Futch Creek The History, Growth & Future of Our Watershed-1996

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F Eg % 31996
DIV t N1pNJF
AGEMENT
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Towards Sustainable Coastal Communities
and Environmental Stewardship
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IN

FUJ.l CH CREEK
The History,
Growth & Future
of Our Watershed
Towards Sustainable Coastal Communities
and Environmental Stewardship
December 1995
NEw HANOVER BOARD OF COMMISSIONERS
Robert G. Greer, Chairman
E. L. "Matt" Mathews, Vice Chairman
Sandra Barone
William Caster
William Sisson
NEw HANOVER COUNTY PLANNING BOARD MEMBERS
Kenneth A. Shanklin, Chairman
Charles R. Howell, Vice Chairman
Wesley O. Nixon
James E. Wolle
Joyce Fernando
John Galarde
John E. Dyer
NEw HANOVER COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT
Dexter Hayes, Director
Patrick Lowe, Assistant Director
Planner -in -charge
Chris O'Keefe, Planner
Project Staff'
PLANNING STAFF
Pete Avery, Senior Planner
Sam Burgess, Planner
Wanda Coston, Planner
CAMA INTERNS
Tracy Lowe
Ed Lynch
GRAPHICS PLANNING Tm INIcIAN
Lisa Elaine Horne -
ADMINISTRATIVE SECRETARY
Phoebe Saavedra
The preparation of this document was financed, in part, through a Coastal Area Management Act
q10
grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the
Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean
and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
N
N

Table of Con -tents
0
I. Executive Summary ..................................................................................... 1
II. Introduction................................................................................................. 3
Purposeof the Plan ................................................................................ 3
PlanningProcess.................................................................................... 3
III. Background..................................................................................................5
History................................................................................................... 5
Issues..................................................................................................... 6
IV. Futch Creek Watershed............................................................................... 9
Profile.................................................................................................... 9
Land Use Plan and Classifications.......................................................17
ZoningRegulations...............................................................................18
Stormwater and Other Regulations....................................................... 21
Hydrology............................................................................................. 25
O Water Quality Studies........................................................................... 28
SpecialProjects.....................................................................................37
Summary/Analysis................................................................................ 38
V. Goals & Objectives.....................................................................................45
Porter's Neck Plan ................................................................................ 45
Wilmington - New Hanover County Land Use Plan Update ............... 46
Pender County Land Use Plan Update.................................................49
Proposed Futch Creek Watershed Plan ................................................ 52
VI. Watershed Management Tools.................................................................. 57
Non -Regulatory ....................................................................................58
Regulatory............................................................................................58
Legislative............................................................................................60
VII. Recommendations for Action..................................................................... 61
VIII. Sustainable Coastal Communities.............................................................. 63
0 References/Appendices..............................................................................65

Appendix O
Appendix A Land Use Plan Classification Maps
Appendix B Watershed Land Uses and Projections
by Zoning District
Appendix C Saltwater Classifications, Land Use and
Stormwater Controls
Appendix D Map of Two Options for Water Quality
Critical Area Boundaries
List ®f ]Figures
Figure 1
Public Forum Notice
p. 4
Figure 2
Poplar Grove Plantation
p. 5
Figure 3
Closed Shellfish Beds Map
p. 7 O
Figure 4
Futch Creek Watershed Map
P. 11
Figure 5
Futch Creek Watershed Land Use Map
p. 13
Figure 6
Futch Creek Watershed Soils Map
p. 15
Figure 7
Groundwater Flow Rates
p. 26
Figure 8
Paths of Water Flow
p. 27
Figure 9
Aquifer Sensitivity Map
p. 29
Figure 10
Water Quality Sampling Stations Map
p. 31
Figure 11
Primary Nursery Areas Map
p, 35
Figure 12
Dredging/Water Quality Results Chart
p. 37
Figure 13
Surface Water Quality Map
p. 43
List ®f 7lablles
Table 1 Watershed Land Use Summary P. 10
Table 2 Summary of Estuarine Creek Regulations p. 23
Table 3 Dredging/Water Quality Results p. 38
Table 4 Watershed Management Tools p. 58 �,/

Executive Summary
The history, growth, and future development of the Futch Creek watershed are
explored in our search for the answers to achieving sustainable coastal development
and environmental stewardship. From its early settlement to later plantation days,
ties to the land have provided a strong foundation for the community and an impor-
tant legacy to pass from one generation to the next. But what legacy are we provid-
ing for future generations ?
The Futch Creek watershed has experienced only moderate development to
date, predominantly single-family residential on larger lots. However, the desirabil-
ity of the area combined with a growing population and limited natural constraints
will likely result in increased development in the .years to come.
A review of existing land use plans, zoning, and stormwater regulations finds
numerous areas for improvement. These include:
O implementation of adopted land use plan goals and objectives,
• reduce or eliminate exemptions from water quality regulations for agriculture,
forestry, single-family residences, and others,
• develop a monitoring and maintenance program for stream buffers,
• consider adoption of density controls through an R40 or larger zoning district and
impervious surface limits,
• develop a watershed overlay district, or amendment to the Conservation Overlay
Distrct (COD)
• develop a stormwater management program and a stormwater utility or water
quality authority for its implementation,
• develop a groundwater monitoring/protection program,
• develop a septic system inspection and maintenance program,
• . provide increased support/funding for inspections and enforcement programs,
• provide increased long-term support/funding for water quality studies,
• continue support of cooperative research efforts and innovative projects,
• support new/creative educational programs and public participation opportunities.
Drainage and groundwater studies are beginning to provide needed informa-
tion to address our ability to provide for sustainable development. Surface water
quality studies are providing valuable information on current conditions and trends
and the likely cumulative impacts of development. These findings include: exces-
sive nutrient loadings that may compromise the ability of the creek to function as a
primary nursery area; bacterial pollution continues to exceed the State standards for
Oshellfishing; low dissolved oxygen in bottom water contributes to estuarine water
impairment; and stormwater detention ponds may frequently discharge water of poor
qualityy.

'One promising area is the Clean Water Demonstration Project on Futch Creek
that found increased salinity and tidal flushing has resulted in substantial drops in
fecal coliform abundance. Other special studies planned include a Neighborhood Best O
Management Practices (BMP) Program and a Wild Animal Impact Study.
A review of existing goals and objectives from adopted land use plans shows a
strong foundation for water quality protection and growth management issues. Based
upon this foundation, the Futch Creek Plan proposes three basic goals:
Goal One:
COOPERATION
Seek out new avenues for communication and cooperation between local, state,
and federal governments and agencies.
Goal Two:
PROTECTION
Develop a comprehensive strategy to provide for environmental protection and
sustainable coastal development within the Futch Creek Watershed. .
Goal Three:
RESPONSIBILITY
Foster awareness, understanding, and environmental stewardship through
continued public participation and education.
Through these goals, we can begin to revive the water quality in our creeks
and sounds, and ensure their continued use and enjoyment for generations to
come. Implementation is the key to ensure the translation of these words into
action, and our actions will be the measure of our commitment.
Some of the tools for watershed management and water quality protection that O
can help to achieve these goals are presented for consideration. These include den-
sity controls, buffer and impervious surface standards, drainage requirements, es-
tablishment of a stormwater utility, educational efforts, and others.
Recommended actions for consideration by the Board of Commissioners include:
Development of an interlocal agreement with Pender County for the joint
planning, protection, and sustainable development of the Futch Creek watershed;
Appointment of a community steering committee to complete the development of
a comprehensive watershed management plan and ordinance; and,
Direction to the Planning Board and staff to continue development of a compre-
hensive watershed management plan and ordinance for consideration by the Board
of Commissioners.
Sustainable coastal development is the overall goal that we seek to achieve
through these efforts. It involves meeting the needs of the present without compro-
mising the ability to meet the needs of future generations. It requires that we have
both a vision of and commitment to the future of our community. And it requires that
we "care" about the quality of life both now and for generations to come. We do
have a choice, and we still have the time to make that choice. And that choice will
determine what our legacy will be to our children and grandchildren. Q
2

I I I IT micMI(s)I
PURPOSE OF THE PLAN
This plan establishes the conceptual framework for the future of Futch Creek.
It's purpose is to outline some of the necessary goals, objectives and implementa-
Realizing the goals of the Futch Creek
Plan will require the commitment of the
Ocitizens, community groups, and public
agencies that have concern for its future,
and that commitment must be expressed
through actions which implement our stated
goals. This will be the key to the success of
our efforts.
Mouth of
Futch Creek
PLANNING PROCESS
Photo:
An important part of the success of any planning effort is largely dependent Conrad Lohman
upon the degree to which the public has been involved in the process. Being in-
cluded early and throughout the development of the plan or project helps to ensure
that the public's ideas can be incorporated or addressed. It also provides the neces-
sary foundation for the plan's acceptance, which is a key ingredient to its successful
implementation.
3

Public participation in the development of the Futch Creek Watershed Plan
actually began in 1991 during the Wilmington -New Hanover Land Use Plan Up-
date. Surveys, forums, and public hearings from 1991 to 1993 all indicated growing
community concern over declining water quality and a perceived decline in the overall
" quality of life ". This resulted in the adoption
of specific policies and implementation measures
� TCH CREEK I to address these emerging issues.
The History,
Growth & Future
of Our Watershed
Please join us for an informational meeting
and exchange of ideas
on water quality and stewardship
of the Futch Creek Watershed
Wednesday, November 29,1995
7:00-9:OOpm
Plantation Village Auditorium
1100 Porten Neck Road
For additional information comae:
New Hanover County Planning Department
The development of an Estuarine Watershed
Management Program is a direct result of these
policies. The overall goal of this program will
be to develop and implement specific watershed
management plans for each of the major estua-
rine creeks. The first of these focuses on the Fu-
tch Creek watershed.
During the development of the Futch Creek
Watershed Plan a public forum was held to pro-
vide an update on the water quality studies and
to gather additional public input ( figure 1). More
than 75 persons attended the evening meeting at
Plantation Village in Porter's Neck. Questions
and concerns were addressed by the staff and
written comments were received from 44 indi-
Patrick Lowe 341-7165 viduals. The comments addressed a wide range
Toward: susumahk Cozzd Communises of issues, including : support for water quality
and Environmental suwards&p protection reopening Futch Creek to shellfish -
Figure I
31
ing, growth & density concerns, waterfowl pro-
tection, Hwy. 17 bypass impact, water & sewer impact, jet ski regulation, studies/
plans for other creeks, and how can we (individuals) assist with the studies? Overall
the comments were very supportive of the studies and the development of the Futch
Creek Watershed Plan.
With the approval of the Board of Commissioners, continuing development of
the Futch Creek Plan in 1996 will include additional community meetings in con-
junction with work by a steering committee (watershed advisory committee), and
the Planning Board. This would be followed by public hearings before the Planning
Board and Board of Commissioners.
Loll
4

K
K
HISTORY
The Futch Creek watershed encompasses an area rich in the history of New
Hanover and Pender counties. From its early settlement to its later plantation days,
ties to this land from generation to generation have provided a strong foundation for
the community and many of its future leaders.
Porter's Neck was originally part of a royal land grant from King George II to
Maurice Moore. In 1732 John Porter purchased 960 acres, which would soon be-
come known as Porter's Neck Plantation. Nicholas N. Nixon was also among the
early land owners at Porter's Neck, having inherited most of the land where his
family lived and farmed in the 1800's. He would prove to be quite successful through
his development of the peanut into a profitable crop. The Porter's Neck Plantation
would become well known for its peanut crop production, and an important farming
endeavor for the Wilmington area. Relic dams, evident in parts of Futch Creek,
were constructed to block the tidal flow. This allowed the farmers to dig out the
rich, black soils of the marsh and spread them over the peanut fields.
While the original plantation has long since been divided into many
smaller tracts and subdivisions, peanut farming continued well into the
1980's. Most of the original roads throughout the area were maintained
by covering the surface with oyster shells, a practice typical of the day:
This would eventually be replaced by paving in the 1930's and 1940's.
A strong desire to succeed would be evident in future generations
as well, as N.N. Nixon's grandson, Champion McDowell Davis, would
work his way up through the ranks to become president of the Atlantic
Coastline Railroad. He would retire late in life to the Porter's Neck
waterfront, which his brother Robert Burns Davis had developed, and
where he would construct the Cornelia Nixon Davis Nursing Home in
dedication to his mother.
Just north of Porter's Neck lies Scott's Hill and the estate and
historic plantation known as Poplar Grove (figure 2). The 628 acre plantation was
purchased by James Foy Jr. from Francis Clayton in 1795. The original manor house
was located on the northern branch of Futch Creek, later called Foy's Branch, until
Figure 2—
Poplar Grove
Plantation
5

it was destroyed by a fire in 1849. Rebuilt on its current site in 1850 by Joseph
Mumford Foy, it would be the focus of a prosperous agricultural community until
the hardships of the Civil War. Foy's son, Joseph T. Foy, would restore the O
plantation's economic prosperity after the war through skillful management and
development of the peanut as the primary cash crop. He would also become an
influential community leader and play an important role in the construction of the
Onslow and East Carolina Railroad. Poplar Grove Plantation remained in the Foy
family until its sale in 1971. It was later renovated and opened to the public in 1980
as a museum by the Poplar Grove Foundation. Today this nationally registered his-
toric site continues its heritage as a center of community activity, preserving and
portraying life on the plantation's of the late 1800's for future generations.
ISSUES
New Hanover County began to study the estuarine watersheds because of grow-
ing community concern over declining water quality in the creeks and sounds. As
rapid population growth exerted increasing pressure on the areas fragile and lim-
ited natural resources, estuarine water quality became one of the early casualties.
A gradual yet continuous decline, it would even-
fit,�Jff � tually result in the closure of once prime shellfishing
areas throughout the county. Futch Creek would be 0
among the earlier losses with its closure in April of
V 1986. With the closure of Howe Creek (SA-ORW) on
December 6, 1991, all of New Hanover County's es-
tuarine creeks were fully or partially closed to shell -
fishing (figure 3).
The issue of water quality was further defined
during the development of the CAMA Land Use Plan
Update in 1991-92. Area residents expressed increas-
ing concern over:
• declining water quality in the creeks and sounds;
• groundwater pollution;
• overdevelopment; and
• a perceived decline in the overall quality of the environment.
As a result, land use policies were adopted that provided for the development
of an Estuarine Watershed Management Program. Work began on the program in
1992 and a preliminary report on findings and recommendations was completed in
September 1993. Futch Creek would be the first watershed plan to be undertaken as O
a part of the Estuarine Watershed Management Program
6

TO CLINTON
1\
Wilmington
CAROLINA BEACH
NEW HANOVER COUNTY
`\ TO JACKSONVILLE
WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH
MASONBORO INLET
FIGURE 3
CLOSED
SHELLFISH BEDS
January 1991
Prohibited Areas
• Marina
NOTE: Areas subject to enlargement or re-
duction as conditions change. Extent of closure
surrounding marinas is dependent on size and
other characteristics of each marina.

u FUTCH CREEK WATERSHED

0
The Futch Creek watershed lies between the Intracoastal Waterway and High-
way 17 (Market Street) in northeastern New Hanover County, straddling the bound-
ary with Pender County. It encompasses an area from Scotts Hill Loop Road and
Highway 17 on the north and east, to Porters Neck Road on
the south (figure 4). For many years, Futch Creek was one Ak.
of the more pristine in New Hanover County, with a mostly
§'
rural character and conditions that favored excellent shell
fishing and other recreational opportunities. But this would
change in the 1980's as new development began moving into
the area, including Porter's Neck subdivision, a large resi-
dential and golf course development with a retirement cen-
ter. �r
Development within the Futch Creek watershed has
been predominantly single-family residential on larger lots,
with some smaller lot clustering taking place within the Por-
ters Neck community (figure 5). A few mobile homes area '
also located throughout the area, however they are typically on large lots and not Waterfront
Development
concentrated in parks.
- A limited amount of commercial development is located along Highway 17
and within the Porters Neck community.The Poplar Grove Historic Plantation is
located on Hwy. 17 at Scotts Hill. The Cornelia Nixon -Davis nursing home and the
Plantation Village retirement community, composed of condominium and detached
1 d
umts, are ocate along Porters Neck Road.
Of the total 3,135 acres of land in the Futch
Creek Watershed, 1,897 acres remain as undevel-
oped land in large lots. However, a large part of the
watershed within New Hanover County is being pro-
vided with sewer service and much of the remaining
area is suitable for septic tank use (figure 6). Com-
bined with the desirability of the area and current
population projections, it is likely that further devel-
opment will take place on much of this land. There
are already approximately 500 vacant subdivided lots
2

