1994 Land Use Plan Update Sketch Level-1995

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LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
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THE TOWN OF COLERAIN
1994
LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
Sketch Level
Local Adoption Date: April 3, 1995
CRC Certification Date: May 26, 1995
u
The preparation of this document was financed in part through a grant provided by the North
Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the Coastal Zone
Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and
Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

Prepared for:
Burney Baker
Wayland Barnes
Prepared by:
Milton Felton
Jinny Fringer
Technical Assistance:
TOWN OF COLERAIN
LAND USE PLAN UPDATE
1994
Town Board of the Town of Colerain
Lee Wynns, Mayor
Jean Burkett, Town Clerk
Duncan Hughes
CAMA Planning Committee
William Harrison
Mid -East Commission
P.O. Box 1787
Washington, NC 27889
. 919-946-8043
Planner -In -Charge
Jane Daughtridge, AICP
Planning Director
Mark Johnson
Planner
Cecil Davis
Bill Harrell
Russ Ray
William Fowler

' Town of Colerain
Land Use Plan Update
'
1994
'
Introduction
.....................................................
'
I.
Existing Conditions
A. Population....................................................
B. Housing .
'
C. Economy ....................................................
II.
Land Use
'
1. Existing Conditions ...
Map 1: Existing Land Use .......................................
2. Land Use Concerns .........................................
'
Public Participation Survey Results ............................
M.
Current PLans, Policies and Regulations
1. Regulatory Controls .........................................
2. Other Plans and Policies ..................................... .
1989 Land Use Policies. • .•..••••.•••.••.••..•..•.•
N.
Development Constraints
'
1. Physical Limitations ..................................... .
Map 2: Soils .............................................
Table 6: Soil Limitations....... ................. .
'
2. Fragile Areas .........
3. Areas of Resource Potential .................................
4. Carrying Capacity .........................................
'
F. Assessmant of 1988 Policy Statements ............................ .... .
III.
1994 Policy Objectives and Implementation Strategies
A. Resource Protection ................................................
B. Resource Production and Management ...................................
C. Economic and Community Development .................................
D. Continuing Public Participation •
E. Storm Hazard Mitigation ...........................................
'
IV.
Land Classification
Classification Scheme ................................................
'
Map 3: Land Classification .......................................
APPENDIX
A State and Federal Regulatory Devices
C�
Page
1
1
3
4
6
6a
6
7
9
10
12
12a
12b
13
14
15
14
19
24
26
29
33
32
36a

INTRODUCTION
The Town of Colerain adopted its current Land Use Plan in 1989. This
document is a continuation of the Town's effort to conform to the requirements of the
Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA), and representS an update of the 1989 plan.
The 1989 Land Use Plan has been used as a guide in this effort. Once certified, this
update will be used to direct future development in Colerain.
This plan will have the following five primary objectives:
1. to further define and refine local policies and issues;
2. to further examine and refine the land classification system and the land
classification map;
3. to assess the effectiveness of the existing land use plan and its
implementation;
4. to further explore implementation procedures; and
5. to promote a better understanding of the land use planning process.
Because the above mentioned objectives are continuations of the 1989 Land
Use Plan, the 1989 Plan has served as a basis for much of the update. Many of the
issues that were included in the previous plan, will be covered in this plan due to the
fact of their continued relevancy.
CAMA land use guidelines require four basic elements to be included in all
plans. These elements areas follows:
1. a summary of data collection and analysis;
' 2. an existing land use map;
3. policy discussion; and
4. a land classification map.
In addition to the four elements listed above, all new issues that were not included in
the previous plan will be addressed.
The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant provided by
the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the
Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration.
L EXISTING CONDITIONS
A. Population
Colerain is located in the northern Coastal Plain in the northeastern part
of Bertie County on the western shore _of_ -the Chowan River. ---The Town's
population has remained small over the years. A decline in population has

occurred since a 1970 high of 373. In recent years the rate of decline appears
to be slowing. Between the 1970 and the 1980 Census the population of
Colerain declined by about 24%, compared to a 15% decline between the
1980 and 1990 Census.
Bertie County's overall population, like many of the counties in Region
Q, showed minor increases between 1970 and 1980. However, between 1980
and 1990, three of the five counties in Region Q showed a decrease in
population of about three percent (3-0/6).
TABLE 1. POPULATION OF COLERAIN, BERTIE COUNTY
M BERTIE (%)
' YEAR COLERAIN CHANGE COUNTY
CHANGE
1970 373 - 20,528 -
1980 284 -24 21,024 +2.4
1990 241 -15.1 20,388 -3
Data Sources: 1990. U.S. Census, Office of Budget and: Management;- Mid -East:
Commission;. Town of:Colerain.
REGIONAL POPULATION
% CHANGE % CHANGE
COUNTY 1970 1980 1990 70 - 80 80 - 90
Beaufort
35,980
40,355
42,283
12.2%
4.77%
Bertie
20,528
21,024
20,388
2.4%
-3.02%
Hertford
23,529
23,368
22,523
-.7%
-3.61 %
Martin
24,730
25,948
25,078
4.9 %
-3.35 %
Pitt
73,900
83,651
107,924
13.2 %
29.01 %
Total 178,667 194,346 218,196 8.8 % 12.27 %
The population of Colerain appears to be stabilizing. Factors such as the availability
of water and sewer and the proximity of the Chowan River, may serve as a catalyst
for future growth.
2

' B. Housing
' Much of the housing data for Colerain in the 1990 U.S. Census is
believed to be in error, although no official correction has been made. The
1990 Census shows only sixty-six housing units in the Town of Colerain. This
' figure would represent a fifty-two percent (52%) drop from the 1980 total of
138 housing units, but significant demolition has not taken place. About thirty-
six percent of the housing units in Bertie County are between thirty and forty
' years old.
TABLE 2. BERTIE COUNTY HOUSING UNITS BY YEAR STRUCTURE BUILT
H
r
NO.
YEAR UNITS TOTAL
89 to 90
213
2.6%
85 to 88
683
8.2 %
80 to 84
707
8.5 %
70 to 79
2,263
27.2%
60 to 69
1,415
17%
50 to 59
1,109
13.3 %
40 to 49
748
9 %
1939 or earlier
1,193
14.3 %
TOTAL
8,331
Source:: 1990 U.S. Census. .:
HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS 1990
Bertie Co. Region
No. of Units No. of Units
Total households
7,412
81,527
Single -person household -
1,797
20,400
Total housing units
8,331
89,973
Single-family units
8,106
76,316
Vacant units
919
13,398
Renter occupied
1,909
28,537
Units without plumbing
642
3,108
Persons/household
' Median value unit
Median Rent
SOURCE: 1990 U.S. CENSUS
2.74 3.0
$39,100 -
$ 135 -
3
F

7
I
C. Economy
In 1980, forty-seven percent (47%) of Colerain's total population
consisted of persons sixteen years and older in the labor force. With a 1990
total population of 241 it can be estimated that 113 persons are sixteen years
and older are in the labor force. The citizen survey revealed that most Colerain
residents are employed in nearby communities such as Ahoskie, Windsor,
Edenton, or Plymouth. Some residents travel to the Hampton Roads area for
work.
The town has traditionally been a port for herring and rockfish
processing. Perry-Wynns Fish Company still operates. There is also a small
business district in the center of town.
The Town's tax rate is $.55 per $100.00 real property valuation.
TABLE 3. EMPLOYED BERTIE COUNTY PERSONS BY INDUSTRY TYPE.
INDUSTRY
# OF % OF
EMPLOYED LABOR
PERSONS FORCE
Agriculture, Forestry,Fishing, Mining,
877
10.6
Construction
380
4.6
Manufacturing
Nondurable Goods
1,712
20
Durable Goods
1,399
16.9
Transportation
135
1.6
Communication, Other
Public Utility
134
1.6
Retail Trade
1,023
12.4
Wholesale Trade -
317
3.8
Finance, Insurance and
Real Estate
201
2.4
Business and Repair Services
219
2.7
Personal, Entertainment, and Recreation Services
209
2.5
Health Services
348
4.2
Education Services
673
8.1
Other Professional and Related Services
279
3.3
Public Administration
359
4.3
Source: 1990 U.S. CENSUS
4
H

1990 FAMILY INCOME
COLERAIN
BERTIE COUNTY
INCOME
% OF FAMII.IES
% OF FAM[nM
less than $5,000
0%
9 %
$5,000 to $9,000
42%
12%
$10,000 to $14,999
5%
13%
$15,000 to $24,999
18 %
24 %
$25,000 to $34,999
5 %
18 %
$35,000 to $49,000
5 %
13 %
$50,000 to $74,999
24%
7%
$75,000 to $99,999
0%
2%
$100,000 to $149,999
0%
1 %
$150,000 or more
0%
.28 %
Colerain Median Family Income (dollars) $20,500
Bertie County Median Family Income (dollars) $21,537
SOURCE: 1990 U.S.. CENSUS'.'
0
5

LAND USE
' A. Existing Conditions
Land use in Colerain has not changed much in the past five years. The
' Town of Colerain is a small fishing and farming village, surrounded on all sides
by farmland. Most developed land within the Town is residential. At the time
of this report, a small business district in the center of Town includes: W. E.
' White Insurance, A. D. Jernigan Insurance, Hairlines by Phylis, Western
Taxidermy, Centura Bank, Lazy Hill Farm Design, Sprint Telephone Office,
Eastern Fuels (C. W. Beasley Oil Co.), Farless Grocery, Gean Adam's
' Laundromat, and the Red Apple Store. There are about six buildings in the
business district that are now vacant. Institutional uses include the Post
Office, Town Hall building, cemetery and Colerain Elementary School. A major
' east coast seafood processing facility, the Perry- Wynns Fish Company, borders
the River.
IB. Land Use Concerns
There have been minor changes in land uses in the past five years. The
' most notable change is the increased number of vacant downtown buildings.
The current status of the wastewater treatment system will prove to be a major
constraint.to development (pp 15-16). If the sewer problems can be -adequately.. -
addressed, land east of Town along the Chowan River has the potential to.
develop with residential uses. There are no industries currently within the Town
limits of Colerain.
' Cultural Resources
The Town of Colerain does not have any properties or archaeological
' sites currently listed on the National Register of Historic Places or on the North
Carolina Division of Archives and History Study List for future nomination to the
Register. However, the N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Division of
' Archives and History, has noted the following structures of historic or
architectural significance in Colerain:
' • Beasley House - located on the southwest corner of Academy
and Main Streets; two-story wood frame structure constructed
in the 1820s.
' • Revel -Wade House - located on the northwest corner of Academy
and Main Streets; two-story wood frame structure constructed in
-- - --
the late 1820s or early 1830s.

