Land Use Plan Update-1996

IDRAFT
TYRRELL COUNTY
AND
'- TOWN OF COLUMBIA
' 0 1996 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
I�
r I
I i
Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
' Wilmington, North Carolina
The preparation of this document was financed in part through a grant provided by the
' North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the Coastal
Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
' Administration.
PROPERTY OF
DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT
PLEASE DO NOT REMOVE

DRAFT
TYRRELL COUNTY
AND
TOWN OF COLUMBIA
1996 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
Wilmington, North Carolina
The preparation of this document was financed in part through a grant provided by the
North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the Coastal
Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration.

TOWN OF COLUMBIA, NORTH CAROLINA
' 1996 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
1

' TOWN OF COLUMBIA
FY95/96 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
' TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
ISECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
'
A.
ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE ....................
I-1
B.
POPULATION AND HOUSING .............................
I-4
1. Population........................
I-4
a. Permanent Population Growth, 1960-1994 ...............
I-4
b. Composition and Age ............................
I-5
2. Town of Columbia Seasonal Population .....................
I-6
'
3. Housing Characteristics
I-6
4. Summary .......................................
I-8
C.
ECONOMY ..........................................
I-9
'
D. EXISTING LAND USE ..............
I-15
1.
Residential ... • .. • ... • . • . • .. • • ...............
I-17
2.
Commercial .....................................
I-17
3.
Industrial .......................................
I-17
4.
Public Institutional .................................
I-18
5.
Recreational .....................................
I-18
6.
Open Space .....................................
I-18
7.
Basinwide Water Quality Management .....................
I-18
8.
Existing Ordinances and Land Use Controls ..................
I-22
E. LAND AND WATER USE COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS
I-23
'
1.
2.
General Discussion .................................
Unplanned Development .............................
I-23
I-24
3.
Changes in Predominant Land Uses ........................
I-25
'
4.
5.
Summary ........................
Effectiveness 1990 Land Use Plan Policies
I-26
of and ..............
I-26
'
F. DEVELOPMENT CONSTAINTS. LAND SUITABILITY .............
1. Topography/Geology .
I-27
I-27
2.
Flood Hazard Areas ................................
I-27
'
3.
4.
Soils .........................................
Manmade Hazards
I-29
I-29
5.
Fragile Areas ....................................
I-32
'
a. Coastal Wetlands ::::::::::::::::::::: : : ::::::
b. Estuarine Waters
I-32
I-32

Page
C.
Estuarine Shorelines
I-32
...........................
d.
Public Trust Areas
I-32
............................
e.
Outstanding Resource Waters ......................
I-34
f.
404 Wetlands ................................
I-34
g.
Natural Resource Fragile Areas .....................
I-35
h.
Historic and Archaeological Sites ....................
I-35
i.
Other Fragile Areas ............................
I-37
6. Areas of Resource Potential ...........................
I-37
a.
Agricultural and Forestlands .......................
I-37
b.
Valuable Mineral Resources .......................
I-38
C.
Public Forests ...............................
I-38
d.
Public Parks ................................
I-38
e.
Public Gamelands .............................
I-38
f.
Private Wildlife Sanctuaries .......................
I-38
g.
Marine Resources .............................
I-38
G. CONSTRAINTS: CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY FACILITIES ......... I-39
1. Water System .................................... I-39
2.
Sewer System ....................................
I-39
3.
Solid Waste .....................................
I-40
4.
Educational Facilities ...............................
I-40
5.
Transportation ...................................
I-41
6.
Police Protection
..................................
I-43
7.
Fire Protection ...................................
I-43
8.
Rescue Squad
....................................
I-43
9.
Library ........................................
I-44
SECTION II: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
A. PROJECTED POPULATION GROWTH AND RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENTII-1
1. General Discussion .................................. II-1
2. Year -Round Population Projections ........................ II-1
3. Town of Columbia Seasonal Population ..................... II-2
4. Town of Columbia Day Visitation ........................ II-2
5. Projected Housing Characteristics .......................... II-2
6. Commercial Land Use ................................ II-3
7. Transportation....................................II-3
8. Public Institutional Land Use ........................... II-3
B. PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDS AND LAND USE ISSUES .............. II-4
1. Education ....................................... II-4
2. Water System ..................................... II-4
3. Sewer System ..................................... II-4
4. Solid Waste ...................................... II-4
5. Police Protection ................................... II-4
F)

1
Page
' 6. Fire Protection .................................... II-5
7. Rescue Squad ..................................... II-5
8. Library ......................................... II-5
C. REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES ............... .
D. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION ... II-6
ITABLES
Table 1
Town of Columbia, NC Population, 1960-1994 .............
I-4
Table 2
Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County, NC
Population Characteristics by Age Group .................
I-5
Table 3
Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County, NC Population by Sex and
'
Race
I-6
Table 4
Town of Columbia; NC Housing Summary: Tenure and Vacancy,
'
1990.......................................
I-7
Table 5
Town of Columbia, NC Housing Conditions, 1990 ...........
I-7
Table 6
Town of Columbia, NC Labor Force Status, 1990 ...........
I-9
Table 7
Town of Columbia, Tyrrell County, North Carolina
Per Capita Income, 1989 ...........................
I-9
'
Table 8
Town of Columbia, NC Employed Persons 16 Years and Older by
Industry, 1990.................................
I-10
'
Table 9
Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County, NC Largest Private
Employers, 1993 .........
I-11
'
Table 10
Table 11
Town of Columbia, NC Employment by Class of Worker, 1990 ..
Town Columbia, NC Poverty
I-11
of Status, 1990
I-12
Table 12
Town of Columbia, NC General Fund Revenues/Expenditures,
'
1991-1995....................................
I-13
Table 13
Town of Columbia, NC 1995 Approximate Existing Land Use ...
I-15
'
Table 14A
Town of Columbia, NC Watershed Report - Base and Demographic
Information
I-21
Table 14B
Town of Columbia, NC Watershed Report - Open Water Use Classes
I-21
Table 15
Town of Columbia, NC Soil Series Characteristics ...........
I-31
Table 16
Tyrrell County School Enrollment, 1990 and 1995 ...........
I-40
Table 17
Town of Columbia, NC Population, 1995-2005 .............
II-1
Table 18
Town of Columbia, NC Year -Round Housing Based on Projected
'
Population and Household Size, 1995-2005 ................
II-2
1

Paee
MAPS
Map 1
Existing Land Use ................................
I-16
Map 2
Public Facilities .................................
I-19
Map 3
Soils Map .....................................
I-30
Map 4
Areas of Environmental Concern .......................
I-33
Map 5
Historic District .................................
I-36
Map 6
1993 DOT Traffic Count Data ........................
I-42
0

' SECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
IA. ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE
This 1996 Land Use Plan Update for the Town of Columbia is prepared in accordance with
requirements of the North Carolina Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA). Specifically, this
document complies with Subchapter 7B, "Land Use Planning Guidelines, " of the North Carolina
' Administrative Code, as amended, November 1, 1989.
The 7B guidelines define the following intent of land use plans:
"Local governments, through the land use planning process, address issues and
adopt policies that guide the development of their community. Many decisions
' affecting development are made by other levels of government, and local policies
must consider and be consistent with established state and federal policies. Most
development -related decisions, however, are primarily of local concern. Policies
' which address the type of development to be encouraged, the density and patterns
of development, and the methods of providing public access to beaches and
waterfronts are examples of these local policy decisions. By carefully and
' explicitly addressing development of these issues in the Land Use Plan, other
levels of government will be able to consider local policies in their actions that
affect those issues. State and federal agencies use the local land use plan and
' policies in making project consistency, funding, and permit decisions. "
'
The land use plan shall contain the following basic elements:
1)
a summary of data collection;
'
2)
3)
an analysis of all data collected;
statements of local policy on those land use planning issues which will affect the
community during the 10-year planning period;
4)
a map of existing land uses and a land classification map;
'
5)
a discussion of the relationship between the local government's adopted policies
and the land classification map;
6)
a discussion of how adjacent governments' plans were considered in the
'
preparation of the land use plan;
7)
a Citizen Participation Plan.
The policy section of the plan is the most important part of the document. The 7B guidelines
dictate that policies must be included to address:
1)
Resource Protection
2)
Resource Production and Management
'
3)
Economic and Community Development
I-1

4) Continuing Public Participation
5) Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery and Evacuation Plans
This land use plan provides a guide for development of the Town of Columbia by addressing
issues and adopting policies that are relevant to the town. Specifically, this land use plan
provides the following:
1) an analysis of existing conditions, including a land use map;
2) a projected land development analysis;
3) a summary of public interests and participation;
4) a land classification system;
5) a detailed section on policy statements;
6) establishment of policies to deal with existing and anticipated land use issues;
7) preparation of a land classification map;
8) a summary of 404 wetland areas and issues;
9) an assessment of opportunities for participation in state and federal programs;
10) an updated Land Use Plan based on an effective citizen participation process.
Listed below are some of the sources and documents utilized during the preparation of this Land
Use Plan:
-- Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia 1990 Land Use Plan Update
-- Tyrrell County Board of Education
-- Tyrrell County Fire Marshal
-- Tyrrell County Subdivision Ordinance
-- Tyrrell County 1985 Land Use Plan Update
-- Tyrrell County 1981 Land Use Plan Update
-- Tyrrell County 1976 Land Use Plan
-- Tyrrell County Mobile Home Park Ordinance, 1986
-- Eastern North Carolina Hurricane Evacuation Study, 1987
-- Federal Emergency Management Agency
-- Tyrrell County Manager's Office
-- Town of Columbia Permits Department
-- Moving Toward the Future Together - Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia
-- An Assessment of Maritime Forest Resources on the North Carolina Coast,
November 1988
-- USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Tyrrell County
-- NCDOT, Planning and Policies Section
-- North Carolina Office of State Budget and Management
-- North Carolina Division of Archives and History
-- North Carolina Division of Community Assistance
-- North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources,
Division of Coastal Management
-- North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources,
Division of Environmental Management, Groundwater Section
-- North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources,
Division of Environmental Management, Solid Waste Management Branch
I-2

-- North Carolina Department of Economic and Community Development nt
-- North Carolina Division of Aging
-- North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries
-- North Carolina Division of Shellfish Sanitation
North Carolina Division of Travel and Tourism
North Carolina Employment Security Commission, Labor Market Information
Division
United States Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District Office
United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
-- United States Fish and Wildlife Service
These sources were supplemented by "windshield" surveys conducted in January, 1996, to obtain
data on existing land use patterns.
It should be noted that the policy section of this plan is the most important part of the document.
' State and federal agencies will use the local land use policies in making project consistency,
funding, and permit decisions.
' The 1990 Town of Columbia Land Use Plan included policy statements which addressed the five
policy areas of: Resource Protection, Resource Production and Management, Economic and
Community Development, Continuing Public Participation, and Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -
Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans. Those policies supported but did not exceed the 15A
NCAC 7H minimum use standards.
I
I-3

B. POPULATION AND HOUSING
1. Po ulp ation
a. Permanent Population Growth, 1960-1994
The Town of Columbia is located along the eastern bank of the Scuppernong River in
northwest Tyrrell County. Since 1980, the town has experienced moderate growth. Table 1,
below, shows the town's permanent population and percent change from 1960-1994.
Table 1
Town of Columbia, NC
Population, 1960-1994
Numerical Percent
Year Population Change Change
1960
1,099
N/A
N/A
1970
902
-197
-17.9%
1980
758
-144
-16.0%
1990
836
+78
+ 10.3 %
1994
871
+35
+4.2%
Source: 1990 Town of Columbia
Land Use Plan, PCensus-USA, and
the Office of State Planning.
The Town of Columbia has experienced inconsistent growth rates similar to those of the
county. Between 1960-1980, a total of 341 people migrated outside of the town. Since 1980,
the decreasing population trend has reversed, resulting in an in -migration of 113 people between
1980-1994. The most current data provided by the Office of State Planning indicates a 1994
population of 871 people. Due to the history of inconsistent growth rates in the town, it is
difficult to estimate future growth patterns. However, it is expected that growth trends in the
town will closely follow those of the county.
I-4

' b. Composition and Age
' The U.S. Census does not include municipalities with a population of less than 2,500.
The Town of Columbia data provided in Tables 2 and 3 have been compiled through the use of
the desktop demographic software package PCensus-USA.
Table 2
Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County, NC
Population Characteristics by Age Group
Age Group Town of Columbia Tyrrell County
% of % of
Persons Total Persons Total
' Under 5 61 7.30 % 252 6.53 %
5-14 144 17.23 % 638 16.55 %
15-24 93 11.12 % 445 11.54 %
25-34 128 15.31 % 571 14.81 %
35-44 113 13.52 % 516 13.38 %
' 45-54 49 5.86 % 370 9.60 %
55-64 67 8.01 % 386 10.01 %
65 and over 181 21.65 % 678 17.58 %
' Total 836 100% 3,856 100%
Source: PCensus-USA and 1990 U.S. Census.
The 65 and over age group made up the largest percentage of the total population in
1990. There were 181 people in this age group making up almost 22 % of the population. The
age group 5-14 contained the second largest percentage of the population (17.23 %), followed
by the age groups 25-34 (15.31%) and 35-44 (13.52%). The large percentage of the school age
' population is of particular importance for the planning of public facilities. Overall, the age
composition of the Town of Columbia closely resembled that of the county. The Columbia age
group which deviated the most from the county composition was that of the 65 and over age
group. This group encompassed 21.65 % of the town's population compared to the county's
17.58%.
' Table 3 illustrates the differences in racial composition and the male/female ratio between
the town and county. The majority of the population in Columbia is non -white compared to the
county's predominantly white population. At the time the 1990 Census was conducted, the non-
white population included only blacks. There were no residents of Columbia of any other race.
However, the census does not include the hispanic migrant workers who come to the town for
seasonal agricultural work.
I-5

Table 3
'
Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County, NC
Population by Sex and Race
Town of
Columbia
Tyrrell
'
County
% of
% of
Persons
Total
Persons
Total
,
Total White 352
42.11 %
2,278
59.08 %
Total Non -White 484
57.89 %
1,578
40.92 %
Total Males 357
42.70%
1,863
48.31 %
'
Total Females 479
57.30 %
1,993
51.69 %
'
Total 836
100
3,856
100 %
Source: PCensus-USA and 1990 U.S. Census.
'
In addition to the non -white population, the Town of Columbia is also dominated by a ,
female population. The county also had more females than males, but the ratio is nearer the
50:50 mark. In the Town of Columbia, 57.30% of the population is female compared to the
county composition of 51.69%. '
2. Town of Columbia Seasonal Population '
Due to the fact that the 1990 U.S. Census classified only eight units as "seasonal, recreational,
or occasional use," it has been determined that the seasonal population impact is not very i
significant in the Town of Columbia. Therefore, a detailed breakdown of the seasonal units and
associated population will not be conducted as in the Tyrrell County Land Use Plan Update.
Based on the number of rooms and capacity of the Dalton Hotel, Hearts Delight (bed and
breakfast), and the private housing units classified as "seasonal" by the U.S. Census, the peak
seasonal population is not expected to exceed 150 people. "Peak seasonal population" can be '
defined as the population that would be enumerated in all seasonal housing units if all of those
units were occupied at full capacity, based on average assumed household sizes for each type
of units. This relatively small seasonal population has not had a significant impact on the town's '
infrastructure and services.
3. Housing Characteristics I
Approximately 98 % of the town's housing units were considered year round in 1990. Eighty- ,
eight (88 %) percent of these year round units were occupied, leaving 22 % vacant. Only eight
housing units were considered "for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use" by the 1990 U.S.
Census. Table 4 provides a summary of the tenure and vacancy status of the town's housing ,
supply in 1990.
I-6

i
' Table 4
Town of Columbia, NC
' Housing Summary: Tenure and Vacancy, 1990
'
Item
Total Housing Units
1990
392
Year -Round Housing Units
384
'
Occupied
337
Renter -occupied
131
Owner -occupied
206
'
Vacant
47
For Sale
0
For Rent
11
Seasonal Units [1]
8
' [1] Includes units "for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use" as classified by the 1990 U.S. Census.
Source: PCensus-USA.
'
Table 5 shows housing age, condition, and type for the Town of Columbia in 1990. Only
1.27 % of the town's housing stock was less than one year old in 1990.
Approximately 42 % of
the homes were older than forty years of age. Over 32 % of the town's
entire housing stock was
'
in the 51 and up age bracket. This means that a large majority of the town's housing stock was
constructed prior to 1940. Table 5 also shows that 56.12 % of the housing units were single-
family and 24.23 % were mobile homes in 1990.
Table 5
Town of Columbia, NC
Housing Conditions, 1990
Percent of
'
Condition and Age 1990
Total
Total Housing Units 392
100.00%
Age
0-1 5
1.27%
2-10 68
17.35 %
11-20 66
16.84 %
'
21-30 33
8.42 %
31-40 55
14.03 %
41-50 38
9.69 %
'
51 & Up 127
32.40 %
Condition
Lacking complete plumbing facilities 11
2.81 %
Lacking complete kitchen facilities 11
2.81 %
1 I-7

Table 5 (Continued)
Percent of
Condition and Age
1990
Total
Type
Total Units
392
100.00 %
Single family, detached
208
53.06%
Single family, attached
12
3.06 %
2-4 units
67
17.09 %
5-19 units
10
2.55 %
20 units or more
0
0 %
Mobile home
95
24.23 %
Other
0
0 %
Source: PCensus-USA.
4. Summary
The following provides a summary of significant demographic and housing factors:
-- The Town of Columbia experienced an out -migration of 341 people between 1960-1980
and an in -migration, between 1980-1994, of 113 people. This resulted in a 1994
population of 871, 228 people less than in 1960.
-- In 1990, there were 181 people in the 65 and over age group, making up almost 22 % of
the population. The age group 5-14 years of age contained the second largest percentage
of the population (17.23 %).
-- Almost 58 % of the town's population was non -white and 57 % were females in 1990.
-- The peak seasonal population is not expected to exceed 150 people and has not had a
significant impact on the town's infrastructure and services.
-- In 1990, approximately 88 % of the town's housing units were considered year round.
-- Only 1.27 % of the town's housing stock was less than one year old in 1990 and 32.40 %
was greater than fifty years old.
-- Over 24% of the total number of housing units were mobile homes in 1990.
I-8

C. ECONOMY
In terms of unemployment and per capita income figures, it would appear that the Town of
Columbia's economy may be suffering to a greater extent than that of Tyrrell County's as a
whole. Based on 1990 Census data (the most current detailed economic data), 14.2 %, or 47 of
those people actively in the labor force, were unemployed in the town, as compared to 12.3 %
for the county. There were 615 people of age for inclusion in the town's labor force. Of that
total, 284, or 46.2 %, were not active in the labor force. They were either disabled, retired by
choice, or females not working. Additional labor force data is provided in Table 6.
Table 6
Town of Columbia, NC
Labor Force Status, 1990
Labor Force
Armed Forces
Civilian
Employed
Unemployed
Total
Not in Labor Force
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1990
Male Female Total
0 0 0
131
153
284
25
22
47
156
175
331
87
197
284
In 1989, the town's population had a per capita income of $7,568. This was well below the
state and Tyrrell County. Table 7 provides a summary of income data.
Table 7
Town of Columbia, Tyrrell County, North Carolina
Per Capita Income, 1989
nr=
Town of Columbia $ 7,568
Tyrrell County $13,802
North Carolina $15,899
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
I-9

Columbia's relatively low per capita income is concentrated in the sales and services industries.
'
In fact, over 47 % of the town's employed persons worked in retail/wholesale
trade; personal,
entertainment, and recreational services; and professional and related services.
Retail trade was
the largest employment category with 15 % of the town's total employed.
Table 8 provides
detailed data for employment by industry.
Table 8
,
Town of Columbia, NC
Employed Persons 16 Years and Older by Industry,
1990
'
1990
Number
Percent
Industry
Employed
of Total
Rank
'
Agriculture, forestry, fisheries, mining
22
7.75 %
5
Construction
19
6.69 %
7
'
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
18
6.34 %
8
Durable goods
22
7.75 %
6
t
Transportation
11
3.88 %
10
Communication, other public utilities
2
0.70%
15
Wholesale trade
14
4.93 %
9
,
Retail trade
43
15.14 %
1
Finance, insurance, and real estate
10
3.52 %
13
,
Business and repair services
6
2.11 %
14
Personal, entertainment, and recreational
services
35
12.32 %
3
'
Professional and related services
Health services
11
3.87 %
11
,
Educational services
36
12.68 %
2
Other professional & related services
11
3.87 %
12
Public Administration
24
8.45 %
4
'
Total Employed
284
100 %
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
'
Although the Town of Columbia has not experienced a large economic impact from tourism in ,
the past, it is expected to play a more vital role in the future. The opening of the Pocosin Lakes
NWR Visitor Center, combined with the efforts of the town to improve the appearance of its
waterfront, is expected to yield an increase in the number of people visiting the town. Recent '
waterfront improvements include the construction of a 1,600 ft. boardwalk, 2,300 ft.
interpretative nature trail, and Town Commons. The Town Commons is located at the end of ,
Main Street, adjacent to the boardwalk, and consists of a gazebo, water fountain, and sitting
area. In addition, an outdoor classroom designed for the instruction of nature courses is
scheduled to open in May, 1996. An increase in tourism would help boost the economy of the ,
I-10

town and provide additional employment in the construction; retail trade; and personal,
entertainment, and recreational services sectors of employment.
Table 9 provides a list of the largest private employers in 1993 for Tyrrell County and the Town
of Columbia. The employers located within the town limits of Columbia have been highlighted
in bold type.
' Table 9
Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County, NC
Largest Private Employers, 1993
Name
Capt. Neill's Seafood, Inc.
Cherry Farms Seed Company, Inc.
Durwood Cooper Farms
Foodway
Free & Easy Farms
N. Edward & Kenneth E. Cherry
Sawyer's Marine
Split Second
Swain Supermarket, Inc.
Source: North Carolina Office of State Planning.
Industry Types
Manufacturing
Agriculture, forestry & fisheries
Agriculture, forestry & fisheries
Retail trade
Agriculture, forestry & fisheries
Agriculture, forestry & fisheries
Services/Retail trade
Services/Retail Trade
Retail trade
The Columbia labor force had heavy dependence on government employment. A total of 77,
or 27 % of those employed, were employed in either federal, state, or local government jobs.
This distribution helps to add stability to local employment and income. Table 10 provides a
complete distribution of employment by class of worker.
Table 10
Town of Columbia, NC
Employment by Class of Worker, 1990
' Private Wage and Salary Worker 179
Federal Government Worker 10
State Government Worker 34
' Local Government Worker 33
Self -Employed Worker 26
Unpaid Family Worker 2
' Total 284
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
The overall poor economic conditions of the town are reflected in the number of people
' considered to be below the poverty level. In 1990, approximately 39 % of the town's population

was below poverty level. Almost 33% of the town's population had incomes 200% of the
poverty level and above. Table 11 provides detailed 1990 poverty level data.
Table 11
Town of Columbia, NC
Poverty Status, 1990
Income Level
Income below 99 % of poverty level
Income between 100 & 124 % of poverty level
Income between 125 & 149 % of poverty level
Income between 150 & 199 % of poverty level
Income 200 % of poverty level and above
Total enumerated by poverty status
Source: U.S. Bureau of the Census.
1990
Percent
Individuals of Total
321
38.63 %
91
10.95 %
55
6.62%
90
10.83 %
274
32.97 %
831
100.0%
The Town of Columbia has an economically sound local government. Table 12 provides a
summary of Columbia's revenues/expenditures for 1991 through 1995. Town revenues during
the four-year period have ranged from a high of $276,943 in 1991 to a low of $215,944 in 1992.
Total revenues have exceeded expenditures for all years listed.
I-12

Table 12
Town of Columbia, NC
General Fund Revenues/Expenditures, 1991-1995
1991
1992
1993
1994*
1995
Total Revenues
$276,943
$215,944
$244,777
$260,988
$249,890
Ad Valorem Tax Revenues
76,982
87,277
97,738
86,179
76,988
Other Tax Revenues
15,536
12,629
15,335
16,968
16,368
Unrestricted Intergovernmental Revenues
30,048
34,563
33,094
34,881
34,415
Restricted Intergovernmental Revenues
82,116
30,195
33,695
57,237
30,246
Permits and Fees Revenues
4,254
5,484
4,677
4,815
8,151
Sales and Services Revenues
52,231
32,117
51,058
45,563
72,603
Investment Revenues
15,776
13,679
9,180
9,345
11,119
Total Expenditures
$211,652
$194,752
$213,059
$259,740
$205,065
General Government Expenditures
96,012
110,850
116,203
137,390
126,549
Public Safety Expenditures
5,396
11,902
5,290
19,482
11,126
Transportation
46,720
41,166
60,871
51,853
57,706
Environmental Protection Expenditures
12,503
18,004
19,877
414
796
Culture and Recreation Expenditures
3,840
5,603
1,114
26,399
5,963
Economic and Physical Development
47,181
7,227
9,704
24,202
2,925
*There was a miscellaneous revenue of $6,000 in 1994 not included in
this table.
Source: Town of Columbia.
I-13

The following provides a summary of significant data:
-- The Town of Columbia continues to have a high rate of
unemployment.
-- The town's per capita income was well below that of the county
and state in 1989.
-- The town's labor force is primarily employed in service related
jobs with a heavy dependence on federal, state, and local
government employment.
-- As the town becomes more popular to tourists, increases in the
construction; retail trade; and personal, entertainment, and
recreational services sectors of employment can be expected.
-- The Town of Columbia appears to have a financially stable local
government.
I-14

II
P
L
D. EXISTING LAND USE
The 15A NCAC 7B planning requirements specify that existing land use shall be mapped and
analyzed, with particular attention given to:
-- significant land and water use compatibility problems;
-- major problems that have resulted from unplanned development, and that have
implications for future land and water use;
-- an identification of areas experiencing or likely to experience changes in
predominant land uses including agricultural and forestry land being converted to
other uses.
Sections D and E of the land use plan responds to these requirements. In addition, the town's
current land use -related ordinances are reviewed and the effectiveness of the 1990 Land Use Plan
policies are assessed.
There are approximately 250 acres within the Town of Columbia. Approximately 43 %, or 108
acres, have been developed. The town does not currently have an extraterritorial jurisdiction
but has expressed interest in establishing one. The land use acreages are summarized in Table
13, and depicted on the Existing Land Use Map, Map 1.
Table 13
Town of Columbia
1995 Approximate Existing Land Use
Category
Single -Family Residential
Mobile Home
Multi -Family
Commercial
Public Institutional
Recreational
Open Space[l]
Total
Town of Columbia
Acreage
% of Total
42.0
16.80%
11.7
4.68%
0.7
0.28 %
14.9
5.96%
8.5
3.40%
1.0
0.40 %
171.2
68.48 %
250.0
100.00 %
[1] The Open Space category includes acreage utilized by the transportation network. This was done to
be consistent with prior Land Use Plans. It has been estimated that all of the streets, roads, and highways
in town occupy approximately 28.7 acres.
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
I-15

910
TOWN LIMITS
LEGF
0 RESIDENTIAL
0 MOBH.E HOME
MULTI -FAMILY
® COMMERCLL
® INSTITUTIONAL
Q RECREATIONAL
- INDUSTRIAL.
OPEN SPACE
TOWN LDNITS
MAP 1
EXISTING LAND USE
COLUMBIA
NORTH CAROLINA
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I-16

' 1. Residential
' In the Town of Columbia, U.S. 64 bypass provides a dividing line between areas of high and
low density residential development. The majority of residential uses on the north side of the
bypass are single-family homes on relatively large lots. Although, there are several mobile
' homes in this section of town, the majority are located in an organized mobile home park oil
sizeable lots. The town's two multi -family sites are located between U.S. 64 business and U.S.
64 bypass, on Broad Street and Fonscoe Street. The town's only public housing project is
located in the northeastern most part of town and consists of seventeen (17) duplexes and one
single unit for a total of thirty-five (35) units. Even though this side of town contains all of
Columbia's multi -family units, densities remain much lower than those found south of the
bypass.
' The residential lots located south of the bypass are much smaller than those found to the north.
It is not uncommon to find up to as many as four housing units on a single lot that is barely
sufficient for one unit. This has created an overcrowding problem with potential for health and
' fire risks. Approximately 70% of the town's mobile homes are located in this area.
In 1990, there were 392 dwelling units located within the Town of Columbia. These included:
' 220 single-family site built structures, 95 mobile homes, and 77 multi -family dwelling units.
The Town of Columbia's permit records indicated that between January, 1990, and December,
1995, only four permits were issued for new residential construction in town. Therefore, the
' 1990 Census data provides a fairly accurate estimate of current housing conditions.
Approximately 22 % of Columbia's total acreage may be classified as residential.
' Problems within the residential land use category include the deterioration of aging housing units
and overcrowding.
' 2. Commercial
The commercial land use category includes approximately 14.9 acres of land in the Town of
Columbia. Since Columbia is the only municipality in Tyrrell County, the vast majority of the
county's commercial establishments are located there. The commercial uses in town are located
' primarily along U.S. 64 bypass and U.S. 64 business. The types of commercial use range from
grocery stores, banks, hardware stores, and restaurants to dentists offices, barber shops, and
various service facilities.
' 3. Industrial
There are no industrial land uses within the Town of Columbia.

4. Public Institutional
The Columbia and Tyrrell County government offices are both located within the Town of
Columbia. Institutional uses located in town also include several churches, cemeteries, the
County's High School, a combined fire/rescue unit, sheriff's department, library, and the new
Tyrrell County Visitor's Center and Boardwalk. These public institutional uses occupy
approximately 8.5 acres. There are currently no immediate problems within the public
institutional land class. Map 2 shows the location of public facilities within the Town of
Columbia.
5. Recreational
There is only one parcel located in Columbia which falls strictly under the recreational land
class. This parcel is located on the south side of U.S. 64 bypass just before the eastern town
border. Facilities include a tennis court and basketball court. Although the interpretative
boardwalk located at the Visitor's Center may be utilized for recreational purposes, it has been
classified as public institutional due to its educational theme and association with the Walter B.
Jones Educational Complex.
6. Open Space
There are approximately 171.2 acres of land which do not fall under any of the six land classes
shown in Table 13, and have been classified as open space. However, approximately 28.7 acres
of this land is covered by streets, roads, and highways. Inclusion of streets, roads, and
highways within this classification was done to be consistent with prior Land Use Plans. This
leaves 142.5 acres of land which may be considered undeveloped.
7. Basinwide Water Quality Mana ement
The Water Quality Section of the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management
(NCDEM) has initiated a basinwide approach to state water quality management. The overall
goal of basinwide management is to develop consistent and effective long range water quality
management strategies that protect the quality and intended uses of North Carolina's surface
waters while accommodating population increases and economic growth.
The State of North Carolina has been divided into seventeen major river basins. For each river
basin, water quality problems are identified and appropriate management strategies developed.
The plan features basinwide permitting of pollution discharges, integration of existing point and
nonpoint source control programs, and preparation of a basinwide management plan report.
The purpose of the basinwide management plan is to communicate to policy makers, the
regulated community, and the general public, the state's rationale, approaches, and long-term
strategies for each basin. Preparation of a basinwide management plan is a five year process.
In general, this process involves the following five major phases of development:
I-18
u
d
J

11 �1--- BY
U.S. 64 PASS
TOWN LIMITS
LEGEND
1
Tyrrell Co. Visitors Center
2
Columbia Municipal Building
3
Columbia High School
4
Tyrrell Elementary School
5
Water Plant
8
Wastewater Treatment Plant
7
Senior Center
8
Tyrrell Co. Courthouse/Sheriffs Dept
9
Tyrrell Co. Jail
10
Tyrrell Co. Library
11
Town Parks
12
Tyrrell Co. Offices
13
Fire Department
MAP 2
PUBLIC FACILITIES
COLUMBIA
NORTH CAROLINA
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V_Q. h.— Pow A ti C—" Z.-
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0— W AMA gt—Adn.r..am.
I-19

-- Collecting pertinent water quality and related information,
-- Analyzing the information and targeting problem areas,
-- Development management strategies,
-- Circulating a draft plan for public review and comment, and
-- Finalizing the plan.
The Town of Columbia is located in the Pasquotank basin. The Pasquotank basinwide
management plan is scheduled to be completed and ready for staff review in August, 1996, and
will receive Environmental Management Commission approval a year later in August, 1997.
The Pasquotank basin includes all of Tyrrell, Perquimans, Pasquotank, Camden, and Currituck
counties; and parts of Dare, Hyde, Washington, Chowan, and Gates counties.
The earliest basin plans may not achieve all of the long-term objectives for basinwide
' management; however, subsequent updates of the plans, every 5 years, will incorporate
additional data, new assessment tools, and management strategies as they become available.
' Within the Pasquotank basin, the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management has
identified multiple watersheds. Each watershed has been assigned a fourteen -digit code for the
purpose of identification. The Town of Columbia is located entirely within watershed
' 03010205170010. Watershed 03010205240040 encompasses the waters of the Scuppernong
River from the Highway 64 bridge north into Bull Bay. The location of these watersheds has
been noted on the Water Resources Map, on page I-53, in the Tyrrell County portion of this
' document. Tables 14A and 14B include data for the two watersheds relevant to the Town of
Columbia.
J
1
I-20

Table 14A
Town of Columbia
Watershed Report - Base and Demographic Information
Estimated Population
Persons Per Acre
River
Area (Acres)
% Chg.
Incorporated Areas
Basin Primary Waterbody
14-digit code Total Land
Water 1980 1990 80-90
1980 1990 Overlapping Wshed
Pasquotank Little Alligator River
03010205170010 54,279.3 53,927.0
352.3 2,922 2,835 -2.9%
0.05 0.05
Columbia
Bunton Creek, Albemarle
03010205240040 66,992.3 176.2
66,816.0 24 23 -4.1 %
0.14 0.13
Sound
Source: North Carolina Division of Coastal Management.
Table 14B
Town of Columbia
Watershed Report - Open Water Use Classes
Primary Class
River Basin Primary Waterbody 14-digit code Use Class Description Acreage % of total*
Pasquotank Little Alligator River 03010205170010
Bunton Creek, Albemarle Sound 03010205240040
Supplemental Class
Acreage % of total*
C Freshwater Class C 185.9 57%
SB Saltwater Class B 5.4 1 %
SC Saltwater Class C 131.3 40%
Sw Swamp Waters 185.9 57%
B Freshwater Class B 44.0 0%
SB Saltwater Class B 65,160.4 97%
SC Saltwater Class C 1,607.2 2%
Sw Swamp Waters 44.0 0%
* % of total classified open water acreage in watershed.
NOTE: Watersheds with no water quality information listed do not contain any open water with a DEM surface water classification.
Source: North Carolina Division of Coastal Management.
I-21

8. Existing Ordinances and Land Use Controls
The following local plans, studies, and regulations have been adopted by the Town of Columbia:
Town of Columbia CAMA Land Use Plan, 1990
In 1990, the Town of Columbia land use plan was prepared to satisfy the CAMA
planning requirements set forth in 15A NCAC 713 and the 15A NCAC 7H minimum use
standards. The plan established policies addressing the areas of resource protection, resource
production and management, economic and community development, public participation, and
storm hazard mitigation.
Moving Toward the Future Together: Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia 1989
Prepared by the Coastal Initiative Committee of the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell
County. This report is a guide for the redevelopment and revitalization of the waterfront area
of Columbia. Its goals include the construction of a visitor center to display artifacts from the
Estelle Randall ship wreck, the development of a marina, a boardwalk and general promotion
of the waterfront for use by tourist and Town residents without disrupting everyday activities
of residents. This plan was funded through the Division of Coastal Management's Local
Government Planning and Management Grant Program.
Estuarine Water Access Plan, 1987
This report was prepared by Talbert, Cox & Associates, Inc., in order to provide for
better public access to the waterways and shorelines located in the county.
Eco-Tourism in Tyrrell County: Opportunities, Constraints, and Ideas for Action 1993
Prepared by the Institute for Economic Development, University of North Carolina,
Department of City and Regional Planning. This report describes the concept of eco-tourism
and the opportunities for development in the county. Also included are both short and long term
tasks needed to promote economic development.
Federal Flood Insurance Program
The Federal Flood Insurance Program which moved into the Regular Phase in 1985, is
in effect throughout the county.
State Building Code
The county has adopted the State Building Code. The services of an inspection officer
and a regular inspection program began in 1987.
Septic Tank Regulations
Septic tank regulations are administered by the Health Department.
I-22

Transportation Improvement Pro ram
The North Carolina Department of Transportation prepares and annually updates a ten-
year schedule of highway and road improvements. The program includes major improvements
which will have an impact on the Town of Columbia.
Federal and State Regulations
In addition to the local ordinances and regulations discussed above, there are also various
federal and state regulations which could also affect land development in Tyrrell County and
Columbia.
The Town of Columbia has no zoning ordinance nor subdivision regulations. It does, however,
conform to all state and federal regulations such as the State Building Code and CAMA. In
addition to these, the town has an ordinance requiring mobile homes to be sited a minimum of
30 feet from other homes, mobile homes, and other structures. The town works jointly with
Tyrrell County on various regulations and plans such as this Land Use plan and the Waterfront
Redevelopment Plan.
The Town of Columbia has recognized the need to establish zoning and subdivision ordinances.
Concurrent with the preparation of this plan, the town was considering hiring a consultant to
assist in the formulation of a zoning ordinance. If plans proceed, it is expected that zoning may
be in effect as early as 1997.
E. LAND AND WATER USE COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS
1. General Discussion
The Town of Columbia is not experiencing any major land use problems related to growth
and/or development. In fact, the most pressing issue facing the town may be the need to
stimulate growth. The following summarizes the major land use issues confronting the Town
of Columbia.
-- Development within the CAMA areas of environmental concern as defined by
15A NCAC 7H must meet or exceed the minimum state standards.
-- "404" wetland areas and associated federal regulations present obstacles to
development. In addition, development may damage valuable "404" wetland
areas.
-- Segments of the town's housing stock continue to deteriorate as the age of the
total housing inventory increases.
-- Zoning and subdivision regulations are not in place to regulate development.
I-23

' -- Continued riverfront development poses additional challenges in the protection of
water quality in the Scuppernong River.
' -- A lack of policy regarding the preservation of the town's historic district.
' -- The fact that Columbia does not currently have an extraterritorial jurisdiction
limits the town's ability to influence development in areas immediately adjacent
' to existing town boundaries.
-- The efforts of the Partnership for the Sounds and the Tyrrell County Community
' Development Corp. to promote economic development may have an increasing
impact on land use.
' 2. Unplanned Development
' The lack of zoning and subdivision regulations have limited the town's ability to control
development. This inability to efficiently plan for development has resulted in areas of
conflicting land use and severe overcrowding. The most significant conflicting land use is the
' location of single family residential uses near commercial uses and other high traffic generators.
In some cases this may create safety hazards and noise which may detract from the attractiveness
of the adjacent areas for residential use.
Overcrowding problems exist in the portion of town south of the U.S. 64 bypass. Several lots
exist in this area which have between 2-4 mobile homes, and/or houses, on a single lot barely
adequate for one unit. This overcrowding poses serious fire and health hazards. This
overcrowding may also have an effect on crime and litter, overburden water and sewer lines,
and may influence the town's quality of life.
The Partnership for the Sounds and the Tyrrell County Community Development Corp., have
made great efforts to promote economic development in the county and the Town of Columbia.
In the event of future economic development, the town has recognized the need to establish
zoning and subdivision regulations. Once these regulations are in place, the potential for future
overcrowding problems and with conflicting land uses will be greatly reduced.
Another significant problem resulting from unplanned development is the degradation of water
quality in the Scuppernong River. According to the 1988-89 North Carolina Water Quality
report, the water of the Scuppernong River was classified as not suitable for fish propagation
and secondary recreation such as swimming. The primary sources of pollution include
agricultural runoff, septic tank use in areas of the river not served by the town's sewer system,
and discharge from the town's wastewater treatment plant. In 1992, the Scuppernong River
Council recorded high levels of fecal coliform near the town's sewage treatment plant. The
water quality of the Scuppernong River needs to be maintained and managed at levels compatible
with the theme of eco-tourism. Water and its uses are a key focus of the experience which can
be gained from this area.
I-24