Table I
If developed to its maximum potential under current zoning classifications, the
Futch Creek watershed could have more than 4,800 dwelling units compared to its
current 726 dwelling units (table 1). While the overall density would remain rela-
tively low, at approximately 1.94 d.u./acre at buildout, compared to .29 d.u./acre
now; the impervious surface area for the watershed would rise from 5.7% to almost
25%. This could lead to further water quality impacts under the current develop-
ment requirements.
Land Use Summary
Futch Creek Watershed: Landuse, Density and Impervious Surface
Dwelling Units
Density (uniWacre)
Impervious Area
Acreage
Parcels
Existing
Potential
Existing
Potential
Existing
Potential
Road
:1417
0
0 '
:...'n
A
o
17a21..
0
/oof
0
45/0
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
0
0.0%
-WA
....:..70.e5
WA
39.5%
22.3%
CreeM&rsh
1682
0
0 .. .
0
0 ....
_ 0
6 ........
% of Total
6.0%
0.0%
0.0%
0.0%
N/A
WA
0.0%
0.0%
Single Family
292 .
520
.. 52Q, ...
w ,. 562
178..
: 18 :
_ .75.91 E,.
i!...75 91
% of Total
9.3%
41.4%
71.6%
11.7016
N/A
WA
42.3%
9.8%
SF -Large Lot
77 .. `:
15 ..:
.. _ .15 ...
157
D 19.,
2A4 .. ;'
3 9: ':.
20 03
%of Total
2.5%
1.2%
2.1%
3.3%
N/A
N/A
22%
2.6%
SF-VacantR,
%of Total
7.3%
38A%
0.0%
10.5%
NIA
WA
0.0%
7.7%
Mobile Home
6 5
10
10:€
!0 ..
154
1.54....
1.69
1,69..
Of Total
02%
0.8%
1.4%
02%
WA
WA
0.9%
02%
Commercial38
S
13
NIA
N/A
N/A
NIA :
10:01
1. D Ot
% of Total
12%
1 0%
N/A
NIA
N/A
N/A
5.60/.
1 3%
Office/
Institutional'
48.5A
11
i..93
3. 73.
3 98 ..
i2 81.
12 61
% of Total
1.5%
0.9%
24.9%
4.0%
WA
N/A
7.0%
1.6%
Vacant
1820 4
199 :;
0
3378 ..
... 0 00 .
::.. . t 86
0 s
42008
% of Total
• 58.1 %
...
15.8%
0.0%
70.3%
WA
NIA
0.0%
54.0%
Recreational
293 S
fi
N(A...
WA
0 00
0 00
4 4
d 4
Of Total
9 4%
O S%
WA
N/A
WA
WA
2 5%
0.6%
TOTAL
8
1256
726
4803
; 0 29
194
17937
_.
Z77 80
1:3135
rshe
Wated
100.0%
100.0%
100.0%
100.05
NIA
N/A
5.7%
24.8%
Assumptions: Potential area for roads = %11.25 of Vacant land (from sample subdivision).
Road impervious surface = %50 of right of way.
Average impervious surface for watershed sample = %26.
Projected number of units = max allowed by zoning (x) vacant acreage.
' Office and Institutional includes 66 dwelling units in Plantation Village Retirement Community and 107 rooms in
Cornelia Nixon Davis Health Care Center.
Total includes recreation and roads
Futch Creek's SA water quality classification indicates that the waters are suit-
able for commercial shellfishing, recreation, fishing, aquatic life propagation and
wildlife habitat. However, most of the creek has been closed to shellfishing due to
fecal coliform contamination since 1986. Water quality studies and a pilot project
are currently underway to try and reopen the creek. Futch Creek has also been iden-
tified as a primary nursery area, providing an important breeding area for fish and
shellfish of our coastal waters.
E*
10

C
0
� � � f ' I �rl : 1��•• r
fli
�. ` .�`�!' .■.s� �� Wit.
a
e
r
t
ow
LEGEND
v 2 Ft. Contour
c� N 5 Ft. Contour
10 Ft. Contour
` N Watershed Boundry

FIGURE 6
Futch Creek
Watershed
New Hanover County
Planning Dept.
Soil Classification
Class I
Class II
Class III
0 Class IV
M Water
N
W E
S
December 18,1995

LAND USE PLAN & CLASSIFICATIONS
OThe Land Use Plan is a policy document adopted by local government that
provides long-range guidelines for decision making on growth and development. It
is intended to provide substantial guidance to city and county officials in their deci-
sion making and ensure the protection, preservation, orderly development, and man-
agement of our coast. The Land Use Plan is also -used by regional, state, and federal
agencies in making project consistency, permit, and funding decisions.
The 1993 Wilmington New Hanover Land Use Plan Update and the 1991 Pender
County Land Use Plan Update provided important direction for water quality pro-
tection and enhancement (see "goals & objectives" p. 45). Among these was the
development of the estuarine watershed management program in New Hanover
County. These land use plans also defined levels of protection for various areas of
the watershed through land classification maps (Appendix A - Land Use Plan Clas-
sification Maps).
In New Hanover County, the majority of the land within the Futch Creek wa-
tershed falls into the resource protection and conservation classifications, with a
small area to the west and along Market Street classified as rural. Within Pender
County, most of the watershed is classified as limited transition and conservation,
with some rural classification to the west of Market Street. The land classifications
O within the Futch Creek watershed are described below and in more detail in Appen-
dix A.
Conservation
Provides for -effective long-term management and protection of significant, lim-
ited, or irreplaceable natural resources, such as estuarine areas of environmental
concern (AEC) and adjacent lands within the 100 year floodplain. Areas should be
preserved in their natural state with limited exceptions. Residential density cannot
exceed 2.5 units/acre; lower density may be required depending on environmental
constraints.
Resource Protection
Provides for the preservation and protection of important natural, historic, sce-
nic, wildlife and recreational resources. Includes land adjacent to SA estuarine wa-
ters. Residential density cannot exceed 2.5 units/acre; lower density may be required.
Compatible commercial and industrial may be allowed if important resources not
adversely impacted. Provision of sewer to some estuarine creeks is intended for the
purpose of eliminating septic system pollution and not for encouraging increased
density. This classification was developed by New Hanover County due to its urban
character and the need to protect numerous areas from urban densities.
17

Rural
Provides for areas of low intensity land use such as agriculture, forestry, min- "
eral extraction, and other traditional agrarian uses. Discourages premature conver-
sion into urban type land uses which would result in loss of resource production.
Only low density residential development not requiring the provision of urban ser-
vices or exceeding 2.5 units/acre is allowed. Hazardous or noxious land uses with
potential for negative impacts may be allowed.
Limited Transition
Provides for areas of development that will require some level of services, but
at lower densities. Increased development is expected to occur, however, residential
density should not exceed 2.5 units/acre with lower density desirable. The use of
clustering and Planned Unit Development (PUD) is encouraged. Multi -family and
non-residential uses may be allowed but primarily residential uses are intended.
ZONING
While the Land Use Plan provides guidance for development, its implementa-
tion depends upon more specific direction and control of land uses through zoning
and subdivision regulations.
The zoning for most of the Futch Creek watershed is low den-
sity residential (R-20, R-15 /RA), with some areas of clustered resi-
dential development (Performance Residential) within Porters Neck.
Commercial zoning (B-1B-2) is located along Market Street
(Hwy. 17). Office and Institutional zoning(O&I) is also found along
P$tltL MFlllllt. u __x,_ �,'z
portions of Market Street and within the Porters Neck area.
a New Hanover County also applies a Conservation Overlay Dis-
trict (COD) to protect conservation resources on a site by site basis
and Performance Residential (supplemental) regulations which al-
low clustering and density transfer subject to drainage standards and
other requirements. Both New Hanover and Pender County have a
Planned Development (PD) district which allows mixed use devel-
g F° _"! opment on larger tracts subject to approval of a master land use plan.
Performance Residential development has taken place at Porters Neck Planta-
tion and there are numerous COD's throughout the watershed area. However, there
are no Planned Development (PD) districts within the Futch Creek watershed.
The zoning districts within the Futch Creek watershed are described below.
Additional information.on existing and potential development by zoning district for
18

New Hanover and Pender Counties can be found in the appendix (Appendix B-
Watershed Land Uses and Projections by Zoning District).
R-20 Residential (New Hanover County)
The principal use of land is for low density residential development on lots of
20,000 sq. ft. or greater, and recreational purposes. Much of the area along the northern
sounds and estuarine creeks is classified R-20. Mobile homes are only permitted by
special use permit. Maximum density with Performance Residential projects is 1.9
units per net tract acre.
R-20S Residential (New Hanover County)
The principal use of land is for low density single-family residential purposes
on 20,000 sq.ft. lots. Intended to permit development that is compatible with the
preservation of an exurban lifestyle. Mobile homes, duplexes, and other high den-
sity residential uses are not permitted. Only a small portion of the Futch Creek Wa-
tershed is zoned R-20S.
OR-15 Residential (New Hanover County)
The principal use of land is for residential development on 15,000 sq ft. lots.
This district comprises about 20% (675 acres) of the land in the watershed and most
of the land in the county.Mobile homes are permitted. Maximum density with Per-
formance Residential projects is 2.5 units per net tract acre.
Performance Residential - Supplemental (New Hanover County)
Supplemental regulations allowing residential development that varies from
the dimensional requirements of the underlying zone except for density, and subject
to approval of a site plan, drainage plan, and other requirements.
Conservation Overlay District (COD) (New Hanover County)
An overlay zoning district designed to protect important environmental and
cultural resources. Performance standards and preservation requirements. are ap-
plied to development of properties containing designated conservation resources,
Osuch as pocosins, natural ponds, marshes, archaeological/historical sites, and oth-
ers.
19

O&I Office and Institutional (New Hanover County)
Provides areas for institutional, professional office, and other compatible uses O
including single-family and performance residential. The minimum lot size is 15,000
sq. ft. The maximum density of performance residential development is 2.5 units/
acre. Plantation Village at Porter's Neck is the only district zoned O&I in the water-
shed.
B-1 Business District (New Hanover County)
The purpose of this district is to provide convenient shopping facilities prima-
rily for necessity goods and personal services required to serve a neighborhood.
Ingress and egress is required to be from collector roads, and minor or major arteri-
als. The minimum area for a B-1 district is two (2) acres. This zoning district is
found along Market Street (Hwy. 17).
B-2 Business District (New Hanover County)
The purpose of this district is to provide for the proper grouping and develop-
ment of roadside business uses which will best accommodate the needs of the mo-
toring public and businesses demanding high volume traffic. The minimum area a
for the B-2 district is five acres. It is the least restrictive business zone. The B-2.
district is found along Market Street (Hwy. 17).
B-2 Business District (Fender County)
The purpose of this district is to provide for the proper grouping and develop-
ment of roadside business uses which will best accommodate the needs of the mo-
toring public and businesses demanding high volume traffic. The minimum area
for the B-2 district is one-half (%) acre.
RA Rural Agricultural District (Fender County)
The RA Rural Agricultural District is established as a district in which the
principal use of land is for low density single family residential, and low intensity
non-residential purposes, and to encourage rural farming activities, and the preser-
vation of open space.The district is designed to promote low density residential and
non-residential development not requiring urban services while maintaining prime
farm land and a rural life style.
20

STORMWATER AND OTHER REGULATIONS
OVarious development standards and stormwater regulations apply to the es-
tuarine watersheds based upon their water quality classification. These are prima-
rily administered by local and state agencies. A summary of these regulations is
provided in Table 2: Estuarine Creek Regulations and Appendix C- Saltwater Clas-
sifications, Land Use, and Stormwater Controls.
New Hanover County
New Hanover County provides development standards for protection of im-
portant ecological resources through its Conservation Overlay District. These con-
servation resources include primary nursery areas, salt and brackish marshes, natu-
ral ponds, maritime shrub thickets, pocosin, and others. It requires a minimum 75
foot setback for all impervious surfaces from the leading edge of a protected re-
source. The only exception to this setback rule is for the encroachment of open
decks, provided the encroachment does not exceed six feet into the setback area.
Stormwater runoff from development located adjacent to protected conserva-
tion areas must not exceed the pre-development/natural conditions peak rate for the
10 year design storm. A drainage plan design which provides for the capture of
O between the first .25 inch and one inch of rainfall is also required. Projects adjacent
to primary nursery areas must retain the first .75 inch of run-off. The County does
not impose specific impervious surface ratios for developments in these areas. Di-
rect discharge of stormwater into conservation space is prohibited.
N. C. Division of Environmental Management (DEHNR)
The Division of Environmental Management is responsible for comprehen-
sive planning and management of the state's air, surface water, and groundwater
resources. New development locating adjacent to SA Outstanding Resource Waters
and within 575 feet of the mean high water line is required to comply with the "low
density" option specified in their Stormwater Management Rules. This means the
built -upon area must be less than or equal to 25 percent, or the development must
consist of single-family residences on lots with one-third of an acre or greater with
a built -upon area of 25 percent or less, have no stormwater collection system and
have a 30 foot vegetative setback from surface waters.
Should the development locate adjacent to SA classed waters not classified
ORW and the low density option is not chosen, then specified stormwater control
measures are required. Options include: stormwater infiltration basins and ponds,
Q swales, vegetative filters, and wet detention ponds or innovative systems if there is
a reasonable expectation the control measures will be successful.
21

Development draining to waters other than
y� SA, such as SB or SC do not require stormwater
�� control measures if the built -upon area is 30 per-
cent or less, or it consists of single-family resi-
Inden ces on lots with one-third of an acre or greater
with abuilt-upon area of 30 percent or less, has
Silt fence no stormwater collection system, and built -upon
along marsh area is at least 30 feet from surface waters.
N. C. Division of Coastal Management
The Division of Coastal Management is responsible for carrying out the provi-
sions ofthe N.C. Coastal Area Management Act, which includes review and permiting
of major developments. They are responsible for the standards of development in
"Areas of Environmental Concern", such as marshlands, tidelands, shoreline and
waters of the estuarine systems, beaches, dunes, and ocean inlets and other areas.
Development along estuarine shorelines must comply with "use" standards
within 75 feet (575' for ORV) of the mean high water line. Impervious surfaces
must not exceed 30 percent of the lot area within the AEC (25% for ORV) unless
that limit allows no practical use to be made of the lot. All development projects"
shall limit the construction of impervious surfaces and other areas prohibiting natu-
ral drainage.
No specific standards for drainage retention are provided. However, the Coastal.
Resources Commission must approve all proposed ditches with maximum dimen-
sions greater than six feet wide by four feet deep. If it is determined that estuarine
waters will be affected, a major CAMA permit will be required. Single-family resi-
dences built within the estuarine shoreline AEC are exempt from permit require-
ments if they are more than 40 feet from the mean high water mark and no land
disturbance is apparent in the 40 foot area.
N. C. Division of Environmental Health - Shellfish Sanitation O
The Shellfish Sanitation section is responsible for classification of all actual
22 and potential shellfish growing areas as to their suitability for shellfish harvesting.

TABLE 2
N
N
Estuarine Creek Regulations
December 1995
Hewlett, Pages,
REGULATING
Howe Creek
Whiskey, and
Bradley Creek (SC)
AGENCY
(SA-ORW)
Futch Creeks (SA)
(HQW)
Primary Nursery Area
Primary Nursery Area
Primary Nursery Area
Setback: COD requires 75'
Setback: COD requires 75'
Setback. COD requires 75'
setback from protected areas
setback from protected areas
setback from protected areas
Impervious Surfaces: No min.
Impervious Surfaces: No min.
Impervious Surfaces: No min.
New Hanover
regulations outside setback
regulations outside setback
regulations outside setback
County
Drainage: Capture first 3/4 inch
Drainage: Capture first 3/4 inch
Drainage: Capture first 314 inch
for projects adjacent to
for projects adjacent to
for projects adjacent to
primary nursery areas
primary nursery areas
primary nursery areas
Setback: 39 wide vegetative
Setback: 30' wide vegetative
Setback: 30' wide vegetative
buffer
buffer. None required for
buffer. None required for
Impervious Surfaces: Maximum
high density
high density
built upon area of 25% or
Impervious Surfaces: Within 1/
Impervious Surfaces: Max. built
Division of
less on lots over 1/3 acre
2 mile, max. built upon area
upon area of 30% or less on
Environmental
Drainage: Vegetative convey-
25% or less on lots over 1/3
lots 1/3 acre or more. No
Management
g
ances not to include a
acre. No high density
high density standard
discrete collection system
standard
Drainage: Vegetative convey -
Drainage: Vegetative convey-
ances only for low density.
ances for low density. High
High density control first 1"
density control first 1-1/2" of
of rainfall with wet deten-
rainfall with infiltration or
tion, infiltration or alternative
approved system. Excess
stormwater management
runoff through minimum 50'
system
vegetative fifter from MHW
Setback: CAMA'use' stan-
Setback: CAMA'use' stan-
Setback: CAMA'use' stan-
dards and permit required
dards and permit required
dams and permit required
within 575' MHW. Single
within 76 MHW. Single family
within 76 MHW. Single family
Division of
family structures more than
structures more than 40' from
structures more than 40' from
40' from MHW exempted -
MHW exempted -Also see
MHW exempted -Also see
Coastal
Also see CAMA major permit
CAMAmajorpennit
CAMAmajorpermit
Management
Impervious surfaces: Built upon
Impervious Surfaces: Built upon
Impervious Surfaces: Built upon
area maximum 25%within
area maximum 30%within
area maximum 30%within
AEC
AEC
AEC
Drainage: No standards
Drainage: No standards
Drainage: No standards
Buffer. 3V from MHW
Buffer. Variable
Buffer. Variable
Shellfish
Does not impose
Does not impose
Does not impose
Sanitation Division
development regulations
development regulations
development regulations
of Environmental
for drainage, setback and
for drainage, setback and
for drainage, setback and
Health
impervious surfaces
impervious surfaces
impervious surfaces
Does not impose
Does not impose
Does not impose
Army Corps
development regulations
development regulations
development regulations
of Engineers
for drainage, setback and
for drainage, setback and
for drainage, setback and
impervious surfaces
impervious surfaces
impervious surfaces
except in 404 wetlands
except in 404 wetlands
except in 404 wetlands
SA Tidal Salt Waters suitable for shellfishing for market purposes, primary recreation, secondary recreation and
fishtwildlife propogation.
OORW Outstanding Resource Waters
SC Tidal Salt Waters suitable for fish and wildlife propogation and secondary recreation
HQW High Quality Waters
MHW Mean High Water
AEC Area of Environmental Concern
COD Conservation Overlay District
23

This section monitors coastal waters to ensure that established water quality stan-
dards for shellfish harvesting are met. While they do not impose special regulations
Ofor land development as it relates to setbacks, drainage, or impervious surfaces ra-
tios, their determinations may influence how DEM or DCM reviews a proposed
project.
N.C. Division of Marine Fisheries
The Division of Marine Fisheries is responsible for the development and en-
forcement of rules governing coastal fisheries. The division conducts scientific re-
search to provide information for regulatory and developmental decisions and car-
ries out various activities aimed at improving the cultivation, harvesting, and mar-
keting of shellfish and finfish. It is also responsible for the artificial reef and sub-
merged lands programs. The division does not impose special regulations for land
development as it relates to setbacks, drainage, or impervious surfaces ratios. How-
ever, they do provide information in regard to the preservation, protection, and de-
velopment of critical habitat and primary nursery areas that influences how DEM or
DCM reviews a proposed project.
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
The Army Corps of Engineers is primarily responsible for regulating discharges
of dredged or fill materials into waters of the United States, including wetlands. The
Corps does not establish design guidelines for developments related to setbacks,
drainage, or impervious surface ratios.
Some activities are exempt from the Section 404 regulatory provisions, includ-
ing but not limited to normal agriculture, silviculture, ranching; maintenance or
reconstruction of certain serviceable structures including dikes, dams, causeways,
breakwaters or bridge abutments; construction or maintenance of farm or stock ponds,
irrigation ditches or the maintenance of drainage ditches. However, these may re-
quire a permit if their purpose is to convert an area of U.S. waters to a use to which
it was not previously subject and if the flow or circulation of such waters is im-
paired.
The Corps also has a system of "nationwide" permits that allow the filling of
up to one acre for land above headwater areas and road crossings of wetland areas
provided the crossing impacts no more than one-third of an acre.
HYDROLOGY
OThe paths taken by water as it drains from the land defines our landscape,
shaping uses of the land and providing an often silent commentary on the quality of
our environment. The process of water movement is driven by natural forces but it
25