P
• Colerain Community Library - previously a doctor's office, the
Library is located on Winton Street; one-story, wood frame
structure constructed around 1940.
There are several known archaeological sites within the Colerain planning
area, principally along the Chowan River. The high ground along this River is
of particular interest to the N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Division of
Archives and History. Old Indian artifacts have been found along the banks of
the river.
Natural Resources
The soils which make up Colerain's area are generally moderately to
poorly drained soils. They are, however, well suited for both agricultural and
woodland uses. In the Colerain area, soil types GoA, NoA and NoB are
described as prime farmland. These soil types make up the majority of soils in
Colerain.
Colerain is located about one-half mile west of the Chowan River, an
important natural asset. This River is flows to the Albemarle/Pamlico Sound,
which is the second largest estuarine system on the east coast of the United
States. Proximity.to the river.has made Colerain thelargestcommercial fishing
area in Bertie County.
I PUBLIC PARTICIPATION AND CITIZEN SURVEY RESULTS
CAMA requires that local residents be afforded the opportunity to have input in the
development of these land use plans. In addition to putting notices of the "Land Use
Planning Advisory Committee" activities in local newspapers, a survey was distributed
' to get feedback from the public. It was decided by the Planning Advisory Committee,
that public participation in the form of a citizen survey would achieve maximum input
from the public. The questionnaire was made available to the public at the Town
Clerk's office, distributed by various committee members, and taken door-to-door to
households and merchants. Of the sixty (60) surveys distributed, there were sixteen
(16) respondents for a response rate of 27% .
iThe results of the Citizen Survey reinforced many of the observations made by
planning committee members. Results of the survey will be incorporated throughout
much of the plan. The section below is a summary of the responses for each
question in the survey.
7

I TABLE 5. COLERAIN CITIZEN SURVEY
' 1. How long have you lived in Colerain?
' Less than 3 years 1 3-5 years _ 6-10 years _ 11-14 years _
15 or more 12
2.
Do you own or rent your home? Rent 2 Own 12
3.
What are your feelings concerning the availability of housing? a) more is
needed 2 b) adequate 11
4.
Are you retired 10 • employed 5 , or unemployed ?
If employed where do you work? a) Colerain 3 b) Bertie Co. _ c) in NC
but not in Bertie County. 1 d) Virginia _
'
5.
What type of development would you like to see in Colerain, if any? a)
Business 11 b) Industry 7 c) Residential 1 d) None_
6.
How- do you feel about loitering, around businesses in Colerain?.' a) small
problem- 4 , b).major problem 11 , c) no problem
7.
Please rank the following services in terms of importance in seeking grants,
the number 1 being the most important. a) police protection 1 , b) fire
protection 3 , c) sewer 2 d, road improvements 4
'
8.
In your opinion, are there adequate recreational facilities in Town? yes 1
no 13
9.
Do you feel that speed limit regulations are adequately enforced? es 1
Y P 9 q Y Y
'
no 13
10.
How do you rank the condition of roads in the Town of Colerain? a)
excellent
b) fair 13
N

1 III. CURRENT PLANS, POLICIES AND REGULATIONS
1. Regulatory Controls
The Town has few local regulations in place to control land
'
development. Because growth in Colerain has been virtually nonexistent in
recent years, there has been no real pressure to develop additional land use
controls. The Town currently enforces zoning within the Town limits. The
Town has not adopted subdivision regulations. The subdivision of land is
mostly determined by the Bertie County Health Department, though the
septic tank permitting process. The Town has not been mapped by the
'
Federal Emergency Management Agency, and as a result, no floodplain
regulations are in effect. The Bertie County Building Inspector enforces the
N.C. State Building Code. The County Building Inspector only inspects new
construction and additions. To inspect existing homes, a minimum housing
code needs to be adopted. The Town has no historic district or historic
district regulations.
Additional State and Federal regulations that control land use and
development are listed in Appendix A.
'
2. Other Plans and Policies
Ipolicy-
The Town of Colerainhas no. official open space policies. The Town's
concerning recreation. is --dictated by high insurance rates.-.- Until.,the -
Town can find a way to pay for the high cost of insurance on the public:
park, it cannot aggressively pursue a recreation program. -
The Town is working on a deal with Bertie County, that would allow
the County to take over the operation and maintenance of the Town's water
system. Due to the serious problems Colerain is having with the sewage
system, the State will not permit the Town to expand sewer service.
Colerain adopted its first land use plan in 1989. The 1989 plan, as
required by CAMA, enumerated policy statements and implementation
strategies on Resource Protection; Resource Production and Management,
Economic and Community Development, Storm Hazards and Public
'
Participation. The following is an abbreviated version of these policy
statements, including an evaluation of their effectiveness.

1
' ABBREVIATED
TOWN OF COLERAIN
1989 LAND USE POLICIES
1.
Undertake appropriate measures to increase public awareness of
'
environmentally
fragile areas by supporting and advising citizens on how to comply
with State and
Federal environmental programs.
A. Make information available to citizens on the area's
environmental resources and promote their preservation.
- The Town has not supplied local residents with information
concerning environmental resources.
2. The Town
of Colerain wishes to preserve its historical resources by working
with owners
of grope= with historical value to seek preservation of IL e� rties
'
through local,
State, and Federal means.
A.
The Town will inventory the properties in the area which may be of
significant historical value.
- This has not been pursued by the Town.
B.
The Town will make available to those historic owners:
property
additional information concerning nomination to the National Register
'
of Historic Places.
- The Town has not followed through with this strategy.
C. The Town will seek to keep its residents informed of the historical
resources it possesses and will participate in and support the
protection of all historical sites and areas.
+ The Town continues to support the efforts of any property
owner who would like to have his or her structure placed on the
.National Register of Historic Places.
3. The Town of Colerain will develop a specific area -wide drainage plan to
implement as developed and developing areas are brought into the Town's
jurisdiction.
1 10

'
A.
The Town will utilize recent detailed soil maps from the Bertie County
Soil Conservation Service in developing an area -wide drainage plan.
+ The Town has a Drainage Plan as part of the CDBG grant
application.
B.
The Town will seek financial and/or technical assistance from State
and Federal agencies to help implement a specific drainage
'
improvement plan as necessary.
+ The Long Branch community received a grant to correct
'
drainage problems in the area.
4 The
Town recognizes the need for and supports the expansion of the existing
'
water and
sewer systems in order to attract development.
A.
The Town will analyze the existing water and sewer systems and
determine what needs to be done to upgrade and expand these
systems.
'
- The Town sewer system was found to be in violation of State
standards.
B.
If feasible, the Town will apply for grants for water and/or. sewer. -
system improvements.
'
+ The Town is currently working with consultants from McDavid
Associates to investigate possible funding sources to upgrade
its sewer system.
5 Developing land use and planning controls will be of primary importance as a
'
means of
promoting orderly growth and development.
A.
The Town will prepare and adopt a zoning ordinance.
'
+ The Town contracted Mid -East Commission to prepare its first
zoning ordinance.
B.
The Town Council will appoint a Planning Board.
1 The Town Council appointed itself as Planning Board.
1 11
Ll

1
C. All adopted land use related plans will be continuously reviewed and
updated as necessary.
+ This Land Use Plan represents the five year update of the 1989
plan.
D. All land use control ordinances will be reviewed for needed revisions
at least annually.
1/2 The Town's Zoning Ordinance is updated as needed.
E. The Town will pursue the possibility of establishing extraterritorial
jurisdiction.
Town officials decided not to adopt extraterritorial jurisdiction.
6. The Town of Colerain will make efforts to promote a safe environment for
' its citizens by increasing police protection in the Town.
A. The Town will investigate financing possibilities for the employment of
at least a part-time police officer.
1 /2 The Town hasnot hired a part-time police officer: but does have
a sheriff's deputy living in Town.
Total Score: 8 of a possible 14 points, or 57% implementation.
IV. DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS
Development constraints can be divided into the following two categories:
Land Suitability and Carrying Capacity. Constraints associated with land suitability
are subdivided into three categories: physical limitations, fragile areas, and areas of
resource potential. There are few factors associated with land suitability
constraining the development of land in and around the Town.
Physical Limitations for Development.
A variety of physical factors determine the suitability of land for
development. These factors include soil and subsoil conditions, topography,
potential for flooding, and existing land uses of the surrounding area.
Soil conditions determine the suitability of land for building
construction and for in -ground sewage disposal systems. The major soils in
the Colerain area are listed in Table 6. As shown on map 2, the Colerain
12

m1m m m
MAP 2
."�'#"OLERAIN
SOIL MAP
1994
•� Town BandfFy
YM FIBA/MTm OF THE MM qN F%mCEC, N
PAIR *MW A ~ PNODU® W WE NOATN
RPM PWADED BY DE OOMTAL ZONE MAIMO9IENT ACT OF
1WL AS AM WED. VMM ■ IIOMnIEFED GY THE
OFFICE OF OCEMI MO COWAC PESMACE MANAODOENt
NAT"UC OCIMM MO ATMOSPERC ADMNIfWA7M
BERTIE COUNTY
COLERAIN
E

TABLE 6
SOIL LIMITATIONS
SOIL TYPE
SEPTIC TANKS
SEWAGE LAGOON
Ed
severe
slight
BOB
moderate
severe
CrB
severe
severe
DK(Dv)
severe
severe
GoA
severe
severe
Ly
severe
severe
NoA
moderate
moderate
NoB
moderate
moderate
Ra
severe
severe
TM
severe
severe
WtE
severe
severe
SOIL SYMBOL KEY
Bd(Bdw)
Bladen fine sandy loam
BoB(WaB)
Bonneau loamy sand, 0 to 6 percent slopes
CrB(DuB)MdB
Craven fine sandy loam, 1 to 4 percent slopes
DK(Dv)
Dorovan muck
GoA(GoB)
Goldsboro sandy loam, 0 to 3 percent slopes
LAW
Lynchburg fine sandy loam
NoA
Norfolk sandy loam, 0 to 2 percent slopes
NoB
Norfolk sandy loam, 2 to 6 percent slopes
Ra
Rains fine sandy loam
TM
Tomotley sandy loam
WtE
Winton loamy fine sand, 16 to 60 percent slopes
L,
12b
DWELLINGS PLAYGROUND
severe
severe
slight
moderate
moderate
moderate
severe
severe
slight
slight
severe
severe
slight
moderate
slight
moderate
severe
severe
severe
severe
moderate
moderate

' Soils Map, the Colerain area contains eleven soil types. Soil types NoB, Ly,
CrB and GoB make up the majority of the soils in the Colerain area. Most of
the soils in the Colerain area have severe septic tank limitations. Because
'
the Town has a public sewer system, soil limitations concerning septic
systems is not currently a major constraint to development.
Steep slopes can also limit development, however in Colerain like
'
much of Eastern North Carolina, the land is fairly level. Because of the
flatness of the land, topography should not restrict development. Water
'
generally tends to stay on flat areas for longer periods of time, increasing
the likelihood of flooding during rainy periods. As previously mentioned, the
Long -Branch community is in the process of correcting its drainage and flood
problems. The Town of Colerain has not been mapped for floodplain areas
by the Federal Emergency Management Agency so there are no known
flood -prone areas within the community. Manmade hazards do not appear
to be a significant constraint to development.
Eastern Fuel Company has a propane storage facility located in the
downtown area. Local residents recognize these tanks as a possible threat
'
to public safety if one should explode.
A long-term constraint to development may be posed by the
'
availability of water resources. The Town obtains its municipal water supply
from groundwater wells. The wells pump water out of the Upper Cape Fear
aquifer. Many groundwater users in eastern North. Carolina also receive their.
groundwater from .this Upper. Cape Fear aquifer -as well.... The State. Division .. -:...
of Water. Resources studied the effects large water withdrawals from the
Cretaceous aquifer near Franklin Virginia, have on the Lower. Cape. Fear.
aquifer. Studies revealed that the water levels of the Lower Cape Fear has,
been lowered.
Fragile Areas. There are three areas identified by the Coastal
Resources Commission as Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC's). These
three areas include, the public trust waters of the Chowan River, the
estuarine waters associated with the River, and a seventy-five foot estuarine
' .
shoreline bordering the River. Development in these fragile areas are must
meet State and Federal guidelines.
It is the responsibility of the Army Corps of Engineers to supervise the
alteration of 404 wetlands. Any alteration of these lands requires a permit
from the Army Corps of Engineers. As more is learned about the functions
'
of wetlands, the vital role they play in the protection of water quality and
the survival of certain animal and plant species becomes increasingly
apparent. Inland wetlands furnish vital life -cycle habitat and food for fish
'
and wildlife. Wetlands have been proven to remove pollutants from
degraded waters. At the same time, wetlands absorb flood -volumes so that
flood waters and surges are moderated and properties in downstream areas
'
are protected. Within the wetlands , it has been found that undisturbed
1 13
P

