advantages
78
7.3
Disadvantages
78
7.4
Costs
78
7.5
Physical Requirements
78
7.6
Design Requirements
78
7.7
Maintenance
79
7.8
Peak Flow Reduction
79
7.9
References
8.0 Infiltration Devices
8.1
Introduction
81
8.2
Advantages
81
8.3
Disadvantages
83
8.4
Costs
83
8.5
Design Requirements
83
8.6
Peak Flow Reduction
84
8.7
Maintenance
84
8.8
References
84
f

Do Mims VFVlra_�
Table 1.1 Surface Area to Drainage Area Ratio For Permanent Pool Sizing For 85% Pollutant
Removal Efficiency in the Piedmont
Table 2.1 Differences Between Stormwater Wetlands and Natural Non -Tidal Wetlands Within
the Mid -Atlantic Region
Table 2.2 Wetland Plants
Table 2.3 Surface Area to Drainage Area Ratios for Sizing Pocket Wetlands
Table 4.1 Evapotranspiration Rates for Reference Crop Species (Alfalfa) and for Bioretention
Areas
Table 4.2 Infiltration Rates for Bioretention Components
Table 4.3 Recommended Plant Species for Use in Bioretention —Shrub Species
Table 4.4 Recommended Plant Species for Use in Bioretention — Tree Species
Table 4.5 Recommended Plant Species for Use in Bioretention — Herbaceous Ground Cover
Table 4.6 Recommended Tree and Shrub Spacing
Table 4.7 Example Maintenance Schedule for Bioretention Areas
C�7
ft

101
List
ures
, g� : •x:.uu .�`k+,gam"` x�,iA� ' . b:�:�a?Yt3�,'Y���2;, 'Tt.. ?' >'" _ -r -
Figure 1 Wet Detention Pond Schematic (Stormwater Guidance Manual, NC, Arnold et. al.)
Figure 2 Extended Detention Stormwater Wetland, From Design of Stormwater Wetland
Systems, Schueler, 1992
Figure 3 Stormwater Pocket Wetland, From Design of Stormwater Wetland Systems,
Schueler, 1992
Figure 4 Delaware Sandfilter, From Shaver 1992
Figure 5 Sandfilter Schematic, From Shaver, 1992
Figure 6 Modified Delaware Sandfilter Design Schematic
Figure 7 Bioretention Area Conceptual Layout, From Prince George's Co. Design Manual for
Use of Bioretention in Stormwater Management, 1993
Figure 8 Parking Edge and Perimeter Without Curb, From Prince George's Co. 1993
Figure 9 Parking Edge and Perimeter With Curb, From Prince George's Co. 1993
Figure 10 Traffic Island Bioretention Area, From Prince George's Co. 1993
Figure 11 Bioretention Swale, From Prince George's Co. 1993
Figure 12 Sizing of a Bioretention Area, From Prince George's Co, 1993
Figure 13 Sample Grading Plan, From Prince George's Co. 1993
Figure 14 Sample Planting Plan, From Prince George's Co, 1993
Figure 15 Soil Triangle of the Basic Textural Classes, From Prince George's Co, 1993
Figure 16 Enhanced Grassed Swale, From Stormwater Management Guidance Manual, NC,
1993, Adapted from Schueler, 1987
Figure 17 Extended Dry Detention Basin, From Stormwater Management Guidance Manual,
NC, 1993
Figure 18 Forested Filter Strip, From Stormwater Management Guidance Manual, NC, 1993
Figure 19 Infiltration Basin with Settling Chamber: From Stormwater Management Guidance
Manual, NC, 1993, Adapted from Schueler, 1987
iv

Introduction
Management of nonpoint source pollution is a stated goal of the 1987 Water Quality Act. An important
source of these pollutants is stormwater runoff from urban and developing areas. This runoff has the
potential to degrade water quality in all types of waters, including, among others, those classified as
water supply watersheds, shellfish areas and nutrient sensitive waters. The management of stomiwater
runoff through nonstructural controls (e.g. low density developments) is the preferred method of reducing
pollution from urban areas. In cases where low density is not feasible, engineered stormwater controls
are viable solutions to reducing pollution. However, proper design of these engineered solutiom is
essential for adequate pollutant removal. In turn, dissemination of technical information to both engineers
and local officials on the design and maintenance of engineered solutions is equally important. Design
and review of stormwater best management practices (BMPs) as an engineered solution for stomiwater
management are the subject of this Division of Water Quality (DWQ) document.
DWQ's approach to water quality management of stormwater in surface drinking water supply
watersheds, the twenty coastal counties and areas near High Quality Waters and Outstanding Resource
Waters is based first on minimizing impervious surfaces and, secondly, on treating stormwater runoff
from these surfaces. The rules contained within 15A NCAC 2H .1000 for wet detention basins provide
information on the appropriate volume of runoff to be controlled and the corresponding basin size and
configuration. North Carolina's Stormwater Management rules also allow for the construction of
alternative BMPs that meet the pollutant removal design standard of 85% removal of total suspended
solids (TSS). This document is meant to supplement the rules in the North Carolina Administrative Code
by explaining -the stormwater BMPs that will be allowed, their design criteria, and their assumed TSS
removal. These guidelines are not meant to replace these rules. The stormwater BMPs that will be.
reviewed and their assumed TSS removal efficiencies, if designed according to the following
specifications, are:
BNT
Assumed TSS Removal
Wet Detention Basins
85%
Extended Detention Wetlands
85%
Pocket Wetlands
35%
Sand Filters
85%
Bioretention Area
85%
Grassed Swales
35%
Extended Dry Detention
50%
Filter Strips
25% - 40%
Infiltration Devices
85%
The BMPs can be used alone or in combination to achieve the required pollutant removal of 85% TSS.
As experience grows in the use and effectiveness of the devices, other BMPs or other specifications may
be allowed. DWQ will continue to review and modify both the design and the removal efficiencies and
will modify them as needed. Innovative and/or proprietary BMPs may be approved on a case -by -case
basis.

NATIONAL FLOOD INSURANCE
FLOOD DAMAGE PREVENTION ORDINANCE
Regular Phase
ARTICLE 1. STATUTORY! AUTHORIZATIONIFINDINGS OF FACTs_PURPOSE AND
OEJECTIVES.
SECTION A. STATUTORY AUTHORLZATION.
The Legislature of the State of North Carolina has in Part 6, Article 21
of Chapter 143; Parts 3, 5, and 8 of Article 14 of Chapter 160A; and
Article B of Chapter 160A of the N. C. General Statutes, delegated the
responsibility to local governmental units to adopt *regulations designed
to promote the public health, safety, and general welfare of its
citizenry. Therefore, the Town Council (governing body) of
Hertford (local unit), North Carolina (state): does
ordain as follows:
SECTION B. FINDINGS OF FACT.
(1) The flood hazard areas of Hertford (local unit) are
subject to periodic inundation which results in loss of life,
property, health and safety hazards, disruption of commerce and
governmental services, extraordinary public expenditures of flood
protection and relief, and impairment of the tax base, all of which
adversely affect the public health, safety and general welfare.
(2) These flood losses are caused by the cumulative effect of
obstructions in flood plains causing increases in flood heights and
velocities, and by.the occupancy in flood hazard areas by uses
vulnerable to floods or hazardous to other lands which are
inadequately elevated, flood -proofed, or otherwise unprotected from
flood damages.
SECTION C. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE.
It is the p-urpose of this ordinance to promote the public health, safety
and general welfare and to minimize public and private losses due to
flood conditions in specific areas by provisions designed to:
(1) restrict or prohibit uses which are dangerous*to health, safety and
property due to water or erosion hazards, or which result in
damaging increases in erosion or in flood heights or ve-loci.ties;
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Ee
(2) require that uses vulnerable to floods, including facilities which
serve such uses; be protected against flood damage at the time of
initial construction;
(3) control the alteration of natural flood plains, stream channels,
and natural protective barriers which are involved in the accom-
modation of flood waters;
(4) control filling, grading, dredging and other development wh-ich may
increase erosion or flood damage; and,
(5Y- prevent or regulate the construction of flood barriers which will
unnaturally divert flood waters or which may increase flood hazards
to other lands.
SECTION D. OBJECTIVES_
The objectives of this ordinance are:
(1) to protect human life and health;
(2) to minimize expenditure of public money for costly flood control
projects;
(3) to minimize the need for rescue and relief efforts associated with
flooding and generally undertaken at the expense of the general
public;
(4) to minimize prolonged business interruptions;
(5) to minimize damage to public facilities and utilities such as water
and gas mains, electric, telephone and sewer lines, streets and
bridges located in flood plains;
(b) to help maintain a stable tax base by providing for the sound use
and development of flood prone areas in such a manner as to
minimize flood blight areas; and,
(7) to insure that potential .home buyers are notified that property is
in a flood area.
ARTICLE 2. DEFINlTIONS.
Unless specifically defined below, words or phases used in this
ordinance shall be interpreted so as to give them the meaning they have
in common usage and to give this ordinance its most reasonable
application.
"Appeal" means a request from a- review of the local administrator's
interpretation of any provision of this ordinance or a request for a
variance.
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Addition_ (to an er.istino building)" means any walled and roofed
expansion to the perimeter of a building in which the addition is
connected by a common load -bearing wall other than a fire wall. Any
walled and roofed addition which is connected bya fire wall Deis
separated by independent perimeter load -bearing walls .is new
construction.
"Area of shallow_ flooding" means a designated AO or VO cone on a
community's Flood Insurance Rate Map (FIRM) with base. flood depths from
one to three feet where a clearly defined channel does not exist, where
the path of flooding is unpredictable and indeterminate, and where
velocity flow may be evident.
"Aroa of _sgecial flood hazard" -is the land in the flood plain within a
community subject to a one percent or greater chance of flooding in any
given year.
"Base flood" means the flood having a one percent chance of being
equaled or exceeded in any given year.
"Basement" means that lowest level or story which has its floor subgrade
on all sides.
"BreakawaY_wall" means a wall that is not part of the structural support
of the. building and is intended through its design and construction to
collapse under specific lateral loading forces without causing damage to
the elevated portion of the building or the supporting foundation
system. A breakaway wall shall have a design safe loading resistance of
not less than 10 and no more than 20 pounds per square foot. A wall
with loading resistance of more than 20 pounds per square foot requires
a architect or professional engineer's certificate.
"Building" means any structure built for support, shelter, or enclosure
for any occupancy or storage.
"Dev_elooment" means any man-made change to improved or unimproved real
estate, including, but not limited to, buildings or other structures,
mining, dredging, filling, grading, paving, excavation or drilling
operations.
"Elevated building" means a non -basement building built to have the
lowest floor -elevated above the ground level by means of fill, solid
foundation perimeter walls, pilings, columns (posts and piers), shear
walls, or breakaway walls.
"Er.istg_m inanuTactured home Dark or manufactured home subdivision" means
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a parcel (or contiguous parcels) of land divided into two or more
manufactured home lots for rent or sale for which the construction of
facilities for servicing the lot on which the manufactured home is to be
affixed (including at a minimum, the installation of utilities, either
final site grading or the pouring of concrete pads, and the construction
of streets) is completed before the effective date of this ordinance.
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"Flood" or "f loodinq" means a general and temporary condition of partial
or complete inundation -of normally dry land areas from:
(1) the overflow of inland or tidal waters; and,
(2) the unusual and rapid accumulation of runoff of surface waters
from any source.
"Flood Hazard Boundary Mab_(FHBM)" means an official map of a community,
issued by the Federal Emergency Management Agency, where the boundaries
of the areas of special flood hazard have been defined as Zone A.
"Flood Insurance Hato Magi (FIRM)" means an official map. of a community,
on which. the Federal Emergency Management Agency has delineated both the
areas of special flood hazard and the risk premium zones applicable to
the community.
"Flood _Insurance _Study" is the official report provided by the Federal
Emergency Management Agency. The report contains flood profiles, as
well as the Flood Boundary Floodway Map and the water surface elevation
of the base flood.
"Floodway" means the channel of a river or other watercourse and the
adjacent. land areas that must be reserved in order to discharge the base
flood without cumulatively increasing the water surface elevation more
than one foot.
"Floor_" means the top surface of an enclosed area in a building
(including basement), i.e., top of slab in concrete slab construction or
top of wood flooring in wood frame construction. The term does not
include the floor of a garage used solely for parking vehicles.
_'Functionally dependent facility" means a facility which cannot be used
for its intended purpose unless it is located or carried out in close
proximity to water, such as a docking or port facility necessary for the
loading and unloading of cargo or passengers, shipbuilding, ship repair,
or seafood processing facilities. The term does not include long-term
sotrage, manufacture, sales, or service facilities.
"Highest Adiacenz Grade" means the highest natural elevation of the
ground surface, prior to construction, next to the proposed walls of the
structure.
"levee" means a man-made structure, usually an earthen embankment,
designed and constructed in accordance with sound engineering practices
to contain, control, or divert the flow of water so as to provide
protection from temporary flooding.
"Levee System" means a flood protection system which consists of a
levee, or levees, and associated structures, such as closure and
drainage devices, which are constructed and operated in accordance with
sound and engineering practices.
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"Lowest F;oor" means the lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area
(including basement). An unfinished .or floor resistant enclosure,
usable solely -fat: parking of :vehicles, building access or storage in an
area otner•than a basement area is not considered a building's lowest
floor provided that such enclosure is not built so as to render the
structure in violation of the applicable non -elevation design
requirements of this ordinance.
"Manufactured home'_ means a structure, transportable in one or more
sections, which is bult on a permanent chassis and designed to be used
with or without a permanent foundation when connected to the required_
utilities. The term also includes park trailers, travel trailers, and
similar transportable.structures placed on a site for 180 consecutive
days or longer and intended to be improved property.
_'Manufactured home Dark or subdivision_" means a parcel (or contiguous
parcels) of land divided into two or more manufactured home lots for.
rent or sale.
'_Mean Sea -Level" means the average height of the sea,for all stages of
the tide. It is used as -a reference for establishing various elevations
within the flood plain. For purposes of this ordinance, the term is
synonymous with National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD).
"National Geodetic Vertical Datum (NGVD)" as corrected in 1929 is a
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vertical control, used as a reference for establishing varying elevations
within the flood plain.
"New construction" means structures for which the "start of
construction" commenced on or after the effective date of this
ordinance.
'_Remedy a Viola 'ion'_ --means to bring the structure or other development
into compliance with State or local flood plain management regulations,
or, if this is not possible, to reduce the impacts of its noncompliance.
Ways that impacts may be reduced include protecting the structure or
other affected development from flood damages, implementing the
enforcement provisions of the ordinance or otherwise deterring future
similar violations, or reducing Federal financial exposure with regard
to the structure or other development.
"Start of construction" (for other than new construction or substantial
improvements un)) der the Coastal Barrier Resources Act (P.L. 97-348,
includes substantial improvement, and means the date the building permit
was issued, provided the actual start of construction, repair,
reconstruction, or improvement was within 180 days --of the permit date.
The actual start means the first placement of permanent construction of
a structure (including a manufactured home) on a site, such as the
pouring of slabs or footings, installation of piles, construction of
columns, or any work beyond the stage of excavation or the. placement of
a manufactured home on a foundation. Permanent construction does not
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include land preparation, such as clearing, grading and filling; nor
does it include the installation of streets and/or walkways; nor does it
include excavation for a basement, footings, piers.ar foundations or the
erection of temporary forms; *nor does it include the installation on the
property of accessory buildings,: such asgarages or shedsnot occupied
as dwelling units•or not part of the main structure.
"Structure" means a walled and roofed building that is principally above
ground, a manufactured homer a gas.or liquid storage tank, or other
man-made facilities or infrastructures.
"Substantial _imorov6men t" means any repair, reconstruction, or
improvement of.a structure, within any twelve month period, where the
cost equals or exceeds fifty percent .of the market value of the
structure, either (1) before the improvement or repair is started, or
(2) if the structure has been damaged and is being restored, before the
damage occurred. For the purposes of this definition, "substantial
improvement" is considered to occur when the first alteration of any
wall, ceiling, floor, or other structural part of the building
commences, whether or not that alteration affects the external
dimensions of the structure. The term does not, however, include either
(1) any project for improvement of a structure to comply with existing ^
state and local health., sanitary, or safety code specifications which (!
are solely necessary to assure safe living conditions, or (2) any
alteration of a structure listed on the National Register of Historic
Places or a State Inventory of Historic Places.
Variance"is a' grant of relief to a person from the requirements of this
ordinance which permits construction in a manner otherwise prohibited by
this ordinance where specific enforcement would result in unnecessary
hardship.
Violation" means the failure of a structure or other development to be
fully compliant with the community's flood plain management regulations.
A structure or other development without the elevation certificate,
other certifications, or other evidence of compliance required in
Articles 4 and 5 is presumed to be in violation until such time as that
documentation is provided.
ARTICLE 3. GENERAL PROVISIONS_
SECTION A. LANDS _TO_WHICH THIS_ ORDINANCE_ APPLIES.
This ordinance shall apply to all areas of special flood hazard within
the jurisdiction of Hertford (local unit).

SECTION B. BASIS FOR ESTABLISHING THE AREAS OF SPECIAL_ FLOOD_ HAZARD_
The areas of specd ar flood hazard identified by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency in its`Flonrl Tnsuranr-a Rafia Man , dated
with accompanying maps.and other supporting data, and
any revision thereto are adopted by reference and declared to be a part
of this ordinance.
SECTION C. ESTABLISHMENT OF DEVELOPMENT PERMIT.
A Development Permit shall be required in conformance with the
provisions of this ordinance prior to the commencement of any develop-
ment activities.
SECTION D. COMPLIANCE.
No structure or land shall hereafter be located, extended, converted or
structurally altered without full. compliance with the -terms of this
ordinance and other applicable regulations.
SECTION E. ABROGATION AND GREATER RESTRICTIONS_
This ordinance is not intended to repeal, abrogate, or impair any
existing easements, covenants, or deed restrictions. However, where
this ordinance and another conflict or overlap, whichever imposes the
more stringent restrictions shall prevail.
SECTION F. INTERPRETATION
In the interpretation and application of this ordinance all provisions
shall be: (1) considered as minimum requirements; (2) liberally
construed in favor of the governing body, and; (3) deemed neither to
limit nor repeal any other powers granted under state statutes.
SECTION G. WARNING AND DISCLAIMER_ OF LIABILITY_
The degree of flood protection required by this ordinance is considered
reasonable for regulatory purposes and is based on scientific and
engineering consideration. Larger floods can and will occur on rare
occasions. Flood heights may be increased by 'man-made or natural
causes. This ordinance does not imply that land outside the areas of
special flood hazard or uses permitted within such areas will be free
from flooding or flood damages. This ordinance shall not create
liability on the part of Hertford (local unit) or by any
officer or employee thereof for any flood damages that result from
reliance an this ordinance or any administrative decision lawfully made
hereunder.
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SECTION H. PENALTIES FOR VIOLATION.
Violation of the provisions of ,this ordinance or failure to comply with
any of its requirements, including violation of conditions and
safeguards established in connection with grants of variance or special
exceptions, shall_ constitute a misdemeanor. Any person who violates
this ordinance or fails to comply with any of its requirements shall,
upon conviction thereof, be fined not more than $50.00 or imprisoned for
not more than 30 days, or both. Each day such violation continues shall
be considered a separate offense. Nothing herein contained shall
prevent the Hertford (local unit) from taking such other
lawful action as is necessary to prevent or remedy' any violation.
ARTICLE 4. ADMINISTRATION_
SECTION A. DESIGNATION OF LOCAL ADMINISTRATOR.
The Building Inspector (local administrator) is hereby appointed to
administer, and implement the provisions of this ordinance. '
SECTION B. DEVELOPMENT PERMIT AND CERTIFICATION REQUIREMENTS.
Application for a Development Permit shall be made to the local
administrator on forms furnished by him or her prior to any development
activities. The Development Permit may include, but not be limited to
plans in duplicate drawn to scale showing: the nature, location,
dimensions, and elevations of the area in question; existing or proposed
structures; and the location of fill, materials storage areas and
drainage facilities. Specifically, the following information is
required:
(1) where base flood elevation data is provided in accordance with
Article 4, Section C (10), the application for a development permit
within the Zone A on the Flood Insurance Rate Map shall show:
(a) the elevation (in relation to mean sea level) of the lowest
floor (including basement) of all new and substantially
improved structures, and
(b) if the structure has been floodproofed in accordance with
Article 5, Section 9 (2), the elevation (in relation to mean
sea level) to which the structure was floodproofed.
(2) Where the base flood elevation data is not provided, the O
application for a development permit must show construction of the
lowest floor at least 2 feet above the highest adjacent grade.

(3) Where an watercourse will be altered or relocated as a result
Y of
proposed development, the application for a development permit
shall include:, a description of the extent of watercourse
alteration br relocation; an engineering report on the ef�ects of
the proposed project on the -flood -carrying capacity ofthe
watercourse and the effects to properties located both upstream and
downstream; and a map showing the location of the proposed
watercourse alteration or relocation.
(4) When a structure is floodproofed, the *applicant shall provide a
certificate from a registered professional engineer or
architect that the non-residential flood -proofed structure meets
- the flood -proofing criteria in Article 5, Section B (2).
(5) A floor elevation or flood -proofing certification is required. after
the lowest floor is completed. Within twenty-one (21) calendar
days of establishment of the lowest :floor eleva-tion, or
flood -proofing by whatever construction means, whichever is
applicable, it shall be the duty of the permit holder to submit to
the local administrator a certification of the elevation of the
lowest floor, or flood -proofed elevation, whichever'. is applicable,
as built, in relation to mean sea level.. Said certification shall
be prepared by'*or under the direct supervision of a registered land
surveyor or professional engineer and certified by same. When
flood -proofing is utilized for a particular building, said
certification shall be prepared by or under the direct supervision
of a professional engineer or architect and certified by same. Any
work done within the twenty-one (21) day calendar period and prior
J. submission of the certification shall be at the permit holder's
risk. The local administrator shall review the floor elevation
survey data submitted. Deficiencies detected by such review shall
be corrected by the permit holder. immediately and prior to further
progressive work being permitted to proceed. Failure to submit the
survey or failure to make said corrections required hereby shall be
cause to issue a stop -work order for the project.
SECTION C. DUTIES AND RESPONSIBILITIES OF THE LOCAL_ ADMINISTRATOR_
Duties of the RiYi1rJJng TnApprt� nr (local administrator) shall
include, but not be limited to:
(1) Review all development permits.to assure that the permit require-
ments of this ordinance have been satisfied;
(2) Advise permittee that additional federal or state permits may be
required, and if specific federal or state permits are known,
require that copies of such permits be provided and maintained on
file with the development permit.