3. Chanizes in Predominant Land Uses
There is not expected to be major changes in the existing land uses within the current town
limits of Columbia. However, there will continue to be notable changes along the town's
Scuppernong River waterfront. In addition to the Tyrrell County Visitor's Center, there are
plans for the construction of the Walter B. Jones Center for the Sounds. The Center for the
Sounds complex will house a state-of-the-art environmental education facility. In addition to
classrooms, auditoriums, and laboratories, the facility will include cluster residential facilities
to accommodate students, teachers, and researchers staying overnight, and house the offices for
the managers of the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. Construction documents for this
facility will be completed as full funding for construction is secured by the Partnership for the
Sounds in conjunction with the United States Fish and Wildlife Service.
The Scuppernong River Interpretive Trail and outdoor wetlands classroom have been successfully
funded as part of the larger Center for the Sounds complex. The interpretive trail/boardwalk
has been completed and winds for 2,300 feet into an adjacent bottomland forest. The
construction of the outdoor classroom began in February, 1996. This facility will be used for
presentations by Center docents, schoolteachers, and other various groups.
In May, 1996, renovation of the Columbia Theater, located on Main Street, as the Cultural
Resources Center will begin. The Center will complement the Walter B. Jones Center for the
Sounds, focusing on human history as it has been influenced by the region's natural resources.
The Center will have displays depicting Native American, European -American, and African -
American heritages. Also, preliminary plans are for genealogical and archival materials to be
housed in the Center for public use and research.
Due to the lack of vacant lots suitable for development within the town limits of Columbia,
growth is likely to be a result of annexation of areas outside of the current town limits.
Although, there are not immediate annexation plans, the town has indicated that when annexation
occurs, it will likely be toward the east and west. The town does, however, have plans to
establish an extraterritorial jurisdiction during the planning period.
Another important issue which may have long term effects on land use in the town is that of
global warming and sea level rise. The amount of sea level rise which may be expected is
uncertain. However, the general consensus is that a sea level rise of 1.6 to 6.6 feet will occur
over the next century. Along the North Carolina coast, the average sea level has risen
approximately one foot over the past century. A five foot rise in sea level would result in the
displacement of almost all of the town's existing population. The rate of sea level rise appears
to be accelerating as the atmosphere warms. Thus, serious adverse effects of sea level rise could
begin to appear in the town in the 20 to 30 year time frame. Planning for the impact of sea
level rise should begin now.
I-25

' 4. Summary
The Town of Columbia experiences a range of land use issues and problems which are being
experienced by several of North Carolina's coastal towns. This section on land and water use
compatibility only highlights the problems. This plan must be read in its entirety to fully
' appreciate and understand the complexity of the issues confronting Columbia. The policies
included in this plan must address the following issues:
-- low elevation and sea level rise,
-- the development of "404" wetland areas,
the regulation of development in estuarine shoreline areas,
the stimulation of sound economic development,
-- the protection of the Scuppernong River,
preservation of the town's historic district,
the development of zoning and subdivision regulations,
-- establishment of an extraterritorial jurisdiction.
5. Effectiveness of 1990 Land Use Plan and Policies
' The 1990 Town of 'Columbia Land Use Plan was developed under the overall auspice of Tyrrell
County. The Town of Columbia was in agreement and adopted the Tyrrell County policies
' which addressed Resource Protection, Resource Production and Management, Continuing Public
Participation, and Storm Hazard Mitigation. The Town of Columbia chose to set forth its own
relevant policy concerns in the areas of Economic and Community Development. The
' effectiveness of the town's policy statements which were in common with the Tyrrell County
policy statements will be discussed in the county's portion of this document
' The Town of Columbia has endeavored to implement the Economic and Community
Development policies included in the 1990 Land Use Plan. Specifically, the 1987 policies have
been implemented or accomplished in the following areas:
' -- provision of water and sewer service to all areas of the town.
-- preservation of the town's mixed land use pattern.
-- extension of the town's predominantly single family dwelling character.
-- redevelopment of areas containing substandard housing.
-- redevelopment of the town's waterfront and implementation of the waterfront
' redevelopment planning document entitled Moving Toward the Future Together:
Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia.
' The town's 1990 policy statements also addressed the need to establish some form of land use
control, such as zoning. The town has not yet been successful in the implementation of this
policy statement. However, concurrent with the preparation of this plan, the town was
considering hiring a consultant to assist in the formulation of a zoning ordinance. If plan
proceed, it is expected that zoning may be in effect as early as 1997.
1
I-26

F. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY
1. Topography/Geology
The Town of Columbia, located in Tyrrell County, lies completely within the Coastal Plain
Flatwoods physiographic region. In general, the county's land surface is a plain representing
a former sea floor that has been elevated above sea level in the relatively recent geologic past.
The topography of the county is generally flat with only rare occurrences of ridges exceeding
five percent (5 %). Elevation ranges from about 15 feet above mean sea level in the
southwestern part of the county to 2 feet along the Albemarle Sound and Alligator River. The
highest elevation in the county is 17 feet in the New Lands section.
Tyrrell County is drained by the Alligator and Scuppernong Rivers and their tributaries. The
estuarine parts of these streams are brackish nearly all the time. On the north, the county is
bordered by the Albemarle Sound.
The county is underlain by thousands of feet of sedimentary rocks, but fresh water is only within
the upper part, to a depth of a few hundred feet. The depth to salty water varies from more
than 400 feet in the southwestern part of the county to less than 100 feet in the vicinity of the
sound. In the southwestern part of the county, the limestone aquifer may be capable of yielding
over 1,000 gallons per minute. Elsewhere in the county, the limestone aquifer contains only
salty water. Overlying this aquifer is a sequence of sands and shales belonging to the upper
sandy aquifer, which is capable of yielding hundreds of gallons per minute to individual wells
in the southwestern part of the county, but less than 100 gallons per minute in the vicinity of the
sound. The well water tends to be very hard, alkaline, and may contain excessive iron.
2. Flood Hazard Areas
Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMS) were prepared for the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell
County between 1982-1984. This study resulted in the creation of nineteen FIRMs for the
unincorporated portion of the county and one for the Town of Columbia. These maps become
effective on August 19, 1985. The 100-year flood serves as the base flood for the purpose of
floodplain management. The 100-year flood line represents the level that water would reach or
"rise to" during the flood that may be expected to occur on the average of once during a 100-
year period. Thus, there is a 1 % chance of a 100-year flood occurring during any one year.
The entire jurisdiction of the Town of Columbia is classified as Zone A. Zone A areas are
subject to inundation by the 100-year flood. Due to the fact that all of Columbia is located
within the 100-year floodplain, a map showing 100-year flood areas is not necessary. A detailed
map indicating areas affected by the 100-year flood for the entire county has been included in
the Tyrrell County portion of this document, page I-44.
The dominant sources of flooding in the Town of Columbia are storm surge and riverine
flooding. Storm surge from the Atlantic Ocean propagates up the Albemarle Sound and into the
Scuppernong River; riverine flooding from heavy rainfall occurs all along the Scuppernong
River.
I-27

h
North Carolina frequently experiences hurricanes, tropical storms, and northeasters. Hurricanes
generally pass over a coastal location in a portion of a day, while a northeaster may blow from
the same direction for several days. However, the contribution from northeasters to the overall
storm surge elevations in Columbia is insignificant compared to hurricanes.
In 1986, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers prepared maps of coastal North Carolina which
delineated storm surge flooding. The maps were prepared using a computer base model named
SLOSH, Sea Lake Overlaid Surge from Hurricanes. The model plots hurricane -related flooding
which may result from a number of characteristics including wind speed, wind direction, time
tide, etc. The following defines the five storm surge categories:
Category 1. Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees, foliage,
and unanchored mobile homes. No appreciable wind damage to other structures. Some damage
to poorly constructed signs. Storm surge possibly 4 to 5 feet above normal. Low-lying roads
inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in exposed anchorage torn from moorings.
Category 2. Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to shrubbery and tree
foliage; some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed mobile homes. Extensive damage
to poorly constructed signs. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and
door damage. No major wind damage to buildings. Storm surge possibly 6 to 8 feet above
normal. Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 2 to 4 hours before
arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage to piers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in
unprotected anchorages torn from moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline residences and
low-lying island areas required.
Category 3. Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large trees blown
' down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown down. Some damage to roofing materials
of buildings; some window and door damage. Some structural damage to small buildings.
Mobile homes destroyed. Storm surge possibly 9 to 12 feet above normal. Serious flooding at
' coast and many smaller structures near coast destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged by
battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5
hours before hurricane center arrives.
Category 4. Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; all signs down.
Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows, and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many
small residences. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge possibly 13 to 18 feet
above normal. Major damage to lower floors of structures near shore due to flooding and
battering by waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to
5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of beaches.
Category 5. Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; considerable
damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down. Very severe and extensive damage to windows and
doors. Complete failure of roofs on many residences and industrial buildings. Extensive
shattering of glass in windows and doors. Some complete building failures. Small buildings
overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge possibly greater
than 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above
sea level. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane
center arrives.
I-28

A map indicating the areas in Tyrrell County which may be affected by hurricane -generated
storm surge has been included in the Tyrrell County portion of this document, page I-46. This
map shows that the Town of Columbia would be affected by even the least severe of the five
storm surge categories.
3. Soils
There are five dominant soil types in the Town of Columbia. These are Altavista, Augusta,
Dorovan, Perquimans, and Tomotley. Altavista soils have moderate limitations for most types
of development. The other four soil types are listed as having severe limitations for most types
of development. The main reason for these limitations are wetness, flooding, and low strength.
The soils located in the Town of Columbia are identified on Map 3 and their characteristics are
summarized in Table 15.
4. Manmade Hazards
The only manmade hazards located exclusively in the Town of Columbia include fuel storage
tanks located at the Columbia BP station, Oakes Amoco Service Center, and the Scuppernong
Quik Stop. The Coast Oil Company and the Violivia Fuel Company had their tanks removed
when their businesses closed.
An additional manmade hazard effecting the Town of Columbia is that associated with nearby
bombing ranges. Documented local complaints indicate that the United States Air Force
bombing range located in the Albemarle Sound near the Dewey's pier (SR 1208) and the Dare
County bombing range both pose a hazard to the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County as a
whole.
Nearly all of Tyrrell County, except for a ten mile wide corridor in the northern portion of the
county, is restricted airspace. The military expanded the air space restrictions over the entirety
of Tyrrell County in 1985. There were provisions for horizontal layers for commercial cross-
over air traffic. There were no provisions for descending or ascending from, or to, that layer -
in effect eliminating any chance for the development of an airport in the county.
The continual presence of low -flying military planes on subsonic training missions has been the
source of many complaints by Tyrrell citizens -- particularly from farmers. There have been
reports of shattered glass doors and windows and actual structural damage to roofs due to the
vibration from the planes. The county's perception of the military restricted airspace, is that it
inhibits agricultural growth and development because of restrictions placed on crop dusting. It
is also felt that potential industrial development, as well as development of an airport, is also
hindered by the airspace restrictions.
I-29

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
TC
11w p-- d at. ; m ka n
Fu1 N—W.. Put pwmtt by " Nowt
C.A- Cc-=W Lt g.tttut F l,-m
N.oag— A= d 1672. a .mvt . —
it .a. —.d W " ORo d Ota.. —
0— .0 A.-W u.t:
I-30

Table 15 _
Town of Columbia
Soil Series Characteristics
Depth to
Seasonal High Flooding
Map Water Table Frequency
Symbol Soil Series Slope (ft.) (surface) Dwellings Streets & Roads Septic Tanks
AaA
Altavista loamy
0-2%
1.5-2.5
fine sand
At
Augusta fine
0-2 %
1.0-2.0
sandy loam
Do
Dorovan muck
nearly level
-0.5-1.0
<1%
Pe
Perquimans loam
0-2%
0-1.0
To
Tomotley fine
0-2%
0-1.0
sandy loam
'
Source:
Soil Survey of Tyrrell County, North Carolina.
none
moderate wetness
moderate wetness
severe wetness
none
severe wetness
moderate, low
severe wetness
strength, wetness
frequent
severe flooding,
severe ponding,
severe ponding,
ponding, low strength
flooding
flooding
rare
severe flooding,
severe, wetness, low
severe wetness,
wetness
strength
peres slowly
rare
severe wetness
severe wetness
severe wetness,
peres slowly
I-31

5. Fragile Areas
Fragile areas are areas which could easily be damaged or destroyed by inappropriate, unplanned,
or poorly planned development. These areas include both Areas of Environmental Concern
(AEC's) and Natural Resource Fragile Areas as shown on Map 4.
a. Coastal Wetlands
Coastal wetlands are defined as salt marshes regularly- or irregularly -flooded by tides,
including wind tides, provided this shall not include hurricane or tropical storm tides. This area
contains some, but not necessarily all of the following marsh plant species: Cordgrass, salt
marsh, Black Needlerush, Glasswort, Salt Grass, Sea Lavender, Bulrush, Saw Grass, Cat -tail,
Salt Meadow Grass, and Salt Reed Grass. The coastal wetlands are vital to the complex food
chain found in estuaries. They provide marine nursery areas and are essential to a sound
commercial fishing industry. Coastal wetlands also serve as barriers against flood damage and
control erosion between the estuary and uplands. There are no significant coastal wetlands or
salt marshes located in the Town of Columbia or Tyrrell County.
b. Estuarine Waters
Estuarine waters are generally brackish waters found in coastal estuaries and bays. They
are the dominant component and bonding element of the entire estuarine system, integrating
aquatic influences from both the land and the sea. The estuarine waters are among the most
productive natural environments. The waters support the valuable commercial and sports
fisheries of the coastal area which are comprised of estuarine dependent species such as
menhaden, flounder, shrimp, crabs, and oysters. Estuarine waters and estuarine shorelines make
up the most significant components of the estuarine system in the Town of Columbia. The
North Carolina Marine Fisheries Commission has classified the waters of the Scuppernong River
north of Rider's Creek as Inland Waters and south of Rider's Creek as Joint Waters.
C. Estuarine Shorelines
Estuarine shorelines are non -ocean shorelines that are especially vulnerable to erosion,
flooding, or other adverse effects of wind and water. They are intimately connected to the
estuary. The estuarine shoreline area extends from the mean high water level or normal water
level along the estuaries, sounds, bays, and brackish waters for a distance of 75 feet landward.
Development within the estuarine shorelines influences the quality of estuarine life and is subject
to the damaging processes of shorefront erosion and flooding.
d. Public Trust Areas
Public trust areas are all waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the lands thereunder from the
mean high water mark to the seaward limit of state jurisdiction; all natural bodies of water
subject to measurable lunar tides and lands thereunder to the mean high water mark; all
navigable natural bodies of water and lands thereunder to the mean high water level or mean
water level as the case may be, except privately -owned lakes to which the public has no right
of access; all water in artificially created bodies of water containing significant public fishing
I-32

xwls
'ItNj
imm
e/
owl s■-� �•� i
TOWN LIMITS
LEGEND
See Note a 104 WETLAND AREAS
Sae Note ] WATER CLASSIFICATIONS
Sea Note I ESTUARINE WATERS
Sea Note 2 ESTUARINE SHORELINE
See Note I PUBLIC TRUST AREAS
NOTES:
I. ALL WATERS OF THE SCUPPERNONG
RIVER ADJACENT TO THE TOWN OF
COLUMBIA ARE EITHER ESTUARINE
WATERS OR PUBLIC TRUST AREAS AS
DEFINED IN ISA NCAC TH.0206 ESTUARINE
WATERS AND .0207 PUBLIC TRUST AREAS.
2. ALL AREAS LYING R75, LANDWARD OF THE
MEAN HIGH WATER LEVEL OF ESTUARINE
WATERS ARE CLASSIFIED AS ESTUARINE
SHORELINES. BECAUSE OF MAP SCALE.
THESE AREAS CANNOT BE ACCURATELY
MAPPED. PRECISE LOCATIONS MUST BE
DETERMINED IN THE FIELD THROUGH
LAMA REVIEW AND PERMIT APPROVAL-
]. ALL WATERS OF THE SCUPPERNONG
RIVER ADJACENT TO THE TOWN OF
COLUMBIA HAVE BEEN CLASSIFIED BY THE
DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGE-
MENT AS CLASS SC.
4, 404 JURISDICTION DETERMINATIONS CAN
ONLY BE MADE BY CORPS OF ENGINEERS
PERSONNEL THROUGH INDIVIDUAL ON -
SITE ANALYSIS.
S. THE SCUPPERNONG RIVER IS AN
ANADROMOUS FISH SPANNING AREA.
5. AREAS
ALONG
LOUTHE SCEPRENIV
ARE RECHARGE/
DISCHARGE AREAS.
CITY LIMIT LINE
e
-MAP 4
AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN, WATER
CLASSIFICATIONS, AND OTHER FRAGILE AREAS
COLUMBIA
NORTH CAROLINA
Tlr :ro'.ar of — n m ft—I o
We,ueaW—I W�oy�I­
C ofna Cz.. 1 Mnua—t Fnri—.
eeagn hu � a e C.— tar
L/anagemac AC Ct ISn. n —I.
--" by er DIEM a1 Co "
Coam1 Refeace Marpemem f —t
Oa ww mr—pt—A* Nat
I-33

A general delineation of wetlands areas has been provided in the Tyrrell County portion
of this document, Map 8, page I-51. A more detailed map provided by the Division of Coastal
Management will be left on file, and available for public review, at the Tyrrell County office
building in the Town of Columbia. This map is much too detailed to be reduced and included
in the land use plan. Within the Town of Columbia, the specific locations of wetlands areas
must be determined through specific on -site analysis by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
Wilmington District Office.
Wetlands are a significant natural resource because they provide recharge areas for
groundwater; serve as filter traps for sediment, pesticides and other pollutants; provide non-
structural flood control; buffer against shoreline erosion; serve as buffer zones between upland
activities and valuable aquatic systems; and provide habitats for numerous furbearing animals,
endangered species, and other wildlife.
g. Natural Resource Fragile Areas
Natural resource fragile areas are generally recognized to be of educational, scientific,
or cultural value because of the natural features of the particular site. Features in these areas
serve to distinguish them from the vast majority of the landscape. These areas include complex
natural areas, areas that sustain remnant species, pocosins, wooded swamps, prime wildlife
habitats, or registered natural landmarks.
Due to the urban nature of the entire jurisdiction of the Town of Columbia, there are no
natural resource fragile areas in the town.
h. Historic and Archaeological Sites
The Columbia Historic District was formally listed on the National Register of Historic
Places in March of 1994. The District consists of a collection of buildings dating from the 19th
century to World War II. Residential dwellings and commercial buildings comprise the 35 acre
district, and construction details such as Victorian sawn and turned ornament and decorative
brickwork lend distinctiveness to the historic building stock. Architecture styles range from
Victorian to Craftsman, Tudor Revival to Romanesque. In addition to the Historic District, the
Tyrrell County Courthouse located on the southwest comer of Main and Broad Streets is also
listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Map 5 shows the boundary of the town's historic district and the location of the structures
with the most historical and architectural significance.
There are no known archaeological sites located within the Town of Columbia. Most of
the possible sites in the town have probably already been destroyed by development. However,
it is conceivable that some sites may still exist. Therefore, the Division of Archives and History
request that due to the sensitivity of sites that the State be consulted before development is
initiated in areas which may have archaeological value.
The Division of Archives and History states that the vast majority of the waters lying
within Tyrrell County have not been surveyed for underwater archaeological sites.
I-35

E
resources or other public resources which are accessible to the public by navigation; and all
waters in artificially created bodies of water in which the public has acquired rights by
prescription, custom, usage, dedication, or any other means. In determining whether the public
has acquired rights in artificially created bodies of water, the following factors shall be
considered:
(1) the use of the body of water by the public,
(2) the length of time the public has used the area,
(3) the value of public resources in the body of water,
(4) whether the public resources in the body of water are mobile to the
extent that they can move into natural bodies of water,
(5) whether the creation of the artificial body of water
required permission from the state, and
(6) the value of the body of water to the public for
navigation from one public area to another public
area.
These areas are significant because the public has rights in these areas, including
navigation and recreation. The public trust areas also support valuable commercial and sports
fisheries, have aesthetic value, and are important resources for economic development.
It is impossible to map the public trust areas. The areas must be determined through in-
field analysis and definition.
e. Outstanding Resource Waters
In 1989, the North Carolina Environmental Management Commission designated certain
waters within North Carolina as Outstanding Resource Waters (ORWs). These areas were
designated because they were considered to be significant marine resource areas having relatively
clean and pristine waters, and having significant value as recreational and natural resource areas.
There are no ORWs within the jurisdiction of the Town of Columbia.
f. 404 Wetlands
404 wetlands are areas covered by water or. that have water-logged soils for long periods
during the growing season. Plants growing in wetlands are capable of living in soils lacking
oxygen for at least part of the growing season. Some wetlands, such as swamps, are obvious.
Others are sometimes difficult to identify because they may be dry during part of the year.
Wetlands include, but are not limited to, bottomlands, forests, swamps, pocosins, pine
savannahs, bogs, marshes, and wet meadows.
' Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requires that anyone interested in depositing dredged
or fill material into "waters of the United States, " including wetlands, must apply for and receive
a permit for such activities.
I-34

otos
soUPPE,Rp„n
Coumm To» w
TOWN LIMITS
1—
JS-
LEGEND
1 Clarence Flowers House
2 William R. Spruill House
3 McClees House
4 Meekins House
5 Davenport House
6 Thomas Spruill House
7 Steanie C. Chaplin House
8 Joseph A. Spruill House
9 Thomas Yerby House
10 Columbia Christian Church
11 Columbia Missionary Baptist Church
12 Brickhouse-Meekins House
13 Wesley Memorial United Methodist Church
14 Combs -Hussey House
15 Leroy-Liverman House
16 Jesse N. Cooper House
17 SL Andrews Episcopal Church
18 Marion Chapel AME Zon Church
19 Zion Grove Disciples of Christ Church
20 Salem Missionary Baptist Church
MAP 5
HISTORIC DISTRICT
COLUMBIA
NORTH CAROLINA
Tr P-W— t—Fmk--n
Wn ft-In - 9.- P� " T "..
V.-K. foes pr� bV — r— L-
YrYpnMC TC & IS-,Z Y •mob¢, e
is -mMowW bV b of - of Co aM
Cd Rm Wrwg—L IImW
oared a Mrbpl P gnYaami
I-36

H
Underwater archaeological investigations have been conducted in the Scuppernong River
around the Columbia waterfront. The following sites have been identified:
Estelle Randall
Columbia Flat Barge A
Columbia Flat Barge B
Bridge Boat
Columbia Shad Boat
Columbia Skiff
The Estelle Randall is considered to be the most significant of the known underwater
archaeological sites. Other submerged areas within the town and county may hold a high
potential for containing underwater archaeological resources based on historical research. These
areas would be those with an active maritime history, documented vessel losses, or known
hazards to navigation. Again the State should be contacted before any development begins which
may disturb known or potential underwater archaeological resources.
i. Other Fragile Areas
There are no maritime forest areas, ocean dunes, ocean beaches/shorelines, inlet hazard
areas, complex natural areas, or unique geologic formations located in the Town of Columbia.
6. Areas of Resource Potential
a. Agricultural and Forestlands
In August, 1983, the Governor of North Carolina issued a formal policy declaration
(Executive Order 96) concerning the State's desire to promote the "Conservation of Prime
Agricultural and Forestlands" in support of, and to assist with, compliance of the Federal
Farmland Protection Policy Act of 1980. The declaration of Executive Order 96 recognized the
fact that in many areas of the State, prime agricultural and forestlands are being converted to
other uses at such a significant rate that these irreversible uses may ultimately reduce the
capacity of food and fiber production.
Prime agricultural and forestlands were defined as those lands "...which possess the best
combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, fiber (including
forest products), forage, oilseed, and other agricultural products (including livestock), without
intolerable soil erosion. "
The Governor directed the Secretary of the Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development to assume the responsibility of carrying out the order. The program
proposed in the Executive Order involved the identification and mapping of prime agricultural
and forestlands by the Soil and Water Conservation Commission through the assistance of local
Soil and Water Conservation Districts. The impact of any development proposed on prime
agricultural or forestlands would also have to be assessed beginning January 1, 1984, by means
of the existing State Clearinghouse review process.
I-37

Prime agricultural and forestlands have been identified and mapped in accordance with
Executive Order 96, in Tyrrell County and Columbia. These designations are done as a part of
the county's soil survey and are listed by the most productive soil types as noted on pages 23
through 31 of the Soil Survey of Tyrrell County, North Carolina. Due to the urban nature of
the Town of Columbia, there are no areas which are considered to have agricultural and/or
forestry resource potential.
b. Valuable Mineral Resources
The Town of Columbia contains no deposits of sufficient size for commercial mining
operations. However, there are substantial peat resources scattered throughout Tyrrell County.
C. Public Forests
There are no state or federally owned forestlands located in the Town of Columbia.
d. Public Parks
There are no major regional park facilities located within Columbia's planning
jurisdiction. The town currently maintains the Town Commons located on Main Street in front
of the Municipal Building and the community park on U.S. 64 bypass.
e. Public Gamelands
There are no public gamelands located in the Town of Columbia. Public gamelands in
the county consist of the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge and the Alligator River
National Wildlife Refuge. These wildlife refuges combined amount to over 57,000 acres of
land.
f. Private Wildlife Sanctuaries
There are no regionally or locally significant private wildlife sanctuaries located in
Columbia.
g. Marine Resources
Due to the significance of commercial and recreational fishing in Tyrrell County and the
Town of Columbia, the primary fishing areas should also be considered as an area with resource
potential. Fisheries are varied in Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia and include pound
net activity, gill net, crabbing, and eeling. Most fishing is done in the Albemarle Sound, the
Alligator River, and the Scuppernong River. Croaker, bass, and perch are primarily caught in
the Sound, while herring is primarily caught in the Scuppernong River.
There are no primary or secondary nursery areas located in the Town of Columbia or
Tyrrell County. However, there are several significant anadromous fish spawning areas located
in the Scuppernong, Alligator rivers, and associated creeks. An anadromous fish is defined as
one which migrates up rivers from the sea to breed in freshwater.
E
u
I-38

k
L
The North Carolina Division of Environmental Management assigns water quality
classifications to all waters of the State of North Carolina. The schedule of classifications for
Tyrrell County is provided by 15 NCAC 2B.0302 to .0317. The classifications are based upon
the existing or contemplated best usage of the various streams and segments of streams within
a basin, as determined through studies, evaluations, and comments received at public hearings.
The state classifies tidal salt waters are as follows:
Class SA: shellfishing for market purposes and any other usage specified by the
"SB" and "SC" classification;
Class SB: primary recreation and any other usage specified by the "SC"
classification;
Class SC: fish and wildlife propagation, secondary recreation, and other uses
requiring waters of lower quality.
' All waters of the Scuppernong River adjacent to the Town of Columbia have been
classified by the DEM as Class SC.
L
1
G. CONSTRAINTS: CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY FACILITIES
1. Water System
The water supply for the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County is contained in wells and
elevated storage tanks. The wells have a maximum daily capacity of 480,000 gallons with a
current peak usage of 90,000 gallons per day. This leaves an excess capacity of 390,000 gallons
per day for future development. Future plans include the construction of an additional storage
tank to serve the new prison facility which will be located north of Columbia off SR 1214.
2. Sewer System
The Town of Columbia has the only sewer system in Tyrrell County. The sewage treatment
plant is an aeration and oxidation type plant. The plant's current capacity is 150,000 gallons per
day with a peak usage of 120,000 gallons per day, or eighty percent (80%) of capacity. In
April, 1996, construction will begin on a new 300,000 gallon per day facility located
approximately 1/4 mile north of town. This facility is expected to be in operation by the end
of December, 1996. There are also plans to extend sewer lines to serve the new prison which
is located approximately 3 1/2 miles north of town at the intersection of state roads 1214 and
1216.
I-39

3. Solid Waste
The Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County have contracts with a private firm for house to house
collection of solid waste and recycling (newsprint, glass, and aluminum). The county has a new
land clearing and inert debris landfill where untreated or unpainted wood is collected along with
all yard waste for compost. Metals and batteries are also collected there.
The county is a member of the Albemarle Solid Waste Authority. The solid waste authority has
a 20-year landfill contract with East Carolina Environmental in Bertie County for use of the
regional landfill. Solid waste is transported to Manteo where it is transferred to the Solid Waste
Authority for delivery to the landfill.
4. Educational Facilities
The Tyrrell County Board of Education receives federal, state, and county assistance. In FY95-
96, the county school system received $5.7 million in state and federal assistance and $879,430
in county funds. The Town of Columbia is served by the Tyrrell County School System.
Children grades 6-12 attend Columbia Middle/High School located on Main Street in the Town
of Columbia, and children grades K-5 attend Tyrrell Elementary School located about three
blocks south of the High School on secondary route 1300. Enrollment figures for these two
schools have been provided in Table 16.
Table 16
Tyrrell County School Enrollment, 1990 and 1995
Tyrrell Elementary
Columbia Middle/High School
Total
1990
470
300
770
1995
358
432
790
Source: 1990 Tyrrell County Land Use Plan; Tyrrell County School Board.
% Change
-23.8%
+44.0%
+2.6%
Since the population of Tyrrell County has not experienced any growth in recent years, there
will be no additional schools constructed in the near future. All improvements will be made to
the two existing schools.
Recent improvements at the elementary school include the construction of a new wing which
opened during the 95-96 school year. This expansion included new fifth grade classrooms,
media lab, large computer room, and office suite. The elementary school prides itself in being
on the cutting edge of education and technology. There are three computer labs at the school
which students attend 2 or 3 times a week for a full period. Each classroom contains between
2-3 computers and a television which is directly connected to the media center. The school also
has a state of the art science lab equivalent to that used on the middle/high school level.
I-40

The Columbia Middle/High School has also undergone recent improvements. A new building
housing a media center and cafeteria was constructed and the old cafeteria remodeled into two
science labs. Also as a part of this project was the construction of covered walkways connecting
all of the buildings on campus. The middle/high school has also integrated the use of computers
into its curriculum. Computers at the high school have access to Beaufort Community College
and the information super highway. College courses are available for advanced high school
students through Beaufort County Community College.
Overall the school system is in good condition. The commitment to provide students with
advanced computer training and a challenging curriculum combined with facility improvements
have kept the school system up-to-date. The Tyrrell County School system is considered
progressive and innovative.
5. Transportation
There are two major east -west roads and two major north -south roads serving the Town of
Columbia. The two east -west roads are U.S. 64 Business, also called Main Street, and U.S. 64
Bypass. These roads are the only roads that run through the town. The roads are actually one
just before the Scuppernong River west of town. At that point they diverge and move further
apart as they move toward the center of town, where they begin to converge and rejoin just
outside the town's eastern boundary.
' The town's north -south roads are Broad Street (which is the terminus of NC 94 on the south side
of town) and Road Street. Neither road crosses the entire jurisdiction of the town, so there is
no single north -south through street in the town. Instead through traffic must turn onto one of
' the east -west streets then back onto the other north -south street in order to pass through the
town.
' The rest of the streets in the Town of Columbia function mainly to service neighborhoods or
businesses located on side streets. All of these streets begin, end, or cross at least one of the
four main roads discussed above. Powell Bill funding figures indicate 5.0 miles of surfaced road
in town.
Map 6 outlines average annual daily traffic (ADT) counts compiled by the North Carolina
Department of Transportation for the Town of Columbia in 1993. The highest ADT volume in
town was 5,500 vehicles per day on US 64 bypass. The DOT Transportation Improvement Plan
' for Tyrrell County indicates that the planning phase for the widening of U.S. 64 to four lanes,
from a point beginning west of Columbia to a point east of the Alligator River, will begin in the
year 2001.
I-41

TC
L
T. pl"— f 9 map — 96rra0 0
GN t--O . 9n P.na.0 N' a N—
M'+9� P's by — Csal Ian.
r wiwv Ae d ISM a am.— .oust
:«+a Y M aav a 0— .,,.
C� P-- w.n.ornr., w —
I-42

' 6. Police Protection
' Police protection for Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia, is provided by the Tyrrell
County Sheriff's department which is located on Main Street in Columbia adjacent to the County
Courthouse. The department's staff consist of the sheriff, four deputies, and five radio
' dispatchers/jailers. There are five patrol cars for use by the department. This service should
be adequate for the town and county in the foreseeable future. Large population increases may
' necessitate the addition of more deputies.
Since the Land Use Plan was last updated in 1990, the town and county have established a 911
' emergency phone system for police, fire, and rescue squad services.
' 7. Fire Protection
There are three fire stations in Tyrrell County - one on Main Street in Columbia, one in Gum
' Neck, and one in Kilkenny. The station in Columbia is jointly operated and funded by the Town
of Columbia and Tyrrell County. The other stations are county stations, but all three stations
rely heavily upon contributions from the community for financial support.
' The station in Columbia is actually two separate buildings, each measuring about 3,000 square
feet. This station houses two 750 gallon per minute pumper trucks, one equipment truck, one
' 1,400 gallon tanker truck, a 300 gallon tanker truck that also serves to carry some rescue
equipment (not a crash truck per se) and two ambulances. These last three vehicles belong to,
or are shared with the Tyrrell County rescue squad which shares this location. (See section 8
I
below.) The Town of Columbia has approximately seventy-five hydrants located about 300 feet
apart.
' The fire department is currently investigating the possibility of becoming incorporated. This
private operation of the Fire Department would require the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell
County to contract for its fire protection services.
8. Rescue Squad
' Tyrrell County has two rescue squad stations, both• of which are housed with a fire station. One
rescue squad unit is located at the volunteer fire department on Main Street. This unit consists
' of two ambulances and a tanker truck that it shares with the fire department. This truck carries
rescue equipment but is not a crash rescue truck per se. The second rescue squad unit consists
' of a single ambulance which is housed at the Gum Neck fire station.
The rescue squad has thirty-two (32) volunteer emergency medical technicians (EMT's) and two
' paid EMT's who work during the daytime Mondays through Fridays. The county provides
approximately half of the squad's funding and the remainder is raised in the community.
I-43

9. Library
The Tyrrell County Library is located on Main Street in the Town of Columbia. The facility
was built in 1982 and occupies approximately 5,000 square feet. This building includes a large
meeting room. The current staff consists of a full-time librarian, a full-time assistant, and two
part-time clerks.
The town and the county is also served by a book mobile from the Pettigrew Regional Library
in Plymouth. The library is part of a regional inter -library loan program. Loan services are
also available from the library at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. These library
facilities should be adequate throughout the planning period.
I-44

SECTION II: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
A. PROJECTED POPULATION GROWTH AND RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT
1. General Discussion
In this section, recent trends in the Town of Columbia's population and housing characteristics
will be utilized to project population growth and housing characteristics in the town. These
forecasts are based solely on the assumption that history will repeat itself and growth trends will
remain constant. It is conceivable that the Tyrrell County Community Development Corporation
and the Partnership for the Sounds, in its efforts to promote eco-tourism, may provide a
stimulant for growth in the town beyond that reflected in the following tables.
2. Year -Round Population Projections
The NC State Data Center, Office of State Budget and Management has not conducted any
population projections for the Town of Columbia. The data found in Table 17 has been
estimated by determining the growth rate experienced by the town between 1990-1994 and
extrapolating it for the years 1995, 2000, and 2005.
Table 17
' Town of Columbia, NC
Population, 1995-2005
Year Population Numerical Change
1995 880 N/A
2000 926 +46
2005 974 +48
Source: Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
Table 17 indicates that the population in Columbia may be expected to increase by a total of 94
people between 1995-2005. This amounts to an increase in population of 10.7 % during the
planning period, resulting in a 2005 population of 974. Again, it should be stressed that these
estimates are based on past growth trends and any change in the current growth rate could
greatly effect the accuracy of this data.