'
riparian vegetation can help filter pollutants (including pesticides and soils)
that are often swept off adjacent lands by stormwater runoff. Finally,
'
wetlands serve to recharge vital groundwater supplies.
According to the State Division of Archives and History, there are no
structures listed in the National Register of Historic Places in the Colerain
'
area. Bertie County, however, has several sites that are listed among North
Carolina National Register of Historic Places, a list of which is included in the
appendix. The closest of these sites is the Garrett - White House, located in
'
the vicinity of Trap on the North side of Highway 42. Although not on the
State Historic Register the following three structures are believed to be
historically significant:
'
• Beasley House - located on the southwest corner of Academy and
Main Streets; two-story wood frame structure constructed in the
'
1820s.
• Revel -Wade House - located on the northwest corner of Academy and
'
Main Streets; two-story wood frame structure constructed in the late
1820s or early 1830s.
'
• Colerain Community Library - previously a doctor's office, the library is
located on Winton Street; one-story, wood frame structure
constructed .in 1940. .
The area adjacent to the Chowan River is not only!significant
environmentally, but it also has cultural significance. There have been indian-..
'IY{
artifacts found near the high ground along the river.
Areas of Resource Potential. Areas having the following
'
characteristics are considered "areas of resource potential": mineral
sites,publicly owned forests, fish and gamelands, privately owned wildlife
sanctuaries and public parks. No such sites exist in the Colerain planning
area. There are- recreational facilities in the area but those facilities are
private. Prime farmland is also considered a potential resource. Of the
'
eleven soil types found in the Colerain planning area, four of the soil types
are considered prime farmland soils. Prime farmland soils found in the
Colerain area include CrB, GoA, NoA and NoB. Three other soil types, if
'
properly drained, are also considered prime farmland soils. These soils
include Ly, Ra and Tm. The naturally prime farmland soils, combined with
the properly drained prime farmland, account for approximately seventy-five
'
percent of soils in the Colerain Planning area. Prime farmland soils generally
possess the following characteristics:
14

C
' * prime farmland is one of several kinds of important farmland defined
by the U.S.D.A.
'
* it is of major importance in providing the nation's short and long range
needs for food and fiber.
* the acreage for high -quality farmland is limited; the U.S.D.A.
recognizes that government at local, state and federal levels, as well
'
as individuals, must encourage and facilitate the wise use of our
nation's prime farmland.
* prime farmland soils are those soils that are best suited to produce
'
food, fiber, feed and forage ; prime farmland soils have properties that
are favorable for economic production of sustained high yields of
'
crops.
* prime farmland soils produce the highest yields with minimal inputs of
'
energy and economic resources, and farming these soils result in the
least damage to the environment.
'
Nationally there has been a trend to develop prime farmland for urban
purposes. The loss of such land to non -farming uses pushes farming . . .
activities onto. marginal lands,, which generally. require, more -investments
cultivate.
Carrying Capacity Limitations of Public Facilities and Services. -:
The carrying capacity of a town may be determined by an examination
of its water and sewer system; schools, landfill, police and fire protection,
'
public administration and transportation system. The potential limitations
public services may place on future growth must be examined in light of
'
current service capacity and growth projections.
As illustrated in the statistical section of this plan the population of
Colerain declined by three percent(3%) between 1980 and 1990. This three
'
percent declined in population was also reflected in the Bertie County
population for the same time period. Projected population growth should not
exceed the ability of the local government to provide for additional demand.
'
The capacity of the Town to provide public services is summarized below.
1. Water Services
' Colerain has a municipal water system that was constructed in 1938.
This system currently serves approximately 241 residents with 141 water
connections, two of which are out of Town. A water tower located in the
1
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'
southeastern portion of the Town off Main Street, holds approximately
38,000 gallons of water. Residents use approximately 66,000 gallons of
water per day or close to two million gallons per month.
The tower is replenished by a main well which has a maximum
pumping capacity of 500 gallons per minute. A second well on the same
site acts as a back up in case the main well fails. This second well has a
'
maximum pumping capacity of 50 gallons per minute, and the well also
provides water for fire protection. Eighteen fire hydrants are integrated into
'
the Town's water system. The Town is in the process of replacing all
existing fire hydrants.
Colerain has relatively good water quality and a abundant quantity of
'
water. Public water is available for most areas within the Town limits. The
operation and maintenance of the Town's water system will be taken over
by Bertie County within the five year planning period. Local Residents will
'
have to pay a minimum water fee of $27.00 per month for service.
'
2. Sewage Dis oossal
The wastewater collection and treatment facilities for Colerain serve
'
241 residents within the Town's limits. It is a secondary treatment plant.
The facility was constructed in 1976 and has the capacity to treat 75,000,
gpd. ,The system currently -treats and.discharges.38,000 gpd,into:a tributary. ...
of the Chowan River. Since this system is operating >just:under: 50 percent,
it has sufficient, capacity.to serve future Aevelopment. However, the ,.-=
'
effluent quality -of the plant's discharged wastewater is not in compliance
with State standards. Preliminary studies suggest that the infiltration of
water into the system could be a major problem. The Town is currently
investigating the possibility of applying for a grant to address problems
'
associated with the wastewater treatment system. The engineering firm of
McDavid and Associates is assisting the Town in pursuing grants to upgrade
the system. The Town will file a "Special Order by Consent" (SAC) with the
'
North Carolina Department Of Health and Natural Resources. If approved, it
will allow the Town to develop a timetable to address its wastewater
treatment concerns.
State officials report that the nitrogen and phosphate levels in the
discharged wastewater are too high and must be reduced.
'
Most residents of the area surrounding Colerain rely on septic tanks
for wastewater disposal.
' 3. Solid Waste Disposal
ISolid waste collection is provided by J and J Waste in Aulander.
16

1
Waste is collected once weekly and each customer pays a $5.52 fee for the
service. The refuse is hauled to the Regional landfill. Fallen tree limbs and
yard debris are also deposited in the landfill.
4. Drainage
' The Town's storm drainage system, complete with curb and gutter,
effectively drains excess water into outlying areas of the Town's limits. The
drainage problem of the Long Branch neighborhood, located south of Town,
is currently being addressed. The Town has been awarded a CDBG to
correct the drainage problems in the Long Branch neighborhood
' (community).
'
5. Transportation
All of the public streets in Colerain are paved. State Road 1337, just
'
outside of Town, has not been paved because the State could not get the
necessary right-of-way. The State has installed curb and gutter on portions
of River Street toward the Chowan River.
'
Two major highways intersect at the center of Town; Highway 42,
running east to the River and west.to Powellsville,.and Highway. 45, running
north to Harrellsville and running south parallel to the Chowan River.
Most of the .respondents -,to the citizen survey felt that road conditions
in Colerain are fair..: Because of the lack of police protection speed limit
regulations are not being adequately. enforced.
'
6. Police. Fire, and Rescue -
The Town does not presently employ any police officers as it once
'
did. The Town now relies on the Bertie County Sheriff's Department for
police protection. The Town currently has one Sheriff's Deputy living in
Town. Many of the citizens feel more secure with the deputy living so
close. Fire protection is provided by the Town of Colerain Volunteer Fire
'
Department which consists of approximately twenty (20) men. The Fire
Department is equipped with two pumpers and one tanker.
The Bertie County Emergency Management Coordinator estimates
approximately forty (40) calls for fire protection from the Colerain area per
year. Response time for these calls is adequate.
'
The Town has a volunteer rescue squad with nineteen (19) active
Emergency Medical Technicians (EMTs), two ambulances,. one rescue unit
and one equipment van. Bertie County Emergency Management personnel
'
estimates that the Colerain Squad responds to approximately 275 calls per
17

0
year. Although it is a volunteer rescue squad with many EMTs working
during the day, the response time to calls is exceptionally good.
In all of rural Bertie County it is estimated that 450 fire related calls
are responded to on an annual basis. County EMS responds to an average
of 1,400 calls per year.
In addition to the Colerain fire and rescue squads, the Town has a
mutual aid agreement between all towns in Bertie County for additional fire
protection facilities and emergency medical support from other nearby
communities.
7. Medical Services
There are no doctors practicing or living in the Town of Colerain. The
Bertie County Health Department, however, conducts a walk-in clinic, a
hypertension clinic, and a Women, Infants, and Children's (WIC) pick-up
station five separate days of the month from a trailer located on Winton
Street.
Aside from the Health Department's clinics, residents can obtain
medical services from surrounding communities such as Ahoskie, Windsor,
and Edenton.
The Town has no pharmacy in operation at -the present, although they::... .
have had one in the past.
Students in the Town of Colerain attend County Schools. There is one
school located within the Town limits, Colerain Elementary School, which
serves grades K-5 for residents of Colerain and the surrounding countryside.
Bertie County Board of Education officials reported an enrollment of 300
pupils for Colerain Elementary School for the 1993 academic year. Sixth
through eighth graders attend C. G. White Middle School in Powellsville,
which has a enrollment of 298 pupils. Ninth through twelfth graders are
bused to Bertie High School, located about 20 miles from Colerain. Bertie
High had a 1993-94 enrollment of 1,131. All of the schools in Bertie
County are said to be operating at or near capacity.
9. Recreational Facilities
Colerain owns land in the center of the Town where a library, the
Town Hall, a community building and a small park are located off Winton
Street. Because of the high cost of insurance, the equipment at the park
ff:?
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had to be disassembled. The elementary school has a recreational area.
The Colerain Beach and Boat Club is located at the east end of River
Street (Hwy 42) where a private dirt road runs along the River. This Club is
privately owned and opened only during the summer to members and their
guests. It has fishing and swimming piers, a slide, picnic pavilions, a boat
ramp, and seesaws. A local church has tennis courts that are opened to
church members and their guests.
V. 1994 POLICY OBJECTIVES AND IMPLEMENTATION STRATEGIES
This Plan represents an update of the Town's 1989 plan. The Coastal Area
Management Act regulations specify that all land use plans shall contain policy
statements in the following areas: resource protection, resource production and
management, economic and community development, storm hazard mitigation, and
continued public participation.
A. Resource Protection
As discussed in the previous section -entitled "Fragile Areas" there are
three areas in the Colerain planning area that.are considered Areas of -
Environmental Concern (AEC's): These environmentally'sensitive-areas are
associated with the waters and land adjacent to the .Chowan,River. The.
Chinkapin Swamp area, located about one mile West of Colerain, could
prove to be wetlands. Development in these areas should be limited not
only because of negative environmental impacts but also because of the
possibility of damage to the structures caused by flooding. Floodplain
encroachments, such as artificial fills for development, reduce the flood -
carrying capacity and add to flood heights, thereby increasing the possibility
of flooding in other areas beyond the encroachment itself. Flood zones for
the Town of Colerain have not been determined by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency (FEMA). The Chinkapin Swamp area is predominately
undeveloped. There is currently a mixture of institutional, recreational and
residential uses in the area bordering the Chowan River. The Army Corps of
Engineers regulates alterations to any land determined to be 404 wetlands.
Cultural resources are important to Colerain Residents. Although
there are no structures currently listed on the National Register of Historic
places, significant historical structures do exist in Colerain. If these local
historically significant structures are placed on the National Register of
Historic Places property owners would enjoy a tax break. The Town would
benefit by the preservation of these older structures as well. The
preservation of these structures would serve as a visible record of the
19