101
(3) Notify adjacent communities and the N.C. Department of Crime
Control and Public Safety, Division of Emergency Management, State
Coordinator 'for. the National Flood Insurance Program prior is any
alteration or relocation of a watercourse, and submit evidei:e of
such notification to the Federal Emergency Management Agency_
(4) Assure that maintenance is provided within the altered or relocated
portion of said watercourse so that the flood -carrying capacity is
not diminished.
(5) Prevent encroachments within floodways unless the certification and
flood hazard reduction provisions of Article 5 are met.
(b) Verify and record the actual elevation (in relation to mean sza
level) of the lowest floor (including basement) of all new or
substantially improved structures., in accordance with Article-4,
Section B (5).
(7) Verify and record the actual elevation (in relation to mean sea
level) to which the new or substantially improved structures lave
been flood -proofed, in accordance with Article 4, Section B(5).
(8) When flood -proofing is utilized for a particular structure, obtain
certificati-ons from a registered professional engineer or architect
in accordance with Article 5, Section B (2).
(4) Where interpretation is needed as to the enact location of
boundaries of the areas of special flood hazard (for example, %here
there appears to be a conflict between a mapped boundary and actual
field conditions), make the necessary interpretation. The person'
contesting the location of the boundary shall be given a reasonable
opportunity to appeal the interpretation as provided in this
article.
(10) When base flood elevation data or floodway data has not been
provided in accordance with Article 3, Section B, obtain, review
and reasonably utilize any base flood elevation data and floodway
data available from a federal, state or other source, including
data developed pursuant to Article 5, Section D (4), in order to
administer the provisions of this ordinance.
(11) All records pertaining to the provisions of this ordinance shall be
maintained in the -office of the local administrator and shall be
open for public inspection.
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SECTION D. ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES.
(1) Insoections•of,Work in Progress:. As the work pursuant to a permit
progresses, 'the local administrator shall make as many inspections
of the work .as may be necessary to ensure that the work is being
done according to the provisions bf the local ordinance and the
terms of the permit. In exercising this power, the administrator
has a right, upon presentation of proper credentials, to enter on
any premises within -the territorial jurisdiction at any reasonable
hour for the purposes of inspection or other enforcement action.
(2) Stoo Orders_ Whenever a building or part thereof is being
constructed, reconstructed, altered or repaired in violation of
this ordinance, the administrator may order the work to be
immediately stopped. The stop order shall be in writing and
directed to the person doing the work. -The stop order shall state
the specific work'to be stopped, the specific reasons for the
stoppage, and the conditions under which the work may be resumed.
Violation of a stop order constitutes a misdemeanor.
(3) Revocation of Permits: The local administrator may revoke and
require the return of the development permit by notifying the
permit holder in, writing stating the .reason for the revocation.
Permits shall be revoked for. any substantial departure from the
approved application, plans, or specifications; for.refusal or
failure to comply -with the requirements of state or local laws; or
for false statements or misrepresentations made in securing the
permit. Any permit mistakenly issued in violation of an
applicable state or local law may also be revoked.
(4) Periodic_ I_nsoe_ct_i_o_n_s: The local administrator and each member of
his inspections department shall have a right, upon presentation of
proper credentials, to enter on any premises within the territorial
jurisdiction of the department at any reasonable hour for the
purposes of inspection or other enforcement action.
(5) Violations to be Corrected: When the local administrator finds
violations of applicable state and local laws, it shall be his duty
to notify the owner or occupant of the building of the violation.
The owner or occupant shall each immediately remedy the violations
of law in the property he owns.
(6) Actions in Event of Failure to take Corrective Action_ If the
owner of a building or property shall fail to take prompt
corrective action, the administrator shall give him written notice)
by certified or registered mail to_his last known address or by
personal service,
(a) That the building or property is in violation of the Flood
Damage Prevention Ordinance;
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(b) That a hearing will be held before the local administrator at
a designated place and time, not later than 10 days after the
date of tee notice, at which, time the owner shall.be erfitled
to be heard in person or by counsel and to present arguvents
and evidence pertaining to the matter; and,
(c) That .following the hearing, the local administrator mayissue
such order to alter, vacate, or demolish the building; er to
remove fill as -appears appropriate.
(7) Order to take Corrective Action_ If, upon a hearing held pursuant
to the notice prescribed above, the administrator shall findthat
the building or development is in violation of the Flood Damage
Prevention Ordinance, he shall make an order in writing -to the
owner, requiring the owner to remedy the violation, within such
period, not less than 60 days, the administrator may prescribe;
provided, that where the administrator finds that there is imainent
danger to life or other property, he may order that corrective
action be taken in such lesser period as may be feasible.
(8) Ameal_ Any owner who has received an order to take corrective
action may appeal from the order to the local elected governing
body by.giving notice of appeal in writing to the administrator and
the clerk within 10 days following issuance of the final order. In
the absence of an appeal, the order of the administrator shall be
final. The local governing body shall hear.an appeal within a
reasonable time and may affirm, modify and affirm, or revoke the
order.
(9) Failure -to Co_noly with Order_ If the owner of a building or
property fails to comply with an order to take corrective action
from which no appeal has been taken, or fails to comply with an
order of the governing body following an appeal, he shall be guilty
of a misdemeanor and shall be punished in the discretion of the
court.
SECTION E. VARIANCE PROCEDURES_
(1) The Town Council _ (appeal board) as established by
Hertford (local unit) shall hear and decide appeals and
requests for variances from the requirements of this ordinance.
(2) Any person aggrieved by the decision'of the Town Council
(appeal board) or any taxpayer may appeal such decision to the
Court, as provided in Chapter 7A of the N. C. General Statutes.
(3) Variances may be issued for the reconstruction, rehabilitation or
restoration of structures listed on the National Register of
Historic Places or the State Inventory of Historic Places without
regard to the procedures set forth in the remainder of this
section.
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(4) In passing upon. such applications, the Tn,,n Counni-I
(appeal board) shall consider all technical evaluations, all
relevant factors, all standards specified in other sections'of this -
ordinance, and:
(a)- the danger that materials may be swept onto other lands
to the injury of others;
(b) the danger to life and property due -to flooding or -erosion
. I damage;
(c) the susceptibility of the proposed facility and its contents
to flood damage and the effect of such damage on the
individual owner;
(d) the importance of the services provided by the proposed
facility to the community;
(.e) the necessity to the facility of a waterfront location,
where applicable;
(f) the availablity-of alternative locations, not subject to
flooding or erosion damage, for the proposed use;
(g) the compatability of the proposed use with existing and
anticipated development;
(h) the relationship of the proposed use to the comprehensive
plan and flood plain management program for that area;.
(i) the safety of access to the property in times of flood for
ordinary and emergency vehicles;
(j) the expected heights, velocity, duration, rate of rise and
sediment transport of the flood waters and the effects of
wave action, if applicable, expected at the site; and, ,
M the costs of providing governmental services during and after
flood conditions including maintenance and repair of public
utilities and facilities such as sewer, gas, electrical, and
water systems, and streets and bridges.
(5) Upon consideration of the.factors listed above and the purposes of
this ordinance, the Town Council (appeal board) may
attach such conditions to the granting of variances as it deems
necessary.to further the purposes of this ordinance.
(b) Variances shall not be issued within any designated- :floodway if any
increase in flood levels during the base flood discharge -would
result.
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(7) Conditions for Variances:
(a) Variances shall only be issued upon -a determination th-atthe
variance is the minimum.necessary 9 considering the flood
hazard, to afford relief.
(b) Variances shall only be issued upon (i) a showing -of goof
and sufficient cause, (ii) a determination that failure to
grant the variance would result in exceptional hardship,and;
(iii) a determination• that the granting of a variance will
not result in increased flood heights, additional threats
to public safety, extraordinary public expense, create
nuisance, cause fraud on or victimization of the public,_
or confl.ic.t with existing local laws or ordinances,
(c) Any applicant to whom a variance is granted shall be given
written notice specifying the difference between the base
flood elevation and the elevation to which the structure is
to be built and a written statement that the cost of flood
insurance will be commensurate with the increased risk
resulting from the reduced lowest floor elevation. Such
notification shall be maintained with a record of all variance
actions.
(d). The local administrator shall maintain the records of all
appeal actions and report any variances to the Federal Emergency
Management Agency upon request.
ARTICLE b. PROVISIONS FOR FLOOD HAZARD SEDUCTION_
SECTION A. GENERAL STANDARDS_
In all areas of special flood hazard the following provisions are
required:
(1) All new construction and substantial improvements shall be anchored
to prevent flotation, collapse or lateral movement of the
structure;
(2) Manufactured homes shall be anchored to prevent flotation,
collapse, or lateral movement. Methods of anchoring may include,
but are not limited to, use of aver -the -top or frame ties to ground
anchors. This standard shall be in addition to and consistent with
applicable state requirements for resisting wind forces;
(3) All new construction and substantial improvements shall be con-
structed with materials and utility equipment resistant to flood
damage;
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(4) All new construction or substantial improvements shall be con-
structed by methods and practices that minimize flood damages;
(5) Electrical 'heating, ventilation, plumbing, air conditioning
equipment; and other service facilities shall be designed and/or
located so as to prevent water from entering or accumulating within
the components during conditions.of flooding;
(b) All new and replacement water. supply systems shall be designed to
minimize or eliminate infiltration of flood waters into the
system;
(7)_ New and replacement sanitary sewage systems shall be designed to
minimize or eliminate infiltration of flood waters into the systems
and discharges from'the systems into flood waters;
(81 On -site waste disposal systems shall be located and constructed to
avoid impairment to them or contamination from them during
flooding; and,
(4) Any alteration, repair, reconstruction or improvements to a
structure which is in compliance with the provisions of this
ordinance, shall meet the requirements of "new construction" as
contained in -this ordinance.
SECTION B. SPECIFIC STANDARDS_"
In all areas of special flood hazard where base flood elevation data has
been provided, as set forth in Article 3, Section B, or Article 4,
Section C (10), the following provisions are required:,
M - Residential Construction_ New construction or substantial improve-
ment of any residential structure shall have the lowest floor,
including basement, elevated no lower than ( 1 feet) above the
base flood elevation. Should solid* foundation perimeter walls be
used to elevate a structure, openings sufficient to facilitate the
unimpeded movements of flood waters shall be provided.
(2) Non _Residential Construction. New construction or substantial
improvement of any commercial, industrial, or non-residential
structure shall have the lowest floor, including basement, elevated
no lower than t _� feet) above the level of the base flood
elevation. Structures located in A -zones may be flood -proofed in
lieu of elevation provided that all areas of the structure below
the required elevation are water tight with walls substantially
impermiabie to the passage of water) -using structural components
having the capability of resisting hydrostatic and hydrodynamic
loads and the effect of buoyancy. A registered professional
engineer or architect shall certify that the standards of this
subsection are satisfied. Such certification shall be provided
to the official as set forth in Article 4, Section B (5).-
-15-

(3) Elevated Buildings. New construction or substantial improvements
of elevated buildings that .include fully.enclosed areas formed by.
foundation and other exterior walls below the base flood elevation
shall be desjgned to preclude finished living space and designed to
allow for the entry and exit of floodwaters to automatically
equalize hydrostatic flood forces on exterior walls.
(a) Designs for complying with this requirement must either be
certified by a professional engineer or architect or meet the
following minimum criteria:
(i) Provide a minimum of two openings having a. total net
area of not less than one square inch for every square
foot of enclosed area subject to.flooding;
(ii) The bottom of all openings shall be no higher than one
foot above grade; and.,
(iii) Openings may be equipped with screens, louvers, valves
or other coverings or devices provided they permit the
automatic flow of floodwaters in both directions.
(b) Electrical, heating, ventilation, plumbing, air conditioning
equipment, and other service facilities shall be designed
and/or located.so as to prevent water from entering or
accumulating within the components during conditions of
flooding.
(c) Access to the enclosed area shall be the minimum necessary to
allow for parking of vehicles (garage door} or limited storage
of maintenance equipment used in connection with the premises
(standard exterior door) or entry to the living area (stairway
or elevator).
(d) The interior portion of such enclosed area shall not be
partitioned or finished into separate rooms, except to enclose
storage areas.
(4) Floodways _ Located within areas of special flood hazard establish-
ed in Article 3, Section B, are areas designated as f1bodways.
The floodway is an extremely hazardous area due to the
velocity of flood waters which carry debris and potential
projectiles and has erosion potential. The following provisions
shall apply within such areas:
(a) No encroachments, including fill, new construction,
substantial improvements and other developments shall be
permitted unless certification (with supporting technical
data) by a registered professional engineer is provided
demonstrating that such encroachments shall not result in any
increase in flood levels during occurrence of the base flood
discharge.
-16-

(b) If Article 5, Section-B(4) (a) is satisfied, all new con-
struction and substantial improvements shall comply with all
applicable flood hazard reduction provisions of Article 5.
(c) No manufactured homes shall be permitted, except in an
existing manufactured homes park or subdivision. A
replacement manufactured* home may be placed on a lot in an
existing manufactured home park or subdivision provided the
anchoring standards of Article 5, Section A(2) and the
elevation standards: of Article 5, Section B(1) are met:
SECTION C. STANDARDS FOR STREAMS WIMOUT ESTABLISHED BASE FLOOD
ELEVATIONS AND/OR HMDWAYS.
Located within the - areas of special flood hazard established in Article
3, Section B, are small streams where no base flood data has been
provided or, where no floodways have been identified. The following
provisions apply within such areas:
(1)- No encroachments, including fill, new construction, substantial
improvements or new development shall be permitted within a
distance of the stream bank twenty. -feet each side from top of
bank, unless certification _-with supporting 'technical data by a
registered professional engineer is provided demonstrating that
Q such encroachments shall not result in any increase in flood
levels during the occurence of the base flood discharge.
(2) If Article 5, Section C (1) is satisfied and base flood elevation
data is available from other sources, all new construction and
substantial improvements within such areas shall comply with all
applicable flood hazard ordinance provisions of Article 5 and shall
be elevated or flood -proofed .in accordance with elevations
established in accordance with Article 4, Section C (10). When
base flood elevation data is not available from a federal, state or
other source, the lowest floor, including basement, shall be
elevated at least two (2)- feet above the highest adjacent grade.
SECTION D. STANDARDS FOR SUBDIVISION PROPOSALS.
(1) All subdivision proposals shall be consistent with the need to
minimize -flood damage; •
(2) All subdivision proposals shall have public utilities and
facilities such as sewer, gas, electrical and water sytems
located and constructed to minimize flood damage;
(3) All subdivision proposals shall have adequate drainage provided to
reduce -exposure to flood hazards; and,

L91
(4) Base flood elevation data shall be provided for subdivision pro-
posals and other proposed development which is greater than the
lesser of fifty lots or five acres.
SECTION E. STANDARDS FOR AREAS _OF -SHALLOW FLOODING _(AO -20NES)_
Located within the areas of special flood hazard established in Article
3, Section B, are areas designated as shallow flooding. These areas
have special flood hazards associated with base flood depths of one to
three feet (1'-3') where a clearly defined channel does not exist and
where the path of flooding is unpredictable and indeterminate. The
following provisions shall apply within such areas:
(1) All new construction and substantial improvements of residential
structures shall have the'lowest floor, including basement,
elevated to the depth number specified on the Flood Insurance Rate
Map, in feet, above the highest adjacent grade. If no depth number
is specified, the lowest floor, including. basement, shall be
elevated at least two (2) feet above the highest adjacent grade.
(2) All new construction and substantial improvements of non-
residential structures shall:
(a) have the lowest floor, including basement, elevated to
the depth number specified on 'he Flood Insurance Rate Map,
in feet, above the highest adjacent grade. If no depth number
is specified, the lowest floor, including basement, shall be
elevated at least two (2) feet above the highest adjacent
grade; or,
21-1-9

NO
(b) be -completely flood -proofed together with attendant utility
and sanitary.. facilities to or above that level •so that any
space 'below. that level is watertight with walls. substantially
imperlmeable t.o the passage of water and with structural
components having the capability of resisting hydrostatic and
hydrodynamic loads and effects of buoyancy.
Adopted on May 11, 1997
HY•'Hertford Town Council at regular
meeting all members present motion,
by T. Erie Haste, seconded -by Jesse
- �__ Taarrl S 8T1�Z]T r3.SS�'�
Town of Hertford, W. D. Cox, Mayor
/62
(Signature of Governin)f Board)
Certified by:
Date • l 7
SEAL
60.3(d), 44, 9, CFR
1.2/86
-1.9-

ATTACHIMNU
TN.E RECOMMENDED MCL£L C-RDINA110E C IM122NS ` ` O (2) SralceNS MC UCE) M
MINIMUM FEDURAL RE DUI R. al& IS OF TITLE 44, DIAP111t I, SUFCIA= B, PAM 59
AND 60, CF TM FE.DEML REgUlATICNS.
should the community desire to" substitute the mini;—= Federal requirements in
place of the reccawerded requirements in one or more bf the sections, tam
following sections would be substituted in the Frznded fta-el Crdinkw=;
Substantial 1wrovem-en t
' tant-W imprt• sins ,any repair, recortstruction, alteration, or
imrovement to a structure, th,- cost of which equals or eras fi=ty ;--rcent of
the marka-t value of the structure, either (1) before Lh�-- improvement or repair is
started, or (2) if the structure has been da"cd and is ring restored, before
the damage occurred. For the purposes of this definition, "substantial
improvement' is considered to occur wt--n t1hR first alteration of any m1l,
ceiling, floor, or other structural part of the building Winces, whether or not
that alteration affects the external dimensions of tl--- structure. M-- term 6ces
not, however, include any project for i=rovement of a structure required to
ccnply with existing health, sanitary, or safety code sr--eci f icat ions Which are
solely necassary to assure safe living conditions.
Mmufactured Ftmes in Floodways
Quit Article 5, Section B(4)(c).
EO

0
P-ASQUOTANK RIVER BASINWIDE
WATER QUALITY PLAN (i P aqrc
DRAFT
For
Public Review
May 2002
Comments Are due.By June 10, 2002
SEND COMMENTS TO:
Jennifer Everett
NCDENR ,
Division of Water Quality/Planning
1617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1617
Jennifer.E,.,[e-mail]
[phone], ext. 374
o

General Map of the Pasquotank River Basin
Mackay National Wildlife Refuge
VIR'GINIA 1_slanad i
- Northwest
Knot is Island
t-, 03-01-50 River' Bay
A CAMDEN CURRITUC
GATES �` Q •••' n
GOB. 103-01-54 '
Tlortlr�
lizabe . " ATLANTIC
City OCEAN
P
-
9j' . 2� . '�• Q'l-F
Winfall = 03-01-56
1 fi
Hertford 03-01-52 •`.� 1 Southern Shores
- Yeopim R• Kitty Hawk
Ou
CHOWAN ErAA - Kill Devil Hills
Alligator River -
�S� �ppernon Alli ato Natjd6l Wildlife ' Nags Head
Refuge Roanoke Sound
�• olumbia rk. t
03-01-53 J Manteo
Kendrick Second L East �9--
Crk. Creswell t, CTk k Sout LaikeLake
Q� w
Roper The o Mi71tar7 Wanchese
WASHINGTON TYRRELLF n Pa • ;a Creek a
- oPkeilkt�,e� 03-01-51 � o Whipping
Creek
-. _ -- mvv Pt.
New Lake
Legend
------ County Boundary
—••— State Boundary
River Basin Boundary
Subbasin Boundary
Major Hydrography
Municipality
i \
DARE
Pasquotank River Basin
1:750,000
APA. 0 10 20 30 Miles
DEHNR.
X" 100) -
HYDE
PAA1UCO
SOUND
Cape
Hatteras.
03-01-55
National
Seashore
No
FivnrP 1 G^o..n..l Ad..- -lr *1.. T'--- • ^ . — .. ..

-Summary
•
0-.
North Carolina's Carolina's Basinwide Approach to Water Quality Management
Basinwide water quality planning is a nonregulatory watershed -based approach to restoring and
protecting the quality of North Carolina's surface waters. Basinwide water quality plans are
prepared by the NC Division of Water Quality (DWQ) for each of the seventeen major river
basins in the state. Each basinwide plan is revised at five-year intervals. While these plans are
prepared by the DWQ, their implementation and the protection of water quality entails the
coordinated efforts of many agencies, local governments and stakeholders in the state. The first
basinwide plan for the Pasquotank River basin was completed in 1997.
This draft document is the first five-year update of the Pasquotank River Basinwide Water
Quality Plan. The format of this plan was revised in response to comments received during the
first planning cycle. DWQ replaced much of the general information in the first plan with more
detailed information specific to the Pasquotank River basin. A greater emphasis was placed on
identifying causes and sources of pollution for individual streams in order to facilitate local
restoration efforts.
DWQ considered comments from two public workshops held in the basin and subsequent
discussions with local resource agency staff and citizens during draft plan development. This
input will help guide continuing DWQ activities in the basin.
Goals of the Basinwide Approach
The goals of DWQ's basinwide program are to:
• identify water quality problems and restore full use to impaired waters;
• identify and protect high value resource waters;
• protect unimpaired waters while allowing for reasonable economic growth;
• develop appropriate management strategies to protect and restore water quality;
• assure equitable distribution of waste assimilative capacity for dischargers; and
• improve public awareness and involvement in the management of the state's surface waters.
Pasquotank River Basin Overview
The Pasquotank River basin encompasses 3,635 square miles of low-lying lands and vast open
waters, including Albemarle Sound, in the state's northeast outer coastal plain. The basin
includes all or portions of Camden, Chowan,_ Currituck, Dare, Gates, Hyde, Pasquotank,
Perquimans, Tyrrell and Washington counties. The basin also contains numerous small
watersheds that drain into Albemarle, Currituck, Croatan, Roanoke and Pamlico Sounds.
A small portion of the Pasquotank River basin is located in Virginia, managed by Virginia as the
Chowan River and Dismal Swamp basin. The portion of the basin managed by Virginia covers
Executive Summary xi

4,061 square miles of the Chowan and Pasquotank River basin's headwaters, covering
approximately 145 miles in length and varying from 10 to 50 miles in width (Virginia, MO).
The Pasquotank River basin is part of the Albemarle -Pamlico Estuarine system, the second
largest estuarine system in the United States. In 1987, this estuarine system became partof the
Environmental Protection Agency National Estuary Program and was the subject of a major
study known as the Albemarle -Pamlico Estuarine Study.
Population of the basin, based on 1990 census data, was estimated to be 97,215. The 2M
population was estimated at 118,913. This change in population over the ten-year periodresults
in a 22 percent increase in population. In 1998, population among the municipalities ranted
from 278 in Creswell to 17,188 in Elizabeth City. The overall population density of theiasin is
46 persons per square mile compared to a statewide average of 139 persons per square nee. The
greatest population and density are concentrated in the coastal area of the basin.
The land comprising the Pasquotank'River basin is dominated by open water. Forty-onepercent
of the land use in the basin is water with another 38 percent characterized as forest/wedaids.
Important natural resources in the basin include wetlands, anadromous fish spawning arms,
National Seashore and National Wildlife Refuges. Most of the water used in the basin comes
from surface and groundwater sources, but the vast majority comes from groundwater sauces.
Assessment of Water Quality in the Pasquotank River Basin
Surface waters are classified according to their best intended uses. Determining how well a O
water supports its designated uses (use support status) is an important method of interpreting
water quality data and assessing water quality. Waters are rated fully supporting (FS), patially
supporting (PS) or not supporting (NS). The terms refer to whether the classified uses ofthe
water (i.e., aquatic life protection, recreation and water supply) are being met. For example,
waters classified for aquatic life protection and secondary recreation (Class C for freshwater and
SC for saltwater) are rated FS if data used to determine use support did not exceed specific
criteria. However, if these criteria were exceeded, then the waters would be rated as PS ar NS,
depending on the degree of degradation. Waters rated PS or NS are considered to be impaired.
Waters lacking data, or having inconclusive data, are listed as not rated (NR).
Beginning in 2000 with the Roanoke River basin, an approach to assess ecosystem health and
human health risk is being initiated via the development of use support ratings for each of six use
support categories: aquatic life and secondary recreation, fish consumption, shellfish harvesting,
primary recreation, water supply and 'other" uses. Each of these categories relates to theprimary
classifications applied to NC rivers and streams. A single water could have more than one use
support rating corresponding to one or more of the multiple use categories. For many waters, a
use category will not be applicable (NA) to the best use classification of that water (e.g., drinking
water supply is not the best use of a Class C water). This method of determining use support
differs from that done prior to 2000; in that, there is no longer an overall use support rating for a
water.
Executive Summary xii

