Land Use Plan 1980 Final Draft-1980

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North Carel6:sa
LAND USE PLAN
1980
Final Draft
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The preparation of this report was financed in parL through a graQ
provided by the North Carolina Coastal Mangement Program, threug;i
funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as
amended, which is administered by the Office of Coastal Zone
Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.

TOWN OFFICIALS FOR CASWELL BEACH
Mayor:
Jack Cook
Comnissioners:
George Kassler
George Milligan
John Barbee
Planning Board Members:
Dr. Dean Barker
Robert L. Jones
James C. Brown
t

CAS14ELL BEACH
North Carolina
LAND USE PLAN 1980
Prepared by
The Brunswick County
Planning Department

t
CASWELL BEACH
LAND USE PLAN 1980
TABLE OF CONTENTS
INTRODUCTION...................................................1
PART I:
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS............ .3
A.
COMMUNITY PROFILE ............ ........................5
1.
Population Report
5
2.
Housing Report
11
3.
Economic Report
12
B.
LAND USE SURVEY AND ANALYSIS .........................15
1.
Existing Land Use
16
2.
Existing Land Use Map
18
3.
Development Trends
19
C.
CURRENT LAND USE REGULATION ..........................20
1.
Caswell Beach Local Land Use Controls
20
2.
State and Federal Controls
21
PART II: CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT ..........................26
A. LAND SUITABILITY.............................28
1. Soil Suitability Analysis 29
2. Septic Tank Problems 37
3. Fragile Areas 44
B. COMMUNITY CAPACITY......................`.............48
1. Facilities 48
2. Population Projections 51
3. Estimated Demand 54
PART III. POLICY DEVELOPMENT AND IMPLEMENTATION..:...........56
A. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION......... ...... .................58
B. POLICY STATEMENTS......... .........................63
1. Resource Protection 65
2. Physical constraints 72
3. Resource Protection 73
4. Economic and Community Development 75
5. Provision of Services to Development 75
6. Growth Patterns
7. Continuing Public Participation 78
C. IMPLEMENTATION ................................ .....79
PART IV:
LAND CLASSIFICATION...............................83
A.
PURPOSE. .... .. - .. .... ..
.....85
B.
RELATIONSHIP OF LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP TO
POLICY STATEMENTS ................. .................86
C.
LAND CLASSES.........................................87
1.
Developed
87
2.
Transition
87
3.
Rural
88
4.
Conservation
88
D.
LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP
89

v
INTRODUCTION
The Coastal Area Management Act
"In recent years the coastal area has been subjected to increasing pressures
which are the result of the often conflicting needs of a society expanding in
industrial development, in population, and in the recreational aspirations of its
citizens. Unless these pressures are controlled by coordinated management, the
very features of the coast which make it economically, esthetically, and ecologi-
.cally, rich will be destroyed."
In 1974, the North Carolina General Assembly passed the Coastal Area
Management Act (CAMA) in an effort to effectively manage the development of twenty
coastal counties. The Act notes that, "among North Carolina's most valuable
resources are its coastal lands and waters. The coastal area, and in parA cular
the estuaries, are among the most biologically productive regions of the state and
of the nation. Coastal and estuarine waters and marshlands provide almost 90 per-
cent of the mos, productive sport fisheries on the east coast of the united States.
North Carolina's coastal area has an extremely high recreational and esthetic
value which should be preserved and enhanced."
Adoption of the CAMA empowered local governments in the twenty North Carolina
coastal: counties to exercise control over their future. The Act designs a state -
local cooperative program in which local govetnments shall have the initiative
for planning by preparing a.blueprint for their future -growth and development and
the State government shall establish Areas of Environmental Concern where lands
are environmentally sensitive to the prospect of development. With regard to
planning, State government shall have and advisory role, setting guidelines and
standards, and a reviewer's role, evaluating the local land use plans.. In addition,
the State makes grants to finance local planning and work jointly with local govern-
ments to enfurce the adopted plans.
The CAMA pe nuit process began March 1, 1978 throughout the entire coastal area
of North Carolina. After this date, any development in an area of environmental
concern requires a permit. The permitting process is divided inot 2 classes; major
permits for large scale developments, and minor permits for houses and other small
structures. The major pe rniitting process is administered by the North Carolina
Department of Natural Resources and Community Development. The minor permitting
process process is administered locally by the Southport Building Inspector.
The entire CRIA planning process has been oriented towards citizen participa-
tion and has continually provided mechanisms for citizen input into.the preparation
of the land use plan. The primary input has taken the form of future growth poli-
ciesand identification of existing problems and issues and desired future services.
During the local planning process, efforts must be made to secure thess public
participation
The land use plans which are prepared by local govenments in the coastal
area are distributed widely and have many uses. Among the users of the plans are
local governments, regional councils of government, state and federal permitting
agencies and public and private funding and development groups.

Local Government Uses - Counties and municipalities may use the
local land use plans in their c11y:to day business and in plann-
ing for the future. Often times, the land use plan provides guid-
ance in local policy decisions relating to overall. community
development. The plans also provide the basis for development
regulations and capital facility.planning and budgeting. By deli-
neating how the community wishes to grow, the land use plans help '
to assure the best use of tax dollars as public utilities can be
extended to the hest areas for growth.
Regional Uses - The regional councils of government or planning and
development commissions use the local land use plans as the basis
for their regional plans and in their function as regional clearing-
house for state and federal funding.programs. The local plans can
indicate to these regional decision makers what types of development
the local community feels are important and where the development
should take place.
State and Federal Government Uses - The local land use plans are
used as a major component in the granting or denial of permits for
various developments'within the coastal area. The State and federal
agencies must be sure that their decisions consider the policies
which are set out by the local governments in their plans. This is
also true for decisions relating to the use of federal or state funds
within the coastal counties. If a local plan.sets out policies
relating to various types and locations of development, the funding
and permit decisions must be consistent -with the local policies. Pro-
jects being undertaken by State an,1 Federal agencies themselves must
.also be consistent with the local plans.
1980 Caswell Beach Land Use Plan
The scope of the 1980 Caswell Beach Land Use Plan includes a community
profile, land use survey and analysis, and a land classification map. Speci-
fically, a summary of data collected and its analysis, maps of existing
land use and desired land use, Areas of Environmental Concern, assessments
of current problems, and policy statements are presented. Because the 1980
United States Census has not yet been published, population figures for
1985-on are projections bases on information from state and local sources.
Therefore, some of the data presented needs to be updated with the publication
of the Census, and it is possible that the data presented is deceptive, but
it is not thought to be totally unrealistic.
In preparation of the Caswell Beach Land Use Plan, several techniques
were used to elicit input from the public in the planning process. These
include local meetings with citizens and planners, a citizen survey, local
weekly newspaper coverage, and a "dial -a -planner" service. The citi..zens
have also been encouraged to comment on preliminary land use and land
classification proposals. Significant comments have been incorporated in
the final land classification map appearing in this plan. The public parti-
cipation process for Caswell Beach is explained in further detail in the text.