Urban Runoff
Figure 7
is also affected by human actions. As urbanization takes place, changes in the physi-
cal, chemical, and biological components of the watershed occur.
The natural hydrology begins to change in response to the removal of veg-
etated and forested areas and their replacement by maintained landscapes and im-
pervious surfaces. Site clearing and grading prepare the land for the addition of
impervious surfaces, such as roads, parking lots, driveways, and rooftops. This in
turn reduces the capacity of the land to absorb and filter runoff before it enters the
surface waters.
Some of the changes in stream hydrology
that result from urbanization include: increased
volume and peak discharges, greater runoff ve-
locity, increased severity and frequency of flood-
ing, and reduced streamflow year around. And
as human activities and population densities in-
crease, corresponding increases in pollutant load-
ings from these activities can be found, as indi-
cated by current water quality studies (Mallin et
al, 1995).
While most of our water quality concerns
and efforts focus on surface waters, groundwater
also plays an important role in the quality and function of our streams. It also pro-
vides the water supply for more than one-half of the county's population.
Our groundwater system is comprised of several distinct waterbearing layers,
or aquifers. The uppermost unconfined aquifer is the "surficial," a sandy layer ex-
tending from the surface to approximately 20-75 feet. The two deeper confined aqui-
fers are the Castle Hayne and Peedee, composed of limestone and sandstone respec-
tively, and ranging from about 75 to 200 feet.
Ground Water Flow Rates
Source: Heath, 1983
WATER
TABLE
M
Me
26

Within the coastal plain, groundwater discharge contributes from 60-90% of
streamflow with overland runoff accounting for approximately 10-35%. The remain-
ing balance is attributable to evaporation or plant uptake. As water percolates through
the aquifer system at a very gradual rate, soils filter and purify it (figure 7). Re-
cently, however, there has been some concern that surface runoff pollutants may
enter the shallower surficial aquifer and be returned to streams via aquifer discharge
(figure 8) (APES 1994 ). This would indicate that engineered surface runoff con-
trols, designed to slow down overland flow and allow it to seep into the ground, may
not provide adequate protection alone.
Paths of Water Flow
Source: Dunne and Leopold, 1978
Pradpitation
3
Estuary
E
O a Overland Flow
❑2 Groundwater Flow
5 Shallow Subsurface Stormflow
It would also support the importance of retaining natural vegetative buffers of
shrubs, trees, and grasses. The extensive root system and organically active soils
can take up pollutants, such as nitrate nitrogen from fertilizers and
septic systems, before they enter surface waters. This provides a filter
for both surface runoff and groundwater discharge. Additional studies
are needed in this area, and several are currently underway or about to
begin in New Hanover County.
A countywide groundwater study is currently underway to pro-
vide more detailed information on the quantity, quality, rate of dis-
charge, and recharge areas for the principal aquifers (figure 9). Pre-
liminary analysis and modeling has already been completed. Field in-
vestigations and drilling of test wells is about to begin. A drainage
study has also been proposed for the Pages Creek watershed.
A localized groundwater study is also being conducted in the
Porter's Neck area of the watershed by the Northeast New Hanover
O Conservancy.This was brought about due to problems experienced by
local residents with their wells and concern over drawdown, saltwater
intrusion and other factors that may affect the quality and availability
Figure 8
Groundwater aquifers
provide drinking water
P*A

of the groundwater supply in the future. Results from these studies are not yet avail-
able.
Surface water modeling has not yet been conducted, but it will be necessary in
order to provide a complete hydrological analysis. Simple event based modeling
techniques, analyzing data from 10/50/100 year interval, or other storm events, could
be utilized to provide initial data in 1996. Further simulations could be conducted in
subsequent years based on more complex continuous modeling techniques, which
are more data intensive. These would require assistance from outside agencies such
as the Corps of Engineers, EPA, the State or the University System, and would be
dependent upon the level of funding.
WATER QUALITY STUDIES
In August of 1993, scientists from UNCW's Center for Marine Science Re-
search began a comprehensive four year study that would focus on developing an
under -standing of water quality in New Hanover County's major estuarine creeks.
Sponsored by the County and the Northeast New Hanover Conservancy, the study
was the beginning of a long term collaborative effort to gather data on the physical,
chemical, and biotic aspects of water quality on Futch, Pages, Howe, Bradley, and
Hewlett's Creeks.
The goals of the study included:
• Assessing the environmental health of each creek;
• Determining the mechanisms and sources of water pollution; and
• Recommending strategies for short and long-term management of
water quality and pollution mitigation.
The first year of the study (1993-94)focused on Howe and Hewlett's Creeks,
with lesser studies undertaken on Pages and Bradley Creeks. The second year (1994-
95) focused on Futch and Pages Creeks, with lesser studies continuing on Howe,
Hewlett's, and Bradley Creeks. Now in the third year (1995-96) of the study, re-
search efforts will remain concentrated on Futch Creek and additional emphasis
will begin on Bradley Creek, with lesser studies continuing on Howe, Pages, and
Hewlett's Creeks.
The research on Futch Creek involved sampling at eight stations throughout
the creek (figure 10) for water temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, turbidity,
pH, chlorophyll a, nutrients, benthic infauna, and fecal coliform bacteria. The study
has indicated the following conditions and trends in water quality : O
28

TO BURGAw
J 1.
Ywk �•
1
TO CLIN7'ON _
_%
0
1or2
! it :
t:'.� :-'Y2•-���K
.
''�1„L
J
� <•�
• J
. .
7n•:
J
TO WHrrEVILLE
Wilmington
0
I
O
Q�
�V
Q
CAROLINA BEACH
INLET
CAROLINA BEACH
KURE BEACH
NEW HANOVER COUNrIY
/TO� JACKSONVILLE
WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH
MASONBORO INLET
FIGURE 9
AQUIFER SENSITIVITY
January 1991
Primary recharge area of principal aquifers
(combined Castle Hayne and Peedee
aquifers -confined artesian
Secondary recharge areas for Castle Hayne
or Peedee where occurring near land surface
under water -table conditions
Recharge area of Sandhill aquifer -water -table
conditions
4 Chiefly a discharge area for ground -water
flow
5 Nondescript area -a relatively poor aquifer
and not a recharge source of principal
aquifers
6 A shallow water -table sand aquifer and
underlying artesian aquifer containing fresh
water over salty water
NEW INLET

0
FC-2 South channel 200 ft upstream of mouth
FC-4 Near dock of 3rd house past side channel
WA FC-6 Past bend at dock of 3rd brick house
. . . . . . . FC-8 Main branch just past junction of Foy
FC-1 3 Upstream main branch past side channel
dock on Futch upstream branch
WA FC-20 Headwaters of Futch.as far as boat goes.
Foy About 0.5 miles up Foy Creek
NIN, 'm
♦ �►�WIL'•��r ,, ion �t� �� r���
- � ~�1%'err �r �,�11� ♦ `�.��

Nutrient Loading - Evidence indicates that nutrient loading is already
a problem on the creek's upper south branch and it appears to be
excessive at times. If severe nutrient loadings continue, the ability of the
creek to function as a primary nursery area may be compromised
(Mallin et al 1995) (fig. I])
Excessive nutrient loading can result in eutrophication, low levels of dissolved
oxygen (DO) in bottom water, elevated phytoplankton growth (algal blooms) and
other related problems. Elevated levels of several indicators (chlorophyll a, nitrate,
and orthophosphate) as well as bioassays , point to a nutrient problem. Urban runoff
of fertilizers from lawns and gardens, agricultural operations, and golf courses ap-
pears to be the probable source for much of the problem. Stormwater detention
ponds may also be contributing to the problem at times.
• Fecal Coliform Bacteria - Moderately high levels of bacterial
pollution, exceeding the State's standard for shellfrshing, were found in
the upper stations of the creek's south branch
(Mallin et al 1995). Futch Creek is currently
closed to shellfrshing.
The N.C. Division of Shellfish Sanitation
(DEHNR) uses fecal coliform levels as an indica-
tor of coastal water quality. While fecal coliforms�
themselves are not necessarily harmful to humans,.
their abundance often indicates pollution and the
I
possible presence of other human pathogens. TheAl
standards for the harvesting of shellfish are
1) fecal coliform samples geometric mean must not
exceed 14 parts per 100 ml, and 2) no more than
- a
10% of samples should exceed 43 parts per 100 ml
in areas suspected of fecal contamination.
No specific point sources for the pollution have been identified. The most
probable source is urban runoff, which comes from developed areas as well as
land disturbance during development. Other possible sources include unidentified
septic system leakage, and wild animal concentrations.
• Dissolved Oxygen - Problems with low dissolved oxygen, as levels were
found below the State's minimum standard of 5.0 ppm for 30-40% of the
bottom water sampling occasions in the upper stations of the creek's
south branch. (Mallin et al 1995)
Proper levels of DO are critical to maintaining water quality and aquatic life.
Low levels can be attributed to the bacterial decomposition of organic matter
from urban runoff which can severely deplete the DO, particularly after storm
events. Higher water temperatures can also contribute to low DO problems,
Closed Shellfish Beds
33

due to less holding capacity, which could result in greater problems with water qual-
ity during the warmer summer months. Low dissolved oxygen has also been cited as
the most widespread probable cause of estuarine water impairment throughout the
Cape Fear Basin (DEM 1995).
• Turbidity - Highest turbidities are found in the upper stations(FC
17&20), but none exceeded state standard. (Mallin et a11995)
This is a measure of particulate matter in the water column. The State sets a
limit of 25 NTU as an acceptable water quality standard. However, since these
sampling results are from measurements taken at or near high tide, they should be
considered conservative. Special studies in these creeks have shown that low tide
and rainfall events may produce higher turbidity readings.
• Heavy Metals - Concentrations of metals were within accepted ranges
from literature values for non polluted sediments. (Mallin et al 1995)
Sediment samples were analyzed for copper, cadmium and lead. These metals
were selected because of their potential for toxicity and bioaccumulation by aquatic
organisms, also because marine sediments are considered important sinks for these
metals. Lead and cadmium have no known biological functions and are considered
undesirable in water. Copper is an essential element for all living organisms, but
high concentrations can have detrimental effects.
• Stormwater Detention Ponds - The ability of "average " stormwater
detention ponds to retain nutrients is quite variable, varying even within
ponds. Coupled with substantial variation in values of water quality
parameters and the frequent high values observed, we conclude that
stormwater detention ponds may frequently discharge water of poor
quality. (Mallin et al, 1994)
More than 20 stormwater detention ponds were studied throughout the Hewletts
and Bradley Creek watersheds during 1993-94.While more thorough studies are
necessary to eliminate some of the uncertancies from the limited amount of data,
some conclusions offered from the work to date include:
• Stormwater detention ponds apparently detain water and suspended sol-
ids as they are designed to do.
• Stormwater detention ponds apparently remove nutrients from effluent
waters only partially at best.
• Low N:P ratios, high phosphorus levels, high chlorophyll a values, and
the presence of blue-green algae strongly suggest that nitrogen fixation
may occur rapidly in stormwater detention ponds, which make the ponds
themselves a source of new nitrogen to their effluents and receiving waters.
34

TO CLINTON /f
TO WHiTEVILLE --,
Wilmington
TO BURGAW
s1 NEW HANOVER COUNTY
`\ TO JACKSONVILLE
17
ieo mer (��
G�
0
17 MASON INLET
i
76 amour ara
WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH
-- 1
ir.ror auQ MASONBORO INLET
CAROLINA BEACH
i@]KuRE BEACH
OCJ
0
NEW INLET
FIGURE 11
Primary Nursery Areas
January 1991
Primary Nursery Areas
®Special Secondary Nursery
Areas

• Larger regional stormwater management structures, such as Anne
McCrary Pond (Randall Parkway), may be much more effective at re-
moving nutrients and more easily monitored than numerous small ponds.
However, large systems may also be susceptible to nuisance algal and
aquatic macrophyte growth.
• Stormwater detention ponds exhibit highly variable water quality condi-
tions. This variability makes conclusions drawn from detailed study of
one or a few ponds of limited ap-
plicability. Future studies must
address this variability.
SPECIAL PROJECTS
The initial findings from these water qual-
ity studies and previous studies lead to the
development of a Clean Water Demonstra-
tion Project for Futch Creek. This pilot project
began in 1994 and was designed to study the
effects of salinity and tidal flushing on the fe-
cal coliform levels in the creek. The project consists of dredging two small channel
openings through the shoals at the mouth of the creek and monitoring the upstream
effects. The south channel was opened in May and the water quality results to date
have been very promising (figure 12; table.3)
Geometric mean of fecal coliform counts for all stations in Futch Creek,
August 1994 - October 1995.
Dredging of south channel occurred in April 1995.
�� A S .O N D J F M A. M J J A S O
month
Dredging at the mouth
of Futch Creek
Figure 12
37

Table 3
Average fecal coliform abundance (CFU/100 rnQ by station in Futch Creek for
pre -dredging data (August 1994 - March 1995) vs. post -dredging data (May O
1995 - October 1995).
FC-4
2
3
12
4
FC-8
22
6
FG3.....:.:
106
24
FC-17
376
106
FOY 47 20
A substantial drop in fecal coliform abundance, with reductions of 45 to 80%
in the various stations, has been recorded in the months following the dredging
(Mallin, 1995). The N.C. Division of Environmental Health/Shellfish Sanitation
has also found similar results from their recent sampling. If these positive results
continue then the creek may be partially reopened to shellfishing on a temporary
basis in 1996.
The opening of the north channel later this year should provide further rein-
forcement to these early findings, with increased tidal flushing and salinity. Sam- O
pling will continue throughout the year to verify the effectiveness of the shoals
removal on fecal coliform reduction.This project has been j ointly sponsored by New
Hanover County, the Northeast New Hanover Conservancy, and Penderwatch; with
funding provided by the Division of Soil and Water Conservation/DEHNR and the
Conservancy.
Other studies planned for the Futch Creek watershed include a Neighborhood
Best Management Practices (BMP) Program, to gauge the impact of implementing
management measures at the neighborhood level; and a Wild Animal Impact Study,
to determine what if any impact concentrations of indiginous animal populations
may be having on water quality indicators.
SUMMARY/ANALYSIS
In the Futch Creek watershed, the low overall density and impervious surface
ratios that currently exist have been positive factors in protecting water quality.
However, these are due in part to the areas distance from Wilmington which has
resulted in less immediate pressure for development. Also, the lack of sewer system
improvements to most of the watershed has served as a natural constraint to devel-
opment due to the poor nature of the soils in some areas. .
38

Under current development regulations and projected land uses for the water-
shed the water quality within Futch Creek will likely continue to decline. Some of
the areas that need to be addressed if we are to protect and enhance the water quality
of Futch Creek while providing for sustainable development include :
Land Use Plan and Classifications
Land Use Plan Implementation : This may be the most important area
for improvement. Many of the implementation measures already called
for in the land use plans would go a long way towards achieving the
desired goals. However, too few are actually acted upon from one land
use plan update to the next. There is a strong need evident for an imple-
mentation schedule, something similar to that used for Capital Improve-
ment Programs (CIP); with our "capital" being water quality, quality of
life, and sustainable development. This would provide a prioritization of
the work and help to ensure the translation of the words into action.
Additional Classifications : Consideration should be given to the de-
velopment of more discrete categories, similar to New Hanover County's
Resource Protection classification. This would help to provide clearer,
more specific expectations of land use policy and more effective imple-
mentation.
OInnovations & Alternatives : ` Estuarine watershed studies are continu-
ing in New Hanover County, and are beginning in Pender County. These
studies will provide valuable information for the next land use plan up-
dates. This program should be considered for additional support and ex-,
pansion throughout the coastal counties.
• Incentives: There is a need to develop a more effective and comprehen-
sive incentive system at both the state and local levels. It takes more than
.traditional grant funding to develop meaningful land use plans. And it
takes more than regulation to ensure effective implementation. The most
successful planning efforts are built upon broad public support devel-
oped at the local level. The key to which lies in education about the
problems and support for the solutions. Water quality will be a driving
force here. This is an issue that coastal residents and others understand
and will unite to support.
Zoning -Ordinance
• Comprehensive Watershed Overlay : Absence of an overlay zone for
o the estuarine watersheds limits ability to provide site specific regula-
tions based upon defined needs of each watershed. Overlay zones are
currently used for watersupply watersheds, as well as conservation re-
kU

sources (COD), and special highway corridors (SHOD). Overlay zones
should be considered for all of the estuarine watersheds.
Special Districts : The
re ere has not been any use of the Planned Develop-
ment (masterplan) regulations within the watershed. There has been some
use of Performance Residential development. Conservation Overlay regu-
lations are applied on a site specific basis. A thorough review is needed
of the regulations and incentives provided for these zoning districts and
as -built results of development to date to ensure desired objectives are
being achieved.
Residential Districts : Absence of any residential zone larger than R-20
limits ability to control density through larger lot development. Some
areas of Futch Creek have naturally developed on larger lots and other
areas of the watershed would also lend themselves to this type of devel-
opment. Review and consideration of R40 or larger zoning districts is
merited here.
Innovations & Alternatives : Creation of a special Coastal Zoning Dis-
trict is under consideration in Pender County to provide additional land
use regulations for growth management. It was developed to address the
differences between the coastal and rural areas of the county brought
about by strong residential growth along the coast. A Conservation Over-
lay District (COD) was developed in New Hanover County to protect O
important environmental and cultural resources. Sharing of information
and ideas between counties could provide mutually beneficial results
here.
Water Quality Regulations
Exemptions : This may be the biggest problem area and obstacle to achiev-
ing an effective water quality protection program. Current regulations
exempt many projects under one acre, forestry and agricultural activi-
ties, and single-family residences. These exemptions must be scrutinized
due to their potential cumulative impacts on water quality.
Buffers : There appears to be a need for greater use of performance based
buffers and not just fixed distance standards. These could be watershed
and stream specific, based upon soils, slope, and vegetation for a given
area. Also, maintaining buffer areas over time appears to be a problem.
Monitoring and maintenance for long term protection should be developed.
• Impervious Surface Limits : Allowable limits under current regulations
appear to provide only a minimum level of protection. Consideration O
should be given to lower impervious surface limits and associated regu-
40 .