Aquatic Life/Secondary Recreation
The aquatic lifelsecondary recreation use support category is applied to all waters in North
Carolina. Therefore, this category is applied to the total number of stream miles (474.1),
estuarine acres (924,089.0), freshwater acres (16,905.0), and coastal miles (110.6) in the
Pasquotank River basin. A basinwide summary of current aquatic life/secondary recreation use
support ratings is presented in Table 1.
Approximately 29 percent of stream miles (135.6. mi.), 69 percent of estuarine acres (639,207.2
acres) and 94 percent of freshwater acres (15,938.3 acres) were monitored for the protection of
aquatic life and secondary recreation by DWQ during this basinwide planning cycle. The 110.6
miles of Atlantic coast line are not currently monitored by DWQ to assess the aquatic
lifelsecondary recreation use support category. There was no impairment in this use support
category in the basin during this planning cycle.
Many of the not rated streams in the Pasquotank River basin are swamp streams. DWQ has
developed draft biological criteria that may be used in the future to assign bioclassifications to
swamp streams (as is currently done for other'streams and rivers across the state). However,
validation of the swamp criteria will require collecting data for several years from swamp stream
reference sites. The criteria will remain in draft form until DWQ is better able to evaluate such
things as: year-to-year variation at reference swamp sites, effects of flow interruption, variation
among reference swamp sites, and the effect of small changes in pH on the benthos community.
Other factors, such as whether the habitat evaluation can be improved and the role fisheries data
should play in the evaluation, must also be resolved.
Table 1 Aquatic Life/Secondary Recreation Use Support Summary Information for Waters
in the Pasquotank River Basin (2000)
Monitored, Evaluated and
Monitored
Aquatic Life/Secondary Recreation
Not Rated Streams*
Streams Only**
Use Support Ratings
Miles or
%
Miles or
%
Acres
Acres
%ig•Supporbng; �° t
+b'29,1967 eslusiwe'ac
s 6$:2% s
E 10
0% °
s'�t
.r.�. t:S��f _ ...F,i'. Ki
.�Fxe�.--_ -
••'. i;•�n .t.Z).L`a.'4•
��{+2, t1:`'Vraj=a iii ^}
y �. _j:
- I6� a:c r- � sy - f -y 1 _ ,�
lIDl)'.....'..`.
t - �
N "V 'r
4_ F`a Yam'• t - .G
-
�.
.. i .. .: a... � .`:'3..•. r`�L._
`
-
.: 7��t. fr
�.— �.uf T_. ti. :1••':'
_.... Y.
Partially Supporting
0
0%
0
0%
Not Supporting
0
0%
0
0%
l�bt Rath `� - t f sr{��h„ s "
s sue,
{ y t i
ti4 . , "`•
•
d741 mi
r
16,9050-fi`e.Sh ac-
`Y1l>�%
1Q0%at�t
'�,15�383th-al:r
-1�10--�
s _
s
�30'eshianne ac
31�. Sto
1
10;01Oe�finaiwe se:6
ti
* = Percent based on total of all waters, both monitored and evaluated. "= Percent based on total of all monitored water:.
Fish Consumption
Like the aquatic life/secondary recreation use support category, the fish consumption use support
category is also applied to all waters in the state. One hundred percent of Atlantic coastline
Executive Summary xiii

(110.6 miles) in the Pasquotank River basin was monitored for the fish consumption usesupport
category during this basinwide cycle. No stream miles were monitored for fish consumption use
support. Fish consumption use support ratings are based on fish consumption advisoriesissued
by the NC Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS). Currently, there is a stateside
advisory limiting consumption of bowfin and king mackerel due to high mercury concentations.
Because of this advisory, all waters in the state are considered partially supporting the fish
consumption use. A basinwide summary of current fish consumption.use support ratingsis
presented in Table 2.
Table 2 Fish Consumption Use Support Summary Information for Waters in the
Pasquotank River Basin (2000)
Monitored, Evaluated and
Monitored
Fish Consumption
Not Rated Streams*
Streams Only**
Use Support Ratings
Miles or
%
Miles or
%
Acres
Acres
illySupdtting
;ijt
a �%
0.!;�a
lfs
_ .Y�_t.i +F •9�i�.*lhY_
Y� S -s
d" -
�S :-. '�'L'5,��'E�$i�cy�d�`.%ei'
P.T �1'
_�` �•. C rf�s'r- �.`. �. Yfs
ti
� � 1
tom} gi`Xi��i{'�j,� s
� _
��
Partially Supporting
474.1 mi
100%
110.6 coastal mi
110%
16,905.0 fresh ac
924,089.0 estuarine ac
110.6 coastal mi
Not Supporting
0
0%
0
1%
Ga 4-,t"`�� Y 7_
`� f^ t 1 j fy
-Z .f
Fj—i•T -t F -
`:
..t ..4x.`': x-'+-'�,cs�L. .: :; x
_>t. _ .L > .,4`�.�
.,cf�:Y<..:t..a t-
3�v�R
_ _'4 ."�=3: -. a
t'rt
a...^t,• F�
* = Percent based on total of all streams, both monitored and evaluated. ** = Percent based on total of all monitornl streams.
Primary Recreation
There are 707,455.2 estuarine acres, 110.6 coastal miles,15,938.3 freshwaters acres and 25.1
freshwater miles currently classified for primary recreation in the Pasquotank River basin. The
Division of Environmental Health Shellfish Sanitation and Recreational Water Quality Section
monitors primary recreation on both the estuarine and coastal shorelines. During the last two
years, all monitored sites are fully supporting the primary recreation use. However, one site at
the Villas Condominiums, Inc. did not support primary recreation due to an ongoing swimming
closure advisory in accordance to rule which has been in effect more than two years. However,
DEH does not monitor this site. A basinwide summary of current primary recreation use support
ratings is presented in Table 3.
N
Executive Summary xiv

N
Table 3 Primary Recreation Use Support Summary Information for Waters in the
Pasquotank River Basin (2000)
Monitored, Evaluated and
Monitored
Primary Recreation
Not Rated Streams*
Streams Only**
Use Support Ratings
Miles or
%
Miles or
%
Acres
Acres
; E'ally dpporiing=
651,4691 estuarme.ac 7
estuarine ac
65146� 1 tstnatine as
�� � 'o s€narine ac
6
mi;
Was
Im aieil=
P. •. <,
2�.4:estnarineesttaiine
at.
21.4 estuarne ac-�,
<l�o estuarine ac.
Partially Supporting
0
0%
0
0%
Not Supporting
21.4 estuarine ac
<1% estuarine ac
21.4 estuarine ac
<1% estuarine ac
TNt t ItaU
iT V c's�vanne ac
IS9 8 3 fresh
4
estuarttt>' ac
'101 ✓a iesh acY
'
�I miles
�-�-
°�bT.�i3 .,
70�%j4]j,SSt/�_UT}es�tira�)nsnfeas
'
651,�90.]5oestuarme ac
�� ��;r
�-'v_
fP.� f
i KK 1 Y = i?�'Y
iA' C-<i" :C-'?• eit'-'�
5.1.'1� iA
�'� �3-
eiT:l: - !i". O.r._ ...�-
- - t_
5?i t•t ...<ka�.
- r f,.c�+'
=
* = Percent based on total of all streams, both monitored and evaluated.
Shellfish Harvesting -
** = Percent based on total of all monitored streams.
In the Pasquotank River basin, there are 395,371.3 estuarine acres which have shellfish
harvesting (Class SA) identified by the state as its best use. All were monitored during the past
five years by DEH Shellfish Sanitation. A basinwide summary of current shellfish harvest use
support ratings is presented in Table 4.
The Pasquotank River basin contains many Prohibited shellfish harvesting areas, which are now
given a use support rating of not supporting (NS) shellfish harvesting based on the DEH
designation. This use support rating differs significantly from the historical use support ratings
of partially supporting (PS) for Prohibited shellfish harvesting areas. Changes that are related to
water quality or DEH SS growing area reclassifications are explained in detail in the subbasin
chapters of Section B.
Executive_ Summary
xv

Table 4 Shellfish Harvest Use Support Summary Information for Waters in the
Pasquotank River Basin (1995-2000)
Monitored
Shellfish Harvest
Streams
Use Support Ratings
%
• !
�sl�llii�l(Ipp�tcL_,lII�—'`.3
+Acres
`
�HBO1:3°l0
,-F
Partially Supporting
0
0%
Not Supporting
5,033.3
1.3
4
°I 05 '
�10[ill[�¢�'f
`>z=��
Water supply
There are 30.3 stream miles and 23.8 freshwater acres currently classified for water supply in the
Pasquotank River basin. All are considered fully supporting on an evaluated basis, basedon
information provided by the regional water treatment plant consultant. Local water treatment
plant operators monitored all during the past five years.
Use Support Summary
There are no impaired waters in the aquatic life/secondary recreation use support category and
one impaired water in the primary recreation use support category. All waters are considered
impaired for the fish consumption use support category due to a statewide fish consumption
advisory for bowfin and king mackerel, although only three streams and the Atlantic Ocean were
monitored to assess this category. There are 5,033.3 estuarine acres impaired for the shel6sh
harvesting use support category. All water supply watershed waters are fully supporting teir
uses in the basin. Descriptions of impaired segments, as well as problem parameters, are
outlined in Appendix III. Management strategies for each water are discussed in detail inthe
appropriate subbasin chapter.
EO
101
Executive Summary xvi

Chapter 3 -
Q Pasquotank River Subbasin 03701-52
101
Includes Perquimans River, Little River and Tributaries
<;: � r' 3?,?%?z ._. •, ark � .: „ .¢ � � _.;� .. � e. ��:'"� : e .., -.A: xR e�.� , �.. --.: . nit-. T:'a-� ,,.:r � a;z.. Y �'. �a-�:3�.- 3 ��' �.r: a�:^r,.�.
3.1 Water Quality Overview
Subbasin 03-01-52 at a Glance
Land and Water
Total area: 541 n&
Land area: 399 miZ
Water area: 142 mf
Population Statistics
1990 Est: pop.: 18,399 people
Pop. density: 46 persons/mf
Land Cover (%)
Forest/Wetland: 32
Surface Water. 28
Urban: <1
Cultivated Crop: 39
Pasture/
Managed Herbaceous: 1
This Pasquotank River subbasin consists of the
northwestern edge of Albemarle Sound and the rivers that
empty to it. The largest of these rivers are the Little
River and the Perquimans River. The Perquimans River
originates in the Great Dismal Swamp and flows south
before emptying into Albemarle Sound. A map including
water quality sampling locations is presented as Figure B-
4. The largest town in this subbasin is Hertford.
DWQ conducted benthic macroinvertebrate and ambient
water quality sampling in this subbasin. Biological
ratings for these sample locations are presented in Table
B-5. Use support ratings are summarized in Table A-6.
Refer to Appendix II for a complete listing of monitored
waters and Appendix III for use support ratings. There
are few indications of water quality problems in the
subbasin.
A small portion of the land area near the mouths of the Yeopim, Perquimans and Little River is
designated as Significant Natural Heritage Areas (refer to Section A).
There are five permitted dischargers in the subbasin; none of which are major permit holders.
Four general permits are currently issued in the basin. No facilities are required under permit to
perform whole effluent toxicity testing in the subbasin. There is only one facility with a NPDES
individual stormwater permit issued in the subbasin, South Atlantic Wood Preserving,
discharging into the Little River.
Benthic macroinvertebrates have been collected at four freshwater sites within this subbasin;
however, these data are not rated; and therefore, they currently offer little indication of the water
quality status of the Pasquotank River basin.
For more detailed information on sampling and assessment of streams in this subbasin, refer to
the Draft Basinwide Assessment Report-Pasquotank River Basin (NCDENR-DWQ, December
2001), available from DWQ Environmental Sciences Branch at http://www.esb.enr.state.ncu.uAar.htmi
or by calling [phone].
Section B: Chapter —Pasquotank River Subbasin 03-01-52 94

-w
Act
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.......... ...... .-dim
L) L
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............
IL 10
. ........... 0 ......
.............
.. ...............
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x
101
Table B-5 DWQ Monitoring Locations and Benthic Macroinvertebrate Bioclassifications
(2000) for Pasquotank River Subbasin 03-01-52
Site
Stream
County
Location Bioclassification
Benthic Macroinverfebrates
Freshwater
B-1
Little River
Perquimans
SR 1221
Not Rated
B-2
Burnt Mill Creek
Pasquotank
NC 37
Not Rated
B-3
Perquimans River
Perquimans
SR 1111
Not Rated
B-4
Perquimans; River
Perquimans
2 miles above Hertford
Not Rated
Ambient Monitoring TProblem
Parameters
M3500000
Little River at US 17
Perquimans
at Woodville
DO and pH
M39000ON
Albemarle Sound
Pasquotank
near Frog Island north shore
None observed
M5000000
Perquimans; River
Perquimans
at SR 1336 at Hertford
pH
M61000ON
Albemarle Sound
Perquirnans
between Harvey Point and
Mill Point north shore
None observed
Table B-6 Use Support Ratings Summary (2000) for Monitored and Evaluated' Freshwater
Streams (Miles) in Pasquotank River Subbasin 03-01-52
Use Support Category
FS
PS
NS
NR
Total"
Aquatic Life!
Secondary Recreation 2
72,795.5
estuarine ac
0
88.6 nii
18,9,24.6 estuarine ac
'88.6 mi
91,720.1 estuarine ac
Primary Recreation
72,795.5
estuarine ac
0
0
9,840.3 estuarine
635.8 estuarine ac
Total stream miles/acres assigned to each use support category in this subbasin. Column is not additive because some stream
miles are assigned to more than one category.
These waters are impaired because of a statewide fish consumption advisory for bowim. Refer to Section A, Part 4A.5 for
further information.
3.2 Status and Recommendations for Previously Impaired Waters
The 1997 Pasquotank River Basinwide Plan identified two segments as impaired in this subbasin
(Little River and Burnt Mill Creek). This section reviews use support and recommendations
detailed in the 1997 basinwide plan, reports status of progress, gives recommendations for the
next five-year cycle, and outlines current projects aimed at improving water quality for these
stream segments.
Section B: Clwpter 3 - Pasquotank River Subbasin 03-01-52
96

3.2.1 Little River (11.8 miles from source to mouth of Halls Creek)
1997 Recommendations
This segment of the Little River was partially supporting because of low dissolved oxlgen (DO)
levels. Potential sources included land development, nonirrigated crop production, offfarm
animal holding/management area and onsite wastewater systems (septic systems). Svenmp
conditions combined with agricultural runoff were thought to be contributing to the low
dissolved oxygen.
Status of Progress
The Nonpoint Source Team chose against focusing on Little River and instead focusedon
broader issues that could impact the entire basin.
The Little River is currently not rated but there are indications that agricultural land usts may be
contributing to observed algal growths and low dissolved oxygen.
2002 Recommendations
DWQ will determine if the low dissolved oxygen in the Little River is due to natural cmditions
or other inputs. DWQ will continue to develop biocriteria to better assess use support in waters
with swamp characteristics. Land adjacent to Little River is expected to undergo devebpment in
the near future. Special attention should be placed on development impacts to local prinary
nursery areas. Growth management within the next five years will be imperative in order to
maintain good water quality.in-this subbasin: Refer to Section 4.11 for more information about
minimizing impacts to water quality from development.
3.2.2 Burnt Mill Creek (3.5 miles from source to Yeopim River)
1997 Recommendations
Burnt Mill Creek was not supporting from its source to Yeopim River. DWQ recommended
monitoring the waterbody.
Status of Progress
The creek is currently not rated and is no longer considered impaired. DWQ collected new
biological information suggesting the previous bioclassification was inappropriate.
2002 Recommendations
DWQ will continue to develop biocriteria to better assess use support in waters with swamp
characteristics.
3.3 Status and Recommendations for Newly Impaired Waters
The four benthic monitoring sites in this subbasin are currently not rated because criteria for
assigning bioclassifications to swamp streams is still in draft (page 67). All waters in this
subbasin are currently partially supporting (PS) on an evaluated basis in the fish consumption use
support category because of a statewide fish consumption advisory for bowfin and king
mackerel. There is a separate fish consumption advisory in the Albemarle Sound for dioxin.
Section B: Chapter 3 — Pasquotank River Subbasin 03-01-52 97

Refer to page 68 for more information on this issue. There are no other newly impaired waters in
this subbasin.
Q3.4 Other Issues and Recommendations
The surface waters discussed_ in this section are fully supporting designated uses or are not rated
based on recent DWQ monitoring; however, these data revealed some impacts to water quality.
Although no action is required for these streams, voluntary implementation of BMPs is
encouraged and continued monitoring is recommended. DWQ will notify local agencies of water
quality concerns regarding these waters and work with them to conduct further monitoring and to
locate sources of water quality protection funding.
3A.1 Mill Creek
Current Status
Mill Creek is currently not rated. The Perquimans County Water Treatment Plant #2 discharges
effluent into an unnamed tributary to Mill Creek that leads to the Pasquotank River. The facility
exceeded its permit limits by greater than 40 percent for total suspended solids over the course of
two or more months during quarterly review periods in 1999 and 2000.
The Town of Winfall's Water Treatment Plant discharges to Mill Creek. The facility exceeded
its permit limits by greater than 40 percent for total suspended solids over the course of two or
more months during quarter review periods in 1998 and 1999.
3.4.2 Bethel Creek
Current Status
Bethel Creek is currently not rated.
Perquimans County exceeded its permit limits at its Water Treatment Plant (#1Bethel) that
discharges to Bethel Creek. The facility exceeded its permit limits by greater than 40 percent for
total suspended solids over the course of two or more months during quarterly review periods in
1999.
3.4.3 Perquimans River
Current Status
Perquimans River is currently not rated. The Town of Hertford has been experiencing some
problems with their wastewater treatment plant. DWQ's Washington Regional Office has met
with Hertford to discuss the current situation and to identify some solutions.
2002 Recommendations
DWQ will continue to provide technical assistance to the facilities to ensure that the facilities do
not exceed their effluent permit limits. Because of the multiple number of facility violations in
the subbasin, DWQ's Environmental Sciences Branch will determine whether or not a biological
Osurvey is appropriate.
Section B: Chapter 3 — Pasquotank River Subbasin 03-01-52 98

0-
A Citizen's Guide
To Water Quality Management
In North Carolina
Prepared By:
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
Planning Branch
1617 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1617
[phone]
htta_/th2o.enr.state.nc.us/basinwide/
First Edition
September 2000

x
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION A: NORTH CAROLINA WATER QUALITY ISSUES ...................................................... I
A-1 POINT SOURCE POLLUTION.........::.......::................................................................................... I
Controlling Point Source Pollution.................................................................................................. 1
Wastewater.............................................................................................................................................1
Stormwater............................................................................................................................................. I
A-2 NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION.............................................................................................. 3
Types of Nonpoint Source Pollution ........................................ :....................................................... 3
Sources of Nonpoint Source Pollution............................................................................................. 4
/y Agricultural Operations.........................................................................................................................4
/y Urban Areas.........................................................................................: ...4
A -Timber Harvesting.................................................................................................................................5
A, Construction Activities...........................................................................................................................5
/y Solid Waste Disposal..........................:.................................................:................................................6
l� On -Site Wastewater Treatment.............................................................................................................. 6
Al Golf Courses.........................................................................................:................................................7
/:Mining Activities .........................................................7
SECTION B: AN OVERVIEW OF POLLUTANTS AND WATER QUALITY IMPACTS..............9
B-1 SEDIMENT...................................................................................
Sedimentation................................................................................................................................
10
Sediment and Streamflow..............................................................................................................
10
1, The Effects of Urbanization on Streamflow, Storm Flows and Sediment ............................................
I I
Sediment and Streambank Erosion ............................................ .............. :.....................................
11
StreamModification......................................................................................................................
I I
How Does Sediment Affect Water Quality?.............................................:....................................12
REDUCING WATER QUALITY IMPACTS FROM SEDIMENT .............................................
13
Streambank Erosion and Loss of Riparian Vegetation..................................................................
13
/J' Using Riparian Buffers to Protect Stream Quality and Integrity..........................................................14
/3' Streambank Fencing and Alternative Livestock Water Supply ..............................................
Construction Activities and Sedimentation...................................................................................15
/31 New Rules Regarding Sediment Control.............................................................................................16
Private Access Road Construction.................................................................................................
16
ForMore Information...................................................................................................................
17
A, NC Sedimentation Control Program....................................................................................................17
A- NCDOT Soil & Water Engineering Section........................................................................................17
B-2 FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA .................................................................................................19
How Does Fecal Coliform Bacteria Affect Water Quality?..........................................................19
Standards Applied to Protect Public Health...................................................................................19
A, Fecal Coliform and Shellfish Harvesting.............................................................................................20
REDUCING WATER QUALITY IMPACTS FROM FECAL COLIFORM BACTERIA ..........
21
Managing Fecal ColiforLn Bacteria in Shellfish Waters................................................................21
A, Development Thresholds......................................................................................................................21
/Je Construction, Stormwater and Land Use Issues...................................................................................22
O />* Septic System Impacts..........................................................................................................................22
/ly State and Local Interaction through CAMA.........................................................................................23

/b Growth Management........................................................................................................................
23
Animal Waste Management.............................................................................................._..........24
B-3 NUTRIENTS......................................................................................................................__........25
How do Nutrients Affect Water Quality?.........................................................................._..........25
Reservoir and Lake Eutrophication..................................................................................._..........26
REDUCING WATER QUALITY IMPACTS FROM NUTRIENTS ............................... _......... 26
Nutrient Sensitive Waters Classification..........................................................................._..........27
/1* Tar -Pamlico Nutrient Sensitive Waters Strategy............................................................................. 27
4- Neuse River Nutrient Sensitive Waters Management Strategy .............................................. ._...........
28
PhosphateDetergent Ban..................................................................................................._..........28
B-4 OXYGEN -CONSUMING WASTES................................................................................._..........29
How do Oxygen -Consuming Wastes Affect Water Quality? ............................................. _.
........ &29
Factors Affecting Dissolved Oxygen..........................................................................................29
REDUCING WATER QUALITY IMPACTS FROM OXYGEN -CONSUMING WASTES ....... 30
Modeling............................................................................................................................_.........30
NPDESPermit Limits .................................................... :................................................... _
......... 31
Discharges to Zero and Low Flow Streams........................................................................_.........31
Discharges to Swamp Waters......................................................................................................31
B-5 TOXIC SUBSTANCES......................................................................................................_.........33
pH......................................................................................................................................._.........33
Metals................................................................................................................................._.........34
Chlorine........................................................ ........................................................... ........... _.
........ 34
Ammonia(NH3)................................................................................................................._.........34
REDUCING WATER QUALITY IMPACTS FROM TOXIC SUBSTANCES ............... _
......... 35
Metals,..............:............................................................................................................................35
Chlorine.............................................................................................................................._.........35
Ammonia....................................................................................................................................
36
Whole Effluent Toxicity Testing at NPDES Facilities......................................................... ..........
36
NPDESPermit Limits........................................................................................................._.........36
Nonpoint Source Controls..............................................................................................................37
B-6 COLOR................................................................................................................................._.........39
How Does Color Affect Water Quality?............................................................................._.........39
REDUCING WATER QUALITY IMPACTS FROM COLOR ........................................... _.........
DWQ Color Reduction Strategy.........................................................................................._.........39
SECTION C: DWQ WATER QUALITY PROTECTION AND RESTORATION PROGRAMS ...41
C-1 BASINWIDE PLANNING ................ :................................................................................. ...
........ 41
Basinwide Responsibilities within DWQ's Water Quality Section .............................
/3,, Planning Branch........................................................................................................................-.........
42
/Y Environmental Sciences Branch..............................................................................................._........ 42
Ar Point Source Branch................................................................................................................._........
43
/ly Non -Discharge Branch.............................................................................................................-......... 43
Basinwide Planning Goals..............................................................................................................43
Benefits of the Basinwide Approach..............................................................................................44
BasinwidePlan Schedule......................•........................................................................................44
Basinwide Plan Preparation, Review and Public Involvement.................................................'.....45
Howto Get Involved......................................................................................................................45
Conclusions.........................................................................................................................._........46
ForMore Information....................................................................................................................46 O