3. Town of Columbia Seasonal Population
Due to the fact that the 1990 U.S. Census classified only eight units as "seasonal, recreational,
or occasional use," it has been determined that the seasonal population impact is not very
significant in the Town of Columbia. Therefore, a detailed breakdown of the projected seasonal
units and associated population will not be conducted as in the Tyrrell County Land Use Plait
Update. Based on the number of rooms and capacity of the Dalton Hotel, Hearts Delight (bed
and breakfast), and the private housing units classified as "seasonal" by the U.S. Census, the
current 1996 peak seasonal population is not expected to exceed 150 people. "Peak seasonal
population" can be defined as the population that would be enumerated in all seasonal housing
units if all of those units were occupied at full capacity, based on average assumed household
sizes for each type of units. This relatively small seasonal population has not had a significant
impact on the town's infrastructure and services in the past and is not expected to change
substantially during the planning period.
4. Town of Columbia Day Visitation
There are currently no estimates for day visitation within the Town of Columbia. The
Department of Transportation indicated that in 1993 the average daily traffic count for the U.S.
64 Bypass in town was 5,500 vehicles. Although there are no traffic count estimates available
during peak seasonal use, this figure is know to be significantly higher during the summer
months. With the recent construction of the Tyrrell County Visitor's Center, interpretative trail
and boardwalk, outdoor classroom, cultural resources center, and the anticipated Walter B. Jones
Educational Complex, there is no doubt that day visitation in town will increase. Planning for
these day visitors will become an increasingly important issue facing the Town of Columbia.
5. Projected Housing Characteristics
The demand for new dwelling units in the Town of Columbia, shown in Table 18, has been
determined by dividing the estimated population for years 1995-2005 by the household size. The
average household size in 1995 was estimated to be 2.29. It will be assumed that this household
size will remain constant between 1995-2005.
Table 18
Town of Columbia, NC
Year -Round Housing Based on Projected Population and Household Size, 1995-2005
Numerical
1995
2000
2005
Change
Population 880
926
974
+94
Household Size 2.29
2.29
2.29
N/A
Year -Round Units 384
404
425
+41
Source: Holland Consulting Planner, Inc.
II-2
�I
1

k
Table 18 above indicates that if the average household size for Columbia remains constant, an
additional 41 dwelling units will need to be constructed prior to the year 2005 to accommodate
the growing population. If an average residential density of two dwelling units per acre were
applied, it would result in a total demand of approximately 21 acres for residential construction.
6. Commercial Land Use
Significant changes in Columbia's commercial land use patterns are not expected to occur during
the planning period. Commercial acreage currently makes up only 6.0 % of the total acreage
within the town limits. The majority of the commercial development is expected to continue
along U.S. 64 and U.S. 64 bypass.
' It is expected that with the opening of the Tyrrell County Visitor's Center more people will be
stopping to spend time in Columbia. This will be beneficial to existing commercial business and
may encourage new commercial investment. The opening of the Cultural Resources Center and
anticipated construction of the Walter B. Jones Educational Complex should also attract visitors
to the area.
' The following summarizes the factors which should influence commercial growth in Columbia:
-- Columbia will continue to provide a sound infrastructure including water, sewer,
' and electrical service.
-- The Town of Columbia will work to prevent future land use compatibility
' problems.
-- The efforts of the Tyrrell County Community Development Corporation and the
' Partnership for the Sounds should act to stimulate growth and development in the
Town of Columbia.
' -- Columbia will continue to have good regional accessibility.
' 7. Transportation
According to the NC Department of Transportation, the highest average daily traffic (ADT)
' volume in town in 1993, was 5,500 vehicles per day on U.S. 64 bypass. The Transportation
Improvement Plan for Tyrrell County which covers improvement projects through the year 2001
does not include any activities within the Town of Columbia. The current transportation
' network is more than adequate to serve needs during the planning period.
' 8. Public Institutional Land Use
' The town will continue to maintain and improve its existing public facilities. In particular, the
town will work together with the county in the provision of water and sewer to the new prison

facility. With the exception of the Walter B. Jones Complex and the Cultural Resources Center,
there are not expected to be any significant changes in the public institutional land use class
during the planning period.
B. PUBLIC FACILITIES NEEDS AND LAND USE ISSUES
1. Education
Population projections indicate that there are not expected to be significant increases in the
school age population in the county. The Tyrrell County school system should be adequate in
meeting the needs of the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County residents throughout the
planning period. Renovations and improvements will continue to be made to the county's two
existing schools as deemed necessary.
2. Water System
The Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County water system has a maximum daily capacity of
480,000 gallons per day with a peak usage of 90,000 gpd. This leaves an excess capacity of
390,000 gallons per day for future development. Future plans include the construction of an
additional storage tank to serve the new prison facility which will be located just north of
Columbia off SR 1214. The water system should be more than adequate to handle any
development which with town may face during the planning period.
3. Sewer System
The sewage treatment plant has a current capacity of 150,000 gallons per day with a peak usage
of 120,000 gallons per day, or eighty percent (80%) of capacity. When the new sewage
treatment plant goes online in April, 1996, capacity will be increased to 300,000 gallons per
day. As part of this improvement, sewer lines will be extended to serve the new prison facility.
This added capacity will be more than adequate in meeting the needs of the town throughout the
planning period. The prison population will require 75,000 gallons per day of the total capacity.
4. Solid Waste
The Town of Columbia's existing trash removal service should be adequate to meet the needs
of the town throughout the planning period.
5. Police Protection
Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia are both provided with police protection by the
Tyrrell County Sheriff's Department. The department is comprised of the sheriff, four deputies,
five radio dispatchers/jailers, and five patrol cars. This staffing and equipment level should be
II-4

adequate to meet the needs of Tyrrell County throughout the ten-year planning period.
Unexpected population increases may necessitate the addition of more deputies and patrol cars.
6. Fire Protection
There are three fire stations in Tyrrell County - one in Columbia, one in Gum Neck, and one
in Kilkenny. The fire department staff is all volunteer. The fire department is currently
investigating the possibility of becoming incorporated. This means that the department would
function as a private entity and the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County would be required
to contract for their services. Staffing and equipment has been determined adequate in meeting
all needs during the planning period.
' 7. Rescue Squad
Tyrrell County has two rescue squad stations. These are housed with the fire stations in the
' Town of Columbia and in Gum Neck. The staff consists of thirty-two volunteer emergency
medical technicians (EMT's) and two paid EMT's. The town has two ambulances and a truck
which carries rescue equipment but is not considered a crash truck per se. A certified crash
C
truck is needed to ensure adequate rescue operations. This department may need additional staff,
funding, and equipment only in the event of a significant increase in population.
8. Library
The Tyrrell County Library is housed in a five thousand (5,000) square foot building in the
Town of Columbia. The town and the county are also served by a book mobile from the
Pettigrew Regional Library in Plymouth and by an inter -library loan program with North
Carolina State University in Raleigh. The library staff consist of a full-time librarian, a full-time
assistant and town part-time clerks. These facilities should be adequate to meet the needs of the
Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County throughout the ten-year planning period.
C. REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES
The Town of Columbia's greatest continuing redevelopment issue will be the preservation and
renovation of its housing stock. In 1990, approximately 42% of the houses in Columbia were
older than forty years of age. According to the Town of Columbia, since 1990 only four
residential permits have been issued for new residential construction. This indicates that
housing conditions have not changed since 1990 and that the housing stock continues to age.
The ability to provide adequate and affordable housing for low -to -moderate income families and
individuals will also become more important as the town tries to attract businesses and
newcomers to the area.
II-5

The town will undertake the following in support of residential development:
-- Support applications for North Carolina Community Development housing
rehabilitation funds.
-- Support applications for North Carolina Housing Finance Agency home
improvement funds.
-- Investigate the development and enforcement of a minimum housing code.
-- Support the construction of new housing for low and moderate income families
and individuals.
Columbia is not subject to major coastal storm damage. Convectional storms and tornadoes pose
a greater threat. However, wind damage could result from the inland movement of a major
hurricane. Flooding of the Scuppernong River is also possible in the event of a northeaster.
While storm related damage is not a significant redevelopment issue, the town will support the
reconstruction of all storm destroyed structures when reconstruction complies with all current
local, state, and federal regulations and the policies contained in this plan.
D. INTERGOVERNMENTAL COORDINATION AND IMPLEMENTATION
This plan was reviewed by the Tyrrell County Planning Board prior to certification by the
Coastal Resources Commission. This review was provided to help ensure consistency of this
plan with Tyrrell County's planning efforts. Intergovernmental coordination and cooperation
will continue through the ten-year planning period. This will be essential to accomplish effective
planning for public facilities, thoroughfare projects, community facilities, housing needs, and
environmental protection. The Town of Columbia Planning Board will be responsible for
ensuring adequate coordination with Tyrrell County and other government entities as required.
II-6

TYRR ELL COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA
1996 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE

11
TYRRELL COUNTY
FY95/96 LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
���i1I� [�� ► � �:� � � A`(.� �Y�� ��.� I.Y� Yi � Le�K�] � 1 �] M I l [�� i C`
A. ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE .................... I-1
B. DEMOGRAPHICS AND HOUSING ........................... I-4
1. Tyrrell County Permanent Population ...................... I-4
a. Regional and County ............................ I-5
b. Geographic Distribution of Growth ................... I-6
C. Composition by Age ............................ I-6
d. Composition by Race and Sex ...................... I-8
2. Tyrrell County Seasonal Population ....................... I-10
a. Introduction and Methodology ..................... I-10
b. Seasonal Population ............................ I-11
3. Housing Characteristics .............................. I-11
4. Summary ...................................... I-13
C. ECONOMY .........................................
I-14
1.
General Economic Indicators ...........................
I-14
2.
Employment and Income .............................
I-15
3.
Education ......................................
I-20
4.
Tourism .......................................
I-20
5.
Commercial Fishing ................................
I-22
6.
Agriculture .....................................
I-24
7.
Summary ......................................
I-25
D. EXISTING LAND USE ..................................
I-26
1.
General Patterns ..................................
I-26
2.
Residential ......................................
I-28
3.
Commercial .....................................
I-29
4.
Industrial .......................................
I-30
5.
Recreational .....................................
I-30
6.
Public Institutional .................................
I-33
7.
Agriculture .....................................
I-33
8.
Basinwide Water Quality Management .....................
I-35
9.
Existing Ordinances and Land Use Controls ..................
I-38
a. Local ....................................
I-38
b. State .....................................
I-39
C. Federal and State .............................
I-40
1

1
Page
1
E.
LAND AND WATER USE COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS
I-40
............
1.
General Discussion .................................
I-40
1
2.
Unplanned Development
3.
.............................
Changes in Predominant Land Uses
I-41
4.
.......................
Summary
I-42
1
..
I-43
5.
Effectiveness of 1990 Land Use Plan and Policies ..............
I-43
F.
DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY ............
I-44
1.
Topography/Geology ...............................
I-44
2.
Flood Hazard Areas ................................
I-44
3.
Soils .........................................
I-48
,
4.
Manmade Hazards
I-48
5.
.................................
Fragile Areas
....................................
I-51
a. Coastal Wetlands
I-51
,
.............................
b. Estuarine Waters
..............................
I-51
C. Estuarine Shorelines
I-51
...........................
d. Public Trust Areas
'
............................
I-53
e. Outstanding Resource Waters ......................
I-53
f. 404 Wetlands ...............
I-55
1
g. Natural Resource Fragile Areas .....................
I-55
h. Historic and Archaeological Sites ....................
I-56
i. Other Fragile Areas ............................
I-58
1
6.
Areas of Resource Potential ...........................
I-58
a. Agricultural and Forestlands .......................
I-58
b. Valuable Mineral Resources .......................
I-59
'
C. Public Forests ...............................
I-59
d. Public Parks ................................
I-59
e. Public Gamelands .............................
I-59
1
f. Private Wildlife Sanctuaries .......................
I-59
g. Marine Resources .............................
I-60
1
G.
CONSTRAINTS: CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY F
FACILITIES .........
I 62
-
1.
Water System ....................................
I-62
2.
Sewer System .....................................
I-62
1
3.
Solid Waste .....................................
I-62
4.
5.
Educational Facilities ...........
Transportation
I-62
I-63
1
...................................
6.
Police Protection ..................................
I-64
7.
Fire Protection ............
I-64
'
8.
Rescue Squad ....................................
I-66
9.
Library ........................................
I-66
1
I

Ll
11
f,
11
Pa.e
SECTION II: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
A. PROJECTED POPULATION GROWTH
AND RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT ......................... II-1
1. General Discussion .................................. II-1
2. Year -Round Population Projections ........................ II-1
3. Seasonal Population ................................. II-2
4. Projected Housing Characteristics ......................... II-3
B. PROJECTED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TRENDS
AND RELATED LAND USE ISSUES .......................... II-4
1. General Economic Projections ........................... II-4
2. Tourism and Recreation ............................... II-5
3. Real Estate and Construction ............................ II-6
4. Transportation .................................... II-6
5. Public Institutional Land Use ........................... II-7
C. PUBLIC FACILITIES: NEEDS AND LAND USE ISSUES .............
II-7
1.
Education .......................................
II-7
2.
Water System .....................................
II-7
3.
Sewer System .....................................
II-7
4.
Solid Waste ......................................
II-7
5.
Police Protection ...................................
II-7
6.
Fire Protection ....................................
II-8
7.
Rescue Squad .....................................
II-8
8.
Library .........................................
II-8
D. REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES ............................... II-8
SECTION III: LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM .................... III-1
SECTION IV: POLICY STATEMENTS ............................ IV-1
A. INTRODUCTION TO POLICY STATEMENTS ................... IV-1
TYRRELL COUNTY POLICY STATEMENTS ........................ IV-3
B. VISION STATEMENT .................................. IV-3
C. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS ............... IV-3
D. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES ........ IV-10
E. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ............... IV-12
TOWN OF COLUMBIA POLICY STATEMENTS ..................... IV-18
A. INTRODUCTION TO POLICY STATEMENTS .................. IV-18
B. VISION STATEMENT ................................. IV-18
3

Pa,e
1
C. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS
IV-19
..............
D. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES ........
IV-19
1
E. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT ...............
IV-19
F. LAND USE TRENDS
..................................
G. LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP
IV-21
'
...........................
H. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES ..............
IV-21
IV-21
STORM HAZARD MITIGATION, POST -DISASTER RECOVERY, AND
1
EVACUATION PLANS
IV-23
.....................................
SECTION V: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES AND LAND CLASSIFICATION .... V-1
1
TABLES
Table 1
Total Population and Percent Change for CAMA-Regulated
,
Counties, 1970 - 1994
..........................
I-5
Table 2
Tyrrell County Township Population, 1970-90 ............
I-6
1
Table 3
Tyrrell County, NC
Total Population by Age and Percent
Table 4
Change, 1980-1994
Tyrrell County, NC
............................
Number and Percent Increase by Race and
I-8
1
Sex, 1970-1994 ..............................
I-9
Table 5
Tyrrell County, NC
Seasonal, Permanent, and Total Peak
,
Population, 1996 ..............................
I-10
Table 6
Tyrrell County, NC
1980-1990
Housing Summary: Tenure and Vacancy,
1
..................................
I-12
Table 7
Tyrrell County, NC
Housing Conditions, 1990 ..........
I-12
Table 8
Tyrrell County, NC
Key Economic Indicators, 1970-1990 ....
I-14
1
Table 9
Tyrrell County, NC
Employment by Industry, Employed Persons
16 Years and Over,
1990 ..........................
I-15
1
Table 10
Tyrrell County, NC
Largest Private Employers, 1993 .......
I-16
Table 11
Tyrrell County, NC
Travel Time to Work, Workers 16 Years and
'
Over, 1990 .................................
I-17
Table 12
Table
Tyrrell County, NC
Ratio of Income to Poverty Level ......
I-17
1
13
Tyrrell County, NC
General Fund Revenues/Expenditures,
1989-1995..................................
I-19
Table 14
Tyrrell County, NC
Educational Attainment, 18 Years of Age and
1
Over, 1990.................................
I-20
i
4

is
TABLES (continued) page
Table 15
Tyrrell County, NC Travel and Tourism, 1989-1993 .......
I-21
Table 16
Tyrrell County, NC Commercial Landings Statistics, 1984-1994
I-23
Table 17
Tyrrell County, NC Estimated Income from Sale of Farm
Products & Government Payments ...................
I-24
Table 18
Tyrrell County, NC Approximate Land Use, 1988-1995 .....
I-28
Table 19
Tyrrell County, NC Building Permit Data, 1990-1995 .......
I-29
Table 20A
Tyrrell County Watershed Report Base and Demographic Data ..
I-36
Table 20B
Tyrrell County Watershed Report Open Water Use Classes ....
I-37
Table 21
Tyrrell County, NC Soil Interpretation for Selected Developmental
Activities ..................................
I-50
Table 22
Tyrrell County School Enrollment, 1990 and 1995 .........
I-63
Table 23
Tyrrell County, NC Total Population by Age and Percent Change,
19 95 -2005..................................
II-1
Table 24
Tyrrell County, NC Population and Percent Increase by Race and
Sex, 1995-2005 ...............................
II-2
Table 25
Tyrrell County, NC Seasonal, Permanent, and Total Peak
Population, 1980-2005 ..........................
II-3
Table 26
Tyrrell County, NC Year -Round Housing Based on Projected
Population and Household Size, 1995-2005 ..............
II-3
Table 27
Tyrrell County, NC Relative Growth of Income -Producing
Industries and Trades, 1995-2005 ....................
II-4
Table 28
Tyrrell County, NC Transportation Improvement Projects ....
II-6
Map 1
Townships Map ................................
I-7
Map 2
Existing Land Use ...............................
I-27
Map 3
Existing Water Access Sites .........................
I-31
Map 4
Public Facilities ................................
I-34
Map 5
Flood Hazard Areas ..............................
I-45
Map 6
Storm Surge Inundation Areas ........................
I-47
Map 7
Soils Map ....................................
I-49
Map 8
Areas of Environmental Concern ......................
I-52
Map 9
Water Resources ................................
I-54
5

MAPS (continued)
Pa,e
Map 10 1993 DOT Traffic County Data ....................... I-65
Map 11 Land Classification Map - Tyrrell County, NC .............. III-4
Map 12 Land Classification Map - Columbia, NC ................. III-5
0

I A.
n
SECTION I: ANALYSIS OF EXISTING CONDITIONS
ESTABLISHMENT OF INFORMATION BASE
This 1996 Land Use Plan Update for Tyrrell County is prepared in accordance with
requirements of the North Carolina Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA). Specifically, this
document complies with Subchapter 713, "Land Use Planning Guidelines, " of the North Carolina
Administrative Code, as amended, November 1, 1989.
The 7B guidelines define the following intent of land use plans:
"Local governments, through the land use planning process, address issues and
adopt policies that guide the development of their community. Many decisions
affecting development are made by other levels of government, and local policies
must consider and be consistent with established state and federal policies. Most
development -related decisions, however, are primarily of local concern. Policies
which address the type of development to be encouraged, the density and patterns
of development, and the methods of providing public access to beaches and
waterfronts are examples of these local policy decisions. By carefully and
explicitly addressing development of these issues in the Land Use Plan, other
levels of government will be able to consider local policies in their actions that
affect those issues. State and federal agencies use the local land use plan and
policies in making project consistency, funding, and permit decisions. "
The land use plan shall contain the following basic elements:
1) a summary of data collection;
2) an analysis of all data collected;
3) statements of local policy on those land use planning issues which will affect the
community during the 10-year planning period;
4) a map of existing land uses and a land classification map;
5) a discussion of the relationship between the local government's adopted policies
and the land classification map;
6) a discussion of how adjacent governments' plans were considered in the
preparation of the land use plan;
7) a Citizen Participation Plan.
The policy section of the plan is the most important part of the document. The 7B guidelines
dictate that policies must be included to address:
1) Resource Protection
2) Resource Production and Management
3) Economic and Community Development
I-1

4) Continuing Public Participation
5) Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery and Evacuation Plans
This land use plan provides a guide for development of Tyrrell County by addressing issues and
adopting policies that are relevant to the town. Specifically, this land use plan provides the
following:
1) an analysis of existing conditions, including a land use map;
2) a projected land development analysis;
3) a summary of public interests and participation;
4) a land classification system;
5) a detailed section on policy statements;
6) establishment of policies to deal with existing and anticipated land use issues;
7) preparation of a land classification map;
8) a summary of 404 wetland areas and issues;
9) an assessment of opportunities for participation in state and federal programs;
10) an updated Land Use Plan based on an effective citizen participation process.
Listed below are some of the sources and documents utilized during the preparation of this Land
Use Plan:
-- Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia 1990 Land Use Plan Update
-- Tyrrell County Board of Education
-- Tyrrell County Fire Marshal
-- Tyrrell County Subdivision Ordinance
-- Tyrrell County 1985 Land Use Plan Update
-- Tyrrell County 1981 Land Use Plan Update
-- Tyrrell County 1976 Land Use Plan
-- Tyrrell County Mobile Home Park Ordinance, 1986
-- Eastern North Carolina Hurricane Evacuation Study, 1987
-- Federal Emergency Management Agency
-- Tyrrell County Manager's Office
-- Town of Columbia Permits Department
-- Moving Toward the Future Together - Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia
-- An Assessment of Maritime Forest Resources on the North Carolina Coast,
November 1988
-- USDA, Soil Conservation Service, Tyrrell County
-- NCDOT, Planning and Policies Section
-- North Carolina Office of State Budget and Management
-- North Carolina Division of Archives and History
-- North Carolina Division of Community Assistance
-- North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources,
Division of Coastal Management
-- North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources,
Division of Environmental Management, Groundwater Section
-- North Carolina Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources,
Division of Environmental Management, Solid Waste Management Branch
I-2

' -- North Carolina Department of Economic and Community Development
-- North Carolina Division of Aging
' -- North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries
-- North Carolina Division of Shellfish Sanitation
-- North Carolina Division of Travel and Tourism
' -- North Carolina Employment Security Commission, Labor Market Information
Division
-- United States Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District Office
-- United States Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census
-- United States Fish and Wildlife Service
' These sources were " e e supplemented by windshield surveys conducted in January, 1996, to obtain
' data on existing land use patterns.
It should be noted that the policy section of this plan is the most important part of the document.
' State and federal agencies will use the local land use policies in making project consistency,
funding, and permit decisions.
The 1990 Tyrrell County Land Use Plan included policy statements which addressed the five
policy areas of: Resource Protection, Resource Production and Management, Economic and
Community Development, Continuing Public Participation, and Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -
Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans. Those policies supported the 15A NCAC 7H
minimum use standards. The following policy exceeded the state's 15A NCAC 7H minimum
use standards:
ECONOMIC & COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
' -- The existing rural cluster communities are a long established
residential pattern in Tyrrell County, and will not be discouraged
by the county. The county will not encourage new developments
in areas with identified limitations such as soils or proximity to
AEC's; specifically, the county will not extend water service to
such areas. Redevelopment or rehabilitation activities are viewed
' as being acceptable. Water service is being extended to address a
severe health problem in portions of the Alligator Township and
should be completed by Fall, 1990.
1
I-3

B. DEMOGRAPHICS AND HOUSING
1. Tyrrell County Permanent Population
a. Regional and County
Seventeen of the twenty North Carolina counties regulated by the Coastal Area
Management (CAMA) experienced a net permanent population growth from 1970 to 1994. As
Table 1 indicates, the highest rates of permanent population growth during this time occurred
in the CAMA-regulated counties with the most attractive shoreline resources. The top seven
counties with the highest population growth rates were oceanfront counties.
The counties which experienced negative or extremely low growth rates were Hyde
(-5.40%), Hertford (-4.67%), Washington (-1.16%), Bertie (0.10%, and Tyrrell (0.21 %).
These counties have not had the same popularity as recreation/retirement areas due to the fact
that they are less accessible and, with the exception of Hyde County, lack oceanfront real estate.
Tyrrell County has the smallest county population of all of the state's 100 counties.
According to the 1990 Tyrrell County Land Use Plan, population trends have changed
sporadically since the early 1900s. This fluctuation of migration in and out of Tyrrell County
has continued through the '70s, '80s, and early '90s. Tyrrell County experienced an in -
migration of 169 people during the 1970s and an out -migration, between 1980-1994, of 161
people. This has resulted in a 1994 population of 3,814, only eight people more than in 1970.
This trend, consisting of a decrease in population, has been forecast by the Office of State
Planning to continue through the year 2020. However, it is also important to note that in the
past, Tyrrell County has shown unpredictable patterns of growth. The Office of State Planning
forecast may not be representative of a long term growth pattern in Tyrrell County.
I-4

M M M M M M M r
Table 1
Total Population and Percent Change
for CAMA-Regulated Counties, 1970
- 1994
Year -Round Population
County
1970
1980
1990
1994
Carteret
31,603
41,092
52,553
56,624
Currituck
6,976
11,089
13,736
15,404
Dare
6,995
13,377
22,746
24,804
Hyde
5,571
5,873
5,411
5,270
Beaufort
35,980
40,355
42,283
43,237
Bertie
20,477
21,024
20,388
20,498
Camden
5,453
5,829
5,904
6,221
Chowan
10,764
12,558
13,506
13,993
Craven
62,554
71,043
81,613
84,410
Pamlico
9,467
10,398
11,368
11,779
Pasquotank
26,824
28,462
31,298
33,287
Perquimans
8,351
9,486
10,447
10,558
Tyrrell
3,806
3,975
3,856
3,814
Washington
14,038
14,801
13,997
13,875
Gates
8,524
8,875
9,305
9,740
Hertford
23,529
23,368
22,523
22,430
Brunswick
24,223
35,777
50,985
581518
New Hanover
82,996
103,471
120,284
134,970
Pender
18,149
22,262
28,855
33,588
Onslow
103,126
112,784
149,838
147,144
Total
509,406
595,899
710,896
750,164
Sources: 1970, 1980, and 1990 U.S. Census, and the Office of State Planning.
I-5
Percent Change
'70280 180-190 '90-'94 '70294
30.03%
27.89%
7.75%
79.17%
58.96%
23.87%
12.14%
120.81 %
91.24%
70.04%
9.05%
254.60%
5.42%
-7.87%
-2.61 %
-5.40%
12.16%
4.78%
2.26%
20.17%
2.67%
-3.03%
0.54%
0.10%
6.90%
1.29%
5.37%
14.08%
16.67%
7.55%
3.61 %
30.00%
13.57%
14.88%
3.43%
34.94%
9.83%
9.33%
3.62%
24.42%
6.11 %
9.96%
6.36%
24.09%
13.59%
10.13%
1.06%
26.43%
4.44%
-2.99%
-1.09%
0.21 %
5.44%
-5.43%
-0.87%
-1.16%
4.12%
4.85%
4.67%
14.27%
-0.68%
-3.62%
-0.41 %
-4.67%
47.70%
42.51 %
14.77%
141.58%
24.67%
16.25%
12.21 %
62.62%
22.66%
29.62%
16.40%
85.07%
9.37%
32.85%
-1.80
42.68%
19.24%
14.14%
5.52%
47.26%

b. Geographic Distribution of Growth
Tyrrell County is divided into five townships. The location of these townships is shown
on Map 1. The largest concentrations of population lie within the Columbia and Scuppernong
Townships. The majority of the remaining population is divided between the Alligator and Gum
Neck Townships, with only a small percentage of the population in the South Fork Township.
Table 2 shows the population within each township from 1970 to 1990.
Table 2
Tyrrell County, NC
Township Population, 1970-90
Township
1970
1980
1990
Number and %
Change 1980-90
Alligator
482
477
437
- 40 (-8.4%)
Columbia
1,910
2,098
2,181
+ 83 ( +4.0%)
- Columbia Town
(902)
(758)
(836)
+ 78 (+10.2%)
Gum Neck
523
474
438
- 36 (-7.6%)
Scuppernong
838
864
755
-109 (-12.6%)
South Fork
53
62
45
-17 (-27.4%)
Total
3,806
3,975
3,856
-119 ( -3.01%)
Source: 1990 Tyrrell County Land Use Plan.
Between the years 1980 and 1990, the only township which experienced an increase in
population was that of Columbia. The majority of growth within the county is expected to occur
in this township due to the availability of water and sewer in the Town of Columbia. During
the same period, the Scuppernong and South Fork Townships experienced the largest decreases
in population. The Scuppernong Township lost 109 people, resulting in a drop in the growth
rate of-12.6%, and the South Fork Township lost 17 people, resulting in a -27.4% drop in the
growth rate.
C. Composition by Age
The age group 70 and up" experienced the highest growth rate between 1980-1994.
This increase follows a national trend toward an aged population due largely to longer life
expectancies. Total population by age for Tyrrell County from 1980-1994 is shown in Table
3.
I-6
F�
J

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
03010205150010
J�
03010205240040
L11- COUNT'{
AtgEM� -
03010205240060
LEGEND
- - - TOWNSHIP BOUNDARY
-- WATERSHED BOUNDARY
TOWNSHIPS
TYRRELL COUNTY
NORTH CAROLINA
The preparation of this map was financed in
part through a grant provided by the North
Carolina Coastal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972. as amended, which
Is administered by the Office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management. National
Ocasnlc and Atmospheric Administration.
HYPE COUNTY
I-7

' Table 3
Tyrrell County, NC
' Total Population by Age and Percent Change, 1980-1994
Age
Population by Age Group
1980
1990
1994
0-4
321
252
228
'
5-19
973
912
890
20-29
617
505
465
'
30-39
40-49
417
370
533
447
574
474
50-59
436
312
268
60-69
470
415
396
70 & up
371
480
518
Total
3,975
3,856
3,814
Percent Change
'80-'90
'90-'94
'80294
-21.50 %
-9.66 %
-29.08 %
-6.27 %
-2.36 %
-8.48 %
-18.15 %
-7.83 %
-24.56 %
27.82 %
7.68 %
37.64 %
20.81 %
6.08 %
28.16 %
-28.44 %
-14.03 %
-38.48 %
-11.70%
-4.68%
-15.83%
29.38 %
8.01 %
39.75 %
-2.99 % -1.09 % -4.05 %
Source: 1980 and 1990 data provided by U.S. Census; projections for 1994 provided by Holland
Consulting Planners, Inc.
Valuable information concerning population trends can be quantified through a study of
Table 3. The only age groups which experienced a growth in population between 1980-1994
were the age groups 30-39, 40-49, and 70 and up. The growth of these age groups may be
explained by positive net migration rates for these groups and or non -migratory demographic
factors including birth rates, death rates, and aging patterns. A positive net migration rate
means that the influx of people into the county was greater than the number of people moving
outside of the county. All of the remaining age groups in the county experienced negative rates
of growth during the period. The decreases experienced in the preschool and school -aged
population may be of particular importance in planning for public facilities in the county. These
two age groups had decreasing growth rates of -29.08 % and -8.48 %, respectively.
d. Composition by Race and Sex
The analysis of Tyrrell County's racial composition is an important part of this study of
recent demographic trends, since changes in minority population profoundly affect issues such
as housing and local economic and community development in eastern North Carolina. This
information is provided in Table 4.
I-8

Table 4
,
Tyrrell County, NC
Number and Percent Increase
by Race and Sex,
1970-1994
,
Category
Total Population
Percent
Change
1970
1980 1990
1994
'70-'80
'80-'90
'90-'94
'70-'94
Total White
2,153
2,418 2,278
2,260
12.31%
-5.79%
-0.79%
4.97%
Males
1,034
1,167 1,119
1,103
12.86%
-4.11%
-1.43%
6.67%
Females
1,119
1,251 1,159
1,157
11.80%
-7.35%
-0.17%
3.40%
'
Total Non -White
1,653
1,557 1,578
1,554
-5.81%
1.35%
-1.52%
-5.99%
Males
804
706 744
728
-12.19 %
5.38 %
-2.15 %
-9.45 %
Females
849
851 834
826
0.24%
-2.00%
-0.96%
-2.71%
'
Total Males
1,838
1,873 1,863
1,829
1.90%
-0.53%
-1.83%
-0.49%
Total Females
1,968
2,102 1,993
1,985
6.81%
-5.19%
-0.40%
0.86%
Total County
3,806
3,975 3,856
3,814
4.44%
-2.99%
-1.09%
0.21%
Source: 1990 Tyrrell County Land Use
Plan, and the Office of State Planning.
Table 4 indicates that between 1970-1994, the white population has slowly increased
while the non -white population has significantly decreased. During the twenty-four year period, ,
the white population grew at a rate of 4.97 % and the non -white population decreased at a rate
of—5.99%. Since 1990, all segments of the population have experienced negative growth rates.
However, the out -migration of non -whites has exceeded the rate of whites. Between 1990-1994, ,
the white population decreased at a rate of -0.79 % and the non -white population decreased at
a rate of-1.52%.
It may also be concluded that the coun 's males from both the white and non -white '
categories, are more prone to leave the county than are females. Between 1990-94, the number
of white males decreased at a rate of -1.43 % while the number of white females decreased at ,
a rate of only-0.17%. During the same period, the number of non -white males decreased at
a rate of -2.15 % while the number of non -white females decreased at a rate of only -0.96 %. '
During the entire twenty-four year period, the total male population of the county decreased at
a rate of -0.49% while the total female population actually increased at a rate of 0.21 %. It is
expected that the out -migration of males will continue to exceed the rate of females, and the non- '
white population will continue to decrease in relation to the white population.
I-9

2. Tvrrell Countv Seasonal Population t
' a. Introduction and Methodology
Although seasonal population does not have as significant an impact in Tyrrell County
' as it does in the oceanfront counties of Eastern North Carolina, it is still of importance. The
methodology used in this study to estimate seasonal population will closely follow a demographic
analysis of recreational population for the Albemarle -Pamlico region prepared by Paul D.
Tschetter of East Carolina University in 1988. The advantage of the ECU analysis is that it
relies on an extensive empirical enumeration of marine boat slips, motel rooms, and
' campgrounds in addition to private seasonal housing units. The study also includes an excellent
approach to estimating average population by type of individual housing unit. For purposes of
the ECU study (and this demographic analysis), "total seasonal housing units" includes 1) all
' single- and multi -family private housing units used by the overnight tourist population rather than
the permanent population; 2) all motel/hotel rooms (including bed and breakfasts); 3) all seasonal
and transient campground sites; and 4) all individual marina wet slips capable of docking boats
' of a size and type which can house people overnight. Marina facilities for fueling/repair only
(no overnight dockage), and those that only dock commercial fishing boats, are excluded from
the enumeration of seasonal housing units.
1
L
As in the ECU study, an enumeration of seasonal housing units was conducted to arrive
at the totals presented in Table 5. The figures for marina boat slips, motel rooms, and
campgrounds are up to date as of January, 1996. Due to the lack of current data for private
housing units and permanent population for 1996, the figures from the 1990 U.S. Census and
1994 Office of State Planning data have been substituted. Therefore, the figures provided in this
plan for seasonal population and peak seasonal population may be slightly low for 1996 since
any growth in private housing units from 1990-1996 has not been considered.
Table 5
Tyrrell County, NC
Seasonal, Permanent, and Total Peak Population, 1996
1996*
Number Persons Seasonal
Housing Type of Units Per Unit Population
Motel/Hotel
31•
4
124
Campsites
0
3
0
Boat Slips [1]
8
3.25
22
Private Housing Units [2]
209
5
1,045
Total
248
1,191
t This section does not address or include figures for "day visitor" usage of Tyrrell County recreational facilities, beaches,
waters, and natural areas. Thus, the actual daytime seasonal population figures are significantly higher than those stated in this
section. Accurate "day visitor" data is not available.
I-10

Table 5 (Continued) I
Permanent Population 3,814 '
Peak Seasonal Population 1.191
Total Peak Population 5,005
[1] Based on 85% occupancy rate. 100% used for all other categories. '
[2] Includes units "for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use" as classified by the 1990 U.S. Census.
* The figures for Motel/Hotel, Campsites, and Boat Slips are current as of January, 1996. The most
recent data available for Private Housing Units is 1990 and for Permanent Population 1994.
Source: 1990 U.S. Census; Holland Consulting Planners, Inc. ,
b. Seasonal Population '
Table 5 indicates that Tyrrell County has a total of 248 seasonal units, a peak seasonal '
population of 1,191, and a total peak population of 5,005. "Peak seasonal population" can be
defined as the population that would be enumerated in all seasonal housing units if all of those
units were occupied at full capacity, based on average assumed household size for each type of ,
unit (one exception is in marina boat slips where the ECU study suggests an occupancy rate of
85 %). Although "peak seasonal population" is based on a number of variables, it is a very
useful statistic for planning purposes, since it provides a logically derived summary of the '
possible total occupancy in seasonal units during peak overnight tourism periods (Memorial Day,
Fourth of July, and Labor Day weekends). "Total peak population" is simply the sum of the
permanent population and peak seasonal population. I
3. Housinu Characteristics I
In spite of the decrease in population experienced between 1980-1990, Tyrrell County has had
an increase in residential construction. In 1980, there were 1,766 total housing units. By 1990, I
the number had reached 1,907 dwelling units. Thus, from 1980 to 1990, there was an 8.0%
increase in dwelling units. Out of the 141 housing units constructed during the decade, 96 were
classified as year-round housing units in the 1990 U.S. Census. The remaining 45 units were I
classified as being used for seasonal, recreational," or occasional use.
Approximately 91 % of Tyrrell County's housing units were considered year round in 1980. '
This ratio of year round to seasonal housing units remained relatively constant throughout the
1980s. In 1990, approximately 89% of the county's housing units were considered year round,
a decrease of only 2 % since 1980. Table 6 provides a summary of the tenure and vacancy status '
of the town's housing supply from 1980-1990.
The number of seasonal units in 1990 was over 27 % higher than it was in 1980. Table 7 '
illustrates a slight shift away from the traditional owner -occupied housing towards a seasonal use
I-11

' of housing in Tyrrell County. Although seasonal units do seem to be on the rise, these units
only occupied 11 % of the total housing stock in 1990.
Table 6
Tyrrell County, NC
' Housing Summary: Tenure and Vacancy, 1980-1990
'
Item
1980
1990
Total Housing Units
1,766
1,907
Year -Round Housing Units
1,602
1,698-
Occupied
1,381
1,471
Renter -occupied
311
347
Owner -occupied
1,070
1,124
Vacant
221
227
For Sale
17
31
'
For Rent
29
33
Seasonal Units [1]
164
209
[1] Includes units "for seasonal, recreational, or occasional use" as classified by the 1980 & 1990 U.S. Census.
Source: 1980 and 1990 U.S. Census.
Table 7 shows housing age, condition, and type for Tyrrell County in 1990. Only 2.7 % of
Tyrrell County's housing stock was less than one year old in 1990. Approximately 32% of the
homes were older than forty years of age. Over 27 % of the county's entire housing stock was
in the 11-20 year old age bracket. This means that the county experienced its largest growth
in housing units during the 1970s.
Table 7
Tyrrell County, NC
Housing Conditions, 1990
Condition and Age
1990
Percent of
Total
Total Housing Units
1,907
100.00%
Age
0-1
52
2.73 %
2-10
318
16.68%
11-20
526
27.58 %
21-30
261
13.69 %
31-40
131
6.87%
41-50
194
10.17%
51 & Up
425
22.29 %
Condition
Lacking complete plumbing facilities
134
7.03 %
Lacking complete kitchen facilities
98
5.14 %
I-12

Percent of
Condition and Age
1990
Total
Type
Total Units
1,907
100.00%
Single family, detached
1,235
64.76%
Single family, attached
23
1.21 %
2-4 units
71
3.72 %
5-19 units
24
1.26 %
20 units or more
0
0%
Mobile home
552
28.95 %
Other
2
0.10 %
Source: 1990 U.S. Census.
4. Summary
The following provides a summary of significant demographic and housing factors:
-- Tyrrell County experienced an in -migration of 169 people during the 1970s and an out -
migration, between 1980-1994, of 161 people. This resulted in a 1994 population of
3,814, only eight people more than in 1970.
-- Between the years 1980-1994, the age group "70 and up" experienced the highest growth
rate. During the same period, the preschool and school -aged population decreased -
29.08 % and -8.48 %, respectively.
Between the years 1980-1994, the white population grew at a rate of 4.97 % and the non-
white population decreased at a rate of-5.99%.
Between 1970-1994, the overall out -migration rate of males in the county has exceeded
that of females.
In 1996, the county can expect a peak seasonal population of 966.
From 1980 to 1990, the county's total housing supply increased by 8.0 % .
In 1990, approximately 89 % of the county's housing units were considered year-round.
In 1990, 27.58 % of the housing stock was between 11-20 years old and 65.97 % were
single-family units.
Almost 29 % of the total number of housing units were mobile homes in 1990.
I-13

IC. ECONOMY
' 1. General Economic Indicators
Tyrrell County has depended heavily on its land and water resources to support its local
' economy. Throughout history the success of the farming and commercial fishing industries has
had a large impact on economic conditions. Tyrrell County has not benefited greatly from
' tourist -related activities which have proven so important to the oceanfront counties of eastern
North Carolina. State and local government employment, combined with recent increases in
retail trade, have helped to provide some stabilization to the economy.
tThe county's unemployment rate is normally above the state average. However, this is typical
of coastal counties having high numbers of seasonally employed people.
Table 8 provides a summary of important basic economic indicators from 1970 to 1990.
Table 8
'
Tyrrell County, NC
Key Economic Indicators, 1970-1990
'
% Change
Indicator 1970
1980
1990
1970-1990
Per Capita Income $2,103
$5,583
$10,519
400.2 %
'
Personal Income (mil. '87$) $22.52
$31.15
$35.36
57.0%
Total Employment (Thousands) 1.15
1.32
1.53
35.7 %
Source: Woods & Poole Economics, Inc.
% Change
Indicator 1991 1992
1993
1994
1991-1994
Gross Retail Sales (Mil. $) $17,764 $15,004
$16,638
$18,587
4.63%
Source: North Carolina Employment Security Commission.
Table 8 indicates that between 1970-1990, Tyrrell County's per capita income increased
approximately 400%. According to the North Carolina Employment Security Commission, by
the year 1992 the county's per capita income had reached $15,348. This figure was
considerably less than the state average of $17,863. However, between 1991-1992, Tyrrell
County moved up in the county rankings from 73rd in the state to 56th in terms of per capita
income. Although a ranking of 56th out of a total of 100 counties is not outstanding, it does
' indicate a significant improvement.
Personal income increased by 57 % during the twenty-year period. This is minimal considering
' an annual inflation rate of approximately 3 % per year. In 1992, the average wage per worker
in Tyrrell County was $13,272, compared to the state average of $21,052. This gave the county
a ranking of 98th in the state in terms of wage rates.
I-14

The North Carolina Employment Security Commission has indicated that gross retail sales in
Tyrrell County increased by $823,000 between 1991 and 1994. This amounts to an increase of
4.63 % during the three year period. In addition, 1990 Census data indicates that the number
of persons employed in the retail trade sector increased by 58.7% between 1980-1990.
Total employment in the county during the twenty-year period increased by 35.7%. Compared
to the state growth rate of 57.8%, this is somewhat slow. However, due to the slow population
growth rate in the county, this can be expected.
Between 1990-1994, unemployment rates have ranged from a low of 8.4% in 1994 to a high of
15.0 % in 1992. The average unemployment rate was 11.5 % during the four-year period.
Unemployment rates in the county have continued to exceed those of the state. In 1992, the
state's unemployment rate was 5.9%, and in 1994 it was 4.4%. This is normal for an area
which experiences large numbers of seasonal employees.
2. Employment and Income
Table 9 provides a summary of Tyrrell County's employment by industry.
Table 9
Tyrrell County, NC
Employment by Industry
Employed Persons 16 Years and Over, 1990
Total
Occupation
Employment
Percent
Rank
Agriculture, forestry, & isheries
233
15.21 0
2
Mining
0
0 %
N/A
Construction
114
7.44 %
5
Manufacturing
Nondurable goods
66
4.31 %
10
Durable goods
96
6.27 %
7
Transportation
57
3.72 %
11
Communication, other public utilities
18
1.17 %
15
Wholesale trade
77
5.03 %
9
Retail trade
330
21.54 %
1
Finance, insurance, and real estate
27
1.76 %
13
Services:
Business and repair services
36
2.35 %
12
Personal services
140
9.14 %
3
Entertainment and recreation
0
0 %
N/A
Professional and related services:
Health services
23
1.50 %
14
Educational services
108
7.05 %
6
Other professional & related services
83
5.42 %
8
Public Administration
124
8.09 %
4
Total Employed
1,532
100.00 0
Source: 1990 U.S. Census; Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
I-15

1
Table 9 shows that the largest single employment category was retail trade, which constitutes
' 21.5 % of all those employed who are 16 years of age or older. Agriculture, Forestry and
Fisheries accounts for the second largest category with 15.2%. All service categories combined
' provide employment for 25.5 % of those employed who were 16 years of age and older.
Of the county's total 1990 employed labor force, 19.9 % were employed in some type of
government job. The significant retail and service sector employment reflects support for those
' employed in government jobs.
Construction employment accounted for 114 jobs, or 7.4%, increasing 12.9% since 1980. The
increase in the construction sector has occurred in spite of a decrease in population. The
wholesale and retail trade sectors experienced the largest gains in employment since 1980.
These sectors increased by 165.5% and 58.7%, respectively. The largest decrease in
employment occurred in the non -durable and durable goods manufacturing sectors which
decreased -40.0 % and -34.2 %, respectively. The shortage of higher paying industrial jobs is
' an issue which will continue to plague the local economy. Table 10, below, provides a list of
the largest private employers in 1993 for Tyrrell County.
' Table 10
Tyrrell County, NC
Largest Private Employers, 1993
Name Industry Types
Capt. Neill's Seafood, Inc.
Manufacturing
Cherry Farms Seed Company, Inc.
Agriculture, forestry & fisheries
Durwood Cooper Farms
Agriculture, forestry & fisheries
Foodway
Retail trade
Free & Easy Farms
Agriculture, forestry & fisheries
N. Edward & Kenneth E. Cherry
Agriculture, forestry & fisheries
Sawyer's Marine
Services/Retail trade
Split Second
Services/Retail Trade
Swain Supermarket, Inc.
Retail trade
Source: North Carolina Office of State Planning.
Approximately 46 % of Tyrrell County's residents worked outside their county of residence in
1990. This is substantiated by the long travel times to work, shown in Table 11.