Town's history and heritage. Old familiar structures and landmarks add to
the character of the Town and make it unique.
' The following is a listing of policy objectives the Town has adopted to
protect its sensitive natural resources. Also included are implementation
strategies the Town will attempt to employ over the next five years in an
' effort to achieve these policy goals.
1. Constraint to Develop
'
(a) Soils
Applicability: Seven of the eleven soil types have severe or
moderate limitations concerning the construction of dwellings.
The remaining four soil types have only slight limitations
concerning dwelling construction. Eight of the soil types have
'
severe .septic tank limitations.
Alternatives: Limit development to areas that have suitable
soils; let developers build anywhere at their own risk.
'
Policy: Discourage construction on soils that are not suitable.
Strategy: Encourage property owners to consult with -the Bertie
'
County Soil Survey before beginning construction.,..
(b) Floodprone Areas
Applicability: The Town of Colerain has not been mapped for
floodplain areas by the Federal Emergency Management
Agency, therefore there are no official flood zones in the town
'
limits. Areas outside of Town along the Chowan River and the
Chinkapin Swamp have been mapped. The Chinkapin Swamp
and the Chowan River area have flood zone classification A and
A-5 respectively.
Alternatives: Do nothing and let the Army Corps of Engineers
'
handle these matters; amend the existing zoning ordinance by
adopting a floodplain overlay zone.
Policy: Support the efforts of the Army Corps of Engineers in
carrying out the 404 wetlands regulations.
Strategy: Inform potential builders of the possible requirement
of a permit to build in certain areas.
1
20

' (c) Development in Areas of Environmental Concern (AECs)
Applicability: There are no areas of enviromental concern
' within the Town's jurisdiction. Estuarine Waters and Esturaine
Shoreline exist in the unofficial ETJ.
' Alternative: Support the State's Division of Coastal
Management in its efforts to protect areas of environmetnal
concern.
Policy: The Town will continue to support development of
water dependent activities in these areas.
Strategy: Inform potential builders to contact the Division of
Coastal Management if development is within the 75 foot
estuarine shoreline.
(d) 404 Wetlands
Applicability: The Army Corps of Engineers regulates the
development or alteration of 404 wetlands. There has been
much debate concerning wetlands definition methods.
Alternative: Support the Army Corps of Engineers efforts in
regulating wetlands.
Policy: The Town will continue to support the efforts- of the
Army Corps of Engineers in regulating these areas.
Strategy: Inform potential builders to contact the Army Corps
of Engineers before altering any land suspected of being
wetlands.
(e) ORWs; Shellfish Waters; Maritime Forest; Pocosin
Applicability: DOES NOT APPLY
(f) Freshwater Swamps and Marshes
Applicability: The eastern edge of the Chinkapin Swamp is
about one mile west of Colerain towards Ahoskie. These areas
are vital to the survival of surrounding plant and animal life.
They also serve as a natural filtering system for surface water.
Alternative: Advise property owners in this area to contact the
Army Corps of Engineers before building to determine if this
area is 404 wetland.
21

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Policy: Support the regulating of this area by the Army Corps
of Engineers.
Strategy: Encourage property owners who are considering
making alterations to the land to contact the Army Corps of
Engineers.
(g) Cultural and Historic Resources
Applicability: As previously mentioned, there are at least three
structures, though not on the National Register of Historic
Places, which are viewed by many locals as being historically
significant.
Alternatives: Alternatives include amending the.zoning
ordinance to include a historical overlay district; continue to
support the efforts of property owners who would like their
properties listed in the National Register of Historic Places.
Policy: Support the efforts of private property owners that
would like to apply to have their structure listed in the National
Register of Historic Places.
Strategy: Give out information to citizens concerning how to
get their property_ in the National Register of Historic Places.
(h) Hurricane and Flood Evacuation Plans
Applicability: This topic is discussed in great detail in the
following section. Colerain operates under the adopted Bertie
County Disaster Relief and Assistance Plan. The County's
Emergency Management Coordinator is responsible for testing
the effectiveness of the plan.
Alternatives: Follow the guidelines of the Bertie County
Emergency Operation Plan.
Policy: Support all the efforts and actions spelled out in the
Bertie County Disaster Relief and Assistance Plan.
Strategy: Work with the County's Emergency Management
Coordinator to test evacuation procedures.
(i) Means of Protecting Potable Water Supply
Applicability: Colerain receives all its potable water from two
underground wells. If underground water in the area becomes
contaminated it could threaten the health of local residents.
22

' Alternatives: Let appropriate State agencies handle all water
quality issues; cooperate with State agencies to enforce water
' quality standards.
Policy: Support State and Federal water quality standards
Strategy: the Town will make every effort to comply with all
regulations concerning water quality.
' (jl Use of Package Treatment Plants
Applicability: The Town is currently using a package treatment
facility. However this facility does not meet State Standards
and is currently under a $3,000.00 fine.
'
Alternatives: Pursue ways to bring the current system into
compliance.
Policy: Seek financial assistance to help correct the problems
associated with the sewage treatment facility.
Strategy: Continue to work with McDavid Associates to
correct sewage treatment problems.
'
(k) Stormwater. Runoff
Applicability: Stormwater runoff associated with agricultural
practices and residential development could have a detrimental
'
effect on plant and animal life in the Colerain area. Pesticides
and herbicides used in many agricultural practices could be
washed into creeks and ponds during rainy periods. There are
'
no phosphate or peat mining operating in Colerain.
' Alternatives: Adopt land use regulations that would limit
development densities thereby reducing the amount of runoff;
work with soil conservation officials to encourage farmers to
' use BMP's.
Policy: Reduce the amount of pollutants being washed into
' creeks and ponds.
Strategy #1: Encourage new home builders to leave as much
' natural vegetation as possible undisturbed.
Strategy #2: Encourage farmers to use best management
practices to reduce the amounts of chemicals used in
' agricultural production.
23

(1) Marina and Floating Homes; Industrial Impact on Fragile Areas;
Development of sound and estuarine system islands; Restriction
of development within areas up to five feet above mean high
water that might be susceptible to sea level rise and wetland
loss; Upland Excavation for Marina Basins; Damaging of
existing marshes by bulkhead installation
Applicability: DOES NOT APPLY
IB. RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT
Agriculture land use is the dominant land use surrounding the Town of
Colerain. About seventy-five percent of the soil surrounding Colerain is considered
prime farmland or could easily be converted into prime farmland. Bertie County's
fertile agricultural land is considered the area's most valuable natural resource.
The Town encourages the use of land outside the Town limits for farming and
agricultural related businesses. The Town also wishes to reduce the possible
negative effects agricultural uses could have on the environment.
Colerain does not have much in terms of public recreational facilities. There
are tennis courts and a boating club in the area but both are privately owned and
operated. At one time the Town had a small playground, complete with picnic
tables, benches, swings, and.a small merry-go-round. Due to costs associated
with maintenance and insurance, the playground equipment had to be remove from
the park area.
Approximately seventy percent (70%) of the land area in Bertie County is
forest. There are large commercial forestry operations in Bertie County. Although
there are no commercial forestry operations in the Colerain area, private
landowners may sell timber off their land to supplement their income. The Town
will support commercial forestry operations that will not have a negative impact on
the environment. -
The largest commercial fishing operation in Bertie County is located on the
Chowan River just outside of Town. There are no mining or mineral production
activities taking place in the Colerain area.
The following is a listing of policy goals the Town has adopted concerning
resource production and management. Included are strategies that the Town will
pursue.
24

I(a) Productive Agricultural Lands
Applicability: Much of the vacant land in the Colerain area is
considered prime farmland and in most cases should be used as such.
'
The use of BMPs should always be encouraged to reduce the
environmental impact associated with agricultural production.
Alternatives: Alternatives include supporting the use of BMPs by
farmers or totally disregarding the possible negative effects
'
agricultural production can have on the environment.
Policy: The Town will support the use of BMPs in agricultural
'
production.
Strategy: Refer local farmers to the Cooperative Extension Agency for
information on possible BMPs that could be utilized in their farming
operation.
'
(b) Commercial Forest Lands
Applicability: DOES NOT APPLY
'
(c) Existing or Potential Mineral Production Areas
Applicability: DOES NOT APPLY
'
(d) Commercial and Recreational Fisheries; Including -Nursery and Habitat
Areas, ORWs and Trawling Activities in Estuarine Waters..
Applicability: Perry-Wynns Fish Company is the largest commercial
'
fishing operation in Bertie County. Local residents also enjoy
recreational fishing. All residents of Bertie County can enjoy
recreational fishing in the Colerain area without any additional license
'
or fees.
'
Alternatives: Attempt to increase public access to public trust waters
or assume that existing public access points adequately serve the
population.
'
Policy: The Town assumes that existing water access points
adequately serve the population.
'
Strategy: Make local residents aware of existing water access points.
I(e) Off Road Vehicles
Applicability: DOES NOT APPLY
u
1
25

' (f) Residential, commercial and industrial land development impacts on
any resources.
Applicability: Colerain, like many Towns in Bertie County, lost
population between the 1980 and 1990 Census. Based on this trend,
the population will probably continue to decrease over the next five
' years. Because the current sewage treatment system is in non-
compliance, growth is unlikely in the foreseeable future. Any kind of
development increases the amount of surface water run-off which in
' turn could increase the rate of erosion.
F
1
Alternatives: Alternatives include amending the local zoning ordinance
by restricting development densities or supporting the State
requirement of an erosion control plan when more than one acre of
land is disturbed.
Policy: The Town will support the State's goal of reviewing all plans
that disturb more than one acre.
Strategy: Contact the Land Quality Section, Division of Land
Resources when any development disturbs more than one acre of
land.
(g) Peat or Phosphate mining impact on any resource
Applicability: - DOES NOT APPLY.
C. ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
The 1990 U.S. Census estimated that there were 105 persons in Colerain
sixteen years or older. The largest employment sector for Colerain residents is
educational services (21 % of all employed persons). The second largest
employment sector is the manufacturing of nondurable goods (19% of all
employed persons). Most of the respondents to the "Colerain Citizen Survey"
reported working in Colerain. Colerain is a small rural community in Bertie County
and, like many small towns in the area, is losing population. Although there are
about ten businesses located in town, residential property taxes make up the bulk
of the Town's revenues. The local tax rate is $.55 per $100.00 real property
valuation. Most of the businesses are located in the downtown area.
The Town is in desperate need of funds to bring the wastewater treatment
system into compliance with State standards. Town officials have obtained the
services of McDavid Associates to investigate the possibility of CDBG funding.
The following is a list of policy objectives the Town has adopted to provide
for community growth and economic development.
(a) Types and Location of Industry Desired
Applicability: The expansion of the existing fishing industry and the
Q:
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recruitment of new industries and commercial enterprises are of major
importance to local officials. Industrial development would increase
the Town's tax base and provide job opportunities for local residents.
Almost all of the respondents to the survey (94%) would like to see
industrial or commercial development.
Alternatives: Alternatives include not restricting the location of any
industry or supporting the location of industries in particular areas.
Policy: The policy shall be to encourage the location of industries
based on the needs of the industries and possible environmental
impact.
Strategy: Encourage the location of environmentally friendly
industries with high wage jobs to locate along River Street.
(b) Local Commitment to Providing Services to Development
Applicability: The Town currently provides water to all areas inside
the city limits. State restrictions will not allow the Town to expand
its wastewater treatment system until the system is in compliance.
Alternatives: Support the efforts of Bertie County to provide water to
areas outside of Town and seek funding to upgrade the sewer system..
Policy: The Town policy will be to make every effort to provide
services to any new development in the Town limits of Colerain.
Strategy: Extend services to structures inside the Town limits on a
case by case basis.
(c) Redevelopment of Developed Areas
' Applicability: There are no concentrated areas of substandard or
dilapidated structures. Most substandard structures are scattered
throughout the community.
' Alternative: Pursue grants to rehabilitate substandard structures.
Policy: The Town will pursue rehabilitation of substandard houses
throughout the community.
Strategy: Apply for a grant that would permit scattered site
redevelopment.
27