A
At
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v
uAK 1
DATA' COLLECTION
AND
.ANALYSIS

PART I
DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. COMMUNITY PROFILE . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . . .5
:5
1. Population Report . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .
5
Introduction
6
Current.Population
7
House;iol d Composition
Population Characteristics
8
Migration Rates
9
2. Housing Report. . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . .11
12
- 3. Economic Report. . . . . . . . . .
. . . .
12
Industry
12
Manufacturing
13
Fishing
13
Agriculture
13
Tourism
14
Commerce
Other Commercial Activities
14
Y
B. LAND USE SURVEY AND ANALYSIS. . . . . . . . . .15
1. Existing Land Use. . . . . . . . . . . 16
Residential Land Use 16
Commercial Land Use 16
Recreational Land Use 16
Transportation, Communication, and -Utilities
Vacant and Undeveloped Land 16
16
2. Existing Land Use Map. . . . . . . . . .
3. Development Trends. . . . . . . . . . . . .19
C. CURRENT LAND USE REGULATIONS . . . . . . . . . 20
1. Caswell Beach Local Land Use Controls. 200
Zoning Ordinance
Subdivision Ordinance 20
Building Codes 20
Land Use Plan 20
2. State and Federal Controls. . . . . . . . . . .21
4

1. POPULATION REPORT
Introduction
The basis for most planning studies is the population, both
current and projected, for the geographic area covered in the study.
All planning services such as streets, fire protection, recreation,
water, sewer, and garbage collection are related directly to the
population they serve.
Caswell Beach also has a: Seasonal Population that must be con-
sidered along with the resident population for they too create demands
on some services and facilities, especially water, septic and roads.
Another factor to be considered is the density pattern. Typically,
areas of population concentrations have a greater need for certain
services, especially water and sewer, than areas of low density pop-
ulations.
The historic population statistics show the change and trends that
have and are occurring. The population of a given area is never static
and change is always occurring. That is why planning is by necessity,
l an on -going process adjusting periodically as changes occur.
Therefore, it is the purpose of this section to .provide the basic
population data on which current and future needs for services and
facilities and future permanent.and seasonal residential land
requirements can be determined.
5

Current Population
Caswell Beach has consistently been one of the County's lowest
ranked population centers. Since 1975, the permanent and seasonal
populations have increased by over 60%, but still the City is ranked
low on a County scale.
Based upon past surveys, the Caswell Beach permanent population
in 1970 was 36, the seasonal population 249. By 1975, the permanent
population had grown to 53 and the seasonal to 366. This -was a 47-.2%
percent growth for permanent population, and a 46.9 percent increase
for seasonal population. In 1980, the permanent population was 104 and
the seasonal 587. This is a 60.4 percent increase for both populations.
Another method of determining growth is by analyzing the growth
of Caswell Geach as a percentage of Smithville Township and the County
populations.
Smithville Township has about 19.1 percent of the County's,
population. In 1970, the population of Smithville Township•'was
4,346, making the permanent Caswell Beach population .83 percent
of that total. In 1980, the population of Smithville Township
had risen significantly to 7,274, with Caswell Beach increasing
to 1.17 .percent of the Township population.
In 1970, the permanent population of Caswell Beach was .15
percent of the County's population of 24,223. In 1975 Caswell
Beach was still .15 percent 'of a County population of 35.621,
and by 1980 the City's permanent population had increased to .22
percent of a County population of 38,100.
The seasonal population of Caswell Beach has consistently been
much greater than the permanent population, with growth rates for
seasonal and permanent populations from 1970 to the present having
remained approximately equal. The seasonal population has been con-
sistently about seven times as great as the permanent population.
The total seasonal population of Caswell Beach is also far below
that of neighboring beach communities but among the top taken as a
percentage of the Town's total population. It is important to con-
sider this population seriously because of their demands for City
services and their affect on the economy.
CAS�IWEL1. BEACH POPULATION CHANGE - 1970-1980
Year Brunswick County Smithville Twp.
Caswell Beach
Permanent Seasonal
1970 24,223 (+19.5%) 4,346 (+29.5%) 36 (N/A) 285 (N/A)
1980 38,100 (+57.3%) 7,274 (+67.4%) 104 (188.9%) 587
SOURCES: 1970-U.S. Census
1980-Caswell Beach town records; N.C. Dept. of Administration
for the County figure; and Brunswick County Planning Dept.
projection for Smithville Township.
u

On a tonwship level, statistics are available concerning white/
non -white population, household composition, population characteristics,
and migration rates.
While the total population of Brunswick County increased by 18,862
from 1950 to 1980, the non -white population increased by only 4,465.
Between 1950 and 1980, the percentage of non -white population dropped
from 36.7 percent to 30.18, percent in 1980. To date, no black persons
are known to reside in Caswell Beach itself.
Of the 4,465 non -white increase, 2,073 were males and 2,392 females.
Percentage -wise, the non -white males in relationship to the total males
dropped from 35.7j in 1950 to 29 percent in 1980; the non -white females
declined from 37.5 percent to 31.2 percent. It would seem that slightly
more males than females migrated from the County but no natural increase
statistics by sex are available to confirm this.
Township statistics are available only for 1960 to 1970. Estimates
for 1980 were made by the Brunswick County Planning Department for 1980.
Non -White Po u
ation C an
a by Township9
0- 9
1960
1970
Total-- on-
% Non-
Total —Non-
% Non-
1960-1970
_ Pop White
White
Pop White
White
Change
Brunswick Co. 20,278 7,175
35.4
24,223 7,443
-30.7
268
,Smithville Twp. 3,355 1,144
34.1
4,346 1,193
24.4
49
Non -white Population
Chanqe_by
Tonwship 1980
Total
Population
Non
White
% Non-
White
1970-1980
Change
Brunswick Co. 38,100
Smithville Twp. 7,274
9,335
1,617
24.5
23.2
1,921
445
Household Composition
Household composition was also estimated for Brunswick County and
Smithville Township. Analysis shows an approximate average household
size of 3.47 for the entire County. The Township white household size
is higher than that average for the County, and the Township non -white
household size was smaller than that average for the County.
f
I