Table 11
Tyrrell County, NC
Travel Time to Work, Workers 16 Years and Over, 1990
Travel Time
Number
Percent
Did not work at home:
0-4 minutes
111
7.41 %
5-9 minutes
209
13.95 %
10-14 minutes
343
22.90%
15-19 minutes
104
6.94%
20-24 minutes
106
7.08 %
25-29 minutes
35
2.34 %
30-34 minutes
96
6.41 %
35-39 minutes
25
1.67 %
40-44 minutes
15
0.99 %
45-59 minutes
171
11.42 %
60-89 minutes
204
13.62 %
90 or more minutes
79
5.27 %
Total
1,498
100.0 %
Worked at home
21
1.38 %
Source: 1990 U.S. Census.
Over 44 % of the county's labor force traveled 14 minutes or less to work in 1990. Only 25 %
of the population travel between 15-44 minutes to their place of employment. The remaining
31 % of the travelers commuted at least 45 minutes to work. These relatively long travel times
are indicative of a shortage of employment opportunities within the county.
In 1990, there were 964 people or 25 % of the population below the poverty level. This rate is
above that of the state which was 13.0%. Table 12 shows the income level of Tyrrell County
residents in relation to the poverty level for 1990.
Table 12
Tyrrell County, NC
Ratio of Income to Poverty Level
Income Level
Individuals
Percent of Total
Income below 99 % of poverty level
964
25.03 %
Income between 100 & 124 % of poverty level
419
10.88 %
Income between 125 & 149 % of poverty level
275
7.15 %
Income between 150 & 199 % of poverty level
731
18.98 %
Income 200 % of poverty level and above
1,462
37.96 %
Total enumerated by poverty status
3,851
100.0%
Source: 1990 U.S. Census.
I-17
1

J
' Table 12 illustrates that 56.9 % of the population had income levels above 149 % of the poverty
Y
level and only 18.0 % had incomes between 100-149 % of the poverty level. The high number
of people with incomes below the poverty level combined with a relatively small middle class
reflect relatively poor economic conditions in Tyrrell County.
Table 13 provides a summary of Tyrrell County's revenues/expenditures for 1989 through 1995.
During the six -year period, county revenues ranged from a low of $2,237,945 in 1989 to a high
' of $2,928,314 in 1995. County expenditures exceeded revenues in 1992, 1993, and 1995.

Table 13
Tyrrell County, NC
General Fund Revenues/Expenditures, 1989-1995
Total Revenues
Ad Valorem Taxes
Other Taxes
Unrestricted Intergov. Payments
Other General Revenues
Restricted Intergov. Payments
Sales and Service Revenues [11
Total Expenditures
General Government
Public Safety
Human Services
Education
Environmental Protection [21
Economic and Physical Development
Cultural and Recreational
1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995
$2,237,945
$2,436,369
$2,839,848
$2,539,370
$2,481,544
$2,881,068
1,308,120
1,415,690
1,558,523
1,528,606
1,526,439
1,676,482
363,515
376,713
390,920
252,427
262,644
287,615
87,560
110,205
158,053
161,561
155,798
135,275
84,820
107,882
92,196
117,864
64,028
52,664
321,839
349,724
550,390
379,275
401,348
495,124
72,092
76,155
89,766
99,637
71,287
233,908
$2,013,008
$2,228,672
$2,683,744
$2,550,345
$2,557,345
$2,860,631
426,815
422,100
469,265
539,375
498,253
510,137
262,683
303,858
351,848
457,517
392,557
533,880
604,413
629,533
683,569
740,839
776,726
790,670
543,148
675,261
966,663
600,343
636,504
636,504
58,363
62,728
82,546
93,126
113,231
256,297
72,804
81,355
80,666
65,959
84,114
77,188
44,782
53,837
49,187
53,479
55,960
55,955
$2,928,314
1,670,508
300,117
131,086
67,720
559,618
198,265
$3,034,013
640,691
486,272
853,695
636,504
272,051
81,254
63,546
[11 Sales & Service Revenues include officers fees, jail fees, Register of Deed fees, land rent, solid waste user fees, ambulance charges, Fire Department
revenue, and miscellaneous other.
[21 Environmental Protection includes solid waste, which is divided between contract services and other operating expenses.
Source: County Manager's Office, Tyrrell County.
I-19
M ' M M r r M M M = = M M M M r M M M

1
'
3. Education
Tyrrell County ranks ahead of the state as a
whole in percent of high school degrees, and
percent of the population with less than a high school degree.
The state exceeded the county
in all post high school educational attainment.
and county educational attainment.
Table 14 provides a summary of the 1990 state
'
Table 14
Tyrrell County, NC
Educational Attainment, 18 Years of Age and
Older, 1990
Tyrrell County
North Carolina
Total
Less 9th
Percent
Total Percent
than grade 555
22.02 %
557,739 11.11 %
9th to 12th grade, no diploma 504
19.99 %
892,459 17.78 %
High school graduate 838
33.24%
1,496,296 29.81%
Some college, no degree 318
12.61 %
958,965 19.10%
'
Associate degree 115
4.56 %
324,173 6.46 %
Bachelor's degree 151
5.99 %
559,144 11.14 %
Graduate or professional degree 40
1.59 %
231,368 4.61 %
Total 2,521
100.00%
5,020,144 100.00%
I
Source: 1990 U.S. Census.
' Approximately 58.0% of the Tyrrell County population 18 years of age or older in 1990 had
graduated high school as compared to 7 1. 1 % for the state. Almost 13 % of those over 18 years
had some college but not degree, while in the entire state 19.1 % had some college training but
no degree. In college degree attainment, the county trailed the state by 10.07 %. In 1990,
12.1 % of the county's population held college degrees. Within the state as a whole, 22.2% of
the population held college degrees.
4. Tourism
' Tyrrell County accounts for far less than one percent of North Carolina's total travel and tourism
expenditures. To be more precise, Tyrrell County accounts for only 3 or 4 one hundredth of
' one percent (0.03% or 0.04%). Recent tourism expenditures in Tyrrell County have ranged
from $1,460,000 in 1989 to $2,150,000 in 1993, as seen in Table 15.
1
1
I-20

Table 15
Tyrrell County, NC
Travel and Tourism, 1989-1993
Expenditures*
Tourism Related Jobs**
Tourism Related Personal Income*
Tourism Related Local Sales Taxes*
Tourism Related State Sales Taxes*
*Millions of Dollars
**Thousands of people
1993
1992
1991
1990
1989
$2.15
$2.12
$2.12
$1.78
$1.46
.02
.02
.03
.02
.03
$.25
$.28
$.29
$.27
$.28
$.19
$.18
$.17
$.17
$.17
$.11
$.11
$.09
$.08
$.08
Source: North Carolina Department of Commerce.
In the past, the economic benefit associated with tourism in the county has been quite minimal.
Recognizing the need to stimulate the local economy, all levels of government, combined with
the private sector, have made great efforts to make tourism a more influential element in the
economy.
On September 19, 1989, "A Guide for the Redevelopment and Revitalization of the Waterfront",
was presented to the Columbia Board of Aldermen and the Tyrrell County Board of
Commissioners. Improvements included in this plan consisted of the construction of a visitor
center, boardwalk, marina, and boat ramp. Shortly after the foregoing plan was approved, the
Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge was created. The establishment of this refuge created
the opportunity for all units of government to cooperatively work together to enhance the current
redevelopment plan. The Pocosin Lakes NWR consists of approximately 110,000 acres and
spans across Washington, Hyde, and Tyrrell counties. The Pocosin Lakes NWR plan consists
of three major components:
-- Pocosin Lakes NWR Visitor Center and Scuppernong River Greenway/
Boardwalk: The Visitor Center will be part of the larger Center for the Sounds
complex, to be located on the south side of US 64 entering Columbia. The
Visitor Center will serve as the main reference point for visitors to the Pocosin
Lakes NWR. A boardwalk runs along the Scuppernong River from the Center,
both into downtown Columbia and nearby forested wetland tracts. A $7 million
Federal appropriation is expected to finance the Center for the Sounds complex.
The Visitor's Center was successfully funded and opened on October 7, 1995.
-- Center for the Sounds Environmental Education Facility: The Center for the
Sounds complex will house a state-of-the-art environmental education facility. In
addition to classrooms, auditoriums and laboratories, the facility will include
cluster residential facilities to accommodate students, teachers and researchers
staying overnight. Construction of this facility is contingent upon federal
funding. It is unknown at this time when, or if, funds will be made available.
I-21

i�
-- Tyrrell County Community Development Corporation: This private, non-profit
community -based organization is staffed and administered by local residents, and
will be responsible for implementing many components of the economic
development plan. The CDC will be the instrument for ensuring that benefits
from the Center for the Sounds project accrue to Tyrrell County residents.
This revitalization of the county's waterfront has been planned around the concept of eco-
tourism. Eco-tourism is a form of tourism that primarily involves observing and exploring the
natural history and cultural resources of an area. The concept of eco-tourism being used in
Tyrrell County pivots around five key goals:
-- Accessible recreational opportunities;
-- Protection and interpretation of natural, cultural, and historical resources;
-- Pleasant, people -friendly waterfront and excellent urban design;
-- Sustainable economic development; and
-- Responsible environmental stewardship.
It is expected that with the establishment of the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge and the
ongoing efforts of the Tyrrell County Community Development Corporation, tourism will begin
to play a more dominant role in the local economy.
' 5. Commercial Fishiniz
The dockside value and tonnage of Tyrrell County's landings varied considerably between 1984-
94. Table 16 summarizes the total number of finfish and shellfish in terms of pounds and
dockside value for Tyrrell County between the years 1984-94.
' Between 1984-94, the amount of finfish and shellfish combined has ranged from a high of
4,590,818 pounds in 1994 to a low of 639,345 in 1990. The number of pounds of fish caught
has shown some fluctuation over the ten-year period, but in general an increasing amount of fish
' caught may be noted. Tyrrell County accounted for about 2.74 % of the 1994 total dockside
value for the entire state.
According to the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries, the commercial fishing industry
in Tyrrell County supports 27 part-time commercial vessels, 156 full-time commercial vessels,
and 12 licensed seafood dealers. The importance of the commercial fishing industry reaches far
beyond those employed by it. There is a considerable "multiplier effect" associated with
commercial fishing which benefits wholesale trade, manufacturing, government, and the service
and maintenance industries.
1
I-22

Table 16
Tyrrell County, NC
Commercial Landings Statistics, 1984-1994
Total Finfish
Lbs.
Value
1984
675,429
$298,544
1985
615,502
219,892
1986
400,946
243,468
1987
573,611
479,185
1988
479,240
326,451
1989
1990
283,699
163,353
1991
1992
1993
872,802
800,347
1994
597,259
622,690
*Denotes confidential data.
Source: North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries.
Total
Shellfish
Combined
Total
Lbs.
Value
Lbs.
Value
828,393
$156,484
1,503,822
$455,028
1,115,871
222,819
1,731,373
442,711
1,457,526
310,621
1,858,472
554,089
2,150,521
451,292
2,724,132
930,477
979,843
225,627
1,459,083
552,078
*
*
*
*
355,646
90,006
639,345
253,359
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
*
2,014,771
671,845
2,887,573
1,472,192
3,993,559
2,023,278
4,590,818
2,645,968
I-23
M! M M M M M M M M M M M M M A M M M

' 6. Agriculture
As mentioned earlier in Table 9, the agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector of employment
employed approximately 233 Tyrrell County residents in 1990. It is estimated that
approximately 80% of this total, or 186, are employed in agriculture. It is important to note that
the actual number of people who depend on farming for employment is much higher than the
figure stated due to the fact that any migrant workers in the county are not included in the total.
' If migrant workers were included in the employment figures provided in Table 9, the
agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector would have surpassed the retail trade sector as the
leading occupation in the county.
Table 17 shows a total farm income of $43,050,952 for 1995. This amount is 18.2% higher
than in 1993. From 1993 to 1995, the county's total crop income increased from $22,331,469
' to $32,031,338, while the total livestock and associated products income decreased from
$14,078,744 to $11,019,614. The largest 1995 income producing commodities were: 1) hogs,
2) corn, 3) soybeans, and 4) other grains.
ITable 17
Tyrrell County, NC
'
Estimated Income from Sale of Farm Products & Government Payments
Commodity
1993
1994 (Rev.)
1995
'
Cotton
0*
0*
0*
Peanuts
0*
0*
0*
Corn
8,160,313
8,068,566
9,666,141
'
Soybeans
7,478,940
5,985,900
8,553,420
Other Grains
1,728,777
2,664,622
4,558,915
'
Potatoes
Fruits & Vegetables
4,127,404
0*
4,971,705
0*
4,001,130
0*
Hay & Other Crops
245,000
180,000
90,000
'
Farm Forestry
591,035
2,094,386
**5,161,732
Total Crop Income
$22,331,469
$23,965,179
$32,031,338
Hogs
$13,825,165
$10,257,772
$10,816,215
Cattle
238,646
219,980
192,240
Poultry & Eggs
0*
0*
0*
I
Other Livestock & LS Products
14,933
10,793
11,159
Trout & Catfish
0*
0*
0*
Total Livestock & LS Products Income
$14,078,744
$10,488,545
$11,019,614
Total Farm Income
$36,410,213
$34,453,724
$43,050,952
Government Payments
1,863,631
1,581,579
1,135,966
Total Farm Income & Govt. Payments
$38,273,844
$36,035,303
$44,186,918
1
I-24

11
Table 17 (Continued)
Seafood $1,470,456 $2,645,968 $3,444,017
Non -Farm Forestry 2,364,143 4,259,945 ***1,961,184
Horses, Ponies, Mules 10,050 6,050 6,050
*Counties may not show sales to avoid individual disclosures.
**Farm Forestry includes only non -industrial private land ownership.
***Non -Farm Forestry includes public lands as well as forest industry ownership.
Source: Department of Agriculture and Resource Economics.
7. Summary
The following provides a summary of the most significant economic trends in Tyrrell County.
-- Tyrrell County relies heavily on its land and water resources to support its local
economy.
-- Tyrrell County had one of the lowest wage rates in the state in 1992, ranking 98th out
of a total of 100 counties.
-- The unemployment rate of the county has continued to be above that of the state as a
whole. In 1994, Tyrrell County experienced an unemployment rate of 8.4% compared
to the state's 4.4 % .
-- Retail trade constitutes the county's largest single employment category, followed by the
agriculture, forestry, and fisheries sector.
-- It is expected that with the establishment of the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge
and the ongoing efforts of the Tyrrell County Development Corporation, tourism will
begin to play a more dominant role in the county.
Approximately 46 % of Tyrrell County's residents worked outside their county of
residence in 1990.
In 1990, 25 % of the county's population was below the poverty level.
Approximately 58.0 % of the Tyrrell County population 18 years of age or older in 1990
had graduated high school, as compared to 7 1. 1 % for the state.
The largest 1993 income producing commodities were: 1) hogs, 2) corn, 3) soybeans,
and 4) potatoes.
I-25
Ell
�I
P,
11

D. EXISTING LAND USE
The 15A NCAC 7B planning requirements specify that existing land use shall be mapped and
analyzed, with particular attention given to:
-- significant land and water use compatibility problems;
-- major problems that have resulted from unplanned development, and that have
implications for future land and water use;
-- an identification of areas experiencing or likely to experience changes in
predominant land uses including agricultural and forestry land being converted to
other uses.
Sections D and E of the land use plan responds to these requirements. In addition, the town's
current land use -related ordinances are reviewed and the effectiveness of the 1990 Land Use Plan
policies are assessed.
1. General Patterns
With a few exceptions, land use patterns in Tyrrell County have remained unchanged since they
were last assessed for the 1990 Land Use Plan Update. Detailed and precise land use acreage
data is difficult to obtain for Tyrrell County. Both existing and historical land use data is
sketchy and often based on estimates. Forest land continues to be the dominant land use in the
county, making up approximately 35 % of the county's total land area. Another sizeable portion
of the county is used for agriculture. Urban uses occupy the smallest percentage of the county's
land area, with the Town of Columbia being the county's only urban/built up area. The Town
of Columbia's land use is discussed in detail in the town's portion of this document.
Table 18 provides a general summary of land use changes between the years 1988 and 1995.
' The existing land use pattern is shown on Map 2. Again, it is emphasized that these figures are
estimates.
The most significant changes in land use indicated in Table 18 are in the federal, state, and
forestland land use categories. The changes in the forestland category are a result of the
creation of the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge (PLNWR) and the state owned
conservation easement acquired by the Farmers Home Administration in November, 1991. The
establishment of the PLNWR resulted in the reclassification of approximately 49,841 of former
forestland to state owned land. The conservation easement which consists of approximately
2,500 acres combined with the small portion of the Pettigrew State Park which extends into
Tyrrell County make up the total 2,900 acres found in Table 18.
I-26

.9
r_ rcuN'r�
LEGEND
0 RESIDENTIAL
® COMMERCIAL
INDUSTRIAL
0 AGRICULTURAL
® NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE
'= rFOREST LAND
- STATE PROPERTY
WATERSHED BOUNDARY
The preparation of this map was Maned :n
part through a grant provided by the North
NCarolina Coastal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972, as amended, which
Is administered by the C lcs of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
MAP '2
PING LAND USE
RELL COUNTY
;TI-H CAROLINA
I-27
14YDE COUNTY

1
Table 18
Tyrrell County, NC
Approximate Land Use, 1988-1995
Change 1995
Land Use 1988 1995 (Acres) % of Total
Federal 7,500 57,341 +49,841 15.0%
State N/A 2,900 N/A 0.8%
Urban & Built up 2,000 2,150 + 150 0.6 %
' Water 109,224 109,224 0 28.5 %
Cropland 61,900 61,550 -350 16.0%
Forestland 187,000 134,459-52,541 35.0%
Other (Ditch banks, 15,519 15,519 0 4.1 %
roadways, etc.)
' 383,143 383,143 0
Source: 1990 Tyrrell County Land Use Plan; Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
During the 1970's and early 1980's, there was widespread conversion of forest and swamp lands
to agricultural uses. This trend has ended primarily due to three reasons: First, a large portion
of the land suitable for agricultural use had already been converted; second, the 1985 Farm Bill
provided measures for the conservation of much of the land that had not been converted; and
' third, the establishment of the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge. These factors have had
a great influence on the stability of the county's land use patterns.
' 2. Residential
Tyrrell County is very sparsely populated .and was ranked 99th out of North Carolina's 100
counties in population density in 1992 with only 9.9 persons per square mile. With the
' exception of the Town of Columbia, residential uses in Tyrrell County are scattered along paved
secondary roads. Rural communities with concentrations of residential uses include Gum Neck,
Kilkenny, Goat Neck, Travis, Alligator, Sound Side, and River Neck.
According to Tyrrell County building permit records, a total of 24 permits were issued for the
construction of new single-family residential homes. Table 19 below summarizes the building
permits issued in Tyrrell County between 1990-1995.
1 I-28

Table 19
,
Tyrrell County
Building Permit Data, 1990-1995
'
Year New Home
Trailer
Other*
Total
1990 8
40
169
217
1991 4
33
157
194
1992 4
35
191
230
1993 2
31
173
206
1994 2
37
212
251
1995 4
34
246
284
,
*includes renovations, additions, and electrical, plumbing, and mechanical improvements.
Source: Tyrrell County Permit Records.
Table 19 indicates that between 1990-1995 the county issued an average of 230 total permits per
year. The average rate of permits for new residential construction and mobile homes was 4 and
35 permits per year, respectively. Although the issuance of a permit does not always result in ,
construction, it does provide a general indication.
The majority of this new residential construction and placement of mobile homes has occurred
in the Scuppernong and Columbia townships along the waterfronts of Bull Bay and the
Albemarle Sound. The majority of future development is expected to continue in this area. This
waterfront development poses a threat to the water quality of the Scuppernong and Alligator ,
Rivers and Albemarle Sound due to stormwater runoff and septic tank effluent.
In 1990, there were 1,907 dwelling units located in Tyrrell County. These included 1,258 '
single-family site built structures, 552 mobile homes, 95 multi -family, and 2 "other" dwelling
units. Approximately 32 % of these homes were greater than forty years of age and 53 % were
greater than 20 years of age. As the county's housing stock grows older, the need for
redevelopment and rehabilitation of dwelling units will increase. The ability to provide adequate
and affordable housing for low -to -moderate income families and individuals will also become
more important as the county tries to attract businesses and newcomers to the area.
3. Commercial 1
The majority of commercial land uses in Tyrrell County are concentrated in the Town of '
Columbia. There are small country stores located in some of the rural communities. Various
types of services (small engine repair, hair salons, etc.,) are located in some of the larger
communities and along U.S. 64 and N.C. 94.
I-29

11
4. Industrial
' There is only one major industrial plant in Tyrrell County. This is Jensen Activewear located
on U.S. 64 near Gibbs Auto Shop. This facility opened when the Flair Apparel Company
closed. There are several seafood processing sites and farm supply wholesale/warehouse
operations located throughout the county.
The lack of high paying industrial jobs is an issue which will continue to face Tyrrell County
throughout the planning period. In 1992, Tyrrell County ranked 98th out of 100 North Carolina
counties in terms of average wage per worker. Since there have been no significant changes in
the number of industries in the county since 1992, it is expected that Tyrrell County continues
' to rank near the bottom in terms of average county wage rates.
' 5. Recreational
Recreational land uses in Tyrrell County include a recreational lot within the Town of Columbia
' which has a basketball court and a tennis court, Veteran's Memorial Park on the west bank of
the Scuppernong River near Columbia, the Gum Neck Community Center and Playground, the
Scuppernong Community Center, the Sound Side Community Center, and the Travis Playground.
The Scuppernong River Greenway, Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, and Alligator River
National Wildlife Refuge also offer opportunities for recreation in the county in the forms of
1 biking, hiking, camping, and canoeing.
In 1987, a Water Access Study was conducted for Tyrrell County which identified 20 existing
water access sites. These sites were classified as either N.C. Wildlife Access Ramps,
Public/Informal, or Private. The following provides a general description of these sites as
included in the 1987 study and Map 3 identifies their location.
Kilkenny Landing: This is basically a canal connecting to the Alligator River. The site is
unimproved, and the secondary road leading to it is also unpaved, although recently widened
(S.R. 1322). Primary use is by sports fishermen during the spring and fall seasons. There does
not appear to be significant problems with overdemand compared to use. The site appears to
have potential for further boating access development, but is privately owned.
2. Northwest Fork and N.C. 94: This is a wide, openly accessible area with a sign that states it is
"state-owned property." It appears that the site may have been, or still may be, used as a barge
or ferry docking facility. The area appears to have good potential for future and expanded
development as a sports fishing access facility.
3. Cherry Ridge Landing: This site, located at Cherry Ridge, is situated on a diking canal, is
privately owned, and has poor vehicular access. It is used currently by sports fishermen. There
appears to be limited development potential at this site.
3a. Gum Neck Landing: This is an improved state-owned boat access ramp site with parking
facilities and a sign designating it as a "public access site." It is used primarily by sports
fishermen at present.
I-30

.S�
r cao-4
.EGEND
Kilkenny Landing
! Northwest Fork and N.C. 94
1 Cheesy Ridge Landing
la Gum Neck Landing
1 Grapevine Landing
i Frying Pan Landing
i Second Riders Creek
Cross Landing
1 Bull's Bay
i Colonial Beach/Fully Landing
10 Sawyers Marina
11 Taylor's Beach
11a Rhode's Haven
12 Legion Beach
13 Pledgers Landing
14 Fort -Landing
15 Newfoundland
16 U.S. 64 and- Alligator. River Bridge
17 Dewey's Pier
I6 Alligator Creek
-w—A Watershed Boundary
N.C. Wildlife Ramps
Publialnformal
♦ Private
C: Proposed
MAP 3
IG WATER ACCESS SITES
;RELL COUNTY
NTH CAROLINA
The preparation of Oft Mae was financed In
part through a grant provided by the North
CaroMs Coastal Management Program,
tiaough funds pmvldad by the Coastal none
MsnagemaM Act of 1972, as amended. which
Is administered by the Office of Oxen and
Coastal Resource Management, Nations!
oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
I-31
VVDE COUNTY

4. Grapevine Landing: This site appears to have good potential for development as a waterfront
park, with a nice aesthetical view of the water and a small private pier. However, there are
approximately four miles of unpaved road (S.R. 1314) leading to the site which affects its
accessibility, but it is still being used by some residents in the vicinity as a swim site.
5. Frying Pan Landing: This is another N.C. Wildlife access site with a sign designating it as a
public access point. The site is semi -improved with a concrete boat launching pad. There are
signs posted which state "no picnicking, no swimming, no camping." The site is approximately
two acres in size, with parking facilities, and is used primarily by sports fishermen.
6. Second Creek: This is an informal/public access to a canal which leads to the Scuppernong
River. The site is adjacent to the road, in the right-of-way, and has little potential for
development.
7. Cross Landing: This site, located at the base of a bridge, is a very small area with difficult
accessibility at present. The site appears to have limited potential for future development, but
if developed, could provide good access to the western end of the Scuppernong River.
Bull's Bay: This is a very nice private boat access facility which is improved and has a concrete
launching pad. Currently the facility is limited to lot owners in this particular development.
9. Colonial Beach/Fully Landing: This is an unimproved site on property owned by a commercial
seafood processor and which is currently used by commercial fishermen. The site does have
potential for future development, possibly as a commercial fishing access facility.
10. Sawyer's Marina: This is the third N.C. State Wildlife ramp and is located adjacent to Sawyer's
Marina west of Columbia. This is perhaps the nicest of the state sites, with adequate parking
space and is a wide, open area.
11. Taylor's Beach: This is a private facility restricted to use by lot owners and is used for sports
fishing, recreational boating, and swimming, located on the Albemarle Sound.
11a. Rhode's Haven: This is another private/restricted facility, also utilized for recreational boating,
sports fishing, and swimming, located on the Albemarle Sound.
12. Legion Beach: This facility, owned by the American Legion, is private and is also located on
the Albemarle Sound.
13. Pledger's Landing: This is an informal public site, traditionally utilized by commercial fishermen
and for swimming by some of the local residents. It is located on the Albemarle Sound at the
end of unpaved S.R. 1225, and is a nice, sandy area with potential as a swimming beach or as
a site for the "port of safe harbor." However, because of the numerous tree stumps and debris
around the beach, an extensive clean-up would be necessary. However, the area does have good
aesthetic potential to be developed, perhaps as a waterfront park with swimming and picnic
facilities (if it is not developed as a port of safe harbor).
I-32

14. Fort -Landing: This site, which is adjacent to Alligator Creek (or Little Alligator River), is an
old ferry landing site at the end of S.R. 1209, which is also used as an informal boat launching
facility for sports fishermen and for duck hunters. It has also been historically utilized as a
swimming beach by some of the local nearby residents. There is no sandy beach on this area,
and the best development potential appears to be as a boating access facility.
15. Newfoundland: This is the site of an existing state ferry docking facility which is utilized as a
barge loading area to bring in rock for roadway construction. The area is also utilized by sports
fishermen as a boat launching area, and there appears to be a small pier (or perhaps part of a
docking facility). The area may have potential for development as a waterfront park because of
the water -view aesthetics.
16. U.S. 64 and Alligator River Bridge: This site is located on state right-of-way at the base of the I
bridge; it is unimproved and is utilized primarily by commercial fishermen.
17. Dewey's Pier: This site, located along the Albemarle Sound and held in private ownership, is
presently used for swimming. It has a good sandy beach with good potential for development
as a swimming beach, perhaps with picnic tables and other waterfront park facilities. There is
good aesthetic potential. Currently the area is not utilized as a boat launching area.
18. Alligator Creek: This is a private access facility located on Alligator Creek. The site provides
access to the Alligator River and Albemarle Sound.
6. Public Institutional
Public institutional land uses within Tyrrell County include: several churches, cemeteries, the
county's Middle/High School, Elementary School, fire departments, county offices, sheriff's
department, library, the new prison facility, and the Tyrrell County Visitor's Center and
Boardwalk. Although the interpretative boardwalk located at the Visitor's Center may be
utilized for recreational purposes, it has been classified as public institutional due to its
educational theme and association with the Walter B. Jones Educational Complex. These public
institutional land uses make up approximately 240 acres in the town and county combined (see
Map 4).
7. Agriculture
Approximately 61,550 acres or 16% of the county's total land area is occupied by cropland.
The majority of this land is occupied by large commercial farms. The regional economic
information system indicated that between 1980-1986, the number of farm proprietors decreased
from 194 to 153 in Tyrrell County. According to the Partnership for the Sounds Economic
Development plan for the Albemarle -Pamlico Region, the number of farms, acres of farms,
number of farms dedicated to crops, and the acres of crops all decreased between 1980-1990.
I-33

,Outo
LEGEND
1
Gum Neck Fire Station
2
Kilkenny Fire Station
3.
4H Center
4
Prison Facility
5
County's New Public Housing
6
Land Clearing and Inert Debris Landfill (LCID)
7
Water Plant
8
Tyrrell County Visitors Center and
Proposed Walter B. Jones Educational Center
9
Columbia Middle/High School
10
Tyrrell Elementary School
.►.��. Watershed Boundary
Note: The Public Facilities map included in the Town of Columbia
portion of this document provides a more accurate location
of county facilities located within the Town of Columbia.
The preparation of this map was h. anted In
part through a grant provided by the North
NCarolina coastal Management Program,
through hinds provided by On Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972, as amended, which
is admftftwed by the office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceania and Abnoapherro Administration.
MAP 4
16LIC FACILITIES
RELL COUNTY
TH CAROLINA
eua
I-34
WOE COUNTY

' 8. Basinwide Water Quality Management
' The Water Quality Section of the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management
(NCDEM) has initiated a basinwide approach to state water quality management. The overall
goal of basinwide management is to develop consistent and effective long range water quality
' management strategies that protect the quality and intended uses of North Carolina's surface
waters while accommodating population increases and economic growth.
' The State of North Carolina has been divided into seventeen major river basins. For each river
basin, water quality problems are identified and appropriate management strategies developed.
' The plan features basinwide permitting of pollution discharges, integration of existing point and
nonpoint source control programs, and preparation of a basinwide management plan report.
The purpose of the basinwide management plan is to communicate to policy makers, the
regulated community, and the general public, the state's rationale, approaches, and long-term
strategies for each basin. Preparation of a basinwide management plan is a five year process.
' In general, this process involves the following five major phases of development:
-- Collecting pertinent water quality and related information,
Analyzing the information and targeting problem areas,
Development management strategies,
-- Circulating a draft plan for public review and comment, and
' -- Finalizing, the plan.
Tyrrell County is located in the Pasquotank basin. The Pasquotank basinwide management plan
' is scheduled to be completed and ready for staff review in August, 1996, and will receive
Environmental Management Commission approval a year later in August, 1997. The Pasquotank
basin includes all of Tyrrell, Perquimans, Pasquotank, Camden, and Currituck counties; and
' parts of Dare, Hyde, Washington, Chowan, and Gates counties.
The earliest basin plans may not achieve all of the long-term objectives for basinwide
' management; however, subsequent updates of the plans, every 5 years, will incorporate
additional data, new assessment tools, and management strategies as they become available.
' Within the Pasquotank basin, the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management has
identified multiple watersheds. Each watershed has been assigned a fourteen -digit code for the
purpose of identification. Tyrrell County's land area is located within 6 separate watersheds.
' Two additional watersheds are located in the waters adjacent to Tyrrell County in the Albemarle
Sound and the Alligator River. Map 9, Water Resources on page I-53 indicates the location of
' these watersheds. Tables 20A and 20B include data for the eight watersheds relevant to Tyrrell
County.
1
I-35

Table 20A
Tyrrell County Watershed Report
Base and Demographic Information
Estimated Population Persons Per Acre
River Area (Acres) % Chg. Incorporated Areas
Basin Primary Waterbody 14-digit code Total Land Water 1980 1990 80-90 1980 1990 Overlapping Wshed
Pasquotank Scuppernong River 03010205150010 15,985.0 15,985.0 0.0 952 902 -5.2% 0.06 0.06
Creswell
Phelps Lake 03010205160010 76,049.7 60,124.4 15,925.3 886 841 -5.0% 0.01 0.01
Little Alligator River 03010205170010 54,279.3 53,927.0 352.3 2,922 2,835 -2.9% 0.05 0.05
Columbia
Little Alligator River 03010205180010 87,789.1 87,601.8 187.2 572 555 -2.9% 0.01 0.01
03010205200010 7,234.3 7,234.3 0.0 240 234 -2.5 % 0.03 0.03
New Lake, Alligator River 03010205210010 114,092.3 108,792.8 5,299.4 172 167 -2.9% 0.00 0.00
(NW and SW Forks)
Bunton Creek, Albemarle 03010205240040 66,992.3
Sound
Alligator River, Albemarle 03010205240060 217,766.8
Sound
* Located adjacent to Tyrrell County in the Albemarle Sound and Alligator River
Source: North Carolina Division of Coastal Management.
176.2
66,816.0
24
23
4.1 %
0.14
0.13
857.0
216,909.8
5
8
60.0%
0.01
0.01
I-36

Table 20B
Tyrrell County Watershed Report
Open Water Use Classes
Primary Class
Supplemental Class
River Basin Primary Waterbody 14-digit code Use Class Description Acreage % of total* Acreage % of total*
Pasquotank Scuppernong River 03010205150010
Phelps Lake 03010205160010
C Freshwater Class C 15,925.2 100%
Sw Swamp Waters 15,925.2 100%
Little Alligator River 03010205170010
C
Freshwater Class C
185.9
57%
SB
Saltwater Class B
5.4
1 %
SC
Saltwater Class C
131.3
40%
Sw
Swamp Waters
185.9 57%
Little Alligator River 03010205180010
ORW
Outstanding Resource Waters
85.0 50%
SB
Saltwater Class B
3.4
2%
SC
Saltwater Class C
163.9
97%
' Sw
Swamp Waters
163.9 97%
03010205200010
New Lake, Alligator River (NW 03010205210010
and SW Forks) C Freshwater Class C 5,187.0 97%
ORW Outstanding Resource Waters 319.2 6%
SC Saltwater Class C 112.8 2%
Sw Swamp Waters 5,299.9 100%
Bunton Creek, Albemarle Sound 03010205240040
B
Freshwater Class B
44.0
0%
SB
Saltwater Class B
65,160.4
97%
SC
Saltwater Class C
1,607.2
2%
Sw
Swamp Waters
44.0 0%
Alligator River, Albemarle Sound 03010205240060
ORW
Outstanding Resource Waters
42,390.5 19%
SA
Saltwater Class A
42,678.4
19%
SB
Saltwater Class B
107,130.4
49%
SC
Saltwater Class C
67,205.3
30%
Sw
Swamp Waters
66,747.0 30%
Source: North Carolina Division of Coastal Management.
I-37

9. Existing Ordinances and Land Use Controls
The following local plans, studies, and regulations have been adopted by Tyrrell County:
a. Local
Tyrrell County CAMA Land Use Plan 1990
In 1990, the Tyrrell County land use plan was prepared to satisfy the CAMA planning
requirements set forth in 15A NCAC 7B. The plan established policies addressing the areas of
resource protection, resource production and management, economic and community
development, public participation, and storm hazard mitigation.
Tyrrell County Land Use Plan Update 1985
This was the second five-year update of the 1976 CAMA Land Use Plan. It was
prepared by Tyrrell County and Talbert, Cox & Associates, Inc. It served to update the
county's data base and to further refine the issues, problems, goals, and objectives of the county.
Tyrrell County Land Use Plan Update 1980
This was the first five-year update of the initial 1976 CAMA Plan and contains a
reassessment of existing conditions and projections of population, land use and economic
conditions. Updated policy statements on various development issues and implementation
strategies are also in the Plan Update.
Tyrrell County Land Use Plan, 1976
Prepared by DNRCD under CAMA, the Plan provides a description of present conditions
of population, economy, and land use constraints to development. It discusses fragile and hazard
areas, areas of environmental concern, areas with resource potential, and community facilities.
It estimates future needs and sets policies and objectives related to implementing those needs.
Moving Toward the Future Together: Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia 1989
Prepared by the Coastal Initiative Committee for the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell
County. This report is a guide for the redevelopment and revitalization of the waterfront area
of Columbia. Its goals include the construction of a visitor center to display artifacts from the
Estelle Randall ship wreck, the development of a marina, a boardwalk and general promotion
of the waterfront for use by tourist and Town residents without disrupting everyday activities
of residents. This plan was funded through the Division of Coastal Management's Local
Government Planning and Management Grant Program.
Estuarine Water Access Plan, 1987
This report was prepared by Talbert, Cox & Associates, Inc., in order to provide for
better public access to the waterways located in the county.
I-38

' Eco-Tourismin Tyrrell Count : Opportunities, Constraints and Ideas for Action 1993
' Prepared by the Institute for Economic Development, University of North Carolina,
Department of City and Regional Planning. This report describes the concept of eco-tourism
' and the opportunities for development in the county. Also included are both short and long term
tasks needed to promote economic development.
Comprehensive Water and Sewer Study, Tyrrell Count
Prepared by Rivers and Associates, analysis of water and sewer needs and possibilities.
' 201 Facility Study, 1977
Prepared by Von Oesen and Associates, determined that a regional sewer facility to serve
a broad area surrounding Columbia was not feasible.
' Subdivision Regulations, 1973
The Tyrrell County Planning Board was organized in 1973 to undertake comprehensive
' planning. The subdivision ordinance is administered by the Board which reviews development
proposals against standards set out therein.
Federal Flood Insurance Program
The Federal Flood Insurance Program which moved into the Regular Phase in 1985, is
in effect throughout the county.
State Building Code
The county has adopted the State Building Code. The services of an inspection officer
and a regular inspection program began in 1987.
Septic Tank Regulations
Septic tank regulations are administered by the Health Department.
b. State
Transportation Improvement Program
The North Carolina Department of Transportation prepares and annually updates a ten-
year schedule of highway and road improvements. The program includes major improvements
which will have an impact on the Town of Columbia.
I-39

North Carolina Airport System Plan 1979
Recommended that Tyrrell County construct a minimum level airport facility to
implement State policy of having an airport within a thirty -minute drive of ninety-five percent
of the State's population. However, because of severe military -imposed airspace restrictions,
this has not been feasible in Tyrrell County.
North Carolina Water Resources Framework Study, 1977
This study, completed by N.C. Department of Natural Resources and Economic
Development in 1977, identified water resource needs for river basins in the State. Needs
identified within Tyrrell County were as follows:
-- Designate a floodway for Columbia;
-- Develop regional water and sewer;
-- Designate conservation of Scuppernong River corridor, Alligator River south to
Gum Neck, wooded swamp along Albemarle Sound, Lake Phelps;
-- Designate scenic use of Second Creek.
Statewide Comprehensive Outdoor Recreation Plan SCORP
The purpose of the SCORP is to compile and analyze the existing supply of and demand
for recreation facilities in the State. The SCORP analysis is by regions and has no specific
analysis for each county. Tyrrell County is in Region R.
C. Federal and State
In addition to the local and state ordinances, regulations, and plans discussed above, there
are also various Federal and State regulations which could also affect land development in
Tyrrell County, the most notable being the "404" wetlands, regulated by the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers.
E. LAND AND WATER USE COMPATIBILITY ANALYSIS
1. General Discussion
Tyrrell County is not experiencing any major land use problems related to growth and/or '
development. In fact, the most pressing issue facing the county may be the need to stimulate
growth. The following summarizes the major land use issues confronting Tyrrell County.
-- Development within the CAMA areas of environmental concern as defined by '
15A NCAC 7H must meet or exceed the minimum state standards.
-- "404" wetland areas and associated federal regulations present obstacles to ,
development. In addition, development may damage valuable "404" wetland
areas. '
I-40

-- Segments of the county's housing stock continue to deteriorate as the age of the
total housing inventory increases.
' -- Continued waterfront development poses additional challenges in the protection
of water quality in the Scuppernong and Alligator Rivers and Albemarle Sound.
-- The efforts of the Partnershipfor the Sounds and the Tyrrell Count Community
Y Y Y
' Development Corp. to promote economic development and nature based tourism
may have an increasing impact on land use.
' -- Tyrrell County is not served by a central sewer system.
-- Part of the Alligator Township and some families near The Frying Pan, in the
' Gum Neck Township, and Lake Phelps, in the South Fork Township, do not have
county water.
' -- Census data indicates a declining population in Tyrrell County.
' 2. Unplanned Development
Prior to the adoption of a subdivision ordinance by the county in 1973, the major problem from
' unplanned development was the propagation of uncoordinated, poorly designed subdivisions
along the Albemarle Sound. Some of the problems associated with poor subdivision design
included lack of adequate potable water supply, inadequate sanitary sewer disposal due to septic
' tank placement limitations, and lack of public access to waterfront areas. The county -wide water
system has removed concerns over potable water supply and lot size requirements. The
enforcement of health regulations, have helped decrease incidences of septic tanks being placed
in unsuitable soils. As noted in previous plan updates, many septic tank problems in
subdivisions were caused by small lots (prior to adoption of subdivision regulations).
' The issue of providing general public access to the waterfront in subdivided areas is still a
concern. Continued residential development along the Scuppernong River and the Albemarle
Sound, may lead to further public inaccessibility to waterfront areas unless planning policies,
' or some regulatory devise are developed and implemented. The county should continue to
implement the 1987 Water Access Plan.
' Another significant problem resulting from unplanned development is the degradation of water
quality in the Scuppernong River. According to the 1988-89 North Carolina Water Quality
report, the water of the Scuppernong River was classified as not suitable for fish propagation
' and secondary recreation such as swimming. The primary sources of pollution include
agricultural runoff, septic tank use in areas of the river not served by the town's sewer system,
' and discharge from the town's wastewater treatment plant. In 1992, the Scuppernong River
Council recorded high levels of fecal coliform near the town's sewage treatment plant. The
water quality of the Scuppernong River needs to be maintained and managed at levels compatible
with the theme of eco-tourism. Water and its uses are a key focus of the experience which can
be gained from this area.