C-2NONPCQNTSOURCE PROGRAMS ............................................................................................ 47
Section3l9 -------_--------_----------..-----'..-------'---_-----.----'47
/1,For More Information ..........................................................................................................................
49
' Non -Discharge Permits ..................................................................................................................
49
Animal Waste Muou-enuent.................................................................................................................
50
For More Information -.__'..._'-__.-----'---'--_---._--_'-----'-___._-_-'___--53
Urban And Developing ' Areas Program .-'----_---'--'-'_----'-------_'_------_--_-'5S
.
.
A'}orMore Information ..........................................................................................................................
54
'
State StormnmturMaoagenmoot Programs ...... ................................................................................
54
ApUrban SuorouvuterManagement Program ............................................................................................
55
Couom] Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs ........................... ..........................................................
55
/P Coastal SuoronvotecManagement -''--._-------_-_-----'--_--_'-___-..._'-_-'----58
Water Supply Protection Pro -ram ........................................................................................................
57
�wFor More Information -........................................................................................................................
58
Wetlands Certification Program -'------_---------------------------------.------'60
.
ISPSection 4D1Water Quality Certification (from CWA)........................................................................ 60
� Al North Carolina Dredge and Fill Act (106g).--.----'-------_------_-'-___''-------__''6D
�
Ae}�88or�DnDnmnudoo-..--___-_---'----'-----------'----�'-`_--_-----'---'--.---.6O
Groundwater Program .-------------'-----------------------'----'_'-----------_-'6D
A,Well Construction Program .................................................................................................................. 8l
Al ------ 61
A- Compliance Monitoring Program ..................................................................... ..................................... 62
A,Underground Injection Control ............................................................................................................. 62
Groundwater -'--_---'-'__-..---__'__'__-'-_-_-'62
ForMore Information ..........................................................................................................................
63
C_3 CLASSIFICATIONS AND STANDARDS '_--_---'------'--------------------------:65
WaterQuality 8tuodurds................................................................................................................
65
Statewide Classifications ................................................................................................................
65
High Quality Waters '---'____--.-----'--------------'----__-_'-_-__-_---_---_'66
Qu��odiggI�uource�/o1�a-----'-_-__'-_----'--._--'-----____'---�67
��mr8�mreDotbxouu�oo-'------------------------'-----'---'-------'---'_'.---...----67
C4WATBR QUALITY MONITORING .-------'--'---------..-----'----.._--'---'--',',..''--69
]0eodic: Macroinvertebrate Monitoring -'----'----------'-----'--'---.-'-~--'---_'-...'---'69
FishMonitoring '--'--'----'--_---'---..-_-------'_-------~'---------~--'--'-'.-----6g
Lakes Assessment Program (including ----------~----'~_.'---'~'~___----69
AquaticToxicity Monitoring .........................................................................................................
69
Sediment Oxygen Demand ....................................
.........................................................................
69
Ambient Monitoring System ~'~.--'----''-'_'-'----------.-'.-'------'_---.-'---------7Q
For More Information ... .................................................................................................................
70
�
C-5U8E SUPPORT RATINGS ............................................................................................................
7X
InterpretationmfData .....................................................................................................................
71
Aaoousooeot Methodology - Freshwater Streams ...........................................................................
7Z
xPMonitoring Data --_-_-'_'___----_-_-'-----_------_-----_--'___-'__-_------72
Data _--__ ___-__'-'_-73
Sources and Cause Data ....................................................................... ................................................ 74
OutsideData ......................................................................................................................................... 75
&&yoo¢xedvs. Evaluated ......................................................................................................................
75
/31 Assigning Use Support Ratings »oFreshwater Streams .......................................................................
76
8ouusaoueot Methodology - Lakes .................................................................................................
76
Assessment Methodology -SotwuaterBodies .--------------------'---_-~-_'----_-_--'77
K}
A,DEHSanitary Surveys ..........................................................................................................................
A- Data .......................................................................................................................
7?
77

Assigning Saltwater Use Support Ratings ...............
Revisions to Methodology Since 1992-93 305(b) Report ............................................... _..........
78
303(d) Listing and Reporting Requirements..................................................................._..........79
/y What is the 303(d) List?......................................................................................................._...........
79
303(d) List Development....................................................................................................._...........
79
A- Sources of Information.........................................................................................................,..........
79
A, For More Information.......................................................................................................... _..........
80
C-6 POINT SOURCE PROGRAMS........................................................................................_..........81
NPDES Wastewater Discharge Permits............................................................................_.........81
/:- NPDES Permit Review and Processing................................................................................_..........
81
/I- Wasteload Allocation Modeling..........................................................................................._..........
82
PretreatmentProgram..........................................................................................................._..........
82
/I- Operator Certification and Training......................................................................................_..........
83
/l• Non -Discharge and Regional Wastewater Treatment Alternatives ... ................................... _..........
83
/Y For More Information.......................................................................................................... ._..........
84
C-7 UNIFIED WATERSHED ASSESSMENT......................................................................._.........85
Al For More Information ... ....................................................................................................... .,.........
85
C-8 ALBEMARLE-PAMLICO NATIONAL ESTUARY PROGRAM..................I..........................87
/y For More Information............................................................................................................ ._.........
88
C-9 WETLANDS RESTORATION PROGRAM..............................................................................89
Ar For More Information ... .......................................... .............................................................. ..........
90
SECTION D: FEDERAL AND OTHER STATE WATER QUALITY
• MANAGEMENT PROGRAMS...............:........................................................_.........91
D-1 FEDERAL PROGRAMS...................................................................................................._..........91
USForest Service............................................................................................................_.........91
For More Information ... ..............
........................................................................................... ._......... 91
US Fish and Wildlife Service.........................................................................................................91
/3' For More Information ... ..................................... :..................................................................... ......... 92
US Army Corps of Engineers .................................... ......................................................... _
........ 92
/ly For More Information.......................................................... ._.........
..................................................
92
USDepartment of Agriculture NRCS................................................................................._........92
/IS' Food Security Act of 1985 (FSA) and the Food, Agriculture,
Conservation and Trade Act of 1990 (FACTA)......................................................................._........
92
/l, For More Information............................................................................................................ _.........
95
D-2 STATE PROGRAMS.........................................................................................................._........97
NC Division. of Soil and Water Conservation....................................................................
....97
/b" North Carolina Agriculture Cost Share Program....................................................................._........
97
/3- For More Information............................................................................................................. _....:...
97
NC Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services .................................................... ._
........ 97
/P North Carolina Pesticide Law of 1971....................................................................................._........
97
/if- Soil, Plant Waste and Solution Advisory Programs ....................................
/P For More Information...................................................................................................... :...... _........
99
NC Division of Forest Resources.................................._....................................................._........99
Al Forest Practice Guidelines Related to Water Quality ......................
/b Forest Management Program...................................................................................................._........
99
Ar Forest Stewardship Program...................................................................................................._-......
100
/3- For More Information ... ........................................................................................................... _......
100
NC Wildlife Resources Commission............................................................................................100
/b, For More Information ... ................................................................................... ...............................
100
NC Division of Land Resources..........................................................................................._.....100
4- For More Information
...............................................................................................................-......
101

NC Division of Waste Management............................................♦...............................................
101
/l' Local Program....................................................................................................................................102
A- For More Information........................................................................................................................103
NC Division of Environmental Health ..................................... ........ ...........................................
103
.....................................
For More Information...................................................................... .............104
NC Division of Water Resources.................................................................................................104
AY Water Supply Planning Law...............................................................................................................104
A, Registration of Water Withdrawals and Transfers Law.....................................................................104
lt- Regulation of Surface Water Transfers Act.......................................................................................104
lI- Capacity Use Act................................................................................................................................105
lyDam Safety Law.................................................................................................................................105
A- For More Information........................................................................................................................106
NC Division of Coastal Management..........................................................................................
106
Ap Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Programs...................................................................................106
4- CAMA Land Use Plans......................................................................................................................106
/, For More Information........................................................................................................................106
NCDivision of Marine Fisheries........................................................................I.........................107
!3, For More Information........................................................................................................................107
NCSU Cooperative Extension Service........................................................................................107
l=- Agricultural Research Service............................................................................................................107
1, For More Information........................................................................................................................107
SECTION E - WATER QUALITY PROJECT FUNDING SOURCES............................................109
E-1 DENR FUNDING PROGRAMS..................................................................................................109
Section319.................................................................................................................................. 109
Clean Water Management Trust Fund.........................................................................................109
NCWetlands Restoration Program:....................................................................................:........ 110
E-2 FUNDING SOURCES FOR POINT SOURCE POLLUTION PROJECTS ............... :................. 111
Federal......................................................................................................................................... III
State............................................................................................................................................. III
Private.......................................................................................................................................... 112
E-3 FUNDING SOURCES FOR NPS POLLUTION PROJECTS.....................................................113
Agriculture...................................................................................................................................113
Education..................................................................................................................................... 114
Research....................................................................................................................................... 115
WaterQuality Planning............................................................................................................... 116
Forestry, Reclamation and Land Conservation............................................................................117
APPENDIX 1- FEDERAL AND STATE AUTHORITIES FOR
NC WATER QUALITY PROGRAMS.......................................................................119
Federal Authorities For North Carolina's Water Quality Program..............................................121
State Authorities For North Carolina's Water Quality Program..................................................121
APPENDIX 2 - BEST MANAGEMENT PRACTICES (BMPS) FOR
CONTROLLING NPS POLLUTION........................................................................123
1. BMPs FOR AGRICULTURE.....................................................................................................:....125
BMPs Eligible for Cost Share Payments ............................ :......................................................... 126
Purpose: Sediment/Nutrient Delivery Reduction From Fields................................................................126
Purpose: Erosion Reduction/Nutrient Loss in Fields................................................................................127
Purpose: Agricultural Chemical Pollution Prevention.............................................................................127
r^1 Purpose: Proper Animal Waste Management..........................................................................................127
(�+.../) Purpose: Stream Protection from Animals..............................................................................................127

2. BMPs FOR URBAN STORMWATER......................................................................................._...129
StructuralBMPs......................................................................................................................_...
129
Nonstructural BMPs...............................................................................................................—...
129
Substitutions for Household Hazardous Substances...................................................................129
Recommendations for Urban Stormwater Control.................................................................._..130
3. BMPs FOR EROSION AND SEDIMENTATION CONTROL................................................._131
4. BMPs FOR ON -SITE WASTEWATER DISPOSAL................................................................._...133
5. BMPs FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT........................................................................._..135
G. BMPs FOR FORESTRY............................................................................................................._...137
A. Performance Standards for Forestry Site Disturbing Activities in North Carolina ............_..137
B. BMPs for Forestry Operations in Wetlands.............................................................................137
7. BMPs FOR MINING OPERATIONS..................................:...................:.......................................139
8. BMPs FOR HYDROLOGIC MODIFICATION (RELATED TO MINING OPERATIONS) ........141
APPENDIX 3 - GLOSSARY............................................................................................................._..143
REFERENCES..............................................................:........................................................................ 153
0
101

E9
SECTION A: Noun C.-mot-out WATER QUALITY ISSUES
Human activities car impact water quality, even when they occur some distance away from a surface
waterbody. While any one activity may not have a noticeable affect on water quality, the cumulative
impacts of all land use activities in a watershed can be significant and long lasting.
Every person living near or visiting a watershed contributes to that impact. Because pollutants from
human activities enter surface waters through either point or nonpoint sources, it is important to be
aware of our contributions and to act to reduce them. With proper management of wastes and land
use activities, these impacts can be minimized.
k
A-1 POINT SOURCE POLLUTION
Point source (PS) pollution refers to
a discharge that enters surface waters
through a pipe, ditch or other
discrete, well-defined location. The
primary point source pollutants are
oxygen -consuming wastes, nutrients,
color and toxic substances including
chlorine, ammonia and metals.
Point source pollution applies
primarily to wastewater and
stormwater discharges from
municipal (city and county) and
industrial wastewater treatment
plants and small domestic
wastewater treatment systems that
serve schools, commercial offices,
residential subdivisions and
individual homes.
CONTROLLING POINT
SOURCE POLLUTION..
/k WASTEWATER
Point source dischargers in North
Carolina must apply for, and obtain,
A National Pollutant Discharge
Elimination System (NPDES) permit
from the state. Discharge permits are
issued under the NPDES program as
delegated to the NC Division of
Water Quality.(DWQ) by the US
Environmental Protection Agency
(EPA). Refer to Section C-7 on page
81 for more information.
Encarra Encyclopedia Online
/3- STORM WATER
The primary source of concern
regarding industrial facilities is the
contamination of stormwater from
contact with exposed materials. In
addition, poor housekeeping can lead
to significant contributions of
sediment and other water quality
Section A-1 Point Source Pollution
1

North Carolina currently has a multi -
phased stormwater-pennutting
program that addresses stormwater
from a variety of sources.
To address these issues, Municipal ^
Phase 2 of the NC NPDES Program
sets forth the following sic minimum
control measures: -
Phase I applies to activities in 1. Publ'ic education and outreach
municipal areas with populations 2. Public involvement/participaion
greater than 100,000; ten categories 3. Illicit discharge detection and elimination
of industrial activity and construction 4. Construction site stormwaterrunoff control
sites greater than 5 acres. 5. Post -construction stormwatermanagement
6. Pollution prevention/good housekeeping
Phase II covers activities in small
municipalities (defined as central
places with populations greater than
50,000 or population densities
greater than 1,000 people/mi2); in
urbanized areas or municipalities
with populations greater than 10,000
or population densities greater than
1,000 people/mil; construction sites
greater than 1 acre and municipal
industrial sites.
In addition, NPDES-pernutted
facilities must develop a Stormwater
Pollution Prevention Plan (SPPP) .
that addresses the facility's potential
impacts on water quality. Facilities
or activities identified as having the
potential to impact water quality are
also required to perform analytical
monitoring to characterize the
pollutants in their stormwater
discharge.
Section A-1 Point Source Pollution
2

A-2 NONPOINT SOURCE POLLUTION
Nonpoint source (NPS) pollution
refers to runoff that enters surface
waters through stormwater,
snowmelt or atmospheric deposition
(e.g., acid rain). The majority of
water quality problems in North
Carolina are the result of nonpoint
source pollution.
There are many types of land use
activities that contribute to nonpoint
source pollution including land
development, construction, forestry
operations, mining operations, crop
production, animal feeding lots,
failing septic systems, landfills,
roads and parking lots.
Although stormwater from many
(� municipalities, construction sites and
�•-/ municipal industrial sites are
considered a point source - since
NPDES permits are required for
piped discharges of stormwater from
these areas - a discussion of urban
runoff is included in this section.
TYPES OF NONPOINT
SOURCE POLLUTION
Sediment and nutrients are major
pollution -causing substances
associated with NPS pollution.
Others include fecal coliform
bacteria, heavy metals, oil and grease
and any other substance that may be
washed off the ground or removed
from the atmosphere and carried into
surface waters.
Unlike point source pollution,
nonpoint source pollution is diffuse
in nature and can occur
intermittently, depending on rainfall.
Y/
A Summary of Activities, Sources and Solutions Associated with Nonpoint Source Pollution
Activity
Pollution Source
Solution
•
Contour plowing
•
Erosion
•
Terracing
Land clearing or plowing
.
Sedimentation
•
Conservation tillage
•
Grassed waterways
•
Vegetated buffer between fields and streams
Pesticides and fertilizers (including
•
Nutrients
•
Integrated crop and pest management
chemical fertilizers and animal
•
Pesticides
•
Soil testing
wastes)
Construction of drainage ditches on
•nance
Enhanced runoff
runo
•
Maintaining natural stream channels
poorly drained soils
.
Vegetated buffers
.
Oxygen -consuming wastes
Concentrated animal feed lot
.
Fecal coliform bacteria
•
Fencing cattle and dairy cows from streams
operations and dairy farms
.
Sediment
•
Nondischarging animal waste lagoons
.
Nutrients
Section A-2 Nonpoint Source Pollution
3

SOURCES OF NONPOINT
SOURCE POLLUTION
This section contains a brief
description of the major sources of
nonpoint sources of pollution.
/y AGRICULTURAL OPERATIONS
Agricultural activities
- that may cause water
quality impacts include
confined animal facilities, grazing,
plowing, stream access, pesticide
spraying, irrigation, fertilizing,
planting and harvesting.
The major agricultural NPS
pollutants that result from these
activities are sediment, nutrients,
pathogens, pesticide and salts.
Agricultural activities can also
damage habitat and stream channels.
/I- URBAN AREAS
Natural streams with
AR66 forested watersheds and
vegetated riparian zones
experience little overland runoff -
most rainfall percolates through the
soil and enters the groundwater.
Therefore, natural streamflow is
primarily the result of groundwater
inputs.
In urban areas, however, natural
vegetation is replaced with paved
surfaces and streamside buffers are
often removed. In addition, managed
lawns reduce the ability of the
watershed to filter pollutants before
they enter a stream. In other words,
urbanization increases the amount -
and decreases the quality - of
stormwater runoff.
Studies have demonstratd that a
serious decline in the quality of
receiving waters can occur when
only 10 to 15 percent ofa watershed
is covered by impervious surfaces
such as roads, roof tops and parking
lots (Schueler, 1994).
While it is widely knows that urban
streams are often polluted, there are
still a number of issues that need to
be addressed, such as the specific
aspects of urbanization that cause
degradation, the extent to which
urbanization alone is responsible for
degradation and how to change
human habits and reduce the amount
of pollutants that cause the
degradation (Mulholland and Lenat,
1992).
K
There is also abundant information
on the effects of urban runoff on
macroinvertebrates. Studies show 0
that stream organisms are affected
not only by water quality, but also by
the character of the physical habitat
such as flow regime (Lent and
Eagleson, 1981; Crawford and Lenat,
1989).
Urban development often involves
the use of flood prevention structures
that route water directly to streams:
This is especially true in urban
landscapes where large amounts of
impervious surfaces promote
overland flow at the expense of
groundwater recharge.
Flood prevention structures often
cause streamflows to rapidly increase
after rainfall events, which can lead
to bottom scour - the physical
movement of bedload - and the
disruption of stream biology and
habitat. 0
Section A-2 Nonpoint Source Pollution
4 .

One of the long-term results of
O increased overland flow is an
accentuated summer low flow, due
primarily to a reduction in
groundwater storage. Many streams
in developed areas even stop flowing
during summer months, severely
limiting the diversity of aquatic
fauna.
In addition, because most fish and
macroinvertebrates in streams
require flowing water, they may be
adversely affected by either extreme
high or low flows. Urban
development may affect streamflow
by increasing flow variability and/or
by altering base streamflow.
Due to the chronic introduction of
pollutants found in urban
stormwater, along with an increase in
both the velocity and flow of urban
stormwater into streams, attention to
stormwater control in urban areas is
most important
/r TIMBER HARVESTING
Undisturbed forested areas
are an ideal land cover for
water quality protection
because they stabilize soil,
filter rainfall runoff and produce
minimal loading of organic matter to
waterways. In addition, forested
stream buffers filter impurities in
runoff from adjoining, nonforested
areas.
Inappropriate forest management
practices, however, can have
significant impacts upon water
quality. Some adverse effects that
can result from poor forestry
Qoperations include: 1) destabilization
of the streambank; 2) loss of riparian
vegetation which can reduce shade
cover and raise stream temperatures;
and 3) loss of canopy which can alter
the interface of the aquatic and
terrestrial ecosystems.
This is especially true where
populations of amphibians are
concerned.
Sedimentation due to forestry
practices is most often associated
with the construction and use of
logging roads, particularly when
roads are built near streams (Waters,
1995). The construction of stream
crossings, skid trails and decks can
also increase downstream
sedimentation. Density and length of
logging roads are the major factors in
the amount of sedimentation
produced.
Because improper timber harvesting
can destroy buffers and destabilize
soils, forestry Best Management
Practices (BMPs) that minimize
sediment loss and runoff must be
implemented during timber harvest.
This is especially true in
mountainous regions where steep
slopes and fragile soils are
widespread.
Without proper BMPs, large
clearcutting operations can alter the
hydrology of an area and
significantly increase the rate and
flow of stormwater runoff. This can
result in downstream flooding and
streambank erosion (Waters, 1995).
/y CONSTRUCTIONACTIVITIES
0Construction activities that
- entail excavation,
grading or filling (such
as road construction or land clearing 0-67
Section A-2 Nonpoint Source Pollution
5

for development) can produce
significant sedimentation if not
properly controlled. Sedimentation
from developing urban areas can be a
major source of pollution due to the
cumulative number of acres
disturbed within a basin. While
construction activities are typically a
temporary pollution source, their
impacts upon water quality can be
severe and long lasting.
/- SOLID WASTE DISPOSAL
Solid waste includes
household wastes,
commercial or industrial
wastes, refuse or demolition waste
and infectious or hazardous wastes.
The improper disposal of these
wastes can serve as a primary source
for a wide array of pollutants.
The two major water quality -
concerns associated with modern
solid waste facilities are: 1) leachate
control and 2) stabilization of the
soils used to cover many disposal
facilities. When properly designed,
constructed and operated, facilities
should not significantly affect water
quality.
Septic Tank
N 01
A Septic System North Carolina Cooperative Extension Service
/:- ON -SITE WASTEWATER O
TREATMENT
More than 521percent of all
housing units in North
Carolina are served by on -
site wastewater systems. Most on -
site wastewater treatment systems
are conventional septic systems that
consist of a tank, a distribution box
and a series of subsurface absorption
lines with perforated pipes laid in a
bed of gravel.
In a septic system, solids are
converted to liquids and gases by
bacteria in the tank. What the liquid
within the tank rises to acertain
level, it enters the drainage system
through an outflow pipe. This
outflow, or effluent, is then
distributed throughout the drainfield
through a series of subsurface pipes.
Final treatment of the effluent occurs 0
as the soil absorbs and filters the
liquid, and as microbes break down
the rest of the waste into harmless
material.
The septic system provides a natural
method of treatment and disposal of
household wastes for homes that are
not part of a municipal sewage
Drainfield Soil Surface
Soil beneath Drainfielr'
0
Section A-2 Nonpoint Source Pollution
6

system. Septic systems can be a safe
O and effective method for treating
wastewater as long as they are sized,
sited and maintained properly.
Advanced on -site wastewater
systems utilize.pretreatirient methods
such as filters and aerobic treatment
and use improved distribution
systems such as pressure dosing on
sensitive sites.
Pollutants associated with on -site
wastewater disposal are often
associated with discharges to surface
waters through straight pipes.
Straight pipes are illegal and must
either be eliminated, or permitted
under the state NPDES program.
All subsurface wastewater treatment
and disposal systems are under the
jurisdiction of the Commission for
Health Services (CHS). The CHS
establishes the rules for on -site
sewage systems that are administered
by the Division of Environmental
Health through local health
departments.
!a- GOLF COURSES
Golf courses may impact
water quality in three.
ways. First, erosion can
occur during construction of the golf
course. Second, intensive turf
management practices often rely
heavily on the use of fertilizers and
chemicals. Runoff from golf courses
can carry these pollutants to nearby
streams, impacting -aquatic life and
habitat. Golf courses also impact
water quality when stream channels
are altered or cleared of vegetation
during construction and site
maintenance.
A- MINING ACTIVITIES
.4. Mining operations, if not
_ properly conducted, can
produce highly localized
stream sedimentation. The North
Carolina Mining Act of 1971 applies
to all persons or firms involved in
any activity or process that disturbs
or removes surface soil for the
purpose of removing minerals or
other solid matter. The Act also
applies to activities that prepare,
wash, clean or in any way treat
minerals or other solid materials in
order to make them suitable for
commercial, industrial or
construction use.
While mining operations range from
large quarries to small borrow pits;
the NC Mining Act applies only to
those operations that impact one acre
or more.
Some of the problems
associated with malfunctioning
septic systems include:
Polluted groundwater.
Septic system pollutants include bacteria,
nutrients, toxic substances and oxygen -
consuming wastes. Nearby wells can
become contaminated by these pollutants.
Polluted surface water:
Groundwater can carry pollutants into
surface waters where they can harm aquatic
ecosystems. Septic tanks can also leak into
surface waters through, or over, the soil.
Human health risks:
Malfunctioning septic systems can endanger
human health by contaminating nearby wells,
drinking. water supplies and fishing and
swimming areas.
^gz.
Section A-2 Nonpoint Source Pollution
7

Eo
Lol
ue
Section A-2 Nonpoint Source Pollution
8

� SECTION 11: ANIVERVIEW OF POLLUTANTS AND
110
WATER QUALITY IMPACTS
Section A of this document described a number of pollution sources and the various pathways
that pollutants take to enter surface waters in North Carolina. This section discusses the six major
pollutant types that affect North Carolina's surface waters. For each type, the following
information is provided:
• A description of the pollutant
• An explanation of how the pollutant affects water quality
B-1 SEDIMENT
Weather and erosion affect the
surface of the land. When rocks are
weathered, they are broken down at
the surface of the earth either
chemically (through the alteration or
dissolution of a mineral) or
physically (through the
fragmentation of rocks by physical
processes such as wind).
Erosion is the natural process
through which sediment - the
product of weathering - is. carried
away by rain, wind and ice. As
weathered material is transported
(eroded), it may change size, shape
and composition.
Source Index
Pollutant Type
Primary Sources
PS
NIPS
Sediment
_
0
• Most land -disturbing activities including constriction and mining sites, disturbed land areas,
streambank erosion, cultivated farmland and removal of vegetative buffers alonq streams
Fecal Colfform
O
0
• Failing septic tanks and leaking sewers, animal waste, runoff from livestock operations,
Bacteria
wildlife and improperly disinfected wastewater effluent
Nutrients
•
•
• Fertilizer (on agricultural, residential, commercial and recreational lawns), animal wastes,
leaky sewers and septic tanks, atmospheric deposition and municipal wastewater
Oxygen -Consuming
O
• Wastewater effluent, decaying organic matter, leaking sewers and septic tanks and animal
Wastes
waste
Toxic Substances
O 1
O
• Pesticides, disinfectants (chlorine), automobile fluids, urban stormwater and heavy metals
Color
_
• Generally associated with industrial wastewateror municipal plants that receive certain
industrial wastes, especially textile manufacturers that dye fabrics and pulp and paper mills
PS = Point Source NPS = Nonpoint Source
• = significant or primary source O = limited source that may be locally significant — = little or no contribution
-ITE6
\I
Section B-1 Sediment
9