lownsnip housenoia Composition 1980
Brunswick
Smithville
County
Township
Total n Households
10,980
2,096
Household Population
38,100
7,274
Population Per Household
3.47
3.47
# White Households
8,359
1,596
Household Population
28,765
5,657
Population Per Household
3.44
3.52
# Non -white Households
2,621
500
Household Population
9,335
1,617
Population per Household
3.56
3.32
Population Characteristics
The median age of a population, that is, the point at which
half of the people are older and half are younger, gives a descrip-
tion of the age composition of a given population. The forces which
normally act on the median age are births, deaths, and migration,. and
the complex intearplay of these forces can drive the age either up or:
down. There is presently a nationwide trend toward lower birth rates,
and this has caused the median age to rise slightly, since young people
became a lesser proportion of the total. From 1960 to 1970, each
segment under study (male, female, black, white) grew older.
The median age for all groups in Brunswick County was 26.4 in 1970
as opposed to 23.9 in 1960. In 1970, Smithville Twonship registered
32.4, While the North Carolina figure was 26.5. The reason for this
difference appears to be that Smithville Township contains a relatively
large population of elderly people (those over 65 within its boundaries
n rinl11 ATTA111 f11111n n n'TP•n•n-r:nw
VVFV -M iuii
LnmKIM irK1JIil.J: !`.1/U
Total
Male
Female
White
Black Under 18
Over.65
Med. Age
Brunswick 24,223
50%
50%
69%
30% 37.4%
8.4%
26.4%
Smithville Twp. 4,346
49%
51%
72%
26% 32.4%
12.1%
32.4%
North Carolina 5,082,059
49%
51%
77%
22% 36.6%
8.1%
26.5%
SOURCE: U.S. CENSUS, 1970

Estimates of population distribution by race, sex, and,age groups were
also made for Brunswick County and Smithville Township for 1980 by -the Bruns-
wick County Planning Department.
1980 Population Distribution by
Race, Sex, and Age Group
Brunswick
County
Smithville
Township
Total
Population 38,100 7,274
Hale
18.959
3,548
Female
19,141
3,726
White
28,765
5,657
Non -white
9,335
1.617
Median Age 28.4 N/A
Number Under 18 13,335 2,357
Number over 65 4,191 880
Migration Rates
Recent migration rates are not yet available for Caswell Beach, Smithville
Township, or the County. To create a general description of the population, 1970
Census figures are presented below. It is expected that this general description
will change slightly with the analysis of 1980 Census data.
Migration rates which were calculated for Brunswick County from 1960 to 1970
reflect the assumption that more and more of the County's people are staying in
the County rather than moving out. A study done in 1969, for example, compared
specific age groups in 1950 with the same groups a decade later in order to measure
the percentage of persons who had ramained within the County during that period
(i.g „ ages 25-34 in 1950 compared with ages 35-44 in 1960). In every case Bruns-
wick County had shown a loss of residents, that is, less than 100% remained ten
years later. From 1960 to 1970, the situation was altered significantly. Most age
groups exhibited net gains (over 100%) during this span, and in each instance, the
percentage of persons continuing to reside in the County was larger than during the
previous enumeration. Although age breakdowns since 1970 have been unavailable, the
reported substantial additions to the total population would lend support to the
notion that currently, an even higher proportion of each age group is being retained.
These statistics tend to indicate that Brunswick County is becoming an increasingly
attractive area in which to live and work. Caswell Beach offers such attractions
as the adjoining Fort Caswell Historic site, its locally famous and historic light-
house, the Oak Island Golf Course facilities, large expanses of undisturbed marsh-
land, and a wealthy amount of ocean front scenery,
a

MIGRATION PATES:_ DRUNtdICK CO._ 1950-60, 1960-70
_
0-4
5-9
10-14
15-19
25-34
35-44
45-54
_20-24
Age Groups in 1960
2441
2469
2417
1928
1125
2298
2509
2155.
Same Group in 1970
2653
2320
1840
1542
1326
2634
2G77
2320
Percent Kemaining
109",
94
.76
80
118
115
107
108
Percent Remaining
1950-1960
96%
81
54
61
81
94
92
88
SOURCE: Southport Population & Economy Study 1969 and Calculated from U.S Census 1970
10

t
2. HOUSING REPORT
The current residential dwelling count for the Caswell Beach.Planning
area is 102. The majority of these residences are seasonal single family
residences, totaling 71, or 69:6percent of the total number..of .dwellings.
Permanent single family. residences constitute 31 , or 30.4 percent of total
dwelling units..
Caswell Beach does not contain any seasonal or permanent multi -family
units at present-. -There are however, some condominiums speculated for one.
area of the Town.
The majority of the permanent dwellings are clustered together (as
.neighbors) in small groups of two or three.
No mobile homes are currently located in Caswell Beach and none are
expected in the futrue.
Caswell Beach does not -contain any substandard housing, with all dwell-
.ings being structurally sound. -
11