3. Changes in Predominant Land Uses
Anticipated changes in land use include the construction of a prison facility and 4H
Environmental Education Conference Center. Land use changes within the Town of Columbia
include the Walter B. Jones Center for the Sounds and outdoor classroom and the renovation of
the Columbia Theater as the Cultural Resources Center. The land use changes which will be
occurring within the Town of Columbia have been discussed in detail in the town's portion of
this document.
The new State Prison facility, currently under construction, is located approximately 3.5 miles
north of the Town of Columbia at the intersection of State Roads 1216 and 1214. The 200 acre
prison/work farm will house approximately 650 inmates and provide the county with 173 new
jobs. Prison facilities will include several greenhouses and 50 acre farm tracts enabling inmates
to grow produce for the prison system. The facility is expected to be complete and ready for
operation in July, 1997.
Approximately five million dollars has be raised for the construction of a 4H Environmental
Education Conference Center to be located on a 242 acre tract of land in the northwest portion
of the county off of S.R. 1200. This tract of land is cradled by the waters of Bull Bay to the
north and west and is composed of forest and meadowland. The Center has been planned in
conjunction with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the Conservationist Fund. Building
plans for the facility include year-round lodging, dining facilities, conference rooms, classrooms
and infirmary. In addition, there will be a waterfront environmental teaching facility and
recreational facilities. The Center is expected to draw participants primarily from the
northeastern part of the state as well as the tidewater area of Virginia. An additional 2.5 million
dollars is needed for project funding. It is anticipated that construction may start as early as
1998.
The addition of these facilities combined with those located within the Town of Columbia will
act to stimulate growth in the county and result in future land use changes. The exact degree
in which these changes will stimulate growth and development is unknown. However, the
following assumptions can be made regarding future land use patterns:
-- Conversion of cropland for future development.
-- Acres devoted to forestland should remain fairly stable due to the establishment
of the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, Alligator River National Wildlife
Refuge, and the state's conservation easement.
-- The majority of future commercial establishments are expected to continue to
locate within the Town of Columbia.
-- Residential development will be most heavily concentrated along the Albemarle
Sound in the Scuppernong and Columbia townships.
I-42

' 4. Summary
' Tyrrell County experiences a range of land use issues and problems which are being experienced
by almost all of North Carolina's coastal counties. This section on existing land use only
highlights the problems. This plan must be read in its entirety to fully appreciate and understand
' the complexity of the issues confronting Tyrrell County. The policies included in this plan must
address the following issues:
i--
The need for central sewer service and the extension of water to those areas not
currently served.
Low elevation and sea level rise.
The development of "404" wetland areas.
-- Stimulation of industrial and overall economic development.
Development of nature based tourism.
The regulation of development in estuarine shoreline areas.
-- The protection of the Scuppernong and Alligator Rivers and Albemarle Sound.
-- The redevelopment of substandard housing.
' 5. Effectiveness of 1990 Land Use Plan and Policies
Tyrrell County has endeavored to implement the policies included in the 1990 Land Use Plan.
' The policies were effective in addressing the five broad policy areas required by CAMA
(Resource Protection, Resource Production and Management, Economic and Community
Development, Continuing Public Participation, and Storm Hazard Mitigation). Specifically, the
' 1990 policies have been implemented or accomplished in the following areas:
-- Redevelopment of areas containing substandard housing.
Expansion of the water system.
Implementation of the waterfront redevelopment planning document entitled
Moving Toward the Future Together: Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia.
From 1990-1995, questions or concerns have frequently risen concerning the impact of the
following on the county:
-- 404 wetlands regulation.
-- Degradation of water quality in the Scuppernong and Alligator Rivers and
' Albemarle Sound.
-- Declining population in the county.
The 1990 Land Use Plan indicated that the policy statements did not require significant
modification from those included in the 1985 plan. However, due to the development expected
to take place during the planning period, the changes taking place along the Scuppernong River
' in Columbia, and the promotion of nature based tourism, a thorough evaluation of the current
policy statements is recommended.
I-43

F. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: LAND SUITABILITY I
1. Topography/Geology
Tyrrell County lies completely within the Coastal Plain Flatwoods physiographic region. In
general, the county's land surface is a plain representing a former sea floor that has been
elevated above sea level in the relatively recent geologic past. The topography of the county is
generally flat with only rare occurrences of ridges exceeding five percent (5 %). Elevation
ranges from about 15 feet above mean sea level in the southwestern part of the county to 2 feet
along the Albemarle Sound and Alligator River. The highest elevation in the county is 17 feet
in the New Lands section.
Tyrrell County is drained by the Alligator and Scuppernong Rivers and their tributaries. The ,
estuarine parts of these streams are brackish nearly all the time. On the north, the county is
bordered by the Albemarle Sound. ,
The county is underlain by thousands of feet of sedimentary rocks, but fresh water is only within
the upper part, to a depth of a few hundred feet. The depth to salty water varies from more
than 400 feet in the southwestern part of the county to less than 100 feet in the vicinity of the
sound. In the southwestern part of the county, the limestone aquifer may be capable of yielding
over 1,000 gallons per minute. Elsewhere in the county, the limestone aquifer contains only ,
salty water. Overlying this aquifer is a sequence of sands and shales belonging to the upper
sandy aquifer, which is capable of yielding hundreds of gallons per minute to individual wells
in the southwestern part of the county, but less than 100 gallons per minute in the vicinity of the ,
sound. The well water tends to be very hard, alkaline, and may contain excessive iron.
2. Flood Hazard Areas I
Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRMs) were prepared for the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell ,
County between 1982-1984. This study resulted in the creation of nineteen FIRMs for the
unincorporated portion of the county and one for the Town of Columbia. These maps become
effective on August 19, 1985. The 100-year flood serves as the base flood for the purpose of '
floodplain management. The 100-year flood line represents the level that water would reach'or
"rise to" during the flood that may be expected to occur on the average of once during a 100-
year period. Thus, there is a 1 % chance of a 100-year flood occurring during any one year. '
Map 5 indicates the appropriate boundaries of the Tyrrell County flood insurance zones.
The dominant sources of flooding in Tyrrell County are storm surge and riverine flooding. ,
Storm surge from the Atlantic Ocean propagates up the Albemarle Sound and into the
Scuppernong and Alligator Rivers; riverine flooding from heavy rainfall also occurs along the '
Scuppernong and Alligator Rivers.
North Carolina frequently experiences hurricanes, tropical storms, and northeasters. Hurricanes '
generally pass over a coastal location in a portion of a day, while a northeaster may blow from
the same direction for several days. However, the contribution from northeasters to the overall
storm surge elevations in Tyrrell County is insignificant compared to hurricanes. '
I-44

. 1.BEMp�tE GOUNN �
P
\ BULL BAY '�• w. ' laaa
Me
j an Irn
$��
l/ uPPERA� ,'�: • t70e 1702
,yOHCR
.:: ..• R �,.,� u 1221 cR
j7rIlk
bi
.10
... O• . . • _ .l Na
NO QT n
UPPERC• -� -, / ♦ • �•., g
• 110.7 i�,•I-. t• ,,,� �If
ra
tt72 : �'• II
�• 1
Z /. '�•�,:`,�'.��• :.'• • •,• �. ••':; `:: ALLIGATOR RIVER 1
i :••
NATIONAL WILDLIFE ,
•♦ • ' • •• ••♦••.. ... '! • • •.•. THEPjgING REFUGE
• :•:•�:� •�•. �r.'I•.'♦-�,.••• �,. ••_ iota tat `y GRAPEVINE
• • •� •.•� •i9�QS�N G14f�•f�A`!1•WQb�'I�CB NEtiU•�OjE i BAY
,:::• i�,.+♦_♦�•J��•,,,'�,•,�•,♦.•r::i ran
TT__ .,• r y
.:.:...:.......:...
. ...........
' HYDE COUNtY
1
A
Z)
0
U
W
It
a
LGEhM
C�
-----
ZONE "C" - MINMALLY
FLOODED AREAS
ZONE "A" - 100-YEAR
FLOOD AREAS
WATERSHED BOUNDARY
MAP 5
FLOOD HAZARD AREAS
TYRRELL COUNTY
NORTH CAROLINA
The preparation of this map was financed in
part through a grant provided by the North
Caroline Coastal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972. as amended, which
loadministered by the Of ice of Ocean and
Co stal Resource Management, National
Ocdanic and Atmospheric Administration.
I-45

' In 1986, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers prepared maps of coastal North Carolina which
delineated storm surge flooding. The maps were prepared using a computer base model named
' SLOSH, Sea Lake Overlaid Surge from Hurricanes. The model plots hurricane -related flooding
which may result from a number of characteristics including wind speed, wind direction, time
tide, etc. Map 6 indicates the areas of Tyrrell County which may be affected by hurricane -
generated storm surge. The following defines the five storm surge categories:
Category 1. Winds of 74 to 95 miles per hour. Damage primarily to shrubbery, trees, foliage,
and unanchored mobile homes. No appreciable wind damage to other structures. Some damage
to poorly constructed signs. Storm surge possibly 4 to 5 feet above normal. Low-lying roads
inundated, minor pier damage, some small craft in exposed anchorage torn from moorings.
Category 2. Winds of 96 to 110 miles per hour. Considerable damage to shrubbery and tree
foliage; some trees blown down. Major damage to exposed mobile homes. Extensive damage
to poorly constructed signs. Some damage to roofing materials of buildings; some window and
door damage. No major wind damage to buildings. Storm surge possibly 6 to 8 feet above
normal. Coastal roads and low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 2 to 4 hours before
arrival of hurricane center. Considerable damage to piers. Marinas flooded. Small craft in
I
unprotected anchorages torn from moorings. Evacuation of some shoreline residences and
low-lying island areas required.
E
Category 3. Winds of 111 to 130 miles per hour. Foliage torn from trees; large trees blown
down. Practically all poorly constructed signs blown down. Some damage to roofing materials
of buildings; some window and door damage. Some structural damage to small buildings.
Mobile homes destroyed. Storm surge possibly 9 to 12 feet above normal. Serious flooding at
coast and many smaller structures near coast destroyed; larger structures near coast damaged by
battering waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5
hours before hurricane center arrives.
Category 4. Winds of 131 to 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; all signs down.
Extensive damage to roofing materials, windows, and doors. Complete failure of roofs on many
small residences. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge possibly 13 to 18 feet
above normal. Major damage to lower floors of structures near shore due to flooding and
battering by waves and floating debris. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to
5 hours before hurricane center arrives. Major erosion of beaches.
Category. Winds greater than 155 miles per hour. Shrubs and trees blown down; considerable
damage to roofs of buildings; all signs down. Very severe and extensive damage to windows and
doors. Complete failure of roofs on many residences and industrial buildings. Extensive
shattering of glass in windows and doors. Some complete building failures. Small buildings
overturned or blown away. Complete destruction of mobile homes. Storm surge possibly greater
than 18 feet above normal. Major damage to lower floors of all structures less than 15 feet above
sea level. Low-lying escape routes inland cut by rising water 3 to 5 hours before hurricane
center arrives.
I-46

M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M M
BULL BAY
E -Pj»
I-
MAP 6
TYRRELL COUNTY, NC
STORM SURGE INUNDATION AREAS
• THE
FRYINGPAN
7V'7
GRAPEVINE
BAY_;
LEGEND
The preparation of this map was financed in
part through a grant provided by the North
Category 1
- 2 Surge Area
Carolina Coastal Management
Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972, as amended, which
Category 3
Additional Surge Area
is administered by the Office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management, National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
Category 4
-5 Additional Surge Area
1-47-
SCALE IN MILES

' 3. Soils
' Map 7 provides a delineation of the general soil types in Tyrrell County. Over 44 % of the
county's land area has soil conditions which are considered good for agricultural production.
However, all soil associations have moderate to severe limitations for dwellings, septic tanks,
' small commercial buildings and road/streets. Table 21 provides a summary of the soil
associations and their limitations for usage.
4. Manmade Hazards
The only manmade hazards located exclusively in Tyrrell County include fuel storage tanks
located at the Hollowell Oil Company. Several additional storage tanks are located within the
Town of Columbia at the Columbia BP Station, Oakes Amoco Service Center, and the
Scuppernong Quik Stop. The Coast Oil Company and the Violivia Fuel Company, also located
in the Town of Columbia, had their tanks removed when their businesses closed.
An additional manmade hazard effecting Tyrrell County is that associated with nearby bombing
ranges. Documented local complaints indicate that the United States Air Force bombing range
located in the Albemarle Sound near the Dewey's pier (SR 1208) and the Dare County bombing
range both pose a hazard to the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County as a whole.
Nearly all of Tyrrell County, except for a ten mile wide corridor in the northern portion of the
county, is restricted airspace. The military expanded the air space restrictions over the entirety
of Tyrrell County in 1985. There were provisions for horizontal layers for commercial cross-
over air traffic. There were no provisions for descending or ascending from, or to, that layer -
in effect eliminating any chance for the development of an airport in the county.
The continual presence of low -flying military planes on subsonic training missions has been the
source of many complaints by Tyrrell citizens -- particularly from farmers. There have been
reports of shattered glass doors and windows and actual structural damage to roofs due to the
vibration from the planes. The county's perception of the military restricted airspace, is that it
inhibits agricultural growth and development because of restrictions placed on crop dusting. It
is also felt that potential industrial development, as well as development of an airport, is also
hindered by the airspace restrictions.
I-48

'nuNN
LEGEND
1
Tomotley-Augusta-Altavista
2
Weeksville-Perquimans
3
Hyde -Portsmouth -Cape Fear
4
Belhaven-Roper-Ponzer
5
Dorovan-Chowan
6
Pungo
-�
Watershed Boundary
MAP 7
SOILS MAP
;RELL COUNTY
NTH CAROLINA
The prepwsdon of ft map was Maned in
part through a gram tab by he Norris
Carolina Coastal Managemem
through funds provided by dte Ccaetsi Zons
Management Act of tg72, as smanded. which
Is admtntstared by the Oflloe of Ooasn end
Coastet Resource Management. National
Oasnlo and Atmospheric Admir"trIldw.
I-49
woe CouNTY

M
Table 21
Tyrrell County, NC
Soil Interpretation for Selected Developmental Activities
% of % of Suitability for
Soil Associations County Association Dwellings with Septic Tanks Small Commercial Buildings Roads and Streets Agriculture
Tomotley-Augusta-Altavista 10
Tomotley
56
severe: wetness, peres slowly
severe: wetness, flooding
severe: wetness
Good
Augusta
20
severe: wetness
severe_: wetness
moderate: wetness, low
Good
strength
Altavista
13
severe: wetness
moderate: wetness
moderate: wetness
Good
Weeksville-Perquimans 9
Weeksville
60
severe: wetness
severe: wetness, flooding
severe: wetness
Good
Perquimans
35
severe: wetness, peres slowly
severe: wetness, flooding
severe: wetness, low strength
Good
Hyde -Portsmouth -Cape Fear 19
Hyde
42
severe: wetness, peres slowly
severe: wetness, flooding
severe: wetness, low strength
Good
Portsmouth
26
severe: wetness, poor filter
severe: wetness, flooding
severe: wetness
Good
Cape Fear
16
severe: wetness, peres slowly
severe: wetness, flooding
severe: wetness, low strength
Good
Belhaven-Roper-Ponzer 17
Belhaven
41
severe: wetness, peres slowly
severe: wetness, flooding,
severe: wetness, low strength
Poor
low strength
Roper
33
severe: wetness, peres slowly
severe: wetness, flooding
severe: wetness, low strength
Good
Ponzer
16
severe: wetness, peres slowly
severe: wetness, flooding,
severe: wetness, low strength
Poor
low strength
Dorovan-Chowan 11
Dorovan
89
severe: flooding, ponding
severe: flooding, ponding,
severe: flooding, ponding
Poor
low strength
Chowan
7
severe: wetness, flooding,
severe: wetness, flooding
severe: wetness, low
Poor
peres slowly
strength, flooding
Pungo 34
94*
severe: wetness, peres slowly
severe: wetness, flooding,
severe: wetness, low strength
Poor
low strength
* Six percent soils of minor extent that include Ponzer, Belhaven, and Dorovan.
Source: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service, Raleigh, NC, 1988.
I-50

5. Fragile Areas
Fragile areas are areas which could easily be damaged or destroyed by inappropriate, unplanned,
or poorly planned development. These areas include both Areas of Environmental Concern
(AEC's) and Natural Resource Fragile Areas as shown on Map 8.
a. Coastal Wetlands
Coastal wetlands are defined as salt marshes regularly- or irregularly -flooded by tides,
including wind tides, provided this shall not include hurricane or tropical storm tides. This area
contains some, but not necessarily all of the following marsh plant species: Cordgrass, salt
marsh, Black Needlerush, Glasswort, Salt Grass, Sea Lavender, Bulrush, Saw Grass, Cat -tail,
Salt Meadow Grass, and Salt Reed Grass. The coastal wetlands are vital to the complex food
chain found in estuaries. They provide marine nursery areas and are essential to a sound
commercial fishing industry. Coastal wetlands also serve as barriers against flood damage and
control erosion between the estuary and uplands. There are no significant coastal wetlands or
salt marshes located in Tyrrell County.
b. Estuarine Waters
Estuarine waters are generally brackish waters found in coastal estuaries and bays. They
are the dominant component and bonding element of the entire estuarine system, integrating
aquatic influences from both the land and the sea. The estuarine waters are among the most
productive natural environments. The waters support the valuable commercial and sports
fisheries of the coastal area which are comprised of estuarine dependent species such as
menhaden, flounder, shrimp, crabs, and oysters. Estuarine waters and estuarine shorelines make
up the most significant components of the estuarine system in Tyrrell County.
C. Estuarine Shorelines
Estuarine shorelines are non -ocean shorelines that are especially vulnerable to erosion,
flooding, or other adverse effects of wind and water. They are intimately connected to the
estuary. The estuarine shoreline area extends from the mean high water level or normal water
level along the estuaries, sounds, bays, and brackish waters for a distance of 75 feet landward.
Development within the estuarine shorelines influences the quality of estuarine life and is subject
to the damaging processes of shorefront erosion and flooding.
The North Carolina Marine Fisheries Commission has classified the waters of the
Scuppernong River north of Rider's Creek as Inland Waters and south of Rider's Creek as Joint
Waters.
I-51

P�BE�PRLE CaDN1Y
Nq
I
uoa
BULL BAY
•,xa
M1 CNGR 1209I it
,� .•'•
1303
f
• •L
+
.>
�1 :'.' •'•:�\`; THE P ft(INl3 X{j�FIJd� ,':' ;•
1 `ti F
1
a
WS':1 31•'•'•'•'•••''•••'•'•'•'•'•'•':':''
GRAPEVINE
BAY
0
C
R
LEGEND
See Note 1 ESTUARINE WATERS
SQC Note 2 ESTUARINE SHORELINE
06 Note 1 PUBLIC TRUST AREAS
NOTES
1. ALL WATERS UNDER THE JURISDICTION OF
TYRRELL COUNTY ARE EITHER ESTUARINE
WATERS OR PUBLIC TRUST AREAS AS
DEFINED IN 15A NCAC 7H.0206 ESTUARINE
WATERS AND .0207 PUBLIC TRUST AREAS.
2. ALL AREAS LYING 0-75' LANDWARD OF THE
MEAN HIGH WATER LEVEL OF ESTUARINE
WATERS ARE CLASSIFIED AS ESTUARINE
SHORELINES. BECAUSE OF MAP SCALE,
THESE AREAS CANNOT BE ACCURATELY
MAPPED. PRECISE LOCATIONS MUST BE
DETERMINED IN THE FIELD THROUGH CAMA
REVIEW AND PERMIT APPROVAL.
3. THE SCUPPERNONG AND ALLIGATOR RIVERS
ARE ANADROMOUS SPAWNING AREAS.
.a s� WATERSHED BOUNDARY
GENERAL WETLAND AREAS
The preparation of this map was financed in
part through a grant provided by the North
Carolina Coastal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972. as amended. which
Is administered by the office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management, National
Ooeanlc and Atmospheric Administration.
MAP 8
AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
AND NATURAL RESOURCE FRAGILE AREAS
TYRREL L COUNTY
NORTH CAROLINA
Scull
�e r r�•+r
HYDE COUNTY
I-52

Id. Public Trust Areas
' Public trust areas are all waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the lands thereunder from the
mean high water mark to the seaward limit of state jurisdiction; all natural bodies of water
subject to measurable lunar tides and lands thereunder to the mean high water mark; all
' navigable natural bodies of water and lands thereunder to the mean high water level or mean
water level as the case may be, except privately -owned lakes to which the public has no right
of access; all water in artificially created bodies of water containing significant public fishing
' resources or other public resources which are accessible to the public by navigation; and all
waters in artificially created bodies of water in which the public has acquired rights by
prescription, custom, usage, dedication, or any other means. In determining whether the public
' has acquired rights in artificially created bodies of water, the following factors shall be
considered:
' (1) the use of the body of water by the public,
(2) the length of time the public has used the area,
(3) the value of public resources in the body of water,
' (4) whether the public resources in the body of water are mobile to the
extent that they can move into natural bodies of water,
(5) whether the creation of the artificial body of water
' required permission from the state, and
(6) the value of the body of water to the public for
navigation from one public area to another public
' area.
These areas are significant because the public has rights in these areas, including
navigation and recreation. The public trust areas also support valuable commercial and sports
fisheries, have aesthetic value, and are important resources for economic development.
' It is impossible to map the public trust areas. The areas must be determined through in-
field analysis and definition.
' e. Outstanding Resource Waters
In 1989, the North Carolina Environmental Management Commission designated certain
waters within North Carolina as Outstanding Resource Waters (ORWs). These areas were
designated because they were considered to be significant marine resource areas having relatively
clean and pristine waters, and having significant value as recreational and natural resource areas.
In Tyrrell County, the ORW designation includes all of the Alligator River south of the
' U.S. 64 highway bridge. This includes the full length of the river to its origin in Hyde County.
It also includes the New Lake Fork, the Northwest Fork, the Southwest Fork, Juniper Creek,
Alligator Creek (also known as the Little Alligator Creek), Second Creek, Goose Creek, The
' Frying Pan, Grapevine Bay, and the Intracoastal Waterway. Map 9 indicates the approximate
location of ORW's in Tyrrell County.
I-53

I
r•nUNil( S
3 Class SB Water
Class SC Water
Class C Water
Outstanding Resource Waters
Groundwater Recharge/Discharge
��►�� Watershed Boundary
MAP 9
'ER RESOURCES
RELL COUNTY
NTH CAROLINA
The preparation of this map was financed In
pan through a grant provided by the North
Carolina Coastal Management Program.
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone
Manegament Act of 1972. as stranded. which
Is administered by the Office of Orin Ind
Coealal Resource Mane"ment. National
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
I-54
HYDE coUN'Y

The non-ORW designation of the portion of the river above the U.S. 64 bridge resulted
from a petition from the County Commissioners to the Division of Environmental Management
to restrict the ORW designation to include only that portion of the Alligator River south of that
bridge. This was done to allow for potential marina development above the bridge in Tyrrell
County.
f. 404 Wetlands
404 wetlands are areas covered by water or that have water-logged soils for long periods
during the growing season. Plants growing in wetlands are capable of living in soils lacking
oxygen for at least part of the growing season. Some wetlands, such as swamps, are obvious.
Others are sometimes difficult to identify because they may be dry during part of the year.
Wetlands include, but are not limited to, bottomlands, forests, swamps, pocosins, pine
savannahs, bogs, marshes, and wet meadows.
Section 404 of the Clean Water Act requires that anyone interested in depositing dredged
' or fill material into "waters of the United States," including wetlands, must apply for and receive
a permit for such activities.
' Map 8 provides a general delineation of wetlands areas in Tyrrell County. A more
detailed map provided by the Division of Coastal Management will be left on file, and available
for public review, at the Tyrrell County office building in the Town of Columbia. This map is
' much too detailed to be reduced and included in the land use plan. Within Tyrrell County, the
specific locations of wetlands areas must be determined through specific on -site analysis by the
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Wilmington District Office.
' Wetlands are a significant natural resource because they provide recharge areas for
groundwater; serve as filter traps for sediment, pesticides and other pollutants; provide non-
structural flood control; buffer against shoreline erosion; serve as buffer zones between upland
activities and valuable aquatic systems; and provide habitats for numerous furbearing animals,
endangered species, and other wildlife.
' g. Natural Resource Fragile Areas
' Natural resource fragile areas are generally recognized to be of educational, scientific,
or cultural value because of the natural features of the particular site. Features in these areas
serve to distinguish them from the vast majority of the landscape. These areas include complex
' natural areas, areas that sustain remnant species, pocosins, wooded swamps, prime wildlife
habitats, or registered natural landmarks.
Tyrrell County contains approximately 7,500 acres of the Alligator River National
Wildlife Refuge, 49,841 acres of the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, and 2,500 acres
of state conservation easements. These areas, as well as other portions of the county, are home
to a variety of endangered, threatened, or rare plant and animal species. Among the state and
federal organizations reporting the status of plants and animals within the county are the North
Carolina Natural Heritage Program and the United States Department of the Interior. These
agencies rank species by the severity of the threat to their continued existence. The most
I-55

severely threatened species are labeled endangered. The next lower level are labeled threatened,
followed by species of special concern and significantly rare.
The only species of plant or animal that is listed as endangered in Tyrrell County is the
Red Cockaded Woodpecker (Picoides Borealis). The only species of plant or animal that is
listed as threatened is the American Alligator (Alligator Mississippiensis). The only species of
plant or animal listed as a special concern is the Black Bear (Ursus Americanus). Species that
are endangered, threatened, or of a special concern are protected by federal and/or state law.
There are several species which are listed as being significantly rare. The label means
that they are at risk and an effort should be made to monitor their populations or to seek their
classification as a protected species. The significantly rare plant and animal species in Tyrrell
County are Hessel's Hairstreak (Mitoura Hesseli), Riverbank Quillwort (Isoetes Riparia),
Winged Seedbox (Ludwigia Alata), and Perennial Sundrops (Oenothera Perennis).
There are several species which are listed as being candidates for listing as a species with
need for protection. That is, these species may be at risk and are being considered for
classification as endangered, threatened, or a special concern which would legally protect the
species. These candidate plant and animal species are Silver Sedge (Carex Canescens SSP
Disjuncta), Parker's Pipewort (Eriocaulon Parkeri), and White Beakrush (Rhynchospora Alba).
As noted in the 1985 and 1990 Plan Updates, much of Tyrrell County could be
considered as a complex natural area. These areas are defined as "lands that support native plant
and animal communities and provide habitat conditions or characteristics that have remained
essentially unchanged by human activity." Complex natural areas are often surrounded by
landscapes that have been modified but still do not drastically alter the conditions within the
natural areas or their scientific or educational value.
The complex natural area in Tyrrell County could also include areas that sustain remnant
species, pocosins, wooded swamps, and wildlife habitats. The Alligator River National Wildlife
Refuge and the Lakes National Wildlife Refuge could also fit in these overlapping categories.
There are no registered natural landmarks or unique geologic formations in Tyrrell
County.
h. Historic and Archaeological Sites
The State Division of Archives and History has recorded several structures in the county
that are of historical or architectural importance. These structures include:
The Tyrrell County Courthouse. Southwest corner of Main and Broad Streets,
Columbia. Listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
Bethlehem Primitive Baptist Church. South side of S.R. 1104, 0.1 mile west of
the junction with N.C. 94, Pleasant View vicinity. On the state study list for
future inclusion in the National Register.
7
Is
rol
J

Chapel Hill Missionary Baptist Church. South side of S.R. 1115, east of the
junction with S.R. 1116, Columbia vicinity. On the state study list for future
inclusion in the National Register.
The Columbia Historic District was formally listed on the National Register of Historic
Places in March of 1994. The District consists of a collection of buildings dating from the 19th
century to World War II. Residential dwellings and commercial buildings comprise the 35 acre
district, and construction details such as Victorian sawn and turned ornament and decorative
brickwork lend distinctiveness to the historic building stock. Architecture styles range from
Victorian to Craftsman, Tudor Revival to Romanesque. A map indicating the boundary of the
historic district has been included in the town's portion of this plan, page I-36.
The Division of Archives and History listed only ten recorded archaeological sites in
' Tyrrell County. The most significant of these sites is the Spruill homeplace. This site is located
within the Colonial Beach subdivision on Bulls Bay. This site is believed to be the homeplace
of Joseph Spruill (ca. 1720 and 1750), son of Godfrey Spruill who was the first recorded
' physician south of the Albemarle Sound. This site has been investigated for inclusion in the
National Register of Historic Places.
' The other nine sites are also of historical/archaeological value and should likewise be
protected and preserved. These ten known sites represent only a small fraction of the total sites
in the county. According to the Division of Archives and History, historic and prehistoric
' archaeological sites can be expected to occur on well -drained soils along streams and rivers
throughout the county. ' It is also possible that some additional sites may exist along the
Albemarle Sound. However, erosion along the southern shore of the sound has been severe, and
' has probably destroyed more prehistoric and early historic period sites.
The Division of Archives and History request that due to the sensitivity of archaeological
sites that the State be consulted before development is allowed in areas that have, or may have,
archaeological sites.
' The Division of Archives and History states that "the vast majority of the waters lying
within Tyrrell County have not been surveyed for underwater archaeological sites. Limited
' underwater archaeological investigators have been conducted in the Scuppernong River primarily
around the Columbia waterfront. The following sites have been identified:
' Estelle Randall
Columbia Flat Barge A
Columbia Flat Barge B
' Bridge Boat
Columbia Shad Boat
Columbia Skiff
The Estelle Randall is considered to be the most significant of the known underwater
archaeological sites. Other submerged areas within the town and county may hold a high
' potential for containing underwater archaeological resources based on historical research. These
areas would be those with an active maritime history, documented vessel losses, or known
1
I-57

hazards to navigation. Again the State should be contacted before any development begins which
may disturb known or potential underwater archaeological resources.
L Other Fragile Areas
There are no maritime forest areas, ocean dunes, ocean beaches/shorelines, or inlet
hazard areas located within Tyrrell County.
6. Areas of Resource Potential
a. Agricultural and Forestlands
In August, 1983, the Governor of North Carolina issued a formal policy declaration
(Executive Order 96) concerning the State's desire to promote the "Conservation of Prime
Agricultural and Forestlands" in support of, and to assist with, compliance of the Federal
Farmland Protection Policy Act of 1980. The declaration of Executive Order 96 recognized the
fact that in many areas of the State, prime agricultural and forestlands are being converted to
other uses at such a significant rate that these irreversible uses may ultimately reduce the
capacity of food and fiber production.
Prime agricultural and forestlands were defined as those lands "...which possess the best
combination of physical and chemical characteristics for producing food, feed, fiber (including
forest products), forage, oilseed, and other agricultural products (including livestock), without
intolerable soil erosion. "
The Governor directed the Secretary of the Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development to assume the responsibility of carrying out the order. The program
proposed in the Executive Order involved the identification and mapping of prime agricultural
and forestlands by the Soil and Water Conservation Commission through the assistance of local
Soil and Water Conservation Districts. The impact of any development proposed on prime
agricultural or forestlands would also have to be assessed beginning January 1, 1984, by means
of the existing State Clearinghouse review process.
Prime agricultural and forestlands have been identified and mapped in accordance with
Executive Order 96, in Tyrrell County and Columbia. These designations are done as a part of
the county's soil survey and are listed by the most productive soil types as noted on pages 23
through 31 of the Soil Survey of Tyrrell County, North Carolina.
With appropriate drainage facilities, most of the soil types in Tyrrell County yield
production farmland. The majority of the productive farmland is located in the northern portions
of the county, with forestlands making up the majority of the remaining landscape.
I-58
1�
E
n

Ib. Valuable Mineral Resources
' Tyrrell County has a substantial peat reserve capable of being mined for commercial and
industrial purposes. An estimate made by First Colony Farms several years ago projected that
there were approximately 45,000 acres of peat reserves in Tyrrell County (1980 Land Use Plan,
' p. 36). A review of detailed soil classifications maps prepared by the U.S.D.A. Soil
Conservation Service, indicates that soil types with highly decomposed organic matter as surface
layers and underlaid by decayed logs, and similar bulky materials, may signify the presence of
' peat.
' These types of soils can be found all over the county in various pockets. The broadest
concentrations appear to be in the south, south-central, and eastern portion of the county. A
substantial portion of the potential peat lands are currently forested. At one time, there were
some discussions concerning the mining of peat within the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife
Refuge. These efforts were met with opposition and to this date no mining has occurred within
the refuge.
' C. Public Forests
' There are approximately 59,800 acres of state and federally -owed forestlands located
within Tyrrell County. This combined acreage includes the Pocosin Lake National Wildlife
Refuge, Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, and the state's conservation easement.
' d. Public Parks
' The only major regional park facility in Tyrrell County is the Pettigrew State Park.
Although the majority of the parks 16,600 acres are located in Washington County,
approximately 300 acres of Lake Phelps and 200 acres of park land extend into Tyrrell County.
' Facilities included in this park are canoe, bike, and pedestrian trails, and the historically
significant agricultural plantation, Somerset Place.
The Town of Columbia maintains the Town Commons located on the town's waterfront
off of Main Street and the community park on U.S. 64 bypass.
I
e. Public Gamelands
Public gamelands in the county consist of the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge
and the Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge. These wildlife refuges combined amount to
over 57,000 acres of land.
f. Private Wildlife Sanctuaries
There are no regionally or locally significant private wildlife sanctuaries located in
' Columbia.
1
I-59

g. Marine Resources
Due to the significance of commercial and recreational fishing in Tyrrell County and the
Town of Columbia, the primary fishing areas should also be considered as an area with resource
potential. Fisheries are varied in Tyrrell County and include pound net activity, gill net,
crabbing, and eeling. Most fishing is done in the Albemarle Sound, the Alligator River, and the
Scuppernong River. Croaker, bass, and perch are primarily caught in the Sound, while herring
is primarily caught in the Scuppernong River.
There are no primary or secondary nursery areas located in Tyrrell County. However,
there are several significant anadromous fish spawning areas located in the Scuppernong,
Alligator rivers, and associated creeks. An anadromous fish is defined as one which migrates
up rivers from the sea to breed in freshwater.
The North Carolina Division of Environmental Management assigns water quality
classifications to all waters of the State of North Carolina. The schedule of classifications for
Tyrrell County is provided by 15 NCAC 2B.0302 to .0317. The classifications are based upon
the existing or contemplated best usage of the various streams and segments of streams within
a basin, as determined through studies, evaluations, and comments received at public hearings.
The state classifies tidal salt waters are as follows:
Class SA: shellfishing for market purposes and any other usage specified by the
"SB" and "SC" classification;
Class SB: primary recreation and any other usage specified by the "SC"
classification;
Class SC: fish and wildlife propagation, secondary recreation, and other uses
requiring waters of lower quality.
The waters of the Albemarle Sound have been classified by the DEM as Class SB and
the waters of the Scuppernong and Alligator Rivers have been classified as SC. However, there
is a point upstream in these rivers where salt water gives way to fresh water. At this point, the
salt water classification SC changes to the freshwater classification C.
The classifications for fresh waters are as follows:
Class WS-I: waters protected as water supplies which are in natural and undeveloped
watersheds; point source discharges of treated wastewater are permitted pursuant
to Rules .0104 and .0211 of this Subchapter; local programs to control nonpoint
source and stormwater discharge of pollution are required; suitable for all Class
C uses;
Class WS-II: waters protected as water supplies which are generally in predominantly
undeveloped watersheds; point source discharges of treated wastewater are
permitted pursuant to Rules .0104 and .0211 of this Subchapter; local programs
to control nonpoint source and stormwater discharge of pollution are required;
suitable for all Class C uses;
I-60
H
11
H
CJ