Some of the
adverse water
quality impacts
of sediment
include:
Damaged aquatic
communities:
Sediment
damages aquatic
life by destroying
stream habitat,
clogging fish gills
and reducing
water clarity.
Polluted water:
Sediment often
carries other
pollutants
including nutrients,
bacteria and
toxictsynthetic
chemicals.
Pollution can also
threaten public
health if it
contaminates
drinking water
sources or fish
tissue.
Increased costs
for treating
drinking water.
Water with large
amounts of
sediment requires
costly filtration to
make it suitable for
drinking. In
addition, water
supply reservoirs
lose storage
capacity when
they become filled
with sediment,
necessitating
expensive
dredging efforts.
Although natural weathering and
erosion occur on geologic time
scales, both can be greatly
accelerated when human activities
alter the landscape.
SEDIMENTATION
The intertwined processes of
weathering and erosion are closely
tied to the ways in which wind, water
and ice work to transport sediment.
Sedimentation - the deposition of
sediment - begins where sediment
transport ends, usually in a surface
waterbody such as a stream, river or
estuary.
Stream sedimentation occurs in three
basic stages: 1) transportation of
sediment to a stream channel; 2)
movement of sediment through the
channel network; and 3) deposition
of sediment. The amount of sediment
that ultimately enters a stream
depends primarily upon storm
characteristics and soil conditions.
One storm may cause only a small
percentage of eroded material to
enter a stream while another may
transport large quantities of
sediment.
SEDIMENT AND
STREAMFLOW
Sediment transport within a stream is
often divided into two categories:
suspended load and bedload.
Suspended load is composed of
small particles that remain in
suspension in the water. Bedload is
composed of larger particles that
slide or roll along the stream bottom.
The suspension of particlks depends
on water velocity and.stmain
characteristics. Biologistsare
primarily concerned witithe
concentration of the suspended
sediments and the degrecof
sedimentation on the strambed
(Waters, 1995).
The movement of sedim®t through
a stream channel networkis a
function of past and present land use
activities. Under many cmditions,
the amount of sediment mried by a
stream will increase as emsion in the
watershed increases, andrlecline as
watershed erosion decremg.
A stream has only a finitecapacity
for transporting sediment,and once
the supply of sediment exceeds the
capacity of the stream to carry it, any
additional sediment that enters the
stream will be deposited iQ channels
and on floodplains, ratherthan
carried out of the watershed. Just as
on land, stored deposits can be
remobilized into the stream system
years, or even decades, later.
The vast majority of sediment
transport in a stream occurs during
periods of high flow. The
relationship between sediment load
and the ability of a strea nto
transport sediment directly affects
habitat type, channel morphology
and bedload particle size.
Storm flows are also important in
determining the rate of bank erosion
and channel migration. Increased
bank erosion and channel migration
can affect the riparian vegetation and
increase the amount of active
sediment in the stream channel.
391
Section B-1 Sediment
10

Em
DO
Is- THE EFFECTS OF
URBANIZATION ON STREAMFLOW,
STORM FLOWS AND SEDIMENT
As the amount of paved surfaces in a
developing watershed increases,
stormwater flows and direct impacts
to streams increase. Water that runs
off impervious areas such as roads
and parking lots can contain
contaminants such as oil, garbage,
sand and salt that often go directly
into streams.
Research has established that
degradation of stream water quality
often becomes significant once
watershed development exceeds 10-
15 percent impervious cover
(Schueler, 1994).
Increased storm flows due to
urbanization have also been shown
to cause rapid channel erosion and a
decline in fish habitat quality. For
example, runoff from heated roads
and parking lots after summer storms
can cause rapid increases in stream
temperatures that can produce
thermal shock and death in many
fish.
Changes in storm flow can also have
important consequences for human
life and property. Bridges, dams and
levees, for example, are designed
according to a presumed distribution
of peak storm flow. If the size of the
peak flow is increased,.the structure's
safety factor may be reduced with
more frequent and severe damage
possible.
SEDIMENT AND
STREAMBANK EROSION
Streambank erosion is a significant
source of sediment loading to
streams. Streambanks erode due to
the clearing of instream obstacles or
streamside vegetation, livestock
trampling or higher than normal
floods (resulting from increased
impervious surfaces).
Streambank soil type and
composition, vegetation type and
vegetation density affect streambank
stability. A change in any one of
these factors may be reflected in the
size and shape of the stream channel,
including the bank itself.
Streambank stability, or how. a
streambank changes over time, is an
important indicator of watershed
conditions. Unstable steambanks can
contribute sediment to a stream
channel through streambank slumps
and surface erosion. Because all of
the material from an eroding
streambank is delivered directly to
the stream channel, the impacts of an
eroding streambank may be much
greater than those of a comparable
area of eroding hillside.
STREAM MODIFICATION
Natural streams around the world
have certain physical characteristics
in common, regardless of their
location or geologic condition. One
of the most important of these
characteristics is the bankfull: stage.
The bankfull stage is the flow at
which channel maintenance is most
effective, or the discharge that results
in the average size and shape of a
channel.
Activities that
Increase
Sediment Loads
• Construction activities
• Unpaved private
accessroads
• Road construction
• Golf courses
• Uncontrolled urban
runoff
• Mining
• Timber harvesting
• Agriculture
• Livestock operations
Urbanization
Can Impact
Streams in the
Following
Ways:
• increased slow $
velocity of runoff
• the loss of
specialized habitats
such as pods and
riffles
• decreased instream
water quality
• increased stream
temperatures
• decreased diversity
of aquatic insect and
fish populations
ra,waM
AA
Section B-1 Sediment
11

Almost all natural streams have a
bankfull stage with a recurrence
interval of 1-1.5 years. This means
that stream channels that have not
been channelized or manipulated by
human activities do not have the
capacity to carry a 2-year storm
without overflowing. In these natural
streams, flows larger than a typical
annual event are generally carried in
both the channel and a floodplain.
Humans, however, have modified
many natural streams by increasing
the capacity of the stream channel to
carry high flows - sometimes as high
as from a 50 or 100-year storm.
These modifications are often
undertaken in the name of flood
control and are used to justify the
human use and development of
floodplains.
While most engineered channel
modification designs give a great
The Effects of Siltation in Rivers and Streams
Siltation is one of the leading pollution problems in the Nation's rivers and
streams. Overthe long term, uncheciced siltation can after habitat wdh
profound effects on aquatic rife. In the short tern. sill can Idif fish directly,
destroy spawning beds and increase water turbidity resulting in depressed
photosynthetic rates.
Press & Siever
deal of attention to the conveyance
of floodwater, they often neglect to
consider sediment conveyance.
Unfortunately, stream channels that
are designed to carry larger storm
events naturally alter sediment
transport processes. A stream
channel that has been straightened
and enlarged to carry a 50-year
storm, for example, will begin to
form a smaller channel, point bars,
floodplains and meanders as the
natural physical behavior of the
sediment to settle out occurs.
Streams that have been channelized
can become unstable as they lose
their shape and slope through
erosion. Unstable channel conditions
ultimately lead to degraded water
quality because of excessive
sediment loading.
,HOW DOES SEDIMENT
AFFECT WATER QUALITY?
The impact of sediment on fish
populations depends on both the
concentration and degree of
sediment, but impact severity can
also be affected by the duration (or
dose) of sedimentation. For example,
suspended sediments may be present
at high concentrations for short
periods of time, or at low
concentrations for extended periods
of time. The greatest impacts to fish
populations occur when sediment is
present in high concentrations for
extended periods.
Suspended sediments can clog the
gills of fish, reducing their
respiratory abilities. Fish stressed by
respiratory difficulties may, in turn,
have a reduced tolerance level to
Section B-1 Sediment
12

disease, toxicants and chronic turbid
conditions (Waters, 1995).
The amount of sedimentation in
surface water affects the habitat of
aquatic macroinvertebrates as well as
the quality and amount of fish
spawning and rearing habitat. These
effects can be seen in alterations to
community density, diversity and
structure (Lenat et al., 1979). The
degree of sedimentation can be
estimated by observing the amount
of streambed covered, the depth of
sedimentation and the percent of
embeddedness.
REDUCING WATER QUALITY IMPACTS FROM SEDIMENT
Sedimentation is a widespread NPS
water quality problem that results
primarily from land -disturbing
activities; the most significant of
which are agriculture and land
development (e.g., highways,
shopping centers and residential
subdivisions). Federal, state and
local government agencies have
implemented various programs
designed to minimize soil loss from
each major type of land -disturbing
activity.
Although North Carolina does not
have a numeric water quality
standard for suspended sediment,
point source dischargers must meet
minimum federal effluent guidelines
of 30 mg/1 for total suspended solids
(TSS). In addition, a TSS limit of 10
mg/l applies to discharges to High
Quality Waters (HQW) that are trout
waters or primary nursery areas, and
a 20 mg/1 limit applies to discharges
to other HQWs. Biochemical oxygen
demand (BOD) limits in place for
most types of point source
dischargers, however, usually dictate
a degree of treatment that assures the
removal of solids below federal
requirements.
While North Carolina does not have
standards for suspended sediment, it
does use numerical instream
turbidity standards to measure water
clarity:
• 50 Nephelometric Turbidity Units
(NTU) in streams not designated as
trout waters
. 25 NTU in lakes and reservoirs not
designated as trout waters
. 10 NTU in trout waters
Land -disturbing activities that
implement approved best
management practices are considered
to be in compliance with these
standards.
STREAMBANK EROSION
AND LOSS OF RIPARIAN
VEGETATION
Streambank erosion can be caused
by a number of factors, some of
which may be difficult to identify.
For example, erosion may be caused
by a lack of bank vegetation that
holds soil in place. Erosion may also
result from complex changes in
urban runoff patterns, poor logging
or farming practices or other:'
activities within the watershed.
Because the stabilization of a
streambank can be an expensive and
time-consuming process that may
Sediment
Control -Related
Programs
Agriculture
• NC Agriculture Cost
Share Program
• North Carolina
Cooperative Extension
Service and Agricultural
Research Service
• Watershed Protection
and Flood Prevention
Program (PL 83-566)
• Food Security Act of
1985 (FSA) and the
Food, Agriculture,
Conservation and Trade
Act of 1990 (FACTA)
Construction and
Urban
Development
• Sediment Pollution
Control Act
• Federal Urban
Stormwater Discharge
Program
• Water Supply Protection
Program
• ORW and HOW Stream
Classification
Forestry
• Forest Practice
Guidelines
• National Forest
Management Act
• Forest Stewardship
Program
• Forestry Best
Management Practices'
• Forest Management
Program Services
Mining
• The Mining Act of 1971
Wetlands
Alterations
• Section 10 of the Rivers
and Harbors Act of 1899
• Section 404 of the
Clean Water Act
• Section 401 of the
Water Quality
Certification (from CWA)
• North Carolina Dredge
and Fill Act (1969)
Section B-1 Sediment
13

require several attempts, the specific
cause and nature of a problem should
be investigated and understood
before any action is taken to restore a
degraded stream channel or riparian
area.
The following techniques can help
control sediment loading and protect
instream water quality:
• Avoid the disturbance of streams
and riparian zones
• Protect existing riparian forest
buffers and restore vegetation that
has been cleared from the riparian
zone.
• Use BMPs for sediment control: a
variety of agricultural BWs
effectively controls sediment
including conservation
tillage/residue management, filter
strips, field borders and cover crops.
• Maintain natural channels, or if
modification is unavoidable, design
channels based on the stability and
behavior of natural strmm channels.
Channel designs basedon natural
stability principles will be less
susceptible to -erosion, remain more
stable and provide mor. habitat than
traditional engineered channel
designs.
• Maintain predevelopmnt peak
flows, flow velocities and flow
timing to the extent passible using
stormwater management techniques
and appropriate BMPs.
• Use BMPs such as riser basins,
diversion ditches, rockdams, check
dams and buffers for construction
activities.
/Y USING RIPARIAN BUFFERS TO
PROTECT STREAM Qd4LITYAND
INTEGRITY
A stream and its riparian area
function as one. The condition of a
riparian area plays a pivotal role in
the integrity of a stream channel and
instream water quality. While any
type of streamside vegetation is
The width of riparian buffer is site specific and dependent on the landowner'sobjectives.
The three -zone buffer concept provides a framework forthe establishmentand maintenance
of long-term riparian buffer.
Rural
Zone 3
Zone 2
Zone 1
Streambed •
Zone 1
Zone 2.
Zone 3
Urbanisubar
Cropland
Grass
Managed
Undisturbed
Undisturbed'
Managed
Grass
Developed
Forest
Forest
Forest
Forest
Farmers emplay
Grass helps
Trees
Tree roots
Woody debris
Trees shade
Sol
Porous
peoplepacth
sgricdturat
to event'
canoe
help stabilze
slows vetoc4
stream and
particles
grass
eorderraft
Best
speed
harvested,
streambank
of water and
keepwater
trap
covered land
measures
Maregemed
surface
Mark:
knproves
cod
phosphorus
krereases
practices
waterfbvr
soils
swalic
and trees
kditration
and absorb
remove
habitat
ase excess
and water
nutrleds
nitrogen
-
nutrients for
storage,
growth
controls
concentrated
runoff
Riparian Buffer Management Riparian Forest Buffer Design, Establishment and Maintenance: Maryland Cooperative Extent
Section B-1 Sediment
14

K
desirable, forests provide the greatest
amount of benefit and the highest
potential for meeting both water
quality and habitat restoration
objectives. Riparian forest buffers .
are managed to protect water quality
through the control of nonpoint
source pollution and the maintenance
of the stream environment.
Riparian forest buffer systems are
typically comprised of an area of
trees, usually accompanied by shrubs
and other vegetation, adjacent to a
waterbody and managed as three
integrated streamside zones that are
designed to intercept surface runoff
and subsurface flow.
A sound scientific foundation exists
to support the sediment reduction,
nutrient reduction and ecological
values and functions of riparian
forest buffers. The use of riparian
buffers as a management tool should
be promoted.
el' STREAMBANK FENCING AND
ALTERNATIVE LIVESTOCK WATER
SUPPLY
Streambanks that are trampled by
livestock can be a significant source
of sediment. Streambank fencing and
the location of livestock watering
facilities outside the riparian zone
can help maintain the vegetation
needed to stabilize streambanks and
prevent erosion. The water quality.
benefits of streambank fencing, in
particular, have been well
documented. -
Fencing and exclusion both can
create vegetative buffer strips along
streams that help trap sediment and
reduce the amount of pesticides and
nutrients that enter the stream.
Streambank fencing also provides
food, cover and nesting sites for
upland and aquatic wildlife.
Allowing natural vegetation to
reestablish itself not only provides a
higher quality habitat within the
stream; it also creates a wildlife
corridor that facilitates a connection -
with, and movement to, other habitat
types.
Excluding animals from the riparian
zone may also improve overall
livestock health because bacteria and
other disease -causing organisms in
streams have been shown to transmit
diseases such as environmental
mastitis between, and within,
livestock herds. Streambank fencing
reduces animal contact with disease -
causing organisms that thrive in
these environments.
Streambank fencing may also
improve -water quality by preventing
instream manure deposition (a Penn
State University study showed that
one cow produces approximately 5.4
billion fecal coliform bacteria per
day) and reduce the risk of foot and
leg injuries as part of an effective
lameness prevention program.
CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITIES
AND SEDIMENTATION
Because construction activities can
dramatically increase sediment
delivery to streams, construction
activities are regulated under the
North Carolina Sedimentation
Pollution Control Act of 1973 which
is administered by the NC Division
of Land Resources (DLR). The act
requires any activity that disturbs
one or more acres of land to have an
Riparian forest
buffers are
specifically
designed and
managed to:
• Maintain the
integrity of stream
channels and
shorelines by
protecting them
from erosion
Reduce the impact
of upland sources
of pollution by
trapping, filtering
and converting
sediments,
nutrients and other
chemicals
• Provide wildlife
habitat for birds and
other species
dependant on the
streams and woods
for food, shelter,
and raising young
• Provide shade to
stabilize water
temperatures,
keeping water
livable for fish and
other aquatic
Species
Provide woody
debris and organic
matter to the
bacteria, fungi, and
other species
forming the basis of
the aquatic food
chain
\�Y
Section B-1 Sediment
15

1999 Erosion
and
Sedimentation
Control
Program
Changes:
• Allows state and
local erosion and
sediment control
programs to require
a pre -construction
conference when
one is deemed
necessary.
. Reduces the number
of days allowed for
establishment of
ground cover from
30 working days to
15 working days and
from 120 calendar
days to 90 calendar
days. (StabTzation
must now be
complete in 15
working days or 90
calendar days,
whichever period is
shorter.)
Provides that no
person may initiate a
land -disturbing
activity until notifying
the agency that
issued the plan
approval of the date
the activity will begin.
• Allows assessment
penalties for
significant violations
upon initial issuance
of a Notice of
Vocation (NOV).
approved Sedimentation and Erosion
Control Plan in place.
The Sedimentation and Erosion
Control Plan contains erosion control
measures, such as barriers, filters or
sediment traps, that will be used to
retain sediment on a development
site.
Controlling sediment that results
from construction activities is the
responsibility of many stakeholder
groups including homeowners,
developers/contractors, local
governments and the NC Division of
Land Resources.
Unfortunately, DLR's planning and
inspection staffs must oversee a wide
variety of projects that stretch across
a large geographic area which means
that careful pre -construction
planning - perhaps the most
important part of erosion control -
may be overlooked due to a lack of
staff time and resources. The Act,
however, does allow local
governments to take responsibility
for reviewing and enforcing the
Sedimentation and Erosion Control
Act within their jurisdiction, as long
as they are as stringent as DLR.
/s- NEW RULES REGARDING
SEDIMENT CONTROL
DLR has the primary responsibility
for assuring that erosion is
minimized and sedimentation is
reduced. While DLR has been
understaffed for the past several
years, the NC General Assembly
provided funding for 10 new
positions in the Land Quality Section
of DLR in its 1999-2001 biennial
budget.
In February 1999, the _NC
Sedimentation Control Commission
adopted significant changes for
strengthening the Erosion and
Sedimentation Control Program.
Also during the 1999 session, the NC
General Assembly passed House Bill
1098 to strengthen the Sedimentation
Pollution Control Act of 1973
(SPCA).
PRIVATE ACCESS ROAD
CONSTRUCTION
Improperly designed, constructed
and maintained private access roads
are a significant source of sediment
because landowners often do not
realize the importance of building
driveways for long-term service.
While some landowners rely entirely
on a contractor to design a private
road, others will attempt to design
the road themselves without ever
consulting a reputable,
knowledgeable source. The
consequences of an improperly
designed and constructed private
access road may be significant and
can include the loss of the road as
well as adjacent property_ Water
quality problems can also arise,
especially if a road is washed-out.
While the responsibility for
designing, building and maintaining
a private access road rests with the
landowner, local governments,
citizens and state/federal agencies
can all help overcome many of the
problems associated with private
access roads.
Section B-1 Sediment
16

U
N
FOR MORE INFORMATION...
A- NC SEDIMENTATION CONTROL
PROGRAM
For information on North Carolina's
Erosion and Sedimentation Control
Program, or to report erosion and
sedimentation problems,.visit the
DLR website at
http://Www.dlr.enr.state.nc.us/
The following resources can be
obtained from the NC Division of
Land Resources (919-733-4574) at
1612 Mail Service Center, Raleigh,
NC 27699-1612:
• NC Erosion and Sediment Control "Planning
and Design Manual" ($65 for in -state, $75
for out-of-state)
• NC Erosion and Sediment Control
"Inspector's Guide" ($20 for in -state or out-
of-state)
• NC Erosion and Sediment Control "Feld
Manual" ($20 for in -state or out-of-state)
• NC Erosion and Sediment Control "Video
Modules" ($15 for in -state, $50 for out-of-
state)
• Erosion Patrol 3rd Grade Curriculum
Supplement
• Muddy Water ...It's More Dangerous Than
You Think Video
ti- NCDOT SOIL & WATER
ENGINEERING SECTION
Information on the North Carolina
Department of Transportation's
erosion & sediment control and
stream restoration programs are
located at:
http://www.doh.dot.state.nc.us/
operations/dpchiefena roadside/
Additional information can be
obtained by contacting the NCDOT
Soil & Water Engineering Section,
Roadside Environmental Unit at:
PO Box 25201
1 South Wilmington Street
Raleigh NC 27611-5201
Transportation Building - 5th Floor
[phone]
FAX: [phone]
Courier: 51-31-00
Guidelines for Drainage Studies,
NCDOT Hydraulic Design Unit,
1995. To obtain a copy, contact
NCDOT at [phone]. Contact
the NC Division of Land Resources
[phone] for a Regional
Office contact name and number.
Section B-1 Sediment
17

0 I. BMPs FOR AGRICULTURE
Nonpoint source pollution has been identified by the NC Division of Water Quality as the primary
source of degradation of freshwater rivers and streams in North Carolina. About 17% of North
Carolina's freshwater rivers and streams are impaired and do not fully support their intended uses (out of
91% evaluated). Most widespread sources are agriculture (53% of use support impairment/ 9% of total
stream miles), urban runoff and construction. Sediment (48% of use support impairment/ 8% of total
miles) is the most widespread cause of water quality degradation (DWQ 1996 305b).
The approach taken in North Carolina for addressing agriculture's contribution to the nonpoint source
water pollution problem is to primarily encourage voluntary participation by the agricultural community.
This approach is supported by financial incentives, technical and educational assistance, research, and
regulatory programs.
Financial incentives are provided through North Carolina's Agriculture Cost Share Program. This
program is administered by the Division of Soil and Water Conservation (Division) in the Department of
Environment and Natural Resources. It has been applauded by the US Environmental Protection Agency
and has received wide support from the public as well as the state's agricultural community. The Cost
Share program was authorized in 1983 as a pilot program to address nonpoint source problems in the
nutrient sensitive waters of Jordan Lake, Falls Lake, and the Chowan River covering 16 counties. Due to
the program's success, it has been extended to all 96 Soil and Water Conservation Districts (Districts)
that includes all 100 counties.
While the Soil and Water Conservation Commission (Commission) has the statutory responsibility to
create, implement and supervise the Cost Share program, it is delivered at the local level by 492 elected
and appointed volunteer District Supervisors who are assisted by a cadre of experts. The experts are
employees of the US Department of Agriculture's Natural Resources Conservation Service (MRCS), the
NC Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services, the Cooperative Extension Service, the Division
of Soil and Water Conservation and the District or county.
Participating farmers receive 75% of predetermined average costs of installed best management
practices (BMPs) with the remaining 25% paid by farmers directly or through in -kind contributions.
Some applicants may be eligible to receive as much as $75,000 per year. In addition, the program
provides local Districts with matching funds (50:50) to hire personnel to plan and install the needed
BMPs. The Commission allocates cost share funds to local Districts based on the level of state
appropriations and water quality protection priorities.
Cost Share allocation and funding decisions by District Boards are based on their written strategy plans.
After receiving their allocation, District Boards review applications from landowners for Cost Share
funding and decide who will be funded for BMP installation. The written strategy plans are used to
prioritize the BMPs in terms of effectiveness for water quality protection. District Boards are
encouraged to place the highest priority on the most cost effective water quality protection measures.
Completed BMPs under the program are subject to random checks by the Division staff and District
personnel. Additional checks are required if the BMP relates to animal waste management.
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
125