lations, similar to those currently applied in water -supply watershed pro-
tection rules, such as the WS41 classification.
O Inspections & Enforcement : This area has typically shown a lack of
P .r n'P Y
commitment to stated water quality goals and objectives. Without an
adequate inspection and enforcement program,
the effectiveness of our water quality regulations
will be limited. Loss of buffer areas, lack of
maintenance for detention basins, and other
problems result in cumulative water quality im-
pacts. Sufficient resources must be dedicated to
this area to ensure that we have the ability to
monitor our initial efforts and take appropriate
action when necessary. Funding for this
taskshould be tied to performance based, long-
term water quality objectives.
Hydrology
• Groundwater Studies : A groundwater study =CIE
currently underway in New Hanover County
should provide long needed information on the
O groundwater aquifers. Long-term monitoring Dock across marsh
will be required for the protection of this resource, to ensure the quality
and availability of the groundwater supply. Available state and federal
resources should be pursued to supplement local efforts. Regional coop-
erative efforts will also be needed to ensure the thorough review and
consideration of potential impacts on groundwater resources.
Drainage Studies : A drainage study is currently under consideration for
Pages Creek in New Hanover County. This could provide the foundation
for needed county -wide stormwater control. Impact fees are being con-
sidered by the City of Wilmington to provide for needed drainage im-
provements. This has become an area of increasing concern due to flood-
ing and water quality impacts from continued development throughout
the region. A more comprehensive, regional approach to drainage should
be considered, such as the development of a stormwater utility or water
quality authority.
Water Quality Studies
O Research & Funding: The lack of significant long-term funding com-
mitments can result in delays of needed research and missed opportuni-
ties for solutions. Coordination of efforts among various public agen-
41

View across
Middle Sound
tant contributions of current water quality improve-
ment efforts, as information/education about the
problems and potential solutions. This helps to build
broad public support for water quality objectives.
Creative educational programs and public informa-
tion opportunities should be supported or devel-
oped. These could include cable access programs,
public service announcements, and others.
Innovations & Alternatives : Joint public/private water quality research
efforts in New Hanover County resulted in development of a pilot project
that has provided exciting, positive results to date. This effort may lead
to the reopening of Futch Creek to shellfishing in the near future. The
Corps of Engineers is considering participation in future projects. Addi-
tional research efforts are underway on other creeks in both New Ha-
nover and Pender County. These efforts will provide valuable informa-
tion for upcoming land use plan updates.They also provide needed ques-
tioning of old assumptions, which can lead to creative solutions to many
of the problems at hand. Cooperative research efforts and opportunities
for innovative projects should be more actively pursued and supported.
Other Regulations
Septic Systems : There are no current requirements for regular inspec-
tions and maintenance of septic systems for single-family residences.
Failed systems can result in significant impacts to estuarine waters, in-
cluding closures to shellfishing. Implementation of a septic system per-
mit and inspection program should be considered.
See also: "Futch Creek Watershed Plan Goals & Objectives"
42

TO BURGAW
TO CLINTON
TO WHTTEVILLE --1
Wilmington
13
cvr
•sear cam
/
•sMm C s ,
Q
CAROLINA BEACH
INLET
CAROLINA BEACH
KURE BEACH
�1 NEW HANOVER COUNTY
\ xTO JACKSONVILLE
OGv
MASON INLET
WRIGHTSVILLE BEACH
MASONBORO INLET
FIGURE 13
SURFACE WATER
QUALITY CLASSES
January 1991
\\\\ SA SC
SA/QRW BSw
0 SB CSw
SB# WSIII
SCSw ® SC/HQW#
SC#
These Water Classes are subject to protection
toward maintaining "Best Usage". For more com-
plete definitions, see "Classifications and water
quality standards assigned to the waters of the
Cape Fear River Basin", Division of Environmen-
tal Management, November, 1990.

K

The foundation for the Futch Creek Watershed Plan can be found in the adopted
goals and objectives of the Porter's Neck Community Plan (1989), the Wilmington -
New Hanover Land Use Plan Update (1991-93), and the Pender County Land Use
Plan Update (1991).
The Porter's Neck Plan began to address the community's water quality and
development pressure concerns with its adoption on September 5, 1989. The fol-
lowing objectives and actions are excerpts from the plan:
OBJECTIVES:
OPreserve the excellent estuarine water quality of the creeks and
sound, including the maintenance of open shellfish areas.
Continue to provide adequate opportunity for Porters Neck residents
to obtain good drinking water.
• Encourage the orderly development of shopping and similar facilities
along Market Street.
RECOMMENDED ACTIONS:
• Support the Outstanding Resource Water (ORW) designation by the State
for Middle Sound.
Adopt more stringent stormwater runoff and drainage controls for Middle
Sound. The actual requirements may depend upon the standards adopted
by the State for the ORW but likely will involve increased stormwater
retention and support for community initiatives to relieve residential
density through zoning.
O Emphasize enforcement of the septic system regulations in the Porters
Neck area.
45

• Continue to designate the Porters Neck community as a high priority
area for expansion of the County sewer system.
• Continue to implement and enforce both the Conservation Overlay Dis-
trict (COD) of the Zoning Ordinance and the Sedimentation and Ero-
sion Control Ordinance.
• Support and strive for closer cooperation with State and Federal agen-
cies that have environmental permitting functions.
• Examine the potential for regulating bulkhead construction and chang-
ing setbacks in order to anticipate the future impacts of sea level rise.
• Restrict the development of new marinas or boating facilities that in-
volve dredging or commercial boat service facilities (eg-painting), or
that encourage the use of boats with heads but provide inadequate land
based sewage treatment and disposal facilities.
• Develop groundwater regulations by mid 1991.
The Wilmington New Hanover Land Use Plan Update provided additional
means to address the public's growing concern with declining water quality and
development pressure along the creeks and sounds. With its adoption in 1993, many O
important policies and implementation measures focused on the protection and res-
toration of water quality within the estuarine watersheds.
Some of these policies include :
POLICIES
Resource Protection
1.0(1) Preserve, protect and augment the area's important natural re-
sources, which include the air, land, and sea environments.
• 1.1(3) Development activities within the 100 year floodplain shall be
carefully controlled to minimize development, encourage low intensity
uses such as open space and recreation, and ensure strict compliance
with state and federal regulations concerning wetland protection.
1.1(6) Development activities within the estuarine watersheds shall be
carefully controlled to prevent the degradation of water quality in the
creeks and sounds, and to ensure the protection of these vital natural O
resources. Agricultural uses, golf course construction and maintenance
should be designed and operated to minimize to the extent reasonable,
46

nutrient and pesticide loadings. The City and County shall monitor tech-
nological advances and on -going scientific studies to determine whether
Qestuarine shoreline setbacks and buffer regulations should be adopted
• 1.1(7) To the extent that the cumulative impacts of land utilization and
the ecological carrving ca acj& of coastal ecosystems are determined
through study and analysis, such information shall be considered in the
future development or revision of local plans, capital facilities, services
and ordinances.
• The City and County shall seek to
preserve and restore shell rshing in
all SA waters and to bring all coastala
�
waters designated or formerly des-
ignated SA to the highest quality
possible.
• 1.1(9) Stormwater management
shall be implemented to minimize
non -point pollution to the maximum'kO
extent necessary and practicable asST
part of any redevelopment or infra
M
structure project funded by the pub-
O lic.
• 1.2(1) Estuarine waters, estuarine
shorelines and public trust areas
shall be prohibited from use by de-
velopment activity which would
result in significant adverse impact
to the natural function of these ar-
eas.
• 1.2(3) Drainage from land use ac-
tivities shall have rate of flow and Estuarine Shoreline
volume characteristics as near to natural conditions as reasonable.
• 1.2(8) The County and City shall take all necessary actions to prevent
further deterioration of estuarine water quality and loss of public trust
uses in the creeks and sounds and to bring all coastal waters up to the
highest quality possible.
• 1.3(1) Sources of potable surface and groundwater for the City and County
shall be conserved and protected. The Castle Hayne Aquifer shall be
O preserved in its present unpolluted state as the primary groundwater re-
source in the county.
47

Resource Production & Management
• 2.0(1) Short sighted or premature commitments of the area's natural re- O
sources shall be avoided.
• 2.0(2) Efforts by other governmental and private agencies to wisely man-
age the natural resources of the area and the region shall be supported.
• 2.4(1) The continued productivity of commercial and recreational fish-
eries shall be enhance through the protection of the unique coastal eco-
systems, including primary nursery areas, shellfish waters and coastal
marshes, upon which they depend.
• 2.4(2) Protection, preservation, and restoration of shellfishing in all SA
waters shall be encouraged and pursued.
Economic & Community Development
• 3.0(2) Use of innovative and flexible planning and engineering practices
and urban design standards shall be encouraged.
• 3.0(6) Improved coordination between City and County planning and
development efforts shall be accomplished through the use oiinterlocal O agreements and unified development codes, in order to promote consis-
tency and to avoid future conflicts and costs of development.
• 3.1(4) New residential development shall be designed to minimize im-
pervious surfaces and maximize open space.
• 3.1(10) An area's_ carrying can city shall be considered in the �ghasing
and timing of new development.
• 3.6(3) The City and County shall consider the adoption of a system of
impact fees to ensure timely and economically sound provision ofpublic
services to new development.
• 3.7(2) The development of a uniform land use evaluation system for use
by City and County officials and staffs shall be encouraged.
• 3.7(3) Adequate landscaping and tree protection shall be encouraged for
parking lots, residential areas, and commercial and industrial projects.
• 3.7(7) Trails and greenways should be identified and developed into a
comprehensive system. O
48

Public Participation
O4.0(2)Neighborhood planning techniques shall be utilized to further en-
courage public awareness and involvement in issues affecting neighbor-
hoods.
The 1991 Pender County Land Use Plan Update also provided strong support
for water quality protection and associated development issues. The following poli-
cies and implementation measures are excerpts from the adopted plan.
Resource Protection
• A. I. Pender County's overall policy and management objective for the
estuarine system is "to give the highest priority to their protection and
perpetuate their biological, social, economic, and aesthetic values and to
ensure that development occurring within these AEC's is compatible
with natural characteristics so as to minimize the liklihood of significant
loss of private property and public resources."
• A.2. County policy will be to permit development which is proposed to
be located outside hydric soil areas and meets all zoning, Health Depart-
ment, and flooding regulations and other State or federal regulations.
Implementation :
1. Review and revise zoning ordinance to establish a Conservation
District along creeks and rivers in areas subject to flooding or with hy-
dric soils to protect these areas from inappropriate development.
A.3(1) Pender County policy shall be to protect the water quality in
designated ORW waters and in waters within-1 000 feet of designated
ORW waters (ORW buffer). Development density in proximity to des-
ignated Outstanding Resource Waters (ORW's) and within ORW buffer
zone shall be only that allowed under applicable CAMA regulations or
locally adopted regulations.
A.3(2) There shall be no new or expanded marinas allowed in or adja-
cent to waters designated ORW including adjacent to Futch Creek, Mill
Creek and Old Topsail Creek or in the 1,000 foot ORW buffer area
which includes water bodies within 1,000 feet of designated ORW wa-
ters.
49

Implementation:
1. The County Planning Board will consider the establishment of an O
ORW overlay zone that will require lower density development adjacent
to ORW waters and adjacent to Futch Creek, Mill Creek and Old
Topsail Creek, each of which drains into the ORW area.
2. The County Planning Board will review the possible use of storm water
retention and detention ponds for future residential and non-residential
development in any future ORW overlay district to reduce storm water
runoff into adjacent creeks and ORW waters.
3. Pender County will encourage residential and non-residential develop-
ment to participate in the Global Releaf Program sponsored jointly by
the American Forestry Association and the National Association of Home
Builders, particularly in the land areas adjacent to ORW waters. The
purpose of the program is to encourage development that preserves and/
or establishes trees and forests to help protect the County's environ-
ment.
4. To protect ORW water quality and the water quality in Futch Creek,
Mill Creek and Old Topsail Creek, the County will encourage farmers
to participate in the Conservation Reserve Program (CRP)_ sponsored
by theUnited States Department of Agriculture. The program is designed
to remove flood -prone croplands from agricultural production and con-
vert them to conservation uses. The purpose is to improve wildlife habi-
tat and improve water quality. The government will pay owners an an-
nual rental payment and will cost -share in re-establishing bottom land
and hardwoods on those wetlands determined to be eligible by the Soil
Conservation Service.
A.8. Pender County policy shall be to work to establish a Conservation
District in the Zoning Ordinance to preserve existing wooded areas ad-
iacent to rivers. creeks. tributaries. estuarine-watersand_O-R—W areas so
they can continue to serve as a natural filter of stormwater runoff. The
County will also begin the process of establishing sufficient stormwater
management controls such as stormwater retention or detention facili-
ties on future residential and non-residential developments to help en-
sure the maintenance or improve the surface water quality in the County
by controlling stormwater runoff.
Implementation :
1. The County Planning Board will study the possible establishment of a O
Stormwater Management Ordinance and procedure to be followed on
all future development to ensure that stormwater runoff from future
50

development will have a minimal impact on the County's surface
waters.
a2. The Planning Board will work to establish a Conservation District
adjacent to all rivers, creeks, tributaries, ORW, coastal and estuarine
waters with appropriate permitted uses.
Resource Production & Management
B.2. Pender County policy shall be to continue to support the efficient
planting and harvesting of commercial forest lands in upland areas or
areas away from the County's rivers, creeks, tributaries and ORW wa-
ters. Harvesting of hardwoods in Conservation areas adjacent to rivers,
creeks, tributaries or ORW waters will be discouraged in an effort to
protect water quality....
B.4. Pender County policy shall be to continue to work to maintain or
improve the water quality in the coastal waters as well as all the other
water bodies of the County by developing better stormwater manage-
ment practices for the County and reducing future density in areas adja-
cent to environmentally sensitive waters.
OEconomic & Community Development
C.1.Pender County policy shall continue to be to encourage both
economic and community growth and development. Local officials will
work to insure County citizen's prosperity while maintaining the quality
of life in Pender County.
C.2. ....County policy shall be to encourage industry that is consistent
with the County's concern for the local environmental quality; there-
fore, no industry that produces heavy emissions or discharges into the
environment will be allowed to locate in Pender County.
C.11. Pender County will work to establish a waterfront access program.
Pender County policy will be to continue to work to obtain funds through
State and federal programs such as the CAMA Access program and land
and Water Conservation Funds to purchase and develop coastal and es-
tuarine water access areas and access areas along the County's rivers
and streams.
• C 14(a) Pender County will continue to identify areas of the County with
drainage problems and then work to improve drainage in those areas.
51

C14(d) In an effort to protect oyster rocks in Pender County, County
officials will provide the State with a definition for oyster rocks for their
consideration.. The definition is "a mound or slope formation, regardless O
of size or shape, formed of shell and live oysters of any quality and adja-
cent 25 feet surrounding such a formation."
The Futch Creek Watershed Plan will build upon the strong foundation pro-
vided by these policies. The following three goals are offered for consideration as
the core mission statements for the plan; and a guide to our overall efforts to revive
the water quality of our creeks and sounds and provide for sustainable development:
Goal One:
COOPERATION
Seek out new avenues for communication and cooperation between local,
state, and federal governments and agencies.
Goal Two:
PROTECTION
Develop a comprehensive strategy to provide for environmental
protection and sustainable coastal development within the Futch Creek
Watershed.
Goal Three:
RESPONSIBILITY
Foster awareness, understanding, and environmental stewardship
through continued public participation and education.
While these broad goals provide the overall direction, more specific
objectives are necessary to define our course of action and measure the success of
our efforts over time. Recommended objectives for the Futch Creek Watershed
Plan include:
Goal One: Cooperation
Objectives:
• Initiate and seek approval of an interlocal agreement with Pender County
to jointly plan for the development and protection of the Futch Creek
Watershed.
Support and officially recognize a Watershed Advisory Committee for
Futch Creek, to provide recommendations on the development of the
watershed management plan and proposed development projects/issues
within the community. n
Continue support and seek further utilization of the Division of Soil &
Water Conservation's (DEHNR) Agricultural Cost Share Program for
Ufa

Non -point Source Pollution control through Best Management Practice
(BMP) implementation.
OSeek further development and support for water quality education and
technical assistance programs by the N.C. Cooperative Extension Service.
• Seek development of new technical assistance and educational programs
for landowners by the New Hanover County Soil and Water Conserva-
tion District.
• Support development of forestry BMP outreach, implementation and
enforcement efforts by the Division of Forest Resources ( ).
• Support review and amendment of sedimentation and erosion control
requirements by the Sedimentation Control Commission to ensure sub-
stantial protection of water quality.
• Support and seek development of improved stormwater management
practices by the Department of Transportation, including BMP inspections/
monitoring, and no direct discharges to surface waters and storm sewers.
• Support the development of collaborative efforts between the Mining
Commission, CRC, and EMC to ensure appropriate regulations to pro-
tect ground and surface water quality.
O Support evaluation and improvement of current rules and procedures
for septic system siting, permitting and inspection by the Division of
Environmental Health(DEHNR) to ensure water quality protection.
View of
Futch Creek
Watershed
Photo:
Conrad Lohman
53

Goal Two: Protection
Objectives:
Consider and adopt a comprehensive Watershed Management
Plan for Futch Creek.
• Develop a comprehensive Watershed Protection Overlay
Zone/Ordinance for consideration and adoption, to include
• designation of a water quality critical area (Appendix D)
• development of variable buffers and setbacks.
• development of a drainage plan and standards.
• development of impervious surface standards.
• support for source reduction and natural filtration.
• consideration of low density and clustering alternatives.
• Develop specific reduction targets and action plans for nutrient
loadings, sediment, and fecal coliform.
• Request "Use Restoration" water quality classification and recovery plan
implementation by DEHNR/DEM.
N
• Support development and adoption of better, source specific, indicators O
of shellfish water contamination.
• Develop groundwater aquifer data and management strategies through
continuing studies, monitoring, and modeling.
• Support comprehensive environmental reviews for development activi-
ties that have potential to affect groundwater aquifers.
• Evaluate existing Health Department regulations and develop a septic
system siting, permitting, and inspection program to ensure consider-
ation and protection of water quality.
• Develop and implement a stormwater management program.
• Provide incentives and technical assistance for the protection of privately
owned critical habitat areas.
54