0
F,
Class WS-III: waters protected as water supplies which are generally in low to moderately
developed watersheds; point source discharges of treated wastewater are
permitted pursuant to Rules .0104 and .0211 of this Subchapter; local programs
to control nonpoint source and stormwater discharge of pollution are required;
suitable for all Class C uses;
Class WS-IV: waters protected as water supplies which are generally in moderately to highly
developed watersheds; point source discharges of treated wastewater are
permitted pursuant to Rules .0104 and .0211 of this Subchapter; local programs
to control nonpoint source and stormwater discharge of pollution are required;
suitable for all Class C uses;
Class WS-V: waters protected as water supplies which are generally upstream and draining to
Class WS-IV waters; no categorical restrictions on watershed development or
treated wastewater discharges are required, however, the Commission or its
designee may apply appropriate management requirements as deemed necessary
for the protection of downstream receiving waters (15A NCAC 2B .0203);
suitable for all Class C uses;
Class B: primary recreation and any other usage specified by the "C" classification;
Class C: aquatic life propagation and survival, fishing, wildlife, secondary recreation, and
agriculture.
Map 9 indicates the location of the various water classes located in Tyrrell County.
I-61

G. CONSTRAINTS: CAPACITY OF COMMUNITY FACILITIES
1. Water System
The water supply for the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County is contained in wells and
elevated storage tanks. The wells have a maximum daily capacity of 480,000 gallons with a
current peak usage of 90,000 gallons per day. This leaves an excess capacity of 390,000 gallons
per day for future development. The county has completed an expansion of its water lines to
the Goat Neck Community using CDBG funds. The county has 250,000 gallons of elevated
storage capacity. This includes a 100,000 gallon storage tank in Alligator and a 150,000 gallon
elevated storage tank in the Rider's Creek community. Approximately 90 % of Tyrrell County
is currently served by the water system. Part of Alligator Township and some families near
Frying Pan and Lake Phelps still do not have county water. Future plans include the
construction of an additional storage tank to serve the new prison facility which will be located
north of Columbia off SR 1214.
2. Sewer System
L',
Tyrrell County does not have a central sewer system. Septic tanks are used in the majority of
the county. In April, 1996, construction will begin on a new 300,000 gallon per day sewage
treatment plant to serve residents of Columbia. There are also plans to extend sewer lines to
serve the new prison which is located approximately 3 1/2 miles north of town off of S.R. 1214.
3. Solid Waste
The Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County have contracts with a private firm for house to house
collection of solid waste and recycling (newsprint, glass, and aluminum). The county has a new
land clearing and inert debris landfill where untreated or unpainted wood is collected along with
all yard waste for compost. Metals and batteries are also collected there.
The county is a member of the Albemarle Solid Waste Authority. The solid waste authority has
a 20-year landfill contract with East Carolina Environmental in Bertie County for use of the
regional landfill. Solid waste is transported to Manteo where it is transferred to the Solid Waste
Authority for delivery to the landfill.
4. Educational Facilities
The Tyrrell County Board of Education receives federal, state, and county assistance. In FY95-
96, the county school system will receive $5.7 million in state and federal assistance. In
addition, the school system received $251,700 from Tyrrell County in bond debt service funds,
$570,055 local revenues for operating, and $57,675 in capital outlay funds. Tyrrell County
children grades 6-12 attend Columbia Middle/High School located on Main Street in the Town
of Columbia, and children grades K-5 attend Tyrrell Elementary School located about three
I-62

C
'
blocks south of the High School on secondary route 1300.
Enrollment figures for these two
schools have been provided in Table 22.
'
Table 22
Tyrrell County School Enrollment, 1990 and 1995
1990
1995 % Change
Tyrrell Elementary 470
358 -23.8 %
Columbia Middle/High School 300
432 +44.0%
'
Total 770
790 +2.6 %
Source: 1990 Tyrrell County Land Use Plan; Tyrrell County School Board.
Since the population of Tyrrell County has not experienced
any growth in recent years, there
will be no additional schools constructed in the near future.
All improvements will be made to
the two existing schools.
' Recent improvements at the elementary school include the construction of a new wing which
opened during the 95-96 school year. This expansion included new fifth grade classrooms,
media lab, large computer room, and office suite. The elementary school prides itself in being
on the cutting edge of education and technology. There are three computer labs at the school
which students attend 2 or 3 times a week for a full period. Each classroom contains between
' 2-3 computers and a television which is directly connected to the media center. The school also
has a state of the art science lab equivalent to that used on the middle/high school level.
' The Columbia Middle/High School has also undergone recent improvements. A new building
housing a media center and cafeteria was constructed and the old cafeteria remodeled into two
science labs. Also as a part of this project was the construction of covered walkways connecting
all of the buildings on campus. The middle/high school has also integrated the use of computers
into its curriculum. Computers at the high school have access to Beaufort Community College
and the information super highway. College courses are available for advanced high school
students through Beaufort County Community College.
Overall the school system is in good condition. The commitment to provide students with
' advanced computer training and a challenging curriculum combined with facility improvements
have kept the school system up-to-date. The Tyrrell County School system is considered
progressive and innovative.
5. Transportation
' There are only two primary roads in Tyrrell County, U.S. Highway 64, which runs east -west
and N.C. Highway 94, which runs north -south. N.C. 94 intersects with and dead ends at U.S.
' 64, giving the county a T-bone thoroughfare network. Most of the State maintained secondary
' I-63

routes are located in the northern portion of Tyrrell County, with the road network being quite
undeveloped in the southern areas of the county.
Map 10 outlines average annual daily traffic (ADT) counts compiled by the North Carolina
Department of Transportation for Tyrrell County. Traffic volumes in Tyrrell County are rarely
excessively heavy, with the exception of U.S. 64 during the summer months. The highest traffic
volume in the county was 5,800 vehicles per day on U.S. 64 just west of Columbia. Traffic
volume in the northern half of the county is significantly greater than that experienced further
south.
6. Police Protection
Police protection for Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia, is provided by the Tyrrell
County Sheriff's department which is located on Main Street in Columbia adjacent to the County
Courthouse. The department's staff consists of the sheriff, four deputies, and five radio
dispatchers/jailers. There are five patrol cars for use by the department. This service should
be adequate for the town and county in the foreseeable future. Large population increases may
necessitate the addition of more deputies.
Since the Land Use Plan was last updated in 1990, the town and county have established a 911
emergency phone system for police, fire, and rescue squad services.
7. Fire Protection
There are three fire stations in Tyrrell County - one on Main Street in Columbia, one in Gum
Neck, and one in Kilkenny. The station in Columbia is jointly operated and funded by the Town
of Columbia and Tyrrell County. The other stations are county stations, but all three stations
rely heavily upon contributions from the community for financial support.
The station in Columbia is actually two separate buildings, each measuring about 3,000 square
feet. This station houses two 750 gallon per minute pumper trucks, one equipment truck, one
1,400 gallon tanker truck, a 300 gallon tanker truck that also serves to carry some rescue
equipment (not a crash truck per se) and two ambulances. These last three vehicles belong to,
or are shared with the Tyrrell County rescue squad which shares this location. (See section 8
below.) The Town of Columbia has approximately seventy-five hydrants located about 300 feet
apart.
The fire department is currently investigating the possibility of becoming incorporated. This
private operation of the Fire Department would require the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell
County to contract for its fire protection services.
I-64

"w-dw-0 WATERSHED BOUNDARY
}
i
MAP 10
1993 DOT
FIC COUNT DATA
BELL COUNTY
TH CAROLINA
If -Me
The preparation of this map was financed In
part through a grant provided by the North
Carolina Coastal Management Program,
through funds provided by the Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972. to amended. which
Is administered by the Office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management. Notional
Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
I-65
HYDE COUNTY

' 8. Rescue Squad
Tyrrell County has two rescue squad stations, both of which are housed with a fire station. One
' rescue squad unit is located at the volunteer fire department on Main Street. This unit consists
of two ambulances and a tanker truck that it shares with the fire department. This truck carries
' rescue equipment but is not a crash rescue truck per se. The second rescue squad unit consists
of a single ambulance which is housed at the Gum Neck fire station.
' The rescue squad has thirty-two (32) volunteer emergency medical technicians (EMT's) and two
paid EMT's who work during the daytime Mondays through Fridays. The county provides
approximately half of the squad's funding and the remainder is raised in the community.
9. Library
The Tyrrell County Library is located on Main Street in the Town of Columbia. The facility
was built in 1982 and occupies approximately 5,000 square feet. This building includes a large
' meeting room. The current staff consists of a full-time librarian, a full-time assistant, and two
part-time clerks.
' The town and the county is also served by a book mobile from the Pettigrew Regional Library
in Plymouth. The library is part of a regional inter -library loan program. Loan services are
also available from the library at North Carolina State University in Raleigh. These library
' facilities should be adequate throughout the planning period.
I-66

SECTION II: PROJECTED LAND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS
A. PROJECTED POPULATION GROWTH AND RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT
1. General Discussion
In this section, recent trends in Tyrrell County's population and housing characteristics will be
utilized to project population growth and housing characteristics in the county. These forecasts
are based solely on the assumption that history will repeat itself and growth trends will remain
constant. It is conceivable that the Tyrrell County Community Development Corporation and
the Partnership for the Sounds in their efforts to promote eco-tourism, may provide a stimulant
for growth in the county beyond that reflected in the following tables.
2. Year -Round Population Projections
' Coastal Area Management Act planning guidelines require that population projections prepared
by the N.C. State Data Center, Office of State Budget and Management be utilized in projecting
year-round population for Tyrrell County from 1995-2005. Table 23, Total Population by Age
' and Percent Change, and Table 24, Population and Percent Increase by Race and Sex, have been
compiled directly from data provided by the Office of State Planning.
L
Table 23
Tyrrell County, NC
Total Population by Age and Percent Change, 1995-2005
Percent
Age
Population by Age Group
Change
1995
2000
2005
1995-2005
0-4
227
217
201
-11.45 %
5-14
586
549
477
-18.60%
15-24
497
499
484
-2.62 %
25-34
452
386
410
-9.29 %
35-44
579
563
460
-20.55 %
45-54
438
505
576
31.51 %
55-59
187
203
230
22.99 %
60-64
193
188
214
10.88 %
65-74
359
329
340
-5.29 %
75 and up
319
366
321
0.63 %
TOTAL
3,837 3,805 3,713 -3.23 %
I
Source: Office of State Planning.

Table 23 indicates that the total year-round population in Tyrrell County is expected to decrease
by -3.2 % between 1995-2005. The 45-54 age group maintains the largest percent change
(+31.5 %, 1995-2005) reflecting aging of the 35-44 age group of 1985-1995. The pre-school
and school age population will continue to decrease during the planning period. In fact, all age
cohorts less than 45 years of age are expected to show a decrease in population. These trends
indicate a steady out -migration of adults and subsequent decline in the birth rate.
Table 24
Tyrrell County, NC
Population and Percent Increase by Race and Sex, 1995-2005
Percent
Category
Total Population
Change
1995
2000
2005
1995-2005
Total White
2,274
2,231
2,108
-7.32 %
Males
1,110
1,088
1,025
-7.66%
Females
1,164
1,143
1,083
-6.99%
Total Non -White
1,563
1,574
1,605
2.70%
Males
730
737
757
3.72 %
Females,
833
837
848
1.80 %
Total Males
1,840
1,825
1,782
-3.15%
Total Females
1,997
1,980
1,931
-3.32%
Total County
3,837
3,805
3,713
-3.23%
Source: Office of State Planning; Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
The non -white population is expected to show an increase of 2.7 %, between 1995-2005, while
the white population is expected to decrease -7.3 %. In 1995, the white population was 59.3 %
of total population, and is expected to have decreased to 58.6 % in 2000 and 56.8 % in 2005.
The Office of State Planning has forecast the continuation of this trend through the year 2020.
The ratio of males to females in Tyrrell County is expected to remain at 48:52 throughout the
planning period. The ratio of white males to females has-been forecast to remain nearer the
50:50 mark (49:51) than the non -white male to female ratio of 47:53.
3. Seasonal Population
In the Demographic Housing section of this plan, page I-9, the seasonal population was
estimated based on an enumeration of seasonal units. A seasonal unit can be defined as any
motel/hotel, campsite, boat slip, or private home held for seasonal use, which is capable of
housing people overnight. In 1980, there were approximately 213 seasonal units in Tyrrell
County of which 175 were private homes held for seasonal use. Since 1980, almost 100% of
the growth in seasonal units has resulted from increases in private homes held for seasonal use.
The number of motel/hotels, campsites, and boat slips have remained relatively unchanged. In
II-2
u
7
U

January, 1996, there were an estimated 248 seasonal units in the county, of which 209 where
Y ,
private homes held for seasonal use. The seasonal population forecasts through the year 2005
' have been provided in Table 25. These estimates are based on two assumptions: First, the
number of motels/hotels, campsites, and boat slips will remain constant; and second, the annual
' growth rate of private homes held for seasonal use will be the same between 1995-2005 as
experienced between 1980-1996.
'
Table 25
Tyrrell County, NC
Seasonal, Permanent, and Total Peak Population, 1980-2005
'
Seasonal Seasonal Permanent
Total Peak
Year Units Population Population
Population
1980 213 702 3,975
4,677
1996 248 1,191 *3,814
5,005
2000 262 1,261 3,805
5,066
'
2005 276 1,331 3,713
5,044
* Due to the fact that permanent population data is not available for 1996, the 1994 Office of State
'
Planning estimate has been substituted.
Source: 1990 Tyrrell County/Town of Columbia Land Use Plan; Holland Consulting Planners, Inc.
' The number of seasonal units in Tyrrell County is expected to increase through the year 2005,
resulting in an increasing seasonal population. However, the total peak population will begin
' to show a decrease between 2000-2005. This is due to the fact that the permanent population
is decreasing at a greater rate than the seasonal population is increasing.
' 4. Projected Housing Characteristics
' Year-round population projections for Tyrrell County predict a decline in population. In
addition, it is expected that the past trend of decline in household size in the county will
continue. The current need for adequate affordable housing in Tyrrell County will continue
' through the decade.
Table 26
' Tyrrell County, NC
Year -Round Housing Based on Projected Population and Household Size, 1995-2005
' 1995 2000 2005
Population*
3,837
3,805
3,713
Household Size**
2.52
2.37
2.23
'
Year Round Units (1)
1,523
1,605
1,665
' (1) Year Round Units = Population/Household Size
Sources: *Office of State Planning; **PCensus.

The relationship between population and household size, shown in Table 26, will determine the
number of standard dwelling units needed in Tyrrell County. The estimates above show an
increase in dwelling units and a decrease in population based on diminishing household size.
In 1990, 39 % of the housing units in the county were built before 1960. By 1995, these 750
dwelling units were thirty-five years old or older and subject to deterioration. As discussed
earlier in Section I-B, page I-4, there is a crucial need for standard affordable housing in the
county. This need may be met in part by renovation and repair of the existing housing stock.
The shortage of employment opportunities combined with the projected population decline will
not encourage voluntary, unassisted new construction of affordable housing.
B. PROJECTED ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT TRENDS AND RELATED LAND
USE ISSUES
1. General Economic Projections
The table below provides an outline of the anticipated growth of the various industries in Tyrrell
County from 1995-2005 in terms of total earnings and employment.
Table 27
Tyrrell County, NC
Relative Growth of Income -Producing Industries and Trades, 1995-2005
Industry
Total Earnings (Millions of '87$)
Total
Farm
Agricultural Serv., Other
Mining
Construction
Manufacturing
Trans., Comm., & Pub. Util.
Wholesale Trade
Retail Trade
Finance, Ins. & Real Est.
Services
Federal Civilian Government
Federal Military
State & Local Government
Total Employment (Thousands)
Total
Farm
Agricultural Serv., Other
% Change
1990 2000 2005 1990-2005
22.18
26.45
31.07
40.08 %
3.38
3.40
3.47
2.66 %
0.28
0.30
0.32
14.29 %
0.00
0.00
0.00
N/A
0.58
0.68
0.78
34.48 %
7.68
9.70
11.81
53.78 %
0.92
1.16
1.42
54.35 %
0.49 '
0.61
0.75
53.06 %
2.79
3.46
4.21
50.90 %
0.17
0.21
0.26
52.94 %
1.22
1.43
1.64
34.43 %
0.49
0.56
0.62
26.53 %
0.08
0.08
0.08
0.00 %
4.10
4.88
5.71
39.27 %
1.73
1.91
2.08
20.23 %
0.23
0.21
0.19
-17.39 %
0.04
0.04
0.04
0.00 %
II-4

' Table 27 (continued)
' Industry
'
Total Employment (continued)
Mining
Construction
'
Manufacturing
Trans., Comm., & Pub. Util.
Wholesale Trade
Retail Trade
'
Finance, Ins. & Real Est.
Services
Federal Civilian Government
'
Federal Military
State & Local Government
Source: Woods and Poole Economics, Inc.
% Change
1990 2000 2005 1990-2005
0.00
0.00
0.00
N/A
0.05
0.06
0.06
20.00 %
0.62
0.71
0.79
27.42 %
0.05
0.06
0.06
20.00 %
0.04
0.04
0.05
25.00 %
0.25
0.29
0.34
36.00 %
0.01
0.02
0.02
100.00 %
0.13
0.14
0.15
15.38%
0.02
0.02
0.02
0.00 %
0.01
0.01
0.01
0.00%
0.28
0.31
0.34
21.43 %
Through the year 2005, total earnings in the transportation, communication, and public utilities;
manufacturing; and wholesale trade sectors of employment are expected to experience the highest
growth rates. The only sector expected to decrease in terms of total employment is the farming
sector. The number of farms, acres in farms, number of farms dedicated to crops, and the
acreage of cropland is all expected to continue to decline. There will be further reduction of
family held farms and increased mechanization on large tract farms. The mining, agricultural
services, federal civilian government, and federal military sectors are not expected to show
increases while all of the remaining sectors are expected to increase substantially.
2. Tourism and Recreation
The construction of the Tyrrell County Visitor's Center, interpretative trail and outdoor
classroom, renovation of the Columbia Theater as the Cultural Resources Center, and the
anticipated construction of the Walter B. Jones Educational Complex, and 4H Environmental
Conference Center are all expected to have an impact on tourism and recreation in the county.
According to Tyrrell County Visitors Center records, between October 19, 1995, and June 30,
1996, approximately 75,835 vehicles with a state -estimated average of 2.7 persons per vehicle
stopped at the Visitors Center. This results in a total of 204,755 visitors during the eight -month
period.
In addition to these manmade structures, the Pocosin Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, Alligator
River National Wildlife Refuge, the Scuppernong River Greenway, and Albemarle Sound offer
endless opportunities for hiking, biking, canoeing, camping, hunting, and boating. The
promotion of nature based tourism in the county by the Partnership for the Sounds and the
Tyrrell County Community Development Corporation is expected to have a positive effect on
the retail trade and services sectors of employment.

Although increases in the retail trade and services sectors have been forecast, it is not expected
to have a significant effect on commercial land use patterns in the county. Commercial acreage
currently makes up less than 0.01 % of the total acreage within the county. The majority of the
commercial development is expected to continue within the Town of Columbia along U.S. 64
and U.S. 64 bypass.
3. Real Estate and Construction
Through the year 2005, employment and earnings in real estate and construction are expected
to show increases. The construction of the state prison facility will serve as a major stimulant
to construction activity in the county. This facility will employ 173 people who may also look
toward the construction of new homes. The anticipated construction of the 4H Center and
Walter B. Jones Complex would also provide additional stimulants.
4. Transportation
According to the NC Department of Transportation, the highest vehicle traffic volume in the
county in 1993, was 5,800 vehicles per day on U.S. 64 just west of Columbia. Traffic volume
is expected to remain low within the county with the exception of U.S. 64 during the summer
months. The DOT Transportation Improvement Plan, indicates four separate projects scheduled
to take place in Tyrrell County during the planning period. Table 28 below provides a summary
of these projects.
Table 28
Tyrrell County, NC
Transportation Improvement Projects
Schedule Federal
Route Location and Description Length Fiscal Year
U.S. 64
N.C. 45 near Plymouth to a
29.6 miles
point west of Columbia. Widen
roadway to a multi -lane facility,
some new location.
U.S. 64
From a point west of Columbia ,
16.9 miles
to a point east of the Alligator
River.
S.R. 1122
Bee Tree Canal. Replace bridge
N/A
number 88.
County wide
Regional Bicycle map/brochure
N/A
and route signing on state
roads.
Source: NC Dot Transportation Improvement Program.
II-6
Design FY1996
Right-of-way FY1997
Construction FY1999
Planning FY2001
Right-of-way FY1997
Construction FY1998
Mapping FY1998

5. Public Institutional Land Use
The county will continue to maintain and improve its existing public facilities. In particular, the
county will work together with the Town of Columbia in the provision of water and sewer to
the new prison facility located approximately 3 1/2 miles north of Columbia. Anticipated
changes in the public institutional land use category include the construction of this prison, 4H
Center and Walter B. Jones Education Complex, and Cultural Resources Center, both located
within the Town of Columbia.
C. PUBLIC FACILITIES: NEEDS AND LAND USE ISSUES
1. Education
Population projections indicate that there are not expected to be significant increases in the
school age population in the county. The Tyrrell County school system should be adequate in
meeting the needs of the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County residents throughout the
planning period. Renovations and improvements will continue to be made to the county's two
existing schools as deemed necessary.
2. Water System
The Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County water system has a maximum daily capacity of
480,000 gallons per day with a peak usage of 90,000 gpd. This leaves an excess capacity of
390,000 gallons per day for future development. Future plans include the construction of an
additional storage tank to serve the new prison facility which will be located just north of
Columbia at the intersection of state roads 1214 and 1216. The water system should be more
than adequate to handle any development which with town may face during the planning period.
3. Sewer System
There is no centralized collection and disposal system for Tyrrell County. County residents will
continue to rely on the use of septic tanks during the planning period.
4. Solid Waste
Tyrrell County's existing trash removal service should be adequate to meet the needs of the
county throughout the planning period.
5. Police Protection
Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia are both provided with police protection by the
Tyrrell County Sheriff's Department. The department is comprised of the sheriff, four deputies,
II-7

five radio dispatchers/jailers, and five patrol cars. This staffing and equipment level should be
adequate to meet the needs of Tyrrell County throughout the ten-year planning period.
Unexpected population increases may necessitate the addition of more deputies and patrol cars.
6. Fire Protection
There are three fire stations in Tyrrell County - one in Columbia, one in Gum Neck, and one
in Kilkenny. The fire department staff is all volunteer. The fire department is currently
investigating the possibility of becoming incorporated. This means that the department would
function as a private entity and the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County would be required
to contract for their services. Staffing and equipment has been determined adequate in meeting
all needs during the planning period.
7. Rescue Squad
Tyrrell County has two rescue squad stations. These are housed with the fire stations in the
Town of Columbia and in Gum Neck. The staff consists of thirty-two volunteer emergency
medical technicians (EMT's) and two paid EMT's. The town has two ambulances and a truck
which carries rescue equipment but is not considered a crash truck per se. A certified crash
truck is needed to ensure adequate rescue operations. This department may need additional staff,
funding, and equipment only in the event of a significant increase in population.
8. Library
The Tyrrell County Library is housed in a five thousand (5,000) square foot building in the
Town of Columbia. The town and the county are also served by a book mobile from the
Pettigrew Regional Library in Plymouth and by an inter -library loan program with North
Carolina State University in Raleigh. The library staff consist of a full-time librarian, a full-time
assistant and town part-time clerks. These facilities should be adequate to meet the needs of the
Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County throughout the ten-year planning period.
D. REDEVELOPMENT ISSUES
Tyrrell County's greatest continuing redevelopment issue will be the preservation and renovation
of its housing stock. In 1990, approximately 53 % of the houses in the county were older than
twenty years of age, and 32 % were older than forty years of age. According to the county's
building permit records, since 1990 only 24 residential permits have been issued for new
residential construction. This indicates that housing conditions have not changed significantly
since 1990 and that the housing stock continues to age. The ability to provide adequate and
affordable housing for low -to -moderate income families and individuals will also become more
important as the county tries to attract businesses and newcomers to the area.
The county will undertake the following in support of residential development:
II-8
1
r

1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
-- Support applications for North Carolina Community Development housing
rehabilitation funds.
-- Support applications for North Carolina Housing Finance Agency home
improvement funds.
-- Investigate the development and enforcement of a minimum housing code.
Tyrrell County is not subject to major coastal storm damage. Convectional storms and tornadoes
pose a greater threat. However, wind damage could result from the inland movement of a major
hurricane. Flooding of the Albemarle Sound and Scuppernong and Alligator Rivers are also
possible in the event of a northeaster. While storm related damage is not a significant
redevelopment issue, the county will support the reconstruction of all storm destroyed structures
when reconstruction complies with all current local, state, and federal regulations and the
policies contained in this plan.
II-9

' SECTION III: LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
As explained in the introduction to the policy statements, land use plans prepared to comply with
' 15A NCAC 713 regulations have three areas of impact on application: (1) to set policy to guide
local planning and land use management decisions; (2) review of projects for consistency with
local planning policies; and (3) the establishment of local policies for areas of environmental
concern. The CAMA regulations require the establishment of a specific land classification
system to support the local government's policy statements. The CAMA 15A NCAC 7B
regulations state:
"The land classification system provides a framework to be used by local
governments to identify the future use of all lands. The designation of land
classes allows the local government to illustrate their policy statements as to
where and to what density they want growth to occur, and where they want to
conserve natural and cultural resources by guiding growth. "
The CAMA regulations provide for the following land classifications: Developed, Urban
' Transition, Limited Transition, Community, Rural, Rural with Services, and Conservation.
These classifications may be further defined by a local government. In applying these
classifications, a local government should carefully consider where and when various types of
' development should be encouraged. Additionally, the areas of environmental concern requiring
protection should be identified and mapped. Each applicable land classification must be
represented on a land classification map (see Map 11, Land Classification -Tyrrell County, and
Map 12, Land Classification -Columbia). The following land classifications apply in Tyrrell
County:
DEVELOPED -- Areas included in the developed land classification are currently predominantly
urban in character. This classification is limited to the Town of Columbia. Municipal types of
services are in place or are expected to be provided within the next five to ten years. Land uses
include residential (single- and multi -family), commercial, institutional, transportation, open
space, industrial, and other urban land uses at high or moderate densities. Residential densities
are allowed in excess of an average of three dwelling units per acre. All uses allowed by 15A
NCAC 7H shall be permitted.
COMMUNITY -- Areas included in the community classification are presently developed at low
' densities and are suitable for septic tank usage. This classification includes the following areas:
Travis, Goat Neck, Alligator, Gum Neck, Kilkenny, Fort Landing, Colonial Beach, and River
' Neck. Uses include single-family residences, isolated general and convenience stores, churches,
public facilities, health care facilities, businesses, industrial development, and mixed land uses
at low densities. Very limited municipal type services, including water service, may be
' available. Sewer service may be provided to correct an existing or projected public health
hazard. Residential densities shall average two dwelling units per acre. All uses allowed by
15A NCAC 7H shall be permitted.

URBAN TRANSITION -- Areas included in the urban transition classification are presently
being developed for urban purposes, or will be developed in the next five to ten years. These
areas will eventually require complete urban services. This classification includes areas
immediately adjacent to or within the Town of Columbia which are or can be provided
municipal services, and the Ridley Creek area. The urban transition areas include mixed land
uses such as residential (single- and multi -family), commercial, institutional, industrial, industrial
parks, transportation, and other uses approaching high to moderate densities. Residential
densities are allowed in excess of an average of three dwelling units per acre. All uses allowed
by 15A NCAC 7H shall be permitted.
LIMITED TRANSITION -- Areas included in the limited transition classification are those
which will experience increasing development during the next five to ten years. Some municipal
type services will be required. This classification includes those areas along the Albemarle
Sound which are within 1,320 feet of the high water line and on soils suitable for development.
This area does not include the estuarine shoreline. The limited transition classification is
intended for predominantly residential uses. However, some scattered commercial, health care,
and industrial development may occur. Clustering, or development associated with planned unit
developments may be appropriate. Residential densities at an average of three dwelling units
per acre or less are acceptable. All uses allowed by 15A NCAC 7H shall be permitted.
RURAL WITH SERVICES -- Areas included within the rural with services classification are
developed at very low density. This classification extends 200 feet from the right-of-way on
each side of all paved roads where water lines are provided. Land uses include residential use
where limited water services are provided in order to avert existing or projected health
problems, public facilities, health care facilities, commercial, and industrial uses. All uses
allowed by 15A NCAC 7H shall be permitted. Lot sizes will be large, and the provision of
services will not disrupt the primary rural character of the landscape. Residential densities shall
average two dwelling units per acre. Development should be low density in order to maintain
a rural character.
RURAL -- Areas included within the rural classification include lands that are appropriate for
or presently used for agriculture, forestry, mineral extraction, and other uses that should be
located in a relatively isolated and undeveloped area. The majority of Tyrrell County is located
in this classification. The predominant land uses are agricultural and residential. However,
public facilities, health care facilities, on -site water and sewer systems, hazardous or noxious
uses, industrial, and commercial uses are allowed. In addition, all uses allowed by 15A NCAC
7H shall be permitted. Rural water systems may be available to help avert poor water quality
problems. Residential densities shall average two dwelling units per acre.
CONSERVATION
Coastal Wetlands: This classification includes all areas of salt marsh or other marsh subject
regular or occasional flooding by tides, including wind tides. However, tidal flooding is
understood not to include hurricane or tropical storm tides. Development which meets the
minimum use standards of 15A NCAC 7H and the policies contained in this plan shall be
allowed in areas classified as coastal wetlands.
III-2

' 404 Wetlands: This classification includes areas of 404 wetlands which meet the wetlands
definition contained in Section 404 of the Clean Water Act. Only uses consistent with the policy
statements section of this plan will be allowed. These areas are generally delineated on the Land
' Classification Map. Specific locations must be determined in the field by representatives of the
Washington office of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The county concurs with the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers' standards and does not intend to develop more restrictive standards.
Estuarine Shorelines: All areas lying 0-75 feet landward of the mean high water level of
estuarine waters not designated as Outstanding Resource Waters are classified as estuarine
shorelines. Because of map size and scale, these areas cannot be accurately mapped. Precise
locations must be determined in the field. Uses consistent with the policies contained in this
plan, and the 15A NCAC 7H use standards shall be allowed in estuarine shoreline areas.
Estuarine and Public Trust Waters: All public trust areas and estuarine waters are included
' in this classification. Except for two inland water areas, all waters in Tyrrell County's planning
jurisdiction are classified as estuarine waters as described by 15A NCAC 7H.0206 or public trust
areas as described by 15A NCAC 7H.0207. The inland water areas are located on the
Scuppernong River above First (Rider's) Creek and on the Alligator River above Cherry Ridge
Landing. Uses permitted by the policies contained in this plan and 15A NCAC 7H shall be
allowed. The policies dealing with floating structures, signs, and mooring buoys are more
■ restrictive than the 15A NCAC 7H.
ORW Estuarine Shorelines: All areas lying 0-575 feet landward of the mean high water level
' of estuarine waters designated as Outstanding Resource Waters are classified as ORW estuarine
shorelines. Because of map size and scale, these areas cannot be accurately mapped. Precise
locations must be determined in the field. Uses permitted by the Alligator River ORW
' Management Plan, 15A NCAC 7H, and the policies contained in this plan shall be allowed. The
policies dealing with floating structures, signs, and mooring buoys are more restrictive than the
ORW Management Plan and 15A NCAC 7H.
' Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW): This area includes all waters of the Alligator River
south of the U.S. 64 bridge. This includes the full length of the river to its origin in Hyde
' County. It also includes the New Lake Fork, the Northwest Fork, the Southwest Fork, Juniper
Creek, Alligator Creek (also known as the Little Alligator Creek), Second Creek, Goose Creek,
The Frying Pan, Grapevine Bay, and the Intracoastal Waterway. These areas have been
' designated by the North Carolina Environmental Management Commission as Outstanding
Resource Waters. Allowed uses will be those permitted by the use standards included in the
Alligator River ORW Management Plan, 15A NCAC 7H, and the policies contained in this plan.
The policies dealing with floating structures, signs, and mooring buoys are more restrictive than
the ORW Management Plan and 15A NCAC 7H.
III-3
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Management Act of 1972, as atnanded, whittl
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CONSERVATION _
Coastal Wetlands:
This classification includes all areas of salt marsh or other marsh subiect
regular or occasional flooding by titles. including wind tides. However. Octal
flooding is understood not to include humane or tropical storm tides.
Development which meets the nunimum use standards of 1SA NCAC 7H
and the policies contained in this plan shad be allowed in areas classified as
coastal wetlands.
•' ..+!-%•:71. 404 Wetlands:
This classification includes areas of 404 wetlands which meet the wetlands
definition contained in Section 404 of the Clean Water ACL Only uses
consistent with the policy statements section of this plan will be allowed.
These areas are generally delineated on the Land Classification Mao.
Specific locations must be determined in the field by representatives of the
Washington office of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. The county
concurs with the U.S. Amry Corps of Engineers' standards and does not
.end to develop more restrictive standards.
Estuarine Shorelines:
Ad areas lying 0.75 feet landward of the mean high water level of estuarine
waters not designated as Outstanding Resource Waters are classified as
estuarine shorelines. Because of map size and sale, these areas cannot
be accvntery mapped. Precise locabons must be determined in the field.
Uses consistentwith the policies contained in this plan, and the 15A NCAC
7H use standards shad be allowed in estuarine shoreline areas.
Estuarine and Public Trust Waters:
AN public trust areas and estuarine waters are included in this classification.
Except for two inland water areas, all waters in Tyrrell County's planning
jurisdiction are oassifieo as estuarine waters as described by 15A NCAC
7H.0206 or putilic trot areas as described by 15A NCAC 7H.0207. The
inland water areas are located on the ScuPoemong River above First
(Riders) Creek and on the Alligator River aoove Cherry Ridge Landing.
Uses permitted by the pones contained in this pun and 15A NCAC 7H
snail be allowed. The policies dealing with floating structures, signs, and
mooring buoys are more restrictive than the 15A NCAC 7H.
ORW Estuarine Shorelines:
AO areas lying 0-575 feet unowant of the mean high water level of estuarine
waters designated as Outstanding Resource Waters are classified as ORW
estuarine shorelines. Because of map size and sale, these areas cannot
be accurately mapped. Precise locations must be determined in the field.
Uses permitted by the Alligator River ORW Management Plan, 15A NCAC
7H, and the policies contained in this plan snarl be allowed. The policies
dealing with floating structures. signs. and moonng buoys are more
resthctive than the ORW Management Plan and 15A NCAC 7H.
Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW):
This area includes ad waters of the Alligator River south of the U.S. 64
bridge. This includes the full length of the river to its origin in Hyde County.
It also includes the New Lase Fork, the Northwest Fork, the Southwest Fork,
Juniper Creek. Alligator Creek (also known as the Little Alligator Creek),
Second Creek. Goose Creek. The Frying Pan. Grapevine Bay, and the
Intracoastal Waterway. These areas have been designated by the North
Carolina Environmental Management Commission as Outstanding Resource
Water. Allowed uses will be those Permitted by the use standards included
in the Alligator River ORW Management Plan. 15A NCAC 7H, and the
Policies contained in this clan. The policies dewing with floating structures.
signs, and mooring buoys are more restrictive than the ORW Management
Plan and 15A NCAC 7H.
LIMITED TRANSITION
® URBAN TRANSITION
DEVELOPED (SEE NOTE 1)
RURAL
SEE NOTE 2 RURAL WITH SERVICES
COMMUNITY
NOTE 1: See Town of Columbia Land Classification
Map. The Town of Columbia includes two
urban tiansaion areas.
NOTE 2: This classification extends 200 R from
ngnt of way on each side of an Paved
roads where water line are provided
(see text for clanfcation 8 exceptions).
LASSIFICA.TION MAP
BELL COUNTY
ZTH CAROLINA
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' SECTION IV: POLICY STATEMENTS
1
I
A. INTRODUCTION TO POLICY STATEMENTS
The previous sections of this plan identify a number of areas of concern dealing with growth,
development, and the environment. The plan also discusses many opportunities and assets that
exist within Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia. This section provides policies designed
to address growth management and protect the county's assets. The policy statements should
address the desires and objectives of the citizens of both Tyrrell County and the Town of
Columbia, and respond to the policy statement requirements of the Coastal Resources
Commission as defined by 15A NCAC 7B. While the town and county face many common
concerns, the policies for each are dealt with separately.
The policy statements are extremely important and have a day-to-day impact on businesses and
individual citizens within the town and the county. The statements have an impact in three
areas:
• CAMA minor and major permitting as required by NCGS 113A-118 prior
to undertaking any development in any area of environmental concern.
• Establishment of local planning policy.
• Review of proposed projects requiring state or federal assistance or
approval to determine consistency with local policies.
For the issuance of CAMA permits within areas of environmental concern, the state's minimum
acceptable use standards are defined by 15A NCAC 7H. A local unit of government must adopt
policies which are, at a minimum, equal to and consistent with the state's minimum use
standards. A local unit of government may adopt policies which are more stringent than the
minimum use standards. For example, the state standards allow marinas to be located within
primary nursery areas if some minimum conditions are met. A local government may adopt a
policy stating that marinas will not be permitted within primary nursery areas. If this were to
occur, a CAMA permit for marina construction in a primary nursery area would not be issued.
IT IS CRUCIAL THAT A LOCAL GOVERNMENT UNDERSTAND THE IMPACT OF ITS
POLICIES WITHIN AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN.
The second area of land use plan application is that of establishing policies to guide the town and
the county's local planning. This may apply both within areas of environmental concern where
CAMA regulations apply and in non-CAMA regulated areas of the county. Under North
Carolina legislation, land use plans are not regulatory controls. Non-CAMA related
recommendations must be implemented with local land use ordinances such as zoning or
subdivision ordinances. If a land use plan recommends that the average residential density
should be three dwelling units per acre within a particular area, then that density must be
achieved through local zoning ordinance or other regulatory control. (This should not be
IV-1

confused with the interaction of the land use plan with the CAMA regulations and 15A NCAC
7H use standards.)
The final area of application is that of "Consistency Review." Proposals and applications for
state and federal assistance or requests for agency approval of projects are normally reviewed
against a jurisdiction's land use plan to determine if the project is consistent with local policies.
Inconsistencies of a project with local policies could serve as grounds for denial or revision of
a project. For example, an individual or agency may request state or federal funding to
construct a 30-unit low -to -moderate income housing project. If the proposed location of the
project is within an area in which the land use plan states that the residential density should not
exceed two dwelling units per acre, the project may be judged to be inconsistent with the local
land use plan.
The Coastal Resources Commission requires all governments to specify stated development
policies under each one of five broad topics. These topics include:
-- Resource Protection
-- Resource Production and Management
-- Economic and Community Development
-- Continuing Public Participation
-- Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans
During 1995 and 1996, the 15A NCAC 7B CAMA planning guidelines were revised. The
revised guidelines included new requirements for the development of policy statements. These
changes included the following policy statement additions:
-- A general vision policy statement describing the type of
community that the local government would like to become within
the next ten years.
-- A basic statement as to the community attitude toward resource
protection.
-- A policy addressing the protection of wetlands identified as being
of the highest functional significance on maps supplied by the
Division of Coastal Management. .
-- A policy addressing moorings and mooring fields.
-- A policy addressing water quality problems and management
measures designed to reduce or eliminate local sources of surface
water quality problems.
-- A statement as to the community attitude toward resource
production and management.
IV-2