(d) Commitment to State And Federal Programs
Applicability: The Town of Colerain supports any State and Federal
programs which improve the quality of life of its residents, such as
the Community Development Block Grant program. Town officials are
concerned about the implementation of required programs that are not
funded by the State or Federal government. Un-funded mandates put
a hardship on towns the size of Colerain.
Alternatives: Encourage State and Federal officials to give financial
support for mandates; totally disregard all un-funded programs.
Policy: The Town of Colerain will support all State and Federal
programs, especially those that improve the quality of life for its
citizens.
Strategy: Contact State officials to request funding for mandated
programs.
(e)
Assistance to Channel maintenance and beach nourishment projects.
Applicability: DOES NOT APPLY
(f)
Energy Facility Siting And Development
1;
Applicability: DOES NOT APPLY
(g).
Tourism
Applicability: Colerain is not generally considered a destination point
for tourists. The few visitors that come to the Town are attracted by
the close proximity of the river.
Alternative: The Town could try to publicize freshwater fishing as a
tourist attraction and support efforts of the Historic Albemarle Tour
program.
Policy: The policy shall be to continue the current level of support for
the Historic Albemarle Tour program.
Strategy: Make literature on the Historic Albemarle Tour program
available at Town Hall.
(h)
Coastal And Estuarine Water Beach Access
Applicability: The Town feels that the available access is adequate.
(i)
Types densities, location, units per acre of anticipated residential
development and services to support development
28

Ll
' Applicability: Because of the Town's sewage problems, not much
residential development is anticipated. Colerain uses the regional
landfill located in Bertie County to dispose of solid waste.
Alternatives: Amend local zoning ordinance by subdividing residential
' zones by density levels; allow market forces to determine
development densities.
' Policy: Encourage new single family residential development inside
the Town limits of Colerain.
' Strategy: Classify areas inside the Town limits as developed on the
Land Classification Map.
' D. CONTINUING PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
At the Beginning of this update the Land Use Planning Committee adopted a
' "Citizen Participation Plan". This "Citizen Participation Plan" included the following
elements:
' a. Review and approval of the land use plan by the Town Board of
Commissioners who are elected by the citizens.
l : b. Conduct an opinion survey to solicit public opinion
C. Give news interviews of the Land Use -Planning Committee activities.
d. All meetings are open to the general public
e. Hold public hearing once draft is completed
' f. Hold public hearing prior to the adoption of the plan
The Town Board of Commissioners who are elected by the Citizens of
Colerain make up the planning board. All proposed changes to local zoning
ordinances require residents to have an opportunity for input at a public hearing.
The education of local residents must occur before the public can fully
participate in the planning process. Public education can be accomplished by
holding a round table discussion on planning issues. Members of the Planning
Board may also attend a one week course at the Institute of Government.
The general public will be kept up to date with current planning decisions by
reporting all important issues and decisions to the Bertie Ledger.
29

1 s.
i
ii
STORM HAZARD MITIGATION, POST -DISASTER RECOVERY POLICIES
Storm Hazards
The Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post -Disaster Recovery and Evacuation Plan,
for the 1989 plan was submitted to the Bertie County Emergency Management
Coordinator for review. All recommended changes have been incorporated into
this update. North Carolina is well known for the hurricanes and tropical storms
that batter its coastline and the tornados that ravage inland areas. Typically, the
bulk of hurricane storm damage occurs in coastal areas. Hurricanes and tropical
storms have, however, caused severe damage in inland areas in the past. Thus,
even inland counties and their local municipalities must effectively plan for storm
hazards. This section summarizes the actions Bertie County and the Town of
Colerain have undertaken to protect residents and resources from the damaging
effects of hurricanes and other major storm events.
Hazard Areas
The Colerain area has few floodplain areas identified by the Federal
Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) that will pose a threat during a
major storm event. Colerain does not have Areas of Environmental Concern
within its corporate limits and no extraterritorial jurisdiction has been
established. The Chowan River lies in the unofficial ETJ. High winds pose
the greatest storm threat in the Colerain area. Falling trees and blowing,
debris could severely -damage property and threaten, human safety. Heavy
rains also pose risks. A small swamp area is located just west of Town.
The heavy rain encountered with a major storm event will quickly fill
drainage channels, low spots and wetlands, and localized areas of flooding
are likely to occur.
Evacuation and Reconstruction
Bertie County adopted an Emergency Operation plan in 1994.
Colerain is under the jurisdiction of this plan. The Bertie County Plan is fairly
broad in scope, -covering man-made as well as natural disasters.
The County's Emergency Management Coordinator has the
responsibility of developing and conducting exercises to test the evacuation
plan and will coordinate the action of local emergency services and
operations during a storm event. The County has five designated emergency
shelters. Colerain residents would be directed to the West Bertie School in
the event of an emergency.
When damages are experienced, reentry will be based upon damage
assessments and any response operations in progress. The County Tax
Supervisor is to serve as County Damage Assessment Officer and carry out
the County's Damage Assessment Plan. Should damage from a storm be
especially severe, the County has the authority to impose a temporary
30

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moratorium on all development in the area. Such a measure would be used
only if damage to a particular area is very serious and if redevelopment of
the area in the same manner would pose residents with similar health and
safety problems in the future. Recovery operations will be in accordance
with Section Q of the Bertie County Emergency Operation Plan. After emer-
gency operations to restore public health and safety and initial damage
assessment are completed, the Colerain Town Council will assume responsi-
bility for ensuring orderly repair and rebuilding in the Town. The Town advo-
cates the following schedule for staging and permitting repairs and
construction in Colerain: first priority --replacement of essential services such
as power, water, sewer, telephone, and roadways; second priority --major
repairs; third priority --minor repairs; fourth priority --new development. All
repairs and new development will be in conformance with applicable State
and local development controls. Development outside of Town in flood -
prone areas must comply with the County floodplain ordinance.
•• • • 4141141*1
State and Federal agencies involved in coordinating local storm
hazard mitigation and hurricane preparedness activities are listed in Appendix
A.
Policy Statements ,
The Town acknowledges that the Colerain area is subject to storms
that threaten the health, safety, and welfare of its residents and the integrity
of its natural and cultural resources. In an effort to plan for such natural
storm disasters and to safeguard local residents, resources, and property,
the Town has adopted the following storm hazard policy objectives.
1. Reduce the potential for loss of property and human lives through
regulatory controls.
a. Enforce the State building code in all new construction.
b. Consider adopting a housing code.
2. Increase public awareness of the need for hurricane preparation.
a. Support the "preparedness" program the County Office of
Emergency Management conducts in local schools.
b. Participate in practice and drill exercises sponsored by the
Office of Emergency Management.
31

6. LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
The purpose of the land classification system is to provide a uniform
way of looking at how the use of land interacts with environmentally
sensitive areas and with the development needs of a particular locality. It
is not a strict regulatory device in the sense of a zoning ordinance or
zoning map. It represents a tool to aid in understanding the relationships
' between various land use categories and how these relationships help
shape local policy. Particular attention is focused on the intensity at
which land is used and the level of services needed to support that
intensity. The Coastal Area Management Act's land use planning
guidelines state:
"The land classification system provides a framework to be
used by local government to identify the future use of all lands
in each county. The designation of land classes allows the
local government to illustrate their policy statements as to
where and to what density they want growth to occur, and
where they want to conserve natural and cultural resources by
guiding growth." (713.0204)(a).
The land classifications, along with a land classification map, are
' therefore intended to serve as a visual representation of the policies
stated in the preceding discussion. The map depicting these
classifications must be as flexible as the policies that guide them. (See
' Land Classification Map.) Please keep in mind that although area
surrounding the Town is included in this map, the Town's current
jurisdiction is limited to the area in the present corporate limits of
Colerain. The land classifications indicated outside Town represent the
future classification intention of Colerain to be implemented if the Town's
' jurisdiction is expanded.
A. Developed
The purpose for this class is to provide for continued intensive
development and redevelopment of existing cities.
Areas meeting the intent of the developed land classification
are currently urban in character, where minimal undeveloped land
' remains. They have in place, or are scheduled for the timely
32

11
' provision of, the usual municipal or public services. "Urban in
character" includes mixed land uses such as residential, commercial,
' industrial, institutional, and other uses at high to moderate
densities. Services include water, sewer, recreational facilities,
streets and roads, police and fire protection. Most land classified
"developed" lies within the Town (see land classification map).
�71
B. Urban Transition
Urban Transition land is classified as areas providing for future
P 9
intensive urban development within the ensuing ten years on lands
that are most suitable for urban development and which will be
scheduled for provision of necessary public utilities and services.
■ They may also provide for additional growth when additional lands
■ in the developed class are not available or when they are severely
limited for development.
Lands classified for "transition"
may include:
■: 1. lands currently. having urban services,- and .
2. other lands necessary to accommodate the urban population
and economic growth anticipated within the planning
jurisdiction over the next ten years.
' Lands classified for the latter reason must:
a. be served or be readily served by water, sewer, and
other urban services, including streets, and
b. be generally free of severe physical limitations for urban
development.
The "transition" class should not include:
a. lands of high potential for agriculture, forestry, or
mineral extraction, or land fall within extensive rural
areas being managed commercially for these uses, when
other lands are available;
ib. lands where urban development might result in major or
' 33
11

irreversible damage to important environmental, cultural,
scientific, or scenic values; or
C. land where urban development might result in damage to
natural systems or processes of more than local
concern; and
' d. lands where development will result in undue risk to life
or property from natural hazards or existing land uses,
' g.g., frequently flooded areas.
Transitional lands are those areas where public investment
decisions will be required to provide the necessary urban services.
With long-range planned improvements in both water and sewer
services, the areas classified "transition" should have accessibility
to these services. The relationship between "developed" and
"transitional" make those lands classified as "developed" important
'
areas to closely monitor. The Coastal Resources Commission has
further clarified this relationship as described below.
The Developed and Transitional classes should be the only
'
lands under active consideration by a county or municipality for
intensive urban development requiring urban services.. The area.
within these classes is where detailed local land use- and public
investment planning will occur. State and Federal- expenditures on
projects associated with urban development (water, sewer; urban.
'
street systems, etc.) will be guided to these areas. Most of the
"transitional" lands in the Town of Colerain corporate limits should
'
have access to centralized -water and/or sewer systems during the
planning period.
Land classified "transition" on the land classification map
includes the following areas:
' a. All undeveloped land within the Town's limits.
b. The elementary school property (currently undeveloped)
located adjacent to the school and outside the Town's limits.
C. Property west of Town currently being used for industrial and
residential uses but not connected to municipal water and
sewer.
d. The Long Branch neighborhood south of Town.
e. Additional land south of Town currently being used for
' agricultural and residential uses but planned for the future
1
34

Idevelopment of a trailer park and lands adjacent to roads
where the future extension of water lines is planned.
C. Rural
'
The "rural"class provides for agriculture, forest management,
mineral extraction, and other low -intensity uses on large sites,
'
including residences where urban services are not required and
where natural resources will not be unduly impaired. These are
1
lands identified as appropriate locations for resources management
and allied uses: land with high potential for agriculture, forestry, or
mineral extraction; lands with one or more limitations that would
make development costly and hazardous; and land containing
irreplaceable, limited, or significant natural, recreational, or scenic
resources not otherwise classified.
Rural lands in the Colerain Study Area surround the Town,
excluding lands where urban services are likely to be extended and
lands that may be subject to flooding (see land classification map).
As Bertie County develops a county -wide water system, some .
1
of: these, rural. areas may change to :Rural .with'. services.-.;.. .
D., Conservation..:_... _.
"conservation"
The class provides for effective long-term
management of significant aimited or irreplaceable areas. This
management may be needed because of its natural, cultural,
recreational, productive, or scenic values. This class should be
limited to lands that contain: major wetlands; essentially
undeveloped shorelands that are unique, fragile, or hazardous for
development; necessary wildlife habitat or areas that have a high
probability for providing necessary habitat conditions; publicly -
owned water supply watersheds and aquifers; and forestlands that
are undeveloped and will remain undeveloped for commercial
'
purposes. Also, by definition, all Areas of Environmental Concern
should be classified as "conservation."
'
On the eastern portion of the Colerain Study Area, land
bordering the Chowan River is designated as conservation. This
area is mostly wetlands with sloping cliffs and soils unsuitable for
agriculture. The Colerain wastewater treatment plant, the Colerain
35