Goal Three: Responsibility
O'Objectives :
N
• Continue support of estuarine water quality research by the Center for
Marine Science Research at LJNCW and seek out additional sources of
program support.
• Support development of educational programs by public & private agen-
cies, institutions, and groups that promote environmental stewardship
and sustainable development.
• Develop public involvement/outreach programs to ensure on -going, open
communication with citizens about important issues.
• Support the development of Creek Watch programs for each of the es-
tuarine watersheds to provide greater citizen involvement in the moni-
toring and protection of water quality through the use of volunteer net-
works.
• Support the development of Advisory Committees, to be comprised of
area residents, for each of the estuarine watersheds; to provide recom-
mendations to elected officials on all plans and proposed developments
within that area.
• Support the development of public information programs for use on the
cable television local access channel to increase citizen awareness and
encourage greater public participation.
• Support the development of an --,-_
annual progress report on the ,
"State of the Environment and ��•
Sustainable Development" to
provide an assessment of the ef-
fectiveness of our efforts.'
Futch Creek marsh
55

UWA'[°]E1R51H[lEd1 MANAGEMENT °1[[°OOII.S

LON
��.•lll"I'ti�lc"l�I
There is a wide choice of water quality protection tools available today. These
tools play an important part in any overall watershed protection strategy. If we are
to be successful in achieving the stated goals and objectives of the Futch Creek
Plan, then they must also be an integral part of our strategy.
The following table (table 4) provides a brief summary of some of the water-
shed management tools :
M
57

U4
00
Applicability to Land Use
Water Quality Protection Practice
NON -REGULATORY:
Legal
Considerations
Administrative
Considerations
Education
Used to inform and involve
A variety of public education
None
Requires administrative
communityresidents with land
techniques can be used
support by state/local
use and water quality issues,
ranging from brochures and
government, university,
alternatives and solutions.
forums, to special events
extension service, and
such as beach clean-up.
othergroups/agencies.
Studies/MonitoringUsed
to gather data and
9
Community establishes water
quality monitoring programs,
Legally accepted method of
Requires moderate
monitor water quality
q ty
stream watch, etc. for each
water quality protection.
administrative support.
watershed or other identified
areas.
Conservation Easements
Used to protect resource by
Community generally works in
Legal considerations, mostly
May require substantial
preserving property in its
partnership with non-profit land
involving liability.
administrative support.
natural, undeveloped condition,
conservation groups. Tax
similar to private deed
incentives for landowners.
restriction.
Emergency Management
Used to ensure appropriate
Community prepares
None
Significant up -front planning
Plans
response in case of
contingency plans involving
required; may require substan-
contaminant release or other
a wide range of county,
tial administrative support.
emergencies.
municipal and state officials.
Waste/Hazardous Waste
Used to reduce accumulation
Communities sponsor
Legal issues involved with
Administered by local
Collection
of waste/hazardous waste
hazardous waste collection
collection, transport and
government but may involve
materials from illegal dumping.
events; provide waste
disposal of hazardous waste.
private contractor.
collection sites, or curbside
pick-up.
REGULATORY:
Overlay Zoning Used to map watershed
protection area; provides for
identification of sensitive areas
for protection. Used in
conjunction with other tools
listed below.
O
Community identifies the
watershed protection area on
base/zoning maps.
N
Legally accepted method of
identifying sensitive areas;
requires rational connection to
resource protection to avoid
challenge over arbitray
delineation.
Requires staff time for initial
study and development;
additional administrative
support for implementation and
enforcement depending upon
other tools used.
Q 1 of 3

0
Natural Buffer
Requirements
Impervious Surface
Standards
Stormwater Drainage
Requirements
Site Clearing/Sedimentation
and Erosion Control
Standards
Street/Parking
Standards
Septic System Siting/
Inspection/Maintenance
Applicability to
Water Quality Protection
Used as a filter to capture
excess nutrients, sediments,
and other potential pollutants.
Used to moderate stormwater
runoff impacts by limiting
amount of man-made surfaces
that would impede the natural
infiltration of rainfall.
Used to moderate stormwater
runoff impacts by installing
engineered BMP* systems
such as infiltration basins,
swales, filter strips, retention
ponds, created wetlands, etc.
Used to mitigate development
impacts by minimizing soil
erosion, stabilizing cleared
areas, and preserving existing
trees.
Used to moderate stormwater
runoff impacts by reducing
impervious/paved surfaces,
use of altemativve construction
materials, and conveying/
retaining surface runoff.
Used to prevent wastewater
impacts from failing septic
systems by ensuring proper
location, periodic inspection,
and necessary repair or
upgrades are made.
OAdmini��e
Land Use Practice Legal Considerations Considerations
Community identifies protected
buffer area by zoning ordinance,
usually ranging from 25 -100 ft.
from waters edge or mean high
tide; No construction, grading,
or disturbance allowed in buffer
area.
Community sets limits for
impervious surface by zoning
ordinance, usually ranging
from 6 to 30%, with standards
based on proximity to sensitive
waters, density water quality
goals and scientific evidence.
Community establishes
stormwater standards based
on proximity to sensitive
waters, development density,
and water quality goals.
Community establishes
clearing and grading standards
within zoning and subdivision
regulations.
Community establishes
modified standards for street
and parking area design within
subdivision and zoning
regulations; linked to
impervious surface and
drainage standards.
Community adopts health/
zoning ordinance requiring
permit and inspections on a
regular basis (i.e. 2-3 years)
or upon title/property transfer.
Legally accepted land use
planning tool; requires rational
connection to resource
protection to avoid challenge
over arbitrary delineation.
Legal consideration as noted
above.
Well accepted legal purpose of
subdivision and development
regulations.
Legally accepted land use
planning tool.
Legally accepted land use
planning tool.
Legally accepted land use
planning tool to ensure
protection of public health.
Requires additional staff time
for project review process,
construction site inspections
and follow-up monitoring and
enforcement.
Additional staff time as noted
above.
Requires additional staff time
for plan review and
construction inspection.
Periodic inspections and
maintenance required for some
BMP systems.
Requires additional staff time
for plan review, construction
inspection, and follow-up/
monitoring.
Requires additional staff
time for plan review and
construction inspection.
Requires administrative
support and on -site
inspections.
' 2of3
� * BMP — Best Management Practices

c Applicability to Administrative
Water Quality Protection Land Use Practice Lecial Considerations Considerations
Cluster Development
Used to mitigate development
Community establishes cluster
Legally accepted option for
Requires additonal staff
impacts by concentrating
development option by zoning
residential land use
time for plan review and
allowable density in one or
ordinance and identifies
development.
construction inspection.
more areas of a site; allows
allowable areas/criteria.
protection of sensitive
resources and open space
preservation.
Density Zoning
Used to reduce impacts of
Community increases the
Well recognized prerogative of
Requires staff time for initial
development by limiting
minimum acreage requirement
local government; requires
study and development of
residential density.
for residential development.
rational connection between
zoning ordinance amendment/
minimum lot size and resource
maps.
protection goals.
Sensitive Habitat
Used to provide protection for
Community establishes
Legally accepted land use
Requires additional staff
Protection
specific resources that may be
sensitive resource ordinance
planning tool; requires rational
time for plan review and
adversely impacted by
through zoning or subdivision
connection to resource
construction inspection.
development, such as estua-
regulations and identifies areas
protection to avoid challenge
rine shorelines, wetlands,
on base maps.
over arbitrary delineation.
endangered species habitats,
and others.
Used to lower density and
Community provides transfer
Legally accepted land use
May require significant
Transferof
reduce development impacts
option within zoning ordinance
planning tool, however, no
staff time to develop and
Development Rights
by transferring development
and identifies areas where
specific State enabling
administer
(TDR's)
rights from environmentally
development is to be
legislation in North Carolina.
sensitive areas to other
transferred "from" and "to".
designated growth areas;
allows protection of sensitive
resources and open space
preservation.
Legislative:
Stormwater Utility or
Water Quality Authority
(WQA)
Used to provide regional water
quality protection through
development and implementa-
tion of long term management
plans to meet overall water
quality goals and objectives.
Communities may establish
stormwater districts (based on
drainage basins); or use
interlocal agreements to ceritfy
a WQA (larger regional focus).
1101
Legally accepted method of
protecting regional water
quality; however, no specific
State authorization for WQA.
Administrative requirements
may range from moderate to
significant depending upon
specific goals of the district,
or WQA.
0 3 of 3
Jan. 1996

U RECOMMENDAT IONS FOR A
I I
�7l'dON

1111� ��t'l I l�l Il
The following actions on the Futch Creek Watershed Plan are recommended
for consideration by the New Hanover County Board of County Commissioners:
1. Direct the Planning Board and staff to continue development
of a comprehensive watershed management plan and
ordinance for consideration by the Board of Commissioners.
2. Appoint members to a community steering committee,
comprised of residents of the Futch Creek watershed (ie -
watershed advisory committee), to provide assistance to the
OPlanning Board and work in conjunction with the staff, UNCW,
and other designated or interested groups to complete the
development of a comprehensive watershed management plan
and ordinance.
3. Direct the staff to pursue and develop an interlocal
agreement with Pender County, for consideration by the Board
of Commissioners, that will provide for the joint planning,
protection, and sustainable development of the Futch Creek
watershed.
Ee
61

\_ l
USTAINABLE COASTAL DEVELOPMENT

MC A,
ISS 10
Sustainable development can mean different things from one person to the
next. Generally, the term "sustainable" means activities or actions that can be main-
tained over time, and "development" refers to expansion or growth. While some-
times mistakenly perceived as growth vs. environment it is actually growth with the
environment, that can be maintained over decades. It involves development that
meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability to meet the needs
of future generations.
While there is some agreement that sustainability involves protecting future
generations interests, there has been little consensus on how to proceed. Not unlike
Othe current debate about a "balanced budget", something most agree is desirable but
few can agree on how to achieve. But agree and proceed we must.
THE ECONOMY, FREE MARKETS, AND CLEAN WATER
At times some people question doing anything to restrict economic growth
and development, even when issues of water quality and the overall quality of life
are at stake. Sometimes this is due to uncertainties about economic'prosperity and
job stability, or concerns over education, crime, and other issues. This can make
environmental problems seem like secondary concerns, but usually not for long.
Others simply oppose any additional regulations or prefer to let the free market
work to solve the problem.
Unfortunately, this can result in many of the ill-effects that we are experienc-
ing from our growth and development today. This is particularly true for our natural
resources, such as clean water, because it is difficult to place a value on clean water
to properly account for it as a natural asset, and it is equally difficult to determine
charges for uses of the environment that diminish the value or quality of that asset.
As a consequence, the pollution from our subdivisions, golf courses, and even our
own back yards makes its way into our waterways, with no apparent cost to us.
63

THE COSTS OF DOING NOTHING
O
But eventually someone has to absorb the costs of a decline in water
quality. Such as the fisherman, who will absorb some of the costs through
t�
reduced oyster harvests because more and more areas have been closed to
shellfishing. And consumers will also absorb the costs through higher
prices for oysters due to a reduced supply. But the source of the pollution
-
whether from a business, a development, or an individuals own back yard,
fi
s
has not had to absorb these costs. They have exported these pollution
costs to others, using water as the vehicle.
' Why are these costs ignored or overlooked ? Simply because it can
be very difficult and expensive to determine the individual contribution
-- - -� from a subdivision, farm, or home to the overall decline in water quality.
-§ But just because the solution may be difficult does not mean we should
not attempt it.
Future Generations
These cumulative costs can be very significant. Closures to shell -
fishing alone account for substantial losses for our fishing industry every year. Other
costs include lost tourism dollars which affects hotels and restaurants, and loss of
retail sales such as boats and fishing supplies. Many of these losses were recently
experienced in Jacksonville and along the New River, as the pollution from only a
few upstream hog farming operations brought life and economic vitality to a stand- O
still during the summer. And what of the costs to the community that feels its
"quality of life" slipping away? Immeasurable in dollars but leaving us with a feel-
ing of loss, nonetheless.
SUSTAINABLE COASTAL COMMUNITIES
So what will our legacy be to our children and grandchildren? Will we tell the
stories of what once was and long for a past that can never be reclaimed? Or will we
have the vision to do more? We do have a choice and we
still have the time to exercise it.
And we need not choose one thing at the expense of
the other, we can do both. Because the environment is an
important and inseparable part of our economy. They
complement each other. And the things we do to pursue
better water quality might also give us better communi-
ties; sustainable communities; and a shared sense of place
to be proudly passed from one generation to the next.
64

REFERENCES
O1. "A Guide to Protecting Coastal Resources Through the CAMA Permit
Program," Division of Coastal Management, 1988.
2. "A Guide to North Carolina's Tidal Saltwater Classifications," Cape Fear
Council of Governments, November 1995.
3. "Blueprint to Protect Coastal Water Quality - A Guide to Successful
Growth Management in the Coastal Region of North Carolina," Center for Water-
shed Protection, Land Ethics Inc., Neuse River C.O.G., 1995.
4. "Cape Fear River Basinwide Water Quality Management Plan (Draft),"
N. C. Division of Environmental Management, 1995.
5. "Champions - The History of the Cornelia Nixon Davis Health Care
Center at Porters Neck, Wilmington, North Carolina, 1966-1991," Diane Cobb
Cashman, 1991.
6. "Charting a Course for Our Coast - A Report to the Governor," North
Carolina Coastal Futures Committee, September 1994.
O 7. "Classification of Soils in New Hanover County for Septic Tank Suitabil-
ity," New Hanover County Planning Department, 1980.
8. "Classifications and Water Quality Standards Assigned to the Waters of
the Cape Fear River Basin," Division of Environmental Management, 1990.
9. "Coastal Protection Program - Workshops in Innovative Management
Techniques for Estuaries, Wetlands, and Near Coastal Waters," Office of Wet-
lands, Oceans, and Watersheds, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1995.
10. "Comprehensive Conservation and Management Plan," Albemarle -
Pamlico Estuarine Study(APES), November 1994.
11. "Conservation Resources in New Hanover County," New Hanover County
Planning Department & David DuMond, 1990.
12. "Drinking Water in New Hanover County," New Hanover County Plan-
ning Department, 1989.
13. "Environmental Resources and Constraints in New Hanover County,"
New Hanover County Planning Department, December 1991. .
O14. "Existing Land use in New Hanover County," New Hanover County
Planning Department, December 1991.
65

15. "Futch Creek Environmental Analysis Report," Center for Marine Science
Research, University of North Carolina at Wilmington, April 1993.
O
16. "Future Land Use of New Hanover County," New Hanover County Plan-
ning Department, September 1992.
17. "Groundwater and Public Policy Series," Groundwater Policy Education
Project. Cooperative Extension, Soil & Water Conservation Society, Freshwater
Foundation, July 1991.
18. "Guidance Specifying Management Measures for Sources of Nonpoint
Pollution in Coastal Waters," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, January
1993.
19. "Healthy Coasts, Healthy Economy: A National Overview of America's
Coasts," Michael L. Weber, Coast Alliance, June 1995.
20. "Is Golfmg Green? The Impacts of Golf Courses on the Coastal Environ-
ment," Symposium Proceedings, UNCW, N.C. Cooperative Extension Service,
N. C. Coastal Federation, March 1993.
21. "Land Use and Water Quality - A Guide to Understanding Nonpoint-
Source Pollution and Creating Local Management Programs," N.C. Cooperative
Extension Service, March 1992. O
22. "Monitoring for Advocacy," The Volunteer Monitor - National Newsletter
of Volunteer Water Quality Monitoring, Volume 4, No. 1, Spring 1992.
23. "New Hanover County Estuarine Watersheds - Preliminary Report," New
Hanover County Planning Department, September 1993.
24. "North Carolina Coastal Nonpoint Pollution Control Program," Volume
IV: Urban and Developing Areas, North Carolina Department of Environment,
Health, and Natural Resources, July 1995.
25. "Pender County, North Carolina Zoning Ordinance," Pender County
Planning Department, 1995.
26. "Policies for Growth and Development'- Wilmington -New Hanover
County Land Use Plan Update, New Hanover County Planning Department,
November 1993.
27. "Porters Neck - Facing the Future," New Hanover County Planning
Department, September 1989.
28. "Protecting Coastal and Wetland Resources, - A Guide for Local Govern- v
ments," U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, October 1992.

29. "Protecting Local Underground Water Supplies - A Wellhead Protection
Worshop," N. C. Cooperative Extension Service, N. C. Department of Environ-
J ment, Health and Natural Resources, January 1993.
30. "Stormwater Management in North Carolina - A Guide for Local Offi-
cials," Land of Sky Regional Council, Asheville, N.C., February 1994.
31. "Water Quality and Waste Management - Economic Impacts of the Water
Supply Watershed Protection Act," N. C. Cooperative Extension Service, 1993.
32. "Water Quality in New Hanover County Tidal Creeks 1993-1994," Mallin
et al, Center for Marine Science Research, University of North Carolina at
Wilmington, N.C., 1994.
33. "Water Quality in New Hanover County Tidal Creeks 1994-1995," Mallin
t a Center for Marine Science Research, University of North Carolina at
Wilmington, N.C., 1995.
34. "Watershed Planning in the Albemarle -Pamlico Estuarine System -
Report 2 - Groundwater Discharge and a Review of Groundwater Quality Data,"
Research Triangle Institute, May 1993.
35. "Zoning Ordinance - New Hanover County, North Carolina," New Ha-
nover County Planning Department, 1995.
36. "1991 Pender County Land Use Plan Update," Howard T. Capps and
Associates, July 1992.
EO
67

r
�-
O O O

Futch Creek Watershed .
Ahouui Fuinh Creek.
0
The future of
due to the cumula-
Futch Creek stands
tive impacts of
at an historic
urbanization. But
crossroads today.
today we have the
As urban growth
knowledge and the
continues through-
tools at our
out the creek basin,
disposal to change
litany of our current
the habits of the
land use practices
past, and continue
threaten the water " �16'grow into the
�bality and sustain-
etch` Creek
able development
watershed. while
- -for future genera-
protecting the
tions. The degraded
quality of the.water
quality; of Futch
in Futch Creek:
Creek's waters
='
serves as an
indicator of the
watersheds
x'declining health
C®6.u.A!G/L 1L/e�e ®pnnnenni.00 .
The Futch Creek Watershed Plan proposes a
strategy for environmental stewardship and sustain-.
Sustainable
choices, while we
able development based upon the following goals:
coastal develop-
still have the time to
Cooperation: Seek our new avenues
ment involves
make those choices.
for communication and cooperation
meeting the needs
Then, with contin=
between local, state, and federal govern -
of the present
ued initiative and a
ments and agencies.
without com romis-
p
cooperative spirit,
ing the ability to
the Futch Creek
� Protection: Develop a comprehensive
meet the needs of.
Watershed Plan will
strategy to provide for environmental
protection and sustainable coastal Bevel -
future generations..
be successful. And
opment within the Futch Creek Watershed. „
It requires that we
with it, we will begin '
account for the
the transition to
Responsibility: Foster awareness,
value of our natural
sustainable coastal
understanding, and environmental stew -
resources, such as
development,
ardship through continued public participa-
clean water, and
environmental
tion and education.
invest in its protec-
tion as an asset for
stewardship, and
"livable communi- '
Implementation of these goals would include:
future generations.
ties" for our children,
1. development of an interlocal agreement with
Fender County; 2. adoption of a comprehensive
And it requires that
q
our grandchildren,
g
_watershed plan and overlay zone; 3. support of
we make difficult
and ourselves.
education and research efforts; and other objec-
A C omm una�,.C®n�Mi6!iwn e. o e
Realizing our goals for Futch Creek requires that we care about the watershed and the quality
of life both now and for future generations. It is a community responsibility that will depend upon the
dedication of the citizens, community groups, and public agencies that have concern for it's future..
Ifwe are to provide for sustainable coastal development and environmental protection then we must
have both a vision of and commitment to the future of our.community. And the translation of our
words into action:will be the measure of that commitment.
Each and every person that lives, works, and plays within the boundaries of the Futch Creek
watershed will play an integral partin determining its future. And through our actions, we can begin
to revive the water quality in our creeks and sounds, and ensure their continued use and enjoyment
for generations to come. For more information on the Futch Creek Watershed or to find out how you
can become involved, call the New Hanover County Planning Department at [phone].