3. ECONOMIC REPORT
The economy of an area is constantly underticirg long term change.
These changes affect the ;..opulation in total numbers, in density, and
therefore ; the level of services required, as !,jell as the economic well
being of each persona
The density of an urban center is controlled by the extent and charac- `
ter of its prodtictive.and incoeie-producing activity and its general vitality.
That is, the urban econoriy conditions the a;nount of land development that
occurs.
The elements of the economy must he considered as to their foundation,
strength, stability, and future. Uhile the total economy of an area con-
tributes to the totalpicture, certain activities are considered to he
more import?nt. These are the primary basic economic activities. The
stability and grc�rth of Caswell Geach depends directly upon the stabilit,
and orowth of these economic activities.
For these reasons, an investigation of the economy is an important
part of the planning process. Gut because the residents of Caswell Beach
depend upon outlying areas for thei r econrr!i c wel l being, the Te!•;n's
economy must be considered in light of Prusnwick Count;!,�Southport, and
all of Oak Island.
Industry
Although Casi-!ell Beach does not contain any industrial developm'nt, such
development in other areas of Brunswick Count, is relevant to the economy of
the tot -in because it affects the general standard of living.
As Grunst-rick County has shifted free^. and agricultural/commercial fishing
economic base to a more industrial baste durinV,the past decade, the economic
!;ell -being of.the County's residents has improved. There are many indicators
of this other t'lan the census reports. One such indicator is per capita per-
sonal incov!o. 10.073.; the per capita personal income for Bruns: -rick County
!ias only a? nl.? !'y 1978, it had risen to $5,071, Industrial development
in Grunswic!: anr!Ilev Hanover Counties has contributed to this increase in per
capita income.
Manufactu rina
The residents of Caswell Ceach depend on Southport and the entire Oak
Island area for nanufacturing establishment. Many of these eriploy cr provide
services and materials for Beach residents. Below is a list of firr�s located
in the Southport/Oak Island area. This list eras compiled by the Crunswick
County Resource Developrient;office,
12

Employment Year
Firm Range Producers Established
Blake Builders Hardware
Supplies Inc. 20-49 Building Supplies 1950
Carolina Power and
Light Company 250-499 Electric Power, 1975
Caroons Crab Fresh and Frozen
Company, Inc. 20-49` Seafood 1965
East Coast Ice
and Fisheries 20-49 Manfacture Ice 1975
Pfizer, Inc. 100-249 Citric Acid 1975
Sea -way Press -1-4-' Commercial Printing 1967
Standard Products of Fish meal, fish oil,
North Carolina, Inc. 20-49 and fish solubles 1922
Woodcraft Cabinet Shop 1-4 Custom-made cabinets,
misc, woodwork
It is important to note that no new industries or firms have located in
the Southport/Oak Island area since 1975, when Carolina Power and Light and Pfizer
companies located there. Both are major employers of 0ak Island residents.
Other. Employers
In addition to manufacturing employers, many residents of Caswell Beach are
employees in to-P! area doctor offices, the Dosher Memorial Hospital in Southport
and many other small shops and service oriented employers.
Fishing
Fishing is a major industry in the Southport/Oak Island area. Southport is
the commercial and sport fishing center of the County, with the largest amount of
registered/licensed fishing boats. This is significant since Brunswick County is
one of the leading seafood preducers in the state. In addition, Caswell Beach's
oceanfront is used extensively for both net and surf fishing.
Agriculture
Agriculture -)ctivity in the Southport and Oak Island area is almost nonexis-
tent. In the 1976 Brunswick County Land Use Plan, it was reported that Smithville
Township had so little agricultural activity, that all acres in agricultural use
would be included in the Towncreek Township reports.
Tourism
The abundant natural resources of Caswell Beach are primarily responsible for
the Town's growing seasonal population, and in turn, the economy of Caswell Beach
benefits from these tourist, but in a more indirect way than at most beach communi-
ties. Because there are few spending opportunities or commercial establishments in
Caswell Beach,, to,-i sts primarily contribute to the economy by renting seasonal homes
I

Comr,e r ce
The fourth largest occz:pa-tion of Brunsv..icl< Count- residents is that of
trade e;;;icl3 includes all persons engaged in t::e sales - of merchandise, Cross
retail sales ,� ve risen steadily since 197. for the County' with the Rreatest
grouth occurring since 1978, The annual Increasep from 1978 to 1979 was as
large as the total increase for the three -bear period fron 1973 to 19761
Although recent figures for Caswell Beach are not available,.it is proba-
ble the town received little revenue from commercial activities due to their
lack of commercial establishments.'
Because the permanent population of Caswell Beach is small, the town
cannot support but a few year-round retail establishments. Therefore,,
.Caswell Beach residents rely on commercial areas in Yaupon Beach, Southport,
and at the intersection of N.C. Highway #133 and #211, for various.shopping
needs.
Other Commercial Activities
The only other commercial activity in Caswell Beach is the Oak Island
Country Club. Swimming, golf, and tennis facilities are available for a'reason-
able membership fee.
14

B. LAND USE SURVEY AND ANALYSIS
INTRODUCTI ON
In March of 1980, the Brunswick County Planning Department completed
a land use survey of Caswell Beach. Before this date, no.previous data
was collected or'recorded to compare with to determine acreage and land
use increases and decreases as indicators of development trends and land
use capatability relationships.
The 1980 land use survey serves four major functions: First, an
accurate dwelling unit count is made available. Second, existing acreages
for each land use catenory are determined. Thirdly, the designation of
each parcel of land is given. From this process land use compatability
relationships are determined. Fourth, and most important, the land use
survey serves as the basis for an in-depth land use analysis. It Brill
reveal, for example, the amount of unused but usable land available ►-Iith-
in the Town. This is an important consideration is shaping policies in
matters of core-►ercial. and residential development, subdivision control, of
facilities provisions and needs assessment and zoning regulations. The
following analysis will deal primarily with the use of the land and the
relationships of the various types of land uses.
15

1. EXISTING LAND USE
There are approximately 2,637 acres of land and water within the
corporate limits of Caswell Beach. Seven hundred fifty acres are covered
by water. Of the total acreage, only 137.02 acres are developed. Devel-
oped acreage in Caswell Beach includes the following land use categories:
Permanent Single Family; Seasonal Single Family; Commercial; Recreation;
and Transportation, Communication,.and Utilities. These developed acres
account for 7.26% of total land acreage (without water acreage) and 5.20%
of total surface area (with water acreage). The following chart details
total acreage and percentage of each existing land use.
A. Residential Land Use
The amount of land used for residential purposes includes 44.65
acres or 32.59 of the total developed acreage. The nature of this resi-
dential land use is primarily if not entirely single-family development.
A majority of these homes are seasonally occupied 70%. while 3o% are
year-round owner occupied. Although there are small concentrations of
permanent dwellings, in general both permanent and rental homes are scattered
the length of the beach. All of the102 residential structures could be
classified as sound. There are no mobile homes in Caswell Beach.'
B. Comme,rcial Land Use
Commercial Land Use accounts for .47 acres, or .34% of total de-
veloped acreage, the lowest percentage of use in. Caswell Beach. The Oak
Island Country Club is the only enterprise classified as commercial land.
There are none of the stores, motels, or touristshops often associated
with beach communities at Caswell Beach, and with their present zoning
ordinance, none are expected.
C. Recreational Land Use
The largest percentage of developed acreage (54.08) is in recreational
use. The total 74.1 acres are comprised of the golf course and tennis
courts belonging to the Oak Island Country Club.
D. Transportation, Communication and Utilities
Included in this land use are the water pumping station near the
Baptist Assembly and all streets and roads. Combined, there are 17,8 total
acres in this classification, or 13%, of total developed acreage.
E. Vacant and Undeveloped Land
This category is not really a land use per se, but does consist,of
the largest amount of land in Caswell Beach. Undeveloped land accounts
for 1749.66acres or 92.7% of total land in the Town. Much of this land
is not suitable for development, since it includes large amounts of coastal
wetlands.
16