' -- A policy addressing commitment to state and federal ro rams,
P g
including housing rehabilitation, community development block
' grants, housing for low and moderate income level citizens, water
and sewer installation, and rural water systems.
' -- A policy addressing assistance to interstate waterways.
' Based on the analysis of existing conditions and trends, suggestions from the town's and county's
citizens, and substantial input and guidance from both the Tyrrell County and Town of Columbia
Planning Boards, the policies in the following sections have been formulated to provide a guide
' for regulating growth, development, and resource management throughout the planning period.
In developing these policies, many alternatives were considered by the Planning Board. The
alternatives that were not adopted are included as Appendix I.
I TYRRELL COUNTY POLICY STATEMENTS
IB. VISION STATEMENT
' Tyrrell County will strive to develop an atmosphere and infrastructure which will be conducive
to business development, growth of seasonal population, and continued growth of the tourist
industry while striving to maintain a balance with protection of the natural environment. The
' county recognizes the importance of its natural assets to development of a nature -based tourist
industry. All areas of environmental concern will be protected.
IC. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS
Community Attitude Toward Resource Protection
Tyrrell County will implement resource protection on policies which meet or exceed the state's
15A NCAC 7H minimum use standards for the protection of areas of environmental concern.
The county is sensitive to resource protection as an important foundation for the development
of a nature -based tourist industry. Emphasis will be placed on protection of the county's
extensive estuarine system.
Tyrrell County's overall policy and management objective for the estuarine system is "to give
the highest priority to the protection and coordinated management of these areas, so as to
safeguard and perpetuate their biological, social, economic, and aesthetic values and to ensure
that development occurring within these AEC's is compatible with natural characteristics so as
to minimize the likelihood of significant loss of private property and public resources. "
(15A NCAC 711.0203)
IV-3

Physical Limitations
Soils
To mitigate existing septic tank problems and other restrictions on development posed by soil
limitations, Tyrrell County will:
(a) Enforce, during the development process, all current regulations of the N.C. State
Building Code and North Carolina Division of Health Services relating to building
construction and septic tank installation/replacement in areas with soils restrictions.
(b) Coordinate all development activity with appropriate county and state regulatory
personnel, and in particular with the Tyrrell County Building Inspector and Sanitarian.
(c) Tyrrell County does not oppose the installation of package treatment plants and septic
tanks or discharge of waste in any areas classified as coastal wetlands, or 404 wetlands.
(d) Tyrrell County will cooperate with the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the
regulation/enforcement of the 404 wetlands permit process.
Flood Hazard Areas
(a) Tyrrell County will continue to coordinate all development within the special flood
hazard area with the Tyrrell County Inspections Officer, North Carolina Division of
Coastal Management, FEMA, and the U.S. Corps of Engineers.
(b) Tyrrell County will continue to enforce its flood damage prevention ordinance and follow '
the storm hazard mitigation plan contained herein.
Groundwater/Protection of Potable Water Supplies
(a) It is the policy of Tyrrell County to conserve its surficial' groundwater resources by
supporting CAMA and N.C. Division of Environmental Management stormwater run-off
regulations, and by coordinating local development activities involving chemical storage
or underground storage tank installation/abandonment with Tyrrell County Emergency
Management personnel and the Groundwater Section of the North Carolina Division of
Environmental Management.
(b) Tyrrell County will encourage and support water conservation efforts.
(c) The Tyrrell County/Town of Columbia water systems are independently owned and
operated. However, the town supplies water to the county water system.. Groundwater
drawn through a total of four wells is the source of the system. Two wells are located
in the county about five miles south of Columbia off Highway 94, and two are located
' Groundwaters which are at or just below the surface.
1
IV-4

E
' within the Town of Columbia. Land uses near groundwater sources are regulated b the
g g Y
North Carolina Division of Environmental Management through N.C.A.C. Subchapters
' 2L and 2C. Tyrrell County recognizes the importance of protecting potable water
supplies and therefore supports the enforcement of these regulations.
' Manmade Hazards
' (a) Tyrrell County will support the technical requirements and state program approval for
underground storage tanks (40 CFR, Parts 280 and 281), until such time as the State
Division of Environmental Management is authorized to regulate underground storage
' tanks under North Carolina state law.
(b) Expansions of Aviation Military Restricted Areas or Military Operations Areas in eastern
' North Carolina must be consistent with civil aviation regulations, must comply with other
applicable state and federal regulations, and must be supported by environmental impact
statements addressing the cumulative impact of such airspace uses.
' (c) Tyrrell County supports the following aircraft operations standards which were adopted
by the Coastal Resources Commission on December 1, 1989, and were effective March
' 1, 1990:
1. Minimum Altitudes: No development involving airspace activity shall be allowed
' in any AEC which would result in violation of minimum altitude standards
adopted by the Federal Aviation Administration and codified at 14 CFR Part
91.79. Future amendments by the Federal Aviation Administration shall be
' deemed to be incorporated into this rule pursuant to G.S. 150B-14(c) unless the
Commission objects within ninety (90) days of publication of the action in the
Federal Register. Upon objection by the Commission to a change, the
' Commission shall initiate rule -making proceedings on incorporation of the
amendment into this rule. The amendment will not be incorporated into this rule
pending a rule -making hearing and final action by the Commission on the
' proposed amendment.
' 2. Noise Pollution: Except as required for safe aircraft takeoff and landing
operations, airspace activity associated with coastal development shall not impose
an increase in average noise exceeding 10 dBA above background levels. Noise
' measurements shall be normalized DNL as set forth by the Environmental
Protection Agency in its report 550/9-74-004 entitled Information on Levels of
Environmental Noise Requisite to Protect the Public Health and Welfare with an
Adequate Margin of Safety. The maximum noise level associated with any single
event shall not exceed 85 dBA. These limits shall not apply where noise impacts
are confined to surface areas owned or controlled by the project's proponent.
' Any noise monitoring required to ensure compliance with this rule shall be the
responsibility of the proponent.
I
IV-5

0
9
Policies on Use of Coastal Airspace
-- Declaration of General Policy: It is hereby declared with the use of aircraft
by state, federal, and local government agencies for purposes of managing and
protecting coastal resources, detecting violations of environmental laws and
regulations, and performing other functions related to the public health, safety and
welfare serves a vital public interest. The Commission further finds that future
economic development in the coastal area and orderly management of such
development requires air access to and among coastal communities.
-- Policy Statements
a) It is the policy of the State of North Carolina that access corridors free of
special use airspace designations shall be preserved along the length of the barrier
islands and laterally at intervals not to exceed 25 miles to provide unobstructed
access both along the coastline and from inland areas to the coast. Such access
corridors shall extend from the surface to an altitude of 6,000 feet above sea level
except where communication and radar services allow positive aircraft control at
lower altitudes.
b) Development of aviation -related projects and associated airspace management
practices shall, to the maximum extent practicable, facilitate use of aircraft by
local, state, and federal government agencies for purposes of resource
management, law enforcement, and other activities related to the public health,
safety, and welfare. In any case, access to restricted areas shall be provided on
a periodic basis for routine enforcement flights, and access shall be provided on
an emergency basis when required to respond to an immediate threat to public
health and safety.
Policies on Water and Wetland Based Target Areas for Military Training
Activities
-- Declaration of General Policy: The use of water and wetland based target
areas for military training purposes may result in adverse impacts on coastal
resources and on the exercise of public trust rights. The public interest requires
that, to the maximum extent practicable, use of such targets not infringe on public
trust rights, cause damage to public trust resources, violate existing water quality
standards, or result in public safety hazards.
-- Policy Statements
a) It is the policy of the State of North Carolina that all public trust waters
subject to surface water restrictions pursuant to 33 USCS 3 for use in military
training shall be opened to commercial fishing at established times appropriate for
harvest of the fisheries resources within those areas.
IV-6

b) Where laser weaponry is used, the area of restricted surface waters shall be
' at least as large as the recommended laser safety zone.
c) Water quality shall be tested periodically in the surface water restricted areas
' surrounding such targets and results of such testing shall be reported to the
department.
' (d) Tyrrell County opposes the expansion of any restricted airspace in Tyrrell County.
Tyrrell County does not favor the continued existence or expansion of the existing
airspace restriction imposed by the presence of U.S.A.F. bombing ranges in the
' Albemarle Sound area near the county.
(e) Tyrrell County opposes the disposal of any toxic wastes, as defined by the U.S.
' Environmental Protection Agency's Listing of Hazardous Substances and Priority
Pollutants (developed pursuant to the Clean Water Act of 1977) within its planning
jurisdiction.
' Stormwater Runoff
' (a) Tyrrell County recognizes the value of water quality maintenance to the protection of
fragile areas and to the provision of clean water for recreational purposes. The county
will support existing state regulations relating to stormwater runoff resulting from
' development (Stormwater Disposal Policy 15A NCAC 2H.001-.1003).
(b) Tyrrell County supports control of agricultural runoff through implementation of U.S.
' Soil Conservation Service "Best Management Practices" program, and/or North Carolina
State "Best Management Practices."
' (c) Tyrrell County supports control of forestry runoff through implementation of "Forestry
Best Management Practices" as provided by the North Carolina Division of Forest
Resources.
(d) Tyrrell County will continue to utilize the current system of the existing Subdivision
' Ordinance along with federal and state permit and review processes; i.e., 404 and
CAMA.
' Cultural/Historic Resources
(a) Tyrrell County shall coordinate all housing code enforcement/redevelopment projects
' with the N.C. Division of Archives and History, to attempt to ensure that any significant
architectural details or buildings are identified and preserved.
' (b) Tyrrell County will coordinate all county public works projects with the N.C. Division
of Archives and History, to ensure the identification and preservation of significant
archaeological sites.
IV-7

Industrial Impacts on Fragile Areas
Industrial development which can comply with the use standards specified by 15A NCAC 7H
and applicable ORW management plans may be located within conservation classified areas.
Tyrrell County aggressively encourages the development of industry. The development of a
diversified economic base and jobs are crucial to a stable future for Tyrrell County. The county
does not want any policies contained within this plan to prohibit industrial development which
meets all applicable state and federal regulations. Tyrrell County objects to enforcement of the
404 wetlands permitting process by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers preventing any industrial
development. However, the county recognizes that this position may have no effect on Corps'
action because local policies/legislation cannot supersede more restrictive federal legislation.
Miscellaneous Resource Protection
Package Treatment Plant Use
(a) The county will not oppose the construction of state -approved package treatment plants
in areas not provided with central sewer service. The county supports effective
monitoring by the state of the operation of package treatment plants. This policy shall
not prohibit the discharge of treated waste into wetlands.
(b) If any package plants are approved by the state, Tyrrell County supports the requirement
of a specific contingency plan specifying how ongoing private operation and maintenance
of the plant will be provided, and detailing provisions for assumption of the plant into
a public system should the private operation fail. Operational plans should also address
elimination of package treatment plants when the system owner elects to connect to a
central sewer system.
Marina and Floating Home Development
Marinas are considered to be any publicly or privately owned dock constructed to accommodate
more than ten boats, as defined by 15A NCAC 711.0208(b)(5). Docks and piers are defined by
15A NCAC 7H.0208(b)(6). Tyrrell County will enforce the following policies to govern
floating homes and marina development:
(a) Tyrrell County considers boating activities an extremely important part of its tourist
industry and overall economy. Subject to the policies stated herein, the county does not
oppose the construction of marinas, including upland marinas, which comply with 15A
NCAC 7H.
(b) Tyrrell County opposes the location of floating structures in all marinas, primary nursery
areas, outstanding resource waters, public trust areas, and estuarine waters. Floating
structures are defined as any structure or vessel used, designed, and occupied as a
permanent dwelling unit, business, office, or source of any occupation or any private or
social club, which floating structure or vessel is primarily immobile and out of navigation
or which functions substantially as a land structure while moored or docked on waters
IV-8

' within county jurisdiction. Floatingstructures shall not be used commercial) or
Y
inhabited in one place for more than a period of time specified by local ordinance.
' c Tyrrell Count 's policy for marina construction in ORW waters or ORW
O Y Y P Y estuarine
' shoreline shall be consistent with the state's management strategies of ORW designated
regulations.
(d) Tyrrell County will allow construction of drystack storage facilities for boats associated
either with or independent of marinas.
' Mooring Fields
Tyrrell County is concerned with the potential for the development of mooring fields. The
' county opposes the development of mooring fields and will pursue the development of an
ordinance to regulate the establishment of mooring fields.
I
Development of Sound and Estuarine Islands
Tyrrell County does not oppose development of sound and estuarine islands if the development
satisfies the 15A NCAC 7H use standards and applicable ORW management plans.
Bulkhead Construction
Tyrrell County does not oppose bulkhead construction in any areas of the county as long as they
fulfill the use standards set forth in 15A NCAC 7H.
Sea Level Rise
Tyrrell County believes that this issue is currently not "solid" enough to propose a realistic
policy statement at this time, since it is one still being debated in scientific circles.
Maritime Forests
Based on the Maritime Forest Protection Initiative, May 24, 1990, there are no major maritime
forest sites that are under Tyrrell County jurisdiction.
Water Quality Management
(a) Tyrrell County supports addressing the following issues in the development of the
Pasquotank Basinwide Management Plan:
Long-term Growth Management
-- Wastewater management (non -discharge and regionalization).
-- Urban stormwater runoff/water quality.
-- Role of local land use planning.
IV-9

Animal Operation Waste Manaeement
-- Between 1990-1991, swine population has more than doubled.
Nutrients/Toxic Dinoflaizellate
-- Reduction in nitrogen and phosphorous levels.
Outstanding Resource Waters
Tyrrell County supports the designation of the Alligator River south of the U.S. 64 bridge as
an ORW area.
D. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES
Communitv Attitude Toward Resource Production and Management
Tyrrell County will implement policies which support policies that will meet or exceed 15A
NCAC 7H minimum use standards. Resource production should not be allowed to adversely
affect Tyrrell County's sensitive estuarine environment or adversely affect the development of
nature -based tourism.
Recreation Resources
Subject to available funds, Tyrrell County supports the development of recreational facilities
including shoreline access sites.
Productive Agricultural Lands
(a) Tyrrell County supports and encourages use of the U.S. Soil Conservation Service "Best
Management Practices" program. This includes agricultural practices which limit the
runoff of sediment.
(b) Because of the soil types and topography, the county recognizes that proper drainage is
essential and must be allowed to continue as needed if it does not result in irreversible
damage to environmentally sensitive areas.
Aquaculture Activities
Aquaculture is considered the cultivation of aquatic plants and animals under controlled
conditions. The following policies shall apply.
(a) Tyrrell County encourages all aquaculture activities which meet applicable federal, state
and local policies (see Aquaculture policies (b) and (c) and permit requirements.
However, Tyrrell County reserves the right to comment on all aquaculture activities
which require Division of Environmental Management permitting.
IV-10

(b) Tyrrell County objects to any discharge of water from aquaculture activities that will
degrade in any way the receiving waters. Tyrrell County objects to withdrawing water
from aquifers or surface sources if such withdrawal will endanger water quality or water
supply from the aquifers or surface sources.
(c) Tyrrell County will support only aquaculture activities which do not alter significantly
and negatively the natural environment of coastal wetlands, estuarine waters, public trust
areas, and 404 wetlands as shown on the Land Classification Map.
Productive Forestlands
Tyrrell County encourages and supports forestry best management practices as defined in the
Forest Best Management Practices Manual, 1989, North Carolina Division of Forest Resources.
Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Development Impacts on Resources
Residential, commercial, and industrial development which meets 15A NCAC 7H use standards
and applicable ORW management plans, will be allowed in estuarine shoreline, estuarine water,
and public trust areas. In all other areas, development will be allowed that is consistent with
applicable local, state, and federal regulations.
Marine Resource Areas
(a) Tyrrell County supports the use standards for estuarine waters and public trust areas as
specified in 15A NCAC 7H.0207.
(b) Tyrrell County reserves the right to comment on the individual policies and
requirements of the North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries.
(c) The county does not believe that it is necessary to limit either land clearing or
unnecessarily restrict agricultural drainage. The 404 permit process is viewed as being
sufficient in limiting the amount of land cleared.
(d) The county will support enforcement of septic tank placement regulations by the Health
Department and the Soil Conservation Service to minimize the likelihood of effluent from
septic systems in unsuitable soils contaminating fishing waters.
(e) Continue to enforce the county's subdivision regulations which require larger lot sizes
for residences in areas where soils are not well suited for septic tank placement.
' (f) The county will consider applying for funds through the N.C. Division of Marine
Fisheries' Reef Development Program to develop artificial reefs in selected locations
' along the Albemarle Sound. The reefs should attract fish and enhance commercial and
sports fishing in Tyrrell County.

Off -Road Vehicles
There are no recreational beaches in Tyrrell County; therefore, the conventional threat of off -
road vehicles is not relevant to Tyrrell County. Off -road vehicles are important in some sections
of the county because of the necessity for landowners to travel in bog or swamp areas. As this
property is private and not available to the public as public beaches are, the use of these vehicles
is acceptable in these cases.
Peat or Phosphate Mining
The county supports the eventual mining of peat resources in Tyrrell County and believes that
enforcement of state and federal environmental regulations is sufficient to mitigate possible
adverse impacts upon environmentally sensitive areas.
E. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Communitv Attitude Toward Economic and Community Development
The residents and officials of Tyrrell County are in favor of growth in the form of
environmentally responsible economic and community development. There are several factors
which drive the residents and the elected and appointed officials of Tyrrell County to favor
growth. Chief among these factors are:
• The county has the smallest population and one of the lowest population densities of any
county in North Carolina.
• The county has an unusually high unemployment rate.
• The county has a small overall rate of in -migration and a large rate of out -migration of
its black residents.
Tyrrell County favors all types of development as long as they do not adversely affect the
environment, especially designated critical areas. These critical areas include AEC's (areas of
environmental concern), and hazardous and fragile areas. Therefore, development is desired if
it can occur in an orderly, environmentally safe manner in areas that are suitable for
development. Suitable includes consideration of physical constraints and limitations of
community facilities and services.
Economic Growth/Expansion
(a) The county will continue an active recruitment program, seeking low pollution, light
manufacturing industries. The county finance officer will coordinate this activity.
(b) Tyrrell County will seek technical assistance and financial help to develop at least one
industrial park, to be located near Columbia.
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(c) The county believes that all industrial prospects should be given a fair, case -by -case
' assessment in order to carefully compare possible economic benefits with possible
negative environmental effects.
(d) The county and the Town of Columbia will provide, as much as is locationally and
economically feasible, basic support services such as water and sewer to newly locating
industries.
Water Supply
' (a) Tyrrell County recognizes that rural classified areas of the county may not be provided
central water service within the planning period. However, the county supports
development of a county -wide plan for the provision of central water service.
' (b) Water systems must be constructed with lines designed and sized for adequate fire
protection and sufficient water pressure. Tyrrell County should revise its Subdivision
' Ordinance to ensure adequate water system design standards.
(c)
The county is aware that inappropriate land uses near well fields increase the possibility
'
of well contamination. Land uses near groundwater sources are regulated by the N.C.
Division of Environmental Management through NCAC Subchapters 2L and 2C. Tyrrell
County recognizes the importance of protecting potable water supplies, and therefore
supports the enforcement of these regulations.
'
(d)
Tyrrell County supports all efforts to secure available state and federal funding for the
construction and/or expansion of public and private water systems.
tSewer
System
(a)
Tyrrell County recognizes that most areas of the county will not be provided central
sewer service within the planning period. However, the county supports development
'
of a county -wide plan for the provision of efficient and cost effective waste water
disposal.
'
(b)
Tyrrell County supports the extension of the Town of Columbia's sewer system into
areas of the county when service is requested by the citizens in those areas.
'
(c)
Tyrrell County supports the discharge of effluent into 404 wetland areas. Wetlands
"created" to aid in treating waste effluent shall be allowed.
'
(d)
Tyrrell County supports all efforts to secure available state and federal funding for the
construction and/or expansion of public and private sewer systems.
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Solid Waste
(a) Tyrrell County supports a regional multi -county approach to solid waste management.
The county will support and dispose of its solid waste in the Bertie County Regional
Landfill.
(b) The county will cooperate with any efforts to educate people and businesses on waste
reduction and recycling. The county vigorously supports recycling by the county and
other users of the landfill and supports setting up practical collection methods and
education efforts to achieve a high degree of county -wide recycling.
(c) Tyrrell County favors the siting of recycling centers within all land classifications except I
those within the conservation category.
Stormwater
(a) Tyrrell County will cooperate with the NCDOT, the North Carolina Division of
Environmental Management, and other state agencies in mitigating the impact of
stormwater runoff on all conservation classified areas. The county will actively support
the Division of Environmental Management stormwater runoff retention permitting
process through its subdivision approval process.
(b) Tyrrell County supports the policy that all North Carolina Department of Transportation
projects should be designed to limit to the extent possible stormwater runoff into
estuarine waters.
Energy Facility Siting and Development
(a) There are no electric generating plants located in or proposed for Tyrrell County.
However, the county will review proposals for development of electric generating plants
on a case -by -case basis, judging the need for the facility by the county against all
identified possible adverse impacts.
(b) Tyrrell County does not oppose offshore exploratory drilling for oil or gas. In the event
that oil or gas is discovered, Tyrrell County will not oppose drilling operations and
onshore support facilities for which an Environmental Impact Statement has been
prepared with a finding of no significant impact on the environment. Tyrrell County
supports and requests full disclosure of development plans, with mitigative measures that
will be undertaken to prevent adverse impacts on the environment, the infrastructure, and
the social systems of the county. The county also requests full disclosure of any adopted
plans. Offshore drilling and the development of onshore support facilities may have
severe costs for the county as well as advantages. The costs should be borne by the
company(ies) with revenues from offshore drilling and onshore support facilities.
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ICommunity Facilities
' During the planning period, Tyrrell County will consider developing a community
services/facilities plan (as a stand-alone document, not as an expansion of this plan), which will
t define existing deficiencies in police protection, fire protection, local administrative buildings,
public recreational facilities, public shoreline access, and public parks. This plan will not address
school system needs. The plan will prioritize needs and make specific recommendations
concerning financing and budgeting the high priority needs. The county will coordinate facility
planning with the school system and the municipalities.
IRedevelopment of Developed Areas
' The most significant redevelopment issues facing Tyrrell County through 2005 are substandard
housing and deteriorating commercial structures. During the planning period, the county will
attempt to correct its worst substandard housing conditions by:
(a) supporting the development and enforcement of a Minimum Housing Code;
' (b) applying for. Community Development Block Grant Community Revitalization funds;
(c) coordinating redevelopment efforts with the Town of Columbia Building Inspection
' Department;
(d) preparing a county -wide housing strategy to increase the quantity and quality of
affordable housing.
(e) Reconstruction following a hurricane or other natural disaster is a concern. The Storm
' Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plan provides policies for
responding to hurricanes and other natural disasters. Those policies address
reconstruction needs. The county will allow the reconstruction of any structures
' demolished by natural disaster when the reconstruction complies with all applicable local,
state, and federal regulations.
' (f) The county will work with the Town of Columbia to encourage redevelopment of the
waterfront area by the private sector.
' Land Use Regulation
' Tyrrell County will review and update its Subdivision Ordinance. This will be done to make
the ordinance more responsive to current county needs and conditions. Funding assistance for
revision of the ordinance will be requested from the North Carolina Division of Community
' Assistance.
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Estuarine Access ,
(a) Tyrrell County supports the state's shoreline access policies as set forth in NCAC '
Chapter 15, Subchapter 7M. The county will conform to CAMA and other state and
federal environmental regulations affecting the development of estuarine access areas.
(b) Tyrrell County will apply for CAMA funding to assist in the construction of shoreline
access sites.
Types and Locations of Desired Industry '
Industrial development is extremely important to the continued economic growth and stability '
of Tyrrell County. The county's heavy reliance on employment in the service and retail trade
sector should be balanced by the development of a stronger base of industrial/manufacturing
employment. However, the county desires to achieve responsible industrial development which ,
will not adversely affect the natural environment or the quality of established residential areas.
The following industrial development policies will be applied:
,
(a) Tyrrell County encourages the development of industrial sites which are accessible to
municipal/central water and sewer services.
'
(b) Industrial development should occur in areas classified as developed or urban transition.
Industries generating only domestic sewage are acceptable in areas classified as rural.
'
Tyrrell County does not oppose industries locating within rural classified areas if they
have approved applicable state permits for water supply and sewage disposal systems.
Industrial uses that are water dependent or related to fishing or aquaculture activities will
'
be allowed in estuarine shoreline and ORW estuarine shoreline areas.
(c) Industries which are noxious by reason of the emission of smoke, dust, glare, noise, and
vibrations, and those which deal primarily in hazardous products such as explosives,
should not be located in Tyrrell County.
Commitment to State and Federal Programs
Tyrrell County is generally receptive to state and federal programs, particularly those which
provide improvements to the county. The county will continue to fully support such programs,
especially the North Carolina Department of Transportation road and bridge improvement
programs, which are very important to Tyrrell County.
Examples of other state and federal programs that are important to and supported by Tyrrell
County include: drainage planning and erosion control activities carried out by the U.S.D.A.
Soil Conservation Service, which is valuable to farmers; dredging and channel maintenance
by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers; federal and state projects which provide efficient and safe
boat access for sport fishing; and community development block grants, low -to -moderate income
housing, housing rehabilitation, housing for the elderly, and North Carolina Housing Finance
Agency housing improvement programs. However, Tyrrell County does not support expansion
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IV-16

of military restricted airspace in eastern North Carolina, or the expansion of state and federal
lands within the county for activities which do not generate jobs or revenues for the county.
Assistance in Channel Maintenance
Proper maintenance of channels is very important in Tyrrell County because of the substantial
economic impact of commercial fisheries, boating, and sport fishing. If silt or other deposits
fill in the channels, this could impede efficient docking of the commercial fishing and transport
vessels. Tyrrell County will provide assistance to the U.S. Corps of Engineers and state
officials by either helping to obtain or providing spoil sites.
Assistance in Interstate Waterways
' Tyrrell County considers the interstate waterway to be a valuable economic asset. The county
will provide assistance in maintaining the waterway by helping to obtain or providing dredge
spoil sites and, when possible, providing easements across county -owned property for work.
Tourism
I
Tourism is extremely important to Tyrrell County and will be supported by the county. Tyrrell
County will implement the following policies to further the development of tourism:
I(a) Tyrrell County will support North Carolina Department of Transportation projects to
improve access to and within Tyrrell County.
' (b) Tyrrell County will support projects that will increase public access to shoreline areas.
(c) Tyrrell County will continue to support the activities of the North Carolina Division of
' Travel and Tourism; specifically, the monitoring of tourism -related industry, efforts to
promote tourism -related commercial activity, and efforts to enhance and provide
shoreline resources.
' d Tyrrell Count and the Town of Columbia should continue to implement the waterfront
O Y Y P
' redevelopment plan.
(e) Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia should update its brochure promoting elements
' of the waterfront redevelopment plan and the creation of the Pocosin Lakes National
Wildlife Refuge when they are realized. These brochures could be placed in travel
information centers in neighboring counties as well as in the state's welcome centers.
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Transportation
Tyrrell County supports the following priorities for transportation improvements:
Route
Location and Description
U.S. 64
N.C. 45 near Plymouth to a point west of
Columbia. Widen roadway to a multi -lane
facility, some new location.
U.S. 64
From a point west of Columbia to a point east of
the Alligator River.
S.R. 1122
Bee Tree Canal -- replace bridge number 88 with
a bridge high enough to allow boat passage.
County wide
Regional bicycle map/brochure and route signing
on state roads.
Land Use Trends
The county's land use trends have been thoroughly discussed in other sections of this plan.
Those trends include:
-- Conversion of cropland for future development.
-- Acres devoted to forestland will remain stable due to the establishment of the Pocosin
Lakes National Wildlife Refuge, Alligator River National Wildlife Refuge, and the state's
conservation easement.
-- The majority of future commercial establishments are expected to continue to locate
within the Town of Columbia.
-- Residential development will be most heavily concentrated along the Albemarle Sound
in the Scuppernong and Columbia townships.
These land use changes should be controlled through existing local, state, and federal land use
regulations including CAMA "404" regulations, sanitary regulations, and the county's
subdivision ordinance and building inspections program.
TOWN OF COLUMBIA POLICY STATEMENTS
(Note: Policies followed by are repeated from the 1990 Land Use Plan.)
A. INTRODUCTION TO POLICY STATEMENTS
This land use plan was prepared jointly by the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County Planning
Boards. All meetings conducted to discuss the preparation of this plan were jointly conducted
by the two boards. The town's Planning Board had input into the development of the county's
policy statements and supported development of policies which would be relevant to and apply
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IV-18

' jointly to the Town of Columbia and Tyrrell County. Therefore th
J Y y y e Town of Columbia is in
' agreement with and supports the Tyrrell County policy statements which will apply within the
town's incorporated areas.
' While the town does embrace the county's policies, there are some issues which cause the town
to need additional policies. Therefore, this section of the plan serves as the town's supplement
to the county's policy statements.
' B. VISION STATEMENT
The Town of Columbia desires to develop its economic base while protecting its natural and
historic resources. A small town family atmosphere will be maintained. Seasonal population
and the tourist industry will become increasingly important as nature -based tourism develops
along the Scuppernong River. Riverfront development/redevelopment will continue to be a
primary concern. The town will continuously strive to upgrade and expand its water and sewer
systems.
C. RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS
' Community Attitude Toward Resource Protection
The Town of Columbia will place emphasis on protection of its shoreline areas. Successful
' development of the town's nature -based tourism industry will depend upon protection of these
resources.
D. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES
Community Attitude Toward Resource Production and Management
' Marine resource areas are the most significant areas of concern which can be affected within
Columbia's planning jurisdiction. The town does not desire to see any activities undertaken
' which would be detrimental to the Scuppernong River system. Facilities will be supported which
will increase the public's access to the river and its wetland system.
' E. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
' Community Attitude Toward Economic and Community Development
The Town of Columbia recognizes the need for expanded job opportunities. In order to attract
' business/industry, the town will vigorously pursue the improvement and expansion of its water
and sewer systems. However, the town opposes any business/industrial development which
would adversely affect the Scuppernong River system.
' 1. Types and Locations of Desired Industries - The Town of Columbia, like Tyrrell County,
recognizes the need for expanded job opportunities which industrial development could
' foster. The town also recognizes that it has very limited land resources within its
jurisdiction suitable for most industrial development. The town shares the county's
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IV-19

policy concern that desirable industries would be those that could take advantage of
existing natural resources and yet maintain the integrity of the town's environmentally
sensitive resources.
The Town of Columbia supports the provision of basic support services, especially water
and/or sewer, to support such developments based on available capacity of those services.
2. Local Commitment to Service Provisions - The town's and the county's water systems
currently have substantial excess capacities. The Town of Columbia, like the county, is
committed to providing water services to support new growth and development within
its jurisdiction and in certain circumstances beyond its jurisdiction. The town's sewer
system, however, does not currently enjoy the same excess capacity as the water system.
Nevertheless, the town is committed to extending sewer services to support new
development, based on available capacity.
3. Desired Urban Growth Patterns - As a small town which developed without the benefit
of conventional land use controls, Columbia is aware that it has, in many instances,
mixed land uses (such as residential, commercial, and institutional) side by side. This
pattern contributes to the town's character, which it does not want to see destroyed. The
town, therefore, sets forth the following policies:
4.
a) The town recognizes the need to adopt some form of land use control, such as
zoning, but does not want to zone out the current mixture of land uses.
b) The town will encourage and support the extension of the currently predominantly
single-family dwelling character of Columbia.
c) For newly developing areas on the fringe of the town's jurisdiction which request '
town water and/or sewer, Columbia will consider requiring those areas to be
annexed as a condition of receiving those services.
d) The town will establish an extraterritorial jurisdiction area. ,
e) The town will consider adoption of a Subdivision Ordinance. '
Redevelopment of Developed Areas
a) The Town of Columbia supports full implementation of the waterfront ,
redevelopment plan entitled Moving Toward the Future Together - Tyrrell County
and the Town of Columbia. Some of the plan has been implemented. Items '
remaining to be completed include a boat ramp and mixed use waterfront
inn/retail shop/restaurant.
b) The town will establish specific policies to address protection of the historic
district.
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5. Coastal and Water/Beach Access - The town may consider adopting a Subdivision
Ordinance which requires shoreline access provisions.
6. Density of Development - The Town of Columbia desires to maintain its single-family
residential character.
7. Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans - The Town of
Columbia and Tyrrell County work jointly in the face of threats imposed,by hurricanes
and other major storms. The Town of Columbia adopts the county's policies on this
important issue. In summary, all four of the major damaging forces of a hurricane --
high winds, flooding, wave action, and shoreline erosion -- could have a potential impact
upon Columbia in the event of a major storm.
1 F. LAND USE TRENDS
I
L'
The town's land use trends have been discussed in other sections of this plan. Those trends
include:
-- Damage of 404 wetlands by development.
-- Housing deterioration.
-- Lack of zoning and subdivision regulations to control development.
-- Continued development is challenging the protection of water quality in the
Scuppernong River.
-- The town continues to lack policies regulating preservation of the historic district.
Local land use controls should be adopted to assist in controlling development.
G. LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP
In order to identify Columbia's developed and urban transition areas, a separate Town of
Columbia Land Classification Map is provided.
H. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION POLICIES
Tyrrell County recognizes that a basic element in developing and implementing a land use plan
is the successful involvement of a jurisdiction's citizenry in the development of the plan. As the
initial step in the preparation of this document, a "Public Participation Plan" was adopted. The
plan outlined the methodology for citizen involvement (see Appendix II). Public involvement
was to be generated through public information meetings, advertising in local newspapers, and
meetings with both the Planning Board and Board of Commissioners.
The Tyrrell County and the Town of Columbia Planning Boards were instrumental in the
' development of this plan. Input was provided by the Planning Boards to guide plan
development.
' A public information meeting was conducted at the outset of the project. This meeting was held
at the Tyrrell County Administration Building on November 6, 1995 and was advertised in The
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East Carolina Reminder and the Coastland Times. Subsequently, meetings of the Planning
Boards to discuss the land use plan update were held on December 18, 1995; February 13, 1996;
April 11, 1996; May 21, 1996; June 11, 1996; August 8, 1996; August 27, 1996; and
September 12, 1996 (a continuation of the 8/27 meeting). All meetings were advertised in the
two newspapers listed above and were open to the public.
The draft plan was submitted to the Tyrrell County Planning Board on ,
1996. The document was approved by the Planning Board on , 1996, for
submission to the Tyrrell County Board of Commissioners. The Board of Commissioners
conducted a public information meeting for review of and comment on the plan on
1996. The meeting was advertised in the local newspapers on ,
1996.
The preliminary plan was submitted to the Coastal Resources Commission for comment in
Following receipt of CRC comments, the plan was
amended and a formal public hearing on the final document was conducted on
The public hearing was advertised in the local newspapers on
and The plan was approved by the Tyrrell County
Board of Commissioners on and submitted to the Coastal Resources
Commission for certification.
The plan was certified on
Citizen input will continue to be solicited, primarily through the Planning Board, and with
advertised and adequately publicized public meetings held to discuss special land use issues and
to keep citizens informed.
7
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i
STORM HAZARD MITIGATION, POST -DISASTER RECOVERY,
AND EVACUATION PLANS
' The purpose of a storm hazard mitigation plan is to assist a town or county in managing
development in potentially hazardous areas through establishing storm hazard mitigation policies
and to reduce the risks associated with severe storms and hurricanes by developing post -disaster
' reconstruction/recovery policies. The following provides the Tyrrell County Storm Hazard
Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plan.
I
STORM HAZARD MITIGATION POLICIES
The effect of storm related flooding in Tyrrell County is discussed on pages 66 and 67 of the
' Land Use Plan, and areas subject to flooding are shown on Map 7, page 68. The most severely
affected section of the county during a major storm would be the "Down East" area where a
Category 3 storm would inundate over fifty percent of eastern Tyrrell County. However, all
' developed areas of Tyrrell County are subject to wind damage. In a severe storm, over fifty
percent of the county's developed areas could be subjected to flood damage.
Hazard mitigation, . or actions taken to reduce the probability or impact of a disaster could
involve a number of activities or policy decisions. The starting point, however, is to identify
the types of hazards (including the relative severity and magnitude of risks), and the extent of
' development (including residential, commercial, etc.) located in storm hazard areas.
Hurricanes are extremely powerful, often unpredictable forces of nature. The four causes of
' fatalities and property damage are high winds, flooding, wave action, and erosion. Two of
these, high winds and flooding, apply to Tyrrell County.
' a. High Winds
High winds are the major determinants of a hurricane, by definition, i.e., a tropical disturbance
' with sustained winds of at least 73 miles per hour. Extreme hurricanes can have winds of up
to 165 miles per hour, with gusts up to 200 miles per hour.
These winds circulate around the center or "eye" of the storm. Although the friction or impact
of the winds hitting land from the water causes some dissipation of the full force, there is Still
' a tremendous amount of energy left to cause damage to buildings, overturn mobile homes, down
trees and power lines, and destroy crops. Also, tornadoes are often spawned by hurricane wind
patterns. Wind stress, therefore, is an important consideration in storm hazard mitigation
' planning.
b. Flooding
' The excessive amounts of rainfall and the "storm surge" which often accompany hurricanes can
cause massive coastal and riverine flooding causing excessive property damage and deaths by
drowning. (More deaths are caused by drowning than any other cause in hurricanes.) Flooding
can cause extensive damage in inland areas, since many areas of Tyrrell County have low
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IV-23

elevations. approximately 40% of Tyrrell County's total area is subject to storm related flood
damage. Consideration of potential flood damage is important to Tyrrell County's efforts to
develop storm mitigation policies.
C. Policy Statements: Storm Hazard Mitigation
In order to minimize the damage potentially caused by the effects of a hurricane or other major
storm, Tyrrell County proposes the following policies:
High Winds
Tyrrell County supports enforcement of the N.C. State Building Code. The county will
continue to enforce the State Building Code on wind resistant construction with design
standards of 110 mph wind loads.
Flooding
Tyrrell County is an active participant in the National Flood Insurance program and is
supportive of hazard mitigation elements. The county is participating in the regular
phase of the insurance program. This program is administered locally by the Tyrrell
County Central Permit Department. Tyrrell County also supports continued enforcement
of the CAMA and 404 Wetlands development permit processes in areas potentially
susceptible to flooding. When reviewing development proposals, the county will work
to reduce density in areas susceptible to flooding. In addition, the county will encourage
the public purchase of land in the most hazardous areas.
Mitigation Policies Related to Redevelopment of Hazard Areas After a Storm
Reconstruction of damaged properties in Tyrrell County after a storm will be subject to
the following:
" The North Carolina Building Code requires any building
damaged in excess of 50 percent of its value to conform with code
requirements for new buildings when repaired. (This will be
particularly beneficial in the event of wind damage.)
" The Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance requires that all
existing structures must comply with requirements related to
elevation above the 100-year floodplain elevation and flood -
proofing if they are substantially improved. A substantial
improvement is defined as "any repair, reconstruction, or
improvement of a building, the cost of which equals or exceeds 50
percent of the market value of the building either before the
improvement or repair is started, or before damage occurred if the
building has been damaged. "
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1
Evacuation Plans
The county will coordinate evacuation planning with all county agencies and
municipalities. Tyrrell County will encourage motels, condominiums, and multi -family
developments (five or more dwelling units) to post evacuation instructions that identify
routes and the locations of available public shelters. The county will update an
evacuation route map annually. Copies will be kept at the County Administration
Building in Beaufort for free distribution to the public.
Implementation: Storm Hazard Mitijzation
(a) Tyrrell County will continue to enforce the standards of the State Building Code.
(b) The county will continue to support enforcement of State and Federal programs
which aid in mitigation of hurricane hazards, including CAMA and the U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers 404 permit process, FEMA, as well as local ordinances
such as zoning and flood damage prevention regulations.
(c) The county will discourage high density development in high hazard areas through
implementation of the county's Zoning, Subdivision, and Mobile Home Park
Ordinances.
(d) Tyrrell County supports the public acquisition of high hazard areas with state and
federal funds when voluntary acquisition can be accomplished. The county
discourages condemnation of land for this purpose.
(e) Developed structures which were destroyed or sustained "major damage" and
which did not conform to the county's building regulations, zoning ordinances,
and other storm hazard mitigation policies, i.e., basic measures to reduce damage
by high winds, flooding, wave action or erosion, must be repaired or redeveloped
according to those policies. In some instances, this may mean relocation of
construction, or no reconstruction at all. Building permits to restore destroyed
or "major" damaged structures which were built in conformance with the county's
building code and county storm hazard mitigation policies shall be issued
automatically. All structures suffering major damage will be repaired according
to the State Building Code and county Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance. All
structures suffering minor damage, regardless of location, will be allowed to be
rebuilt to the original condition prior to the storm.
POST -DISASTER RECONSTRUCTION PLAN AND POLICIES
a. Introduction
A post -disaster plan provides a program that will permit a local government to deal with the
aftermaths of a storm in an organized and efficient manner. The plan provides the mechanisms,
procedures, and policies that will enable a local community to learn from its storm experiences
and to rebuild the community in a wise and practical manner.
IV-25