A m
ERSHED'�
the land which drains into a body of o o
Water such as a lake, river, stream, or -Z m
wetland. Watersheds obey only gravity and M
the movement of water. They ignore the to o A
boundaries of man. a rn
0 ro
JOFF EDIMENTATIOIJ
nwater, Occurs when w '�
snowmelt, or' soil particles which
irrigation which are carried off the A o
doesn't infiltrate land enter surface
into the ground waters and settle Z •
and runs over or, out. When the soil
"off"the the land, particles settle out,
picking up soil they fill in streams,
particles and other lakes, and wetlands,
pollutants as it and cover up habitat
goes, and carrying needed by fish and
them to surface other aquatic
waters: organisms.
UR AN RUNOFF
ccurs because the natural filtration system
is covered with impervious surfaces such as
roads and buildings. Before urbanization,'most
rain water is infiltrated into the ground thtough
wetlands and depressions. Once the land -is;
urbanized, very little water is able to infiltrate
into the ground unless appropriate stormwater
systems, such as retention ponds, are
constructed in key locations.
(LM (t (fit r boil
PCrcolaGon
waeer'teaei
.+
HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
The most basic concept of watershed management is to try to i
maintain the natural hydrologic balance. If land is developed,
areas of Infiltration decrease, transpiration decreases (because
vegetation is removed) and runoff increases. .
PHOTO COURTESY OF CONRAD LOHMAN
FUTCH CREEK

__
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Plan Summary
I. PURPOSE OF THE PLAN
The 1993 Wilmington -New Hanover County Land Use Plan Update will serve as the blueprint for the area's growth
into the twenty-first century. The Land Use Plan performs several important functions:
A. Guidance for Government Decisions - The Land Use Plan's "Policies for Growth and Development" and
"Land Classification Map" provide guidance to government officials in planning facilities, preparing regula-
tions, issuing permits and in day-to-day decision making. The public, particularly developers, also benefit by
using the Plan to anticipate governmental actions.
B. Source of Information - The Land Use Plan and supporting technical studies provide valuable information
on the local economy, population, environmental resources, community facilities and land use.
C. Public Participation and Support - Numerous public meetings, the circulation of drafts, and various other
means, helped ensure not only that the plan is a consensus of people's wishes, but also that the Plan will
have the political support needed for implementation.
COMPONENTS OF THE PLAN
The Land Use Plan consists of three major components: Technical Reports and Studies, Policies for Growth and
Development, and the Land Classification Map, each of which is discussed in the following summary. The complete
Plan is available from the City and County Planning Departments.
A. Technical Reports
The following series of Technical Reports was prepared as a basis for developing the Policies and the Land
Classification Map.
1. Population Study of New Hanover County
The County is growing at a rate 25% faster than that of the State. The County's growth will continue
to outpace the State's due primarily to in -migration.
2. The Economy of New Hanover County
The local economy is strengthening as the County continues to assert its role as the trade and service
center for southeastern North Carolina. Non -manufacturing jobs account for most of the significant
increase in the County's employment base.
3. Existing Land Use in New Hanover County
Residential development consumes almost 50% of developed land in the City and County. Approxi-
mately 79,000 acres remain undeveloped with all but 5% of the undeveloped land being in the
unincorporated County.
4. Area Service Guide
This report surveyed public capital facilities and services in the County and City. The area's cultural
resources are also highlighted in this document.
5. A Planning Guide: Summarization of Planning Reports Since 1986 (City of Wilmington)
This report discusses the ordinances, plans and other documents presently guiding growth in the City
of Wilmington.
6. A Summary of Plans, Policies, and Regulations in New Hanover County
This report discusses the ordinances, plans and other documents presently guiding growth in New
Hanover County.
7. Wilmington's Forecast: "Today and Tomorrow"
This report assesses current conditions and area trends which will be necessary to guide land use and
development in the community for the next decade.
8. Hurricane Mitigation and Reconstruction Plan
In anticipation of a hurricane or other disaster, this plan can be used to mitigate the loss of life and
property which may occur. The acquisition of high risk areas for open space and recreation is one of
the best mitigating measures a local government can use.
9. Environmental Resources and Constraints in New Hanover County
This report provides an evaluation of many factors affecting the County's environment. Protection of
estuarine surface and ground water quality remains among the most important environmental issues
facing the County.
10. Future Land Use of New Hanover County
Residential development will continue to be the dominant land use in the County. The propagation of
commercial "strip" developments along major roads and at intersections should be minimized.
Summary
of the
Wilmington -
New Hanover County
Land Use Plan
1993 Update
Adopted by:
Wilmington City Council
October 19, 1993
New Hanover County
Board of Commssioners
November 1, 1993
Certified by:
Coastal Resources Commission
November 19, 1993
B. Policies for Growth and Development
An extensive and thorough information gathering process which included compilation of the technical reports,
numerous public hearings and careful consideration by the City Council and County Commissioners culmi-
nated in the adoption of the policies contained in this document. These officially adopted policies will guide
future decisions on land use, the provision of public facilities and the management of the County's many and
varied resources.
C. Land Classification Map
The Land Classification Map, presented on the reverse side of this document, divides the County and City
into different land classes, based on such factors as desired growth densities, availability of services and
natural resource constraints. These different classes, which are detailed in the text of the next section, were
established using the same process as described for the Policies.
Land Classes
1. DEVELOPED provides for continued intensive development of existing urban areas.
2. URBAN TRANSITION allows for intensive urban development on lands that have been or will be provided with
necessary urban services. Residential development can exceed 2.5 units/acre provided the development shall be
serviced by City or County sewer systems and has direct access to a major road. Urban transition areas are
suitable for closed water systems.
3. LIMITED TRANSITION identifies areas where increased development is expected to occur. Residential density in
Limited Transition areas should be no more than 2.5 units/acre with lower density more desirable. The use of
clustering and Planned Unit Development (PUD) is encouraged for these areas.
4. COMMUNITY allows for "crossroads" type development to help meet limited service and residential needs in the
less developed areas of the County. Services may be provided to these areas but not to stimulate more intensive
development. Areas typically consist of clustered, mixed land uses.
5. RURAL provides for low density residential development not to exceed 2.5 units/acre where urban services cannot
be economically provided. Industry, agriculture, forestry and mineral extraction are suitable for isolated rural
locations.
Policies for Growth & Development
1.0 RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICIES
1.0(1) Preserve, protect and augment the area's important natural resources, which include the air, land and sea
environments.
1.1 NATURAL RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS ON DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
1.1(1) Development activities in ocean erodible areas, high hazard flood areas, and inlet hazard areas shall be
carefully controlled. The proper location and design of shoreline structures and the preservation of natural
protective features shall be required.
1.1(2) Barrier islands which have the following five characteristics shall be developed only for water dependent uses
such as pleasure boat docks and landings; they shall not be developed for residential use:
a. The land is a barrier island or part of a harrier island with a density equal to or less than one residential unit per five acres.
b. The barrier island area has been assigned the most severe rank with regard to hurricane forces.
C. The barrier island area is not connected to the mainland by a permanent network of roads and bridges that would allow safe and timely
evacuation by land rather than by boat.
d. The barrier island area does not qualify for the National Flood Insurance Program as administered by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency.
e. The barrier island area is classified as Conservation in the Land Use Plan.
1.1(3) Development activities within the 100 year floodplain shall be carefully controlled to minimize development,
encourage low intensity uses such as open space and recreation, and ensure strict compliance with state
and federal regulations concerning wetland protection.
1.1(4) Shoreline erosion control and channel maintenance projects shall be supported only where:
a. No significant adverse impacts will occur on shoreline dynamics;
b. Significant economic or recreational benefits will occur for planning area residents; and
C. The public shoreline will be the primary beneficiary in erosion control projects.
1.1(5) Development on class IV soils as defined in the 1981 technical report, Classification of Soils in New
Hanover County for Septic Tank Suitability shall be limited and septic tanks shall not be allowed.
1.1(6) Development activities within the estuarine watersheds shall be carefully controlled to prevent the
degradation of water quality in the creeks and sounds, and to ensure the protection of these vital natural
resources. Agriculture uses, golf course construction and maintenance should be designed and operated to
minimize to the extent reasonable, nutrient and pesticide loadings. The City and County shall monitor
technological advances and ongoing scientific studies to determine whether estuarine shoreline setbacks and
buffer regulations should be adopted.
1.1(7) To the extent that the cumulative impacts of land utilization and the ecological carrying capacity of coastal
ecosystems are determined through study and analysis, such information shall be considered in the future
development or revision of local plans, capital facilities, services and ordinances.
1.1(8) The City and County shall seek to preserve and restore shellfishing in all SA waters and to bring all coastal
waters designated or formerly designated SA to the highest quality possible.
1.1(9) Stormwater management shall be implemented to minimize nonpoint pollution to the maximum extent
necessary and practicable as part of any redevelopment or infrastructure project funded by the public.
1.1(10) Collection systems that directly discharge stormwater to surface waters will be eliminated whenever possible
as part of any redevelopment project.
1.2 PROTECTION OF CAMA-DEFINED AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
1.2(1) Estuarine waters, estuarine shorelines and public trust areas shall be prohibited from use by development
activity which would result in significant adverse impact to the natural function of these areas.
1.2(2) Development of estuarine system islands shall be permitted only if proper measures are taken for hurricane
evacuation, utilities provision, access on and off the island, pollution control, and other design considerations
that will ensure compatibility of the development with the estuarine systems.
1.2(3) Drainage from land use activities shall have rate of flow and volume characteristics as near to natural
conditions as reasonable.
1.2(4) The phased development and extension of the County sewer system shall be continued and encouraged as
a means of eliminating pollution from malfunctioning or inadequate septic systems and package treatment
plants.
1.2(5) In order to protect estuarine water quality, only sewage treatment plants of the highest quality, whose
standards of operation provide the greatest measure of protection feasible shall be allowed to discharge into
public surface waters and then only if it is not feasible to connect to the public sewer system.
1.2(6) The development of marinas shall be supported as a means of providing public access to the extent that their
development shall not adversely impact estuarine resources or public trust waters.
1.2(7) Floating home development shall be prohibited in order to protect our public trust and estuarine waters.
1.2(8) The County and City shall take all necessary actions to prevent further deterioration of estuarine water quality
and loss of public trust uses in the creeks and sounds and to bring all coastal waters up to the highest quality
possible.
1.2(9) The City and County shall allow uses of estuarine and public trust waters that provide benefits to the public
and which satisfy riparian access needs of private property owners.
1.2(10) The City and County shall support strict enforcement of state regulations for dredging in primary nursery
areas.
1.2(11) No mowing or clearcutting of coastal wetland vegetation shall be allowed within any coastal wetland AEC
except where supported by sound scientific and technical knowledge.
1.2(12) Recognizing that adequate, properly sited boat access facilities are essential to the preservation of both the
economy and the environment, it shall be the policy of the City and County to provide additional boat access
facilities.
1.2(13) The County shall pursue a policy of "retreat" along our estuarine shorelines in order to accommodate future
sea level rise and wetland migration.
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.0
2.1.
2.2
2.3
6. CONSERVATION provides for effective long-term management of significant, limited or irreplaceable areas.
Generally, all marshes and adjacent lands within the 100-year floodplain have been classified as "Conservation".
Exceptions to the 100-year floodplain criterion are limited to water dependent uses (i.e., uses that cannot function
elsewhere), shared industrial access corridors and exceptionally designed development proposals on relatively high
ground where adverse impacts to the estuarine system can be shown to be negligible, if any. Residential density
cannot exceed 2.5 units/acre. 2.4
7. RESOURCE PROTECTION provides for the preservation and protection of important natural, historic, scenic,
wildlife, and recreational resources. Residential density cannot exceed 2.5 units/acre.
2.5
2.6
3.0
3.1
1.2(14) Bulkhead construction along our marsh wetlands shall comply with all state and federal regulations.
POTABLE WATER SUPPLY POLICY
1.3(1) Sources of potable surface and groundwater for the City and County shall be conserved and protected. The
Castle Hayne Aquifer shall be preserved in its present unpolluted state as the primary groundwater resource
in the County.
POLICIES IN THE CONSIDERATION OF OTHER FRAGILE OR HAZARDOUS AREAS
1.40) Plans for the safe transportation of hazardous materials, for the prevention and clean-up of spills of toxic
materials, and for the evacuation of area residents in response to natural or man-made hazardous events
shall continue to be supported.
1.4(2) The siting of all industries, including energy facilities and high voltage utilities, shall be carefully reviewed to
ensure the protection of area residents and natural resources.
1.4(3) The County's innovative incinerator and landfill system shall continue to be supported and improved.
1.4(4) The City and County shall ensure the compatibility of surrounding land uses with the New Hanover County
Airport.
1.4(5) The City and County shall eliminate illegal trash dumping and landfills through strict enforcement.
1.4(6) The City and County shall continue to seek ways to reduce and manage the solid waste stream through
expanded recycling programs, encouraging composting and multi -jurisdictional cooperation.
HISTORIC AND CULTURAL RESOURCE POLICIES
1.5(1) The City and County shall take proactive steps to identify and protect important historic and cultural resources.
1.5(2) The redevelopment of downtown Wilmington shall be a high priority, continuing to build on past successes
and carefully matching public incentives with private investment.
RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES
2.0(1) Short-sighted or premature commitments of the area's natural resources shall be avoided.
2.0(2) Efforts by other governmental and private agencies to wisely manage the natural resources of the area and
the region shall be supported.
AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY RESOURCES POLICY
2.10) Premature conversion of the planning area's remaining farmlands and commercial woodlands into more
intensive uses shall be discouraged.
MINERAL RESOURCES POLICIES
2.2(1) Development of the planning area's mineral resources shall be allowed as long as such development occurs
in an environmentally sensitive manner, is compatible with nearby resources and provides a plan for
reclamation and reuse.
2.2(2) Development of all off -shore mineral, oil and gas resources shall be discouraged.
RECREATION AND OPEN SPACE POLICIES
2.30) Preservation of unique natural areas shall be encouraged in order to provide area residents and visitors with
a wide variety of recreational opportunities.
2.3(2) Public recreational facilities and open space shall be provided and maintained in accordance with public
demand and expected population growth.
2.3(3) Existing public shorefront access shall be preserved and new shorefront access areas shall be acquired and
developed.
2.3(4) Outside funding sources for recreational facility development shall be pursued.
2.3(5) Public boating access shall be encouraged and provided by the City and County.
FISHERIES RESOURCES POLICIES
2.40) The continued productivity of commercial and recreational fisheries shall be enhanced through the protection
of the unique coastal ecosystems, including primary nursery areas, shellfish waters and coastal marshes,
upon which they depend.
2.4(2) Protection, preservation, and restoration of shellfishing in all SA waters shall be encouraged and pursued.
OFF -ROAD VEHICLE POLICY
2.50) Efforts to control off -road vehicle use in the ecologically sensitive ocean and estuarine shoreline areas shall
continue to receive support from County government.
ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICY
2.6(1) Innovative and effective means of improving energy conservation techniques and practices shall be
encouraged.
ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
3.0(1) Existing and programmed public services shall be coordinated with future land use intensities based on our
area's carrying capacity and in accordance with adopted growth management policies.
3.0(2) Use of innovative and flexible planning and engineering practices and urban design standards shall be
encouraged.
3.0(3) A sufficient variety and amount of future land use types shall be provided in order to accommodate public
demand.
3.0(4) Compatibility between future and existing land uses shall be encouraged.
3.0(5) The costs associated with the area's rapid growth shall be distributed equitably to the maximum extent
practical.
3.0(6) Improved coordination between City and County planning and development efforts shall be accomplished
through the use of interlocal agreements and unified development codes, in order to promote consistency
and to avoid future conflicts and costs of development.
RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
3.1(1) Innovative and flexible development standards and incentives shall be developed to ensure the continued
availability of a wide range and sufficient supply of affordable residential housing types.
3.1(2) Housing opportunities shall be encouraged to be developed for citizens of all economic status to include the
elderly, physically and mentally challenged, single parent households, and the area's homeless population.
3.1(3) Encroachment upon residential neighborhoods by more intense land uses shall be avoided.
3.1(4) New residential development shall be designed to minimize impervious surfaces and maximize open space.
3.1(5) Efforts will be made to reduce through traffic in residential areas.
3.1(6) Restoration of structures and neighborhoods of historic and architectural significance shall be encouraged.
3.1(7) Efforts by individuals and neighborhoods to promote "exclusionary zoning" shall be discouraged.
3.1(8) Neighborhood and sector level planning activities shall be utilized in the development of land use studies,
programs and strategies.
3.1(9) New subdivisions should be designed to encourage access to adjoining neighborhoods if necessary to
accommodate the flow of traffic.
3.100) An area's carrying capacity shall be considered in the phasing and timing of new development projects.
3.101) Historically significant structures and neighborhoods shall continue to receive regulatory protection; new
standards, regulations and incentives which promote the preservation and maintenance of the area's historic
resources shall be supported to preserve this tangible, aesthetically significant link to the planning area's past.
3.2 OFFICE AND INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES
3.2(1) Office and institutional development shall be considered appropriate land usage adjacent to residential
development provided that design, scale and uses are compatible with adjacent residential development.
3.2(2) Major institutional employers shall encourage employee shift changes for non -peak traffic hours as a means
of relieving traffic congestion. Ride -share programs shall be encouraged.
3.2(3) Major institutional employers shall encourage the use of mass transit by employees through the provision
of transit shelters at convenient locations within the development.
3.3 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
3.30) Commercial development projects shall be encouraged to locate in designated commercial nodes which
already contain public services, including transportation, required by the projects, or in areas in which the
needed services are readily available.
3.3(2) The redevelopment of existing commercial nodes shall be encouraged through the use of flexible
development standards and evaluation. This shall be the preferred method of commercial expansion.
3.3(3) Uncontrolled strip commercial development shall be avoided.
3.3(4) Redevelopment of Downtown Wilmington, north Fourth Street, and Castle Street, shall be a high priority,
continuing to build on past successes.
3.3(5) The City and County shall jointly provide support for the creation and establishment of small businesses.
3.4 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
3.4(1) The City and County shall encourage diversification of the area's economic base through a detailed
recruitment plan developed in conjunction with the Committee of 100 and the Chamber of Commerce.
3.4(2) The City and County shall focus on attracting certain industries which can be developed in a manner
consistent with the local public service supply, the local employment base, and our natural resources.
3.4(3) The City and County shall preserve, protect, and augment wherever possible, the complimentary relation-
ships between the area's various industries, while minimizing potential conflicts.
3.4(4) The City and County shall encourage land use compatibility between the new industrial sector and the
residential and commercial sectors.
3.4(5) The City and County shall promote and attract industries which encourage the upward mobility of low and
moderate income persons.
3.4(6) Because of its relationship with the natural and historic resources of the area, the tourist industry shall receive
special support from the City and County.
3.4(7) The City and County shall continue to support the planned growth and valuable contributions to the area's
economy by the State Ports Authority.
3.4(8) Refinery operations shall only be allowed if there are no significant impacts on the area's environmental and
historic resources.
3.4(9) The City and County shall encourage the location of industries that will promote ongoing education programs
in the marine sciences.
3.4(10) The City and County shall promote the location of industries that will be compatible with the area's ecosystem.
3.4(11) The City and County shall encourage the location of diversified industries through the provision of an
adequately trained employee pool.
3.4(12) New industrial activities shall be located within existing industrial corridors and shall not be permitted to harm
the property values of established residential areas.
3.403) The tourism industry shall be considered in the recruitment and location of industrial firms. Industries that
may pose a threat to the built or natural environment shall not be located in proximity to residential
development or to established tourism attractions such as the historic core of the City of Wilmington.
3.4(14) The operation and placement of oil refinery operations shall be prohibited in close proximity to established
residential and or historic resources, or in such locations that may result in the potential for significant impact
on the area's environmental resources.
3.5 TRANSPORTATION POLICIES
3.5(1) Level of service standards and programs for area roadways and trailways shall be established.
3.5(2) Traffic circulation improvement priorities shall be established to provide for the timely allocation of resources
in meeting the transportation needs of the area.
3.5(3) The City and County shall support the efforts of other local, state and federal agencies that improve the flow
of people and products in the City and County.
3.5(4) The City and County shall ensure that the type and design of the existing and future transportation system
and the planning for future land uses result in an effective traffic circulation pattern.
3.5(5) Mass transit programs, bikeways and other alternatives to single occupant automobiles shall be preferred
as a method of alleviating congestion and circulation problems over the construction of new roadways.
3.5(6) Continued use and development of the Wilmington Harbor, Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the State Ports
Authority and the New Hanover International Airport shall be encouraged.
3.5(7) Conflicts between transportation facilities, such as rail service, and other land uses shall be minimized.
3.5(8) No new or enlarged through highways shall be constructed in any area classified as Resource Protection or
Conservation without thoroughly analyzing environmental impacts, other impacts and benefits.
3.6 CAPITAL FACILITIES AND COMMUNITY SERVICES POLICIES
3.60) The City and County shall provide timely and cost-effective provision of capital facilities and community
services on the basis of anticipated growth and demand.
3.6(2) Coordination between the City, County and other governmental agencies shall be encouraged in the provision
of capital facilities and services.
3.6(3) The City and County shall consider the adoption of a system of impact fees to ensure timely and economically
sound provision of public services to new development.
3.6(4) The City of Wilmington and New Hanover County shall work together in conjunction with other local
communities for the provision of necessary transportation and open space needs.
3.7 URBAN DESIGN AND OTHER POLICIES
3.7(1) The development of more detailed land classification or future land use maps and plans shall be encouraged.
3.7(2) The development of a uniform land use evaluation system for use by City and County officials and staffs shall
be encouraged.
3.7(3) Adequate landscaping and tree protection shall be encouraged for parking lots, residential areas, and
commercial and industrial projects.
3.7(4) Buffering standards which promote compatibility between land use types shall be supported and strength-
ened where necessary.
3.7(5) The use of signs shall be controlled in a manner that recognizes aesthetic, safety and commercial concerns
and preserves and protects our landscapes and waterways.
3.7(6) Multiple and adaptive reuse of the area's historic resources shall be allowed and encouraged.
3.7(7) Trails and greenways should be identified and developed into a comprehensive system.
3.7(8) Urban design regulations shall take into account the diverse qualities each development has to offer. These
qualities shall be refined to create a unique sense of place which compliments surrounding man-made and
natural features.
3.7(9) Existing landscaping and tree preservation ordinances shall be evaluated and new standards adopted to
address urban appearance issues. Tree preservation efforts should include the inventory of selected
specimens.
4.0 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
4.0(1) The City and County shall continue to creatively utilize all sectors of the local media, as well as the local
educational institutions, to increase public awareness and involvement in resource and development issues.
4.0(2) Neighborhood planning techniques shall be utilized to further encourage public awareness and involvement
in issues affecting neighborhoods.
4.0(3) Programs which take advantage of existing media productions, private industry professionals, and local
government employees to educate the public about land use concerns, the provision of public services, and
the role of developers and other citizens in making intelligent land use decisions shall be encouraged.
5.0 STORM HAZARD MITIGATION, EVACUATION AND RECOVERY
5.0(1) The City and County shall continue to discourage high intensity uses and large structures from being
constructed within the 100 Year Floodplain, erosion prone areas, and other locations susceptible to hurricane
and flooding hazards.
5.0(2) Following a storm event, the County will take advantage of opportunities to acquire or purchase land located
in storm hazard areas which are rendered unbuildable. The property should satisfy objectives including, but
not limited to the conservation of open space, scenic areas, and provision of public water access.
5.0(3) Immediate clean up and removal of debris from public roads is the responsibility of the North Carolina
Department of Transportation. Public expenditure of funds for the repair or reconstruction of any private road
or vehicular easement which is damaged or destroyed as a result of an intense storm event shall not occur.
All private roads will be the responsibility of the individual landowners.
5.0(4) In the event of a hurricane or disaster, the City Council and/or Board of Commissioners may declare a
moratorium on the acceptance of any request for rezoning other than for rezoning to a less intense use, unless
that rezoning request is initiated by the City or County.
5.0(5) In the event of extensive hurricane damage to public utilities requiring replacement or relocation of these
utilities, efforts shall be made to locate damaged utilities away from hurricane hazard areas or to strengthen
their construction.
5.0(6) Priority shall be given to those repairs that will restore service to as many persons as soon as possible.
5.0(7) The City Council and/or Board of County Commissioners may request that a new assessment of hazard areas
be performed, depending on the extent of flooding and the changes to shoreline and inlets caused by the
hurricane.
5.0(8) The City Council and/or Board of County Commissioners may declare a moratorium on the permitting of any
new construction, new utility hookups, or redevelopment construction that would increase the intensity of the
land uses existing before the hurricane or disaster.
5.0(9) The Recovery Task Force shall have the responsibility for directing reconstruction within New Hanover
County after a damaging storm. This Task Force shall be responsible for advising the Board of County
Commissioners on a diverse range of post -storm issues.
5.0(10) A building moratorium shall not occur unless authorized or extended by the Recovery Task Force or resolution
by the Board of County Commissioners and/or City Council.
5.0(11) The City and County shall be responsible for the overall supervision of clean up and disposal of debris resulting
from an intense storm event.
5.002) It shall be a policy of the City and County to retain on a seasonal basis an assistance facilitator/consultant
who, as directed by the County Manager, will be responsible for:
a. Determining the types of assistance available to the City and County and the type of assistance most needed.
b. Assisting in the coordination of the federal disaster recovery effort.
C. Coordinating federal and state programs of assistance.
d. Informing the citizenry of types of assistance programs available.
e. Recommending to the Recovery Task Force and Board of County Commissioners programs which are available and then acting as
facilitator in securing those programs.