Caswell
Beach Existing Land
Use
Percentage of
Approximate
Number
Average
Acreage Total
Percentage of
Percentage of
Total Acreage
Land use
of units
Per unfit
acreage
developed acreage
Land Acreage
Inculding Water
-
Permanent
Single Family
31
.57
17.67
12.89
.94
.67
Seasonal
Single Family
71
.38
26.98
19.69
1.43
1.02
Commercial
1
.47
.47
.34
.02
.02
Recreation
N/A
37.05
74.10
54.08
3.93
2.81
Transportation,
Warehousing,
Comnuni cati on
& Utilities
N/A
,1/r1
17.80
13.00
.94
.668
Subtotal
92
1.43
137.02
100%
7.26%
5.20r
Undeveloped
Platted Acreage
N/A
N/A
32.38
Pi/A
1.72
1.230/0'
Undeveloped
Unpiatted Acreage
N/A
N/A
1717. 28.
N/A
91.02
65.13.
Subtotal
N/A
N/A
1886. 68
N/A
10.0%
71.56
Water
N/A
N/A
749.90
N/A
N/A
28.44
Subtotal
N/A
N/A
'2636.58
N/A
N/A
100%
Total 92 1I/A 2636.58 100% 100 0 100;

CASWELL BEACH
PREPARED. BY THE BRUNSI = COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT
SCALE i 400'
..........
O Residential

2. .DEVELOPNENT TRENDS
a. Major Problems Resulting From Unplanned Development_
Often, small and inadequate lot sizes can occur when
there are great development pressures on a town of small
size such as Caswell Beach. This problem is complicated
when the dwelling units on these lots are without sewerage
facilities other than septic tanks. Serious problems may
develop in the near future unless adequate services are
provided to these areas of Caswell Beach that are rapidly
developing.
b. Areas of Environmental Concern
Caswell Beach's primary assets are natural resources.
Many of these reouurces are classified as Areas of Environ-
mental Concern by the Coastal Area Management Act of 1974
in an effort to preserve and protect them.
Of the AEC's designated by CAMA, Caswell Beach contains
the following: Coastal Wetalnds, Estuarine and Public Trust
Waters, Ocean Beaches, Renewable Resource Areas, and Natural
Hazard AReas. For a detailed description of these areas,
see the section entitled "Fragile Areas".
Development has been primarily in the Ocean Beach area
where extensive erosion problems have occurred to the point
that some development, including portions of the Town's
major highway is in danger.
c. Existing Platted Lots
Because large amounts of estuarine waters and coastal
wetlands are within the corporate limits of Caswell Beach,
the percentage of platted acreage is extremely small.
Although there are 169.8 acres of platted land, they com-
prise only 9.0% of the total land acreage. The other 91.0%
of land acreage is unplatted and a large portion of it is
not suitable for development. The average lot size in
Caswell Beach is .44 acres, not including recreation, which
is a slight bit larger than most beach communities.
All of the lots are served by public water, but one are
presently served by public sewer.
d. Lack of Unincorporated Land
Caswell Beach is just one of three municipalities on
Oak Island. The entire island is now incorporated into or
under the jurisdiction of Long Beach, Yaupon Beach, Caswell
Beach, the U.S. Coast Guard Station, or the Baptist Assembly.
Because Caswell Beach is bordered by the Baptist Assembly
and Yaupon Beach, the Town has nowhere to extend its boundaries.
Therefore, all future growth will increase the density of the
Town rather than its total area.
19

C. CURRENT LAND USE REGULATIONS
1. Caswell Beach Local Land Use Controls
The Town of Caswell Beach has adopted several
ordinances which affect the use and development of
land in the municipality. Some State and. Federal
regulations exist which also effect the use of land
in Caswell Beach.
(a) Zoning Ordinance - The Ordinance consists of
a set of regulations and an official map, both
which govern the use and development of land
within the Town of Caswell Beach. It is in,
accordance with a comprehensive plan and its
purpose includes: to lessen con9estion in the
streets; to secure safety from fire, panic, and
other dangers; to promote health and the general
welfare; to provide adequate light and air; to
prevent overcrowding of land; to avoid undue
concentration of population; and to facilitate
the adequate provision of transportation, water,
sewerage, schools, parks, and other public require-
ments.
(b) Subdivision Ordinance - The Subdivision Ordinance
establishes procedures and standards for the de-
velopment and subdivision of land within the Town
of Caswell Beach, including any extraterritorial
jurisdiction. Its purpose includes providing for:
orderly growth and development; coordination of
streets and highways with subdivisions with
existing or planned streets and with other public
facilities such as water, sewer, and drainage
lines, dedication or reservation of recreation
areas and of rights -of -way and easements; distri-
bution of population and traffic in a manner that
will avoid congestion and over -crowding and will
create conditions essential to public health,
safety, and the general welfare; and the adequate
provision of water, sewerage, parks, schools, and
playgrounds.
(c) Building Codes - The' Town of Caswell Beach is
presently enforcing three portions of the State
Building Code including the General Construction
(Building) Code, the plumbing code and the elec-
trical code. The Town Board of Commissioners
has appointed a building inspector who works
entirely on a voluntary basis. The Building
Inspector enforces the Building Code and is
responsible for the issuing of building permits
and performing inspections to insure compatability
of construction with the code. The plumbing
and electrical codes are enforced by the local
building inspectors.
20