Beach and Boat Club and several industrial, residential, and
recreational uses are located in this area. Although partially
■ developed, the Town of Colerain wishes to preserve this fragile
■ environmental area.
West of Colerain lies the Chinkapin .Swamp. This forested
' area, designated as conservation, is totally undeveloped with the
exception of the Town's landfill. The classification of this area will
' influence future policy concerning expansion or relocation of this
existing dumpsite.
I SUMMARY
' The issues, policy statements, and implementation strategies
identified herein should serve as primary decision -making tools to aid the
' Town of Colerain in the day-to-day operation of the planning program.
Adherence to these policies will minimize arbitrary planning decisions. In
addition, the implementation strategies identified will provide the
' methodology to successfully meet the needs and demands of future
Town -growth. Implementation of the policies will depend completely
upon the cooperation. of the. Colerain -Town .Council -and the residents of
Colerain.
1
r-
L
11
it
36

APPENDIX A
STATE AND FEDERAL REGULATORY DEVICES
El

STATE REGULATORY DEVICES
PERMITS
AGENCY
LICENSES AND
'
Department of Environment,
Permits to discharge to surface waters or operate
Health, and Natural Resources,
wastewater treatment, plants or oil discharge
'
Division of Environmental
Management
permits; NPDES permits (G.S. 1432-215)
• Permits for septic tanks to be used for
industrial purposes (G.S. 143-2153)
'
Permits for withdrawal of surface or groundwaters
in capacity use areas (G.S. 143-215.108)
'
Permits for air pollution abatement facilities
and sources (G.S. 143-215.108)
1
Permits for construction of complex sources; e.g.,
parking lots, subdivisions, stadiums, etc.
(G.S. 143-215.109)
'
Permits for construction of a well over 100,000
gals/day (G.S. 87-88)
'
Department of Environment
Permits to dredge and/or fill in estuarine
g
Health, and Natural Resources,
waters, tidelands, etc. (G.S. 87-88)
1
Division of Parks and Recreation
Department of Environment,
Permits to undertake development in Areas
1
Health, and Natural Resources,
, of Environmental Concern (AEC)
Division of Coastal Management
(G.S. 113A-118)
'
NOTE: Minor development permits are
issued by local government.
Permits to a dam
Department of Environment,
to alter or construct
Health, and Natural Resources,
(G.S. 143-215.66)
Division of Land Resources
• Permits to mine (G.S. 74-51)

STATE REGULATORY DEVICES, continued
AGENCY LICENSES AND PERMITS
Department of Environment, Permits to drill an exploratory oil
Health, and Natural Resources, or gas well (G.S. 113-391)
Division of Land Resources,
continued Permits to conduct geographic exploration
(G.S. 113-391)
Sedimentation erosion control plans for any
land -disturbing activity of over one contiguous
acre (G.S. 113A-54)
• Permits to construct an oil refinery
Department of Administration Easements to fill where land are proposed
to be raised above the normal high water
mark of navigable waters by filling
(G.S. 146.6(c))
Department of Human Resources Approval to operate a solid waste disposal
site or facility (G.>S. 130-166.16)
Approval for construction of any public facility
that furnishes water to ten or more residences
(G.S. 130-160.1)
A-2

1 FEDERAL REGULATORY DEVICES
LICENSES AND PERMITS
AGENCY
Army Corps of Engineers,
Permits required under Sections 9 and 10
Department of Defense
of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899,
permits to construct in navigable waters
• Permits required under Section 103 of the
Marine Protection, Research and Sanctuaries
'
Act of 1972
• Permits required under Section 404 of the
Federal Water Pollution Control Act of 1972;
permits to undertake dredging and/or filling
1
activities
Coast Guard,
Permits for bridges, causeways, pipelines over
Department of Transportation
navigable waters; required under the General
1
Bridge Act of 1946, and the Rivers and
Harbors Act of 1899
Geological Survey,
Permits required for offshore drilling;
1
Bureau of Land Management,
Approvals of OCS pipeline corridor
Department of Interior
rights -of -way
1
Nuclear Regulatory Commission
Licenses for siting, construction and operation
of nuclear power plants; required under the
Atomic Energy Act of 1954, and Title II of the
'
Energy Reorganization Act of 1974
Federal Energy
Permits for construction, operation and mainte-
Regulatory Commission
nance of interstate pipeline facilities required
under the Natural Gas Act of 1938
• Orders of Interconnection of electric
transmission facilities under Section 202(b)
1
of the Federal Power Act
• Permission required for abandonment of natural
gas pipeline and associated facilities under
Section 7C(b) of the Natural Gas Act of 1938
1
' A-3

Prepared For:
William C: Clark, Mayor
Barbara J. Archer, Town Clerk
COMMISSIONERS
Herbert Smith
Verta James
Helen C. Pugh
Julia Whitaker
Hermea Pugh
Prepared By:
Cofield
Land Use Plan Advisory Committee
W.H. Jones, Jr.
Billy Mizelle
Tupper W. Jones
George Mitchell
Julia Whitaker
Charlie Carter, Jr.
Verta James
Horace Spivey
with
Technical Assistance By:
The Mid -East Commission
P.O. Box 1787
Washington, North Carolina 27889
Robert J. Paciocco, Planner -in -Charge
Jane Daughtridge, Planner
Lou Valenti, Cartographer
VILLAGE OF COFIELD
1989
INITIAL LAND USE PLAN
SKETCH LEVEL
Local Adoption Date: November 15, 1989
CRC Certification Date: December 1, 1989
The preparation of this document was financed in part through a grant provided by the
North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the Coastal
Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of
Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Admin;
DCM COPY " R7_A ` DCM COPY
lease do not remove!!!!!
Division of Coastal Management Copy

Map 3
TOWil of C o f 1 e I d
NC ,z - Land C I a s s 1 f Icat.1on t 9 8 9

ISSUE 4: RECREATION
Cofield is fortunate to have an indoor recreation
center and approximately nine (9) acres of land located
in the heart of the Village. A softball/baseball diamond
has been cut and an outdoor basketball court is in place.
There is also playground equipment. The Village has a
Recreation Committee to oversee the Center, but facility
utilization, committee participation and enthusiasm have
been lacking in recent years.
Policy Statement
It is believed that some portion of the mischief and
vagrances in Cofield could be alleviated if recreational
opportunities were increased. The Village will encourage
better organization and utilization of existing facilities in
order to promote awholesome, enjoyable atmosphere for
citizens of all ages.
Implementation Strategy
1. Develop a formal Recreation Plan for the Village,
specifying regular activities.
2. Appoint a Youth Committee to help plan and promote
activities for school -age children.
3. Address the recreational needs of elderly. citizens by
organizing movies, exercises, book readings, bingo
or other suitable activities.
4. Encourage and form a league competition for
basketball and/or softball.
ISSUE 5: LOW INCOME HOUSING
In the 1980 Census, almost a quarter of Cofield's
population was listed as living below the poverty level.
Twenty percent (20%) of the poor were over fifty-five
years of age. Renters inhabited a third of all occupied
dwellings, and well over half of the rental structures were
over thirty (30) years old.
Policy Statement
The Village will try and encourage the location of a
low income housing project in Cofield. It is felt that such
a project would improve living conditions for a substantial
number of citizens, particularly the elderly, and would
enhance the overall appearance of the Village.
Implementation Strategy
1. Urge the Roanoke Chowan Housing Authority to
consider Cofield as a proiect site in the near future.
2. Encourage development by private investors.
ISSUE 6: HOUSING CONDITIONS
Cofield has a seriously aging housing stock. A
recent Community Development Block Grant (CDBG)
rehabilitation project is upgrading twenty-three (23)
homes. This is about half of the number built before
1940.
Industrial Development Commission to actively seek
business and industry.
2. Promote the availability of Natural Gas and possible
Rail transportation to solicit appropriate industries.
3. Encourage support -type business and industry related
to timber and agriculture.
ISSUE 9: HEALTH SERVICES
Though the Village has no health facilities, there is
a clinic three (3) miles away in Winton and a full service
hospital seven (7) miles away in Ahoskie. Still, Cofield
would prefer to have some immediate and personalized
health care service readily available.
Policy Statement
The Village is concerned about the health care needs
of its citizens, particularly the elderly, and encourages
additions to the community that will serve health issues.
Implementation Strategy
1. Seek physicians to live in the community.
2. Encourage greater use of Choanoke Transportation
Authority to reach nearby health care facilities.
3. Encourage use of Hertford County Home Care
Services for home -bound patients in Cofield.
ISSUE 10: FIRE EQUIPMENT
A volunteer fire department services Cofield, but the
equipment is very old and needs to be upgraded.
Occurrence of fire in the Village is not frequent, yet there
is a lack of confidence in the reliability of the present
equipment.
Policy Statement
The Village of Cofield supports efforts to improve
safety from fire for its citizens.
Implementation Strategy
1. Organize more frequent fund-raising activities to fund
the purchase of special equipment needs.
2. Seek grants to supplement funding of additional
equipment.
7. Fishing and Sport Fishing. The closest commercial
fishing would be one-half mile north on the Chowan
River at Tunis. Recreational fishing occurs on ponds
and streams in the area but this activity is not directly
related to Cofield.
8. Industrial Impacts on Public Resources. The Perdue
grain processing facility uses an enormous amount of
water and produces much waste. The plant operates
its own water treatment system with two lagoons and
its own freshwater wells. Hertford County requires an
Environmental Impact Statement for all development
which disturbs more than one acre of land. The
Village supports this policy for protection of its natural
resources from adverse impacts.
9. Energy Facility Siting. No such facilities are planned;
however, if all environmental requirements can be
met, they should be permissible.
10. Commitment to State and Federal Programs. Cofield
is very receptive to State and Federal programs such
as transportation, housing revitalization, vector control,
human services, and others which will enhance or
improve facilities and services for its citizens.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
To be effective, a community planning effort needs
public participation. Issues and goals are best identified
through dialogue with citizens who care about and
depend upon the community.
The Land Use Plan Advisory Committee was
instrumental in conveying the hopes, fears, and
frustrations of the general public during the initial phases
of planning. Implementation strategies attempted to
incorporate citizen involvement whenever possible.
A random telephone survey was attempted with a
poor rate of success so another opinion survey was
issued through the mail. One hundred sixty-five
questionnaires were distributed. Response rate was
approximately 29% and yielded the following information:
More than half of the respondents have lived in
Cofield 15 years or more and own their homes. Almost
half are over 60 years of age and retired. Sewer Service
and Drainage Problems were chosen overwhelmingly as
the most critical problems facing Cofield, and just over
half are willing to pay more taxes for sewer service.
More respondents want to see Cofield grow a lot.
Overall, they ranked the Town Council as'fair% Garbage,
Water, and Fire Services as 'good'; and Recreation as
'poor.' (See Table 5, Survey Results)
The Land Use Plan Advisory Committee met monthly
from January through June 1989. Meetings were
announced in the newspaper as well as by poster in local
stores and the Post Office. Results of meetings were
also reported in the newspaper.
STORM HAZARD
MITIGATION,
POST -DISASTER RECOVERY
POLICIES
Hertford County is not one of the thirteen (13)
counties designated as 'hurricane counties' by the State
Emergency Management Office. It is considered a safe
place during hurricanes and would act as host to nearby
evacuating coastal counties.
Cofield has no storm hazard mitigation policy of its
own but would follow that of Hertford County as set forth
in its Land Use Plan Update - 1986 (pp.74-83) in the
event of disaster. High winds, wind erosion and flooding
are potential risks for the Cofield area. The County
identified three hazard areas in the Land Use Plan
Update. None of them lie within the jurisdiction of
Cofield.
Post -disaster procedures would rely on 'Annex H -
Disaster Relief and Assistance Plan' for Hertford County,
which notes services and assistance available to local
governments. Hertford County's recovery plan is a three-
phase program consisting of:
1. An initial 'Emergency Period' in which damages
would be assessed, public health and safety
efforts would prevail, and qualifications for State
and Federal assistance would take place.
2, A 'Restoration Period' devoted to restoring
community facilities, utilities, and essential
businesses.
3. A 'Replacement -Reconstruction Period' during
which the community would be rebuilt.
A copy of the Disaster Relief and Assistance Plan is
available at Town Hall.
SUMMARY
The Village of Cofield is struggling to enhance the
quality of Irfe available to its citizens and to preserve the
spirit of community that has helped it to survive through
the years. Balanced growth of a moderate degree is very
desirable to bolster confidence and pride as the Village
completes its second formal decade of existence as an
incorporated municipality.
The citizens express a feeling of helplessness with
regard to the septic tank versus sewage treatment plant
issue. They have no desire to degrade their environment,
yet they cannot alter the soils and they cannot afford an
independent treatment facility. Nevertheless, they are
determined to pursue every possible solution, because
they understand that growth to support a healthy future
and the provision of a decent life will not occur without
such a system.
The issues chosen to be addressed are very basic
human needs. The strategy approaches utilize
enthusiasm in lieu of money whenever possible and
reflect the abject realities facing this community.