W. ` LARD CLASSIFICATION
A. Land Classification Definitions
The Land Classification Map has been prepared based on a
comprehensive review of existing land uses and after taking
into consideration the location.of AEC's and vacant land
available for future development.
By delineating land classes on a map, local government and its
citizens can specify those areas where certain policies
(local, state and federal) will apply. The land
classification system is intended to be supported and
complemented by zoning, subdivision and other local growth
management tools and these local tools should be consistent
with the classification system as much as possible. Although
specific areas are outlined on a land classification map, it
must be remembered that land classification is merely a tool
to help implement policies and not, in a strict sense of the
term, a regulatory mechanism.
The land classification system provides a framework to be used
by the local government to identify the future use of all
lands. The designation of land,classes allows the local
government to illustrate their policy statements as to where
and to what density they want growth to occur, and where they
want to conserve natural and cultural resources by guiding
growth.
The Land Classification Map includes the following
classifications:
1. Limited Transition
a. Purpose. The purpose of the limited transition class
is to provide for development in areas that will have
some services, but are suitable -for lower densities
and may be geographically remote from existing towns
and municipalities.,
b. Description and Characteristics. Areas meetingthe
intent of.this class will experience increased
development during the planning period. They will be
in a state of development necessitating some municipal
type services. These areas are of modest densities
and often suitable for the provision of closed water
systems rather than individual wells.
(i) Areas classified limited transition will provide
controlled. development with services, but may not
be on lands that are suitable for traditional high
intensity urban development normally associated
iwith sewers or other services. These may be lands
64.

with physical limitations or areas near valuable
estuarine waters or other fragile natural systems,
and density limits may be required to protect these
resources. Sewers and other services may be provided
because such services are already in the area or readily
available nearby, because the lands are unsuitable
for septic tanks or the cumulative impact of
septic tanks may negatively impact significant
public resources;
(ii) The limited transition class is intended for
predominantly residential development with
densities as allowed in the RA or PD Zone of the
Pender County Zoning Ordinance.
However, non-residential development will be
permitted in the Limited Transition class as well
as multi -family use in Planned Unit Developments
when permitted by the Pender County Zoning
Ordinance. Clustering or development associated
with Planned Unit Developments may be appropriate
in the limited transition class;
(iii) Areas which meet the definition of the
conservation class should not be classified
limited transition.
c. Discussion. As sewer and other services become more
• widespread, they are frequently extended to areas that
-• are not suitable for high density urban development.
The use of such services generally increases
environmental protection in these areas if the density
of development remains relatively low. The limited
transition class is intended to provide for
appropriate moderate densities of development with the"
benefits of services. However, the reliability of
services such as sewage treatment systems is critical
in these areas. If the local government intends to
allow the private provision of urban services such as..:_
sewage systems and garbage collection, then the local
government should require special assurances that
these private services will reliably protect the
public resources and avoid unnecessary public
expenses. The limited transition classes are designed
to illustrate emerging and developing areas where some
appropriate level of services are required.
The Limited Transition Classification occurs along the
western side of U.S. 17 from the New Hanover County
line to the Onslow County line for a distance of 400'
back from the highway right-of-way line as measured
from the western right-of-way line of U.S. 17
Limited Transition also occurs on the eastern side of
U.S. 17 from the New Hanover County line to the Onslow
65

County line, and then back to the waterfront along the
Intracoastal Waterway and in areas not designated
Conservation from the New Hanover County line
to a point 400' northeast of S.R. 1561. Residential
density in this Limited Transition area should not
exceed density.allowed in the RA or PD Zone in the
Pender County Zoning Ordinance in this coastal area and may
be required to be even lower to protect particularly
sensitive areas within this.location.
Limited Transition is also found along both sides of
S.R..1588 near the Onslow.County line and along both
sides of N.C. 50 for a distance of 400' back from the
road right-of-way of N.C. 50.
Limited Transition is located on both sides of N.C.
210 from the intersection of U.S. 17 at Hampstead to
-
S.R. 1574 for a distance of 400' back from N.C. 210 as
measured from -the road right-of-way.
Limited Transition occurs around the -intersection of
I-40 and N.C. 11 near Willard..
Limited Transition occurs on both sides of N.C. 53
between Burgaw and I-40 for a distance of 400" back
from both sides of the road right-of-way as measured
from the road.right-of-way of.N.C. 53.
Limited Transition occurs along both sides of U.S. 117
and N.C. 133 from the New Hanover County line to a
point 4001 north of the intersection of U.S. 177 and
-N.C. 210. Then along N.C. 210 from U.S. 117 to the
Northeast Cape Fear River. The Limited Transition
area is 400' back from these two road rights -of -way as
measured from the road right-of-way line.
Limited Transition is located along both sides of U.S.
421`from the New Hanover County line to the
intersection of N.C. 210 for a distance of 400' back
-from the road right-of-way as measured from the road
right-of-way.
The Maple Hill community is included as limited
transition.
66

2. Community
a. Purpose. The purpose of the community class is to
provide for clustered, mixed land uses at low
densities to help meet the housing, shopping,
employment and other needs in rural areas.
b. Description and Characteristics. Areas meeting the
intent of the community class are presently developed
at low densities which are suitable for private septic
tank use. These areas are clustered residential
and/or commercial land uses which provide both low
intensity shopping and housing opportunities and
provide a local social sense of a "community. Very
limited municipal type services such as fire
protection and community water may be available, but
municipal type sewer systems are not to be provided as
a catalyst for future development. In some unusual
cases sewer systems may be possible, but only to
correct an existing or projected public health hazard.
Areas developed in a low density fashion in small,
dispersed clusters in a larger rural landscape with
very limited or no water and sewer services meet the
intent of this class.
c. Discussion. It should be stressed that the community
class applies to clustered low intensity development
in a rural landscape. This development is usually
associated with crossroads in.counties. Some
"communities" may have or may require municipal type
services to avert an existing or anticipated health
problem. Even though limited services may be
available, these areas should not be shown in the
higher intensity land classes, as the major
characteristic which distinguishes community with
limited services from the developed and transition
classes is that services are not provided to stimulate
intense development in a rural setting, but rather to
neutralize or avert health problems. Due to the small
size of'most communities, they ::ill appear as small
areas in a dispersed pattern on the County land
classification map. This class illustrates small,
dispersed groupings of housing and commercial land
uses in a rural landscape.
The Community land classification includes Willard,
Penderlea, Currie and Watha.
3. Rural
a. Purpose. The rural class is to provide for
agriculture, forestry, mineral extraction and other
allied uses traditionally associated with an agrarian
region. Other land uses, due to their noxious or
3/

hazardous nature and negative impacts on adjacent
uses, may also be appropriate here if sited in a
manner that minimizes their negative effect on
surrounding land uses or natural resources. Examples
include energy generating plants, refining plants,
airports, sewage treatment facilities, fuel storage
tanks and other industrial type uses. Very low
density dispersed residential uses on large lots with
on -site water and sewer are consistent with the intent
of the rural class. Development in this class should
be as compatible with resource production as possible.
b. Description and characteristics. Areas meeting the
intent of this classification are appropriate for or
presently used for agriculture, forestry, mineral
extraction and other uses, that due to their hazardous
or noxious nature, should be located in a relatively
isolated and undeveloped area. Very low density
dispersed, single family residential uses are also
appropriate within rural areas where lot sizes are
large and where densities do not require the provision
of urban type services. Private septic tanks and
wells are the primary on -site services available to
support residential development, but fire, rescue
squad and.sheriff,protection may also be available.
Population densities will be very low.
The.Rural land classification includes all areas of
the County that are not Limited Transition, Community
or Conservation.
4. Conservation
a. Purpose. The purpose of the conservation class is to
provide for the effective long-term management and
protection of significant, limited, or irreplaceable
areas. Management is needed due to the natural, .
cultural, recreational, scenic or'natural productive
values of both local and more'than local concern.
b. Description and Characteristics. Areas meeting the
intent of this classification include:
(i) AEC's including, but not limited to, public trust
waters, estuarine waters, coastal wetlands, etc.,
as identified in 15A NCAC 7H;
(ii) other similar lands, environmentally significant
because of their natural role in the integrity of
the coastal region and include but are not limited
to bottom land hardwoods, pocosins, swamp forests,
areas that are or have a high probability of
providing wildlife habitat, forest lands that are
essentially undeveloped and lands which otherwise
68

contain significant productive; natural, scenic,
cultural or recreational resources.
c. Discussion. The conservation class is designated to
illustrate the natural, productive, scenic, cultural
and recreational features of the coastal zone which
make the region a desirable place in which to live,
work and visit. As such, the conservation class
applies to'areas that because of their unique,
productive, limited, cultural or natural features
should be developed following CAMA guidelines as
applicable or other applicable local, State and
federal regulations. Only uses allowed under CAMA
permit regulations and applicable Corps of Engineers
404 wetland regulations and other State, local and
federal regulations shall be permitted.
The Conservation land classification for Pender County
includes all CAMA regulated AEC's including coastal
wetlands, estuarine waters and estuarine shorelines,
public trust waters, inlet hazard areas and ocean
hazard areas and outstanding resource waters. The
Conservation land classification also includes hydric
soils; specifically, Bohicket Silty Clay Loam (Bo),
Carteret Fine Sand (Ca), Chewacla Loam (Ch(We),
Croatan Muck (Ct), Dorovan Muck (Do) and Muckalee Loam
(Mk).
•• The Land Classification Map is for general use only. Final
determination of location for Conservation Classification
shall be made by the'responsib le federal, State or local
official having regulatory authority and such determination
shall be -made based on a field investigation of any area in
question. .
The Developed, Urban Transition and Rural with Services
classifications as discussed in the CAMA Planning Guidelines
are not applicable in Pender County's planning area.
The municipalities of Burgaw, Atkinson, Surf City and Topsail
Beach have their own CAMA Land Use Plans and for that reason
have not been included in'the Pender County Plan.