(d) Land Use Plan - Caswell Beach is presently
undergoing the C.A.M.A. Land Use Planning
process toward,the adopton'of the Caswell
Beach -Land Use. Plan: The plan will be adopted
i"n the fall of 1980.
2. STATE AND FEDERAL CONTROLS
This section lists State and Federal land use related
controls. The agencies that these controls have stemmed
from are the Department of Natural Resouuces and Community
Development (Division of Environmental Management), the
Department of Natural Resources and Community Development
(Office of Coastal Management), the Department of Natural
Resources and Community Development (Division of Earth
Resources) the Department of Natural Resources and
Community Development (Secretary of NRCD), the Department
of Administration, the Department of Human Resources, the
Department of Cultural Resources (Division of Archives and
History), the Department of Defense (Army Corps of Engineers),
the Department of Transportation (Coast Guard), the
Department of Interior (Geological Survey Bureau of Land
Management), the Nuclear Regulatory Commission and the
Federal Energy Regulatory Commission.
The controls cover all areas of -land use development
and management including water and sewerage facilities,
ground water, air and water pollution, construction guide-
lines in areas of Environmental Concern and dredging and
filling, dams, miniming erosion control, Historic and arch-
eological sites, bridges, and energy facilties.

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMUN TY DEVELOPMENT
. (DLIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
THE DEPARTMENT'OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
iOFFICE OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT)'
STATE CONTROLS
-Permits to discharge to.surface
waters or operate waste water
treatment plants or oil discharge
permits; NPDES Permits, (G..S. 143-
215)
Permits for septic tanks with a
capacity over 3000 gallons/day
(G.S. 143-215.3).
-Permits for withdrawal of surface
or.ground waters in ca acity use
areas (G.S. 143-215.15V
Permits for air pollution abate-
ment facilities and sources
(G.S. 143-215.108).
-Permits for construction of com-
plex sources; e.g. parking lots,
subdivisions, stadiums, etc.
(G.S. 143-215.109)..
-Permits for construction of a well
over 100,00 gallons/day (G.S. 87-88).
Permits to dredge and/or fill in
estuarine waters, tidelands, etc.
(G.S. 113-229).
-Permits to undertake development
in Areas of Environmental Concern
(G.S. 113A-118).
NOTE: Minor development.permits
.are issued by the local
.government.
22

DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
(DIVISION OF EARTH RESOURCES)
STATE CONTROLS
-Permits to alter or construct a
dam (G.S. 143-215.66).
-Permits to mine (G.S. 74-51).
-Permits to drill an exploratory
oil or gas well (G.S. 113-381).
-Permits to conduct geographical
exploration (G.S. 113-391).
DEPARTMENT OF NATURAL RESOURCES AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
-SECRETARY OF NRCD)
STATE CONTROLS
-Sedimentation erosion control
plans for any land disturbing
activity of over one contiguous
acre (G.S. 113A-54).
-Permits to construct an oil refinery.
DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION
STATE CONTROLS
Easements to fill where lands are
Proposed to be raised above the
normal high water mark of navigable
waters by filling (G.S. 146,6(c)).
w
23

DEPARTMENT OF HUMAN RESOURCES
STATE CONTROLS
-Approval to operate a solid waste
disposal site or facility
(G.S. 130-166.16).
} -Approval for construction of any
public water supply facility that
furnishes Water to 15 or more
year-round residences or 25 or
more year-round residents.
DEPARTMENT OF CULTURAL RESOURCES
(DIVISION OF ARCHIVES AND HISTORY)
FEDERAL
-National Historic Preservation Act of 1966
-The Archeological and Historic Preservation Act
of 1974, Public Law 93-291
-Executive Order 11593, Protection and Enhancement
of the Cultural Environment, 16 U.S.C. 470
(Sapp. 1, 1971
-National Environmental Policy Act, Public Law
91-190, 42 U.S.C. 4321 F.L. Sep. (1970)
-Community Development Act of 1974, Public Law
93-383: Environmental Review Procedures for
the Community Development Block Grant Program
(40 CFR Part 58)
-Procedures for the Protection of Historic and
Cultural Properties (36 CFR Part 800)
-Comprehensive Planning Assistance Program (701)
as Amended by Public Law 93-393
-The Department of Transportation Act of 1966,
Public Law 89-670
-Identification and Administration of Cultural
Resources: Procedures of Individual Federal
Agencies
24

STATE
-G.S. 121-12 (a) Protection of Properties in the
National Register
-State. Environmental Policy Act, Article 1 of
chapter 113A of the General Statutes
-Executive Order XVI
-Indian Antiquities, G.S. 70.1-4
-Salvage of Abandoned Shipwreck and other
Underwater Archeological Sites: G.S. 121-22,
23; 1436-62(1) g, (3)
-Archeological Salvage in Highway Construction,
G.S. 136-42.1
-Provisions for Cultural Resources in Dredging and
idling Operations, G.S. 113-229
25

FEDERAL ENERGY REGULATORY COMMISSION
FEDERAL CONTROLS
Permits for construction, operations and
maintenance of interstate pipelines facilities
required under the Natural Gas Act of 1974.
-Orders of interconnection of electric trans-
mission facilities under Section 202(b) of
the Federal Power Act.
-Permission required for abandonment of
natural gas pipeline and associated
facilities under Section 7C (b) of the
Natural Gas Act of 1938.
-Licenses for non-federal hydroelectric
projects and associated transmission lines
under Sections 4 and 15 of the Federal
Power Act.
26

CONSTRAINTS
10.