Map
Town of C o f t'
e I d
45 � '
Ex1stin band Use
1989
NC
�
f
/
SR 1403
■ Residential
/
/
PabliSemi—Public
/
Commercial
�
Iildustrtal
\�
roteO & Agrical lafal
III onet ty Boulcda! y
---� Town Boundary
Rai I I o a d
\
\
NC 45 //
Power Lille
�
Natural Gas L!t!e
/
0 120n I400
/
VC}:T
\
SR 1427
THE PREPARATION Or PHIS MAP WAS FINANCED IN
\
PART THROUGH A GRANT PROVIDED By THE NORTH
CAROLINA COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. THROUGH
SR 1403 I
_
FUNDS PROVIDED BY THE COASTAL LONE MANAGEMENT ACT Or
1972, AS AMENDED, UMICH IS ADMINISTERED Bi THE
OFFICE OF OCEAN AMD COASTAL RESOURCE MANAGEMENT,
�\
NATIONAL OCEANIC AND ATMOSPHERIC ADM.TNISTRAT?ON
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NOI13f iCIONILNI
(34%) of the labor force makes a Irving elsewhere.
The average travel time to work for the Cofield labor
force is 45.4 minutes. According to the 1980 Census,
average household income in 1979 was $11,991. No
household listed income of $35,000 or more. Twenty-
four percent (24%) of the population lived below the
poverty level. A majority of the population (66%) had
at least one year of high school education. Only five
percent (5%) had at least one year of college.
The Town's tax rate is $.40 per $100.00 real
property valuation.
Shopping for most durable goods and big -ticket
items is available about seven miles away in Ahoskie
or in the Tidewater Area of Virginia
D. Land Use
The Town of Cofield is a small village,
surrounded on all sides by farmland and forests.
The Chowan River is one-half mile north of Town.
Most of the developed land area within the Town is
used for residential purposes. The majority of open
land in Town is used for agricultural or forestry
purposes. A small business district in the center of
Town includes grocery stores, video rental, repair
shop, barber and beauty shop, Town Hall, fire
department, and the Post Office. The land use
trends in Cofield have been static for the past twenty
years. However, if a sewer system can be devised
to complement the existing water system, the area
west of Town along the road to Winton has the
potential to develop with residential uses. There is
one industry in Cofield, Perdue Farms, which
processes soybeans into feed. (See Map 2.)
E. Natural and Cultural Resources
There are no navigable waters or Areas of
Environmental Concern in the Cofield planning area
(town Limits). Land activities in Cofield would have
anon -point source' impact on both the Chowan and
Wiccacon Rivers as a result of land drainage
patterns; however, dense forest lands s(irrounding
the developed area should help buffer adverse
effects. According to the Division of Marine Fisheries,
the entire Chowan River is considered to be an
important spawning and nursery area for herring,
shad, and other commercial fish, although not
officially designated as a primary nursery area. The
Hare's Mill Pond and its tributary branches directly
associated with Cofield are considered inland waters.
Fragile areas within the Village area associated
with soil conditions. A significant portion of the land
within Cofield is made up of Craven soils which are
designated as prime farmland. Most are scattered in
small pockets throughout the area. Prime farmland
is of major importance in providing the nation's short -
and long-term needs for food and fiber. This land
produces the highest yields of crops with minimal
inputs of energy and economic resources. Farming
these soils results in the least damage to the
environment.
The bulk of development has occurred on Leaf
Loam or Lenoir Loam soils. Both of these soil types
are poorly suited for urban uses, having slow
permeability, high shrink -swell potential and seasonal
high water tables near the surface. There are severe
limitations for septic tanks (the principal means of
wastewater accommodation for Cofield).
According to the North Carolina Department of
Cultural Resources no properties in Cofield are
currently listed in the National Register of Historic
Places, but Philippi Church is considered to be an
historic structure. Also, there are no known
archaeological sites within the Cofield planning area,
albeit no archeological surveys have been conducted
in the area. Both prehistoric and historic period sites
can be expected here. Areas considered
archaeologically sensitive lie north of the developed
area along the creeks and branches of Hare's Mill
Pond.
F. Community Facilities
Water. The Town of Cofield operates a water system
consisting of two deep wells. There are 161
customers currently. A full-time water operator is
employed by the Village to maintain the facility.
Pumping capacity is 288,000 gpd; usage is 2530,000
gpd and the system supports fire hydrants. Average
usage is 25-30,000 gpd.
This service adequately provides for current
needs as well as all realistic expectations for future
growth within the planning period.
Sewer. No public sewer system is in place in
Cofield. A proposal to the Town of Winton to utilize
its wastewater treatment facility on a contract basis
was rejected by the Winton Town Council in April,
1989. The current system of individual septic tanks
is largely inadequate, given the poor soil conditions.
Efforts are underway to investigate other alternatives.
Solid Waste. Garbage collection for the Village is
provided twice weekly from one truck. There are
three paid employees (one full-time, two part-time)
for this purpose. Current demand and moderate
growth can be adequately accommodated.
Drainage. There are no storm sewers in Cofield.
Drainage occurs based on land elevation or artificial
trenching. Elevations are low, ranging from 10 to
14 feet above sea level. The northern section of the
Town limits is dominated by branches of Hare's Mill
Pond, a tributary of the Chowan River. Much of the
developed area of the Village drains southward into
creeks and branches which flow to the Wiccacon
River through Hoggard Swamp. The current ditching
system is in poor condition and needs upgrading to
meet existing needs.
Transportation. The Village is centered around the
intersection of State Highway 45 and S.R. 1403. East
of this area is another intersection at Philippi Church
where Highway 45 meets S.R. 1427. Carolina Virginia
Rail Line roughly parallels S.R. 1403 to the Perdue
Plant just north of Town where it terminates. Street
maintenance is largely performed by the Village.
There is one motor grader for road maintenance
purposes. North Carolina Department of
Transportation maintains only three (3) streets
(Railroad Street, Hill Street, and Hertford Street) and
these have recently been paved.
Police. Cofield has no police department. Hertford
County Sheriffs Department provides protection to
the area. One deputy lives in Harrellsville, seven
miles east of Cofield and another lives three miles
west, in Winton. These two deputies patrol regularly
in Cofield. These or any others on duty would
respond to a call. Residents feel that the response
time is too slow to adequately deter undesirable
activities.
Fire. A volunteer fire department serves the Town
with approximately fifteen (15) active firemen. The
Town owns three (3) trucks, but only two (2) of them
are operating, and one is seldom used. It is a 1944
International Tanker with 1,200 gallon capacitywhich
pumps 500 gpm. The active truck is a 1971 Ford
Tanker with 1,300 gallon capacity which pumps 350
gpm.
Schools. Hertford County utilizes a newly
consolidated school system. Cofield school children
attend C.S. Brown Elementary School in Winton for
grades K-5. Hertford County Middle School in
Murfreesboro handles grades 6-8, and Hertford
County High School in Ahoskie serves as the senior
high facility.
Medical. There are no health facilities or physicians
located in Cofield. A Hertford County Health Clinic
is located three miles west in Winton. Major medical
care needs are addressed at Roanoke-Chowan
Hospital six miles away in Ahoskie. Serious cases
are transferred to Greenville or to Norfolk, Virginia.
An aging population as well as any realization of
desired industrial growth (translating to greater risk of
injury) may test the adequacy of local facilities.
Recreation. The Village of Cofield has no recreation
plan. There is a recreation center in Town with
indoor and outdoor play area, including play
equipment, baseball diamond, a new outdoor
basketball goal, games, and a kitchen facility. There
is an eight (8) member Recreation Committee which
administers the center. These facilities can
adequately serve present and anticipated future
needs.
Mail. The U.S. Postal Service maintains a Post Office
on S.R. 1403 which rents 244 boxes to area
residents. There is no door-to-door delivery at this
time. Rural route boxes served by the substation
number 158.
Public Administration. The Town has no local land
use controls in place. County ordinances enforced
in Cofield by the Hertford County Building Inspector
include: zoning, subdivision, and mobile home
regulations. While these regulations have not been
formally adopted by Cofield, they are enforced by
mutual consent. At such time as development
quickens in Cofield, the Village Commissioners will
evaluate adopting local ordinances as a tool for self -
directed growth. Town Hall operates thirty-two hours
a week and employs a full-time clerk ano one part-
time Deputy Clerk.
ISSUES, POLICY
STATEMENTS AND
IMPLEMENTATION
STRATEGIES
Below is presented a list of issues which were
identified and prioritized by the Land Use Plan Advisory
Committee of Cofield. Policy statements and
implementation strategies are offered with an emphasis
on practicality and impact on the community.
ISSUE 1: DRAINAGE
Soils in Cofield have a relatively high water table and
drainage is poor. A system of ditches was put in place
several years ago but no regular maintenance plan exists.
Standing water impedes the operation of already
inadequate septic tanks. It is also a health problem with
regard to mosquito breeding areas.
Policv Statement
It is believed that better drainage would significantly
and immediately impact the community by easing the
burden on septic tanks, lessening the mosquito
population and improving the overall aesthetic appeal of
the area; therefore, the Village will take appropriate steps
to improve drainage in Cofield.
Implementation Strategy
1. Seek advice from Hertford Countv Soil Conservation
Service on the feasibility of developing a drainage
canal to receive the runoff from ditches already in
place. See if Powell Bill Fund can be applied tbward
such.
2. Develop a Plan for Regular Maintenance of ditches.
A. Ask North Carolina Department of Transportation
to regularly clean ditches along State roads.
B. See if "Summer Work Program' participants could
be channeled into ditch maintenance jobs.
C. Seek volunteer help within the community.
'1llne 3Vn10nvis Vy3A A9 S1ton 7NISnoN o13Ld00 'Z 319YL