Farmers who fail to maintain their BMPs in proper working order are subject to repayingsome or all c. 0
the original cost share funds.
Since the first cost share contracts were issued in 1984, there have been approximately 24,091 contracts
approved for installing BMPs through the end of the 1997 program year, which ended June 30, 1997: It
has been estimated that an average of 1.5 million tons of soil has been saved annually during the life of
the program.
From its inception, state taxpayers have invested approximately $75.5 million in improved water quality
through the installation of BMPs. In the 1996-1997 fiscal year, the Cost Share program received
$15,934,897 in state appropriations. The $15.9 million included $7.5 million to bring oldanimal
operations into compliance with the new standards under the .0200 rules. The program cast shared 118
full and part time District technical positions to plan, design and install agricultural BMPsto improve
water quality. The Cost Share program is currently budgeted for $6.9 million in non -reverting, recurring
funds.
Highlights of additional accomplishments include the following (1985-1997):
74,655 acres of cropland have been converted to trees or grass.
• 58 structures have been built for the proper handling and storage of agricultural chemicals.
• 1,875 waste management structures have been constructed to properly store dry and wet animal waste.
• 3,194 water level management structures affecting 678,379 acres have been installed.
BMPs ELIGIBLE FOR COST SHARE PAYMENTS
W]
BMPs eligible for cost sharing include the following practices and any approved District BMPs. District
BMPs shall be reviewed by the Division for technical merit in achieving the goals of this program. Upon
approval by the Division, the District BMPs will be eligible to receive cost share funding.
The minimum life expectancy of -the BMPs is also listed. Practices designated by a District shall meet
the life -expectancy requirement established by the Division for that District BMP. The list of BMPs
eligible for cost sharing may be revised by the Commission as deemed appropriate in order to meet
program purpose and goals.
PURPOSE:,
,
FROM
,
BMP
Reduction of
applied
nutrient
Reduction of
soil loss
Nutrient
interception
Facilitating
BMP
Life of BMP (yr.)
Field Border
-
✓
✓
-
10
Filter Strip
-
✓
✓
-
10
Grade Stabiliz. Structure
-
✓
-
-
10
GrassedWaterway
-
✓
✓
-
10
Nutrient Management
✓
-
-
-
3
Riparian Buffer
-
✓
✓
-
10
Rock -Lined Outlet
-
✓
-
-
10
Sediment Control Basin
-
✓
✓
10 I
Water Control Structure
-
-
✓
-
10
Streambank Stabilization
-
✓
✓
-
10
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
126

Al
PURPOSE.-
EROSION REDucrioNlNuTmENT
Loss IN
FIELDS
BMP
Reduction of
applied nutrient
Reduction of
soil loss
Life of BMP (yr.)
Conservation Tillage
-
✓
1
Critical Area Planting
-
✓
10
Cropland Conversion
✓
✓
10
Water Diversion
-
✓
10
Long Term No -Till
-
✓
5
Pastureland Conversion
✓
✓
10
Sod -Based Rotation
✓
✓
4 or 5
Striperopping
5
Terraces
-
✓
10
PURPOSE.- POLLUTION PREVENTION
BMP Interception of chemicals Life of BMP (yr.)
Agri -Chemical Handfin2 Facility ✓ 10
PURPOSE.-
BMP
PROPER
Proper mgmt.
of nutrients
Reduction of
soil loss
Nutrient Facilitating
interception BMP
Life of BMP
r.
Animal Waste Lagoon Closure
✓
-
-
-
5
Constructed. Wetlands
✓
-
-
-
10
Controlled Livestock LoungingLouhging Area
-
✓
-
✓
10
Dry Manure Stack
✓
-
-
-
10
Heavy Use Area Protection
-
✓
-
-
10
Insect Control
-
-
-
-
5
Odor Control
-
-
-
-
1-10
Storm Water Management
✓
-
-
-
10
Waste Storage Pond/Lagoon
✓
-
-
-
10
Waste/Animal Com oster
✓
-
-
-
10
Waste Application System
✓
-
-
✓
10
Dry Litter Incentive
✓
-
-
-
1
PURPOSE.'
BMP
STREAM PROTECTION FROM
Reduction of Reduction of
applied nutrient soil loss
ANIMALS
Facilitating
BMP
Life of BMP (yr.)
Heavy Use Area Protection
-
✓
-
10
Livestock Exclusion System
✓
✓
-
10
Spring Development
-
-
✓
10
Stock Trail
-
✓
-
10
Stream Crossing
-
✓
-
10
Trough or Tank
-
-
✓
10
Well
-
-
✓
10
Windmill
-
-
✓
10
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
107

U
2. BMPs FOR URBAN STORMWATER
Structural Best Management Practices for urban runoff control are typically designed to reduce
sediment, its attached pollutants and nutrients. In addition, other BMPs protect the riparian ecosystem,
provide streambank stabilization, provide shade to waterbodies, and reduce the likelihood of excessive_
water temperatures. Nonstructural BMPs, such as a design'manual or a public education program,
encourage the comprehensive and effective implementation of structural BMPs.
The table below contains a list of both structural and nonstructural BMPs. This list is taken from the
Storniwater Management Guidance Manual, published by DWQ's Water Quality Planning Branch in
1995. The Manual provides a detailed discussion of each of the BMPs, including its characteristics,
pollutant -specific effectiveness, reliability, feasibility, costs, unknown use factors, design considerations
and references for further information.
STRUCTURAL BMPS
NONSTRUCTURAL BMPS
• Wet Detention Basin
• Preventive Measures
• Design Manual for Urban BMPS
• Constructed Wetlands
• Pollutant Minimization
. Public Education
• Wet Retention Basin
• Exposure Reduction (proper scheduling,
• Identification and Enforcement of Illegal
• Dry Detention Basin
etc. - see Manual)
Discharges
• Infiltration Basin
• Landscaping and Lawn Maintenance
• Land Use Control
• Vegetative Practices
Controls
Low density Development
Filter Strips
• Animal Waste Collection
Comprehensive Site Planning
Grass Swales with Check Dams
• Curb Elimination
Buffer Zone
• Sand Filter
• Parking Lot and Street Cleaning
Sanitary Waste Management
• Oil and Grease Separator
•Road Salt Application Control
Conservation Easement
• Rollover -Type Curbing
• Catch Basin Cleaning
• Riparian Area Protection .
Structural BMPS may affect groundwater quality in certain situations. Devices that recharge
groundwater pose the risk of passing soluble pollutants into groundwater systems. It is not currently
known whether pollutant concentrations in recharged groundwater areas pose a significant
environmental or health risk. USGS is presently studying groundwater quality effects of urban BMPs. In
addition, if funds are made available, DWQ may conduct a similar study in North Carolina.
SUBSTITUTIONS FOR HOUSEHOLD HAZARDOUS SUBSTANCES
Instead of... Try...
Ammonia -Based Cleaners .............. Vinegar + Salt + Water
Abrasive Cleaners ......................... Lemon Dipped in Borax or Salt + Baking Soda
Furniture.Polish ............................ Lemon Juice + Olive Oil
Toilet Cleaner .............................. r Baking Soda + Toilet Brush
Oven Cleaner... ............................ Liquid Soap + Borax + Warm Water
Drain Cleaners ............................. Boiling Water + Baking Soda + Vinegar
Upholstery Cleaners ...................... Dry Cornstarch
Mothballs ..................................... Cedar Chips or Lavender Flowers
Window Cleaner ........................... White Vinegar + Water
Oil -Based Paints and Stains............ Water -Based Paints and Stains
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
129

RECOMMENDATIONS FOR URBAN STORMWATER CONTWIL
• Create public education programs advising citizens on how to minimize stormwater pollution.
• Support stream cleanup programs such as Big Sweep.
• Create and enforce strict penalties for improper waste disposal.
• Fence dumpsters and clean them regularly.
• Institute land use planning which reduces flooding by limiting impervious surfaces, directs runoff into i getaled areas or
stormwater control devices, and directing growth away from sensitive areas. These actions will help pWecl water
Local
quality.
Governments
• Review local ordinances pertaining to parking, curb and gutter locations. Design parking lots with ovAw areas in
grass. Eliminate curbs and gutters to allow runoff to flow in sheetflow.
• Protect open spaces and streamside buffers by preserving recreational areas and significant natural nsources.
Attend stormwater workshops. For more information, contact the DWO Slormwaler and General Pen* Unit at (919)
733-5083.
• Map the storm sewer system to identify stormwater problems.
• Offer hazardous waste collection days.
• Participate in stream cleanup programs such as Big Sweep. _
• Practice environmentally friendly lawn care.
• Use less -harmful substances in the home for cleaning or painting to, reduce the risk of problems with srptic tanks and
sanitary sewers.
• Educate adults and children on protecting water quality. For information contact the NC Office of EnAmmental
Citizens
Education, [phone].
• Use hazardous waste collection centers for paints, petroleum products and other chemicals.
• Never dispose of al, yard wastes or other materials in storm drain inlets or on lands which drain directWto nearby
streams.
• Maintain and protect riparian buffers on private property. Buffers remove pollutants, including sedimentmArienls and
toxic substances. They are also a cost-effective form of flood insurance and can increase property value
• Support your localgovernment's land use planning initiatives.
• Incorporate slormwaler management in project planning and avoid environmentally sensitive areas, sit as floodplains
Developers
and wetlands.
• Maintain natural drainage ways and buffers along streams.
• Maintain and protect riparian buffers on commercial property. Buffers remove sediment, nutrients and twic substances.
Businesses
Cover and contain waste materials to prevent contaminated runoff from disposal areas.
• Practice good housekeeping and promote good water quality by operating a clean and lifter -free facility.
• Institute hazardous waste collection sites for used oil, antifreeze, paint and solvents.
01
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
130

(� 3. BMPs FOR EROSION AND
SEDIMENTATION CONTROL
Best Management Practices; as suggested in the NC Sedimentation Pollution Control Act of 1973, are
selected on the basis of performance in providing protection from the maximum peak rate of runoff from
a 10-year storm. This allows the developer/designer of the control measures, structures or devices to
determine and submit for approval the most economical and effective means of controlling erosion and
preventing sedimentation damage.
Practices are therefore reviewed for acceptability based upon the characteristics of each individual site
and its erosion potential. Ideally, the erosion control plan will employ both practices and construction
management techniques which will provide the most effective and reasonable means of controlling
erosion, while considering the uniqueness of each site.
The following table provides a list of practices commonly used in sedimentation and erosion control
plans across North Carolina.
•
Check Dam
Sediment Basin
•
Construction Road Stabilization
Sediment Fence
•
Dust Control
Sod Drop Inlet Protection
—
•
Grade Stabilization Structure
Grass -Lined Channels
Sodding
Structural Streambank Stabilization
•
Grass Channels with Liner
Subsurface Drain
•
Land Grading
•
Surface Roughening
•
Level Spreader
•
Temporary Block & Gravel Inlet Protection
•
Mulching
•
Temporary Diversions
•
Outlet Stabilization Structure
•
Temporary Excavated Drop Inlet Protection
•
Paved Channels
•
Temporary Fabric Drop Inlet Protection
•
Paved Flume (Chutes)
•
Temporary Gravel Construction Entrance/Exit
•
Perimeter Dike
•
Temporary Sediment Trap
•
Permanent Diversions
•
Temporary Seeding
•
Permanent Seeding
•
Temporary Slope Drains
•
Permanent Stream Crossing
•
Temporary Stream Crossing
•
Right -of -Way Diversions
•
Topsoiling
•
Riprap
•
Tree Preservation & Protection
•
Riprap-Lined Channels
•
Trees, Shrubs, Vines & Ground Covers
•
Rock Dam
•
Vegetative Dune Stabilization
•
Sand Fence (Wind Fence)
•
Vegetative Streambank Stabilization
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
131

0. 4. BMPs FOR ON -SITE
WASTEWATER DISPOSAL
To protect public health and water quality, best management practices (BMPs) need to be implemented
throughout the life cycle of an on -site wastewater disposal system.'Life cycle management problems can
be addressed in three phases (Steinbeck, 1984). The first phase includes system siting, design and
installation. The second phase involves the operation of the system, and phase three involves
maintenance and repair when the system malfunctions or fails.
As BMPs are applied in each life cycle phase, the primary factor for the success of the system is the
participation of the local influencing health department and the cooperation of the developer, owner,
design engineer, system operator and the state.
The following list is a summary of the current life cycle management practices and penalties utilized in
North Carolina to implement the on -site sewage systems program (Steinbeck, 1984).
1. Application --The developer or property owner meets with the staff of the local health department to
review the project proposal and submits an application to the local health department that contains
information regarding ownership, plat of property, site plan, type of facility, estimated sewage flow,
proposed method of sewage collection, treatment and disposal.
011. Site Evaluation -- The local health department, with technical assistance from the state, evaluates the
proposed sewage effluent disposal site for several factors, including slope, landscape position, soil
morphology, soil drainage, soil depth and space requirements. Next, the local health department will
assign a site suitability classification, establish the design sewage flow, and the design -loading rate
for the soil disposal system.
3. Design Review --The applicant is required to submit plans and specifications prepared by a
professional engineer for the sewage collection, treatment and disposal system of complex systems,
or for systems exceeding 3,000 gal/day. Reviews are made by both state and local health
departments. The designer must also include in the plans and specifications, installation procedures,
phasing schedules, operation and maintenance procedures, monitoring requirements, and designate
the responsible agents for operation and maintenance.
4. Legal Document Review -- For systems with multiple ownership or off -site disposal, the applicant
must prepare and submit to state and local health departments for their legal review documents
applicable to the project.
5. Improvement'Permit -- Issued only after a successful review of the proposed project, including each
of the items discussed above and allows construction to begin for the on -site sewage system. The
improvement permit must be issued prior to other construction permits and allows only temporary
electrical power to the site. This permit contains the necessary conditions for construction of the
projects with the plans, specifications and legal documentation appended to it.
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
133

6. Operation Permit -- Issued to the owner of the on -site sewage system by the local health departme, 0
when it determines that all the requirements in the rules, plans and specifications aremet; all
conditions on. the improvement permit are met; and the design engineer for the sewage collection,
treatment and disposal system certifies in writing to the local health department that the on -site
system has been installed in accordance with the approved plans and specifications. The operation
permit is also conditioned to establish performance requirements and may be issued for a specific
period. It allows the on -site sewage system to be placed into use, prevents permanent electrical
service to the project, and prevents occupancy of the facilities until issued. The operation permit
applies to systems larger than 480 gallons per day. A certificate of completion is required for
conventional septic tank systems when the design sewage flow is less than 480 gal/day.
7. Surveillance -- Once an on -site sewage system is placed into operation, the local health department
must make routine inspections at least annually for large systems to determine that the system is
performing satisfactorily and not creating a public health nuisance or hazard. Additionally, required
monitoring reports are routinely submitted tb the local health department as required in the permits.
The state provides technical assistance to the local health department and the system operator in
assuring adequate performance. While.annual inspections are required, frequent performance checks
must be made by the local health department.
8. Remedies — When voluntary compliance with the performance requirements for the on -site system
is unsuccessful, the General Statutes (1983) provide for the following remedies:
(a) Right of Entry -- Allows the -state or local health department to enter the premises to
determine compliance with the laws and rules, and provides for an administrative
search and inspection warrant when entry is denied.
(b) Injunction —The state or local health department may institute an action for
injunctive relief against the owner to bring the on -site sewage system into
compliance.
(c) Order of Abatement -- The state or local health department is empowered to issue an
order of abatement directing the owner to take any necessary action to bring the
system into compliance. However, if the on -site system is determined to be creating
an imminent health hazard, the state or local health department may, after previous
unsuccessful attempts at correction, take the necessary action to correct the problem
and recover any costs for abatement from the owner. This is the least frequently
applied remedy.
(d) Administrative Penalties -- The State may impose administrative penalties up to $300
per day for violation of the laws, rules or any permit condition for on -site sewage
systems serving multifamily residences with a flow greater than 480 gal/day. A
penalty of up to $50 per day can be assessed for malfunctioning systems where the
flow is less than or equal to 480 gal/day.
(e) Suspension and Revocation of Permits -- The State may suspend or revoke -a permit
for violations of the laws, rules or permit conditions upon a finding that a violation
has occurred.
L rA 10
(f) Misdemeanor -- The owner who:violates the sewage laws or rules shall be guilty of a
misdemeanor and punishable by a fine or imprisonment as determined by the courts. 0
This is the most frequently used remedy.
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
134

Q 5. BMPs FOR SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
Best Management Practices for solid waste management address the water quality impacts of leachate
migration and surface erosion. A list of BMPs for controlling solid waste impacts on water quality can
be found in the table below.
The BMPs offer significant benefits for groundwater quality. Landfill liners will prohibit or greatly
decrease the volume of leachate entering groundwater. In turn, leachate collection systems capture
leachate for subsequent treatment rather than groundwater disposal. For even greater protection,
groundwater and surface water monitoring should detect failures in the liner or collection system.
•
Reduce, Recover and Recycle Solid Waste to Maximum Extent
•
Incineration with Energy Recovery
•
North Carolina Water Quality Monitoring Guidance Document for Solid Waste Facilities,1987
•
Liners (Clay or Synthetic) for All New Landfills
•
Leachate Collection Systems
•
Erosion Control Plan
•
Operation and Maintenance Plan
•
Buffers Between Landfill and Streams, Property Lines and Dwellings
•
Groundwater Quality Monitoring
•
Surface Water Quality Monitoring
•
Public Education
•
Stormwater Runoff Control
•
Sedimentation Control
_Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
135

6. BMPs. FOUR FORESTRY
A. PERFORMANCE STANDARDS FOR FORESTRY SITE DISTURBING ACTIVITIES
IN NORTH CAROLINA
Forest Practices Guidelines Related to Water Quality (15A NCAC 1I.0101-.0209) have been adopted as
published in the NCR, Volume 4, Issue 11, pages 601-604, and were effective January 1, 1990. These
guidelines are summarized below.
Streamside Management Zone (SMZ)
• Must establish SMZ along natural, intermittent and perennial streams and waterbodies. (Not required along man-made ditches and canals,
although erosion protection is needed).
• Must have sufficient width and adequate ground cover to confine visible sediment (usually best to protect existing ground cover).
• Place roads, trails and decks outside of SMZ.
• Limited cutti harvestin is permitted within the SMZ-
Prohibition of Debris Entering Streams
• Prevent debris (logging slash, soil) of all types that can cause streamflow impediment or water quality degradation from entering intermittent and
perennial streams and waterbodies.
• Remove debris that accidentally enters streams.
Access Road and Skid Trail Stream Crossing
• Avoid crossing streams where possible.
• Avoid using stream channels as roads or trails.
• Construct crossings to minimize sediment entering streams.
• Protect streambanks and channels from damage.
• Provide water control devices and/or structures.
• Provide ground cover sufficient to restrain acceleraterterosfon and revent stream.sedimentation within 10 world da s of initial disturbance,
Access Road Entrance
• Prevent soil and debris from beinq de iced on pyblic hi tetra s, which may result in stream sedimentation.
Keep Waste from Entering Streams, Waterbodies and Groundwater
• Prevent al, fuels, fertilizer and other chemical waste from ente ' streams, waterbodies and ogpc water.
Pesticide Application
• Application must follow labelinq and NC Pesticides Board rules. Includes insecticides, funqicides, herbicides and rodenticides
Fertilizer Application
Apoy in a manner to prevent adverse impacts on water qualik.
Stream Temperature
• Retain shade sufficient to grevent temperature fluctuations that result in a violation.
Rehabilitation of Project Site
• Within 30 working days after ceasing operations, provide sedimentation control measures to prevent water quality damage.
• Permanently stabilize SMZ areas and other areas that may directly contribute visible sediment to streams.
The Forestry Best Management Practices Manual was prepared to provide the means of meeting the
above standards. The Manual is available from any DFR office at no charge.
B. BMPs FOR FORESTRY OPERATIONS IN WETLANDS
The Division of Forest Resources is in the process of developing BMPs for forested wetlands. Economic
pressure to expand forestry activities in wetlands continues to increase. This expansion will require a
sound strategy to protect these environmentally sensitive areas.
A Forested Wetlands BMP Committee was established in 1987. The members represented state and
federal agencies, industry, education and conservation groups. In 1990, the Best Management Practices
for Forestry in the Wetlands of North Carolina was published. The committee has been reconvened and
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
137

is currently working to revise and update the wetland BMPs. This update will take into account the 0
Corps of Engineer's and EPA's Application of Best Management Practices to Mechanical Site
Preparation Activities for the Establishment of Pine Plantations in the Southeast. This EPA guidance
restricts the areas that can be mechanically site prepared for planting in loblolly pine witiout a Section
404 permit.
In addition to the state's voluntary wetland BMPs, the Corps of Engineers has produced lI5 mandatory
BMPs for forest and farm road construction and maintenance in forested wetlands. T heseBMPs must be
followed; or else a Section 404 permit is required for the road construction or maintenance. The 15
BM Ps are:
1. Permanent roads (for forestry), temporary access roads (for forestry) and skid trails (for logging) in waters
of the US shall be held to the minimum feasible number, width and total length consistent sith silvicultural,
local topographic and climatic conditions.
2. All roads shall be located_ sufficiently far from streams or other waterbodies (except for portions of such
roads that must cross waterbodies) to minimize discharges of dredged or fill material into waters of the US.
3. Road fill shall be bridged, culverted or otherwise designed to prevent the restriction of expected flood,
flows.
4. Fill shall be properly stabilized and maintained to prevent erosion during and following construction.
5. Discharges of dredged or fill material into waters of the US to construct road fills shall be made in a manner
that minimizes encroachment of trucks, tractors, bulldozers and other heavy equipment intowaters of the
US (including adjacent wetlands that lie outside the lateral boundaries of the fill itself).
6. In designing, constructing and maintaining roads, vegetative disturbance in waters of the US shall be kept t 0
a minimum.
7. Design, construction and maintenance of road crossings shall not disrupt the migration or other movement
of those aquatic species inhabiting the waterbody.
8. Borrow material shall be taken from upland sources whenever feasible.
9. The discharge shall not take or jeopardize the continued existence of, a threatened or endangered species as
defined under the Endangered Species Act, or adversely modify or destroy the critical habitat of such
species.
10. Discharges into breeding and nesting areas for migratory waterfowl, spawning areas and wetlands shall be
avoided if practical alternatives exist.
11. Discharge shall not be located in proximity to a public water supply intake.
12. The discharge shall not occur in areas of concentrated shellfish production.
13. Discharge shall not occur in a designated National Wild and Scenic River.
14. Discharge shall be of suitable material free from toxic pollutants in toxic amounts.
15. All temporary fills shall be removed in their entirety and the area restored to its original elevation.
E9
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
138

O 7. BMPs FOR MINING OPERATIONS
Environmental damage can sometimes occur during the initial land -disturbing activities conducted at
mining operations. The potential for such damage can be substantially reduced with the installation of
BMPs. The basic objective of reclamation of a mine site is to establish on a continuing basis the
vegetative cover, soil stability, and water and safety conditions appropriate to the area.
The BMPs are performance -oriented, allowing a mining applicant to design and propose the most
economical and effective means of:
a) controlling erosion and preventing off -site sedimentation damage;
b) preventing contamination of surface waters and groundwater; and
c) preventing any condition that will have unduly adverse effects on wildlife or freshwater, estuarine or marine fisheries.
BMP selection is site -specific and controlled by on -site conditions. The acceptability of a BMP is
therefore based upon the characteristics of the individual site and its potential for off -site damage.
The following table provides a list of BMPs used for activities associated with mining activities in North
Carolina. This list is essentially the same as that provided for Sedimentation and Erosion Control, due to
the similar nature of activities in both programs.
•
Check Dam
•
Rock Dam
•
Construction Road Stabilization
•
Sand Fence (Wind Fence)
•
Dust Control
•
Sediment Basin
•
Grade Stabilization Structure
•
Sediment Fence
•
Grass -Lined Channel
•
Sodding
•
Grass Channels with Liner
•
Structural Streambank Stabilization
•
Groundwater Monitoring Wells
•
Subsurface Drain
•
Land Grading
•
Surface Roughening
•
Level Spreader
•
Temporary Diversions
•
Mulching
•
Temporary Gravel Construction Entrance/E dt
•
Outlet Stabilization Structure
•
Temporary Sediment Trap
•
Paved Flume (Chutes)
•
Temporary Seeding _
•
Perimeter Dike
•
Temporary Slope Drains
•
Permanent Diversions
•
Temporary Stream Crossing
•
Permanent Seeding
•
Topsoiling
•
Permanent Stream Crossing
•
Tree Preservation and Protection
•
Pipe Inlet Protection (Horseshoe Filter)
•
Trees, Shrubs, Vines & Ground Covers
•
Right -of -Way Diversions
•
Vegetative Dune Stabilization
•
Riprap
•
Vegetative Streambank Stabilization
•
Riprap-Lined Channels
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
139