PART II.
CONSTRAINTS TO DEVELOPMENT
TABLE OF CONTENTS
A. LAND
SUITABILITY.
.28
" 1.
Soil Suitability Analysis.
29
Soil Suitability
30
Suitability Map
35
Soils Map
36
2.
Septic Tank Problem Areas
37
Introduction
37
The Problem
39
Natural Causes of Failures
40
Circumstantial Mistakes
41
Controls _
42
3.
Fragile Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . . 44
Coastal Wetlands
44
Estuarine Waters
44
Renewable Resource Areas
44
Areas Subject to Public Rights
44
Natural Hazard Areas
45
Natural and Cultural Resources Areas
46
_
Archeological Sites
46
B. COMMUNITY CAPACITY.
.48
' 1.
Facilities.
.48
Water Facilities
48
Sewage Facilities
48
Recreational Facilities
49
2.
Population Projections . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .51
Introduction
51
Projection Methodology
53
3.
Estimated Demand. . . . . . . . . . . .
. . . .54
Water Facilities Capacity
54
Sewage Facilities Capacity
54
Developable Lands
55
27

A. LAND SUITABILITY
An analysis was made to determine the suitability for
development of all undeveloped lands in Caswell Beach.,
This consisted of three major mapping schemes which are as
follows:
(1) Soil -limitations and productive lands
(2) Lands with severe restriction for development
(3) Land suitability
These three schemes were analyzed and mapped, based upon the
best information available. The major purpose of this analysis
was to identify those areas in Caswell Beach that have major con-
straints on development and to better educate the public about these
areas before the Land Classification maps were drawn.
The first scheme deals with
Caswell Beach and how the natural
restrictions on development.
the general soil conditions in
soil properties present certain
The second scheme further breaks down the soil conditions to
identify those areas where septic tanks will not function and develop-
ment should not occur unless public sewer service is available. .
It combines those soil associations which are sandy, poorly drained,
and have relatively high water tables. Included in this analysis
are those areas where septic tanks function but where deep sands
have fast percolation rates causing contamination of nearby water
wells. Since this pollution problem has a high probability of
occuring, development within these areas should not occur unless
either public water or sewer systems are available. Essentially
these areas will be water quality limited areas if present patterns
of growth and development continues.
Also identified are soils within the Town where no development
should be allowed. These include a) coastal wetlands
b) ocean beaches; c) frontal dunes;and d) fresh water marshes.
All of these soil types were given very severe soil ratings and
are not further distinguished from one another on the soils map.
The last analysis scheme used in determining land suitability
indicates those areas where future growth should not be programmed
to occur because of various natural and man-made conditions.
The first part of the analysis deals with fragile areas which
could be easily destroyed or damaged by. inappropriate or poorly
planned development These include:
(1) Coastal Wetlands
(2) Frontal Dunes
(3) ocean Beaches and Shorelines
(4) Complex Natural Areas
(5) Wetland Wildlife Habitats
(6) Fresh Water Marshes
r.

The second part illustrates the location of man-made hazards and
zones. Here, the CP&L cooling canal is identified because of its rapid
currents.
The third part of this analysis identifies natural hazard areas.
These consisted of those areas that have high rates of erosion at the
present and in the past and could be considered hazardous to develop-
ment and certain other land uses. These areas are ocean erodible areas.
Natural hazard areas also include Coastal Flood plains. These are
areas which are prone to flooding from storms with an annual probability
of one percent or greater (100-year storm). Such areas could be hazardous
to development.
1. SOIL SUITABILITY ANALYSIS
This is an analysis of.the general suitability of Caswell Beach's
soils for use as future sites for development. All of the Town's soils
are classified as having some degree of physical limitations for future
development. This analysis uses a general site map of the City and
locates those soil associations with natural properties that are not well
suited for development. The analysis discusses each soil and its inter-
pretation. It is essentially a guide and aid in the preparation of the
Land Classification Map.
The maps and analysis are useful guides in planning residential
growth, engineering works, recreational facilities and community pro-
jects. This is not a suitable analysis for planning and management
of a specific residence or lot, or for selecting exact location for
building roads, etc., because the soils in any one association ordin-
arily differ in slope, drainage, depth and other characteristics that
could affect their management.
The Outer Banks Soil Conservation Service Soil Survey was used to
develop the soil analysis sections for each association. The soil
productive areas were identified by following certain established criteria.
Agricultural lands were mapped according to capability class ratings
from S.C.S. which is explained in the text. Productive forest lands were
separated according to the site index of the associations with only those
of high value being mapped. Loblolly pine was used as the reference
species.
Soil Conditions
This section of the report groups together various soils associations
having similar soil properties and thus interpretes their natural soil
condition as having either resource potential or specific development
limitation. The soil ratings are determined on this basis. Such inter-
pretations encompass certain established tests to each soils physical
and chemical properties. They are as follows:
29

(1) Soil Horizons - depth in inches of the major soil strata
from surface to subsurface soils. This is used to deter-
mine relative depth to water table and the soil chemical
{properties.
(2) Texture - based on the relative amounts of sand, silt,
and clay in a soil type giving rise to testured classes
such as sand, sandy loam, clay loam, and clay.
(3) Particle Size - based on the single soil unit and relates
• to shrink -swell potential, plasticity, and bearing capacity.
(4) Permeability - that quality of a soil that permits the
movement of water and air. Estimates of the range of
permeability is the rate of time it takes for downward
movement of water in the major soil layers when saturated,
but allowed to drain freely.
(5) Soil Structure - the arrangement and compaction of indi-
vidual soil particles which make up the basic building blocks
of soil types
(6) Available Water Capacity - the ability of soils to retain
water for plant use.
(7) Soil Reaction or ph- the degree of acidity or alkalinity
of a soil.
Soil Suitability_
The soil types indicated on the soil map were rated for bearing
capacity and septic tank filter field capacity. Bearing capacity is
a soil limitation rating for dwellings based on soil properties that
affect foundations. Considerations are also made of slope, suscep-
tibility to flooding, seasonal high water table, and other hydrologic
conditions in rating the soils. Septic tank filter field capacity
is a rating based on soil properties 5 at limit tt e absorption or
treatment of effuent. These properties include: slope, suscep-
tibility to flooding, presence of a seasonal high water table,
and permeability of the subsoil and underlying material. Past
performance of existing filter fields is also important in deter-
mining the suitability of a site for the installation and design
of a ground absorption sewage disposal system.
Each rating has a different meaning. These are indicated below.
Slight: Soil properties are generally favorable for the stated
use, or limitations are minor and can be easily overcome.
Moderate: Some soil properties are unfavorable, but limitations
resulting from the properties can be overcome or modified
by special planning, good design, and careful management.
Kln