A post -disaster reconstruction plan encompasses three distinct reconstruction periods:
The emergency period is the reconstruction phase immediately after a storm. The
emphasis is on restoring public health and safety, assessing the nature and extent
of storm damage, and qualifying for and obtaining whatever federal and state
assistance might be available.
The restoration period covers the weeks and months following a storm disaster.
The emphasis during this period is on restoring community facilities, utilities,
essential businesses, etc., so that the community can once again function in a
normal manner.
The replacement reconstruction period is the period during which the community
is rebuilt. The period could last from months to years depending on the nature
and extent of the damaged incurred.
It is important that local officials clearly understand the joint federal -state -local procedures for
providing assistance to rebuild after a storm so that local damage assessment and reconstruction
efforts are carried out in an efficient manner that qualifies the community for the different types
of assistance that are available. The requirements are generally delineated in the Disaster Relief
Act of 1974 (P.L. 93-288) which authorizes a wide range of financial and direct assistance to
both local communities and individuals. The sequence of procedures to be followed after a
major storm event is as follows:
1. Local damage assessment teams survey storm damage within the community.
2. Damage information is compiled and summarized and the nature and extent of
damage is reported to the North Carolina Division of Environmental Management
(DEM).
3. DEM compiles local data and makes recommendations to the Governor
concerning state action.
4. The Governor may request a Presidential declaration of "emergency" or "major
disaster. " A Presidential declaration makes a variety of federal resources available
to local communities and individuals.
5. Federal Relief assistance provided to a community after an "emergency" has been
declared typically ends one month after the initial Presidential declaration. Where
a "major disaster" has been declared, federal assistance for "emergency" work
typically ends six months after the declaration and federal assistance for
"permanent" work ends after 18 months.
Federal disaster assistance programs previously provided aid for communities to rebuild in the
same way as existed before the disaster occurred. This policy tended to foster recurring
mistakes. However, recent federal policy has started to change the emphasis of disaster
assistance programs. Specifically,
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-- Executive Order 1198 (F000dplain Management) directs all federal agencies to
avoid either directly or indirectly supporting future unwise development in
floodplains (e.g., through sewer grants in locations that foster floodplain
development.)
-- Section 406 of the Disaster Relief Act can require communities, as a prerequisite
for federal disaster assistance, to take specific actions to mitigate future flood
losses.
The county has been provided a comprehensive listing of the Federal Disaster Assistance
Programs that may be available following a major storm. The programs identified fall into the
categories of Temporary Housing, Individual Assistance, and Assistance to Local and State
Governments. The listing is comprehensive and therefore all the programs listed may not be
applicable to Tyrrell County.
The remainder of this chapter presents recommended recovery procedures in the general
sequence of response by the county. While damage assessment (Sections B and C) will be the
first operations conducted by the county after a disaster, it should be realized that the
recommended recovery operations (Section D) will begin simultaneously. The remainder of this
chapter is, therefore, organized as follows:
1. Procedures that Tyrrell County should follow to carry out its damage assessment
program to meet all federal and state requirements including organization of the
damage assessment team and recommended damage assessment procedures.
2. An overall organizational framework for restoration operations after the
emergency period.
3. Replacement/reconstruction policies that the county should adopt to insure that
future development that does occur in local hazard areas is constructed in a
manner consistent with sound land use planning, public safety considerations, and
existing and evolving federal and state policy.
b. Organization of Local Damage Assessment Team
' A local damage assessment team should include individuals who are qualified to give reliable
estimates of the original value of structures, an estimated value of sustained damages, and a
description of the repairs. Additionally, the logistics involved in assessing damage in
unincorporated sections of the county after a major storm will necessitate the organization of
several damage assessment teams in Tyrrell County. The following are recommended team
members.
' Public Property Survey Team
' County Department Head(s)
Professional Engineer *
I
IV-27

Architect *
Sheriff's Deputy (driver)
Business and Industry Survey Team
Tax Assessor
Building Inspector
Industrial/Commercial Real Estate Broker * Chamber of Commerce
Representative * Architect
Sheriff's Deputy (driver)
Private Dwelling Survey Team
Two teams, depending upon capacities and plans of Cape Tyrrell and Newport:
Tax Assessor
Building Inspector
Residential Real Estate Broker
Building Contractor *
Sheriff's Deputy (driver)
*Community volunteers
The Emergency Management Coordinator should immediately undertake a recruitment effort to
secure the necessary volunteers and to establish a training program to familiarize the members
of the damage assessment team with required damage classification procedures and reporting
requirements. It is suggested that the county assume the responsibility for developing and
implementing a training program for both county damage assessment teams and the local damage
assessment teams that the towns establish. In establishing the county teams, it must be
recognized that it might be very difficult to fill certain positions, such as the building contractor
position, because the services of individuals with such skills will likely be in great demand after
a storm disaster. A commitment from the Home Builders Association may be a way of
guaranteeing needed assistance. Additionally, the Emergency Management Coordinator should
establish an active "volunteer file; " volunteers should have standing instructions where to
automatically report following a storm. Damage assessment forms and procedures should be
prepared now and distributed to volunteers as part of the training program.
C. Damage Assessment Procedures and Requirements
Damage assessment is defined as rapid means of determining a realistic estimate of the amount
of damage caused by a natural or manmade disaster. For a storm disaster, it is expressed in
terms of 1) number of structures damaged; 2) magnitude of damage by structure type; 3)
estimated total dollar loss; and 4) estimated total dollar loss covered by insurance.
After a major storm event, members of the Damage Assessment Team should report to the
Emergency Operations Center for a briefing from the Emergency Management Coordinator.
IV-28

One wayto effective) deploy teams to areas where damage seems to be y p y g concentrated would be
to have prearranged commitment from the Marine Corps to provide for a helicopter in
' reconnaissance of storm damage within the county for the Emergency Management Coordinator
in order to establish field reconnaissance priorities. The Civil Air Patrol may also appropriately
provide assistance during the damage assessment phase.
The extent of damage will depend on the magnitude of the storm and where landfall occurs along
the Atlantic coast. Because of the potentially large job at hand, the limited personnel resources
available to conduct the assessments, and the limited time within which the initial assessment
must be made, the first phase of the assessment should consist of only an external visual survey
' of damaged structures. A more detailed second phase assessment can be made after the initial
damage reports are filed.
' The initial damage assessment should make an estimate of the extent of damage incurred by each
structure and identify the cause (wind, flooding, wave action, combination, etc.) of the damage
to each structure. This first phase assessment should be made by "windshield" survey.
Damaged structures should be classified in accordance with the suggested state guidelines as
follows:
' -- Destroyed (repairs would cost more than 80 percent of value).
' -- Major (repairs would cost more than 30 percent of the value).
-- Minor (repairs would cost less than 30 percent of the value, but the structure is
currently uninhabitable).
-- Habitable (some minor damage, with repairs less than 15 percent of the value).
' It will be necessaryto thoroughly document each assessment. In man cases, mail boxes and
g Y Y
' other information typically used to identify specific structures will not be found. Consequently,
the Damage Assessment Team must be provided with tax maps (aerial photographs with property
line overlays), other maps and photographic equipment in order to record and document its field
observations. Enough information to complete the Damage Assessment Worksheet must be
obtained on each damaged structure.
' The second phase of the Damage Assessment Operation will be to estimate the value of the
damages sustained. This operation should be carried out in the Emergency Operations Center
under the direction and supervision of the Emergency Management Coordinator. A special team
' consisting of county tax clerks, tax assessment personnel, and other qualified staff should be
organized by the Emergency Management Coordinator. This team should then be incorporated
into this Damage Assessment Plan.
' In order to estimate total damage values, it will be necessary to have the following information
available for use at the Emergency Operations Center:
I
IV-29

-- A set of property tax maps (including aerial photographs) identical to those
utilized by the damage assessment field team.
-- County maps delineating areas assigned to each team.
-- Copies of all county property tax records. This information should indicate the
estimated value of all commercial and residential structures within the county.
Because time will be of the essence, it is recommended that the county
immediately commence a project listing the property values of existing structures
in unincorporated areas of the county on the appropriate lots of the property tax
maps that will be kept at the Emergency Operations Center. While somewhat of
a tedious job, it should be manageable if it is initiated now and completed over
a 2 to 3 month period. The information will prove invaluable if a storm disaster
does occur. This set of tax maps should be updated annually prior to the
hurricane season.
An alternative method that would be less accurate but perhaps more practical due to the time
constraints would be to utilize median housing values from the 1990 census or derived from the
county's tax digest. A simple chart could be devised for use in the field that presents median
values for houses and mobile homes by township. This chart could include the multiplying
factors to avoid the need for actual math calculations in the field. Because there are significantly
less commercial and industrial structures than homes, this portion of the assessment could still
be made utilizing the first method above.
The flood insurance policy coverage for property owners in flood hazard areas should be updated
before each hurricane season. This can be accomplished in concert with the local mortgage
institutions. Annual updates should be disseminated to each town and kept available in the
Emergency Operations Center for estimating the value of sustained damages covered by hazard
insurance.
In order to produce the damage value information required, the following methodology is
recommended:
1. The number of businesses and residential structures that have been damaged within
unincorporated areas of the county should be summarized by damage classification
category.
2. The value of each damaged structure should be obtained from the marked set of tax maps
and multiplied by the following percentages for appropriate damage classification
category: *
-- Destroyed - 100 %
-- Major Damage - 50%
-- Minor Damage (uninhabitable) - 25 %
-- Habitable - 10%
*These percentages are to be used only for assigning damage value; they do not
agree with the structural damage percentages on page IV-35.
IV-30

n
The total value of damages for the unincorporated areas of the county should then be
summarized.
4. The estimated value loss covered by hazard insurance should then be determined by: 1)
estimating full coverage for all damaged structures for situations where the average value
of such coverage exceeds the amount of damage to the structure; and 2) multiplying the
number of structures where damage exceeds the average value of insurance coverage by
the average value of such coverage.
5. Damage assessment reports should be obtained from each municipality and the data
should then be consolidated into a single county damage assessment report which should
be forwarded to the appropriate state officials.
6. Damage to public roads and utility systems should be estimated by utilizing current
construction costs for facilities by lineal foot (e.g., 10' water line replacement cost =
X$/L.F.).
The Damage Assessment Plan is intended to be the mechanism for estimating overall property
damage in the event of a civil disaster. The procedure recommended above represents an
approach for making a relatively quick, realistic "order of magnitude" damage estimate after a
disaster. This process will not provide the required information within the time constraints if
organization and data collection are not completed prior to the storm event.
d. Organization of Recovery Operation
Damage assessment operations are oriented to take place during the emergency period. After
the emergency operations to restore public health and safety and the initial damage assessments
are completed, the state guidelines suggest that a Recovery Task Force to guide restoration and
reconstruction activities be created to guide restoration and reconstruction activities during a
post -emergency phase which could last from weeks to possibly more than a year. The
responsibilities of the Task Force will be:
1. Establishing an overall restoration schedule.
2. Setting restoration priorities, in advance, by definition.
' 3. Determining requirements for outside assistance and requesting such assistance when
beyond local capabilities. (Predisaster agreement, procedures, contact persons, should
be defined before the disaster event.)
4. Keeping the appropriate state officials informed using Situation and Damage Report.
' 5. Keeping the public informed.
6. Assembling and maintaining records of actions taken and expenditures and obligations
' incurred. Standardized forms should be developed in advance and kept on file at the
EOC.
I
IV-31

7. Proclaiming a local "state of emergency" if warranted.
8. Commencing cleanup, debris removal and utility restoration activities which would
include coordination of restoration activities undertaken by private utility companies.
9. Undertaking repair and restoration of essential public facilities and services in accordance
with priorities developed through the situation evaluations.
10. Assisting private businesses and individual property owners in 1) obtaining information
on the various types of assistance that might be available from federal and state agencies,
2) in understanding the various assistance programs, and 3) applying for such assistance.
When a major storm does eventually hit Tyrrell County and major damages occur,
consideration should be given to establishing a Community Assistance Team within the
appropriate county department to carry out the above functions as long as there is a need
to do so.
In Before the Storm, a sequence and schedule for undertaking local reconstruction and
restoration activities is presented. The schedule was deliberately left vague because specific
reconstruction needs will not be known until after a storm hits and the magnitude of the damage
can be assessed. The following sequence of activities and schedule is submitted as a guide
which should be considered by the Recovery Task Force and reviewed as necessary after the
damage assessment activities are completed.
Activity
Time Frame
1)
Complete initial damage assessment.
Immediately after storm passes.
2)
Complete second phase damage assessment.
Completed by second week after the
storm.
3)
Prepare summary of master reconstruction
Completed one week after second
schedule.
phase damage assessment is
completed.
4)
Decision with regard to imposition of
One week after second phase
temporary development moratorium.
damage assessment is completed.
5)
Set reconstruction priorities and prepare
Completed one week after summary
master reconstruction schedule.
of reconstruction needs is completed.
6)
Begin repairs to critical utilities and
As soon as possible after disaster.
facilities.
7) Permitting of reconstruction activities for
One week after second phase
all structures receiving minor damages not
damage assessment is completed.
included in development moratorium areas.
8) Permitting of reconstruction activities for
Two weeks after second phase
all structures receiving major damages not
damage assessment is completed.
included in development moratorium areas.
IV-32

0
9)
Initiate assessment of existing mitigation
Two weeks after second phase
policies.
damage assessment is completed.
10)
Complete reevaluation of hazard areas and
The length of the period for
mitigation policies in areas subjected to
conducting reevaluations and
development moratorium.
receiving input from the state should
not exceed two months.
11)
Review mitigation policies and development
Two months after temporary
standards for areas subjected to
development moratorium is imposed.
development moratorium and lift
(Subject to change based on
development moratorium.
circumstances encountered.)
12)
Permit new development.
Upon suspension of any temporary
development moratorium.
e. Recommended Reconstruction Policies
It is recommended that the Tyrrell County Task Force consist of the following individuals:
• Chairman of the Board of County Commissioners
• Tyrrell County Manager
• Emergency Management Coordinators
• Chief County Tax Appraiser
• County Finance Director
• County Code Inspections Director
The following policies have been designed 1) to be considered and adopted by the Tyrrell
County Board of Commissioners prior to a storm; and 2) implemented, as appropriate, after a
storm occurs.
Permitting
1. Building permits to restore structures located outside of designated AEC areas that were
previously built in conformance with local codes, standards, and the provisions of the
North Carolina Building Code shall be issued automatically.
2. All structures suffering major damages as defined in the county's Damage Assessment
Plan shall be repaired or rebuilt to conform with the provisions of the North Carolina
Building Code, the Tyrrell County Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance, Tyrrell County
Zoning Ordinance, the Bogue Banks Land Protection Ordinance, Group Housing
Ordinance, and Mobile Home Park Ordinance.
3. All structures suffering minor damage as defined in the Tyrrell County Damage
Assessment Plan shall be permitted to be rebuilt to their original state before the storm
condition, provided non -conforming use regulations of the zoning ordinance are met.
IV-33

E
4. For all structures in designated AECs and for all mobile home locations, a determination
shall be made for each AEC as to whether the provisions of the N.C. Building Code, the
state regulations for Areas of Environmental Concern, the Tyrrell County Flood
Prevention Ordinance, and Tyrrell County Mobile Home Park Ordinance appeared
adequate in minimizing storm damages. For areas where the construction and use
requirements appear adequate, permits shall be issued in accordance with permitting
policies 1, 2 and 3. For AECs where the construction and use requirements do not
appear to have been adequate in mitigating damages, a Temporary Development Mora-
torium for all structures located within that specific AEC shall be imposed.
5. All individual mobile homes located in mobile home parks sustaining some damage to
at least 50% of their mobile homes in the park shall be required to conform with the
provision of the Tyrrell County Mobile Home, Mobile Home Park and Travel Trailer
Park Ordinance, and the county's Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance regardless of
whether such park is currently subject to these ordinances.
11
6. Permits shall not be issued in areas subject to a Temporary Displacement Moratorium
until such a moratorium is lifted by the Tyrrell County Board of Commissioners. '
Utility and Facility Reconstruction
1. All damaged water and sewer systems (both public and private) shall be repaired so as
to be elevated above the 100-year floodplain or shall be floodproofed, with the methods
employed and the construction being certified by a registered professional engineer.
2. All damaged roads used as major evacuation routes in flood hazard areas shall be
repaired so as to be elevated at least one foot above the 100-year floodplain elevation.
3. All local roads that have to be completely rebuilt shall be elevated so as to be above the
100-year floodplain elevation.
Temporary Development Moratorium
Under certain circumstances, interim development moratoriums can be used in order to give a
local government time to assess damages, to make sound decisions and to learn from its storm
experiences. Such a moratorium must be temporary and it must be reasonably related to the
public health, safety and welfare.
It is not possible to determine prior to a storm whether a temporary development moratorium
will be needed. Such a measure should only be used if damage in a particular area is very
serious and if redevelopment of the area in the same manner as previously existed would submit
the residents of the area to similar public health and safety problems. The Tyrrell County policy
regarding the proclamation of temporary development moratoriums shall be to:
Require the Tyrrell County Recovery Task Force to assess whether a Temporary
Development Moratorium is needed within one week after the damage assessment
process is completed. Such an assessment should clearly document why such a
IV-34

' moratorium is needed, delineate the specific uses that would be affected by the
moratorium, propose a specific schedule of activities and actions that will be
' taken during the moratorium period, and establish a specific time period during
which the moratorium will be in effect.
IV-35

H
SECTION V: RELATIONSHIP OF POLICIES
AND LAND CLASSIFICATION
The 15A NCAC 7B planning guidelines require that the Tyrrell County Land Use Plan relate
the policies section to the land classification map and provide an indication of the land uses
considered appropriate in each land classification. The county does not have county -wide
zoning. Therefore, consistency between the land classification system and zoning is not an
issue. The county's subdivision ordinance was updated in 1973 to ensure consistency with the
land use planning program.
A. DEVELOPED CLASS
The developed classification includes the incorporated area of Columbia. However, the Town
of Columbia is under the jurisdiction of its own land use plan. These will be high growth areas
requiring the full range of urban services. The developed class will accommodate all normal
land uses including: single and multi -family residential, commercial, public and semi-public,
institutional, transportation, and industrial.
B. COMMUNITY CLASS
Moderate density development, three dwelling units per acre or less, will be allowed in this
classification. Water and sewer utilities should be provided to eliminate health hazards. Land
uses will be limited to single and multi -family residential usage and commercial/service uses
necessary to support residential development. Support uses shall include: general and
convenience stores, public facilities, health care facilities, service facilities, and offices. The
community class may include some light industrial development. This classification includes the
following areas: Travis, Goat Neck, Alligator, Gum Neck, Kilkenny, Fort Landing, Colonial
Beach, and River Neck.
C. URBAN TRANSITION
Areas classified urban transition will provide lands to accommodate future urban growth within
the planning period. The average development densities will be less than the developed class
densities and greater than the limited transition class densities. These areas may be able to
support urban development by being generally free of physical limitations and be served or
accessible to service by urban services. Development may include mixed land uses such as
single and multi -family residential, commercial, institutional, transportation, industrial, and other
uses at high to moderate densities. Urban services should include water, sewer (including land
application treatment systems), streets, police, and fire protection. The urban transition areas
include areas adjacent to Columbia which are or can be provided municipal services, and the
Rider's Creek area.
D. LIMITED TRANSITION CLASS
The limited transition classification provides for controlled development with some urban
services. This classification includes those areas along the Albemarle Sound which are within
V-1

1,320 feet of the high water line on soils suitable for development. This does not include the
estuarine shoreline. This classification will require the development of some urban services
including water and sewer utilities. The predominant land use will be moderate density
residential development. However, other urban land uses including the following will be
allowed: commercial, public and semi-public, multi -family residential, service, office, insti-
tutional, commercial, and light industrial.
E. RURAL WITH SERVICES CLASS
The rural with services classification provides for very low density land uses, including
residential, where limited water services are provided in order to avert an existing or projected
health problem. Central sewer service may be provided. The areas included are those which
are expected to be provided water service during the planning. This category is essential to
support expansion of the Tyrrell County water system. It is the intent of this plan that the rural
with services classification follow the location of the county's water system. The corridors
following the waterlines are intended to be 200 feet from the right-of-way on each side of all
paved roads where waterlines are provided. They extend one-half mile on either side of the road
along which the classification is located. Other services such as volunteer fire protection, rescue
service, health care facilities, and government services to include prisons are allowed. Business
and industrial development uses and activities should be allowed. All uses allowed by 15A
NCAC 7H will be permitted.
F. RURAL CLASS
The rural class is the broadest of the land classes and is designated to provide for agriculture,
forest management, mineral extraction and other low intensity uses. Residences may be located
within the rural class where urban services are not required and where natural resources will not
be permanently impaired. Central water and sewer may be available within this classification.
Some large developments may be encouraged in the rural class when there is an absence of
otherwise suitable land within the developed and transition classes and/or when there is a
possible adverse development. Such large developments or uses include industrial parks, land
application sewer systems, and power plants. Public facilities, health care facilities, businesses,
on -site water and septic tank use, industrial uses, hazardous or noxious uses, and government
services to include prisons are allowed. In addition, all uses allowed by 15A NCAC 7H will
be permitted. Most of Tyrrell County is located in this classification.
G. CONSERVATION CLASS
The conservation classes are designated to provide for effective long-term management of
significant limited or irreplaceable areas which include the following categories: coastal
wetlands, estuarine shorelines, primary nursery areas, and estuarine and public trust waters.
Policy statements under Resource Protection and Resource Production and Management in
Section IV of this plan address the county's intentions under this classifications. The locations
of this classification are shown on Map 12. All uses allowed by 15A NCAC 7H will be
permitted.
V-2

' APPENDICES
I POLICIES CONSIDERED BUT NOT ADOPTED
' II CITIZEN PARTICIl'ATION PLAN

u
APPENDIX I
TYRRELL COUNTY/TOWN OF COLUMBIA
POLICY STATEMENTS CONSIDERED BUT NOT ADOPTED
TYRRELL COUNTY
RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICY STATEMENTS
Physical Limitations
Soils
-- Enforce, through the development and zoning permit process, all current regulations of
the N.C. State Building Code and North Carolina Division of Health Services relating
to building construction and septic tank installation/replacement in areas with soils
restrictions.
-- Tyrrell County opposes the installation of package treatment plants and septic tanks or
discharge of waste in any areas classified as coastal wetlands, 404 wetlands, or natural
heritage areas.
Groundwater/Protection of Potable Water Supplies
-- The county will plan for an adequate long-range water supply. In the planning process,
Tyrrell County will cooperate with adjacent counties to protect water resources. Public
and private water conservation efforts will be encouraged.
Manmade Hazards
-- Tyrrell County recognizes that it does not have any authority to regulate the area or
elevation of military flights. However, the county opposes any low level military training
flights that are not in compliance with the minimum safe altitudes for aircraft operation
as described in the Federal Aviation Regulations, Part 91.
-- With the exception of bulk fuel storage tanks used for retail and wholesale sales, and
individual heating fuel storage tanks, Tyrrell County opposes the bulk storage of
man-made hazardous materials in areas classified as developed and urban transition.
Storage of hazardous materials (not toxic waste) in low density areas classified as rural
or rural with services will be allowed. In those areas within the county in which federal
holdings are located, applicable state and federal regulations shall apply.
Tyrrell County is opposed to the establishment of toxic waste dump sites within the
county.

-- Any proposed new development posing the potential of serious detriment to the
environment, shall provide assurance of compliance with all applicable state and federal
environmental protection regulations and any other restrictions which may be imposed
by the county at that time. The county deems this to be necessary in order to prevent
possible irreversible damage from either air, water, or ground pollution and to help
safeguard the health of its citizens. [90]
Stormwater Runoff
-- Tyrrell County will continue to utilize the current system of the existing Subdivision
Ordinance (with no modifications) along with federal and state permit and review
processes; i.e., 404 and CAMA. This includes the restrictions placed upon land adjacent
to outstanding resource waters (575 feet landward) which lie within the 1,320 foot area
as defined by the county's conservation classification. [90]
Cultural/Historic Resources
-- Tyrrell County recognizes the importance of cultural resources such as significant
architectural and archaeological resources, and as such will protect these areas from
damage or destruction resulting from development. [90]
Industrial Impacts on Fragile Areas
-- Except as may be expressly allowed elsewhere in this plan, no industrial development of ,
any type shall be located in lands classified as coastal wetlands and 404 wetlands.
Miscellaneous Resource Protection
Package Treatment Plant Use
-- The county opposes the construction of state -approved package treatment plants in areas
not provided with central sewer service. I
-- The only centralized sewer service in the county is in the Town of Columbia. It may
become necessary to develop small package, treatment systems in order to accommodate
certain types of development in outlying areas of the county. This development may be
residential, commercial, or industrial. It shall be the policy of Tyrrell County to allow
such package plants if they can be constructed within the overall intent of this plan and
meet other federal and state environmental regulations. [90]
Marina and Floating Home Development
Marinas are considered to be any publicly or privately owned dock constructed to accommodate
more than ten boats, as defined by 15A NCAC 7H.0208--(5). Docks and piers are defined by
15A NCAC 7H.0208--(6). Tyrrell County will enforce the following policies to govern floating
homes and marina development:
2

-- The development of marinas has significant commercial and recreational potential in
Tyrrell County. Therefore, the county supports the development of marinas in
compliance with existing environmental regulations. Both Tyrrell County and the Town
of Columbia are Coastal Initiative Communities, and as such they are given special
consideration for economic development, especially when development is water related,
such as a marina. Because of the potential economic impact of marinas, Tyrrell County
petitioned the State Environmental Management Commission to not include the portio of
the Alligator River north of the US 64 bridge as ORW. Tyrrell County recognizes the
need and use of marinas as both an important recreation support resource, and as an
economic development resource. At the same time, the county does not wish to see
unnecessary degradation of its waters. Therefore, the county will encourage the
development of upland marinas where feasible, but not the total exclusion of waterfront
marinas. All marinas, regardless of location, must comply with applicable state and
federal regulations. The issue of floating homes has not been a major problem in Tyrrell
County. However, should they become an issue, the county would like to see
compliance with Health Department regulations for pumpout facilities and proper trash
disposal.
Tyrrell County recognizes the environmental benefits of developing marinas and boat
basins in upland locations, and the county supports such development where feasible and
in certain circumstances. However, upland excavated sites should not be permitted to
the complete exclusion of waterfront basins and marinas. Such proposals must be
reviewed on a case -by -case basis. [90]
-- Tyrrell County does not oppose the location of floating structures within its jurisdiction.
-- Drystacking facilities, like marinas, are viewed by Tyrrell County as an important
support resource for recreational boating and economic development. The county
supports the development of such facilities, provided they can be located in compliance
with existing state, federal, and local siting regulations. [90]
Mooring Fields
Tyrrell County does not object to the establishment of mooring fields within its planning
jurisdiction.
Development of Sound and Estuarine Islands
' -- Tyrrell County opposes any development on sound or estua
rine islands.
' Bulkhead Construction
' -- Tyrrell County will support bulkheading to protect its shoreline areas from intruding
water resulting from rising sea level.

I�
Sea Level Rise I
Tyrrell County recognizes the uncertainties associated with sea level rise. Although the rate of
rise is difficult to predict, Tyrrell County will implement the following policies. '
-- Tyrrell County will cooperate with local, state, and federal efforts to inform the public '
of the anticipated effects of sea level rise.
-- Tyrrell County encourages migrating shorelines in coastal wetland areas in order to '
preserve coastal wetlands. The county supports establishment of a state policy which will
protect the natural migration of coastal wetlands. Any state policy addressing migrating
shorelines should provide for the protection of developed areas. ,
-- Tyrrell County will monitor sea level rise and consider establishing setback standards,
density controls, bulkhead restrictions, buffer vegetation protection requirements, and ,
building designs which will facilitate the movement of structures.
Water Ouality Management '
-- Tyrrell County will pursue development and adoption of a local ordinance to regulate
swine production. '
Outstanding Resource Waters
Tyrrell County objects to any water areas being designated as outstanding resource waters, and ,
desires to have the Alligator River area ORW designations repealed.
D. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES '
Communitv Attitude Toward Resource Production and Mana ement
Recreation Resources
-- All lands classified as coastal wetlands and 404 wetlands areas are considered valuable
passive recreation areas and should be protected in their natural state. Development, as
allowed by this plan, may occur in these areas.
Productive Agricultural Lands
-- As authorized by Executive Order 96, "Conservation of Prime Agricultural and Forest
Lands," Tyrrell County supports and encourages the mapping of prime agricultural lands.
Tyrrell County, in recognition of the importance of agriculture to the county's economy,
believes that existing federal and state permitting procedures (CAMA and Corps of
Engineers) pose enough limitations to the use of farmland in the county. Because of the
soil types and topography, the county recognizes that proper drainage is essential and
must be allowed to continue as needed if it does not result in irreversible damage to
M

environmentally sensitive areas. No additional limitations or policies will be adopted.
The county will support and encourage the identification of prime farmland in Tyrrell
County and use of the Best Management Practices program. [90]
Productive Forestlands
-- As authorized by Executive Order 96, "Conservation of Prime Agricultural and Forest
Lands," Tyrrell County supports and encourages the mapping of prime forest lands.
-- The county believes that imposing additional restrictions area not necessary at this time
nor should be throughout the planning period. However, Tyrrell County will encourage
reforestation whenever feasible as a sound timber management practice. [90]
Residential, Commercial, and Industrial Development Impacts on Resources
-- Residential, commercial, and industrial development which meets 15A NCAC 7H use
standards and applicable ORW management plans, will be allowed in estuarine shoreline,
estuarine water, and public trust areas. In all other areas, development will be allowed
that is consistent with applicable local, state, and federal regulations. However,
development should not be prohibited by the enforcement of 404 wetland regulations.
-- Except as otherwise permitted in this plan, residential, commercial and industrial
development should not be allowed in natural heritage areas, coastal wetlands or 404
wetlands.
-- Tyrrell County discourages any additional point source discharges of pollution into
outstanding resource waters. In addition, Tyrrell County reserves the right to review and
comment on the approval of outfalls on a case -by -case basis.
-- Residential development meeting the use standards of 15 NCAC 7H.0209 shall be
allowed in estuarine shoreline and ORW estuarine shoreline classified lands.
-- Only commercial and industrial uses that are water dependent and which cannot function
elsewhere will be allowed in estuarine shoreline or ORW estuarine shoreline areas.
Examples of such uses would include but not necessarily be limited to marinas, consistent
with the policies of this plan, boat repair and construction facilities, and restaurants that
do not extend into or over estuarine waters and/or public trust waters.
-- Development will be permitted in some areas subject to erosion, provided proposals
comply with provisions outlined for development within estuarine shorelines. [90]
-- Tyrrell County realizes the inevitability of some development occurring in high hazard
flood areas because of the lack of soils suitable for septic tank placement. Therefore,
the county will continue to participate in the National Flood Insurance Program and
implement a full -phase Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance and promote enforcement
through the county building inspection program. Proposed developments which are not
11
5

otherwise damaging to AEC's may be permitted, provided protective measures which
comply with flood insurance requirements are imposed. [90]
-- Development in areas where soil types have limited bearing capacity will not be
encouraged. [90]
-- In areas with possible septic tank limitations, Tyrrell County will remain committed to
decisions rendered by the Health Department's Sanitarian. [90]
Marine Resource Areas
-- Continue to protect the integrity of surface waters by requiring a minimum buffer of
1,320 feet on both sides of estuarine waterways. This area will also be designated
conservation in the county's land classification system. This buffer does not include
areas where the soils are suitable for development. This 1,320 foot buffer applies only
to areas that are shown as Dorovan Muck, Chowan Silt, and Pungo Much type soils in
the Soil Survey of Tyrrell County, North Carolina. [90]
-- The county will support aquacultural activities as an economic development alternative
[90]
E. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Stormwater
-- Tyrrell County will cooperate with the NCDOT, the North Carolina Division of
Environmental Management, and other state agencies in mitigating the impact of
stormwater runoff on all conservation classified areas. The county will actively support
the Division of Environmental Management stormwater runoff retention permitting
process through its zoning permit system.
Energy Facility Siting and Development
-- Tyrrell County will not oppose drilling operations and onshore support facilities for
which an environmental impact statement has been prepared with a finding of no
significant impact on the environment.
Community Facilities
Tyrrell County will remain committed to providing needed services, as economically feasible,
to accommodate new residential, commercial, and industrial development in the county. [90]
Types and Locations of Desired Industry
-- Industrial development is crucial to economic growth in Tyrrell County. The county's
heavy reliance on employment in the service, agricultural, and forestry sectors should be
balanced by the development of a base of industrial/manufacturing employment.
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' Therefore, Tyrrell County supports all industrial development which satisfies applicable
state and federal regulations.
' Assistance in Channel Maintenance
' Proper maintenance of channels is very important in Tyrrell County because of the substantial
economic impact of commercial fisheries. Commercial fishing is increasing in the county. If
silt or other deposits fill the channels, this could impede efficient docking of the commercial
' vessels. With adequate channel maintenance, Tyrrell County could begin to make more
utilization of its extensive waterways for water transportation purposes.
ITOWN OF COLUMBIA
' E. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
Community Attitude Toward Economic and Community Development
' 2. Local Commitment to Service Provisions - The town's and the county's water systems
currently have substantial excess capacities. The Town of Columbia, like the county, is
' committed to providing water services to support new growth and development within
its jurisdiction and in certain circumstances beyond its jurisdiction. The town's sewer
system, however, does not currently enjoy the same excess -capacity as the water system.
' Nevertheless, the town is committed to extending sewer services to support new
development, based on available capacity. The town does recognize the need to expand
its sewer system's capacity. [90]
' e) The town will review and update its Subdivision Ordinance.
' 5. Coastal and Water/Beach Access - The town will consider modifying its existing
Subdivision Ordinance to require shoreline access provisions.

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APPENDIX II
TYRRELL COUNTY
CITIZEN PARTICIPATION PLAN
PREPARATION OF LAND USE PLAN
FISCAL YEAR 1995-96
Tyrrell County has received a FY95-96 Coastal Area Management Act grant for the update of
the Tyrrell County/Town of Columbia Land Use Plan. Adequate citizen participation in the
development of the Plan is essential to the preparation of a document responsive to the needs
of the citizens of Tyrrell County and Columbia. To ensure such input, the following citizen
participation program will be utilized by the county and the town.
The Board of Commissioners will work with the county/town planning consultant to ensure that
the final product will survey existing land use, identify policies, recommend strategies/actions,
and identify Areas of Environmental Concern. The plan will focus on issues expected to occur
during the planning period, including infrastructure needs, housing needs, transportation
planning, and environmental. A completely new land classification map will be provided.
Specifically, the planning consultant and the Planning Boards of Tyrrell County and the Town of
Columbia will be responsible for ensuring accomplishment of the following:
' r Establishment of policies to deal with existing and anticipated land use issues.
Preparation of a land classification map.
-- Preparation of hurricane mitigation and post -disaster recovery plans and policies.
Assessment of opportunities for participation in state and federal programs.
An updated Land Use Plan based on an effective citizen participation process.
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The following schedule will be utilized:
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1. November, 1995 -- Conduct initial meeting with the Tyrrell County Board of
Commissioners and have resolution adopted.
2. December, 1995 — Have the Citizen Participation Plan and contract adopted by the Board
of Commissioners. The Board of Commissioners will conduct a public information
meeting. The meeting will be advertised in a local newspaper. The county will specifically
discuss the policy statements contained in'the 1991 Tyrrell County/Town of Columbia
Land Use Plan. The significance of the policy statements to the CAMA land use planning
process shall be described. The process by which Tyrrell County/Town of Columbia will
solicit the views of a wide cross-section of citizens in the development of the updated
policy statements will be explained.
3. December, 1995/January, 1996 — complete identification of existing land use problems,
develop socioeconomic base data, and review community facilities needs.
4. December, 1995/May, 1996 — Continue preparation of a draft Land Use Plan and conduct
meetings with the Tyrrell County/Town of Columbia Planning Boards.
1

5. June, 1996 -- Present complete draft sections of the plan and preliminary policy '
statements to the Tyrrell County/Town of Columbia Boards of Commissioners.
6. July, 1996 — Review draft Land Use Plan with the Boards of Commissioners, conduct a '
public information meeting for review of the proposed plan, and submit draft of completed
Land Use Plan to the Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources staff
for review and comment. '
7. Following receipt of Coastal Resources Commission comments (estimate October or
November, 1996) — Present proposed Land Use Plan to Boards of Commissioners for '
adoption, and conduct a formal public hearing.
All meetings of the Tyrrell County/Town of Columbia Planning Boards and Boards of '
Commissioners at which the update of the Land Use Plan will be discussed will be advertised
in a local newspaper in a non -legal ad section. In addition, public service announcements will
be mailed to local radio stations and posted in the Tyrrell County Administration Building and the '
Town of Columbia Municipal Building. All meetings will be open to the public. The county will
encourage and consider all economic, social, ethnic, and cultural viewpoints. No major
non-English speaking groups are known to exist in Tyrrell County. '
11 /27/95 '
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