8. BMPs FOR HYDROLOGIC MODIFICATION
(RELATED TO MINING OPERATIONS)
BMPs for Discharges of Dredged or Fill Material (Adapted from 40 CFR 230 - Guidelines for
Specification of Disposal Sites for Dredged or Fill Material) are provided below.
1. Actions concerning the location of the discharge.
• Minimize smothering of organisms.
• Avoid disruption of periodic water inundation patterns.
• Select a previously used disposal site.
• Select a disposal site with substrate similar in composition to the material being disposed.
• Minimize extent of any plume.
• Minimize or prevent creation of standing water in areas of normally fluctuating water levels.
material2. Actions concerning the to be discharged.
• Maintain physiochemical conditions, and reduce potency and availability of pollutants.
• Limit solid, liquid and gaseous components.
• Add treatment substances.
• Utilize chemical tlocculants in diked disposal areas.
3. Actions controlling the materials after discharge.
• Reduce potential for erosion, slumping or leaching by
• using containment levees, sediment basins and cover crops to reduce erosion.
• using lined containment areas to reduce leaching.
• Cap in -place contaminated material with clean material.
• Prevent point and nonpoint sources of pollution.
• Time the discharge to minimize impact, especially during unusual high water flows, wind, wave and tidal actions.
4. Actions affecting the of dispersion.,
• Maintain natural substrate contours and elevation.
• Minimize undesirable obstruction to the water current or circulation pattern.
• Confine suspended particulate/turbidity to a small area where settling can occur.
• Mix, dilute and disperse the discharge.
• Minimize water column turbidity.
• Maintain light penetration for organisms.
• Set limitations on the amount of material discharged per unit of time or volume.
technology.5. Actions related to
• Use appropriate equipment and machinery, including protective devices.
• Employ appropriate operation and maintenance of machinery, including training, staffing and working procedures.
• Use machinery and techniques designed to reduce damage to wetlands, including devices that scatter rather than mound
excavated materials, machines with specially designed wheels or tracks, and the use of mats under heavy,machinery to reduce
compaction and rutting.
• Design access roads and channel spanning structures to accommodate fluctuating water levels and circulation patterns.
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
141

6. Actions affecting plant and animal populations.
• Avoid changes in water current and circulation patterns.
• Prevent or avoid creating habitat conducive to the development of undesirable predators or species.
• Avoid sites having unique habitat or other value, including endangered or threatened species.
• Institute habitat development and restoration.
• Avoid spawning or migration seasons and other biologically critical time periods.
• Avoid destruction of remnant natural sites within areas already affected by development.
• Prevent or minimize damage to the features of an aquatic site.
• Avoid disposal sites valuable as natural aquatic areas.
• Avoid seasons or periods when human recreational activity associated with the aquatic site is most important.
• Avoid sites that will increase incompatible human activity or require frequent dredge or fill maintenance in remotetish and wildlife
areas.
• Locate disposal site outside of the vicinity of a public water supply intake.
E*
Appendix 2 Best Management Practices
142

Better Site Design:. A Handbook.for
Changing Development Rules in Your.,
' Community
PREPARED BY WE
Center for Watershed Protection
1 . 8391 Main Street
Ellicott City, Maryland 21043
[phone] phone
[phone] fax
wwy.oipetine, corn 1-inrrunoff/
PREPARED FOR WE
Site Planning Roundtable
WAN ASSISTANCE FROM
The Morris and Gwendolyn Cafritz foundation
US EPA Office of Wetlands, Oceans, and Watersheds
Chesapeake Bay Trust
Tumer'Foundation '
Chesapeake Bay Program
AUGUST 1998
Printed on Recycled Paper
P
CENTER FOR
WATERSHED
®
G
0
• tt .
I7 , W 1
t�
I \Valcrshvd Planning ?. Luna ('anscr<'aliun
.�.r 8 Tools
.. Watershed Siovardshir of ;.:aquatic Bullw.
Pr►,ummis Watershed
.:
Protection.
4. Reiter Sjie l)r•irn
7. Non-Sionrtmuer „b
G. Slonmvaier lMPs sudinwilt Control

CHAPTER 1
CHANGING THE RULES TO PROTECT THE
ENVIRONMENT'
More than 1.5 million acres of land are developed each year in the United States. Development alters the
surface of the land by replacing natural cover with roof tops, roads, parking lots, and sidewalks. These
hard surfaces are impermeable to rainfall and are collectively known as impervious cover.
Recent watershed research has shown that impervious cover has a profound and often irreversible impact
on the quality of our nation's aquatic resources. More than thirty different scientific studies have
documented that stream, lake and wetland quality declines sharply when impervious cover in upstream
watersheds exceeds 10 percent (see Table 1) . The strong influence of impervious cover on aquatic systems
presents a major challenge to communities interested in sustainable development.
Table 1: Impacts to Aquatic Resources Due to Impervious Cover, A Summary of Research
1.
Migher peak discharge rates and greater flooding
11.
2.
:More frequent bankfull flooding
3.
:tower stream flow during dry weather
12.
4.
gnlargement of the stream channel
13.
5.
Greater streambank erosion
14.
6.
Increased alteration of natural stream channels
15.
7.
Less large woody debris (LWD) in streams
16.
8.
Loss of pool and riffle structure
9.
Increased number of stream crossings, with greater
17.
potential to affect fish passage
18.
10.
Degradation of stream habitat structure -
19.
20.
Decline in stream bed quality (imbedding, sediment
deposition; -turnover)
Fragmentation of the riparian forest corridor
Warmer stream temperatures
Greater loads of stormwater pollutants
Bacterial levels that exceed recreational contact
standards
Lower diversity of aquatic insects and freshwater
mussels
Lower diversity of native fish species
Loss of sensitive fish species (e.g., trout, salmon)
Lower spawning success of anadromous fish
Decline in wetland plant and animal diversity
At the same time, many.communities'are discovering that -their own development rules create needless
impervious cover. The term "development rules" refers to the often bewildering mix of subdivision codes,
zoning regulations, parking and street standards, and other local ordinances that collectively shape how
development happens. These rules create the wide streets, expansive parking lots, and large -lot
subdivisions that crowd out natural areas and open space. '¢
- 1 -

Better Site Design
Another characteristic of local development rules is that their complexity and inflexibility often make 0 difficult and even impossible to design sites to protect the quality of streams, lakes and wetland:
Innovative developments simply cannot be approved in many communities, and require a greater
investment of time, money, and perseverance in others. The message is clear. We cannot protect the -
quality of the local environment unless we manage impervious cover and e t reduce impervious cover
q ty g p n w cannot pe s v
until we systematically reform the local development rules that are responsible for creating it.
This document outlines a process for changing the rules. It starts by presenting a series of model
development principles that outline a fundamentally different way of developing land and designing our
communities (Chapter 2). These principles were developed over the course of two years by a group of over
thirty influential individuals from various organizations from around the nation. Taken together, the
principles reduce impervious cover, conserve natural areas and prevent stormwater pollution from new
development, while at the same time maintaining quality of life within our communities.
A four -step process is recommended to adapt local development rules to more closely conform to.the model
development principles. The four steps are:
Step 1: Find Out What the Development Rules are in Your Community
Step 2: See How Your Rules Stack Up to the Model Development Principles
Step 3: Consider Which Development Rules Might Be Changed
Step 4: - . Start a Local Roundtable Process
This document is designed to guide the reader through this lengthy but important process.
STEP 1: FIND OUT WHAT THE DEVELOPMENT RULES AREIN YOUR
COMMUNITY
The purpose of the first step is to find out what the actual
development rules are in your community. In most cases, this
will require an extensive search to find the key local documents
that influence how land is developed in your community (Table
2). Few communities include all of their rules in a single
document, so the search can take some time. It may be helpful
to enlist the talents of a local land planner, land use attorney,
or civil engineer in your search, since they w6rk under the rules
every day and are often familiar with local practices. It is also
helpful to find out which local agencies and authorities
actually administer and enforce each of the development rules
at this stage. Be forewarned. It is not uncommon to find more
- 2 -
Table 2: Key Local Documents
Zoning Ordinances
Subdivision Codes
Street Standards
Covenants
Fire Codes and Standards
Parking Requirements
Building Regulations/Standards
Stonnwater Management Ordinances
Buffer or Floodplain Regulations
Environmental Regulations

Chanter 1
than a dozen different local and state agencies that exert some authority over development rules in your
community.
STEP2: SEE HOW YOUR RULES STACK UP TO THE MODEL DEVELOPMENT
PRINCIPLES
once you locate all of your development rules, you can begin to compare them with the model development
principles. We have developed a simple worksheet to make this comparison easy. The worksheetis presented
in Chapter 3, and it allows you to compare local development rules against 77 site planning benchmarks.
Each benchmark asks a single question about local site design practice, such as the minimum diameter of
cul-de-sacs, the minimum width of streets, etc. If the local development rule compares favorably with the
site planning benchmark, points are then awarded. The total number of points possible for all of the site
planning benchmarks is 100. The overall score provides a general indication of your community's ability
to support environmentally sensitive development. As a general rule, if the score is lower than 80, then
it may be advisable to systematically reform your local development rules. The worksheet also helps to
identify specific site development rules that may be candidates for change.
STEP 3: CONSIDER CHANGING SOME LOCAL DEVELOPMENT RULES
Does it really make sense to change a particular -development rule?' -Given how much effort is needed to
change -development rules, it is important to evaluate which ones are really worth it. Also, the fact that
a local .development rule does not conform to a model development principle doesn't always mean that the
rule should be or can be changed. More research is still needed to examine the rationale behind both local
development rules and the model principles.
In addition, advocates of change need to satisfy a broad range of community concerns, such as how the
changes will impact the cost of development, local liability, property values, public safety, and a host of
other factors. To guide the process of change, we have prepared a series of summary sheets on the 22
model development principles in Chapter 4. Each summary sheet begins with background on both -the
conventional and recommended site planning practice. The summary sheets also profile the most common
objections and concerns associated with the recommended site planning practice. Economic data,
environmental research, marketing studies and public surveys that pertain to the site planning practices
are reviewed, and local case studies are presented. Each summary sheet also contains a "Where to Get
Started" section that recommends more detailed references and resources to consult during your research.
Some of this information can be complex and highly technical, so a glossary is provided to explain some
of the planning and engineering terminology.
STEP' 4: - START A -LOCAL- ROUNDTABLE.
The process to reform local development rules is called a local site planning roundtable. It is a consensus
process .to make better choices in the design of local communities. The primary tasks of a local
-3-

Better Site Design
roundtable are to systematically review existing development rules in the context of the model development1
principles, and then determine if changes can or should be made to the rules. -.//
Perhaps the most critical factor in the success of a roundtable is getting the right peopleto the table.
Participants should include key players from the local government, development and. environment_ al
communities. It is vitally important to get every local agency with authority for developl*'it review to
the table. Diverse representation outside of
government is also needed in order to obtain
the broad consensus needed to achieve
sweeping change. Some possible participants
that could be invited to a local roundtable
are listed in Table 3.
Elected leaders can play an important role in
the success of a local roundtable. In
particular, they are needed to give a strong
charge to the roundtable that reform is
welcomed and will be acted upon. After all,
elected officials will ultimately be asked to
vote on the proposed changes. They can also
ensure that the many local agencies involved
in development review get to the table and
stay there.
Table 3: Potential Members of a Local Rondtable
Planning Agency or
Commission
Department of Public Works
Road or Highway
Department
Developers
Land Trusts
Realtors
Real Estate Lenders
Civic Associations
Fire Official
Health Department
Land Use Lawyers
Engineering Consrltants
Homeowner Assonations
Chamber of Comnerce
Elected Officials
Urban Forester
Site Plan Reviewer
Stormwater Management
Authority
Municipal Insuranre
Watershed Advocates
Residents/ Land Owners
An outside facilitator is often needed to
guide and structure the roundtable process. This third party helps to ensure that all views and perspectives
are considered, and guides the participants toward consensus and action.
The first phase of a roundtable involves identifying the development rules which could potentially be
changed. The site planning worksheet and summary sheets can be helpful in screening the development
rules.
The second phase of a roundtable involves finding out which agencies of local government have the actual
authority to make a change to the development rules. In some cases, no authority currently exists, so the
roundtable must consider whether anew one should be created. In other cases, a local government may
find that they have no real authority to make changes to a development rule (e.g., a state agency such as
the Department of Transportation has reserved the authority).
The longest phase of a local roundtable involves the negotiation of the changes to the development rules.
It should be expected that a roundtable will need to meet many times over the course of a year to come
to agreement on the changes that need to be made to the maze of codes, engineering standards,
guidelines, regulations and ordinances that collectively shape local development. The devil is always in
the details, so it is often useful to set up workgroups to iron out the technical language, and discuss legal
and economic implications. The last phase of a roundtable is implementation. It is a good idea to combine .
all of the proposed changes into a unified package, so that both elected leaders and the public can
understand them as a whole. If
LA
�
-4-

CHAPTER 2
19DEL DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES
:Sustainable development combines economic growth with protection of. the natural environment.
Communities have long struggled to achieve this goal. However, many have found that their own
A evelopment codes and standards can actually work against their efforts to achieve sustainable
development. For example, local codes and ordinances often promulgate inflexible standards that result
in highway -wide residential streets, expansive parking lots, and mass clearing and grading of forested
_...areas. At the same time, local codes often give developers little or no incentive to conserve natural areas.
"Consequently, communities may need to re-evaluate their local codes to ensure better development.
The Site Planning Roundtable was convened in 1996 to examine impediments to better development at the
local level and to craft model principles to promote environmentally sensitive and economically viable
development. The Site Planning Roundtable represented a diverse and wide cross-section of interests
involved in planning, designing and building new communities.
Nearly two years later, the Site Planning Roundtable agreed on a set of twenty-two model development
-principles. Applied together, the model development principles measurably reduce impervious cover,
conserve natural areas and reduce stormwater pollution from new development. Application of these
Principles can enhance both the "natural environment and improve the quality of life in local
neighborhoods. Some of the documented benefits include:
�j ■ protection' of local streams, lakes, and ■ a more aesthetically pleasing and naturally.
?` estuaries attractive landscape
■ reduction of stormwater pollutant loads ■ safer residential streets
reduced soil erosion during construction ■ more sensible locations for stormwater
= ■ reduced development construction costs L facilities
increases in local property values and tax ° easier compliance with wetland and other
resource protection regulations
revenues
■ more pedestrian friendly neighborhoods
■ neighborhood designs that provide a sense
of community
! more open space for recreation ■ urban.wildlife habitat through natural area
■ protection of sensitive forests, wetlands, preservation
and habitats
The twenty-two model development principles provide design guidance for economically viable, yet
environmentally sensitive -development' They are designed to be used by planners, developers, and local
officials as benchmarks to investigate where existing ordinances could be modified to reduce impervious
cover, conserve natural areas, and prevent stormwater pollution.- The model development principles,
however, are not intended to be national design standards.
- 5 -

Better Site Design
MODEL DEVELOPMENT PRINCIPLES
In many ways, the suburban landscape is a mix of three habitats. The first habitat is denoted to the
automobile, and includes roads, driveways, and parking lots. The second is the habitat whet we live and
work, including our yards and homes. The third habitat includes the open spaces and nattml areas that
are relatively undeveloped. The, size; appearance, location, and design of all three areas art determined
in large part by local subdivision codes and zoning ordinances.
The model development principles generally fall into one of three areas which have been designated as
follows:
■ Residential Streets and Parking Lots
■ Lot Development
■ Conservation of Natural Areas
Each principle represents a simplified design objective in site planning. More detail on each principle can
be found in the Site Planning Summary Sheets in Chapter 4.
Residential Streets and Parking Lots
These principles focus on those codes, ordinances, and standards that determine the size, shape, and
construction of parking lots, roadways, and driveways in the suburban landscape.
1. Design residential streets for the minimum required pavement width needed to'supporttravel. lenes;
on -street parking; and emergency, maintenance, and service vehicle access. These widths should
be based on traffic volume.
2. Reduce the total length of residential streets by examining alternative street layouts to determine
the best option for increasing the number of homes per unit length.
3. Wherever possible, residential street right-of-way widths should reflect the minimum required to
accommodate the travel -way, the sidewalk, and vegetated open channels. Utilities and storm drains
should be located within the pavement section of the right-of-way wherever feasible.
4. Minimize the number of residential street cut -de -sacs and incorporate landscaped areas to reduce
their impervious cover. The radius of cut -de -sacs should be the minimum required to accommodate
emergency and maintenance vehicles. Alternative turnarounds should be considered.
5. Where density, topography, soils, and slope permit, vegetated open channels should be used in the
street right-of-way to convey and treat stormwater runoff.
6. The required parking ratio governing a particular land use or activity should be enforced as both
a maximum and a minimum in order to curb *excess parking space construction. Existing parking
ratios should be reviewed for conformance taking into account local and national experience to see
if lower ratios are warranted and feasible. ,
X
-6

Chapter 2
Parking codes should be revised to lower parking requirements where mass transit is available or
enforceable shared parking arrangements are made.
t Reduce the overall imperviousness associated with parking _lots by providing compact car spaces,
minimizing stall dimensions, incorporating efficient parking lanes, and using pervious materials in
spillover parking areas.
Provide meaningful incentives to encourage structured and shared parking to make it more
economically viable.
Wherever possible, provide stormwater treatment for parking lot runoff using bioretention areas,
filter strips, and/or other practices that can be integrated into required landscaping areas and
traffic islands.
ot Development
iciples 11 through 16 focus on the regulations which determine lot size, lot shape, housing density, and
overall design and appearance of our neighborhoods.
Advocate open space development that incorporates smaller lot sizes to minimize total impervious
area, reduce total construction costs, conserve naturalareas,.provide community recreational space,
and promote watershed, protection.
12 Relax side yard setbacks and allow narrower frontages to reduce total road length in the community
and overall site imperviousness. Relax front setback requirements to minimize driveway lengths and
reduce overall lot imperviousness.
Promote more flexible design standards for residential subdivision sidewalks. Where practical,
consider locating sidewalks on only one side of the street and providing common walkways linking
pedestrian areas.
Reduce overall lot imperviousness by promoting alternative driveway surfaces and shared driveways
that connect two or more homes together.
Clearly specify how community open space will be managed and designate a sustainable legalentity
responsible for managing both natural and recreational open space.
Direct rooftop runoff to pervious areas such as yards, open channels, or vegetated areas and avoid
routing rooftop runoff to the roadway and the stormwater conveyance system.
-7-

Better Site Design
Conservation of Natural Areas
The remaining principles address codes and ordinances that promote (or impede) protection of existing
natural areas and incorporation of open spaces into new development.
17. Create a variable width, naturally vegetated buffer system along all perennial streams that also
encompasses critical environmental features such as the 100-year floodplain, steep slopes and
freshwater wetlands.
18. The riparian stream buffer should be preserved or restored with native vegetatiom that can be
maintained throughout the delineation, plan review, construction, and occupancy stages of
development.
19. Clearing and grading of forests and native vegetation at a site should be limited tothe minimum
amount needed to build lots, allow access, and provide fire protection. A fixed portion of any.
community open space should be managed as protected green space in a consolidated manner.
20. Conserve trees and other vegetation at each site by planting additional vegetation, dustering tree
areas, and promoting the use of native plants. Wherever practical, manage commune open space,
street rights -of -way, parking lot islands, and other landscaped areas to promote natural vegetation.
21. Incentives and flexibility in the form of density compensation, buffer averaging, property tax
reduction, stormwater credits, and by -right open, space development should be encouraged to
promote conservation of stream buffers, forests,,* -meadows, and other areas of envirotmental value. 0
In addition, off -site mitigation consistent with locally "adopted watershed plans should be
encouraged.
22. New stormwater outfalls should not discharge unmanaged stormwater into jurisdictional wetlands,
sole -source aquifers, or sensitive areas.
ADAPTING THE PRINCIPLES FOR YOUR COMMUNITY
The following guidance is offered to township, city, and county officials as they adapt the model
development principles to achieve better development.
■ It should be clearly recognized that the principles must be adapted to reflect the unique
characteristics of each community. Further, not all principles will apply to every development or
community. In some cases, the principles may not always fully complement each other:
■ The principles are offered as a benchmark to guide better land development. Communities should
consider the principles as they assess current zoning, parking, street and subdivision codes.
■ The principles will not only protect natural and aquatic resources, but can also enhance the quality
of life in the community.
■ The principles should be used as part of a flexible, locally -adapted strategy for better site planning.
a

Chapter 2
V
e principles should be considered togther with the larger economic and environmental goals put faith in comprehensive growth management, resource protection, or watershed management plans.
ere possible, infill and redevelopment should be 'encouraged to reduce new impervious cover in
the 16ndscape.
These principles primarily -apply to residential and commercial forms of development, but can be
apte d, with some modifications, to other types'of development.
----------
mom

The North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program:
An Overview of the Local Watershed Planning Initiative
N.C. Wetlands Restoration Program
NCDENR WQ_
What is the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program?
The North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP) was created by the
NC General Assembly in 1996, for the purposes of restoring, creating, enhancing
and preserving wetlands, streams and streamside buffers throughout the state.
The NCWRP is a nonregulatory program housed in the Division of Water
Quality, Department of Environment and Natural Resources. NCWRP goals
include: improvement of water quality, fish and wildlife habitat, floodwater
retention, pollution prevention, recreational resources and overall watershed .
functions within North Carolina's 17 major river basins.
What is a Local Watershed Plan?
Local Watershed Plans (LWPs) identify all factors contributing to water quality
degradation within a watershed and provide. strategies to address nonpoint
sources of pollution. One component of a LWP is the identification of sites for
wetland, stream and streamside buffer restoration. However, this is just one
piece of the water quality puzzle. In most watersheds, wetland, stream and
streamside buffer restoration alone will not be sufficient to improve water quality.
Other nonpoint sources of pollution, such as stormwater runoff and failing septic
systems, must be located -and addressed through other types of water quality
improvement projects. Accordingly, the solutions identified in LWPs include not
only wetland, stream and streamside buffer restoration projects, but a
comprehensive package of initiatives needed to successfully improve and protect
water quality in the long term.
",%l NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT
r
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURC
a 3 ~ BONNIE MULLEN DUN
WATERSHED PLANNING COORDINATOR I
a WETLANDS RESTORATION PROGRAM D
.:
- j '' _. _•�"i .oa, � DIVISION OF WATER OUAUttNC
rF EN
1619 MAIL SERVICE CENTER. RALEIGH. NC 27699-1E
320 WEST JONES ST.. RALEIGH. NC 27E
1 PHONE [phone] FAX [phone]_
- �%A•
.«,•i�+a�„�•' .'•�_� bonnle.duncan®ncmall

Why Participate in Local Watershed Planning?
Local Watershed Plans (LWPs) are developed cooperatively with representatives
of local governments, nonprofit organizations, and local communities. They
provide an important opportunity for local stakeholders including residents,
community groups, businesses, and industryyto play a role in shaping the future
of their watershed. Through the LWP planning process, these groups work
cooperatively to identify issues, set priorities, develop strategies, secure funiling,
and implement protection and restoration projects within their communities. By
encouraging stakeholders to participate in identifying solutions to address inter
quality, habitat, flooding, and recreational needs, the LWPs become blueprints
for strategically implementing local projects through- partnerships between local
governments, citizens, non-profit organizations, and state and federal agenaes.
Why Develop Local Watershed Plans?
Although communities across the state face many of the same issues when
dealing with water quality problems, each community has its own unique
characteristics, concerns, and priorities. For this reason, it is important that
communities take part in assessing the conditions of the resources in their
watershed and developing a customized strategy to address their own goalsand
objectives: Most importantly, by developing LWPs and identifying solutions b
meet local resource needs, community members have a greater interest in the
implementation of the plan and the benefits implementation will provide. Some of
the benefits of the planning process and the production of LWPs are outlined
below.
Benefits of the Planning Process
• The process promotes locally -driven, interactive restoration planning thatcan
address the specific watershed concerns of local communities.
• The process enables local knowledge to be combined with technical support
and resources to identify specific sources of water quality degradation and
develop appropriate solutions.
• The process enables local communities to guide implementation of strategies.
developed through the planning process cooperatively with the NCWRP.