Severe: Soil properties are unfavorable and resulting limitations
are too difficult to correct or overcome. Soil will require
major soil reclamation or special design for stated uses.
This rating, however, does not imply the soil cannot be used.
Very Severe: This rating is a subdivision of the severe rating and
has one or more features so unfavorable for the stated
use that the limitation is very difficult and expensive
to overcome. Reclamation would be very difficult, re-
quiring the soil material to be removed, replaced, or
completely modified. This rating is confined to soils
that require extreme alteration and, generally, are
not used for dwellings and septic tank filter fields.
Also indicated on the suitability map are the flood plain desig-
nations and Areas of Environmental Concern. Coastal Floodplain is
defined as the land areas adjacent to coastal sounds, estuaries, and
the ocean that are prone to flooding from storms with an annual prob-
ability of one percent or greater (100-year flood). Land uses in
these areas must comply with standards of the Federal Insurance
Administration. These standards are associated with the following
flood zone.designations accepted by the Administration.
Flood Zone A - are those areas of 100-year flood.
Flood Zone B - are those areas between the limits of
the 00-year flood and 500-year flood areas.
Both Zones A and B have been designated on the Caswell Beach
Sui tabi I i4ty *Map.
The CAMA Areas of Environmental Concern for Caswell Beach
include Coastal Wetlands, Estuarine and Public Trust Waters, and
Natural Hazard Areas of sand dunes, ocean beaches and shorelines,
and coastal floodplains. .(See map and text for Fragile Areas of
Caswell Beach).
Soils in the Slight Category:
Kureb fine sand
The soils are sandy and excessively drained. Permeability is
rapid and available water capacity is very low, with a seasonal
high water table below five feet. The soils are acid through-
out, and are found on the penninsulas between the Intracoastal
Waterway and the dunes. Depth to high water table is about
six feet.
Wando fine sand
The soils are sandy and excessively drained.
while infiltration and permeability range from
rapid. The seasonal high water table depth is
than five feet. Found on the higher ridges an
sound side of the barrier islands, these soil
too far from the ocean to receive large amount
Runoff is slow,
rapid to very
usually greater
d flats on the
areas are commonly
s of sea spray.
31

Newhan fine sand
The soils are sandy and range from well -drained to exces-
sively drained, often experiencing drought conditions.
Water percolation is very rapid through the stratified
sandy deposits that range from fine to coarse sand with
varying amounts of shells. Typically found in long
ridges on dunes parallel to the ocean, the soil areas
are subject to salt spray and blowing sand. Depth to
high water table is about -six feet.
Soils in the Moderate Category:
Newhan-Corolla complex
The soils consist of two dominant types, Newhan and Corolla,
which occur in an interrelated pattern on the landscape.
Often this complex type occupies the transitional zone
between the higher -lying dunes to the east and the broad
flats -to the west, consisting of low dunes and intervening
basins that separate the dunes.
Newhan soils are well to excessively drained, dry, and have
a low natural fertility. There is a thin surface layer low
in organic matter and plant fiber. Sand is coarse and con-
tains varying amounts of shell fragments. The water table
is more than seven feet below the surface.
Corolla soils are moderately well -drained and sandy through-
out, containing a high percent of coarse sand with varying
amounts of shell fragments. Typically, the water table .is
within 15 to 20 inches of the surface.
Soils in the Severe Category:
Dredge Spoil
The soils are composed primarily of sand and shells.
They are generally dry with rapid permeability.
Located along the Intracoastal Haterway . the spoils
are a result of dredging maintenance of the !+laterway.
Most of the areas are less than ten feet in height,
and have been deposited on marsh. Depth to high water
table is generally three feet.
Madeland
The soil is primarily sandy, but some areas contain up
to 10 percent shells. Permeability is rapid and most
areas are quite dry. Flooding by sea water is rare.
The water table fluctuates with changes in tide level;
however, most areas have a depth to the water table of
about two to four feet during high tide. Found on the
sound side of the island adjacent to the water,
the soils has been dredged during the construction of
canals and has been deposited between canals for use
as building sites. Essentially, all of the material
has been deposited over marsh and its average thick-
ness rdnges% from throe to six feet.

Soils in the Very Severe Category:
Beach-Foredune Association
The soil area includes both the beach and the "frontal dune."
The beaches are flooded daily by tidal action and contain
sand ranging from fine to very coarse with varying amounts
of shell fragments. The foredune portion consists of a dune
just landward and parallel to the beach.. It is subject to
severe erosion by wind and wave action in the absence of
vegetation. Permeability is rapid for both areas and the
depth to high water table ranges from zero to three feet
on the beach and up to six feet at the foredunes.
Bohicket soils
The soils are clayey and very poorly drained. They occur in
tidal marshes where rivers and streams empty directly into
the ocean. Flooded daily by sea water, the soils are con-
tinuously wet, soft, and viscous. Depth to high water table
is generally zero to three feet.
Leon fine sand
The soils are sandy throughout with rapid percolation..
The seasonal high water table is at or near the surface
during periods of high rainfall but may drop below 40
inches during the drier seasons. The surface layer
contains some organic,matter and plant fiber.
Bohicket soils, hihh
The soils are clayey and irregularly flooded. They occur
in marsh areas where rivers and streams empty directly
into the ocean, and may be adjacent to low-lying areas
that are flooded daily or to higher -lying sandy soils.
Ranging from two to five feet in height, the soils are
continuously wet, soft, and viscous. Depth to high
water table is zero to three feet.
Note: The Leon fine sand category is rated severe for dwellings and
very severe for septic tank filter fields.— All -other categories
have the same ratings for both uses. For the purpose of the
Caswell Beach Suitability Map, the very severe rating is used.
33

Caswell Beach Soil Suitability Percentages
Total Acreage.
Percentage
Very Severe
1428.72
75.6
Sevore
52.70
2..8
Moderate
82.38
4.4
Slight A
234.81
12.4
Slight B
90.09
4.8
Tots -
1888.70
Very Severe
Severe -
Moderate
Slight A
Slight B
Adjusted Figures
Total Acreage
160.84
0.00
6.64
234.81
90.09
Percentage
32.7
0.0
1.3
47.7
18.3
Soil Suitability Percentages were determined for the entire area
incorporated by Caswell Beach. Because a large portion of the incorporated
land is coastal wetlands, and not suitable for development, adjusted percen-
tages were developed to better reflect the land area where growth has and
will continue to occur. The area from which the adjusted figures were
derived is designated on the Suitability Map.
34