ISSUE 2: SEWER
Septic tanks spaced too closely, placed on porous
soils or located in high water tables can pollute both
groundwater and estuarine waters with bacterial
contamination.
The Village is largely built over Leaf Loam and Lenoir
Loam soils which have severe limitations for septic tanks;
however, there is no municipal wastewater treatment
facility in Cofield, and a recent attempt to tap -on to the
Winton system was rejected by the Winton Town Council
in April, 1989. Septic failure is common, and new
development cannot occur because septic tank permit
applications are being denied.
Policy Statement
This issue was given second priority only from the
practicality standpoint. In every sense, the future of
Cofield hinges on fi.lding a way to provide adequate
sewage disposal to its citizens. The Village of Cofield
will continue to pursue viable remedies to this problem.
Implementation Strategy
1. Continue negotiations with Winton to try and
persuade a change of heart regarding Cofield tap
on.
2. Investigate the capacity and additional expense
involved with the package treatment system available
through the Roanoke-Chowan Housing Authority.
3. Seek a partnership with Harrellsville and Tunis to
provide a facility for all three in a central location.
4. Investigate the cost of a tap on to Ahoskie.
5. Seek information on 'waterless' systems mentioned
in the Hertford County Land Use Plan Update of
1986.
ISSUE 3: POLICE PROTECTION
Crime, malicious mischief, and vagrancy are
increasing in Cofield. Served only by occasional Sheriff's
Department patrols, the citizens do not feel secure. Past
efforts to hire a part-time police officer did not yield
desired results.
Policy Statement
The Village of Cofield cares about the safety of its
citizens and will continue its efforts to provide some form
of law enforcement.
Implementation Strategy
1. Consult with the County Sheriff's Department to see
if additional patrols can be provided.
2. Ask Sheriff's Department to urge any new deputies
to live in Cofield.
3. Form a 'Community Watch' organization.
4. Find funding to hire a full-time officer.
Policy Statement
Cofield is committed to improving housing conditions,
even if it must be done on a gradual basis. The Village
will continue to apply for CDBG or other grants to
improve the quality of housing.
Implementation Strategy
1. Continue to commit local funds in conjunction with
grant proposals to rehabilitate substandard housing.
2. Encourage placement of permanent homes in the
area.
3. Encourage home maintenance programs to teach
citizens how to keep their homes in good condition.
ISSUE 7: WATER
The municipal water system has a much greater
capacity than is currently being utilized. Extension of
water service outside the corporate limits is the only
incentive the Village has to offer new development in
terms of services, but the low level storage tank cannot
push the water much further than existing lines already
run.
Policy Statement
The Village understands the importance of municipal
services in promoting new development and will make
efforts'to secure funding for a higher level storage tank
and extension of lines.
Implementation Strategy
1. Investigate the cost of a high level water storage
tank.
2. Seek grants to extend water lines.
3. Consider possible tap on to Winton as a negotiation
tool regarding the sewer issue.
ISSUE 8: INCREASE BUSINESS AND INDUSTRY
Cofield has very little business or industry to spur
the economy. The workforce drives an average of forty-
five minutes to work. This issue rated very high on the
list of concerns, but has taken a lower priority from the
practicability standpoint.
Policy Statement
The Village of Cofield needs and desires a vibrant
business and industrial base to serve its citizens. Even
one sizable employer could have a dramatic impact on
the Town's economy; however, it is understood that
without an adequate sewage disposal system, the
likelihood of such a eventuality is small.
Implementation Strategy
1. Appoint a committee to work with the Hertford County
OTHER POLICY ISSUES
(REQUIRED BY
GUIDELINES, 713)
1. Types and Location of Desired Industries.
Commercial forestry and agriculture are primary
economic activities in and around Cofield. Industries
which draw from these activities would be most
logical. Examples include lumber yards, furniture
manufacturing, textile operations such as garment
manufacturers, agricultural processing. Aquaculture
(particularly catfish) where feasible. The Village will
encourage these activities to locate near the rail line
and natural gas pipeline provided such locations can
meet State and Federal environmental guidelines.
2. Types, Location, and Density of Residential
Development. Future development is heavily
dependent on provision of a sewage treatment facility
or approval of septic tanks. Without a municipal
system, development will be limited to very low
density, single family residential uses, although the
Village desires a higher density mufti -family, low
income housing unit for its citizens, and such a unit
could be accommodated if a package treatment
system is used. Areas east and west along Highway
45 are likely growth locations and will be reclassified
to Limited Transition if and when sewer service is
available.
3. Marinas and Floating Homes. This issue does not
apply to the Village of Cofield since no navigable
waters are within its corporate limits.
4. Cultural, Historical, and Archaeological Resources.
The North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources
reports no registered historic sites or known
archaeological sites. Philippi Church is believed to
be an historically significant Structure and areas Wong
the streams in the northwest sector are likely to be
archaeologically sensitive. The citizens have
identified two structures which are historically
meaningful to the Townspeople: KP. Hall's Store
was built by B.G Williams sometime after the turn of
the century and known both as W.P. Nickens' Store
and T.W. Jones' Store. It is considered a landmark
as well as the Old Post Office, located on the
northeast corner of Highway 45 and S.R. 1403. No
official efforts at preservation will be made at this
time, however.
5. Commercial Forestry. Loblolly pine is an important
timber throughout Hertford County. Within the Village
of Cofield, the Weyerhaeuser Company maintains 459
acres of commercial forestland. About another five
hundred fifty (550) acres of woodland are in private
ownership. The Village recognizes the value of this
economic resource and will encourage continued
exploitation where it is combined with sensible
woodland management practices.
6. Mining. There are no mining activities in Cofield.
TABLE 5. COFIELD CITIZEN SURVEY RESULTS (47 responding
of 165 surveyed), June 1989.*
1. How long have you lived in Cofield?
Less than 3 years 6 3-5 years 3 6-10 years 1 11-14 years 5 15 or more 32
2. Do you own ( 29) or rent your hove ( 18)7 Is it a aobile home 7 ?
3. What is your age group?
18-30 6 31-40 7 41-50 6 51-60 6 61-70 9 over 70 12
4. Are you retired 21 , employed 22 , or unemployed 3 7
Do you work in Hertford County? 15 In Virginia 7 ?
5. What is the most critical issue facing Cofield, in your opinion?
28 Sewer Service 7 Lack of Businesses
24 Drainage Problems 6 Lack of Services such as Health Care
15 lack of Job Opportunities
OTHER (specify) taxes/drugs/low income housing/cable TV/Perdue trucks/unkept yards
and vacant tots
6. How do you feel about growth in Cofield? Would you like to see it
Stay the same 4 , Grow a little 11 , or Grow a lot 30 ?
7. Would you be willing to pay more taxes for any of the following?
YES 1 NO 1 MAYBE
RECREATION FACILITIES 1 13 1 13 1 8
RESCUE SQUAD 1 15 j 10 1_ 6
POLICE DEPARTMENT 1 11 1_ 13 1 13
SEWER SYSTEM -1 24 L_2LI 5
DRAINAGE IMPROVEMENT 1 201 10 1 9
DOOR-TO-DOOR POSTAL SERVICE 5 24 4
OTHER (SPECIFY) 1
Cable TV 1 I 2
8. Please rank the following public servicesinCofield:
I EXCELLENT I G(1P1
FAIR 1
POOR
1 NO OPINION
TOWN COUNCIL
1
j 7 _1
1 17
5
j 6
GARBAGE COLLECTION
1 8 '_j
12 i
2
j 2
WATER SERVICE
7 1 3
1 9
I 1
1 0
CID. ,CDeoruc ur
1 I !
1 11 1
a
I 1.
*Not all respondents answered all questions.
LAND CLASSIFICATION
SYSTEM
The purpose of the land classification system is to
provide a uniform way of looking at how the use of land
interacts with environmentally sensitive areas and with
the development needs of a particular locality. It is not
a strict regulatory device in the sense of a zoning
ordinance or zoning map. It represents a tool to aid in
understanding the relationships between various land use
categories and how these relationships help shape local
policy. Particular attention is focused on the intensity at
which land is used and the level of services needed to
support that intensity. The regulations for the Coastal
Area Management Act state:
'The land classification system is intended to be
supported and complemented by existing zoning,
subdivision, and other local management tools (if
any) and these local tools should be consistent
with the classification system as much as
possible' (7B.0204)(a) proposed.
The land classifications, along with a classification
map, are intended to serve as a visual representation of
the policies stated in the policy statement section of,the
report (see Map 2).
It should be noted that the 1985 Hertford County
Land Use Plan Update classifies Cofield as 'community'
along all transportation routes and 'rural' beyond these
areas. There are primarily -two reasons why these land
classifications will not be duplicated in this plan.
First, the,County plan is dated material currently due
for update and represents a more passive attitude toward
development than the Village now desires for its future.
Secondly, this report is being written, guideline
amendments are under consideration by the North
Carolina Coastal Resources Commission which will make
land classification more meaningful to small communities.
These amendments more accurately define the position
of this locality than the classifications currently adopted;
therefore, land classification for the Village of Cofield will
be based upon the proposed system.
Only three of the seven classes will be relevant to
the land development policies of Cofield at this time.
There are no navigable waters within the Village
boundary, and there are no areas of environmental
concern. Environmentally sensitive areas are largely
connected with soil limitations.
The three land classification categories presented
here relate to a small, rural -oriented community with a
need for services and a desire to grow.
A. Limited Transition
Among other possibilities, limited transition lands
provide municipal services for low to moderate
density development (predominately residential) where
physical limitations make lands unsuitable for septic
tanks or the cumulative impact of septic tanks may
negatively impact public resources. The class is
designed to illustrate emerging and developing areas
where some appropriate level of services are
required.
Limited transition land may include:
1. Areas which will experience increased
development during the planning period.
2. Areas of modest density (three units per acre or
less or a majority of lots 15,000 square feet or
greater).
3. Development necessitating municipal services.
4. Land with physical limitations.
5. Land near valuable estuarine waters or other
fragile areas.
6. Clustered or Planned Unit Developments.
Much of the land area along transportation routes
in Cofield will be classified limited transition. These
are considered the most likely areas to develop
during the planning period.
The North -South boundary, west of S.R. 1403
runs approximately 1,600 feet from the right-of-way
in order to capitalize on the economic incentives
offered by the railroad, natural gas pipeline and
highway system. East of S.R. 1403, the boundary is
roughly 600 feet from the right-of-way except where
it flares at the Perdue industrial facility and near the
center of Town where it encompasses all of the
developed area.
The East-West boundary runs about 400 feet on
either side of N.C. 45 up to the center of Town and
becomes irregular east of S.R. 1403, largely
conforming to property lines in the most densely
developed areas.
Centralized water is already in place in the
central and eastern portions of the classification and
sewer service is anticipated during the planning
period. Public investment decisions will be required
to provide this service. The western portion of Hwy
45 beyond the high voltage power lines not currently
served by municipal water; however, the nature of
this area could be suddenly altered by a
reconsideration of the proposed sewer tap -on with
Winton, North Carolina The Village would embrace
higher density development in this area.
The Hertford County Zoning Map has designated
all of the Village (except the Perdue Industrial
Property) RA-20 'Residential -Agricultural' which is a
very broadly defined district allowing a wide variety of
uses where minimum lot size for structures connected
to an approved water supply is 15,000 square feet.
According to the Coastal Resources Commission,
only Developed or Transition classes of land should
be under active consideration for intensive
development requiring municipal services. These are
the areas into which future development will be
guided by local government policies for extension of
services.
B. Rural
The 'rural' class provides for agriculture, forest
management, mineral extraction,and other allied uses
traditionally associated with an agrarian region.
Noxious or hazardous land uses may be appropriate
here also if sited in a manner that minimizes their
negative impact on natural resources or surrounding
lands.
Rural land may include:
1. Farmland
2. Forests
3. Mines
4. Energy generating plants
5. Refining plants
6. Airports
7. Sewage treatment facilities
8. Fuel storage tanks
9. Very low density residential with on -site water
and sewer.
Most of Cofield's 2,000 acres will be classified
as rural. These areas are found off the transportation
routes beyond other defined classifications within the
corporate boundary.
C. Rural with Services
This class provides for very low density land uses
including residential where limited water services are
provided in order to avert an existing or projected
health problem. These systems are designed to
serve a limited number of customers and should not
serve as a catalyst for future high intensity
development.
Rural with services areas may include land which
will maintain its rural character over time but which
may be served by:
1. Water and/or sewer
2. Garbage service
3. Sheriff protection
4. Volunteer fire protection
5. Emergency rescue services.
In Cofield, lands within 400 feet on either side of
the southernmost section of S.R. 1427 will be
classified as 'Rural with services' until such time as
the character of the area shows and inclination
toward transition.