Benefits of the Plans
• LWPs describe the conditions of local watersheds, issues of importance to
local communities, objectives set by local plan participants, and the,
necessary measures needed to achieve those objectives..
• LWPs describe the tools to be utilized to address watershed issues. These
tools are identified by local plan participants and may include voluntary
landowner assistance programs, education and outreach, drinking water
supply protection measures, stormwater best management practices, model
ordinances, water quality improvement projects, and habitat protection plans.
• LWPs identify the funding sources needed to implement each component of
the plan. Funding identification is made more effective by the cooperative
nature of the process which brings together public and private organizations
and local community members to work as a watershed team.
Steps to Developing a Local Watershed Plan
The development of LWPs involves many steps needed to achieve three main
goals: 1) the identification of the specific causes of water quality degradation in a
watershed, 2) the development of a strategy for addressing water quality
degradation that is supported by the local community, and 3) the implementation
of restoration projects and other water quality initiatives identified in the plan. To
CY ensure the success of LWPs and the planning process, it is important to gain the
support, backing, and participation of local governments, community groups, and
citizens. The steps outlined below are designed to provide the level of education
and outreach necessary to develop and implement a LWP. •
Phase l: Plan Development Steps
1.
Obtain stakeholder participation and involve the public.
2.
Build a watershed planning team and identify a local watershed planning
team leader.
3.
Select and implement a kick-off project to generate interest in local watershed
planning and restoration activities.
4.
Identify watershed issues such as water quality, habitat, flooding, and
recreational access.
5.
Inventory and analyze existing natural resource information in GIS and other
formats and identify information gaps.
6.
Perform a watershed assessment to fill information gaps and determine
sources of water quality problems.
7.
Provide technical assistance to the local, government and watershed team on
interpreting assessment results and developing needed solutions.
8.
Prioritize watershed issues and set goals and objectives.
9.
Maintain support and interest in the planning process through education and
outreach.
3

10. Categorize and prioritize actions to meet goals and objectives (including
stream, wetland, and riparian buffer restoration). 0
11. Develop criteria for measuring success.
12. Develop cost estimates for each action and identify suitable funding sourms.
13. Document the planning process.
Phase Ik Plan Implementation Steps
1. Build Project Teams for project implementation.
2. Pursue and obtain funding and technical assistance from available resource
programs.
3. Conduct outreach and education to sustain support and participation in the
implementation of LWP.
4. Implement projects.
5. Measure success and adjust strategies as needed.
9

Landowner- Information
Benefits: To Participate:
• NCWRP can acquire property by purchase or
donation of a permanent conservation easement,
by donation of property (for tax credits),
or through simple purchase.
• NCWRP can pay up to 100 percent of
the cost of restoration and will directly
oversee and manage project
implementation.
• Acquired property is protected in perpetuity.
• Sign-up anytime.
M
• Interested landowners may repast, complete, and return
a NCWRP Site Proposal form thxincludes basic informatic
about the location and characte istics of the site.
• Based upon the information provided on the form,
NCWRP staff will determine-ifa site potentially
qualifies and is consistent wii the Watershed
Restoration Plans and any apoicable Local
Watershed Plans.
• for qualifying sites, NCWRP staff will schedule an
appointment with the landowier to visit and further
evaluate the restoration potential of the site. 0

e North 'ar®lina Wetlands
Restoration Program
The North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP) is an
innovative, nonregulatory program established by the O rth-Carolina
.General Assembly in 1996 to restore wetlands, streams and streamside
(riparian) areas throughout the state.
Restores degraded streams by:
Restores degraded wetlands by:
• Restoring wetland hydrology to provide benefits of flood.
protection, flood water retention and pollutant removal;
• Replanting native wetland vegetation to improve
terrestrial and aquatic wildlife habitat.
Restores degraded streamside or riparian buffers by:
• Re-establishing natural meandering pattern
of streams to improve water quality and
aquatic habitat;
• Stabilizing streambanks to decrease erosion
and sedimentation in waterways;
• Re-establishing more natural flooding frequency
of streams to allow more effective floodwater
retention.
• Replanting native trees and shrubs along waterways to slow down runoff from adjacent land -disturbing activities,
trap pollutants, provide wildlife habitat and shade streams for better fish.habitat.

r
0 t
1�
dW.r-. wFa L®ce
Watershed PI;
• The NCWRP is currently
developing comprehensive
Local Watershed Plans
to identify and address
wetland and riparian
restoration needs at the
small watershed level.
• Local Watershed Plans identify factors contributing
to water quality degradation within a watershed
and provide comprehensive strategies to address
' nonpoint sources of pollution.
• Local Watershed Plans are developed cooperatively
s with representatives of local communities and provide
important opportunities for stakeholders such as local
governments, community groups and businesses to play
a role in shaping the future of their watershed.
rl .
THE GOALS OF NCWRP
To protect and improve water quality throug
restoration of wetland, stream and riparian are
functions and values lost through historic
current and future impacts.
To achieve a net increase in wetland acreage
functions and values in all of North Carolina'
major river basins.
To promote a. comprehensive approach for thi
protection. of n;iW6l-r6ources.
To provide a consistent approach to address
compensatory mitigation requirements associatec
with wetland, stream, and riparian buffet
regulations; and to increase the ecological
effectiveness of compensatory mitigation projects.

North Carolina Wetland Restoration Program (NCWRP)
Site Proposal Form
:ase complete this form and return it to: Forms may also be faxed to:
0 The North Carolina Wetland Restoration Program Fax [phone]
1619 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1619 Questions? Call: [phone]
I. General Information
1. Date 2. Landowner name
3. Address 4. Telephone number
5. Contact Person Name (if other than landowner)
6. Contact Person Organization 7. Contact Person Telephone Number
5. How did you find out about NC Wetlands Restoration Program?
II. Site Location
1. County property is located in:
2. Please list nearby towns and major roads and provide directions to the site:
III. Site Characteristics
1. What is the size of the property (acreage)?
2. What is the current land use of the property and surrounding area?,
3... What was the historic land use of the property and surrounding area?
;ease attach a drawing- of the site to this fonn showing property boundaries, roads, streams, ditches, fences, buildings;
-xer lines, and other structures. .
_
IV. Vegetation Type
1. Please check all that apply: Pasture Row Crop Forested Cleared Other
V. Hydrology/Water Table
1. Please check one: Never flooded Temporarily flooded (floods after heavy rain)
Seasonally flooded (flooded during Winter) Permanently flooded
2.Please describe all hydrological alterations (such as ditches, fill, bridges, culverts, etc.):
VI. Type of transactions of interest to landowner .
1. Please check all transactions the landowner may be interested in:
Sale of Property (Fee simple) Donation of Property for Tax Credits
Sale of a Conservation Easement (retain ownership, NCWRP or other agency holds easement)
Donation of Conservation Easement for Tax Credits Other
The NCWRP will *evaluato the information provided on this form and determine if the property meets NCWRP site
criteria. Properties that meet NCWRP criteria are potential project sites that will require a field assessment before a
funding determination can be made. By completing, signing, and returning this form, I give NCWRP permission to
perform a site feasibility assessment of the property, location described above, at a date and time to be agreed upon by
�V` 1' and the landowner.
k_ ,nature of landowner)

NC Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP) Project Site
Selection Criteria (Restoration Projects)
Approved 03-1842
♦ Overriding Criteria for ALL Proposed NCWRP Proiects:
•Proposed site is located within an NCWRP Targeted -Local Watershed
*Must have a permanent conservation easement on the proposed site at minimum
*Must have access to the proposed site for construction
Overriding Considerations for ALL Proposed NCWRP Projects:
-Minimal # of landowners
-Minimal Utilities (power, sewer, gas, fiber optic lines, roads, bridges, culverts, other
infrastructure)
♦ NCWRP Wetlands Restoration Proiect Criteria:
The following MUST be present for all proposed NCWRP wetlands restoration projects:
*Hydric Soils (might be relic)
*Hydrology removed or modified
Characteristics Which May be Observed:
-Ditches / Canal
-Tile drainage
-Adjacent stream is incised
-Dams; other water -control structures
-NRCS designated Prior -Converted (PC) land
-Roads crossing site
-Adjacent land use has affected hydrology
*Vegetation removed or encroaching upland vegetation; evidence of hydrophytic vegetation
• NCWRP would like sites to be >5 acres, but will consider proposed projects smaller than this..
Considerations Reizarding Costs / Wetland Proiect Impacts
-Obvious effects on adjacent land if hydrology is restored to site (topography)
-Failing Bulkheading (coastal marsh)
-Utilities
-Presence of invasive species
♦ NCWRP Stream Restoration Proiect Criteria:
All of the following MUST be present for an NCWRP Steam Restoration Project:
*Proposed stream segment site must include permanent easements (at minimum) from
landowners on both sides of stream. More specifically, where feasible, the NCWRP would like a
permanent easement (at minimum) for 50ft. buffers (measured from the top of the streambank) on
both. sides of the stream..
Stream segment proposed must be >1000 linear feet in length at minimum

*Proposed stream must be perennial as indicated on USGS 24K Quadrangle Maps and/or in the
NRCS Soil Surveys.
Any or all of the following may be present for an NCWRP Stream Restoration Project:
*Most restorable stream reaches will accommodate a drainage area of < 20 mil
*Stream pattern has been altered
Characteristics Which May be Observed:
-Straightened
-Stream is positioned next to or close to slope
-Severe meandering; cutoffs, oxbows
High amounts of sediment observed in stream channel
•Evidence of bank erosion
Characteristics Which Mav be Observed:
-Undercutting of banks
Exposed tree roots
-Trees falling in stream
-The stream channel looks incised (narrow and deep)
Characteristics Which May be Observed:
-Base flow (normal flow) is well below top of bank
-Low Bank beight/Bankfull ratio > 1.5
-Pool/Riffle sequence has been impacted
Characteristics Which May be Observed:
-Riffles are found in the meanders
-Pools are shallow
aStream has overwidened
Characteristics Which May be Observed
-Stream segments above and below the stream segment proposed are narrower and deeper
than the proposed site.
-Evidence of mid -stream bars being formed
-Heavy deposits of sediment on benches
Considerations Regarding Costs / Stream Project Impacts
-Minimal number of crossings of stream by utilities (sewer lines, etc.), roads, bridges
-One side of stream must be free of utilities
-Need proper belt width to meander stream (to calculate appropriate belt width needed:
multiply targeted bankfull width [from stream curves] by 4, add 50 ft)
-Infrastructure in channel (rip -rap, fabriform, gabions, etc.) is expensive to remove
-If Priority One stream restoration (reconnecting to floodplain) need enough slope behind
project channel to avoid hydrologic impacts on adjacent landowners
N1

US
♦ NCWRP Riparian Buffer Restoration Project Criteria:
Any or all of the following may be present for an NCWRP Riparian Buffer Restoration
Project:
Woody vegetation absent or sparse (less than 100 stems per acre that are > 5 inches
diameter at breast height) measured within 50 feet of intermittent and perennial streams,
lakes, ponds, and shorelines.
*Project length greater than 1,000 feet
*Adjacent to headwater streams or those streams defined as first, second or third order.
*Water table depth within three to four feet of surface as determined by characteristic of
soil cores where riparian buffers are restored along ditches.
*Adjacent source of nitrogen including cropland, pasture, golf course, residential
development, ball fields, etc.
*Ditches, gullies, or evidence of concentrated flow within 50 feet of intermittent and
perennial steams, lakes, ponds, and estuaries. 0
Considerations Regarding Costs / Stream Proiect Impacts
-Minimal number utilities (sewer lines, etc.), roads, bridges crossing proposed site
-Infrastructure on stream banks (bulkheading, rip -rap, fabriform, gabions, etc.) is
expensive to remove
M

10
AMMON
NCDENR
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
Division of Water Quality
North Carolina Wetlands
Restoration Program
1.619 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1619
September -1999
This document has been approved by
Kerr T. Stevens
Director, Division of Water Quality
Date
Cover photo by: Jim Page, DENR, Office of Public Affairs
Document Layout and Design by: John David Hardee,
DENR Office of Public Affairs
i
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,. . .. effort to provide landowners with the most
current information about federal, state and
other program opportunities related to wetlands,
streams and streamside areas, the North Carolina
Wetlands Restoration Program, in cooperation
with the North Carolina Wetlands Partnership,
developed this landowner assistance guide. The
guide contains reference information about
sources of assistance, program requirements,
land protection options, eligible land types, and
information sources. This guide also contains
program descriptions and accompanying
information.
The programs described in this guide were
updated and edited from the 1995 document,..
"Wetland Protection: A Catalog for Wetland
301
Managers" which was produced by the former
N.C. Division of Environmental Management.
Agencies and programs listed in the catalog were
given an opportunity to review and update the
information provided about their respective
programs. Programs which were not included in
the last catalog were invited to submit
information and descriptions about their
programs.
Many individuals, agencies and organizations
participated in the development of this reference
guide. In recognition of this partnership, special
thanks is extended to these participants:
Federal Agencies:
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
US. Fish and Wildlife Service
U.S. Department of Agriculture,
-Natural Resources Conservation Service
-Farm Services Agency
US. Forest Service
State Agencies:
N.C. Department of Environment
and Natural Resources _
• Division of Coastal Management
. Division of Forest Resources
. Division of Marine fisheries
. Division of Parks and Recreation
. Division of Soil and Water
Conservation
. Division of Water Quality
. Division of Water Resources
. Office of Environmental Education
N.C. Cooperative Extension Service
N.C. State University
Water Resources Research Institute,
University of North Carolina
Local Governments:
City of Wilmington
Forsyth County
Nonprofit Organizations:
The Conservation Trust for N.C.
The N.C. Coastal Federation
The Nature Conservancy, N.C. Chapter
The N.C. Lake Management Society
The Wetlands Conservatioh Alliance

The future of our wetlands and streamside
(riparian) areas is closely linked to land use
decisions made by the stewards of these natural
resources. Approximately three-quarters of the
nation's remain ing'wetlands`in the lower 48
states and about two-thirds of North Carolina's
wetlands are privately owned. Most wetlands and
associated floodplains and streamside (riparian)
areas are flatter and more fertile than other lands.
They are an integral part of the landscape and will
most likely remain in private ownership. The role
of the private landowner in wetlands and
streamside (riparian) area conservation is crucial.
This guide presents a broad array of voluntary
conservation and management options to help
landowners choose a stewardship strategy.
Many voluntary options have been used by
landowners to protect wetland and
streamside (riparian) area resources.
These options have been used
individually and in combination with
other measures. This guide provides a
comprehensive reference document for
landowners about federal, state, local
and nongovernmental program
opportunities. The focus is on programs
which offer technical and/or financial
assistance for conservation of wetland
and streamside (riparian) area
resources. The discussion of conservation
techniques and descriptions of voluntary
programs in the following pages is designed to
provide a landowner with the essential tools
for effective wetland and streamside (riparian)
area management.
The Decline of Wetland and
Streamside (Riparian) Area
Resources
Historically, themportance of wetlam
streamside (ripian) areas has not bee
understood. Sese resources have
cleared, drainif filled or altered for
development, agriculture, hil
construction arta variety of other lam
It is estimated fat more than a third
original wetlan&of North Carolina no
exist Each year,iditional wetlands and ri
areas are alterefind their functions lost
What Are lbtlands and
StreamsidelRiparian) Areas_*
Wetlands are Mined in federal
regulations as " llose areas that are inun
or saturated byirface or groundwater
frequenj and duration sufficii
support and that under nc
circumtances do suppor
prevalece of vegetation typ
adaptedfor life in saturate(
condition." Inmost areas, wet
are commonly referred to as sw-,
marshe% bogs, wet flats,
savannas, bottomland hard
forests ad pocosins.
Ripariam or streamside area:
vegetatedareas along streams,
and estuuies. They are often c
"buffer zones" fortheir ability to buffet
protect water ksources from nonr
source pollution.
What are wetlands and streamside (riparian)
areas? Why are they important? These are 0
commonly asked questions with answers that
become clearer as wetlands and streamside
(riparian) area research expands.
VA

0
Why Are Wetlands and Riparian
Areas Important?
Wetlands and riparian areas provide many vital
ecological and socioeconomic values and
functions. Wetlands and riparian areas improve
water quality by:
• Removing chemicals and excess nutrients;
• Recycling nutrients, and removing sediment;
• Retaining water during heavy rainfall and
slowly releasing it to downstream areas,
lowering flood peaks and maintaining
stream flows during dry periods;
Stabilizing stream banks;
Reducing surface runoff and soil erosion;
• Serving as habitat to fish, shellfish,
waterfowl, endangered species and other
wildlife; and
• Providing opportunities for recreation,
scientific study and aesthetic enjoyment
As wetlands and riparian areas are lost
upstream, erosion, flooding and sedimentation
of lakes, rivers and other riparian areas
increases downstream. Decreasing populations
of wildlife, waterfowl, fish and shellfish are a
few of the impacts caused by wetlands and
riparian area losses.
101
Wetlands are also an integral part of our
economy. The United States coastal marine
fishing industry annually harvests more than $10
billion of wetlands -dependent commercial fish
and shellfish, including trout, perch, catfish,
menhaden, shrimp, oysters and blue crabs.
Nationwide, about $10 billion is spent annually
by an estimated 50 million people on fishing,
hunting, boating, nature study, photography and
swimming. The ability of wetlands to store flood
waters makes these systems important for
minimizing the costs associated with flood
damage. Further loss of wetlands could result in
adding millions to the $3 billion to $4 billion
annual cost attributed to flood damage.
Healthy and functioning wetlands and riparian
area ecosystems are an important component of
the economy, providing income from commercial
and recreational uses and savings from
improvement in water quality. Today,
conservationists have garnered support for
wetlands and riparian area protection from both
governmental agencies and the public. The
national wetland policy of 'no overall net loss'
and 'long-term' increase in quality and quantity
of the nation's wetlands along with recognition
of essential wetland and riparian area functions
has stimulated interest in these valuable
resources. As a result, numerous programs have
been developed to educate user groups and
landowners on the importance of wetland and
riparian area stewardship.
Guide Overview
This resource is a comprehensive guide to
federal, state and private /non-profit programs
operating in North Carolina. It includes brief
descriptions of voluntary programs offering
technical and/or financial assistance to private
wetlands and riparian area landowners within
the State. The guide is designed to familiarize
landowners with the functions and goals of
existing wetland and riparian area management
programs to assist them in selecting an
appropriate and effective wetland and riparian
area management option.
Pages 1-12 contains descriptions of voluntary
wetland and riparian area protection mechanisms
various programs may offer. Pages 13-27
contains descriptions of the voluntary federal,
state and nonprofit/private wetland and riparian
area program opportunities which offer financial
and technical assistance. Pages 28-40 describes
programs which offer technical assistance only.
v

Q coastal Shoreline Rules
Protecting Water Quality Along Our Sounds, Rivers and Marshes
In recent
years, the
coastal
region has
been
subject to
several
problems
related to
pollution from stormwater runoff. Algal blooms, fish
kills, sediment plumes and shellfish closures were
the result of upland pollutants finding their way into
the state's coastal waters.
Research has shown that a major factor in these
problems is impervious surfaces, such as parking
lots, houses and roads. These structures don't filter
runoff, they channel It into coastal waters.
In 1999, the N.C. Coastal Resources Commission
;CRC) took action to fight this pollution problem.
The Commission enacted a new set of coastal
ioreline rules designed to increase the protection
. coastal waters.
What the rules say
The rules require a 30-foot buffer for new
development along coastal shorelines In the 20
counties governed by the Coastal Area
Management Act. The buffer requirement does not
apply to oceanfront property.
The rules apply to all navigable waterways in the
;oastal counties, including upstream public trust
shorelines. In some cases, even drainage ditches
'nuld be determined to be navigable.
i.4 Fa�n- * -
Only structures with water -dependent uses may be
built. in the buffer zone. These include dolls, boat
ramps, bulkheads and walkways to the water.
The buffer is measured landward from the normal
high water or normal water level.
Property owners may cut grass or trim trees inside
the buffer, but land -disturbing activities will be
limited. Grading, filling and excavating in the buffer
generally will not be allowed. A number of local
governments already have regulations that meet or
exceed these rules. Check with local officials or the
nearest Coastal Management office for details.
Exceptions to the rules
A property owner.may build a single-family house
that encroaches Into the buffer zone if the lot, tract
or parcel of land Is too small to accommodate the
buffer, as long as the land was platted prior to June
1,1999. The house must not cover more than
1,000 square feet of ground, and it must comply
with the buffer to the maximum extent feasible.
At a minimum, the house must be located a
distance landward of the normal high water or
normal water level equal to 20 percent of the
greatest depth of the lot.
If an existing non -water -dependent structure
becomes damaged to the point of needing to be
replaced, the property owner may rebuild the
structure in its original footprint and to its original
dimensions, if the land is too small to allow
rebuilding outside the buffer zone.
Relationship to EMC's
river basin rules
A provision in the CRCs rules says that the buffer
requirement will not apply to those coastal
shorelines where the Environmental Management
Commission (EMC) adopts its own buffer
standards. The EMC enacts regulations to;protect
water quality statewide. EMC buffer rules already
exist in the Neuse and Tar -Pamlico river basins.

Building inside the buffer
For any activity prohibited by the rules, a property
owner may reoest a variance from the CRC.
Variances may be granted for hardships and logical
conflicts with the rules.
The buffer's effectiveness
The buffer will
play an
integral part in
protecting
North
Carolina's
coastal waters.
The pollution
addressed by
the new buffer
rules —
Controlling nonpoint source pollution is. an urgent
need considering the rate at which our shorelines
are being developed and the increase in seasonal
and year-round populations in communities with
estuarine and public trust shorelines.
History of the coastal shoreline rules
The 30-foot buffer requirement came about after
more than two years of CRC discussions
concerning ways to increase the protection of
coastal water quality. in a unanimous vote in March
1999, the Commission chose to set aside an earlier
proposal, which would have called for a 75-foot
buffer and other coastal shoreline standards, and
focus instead on the 30-foot buffer requirement.
The CRC and Division of Coastal Management
sought extensive public comment on the
30-foot buffer rules last summer, conducting 40
public hearings in coastal counties. Neari1400
people commented on the rules, voicing opinions O
both for and against them. The CRC adopted the
rules in November 1999 after adding exceptions
and other language recommended duringthe public
hearing process.
Learn more about the rules
Visit Coastal Management's Web site at
httpJ/dcm2.enr.state.nc.us, or contact the
Coastal Management office nearest you:
Elizabeth City
Ted Sampson, District Manager
1367 U.S. 17 South
Elizabeth City, NC 27909
252-264-3901
Morehead City
Charles Jones, Assistant Director
Ted Tyndall, District Manager
151-B Hwy. 24
Hestron Plaza II
Morehead City, NC 28557
252-808-2808
Raleigh O
Donna Moffitt, Director
1638 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1638
919-733-2293
1-888-4RCOAST
Washington
Terry Moore, District Manager
943 Washington Square Mail
Washington, NC 27889-
252-946-6481
Wilmington
Bob Stroud, District Manager
127 Cardinal Drive Ext.
Wilmington, NC 28405-3845
910-395-3900
500 copies of this publtc document were printed on recycled paper at a
cost of S13.10 or 5.026 per copy.

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NC561^^N�
Zoning Map
C RA-20 Residential& Agriculture
0 RR&C Riverside Residential& Camping
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This map represents a compilation of information from multiple sources, and
at different scales which may result in inconsistencies among the features
Y 9
represented on this map. The Mid -East Commission assumes no responsibility
for the accuracy of the source information.
The preparation of this map was financed in part through a grant provided by
the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by
the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered
by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resources Management, National Oceanic
and Atmospheric Administration.
Prepared By:
Mid -East Commission
PO Box 1787
Washington, NC 27889
101 Bob Paciocco, Executive Director
Joe Dooley, Planning Director
Berry Gray, Land Use Planner
1439 December 22, 1998
Revised February 1, 1999
Revised February 11, 1999
Revised April 26, 1999
Adopted May 17, 1999
MID-EA3T