eb
0 0 0

Appendix B
U0
New Hanover County Planning Department
Futch Creek Watershed Study
January 1996
Land Use by Zoning District for New Hanover County
Maximum
Potential
Impervious
Potential
Sq. Feet
Acreage
Parcels
. Density
Lots
Acres
Imp. acres
Single Family
2,148,254
49 32
67
2;5
67 .
SF -Large Lot
808,183
18.55
4
2.5
46
1.04
4.82
SF Vacant
;420,598
9 66
_ '14
26
Mobile Home
114,336
2.62
6
2.5
6
0.68
0.68
Commercial
:539,297
12 38
;.
3
Office/Institutional
130,325
2.99
5
2.5
5*
0.78
0.78
Vacant
25,277817
113
2 5.
_...1287
0 00 :
133
Recreation
0.00
0
0
2.5
0
0.00
0.00
TOTAL
29,438,810
675.82
212
2.5
1428
18.64
158.74
Maximum
Potential
Impervious
Potential
'
Sq. Feet
Acreage
Parcels
Density
Lots
Acres
Imp. acres
Single Family
..
69 42
190
1 9
.
190
18 05
18 05 .
SF -Large Lot
0
0.00
0
1.9
0
0.00
0.00
SF Vacant
5,506,109
12640
302
1 9
302
0 00
32.86
Mobile Home
0
0.00
0
1.9
0
0.00
0.00
Commeraal'
0
0 00
0
1 9
0
0 00
0.00
Office/Institutional
610,063
14.01
1
1.9
66*
3.64
3.64
Vacant
7,884,358
181 00
22
1 9
305
0 00
4177
Recreation
12,786,220
293.53
5
1.9
5
4.40
4.40
TOTAL
29,810,656
684.36
520
1.9
868
26.09
100.72
1 of 5

Maximum
Potential
Impervious
Potential
'
Sq. Feet
Acreage
Parcels
Density
Lots
Acres
Imp. acres
Single Family
1,527367
35 06
54
1 9
54
912
912,
SF -Large Lots
0
0.00
0
1.9
0
0.00
0.00
$F can
742952
_. ..17 06.
23
1 9
23 .....
_.. 0 DO.
43 ...
Mobile Home
0
0.00
0
1.9
0
0.00
0.00
Commeraal...................
19
0
Office/Institutional
0
0.00
0
1.9
0
0.00
0.00
�
Recreation
0
0.00
0
1.9
0
0.00
.0.00
TOTAL
2,270,319
52.12
77
1.9
77
9.12
13.55 -j
0
Maximum
Potential
Impervious
Potential
Sq. Feet
Acreage
Parcels
Density
Lots
Acres
Imp. acres
CommerGal 44,748
103
1
N/A
1
0 27
0 2711
Vacant 15,798
0.36
1
N/A
1
0.09
0.09
O
TOTAL 60,646
1.39
2
N/A
2
0.36
0.36
Maximum
Potential
Impervious
Potential
Sq. Feet
Acreage
Parcels
Density
Lots
Acres
Imp. acres
Single Family 93,697
215 =
1
N/A
1
0 56
0 56
Commercial 137,112
3.15
2
N/A
2
0.82
0.82
TOTAL 230,809
5.30
3
NIA
3
1.38
1.38
Maximum
Potential
Impervious
Potential
• Sq. Feet Acreage Parcels
Density
Lots
Acres
Imp. acres
Oifice/Instttubonal 'l,039,801 23 87 ......-1-
TOTAL 1,039,801 23.87 2
NIA
107
6.21
6.21
' • • •�
Impervious
Impervious
Potential
Potential
Sq. Feet
Acreage
Parcels
Ratio
Acres
Lots
Imp. acres
Road
3,$03440
$7 31
N/A
5D'fo3
66
17 96
$6 48
Creek
5,371,664
123.32
N/A
0%
0
0.00
0.00
TOTAL
9,175,104
210.63
N/A
NIA
43.66
172.96
86.48
2of5

0
0
0
Land Use by Zoning District for Pender County
Maximum
Potential
Impervious
Potential
Sq. Feet Acreage Parcels Density
Lots
Acres
Imp. acres
SF -Large Lot
1,849,780
42.47
8
1.9
81
2.08
11.04 "
SF Vacant
3,329,080
76 43
143
19
143
0 00
19 87 .
Vacant
45,240,944
1,038.59
56
1.9
1,751
0.00
270.03
Officelns6tutional
146,797
3 37 :
1
19
_.. .
6#
U 88
0 88
Mobile Home
95,439
2.19
2
1.9
2
0.57
0.57
Commergal
inl
19
TOTAL
56,068,253
1,287.15
409
1.9
2182
35.79
304.28
Maximum
Potential
Impervious
Potential
Sq. Feet
Acreage
Parcels
Density
Lots
Acres
Imp. acres
Single Family
548,288
1259
'10
1 9
54
27
3 27
SF -Large Lot
698,160
16.03
3
1.9
30
0.78
4.17
SF Vacant .
023
0
.
Mobile Home
73,427
1.69
2
1.9
2
0.44
0.44
Gommeraal
927,t)56
21 28
Office/Institutional
186,160
4.27
2
1.9
8`
1.11
1.11
Vacant ..
879,591
:2019
TOTAL
3,312,682
76.05
30
1.9.
192
11.14
19.18
Impervious
Impervious
Potential
Potential
Sq. Feet
Acreage
Parcels
Ratio
Acres
Lots
Imp. acres
Road-:
2,367,478
54 35
N/A
50'/0
2717
173 46
86 73
Creek
2,827,327
64.91
N/A
0%
0
0.00
0.00
TOTAL
5,194,805
11926
NIA
NIA
27.17
173.46
86.73
3 of 5

Futch Creek Watershed
Total Land Use and Density
Maximum
Potential
Impervious
Potential
Sq. Feet
Acreage
Parcels
Density
Lots
Acres
Imp. acres
Road
2,367 78
54 3;
N/A
2 5
N/A
2717
86 73
Creek/Marsh
2,827,327
64.9
N/A
2.5
N/A
N/A
N/A
Single Family
5,924$34
136 0
208
2 5......
250
35 36
SF -Large Lot
2,547,940
58.5
11
2.5
111
2.86
15.21
3,329080
76 4: .
143...
2 5 ...
166 .
0 00...
19 87' ......
Mobile Home
168,866
3.9
4
2.5
5
1.01
1.01
Commercial .....
956,724 ...:
22.0...
7
HN :
_ 2 5 ...........
41 . .........
5 71......
5 71 _,_....._
Office/Institutional
332,957
7.6
3
2.5
15`
1.99
1.99
Vacant
46, i20,535
1058;8
63
2 5
1785
0 0044
31
Recreation
0
0.0
0
2.5
0
0.00
0.00
TOTAL
64,676,741
1482A
439
2.5
2374
74.10
410.19
4 of 5

Maximum Potential Impervious Potential
OSq. Feet Acreage Parcels Density Lots Acres Imp. acres
Creek/Marsh 8,198,991 188.2 N/A
2.5
N/A
N/A
N/A
Single Family l2,718,058 292 Q 52Q
2.5
562
75 91
75 91.
SF -Large Lot 3,356,123 77.0 15
2.5
157
3.90
20.03
SE Vacanf 9,998,739 229 5 482
2:5
503
0 00
59 68
Mobile Home 283,202 6.5 10
2.5
10
1.69
1.69
_........
Commeraal 1,677,881 38 5 13
2.5
47
I0 01
10 01
OfficeAns6tutional2,113,146 48.5 11
2.5
193*
12.61
12.61
Vacant 79,298,508.. 1820 4 199
2.5 .
3378
Q 00
419.98
Recreation 12,786,852 293.5 6
2.5
1
4.40
4.40
TOTAL 136,602,418 3135.9 1256
2.5
4861
179.37
777.54
Notes:
O
Maximum Densityequals the number of lots allowed per acre for zoning district.
q P 9
Potential Lots equals max. density x acreage.
Impervious acres equals developed acreage x .26 (avg.
impervious ratio for watershed).
Potential Imp. acres equals total acreage x .26
(avg. impervious ratio
for watershed).
* Indicates potential "units" in O& 1 district.
5 of 5

`i
u
0 0 0

APPENDIX C
SALTWATER CLASSIFICATIONS, LAND USE, AND STORMWATER
CONTROLS
Affects
SALTWATER QUALITYCHARACTERISTICS CONSTRUCTION& DEVELOPMENT
STORMWATER CONTROL
O
(when CAMA Major Development or Sedimentation & Erosion Control Permits required)
Best
Max. Fecal Colony Cts.
Wastewater
Dredge & FRI
Erosion and Sediment
Recreational
Min. Buffer
Max. Built -Upon
Min. Residential
Engineered
cbssificafibris
Uses
(Units/100 mL)
Discharges
Acfnnlies
Control Rules
AcGvifies
Requirements
I
Restrictions
Lot Size
Control Systems
DIVISIONOF
-•NMENTAL MANAGEMENT
PRIMARY CLASSIF1
CATIONS
• Aquatic life ro ation; and
q p pog
• Not to exceed 200
No categorical restrictions.
eg
Referto Supplemental Classifica
pp
Standard erosion protection and sedimentation •
Protecledfor.
Low Density Option
Low Density Option
Low Density Option
infiltration and Detention Ponds allowed.
30 ft. from surface
30%.
1/3 acre.
• Secondary Recreation including
(geometric mean of 5
However, DEM may
lion, & to the NC Division of
control required for projects that disturb greater
• Low intensity skin contact, such as wading,
• Systems must control runoff from 1.0 inch
SC
recreational fishing, boating, and
consecutive samples in a 30
prohbfidischarges on a
Coastal Management, NC
than 1 acre.
or informal swimming areas.
waters.
Engineered Controls
Engineered Controls
of rainfall.
N/A.
NIA.
water -related activities involving
day period); and
case -by -case basis for
Division of Marine Fisheries, &
• Required to manage 10-yearstorm runoff.
• Boating/marina development
• Referto Coastal Stormwater Rules for
minimal skin contact.
• 400 in 20% of samples.
protection of water quality.
NC Shellfish Sanitation Branch.
• Refer to the NC -Division of Land Resources.
• Recreational fishing and watercraft.
specific design information.
• Primary Recreation activitiessuch
• Not to exceed 200
No categorical restrictions.
Refer to Supplemental Classifica-
• Standard erosion protection and sedimentation
Protected for.
Low Density Option
Low Density Option
Low Density Option
• Infiltration and Detention Ponds allowed.
30 ft. from surface
30%.
1/3 acre.
SB
,
as swimming, which occur on a
(geometric mean of 5
However, DEM may
lion, & to the NC Division of
control required for projects that disturb greater
•Swimming, snorkeling, etc.
•Systems must control runoff from 1.0 inch
frequent or organized basis;
consecutive samples in a 30
prohibl discharges on a
Coastal Management, NC
than 1 acre.
• Marina development, depending on local
waters.
Engineered Controls
Engineered Controls
of rainfall.
NIA.
NIA.
• plus SC Best Uses.
day period); and
case -by -case basis for
Division of Marine Fisheries, &
• Required to manage 10-yearstorm runoff.
fishery and swimming activities.
• Referto Coastal Stormwater Rules for
• 400 in 20% of samples.
protection of water quality.
NC Shellfish Sanitation Branch.
• Referto the NC -Division of Land Resources.
• Recreational fishing and watercraft.
specific design information.
• Commercial shellfish harvesting;
• Not to exceed 14; and
Domestic discharges are
Referto Supplemental Classifica-
The Sedimentation Control Commission has as
Protected for.
Low Density Option Low Density Option Low Density Option • Infiltration Systems only.
SA
• Primary Recreation involving
' 43 in 10 /o of samples.
prohbited.
lion, & to the NC Division of
many as five (5) increased design standards for
• Swimming, snorkeling, etc.
30 fL from surface 25%. 113 acre. • System must control runoff from 1.5 inches
swimmingon a uentor organized
frequent prig
Coastal Management NC
ag
projects in all HQW zones. See Sedimentation
Marina development depending on local
P 9
waters. Engineered Controls Engineered Controls of rainfall.
basis;
Division of Marine Fisheries ,&
Control Rules for Design Standards inSensitive
fishery and swimming activities.
NIA. NIA. • Refer toCoastal StomrwaterRules for
• plus SC Best Uses.
IINC
Shellfish Sanitation Branch.
Watersheds (15A NCAC 4B .0024).
• Recreational fishing, shelfthing &water craft
specific design information.
DIVISION OF
••CLASSIFICATIONS
Waterquality standards are
New or expanded
Refer to the NC Division of
The Sedimentation Control Commission has as
Protected for.
Stormwater management measures in the 20 coastal counties are the same as the primary classification
• Excellent quality saltwater, or
High Quality
• Critical Habitat Areas; or
associated with Primary
discharges must meet
Coastal Manangement,NC
many asfive(5)increased design standardsfor
• Primary Classification Uses.
requirements. Refer to the Coastal Stormwater Management Rules for specific stormwater control require -
Waters (HQW)
• Primary or functional Nursery Areas.
Classification.
hghertreatmentrequiree-
Division of Marine Fisheries, and
projects in all HQW zones. See Sedimentation
ments in the 20 coastal North Carolina counties.
• All SA waters are HQW.
ments.
NC Shellfish Sanitation Branch.
Control Rules for Design Standards in Sensitive
Watersheds (15A NCAC 4B .0024).
Outstanding
Excellent quality saltwater and:
Water quality standards are
• New nondischarge
Not allowed where significant
The Sedimentation Control Commission has as
Protected for.
N ew developments located within 575 ft. of the mean hig h water level of ORW class saltwaters must meet
Resources
• Outstanding Fish Habitat; or
associated with Primary
permits include reduced
shellfish or vegetation occurs
many as five (5) increased design standards for
*Primary Classification Uses.
at a minimum, the Low Density Options specified in the Coastal Stormwater Management Rules for SA
O
Waters OR
(ORW)
• High Existing/Attainable Recreation; or
• Special Federal or State designation; or
Classification.
being restrictions.
• Public hearing is
except for maintenance such as
maintaining accessways, or for
projects in all HQW zones. See Sedimentation
Control Rules for Design Standards in Sensitive
Specific restrictions on allowable boat sizes &
types may be assigned for marina develop-
class saltwaters. Specific stomiwatercontrol strategies for protecting ORW class saltwaters are developed
during the process to reclassify waters with the ORW supplemental classification.
•Part ofState/National Park/Forest or
mandatory for new or
agricultural purposes.
Watersheds (1 5A NCAC 4B.0024).
ments.
• High eoologicaVsclentific significance.
proposed permit
DIVISION OF
•A
Estuarine Areas
of
• Coastal water and land areas of
Refer to NC-DEM Tidal
Refer to NC-DEM Tidal
Projects require Major CAMA
Referto NC-DEM Tidal SallwaterClassifica-
• Specific Use Standards apply to marina
devebpiTients affecting a nstnuc6on, location, size
Referto the NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater Classification, and the Coastal Stormwater Management Rules.
Environmental
significant economic and biological
Saltwater Classiticationsand
SaltwaterClassifications
DevelopmentPemuL
tons and Standards, and to NCDivision of
&service.
Concern (AECs)
values to the state.
Standards.
and Standards.
• Projects must conform to
Land Resources.
• Private docks & piers require CAMA
Development Permit
Specific Use Standards.
SHELLFISH
SANITATION BRANCH
Approved
Suitable growing area for harvesting
• 14 (either the median or
Refer to NC-DEH, or
Refer to NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater
Refer to NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater
Marinas in growing areas degrade the
shellfish for direct marketing to public.
geometric mean; and
NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater
Classifications and Standards,
Classifications and Standards, and to
classification to Prohibited.
• 43 in 10% of the samples
QualityClassifications and
and to NC DCM CAMA rules.
NC Division of Land Resources. .
Standards.
Growing area subject to predictable
Management Mansforthese
Refer toNC-DEH,or
Referto NC-DEM TiidalSaltwater
Referto NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater
Marinas in growing areas degrade the
Conditionally
intemtittentpollutionbutsurtablefor
areas, which are subject to
NC-DEM TidalSaltwater
Classficationsand Standards,
Classficationsand Standards, and to _ ^:•
classiificationtoProhbited.
Approved
harvesting shellfish for marketing when
known intermittent pollution,
Quality Classifications and
and to NC DCM CAMA rules.
NC Division of Land Resources.. z
Management Plan conditions aremet
are developed on case -by-
Standards.
case basis.
Referto the NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater Classification, and the Coastal Stormwater Management Rules.
Growing area suitable for shellfish must
• 88 (either the median or
Refer to NC-DEH, or
Referto NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater
Referto NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater _ `
Marinas in growing areas degrade the
Restricted
be purified by approved process.
geometric mean; and
NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater
Classifications and Standards,
Classifications and Standards, and b
classification to Prohibited.
• 43 in 10% of the samples.
QuafityClassifications and
and to NC DCM CAMA rules.
NC Division of Land Resources.
Standards.
Prohibited
Area unsuitableforhanresting shellfishfor
Fecal conform counts occur
Refer to NC-DEH, or
Refer to NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater
Referto NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater
Marinas in growing areas degrade the
direct marketing due lopresence ofhigh
higherthanallowedfor
NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater
Classifications and Standards,
Classifications and Standards, and to
classification toProhibited.
fecal conform, pointsource discharge, or
Restricted growing areas.
QualityClassifications and
and to NC DCM CAMA rules.
NC Division of Land Resources.
marina, or no current sanitary survey.
Standards.
DIVISION OF
MARINE FISHERIES
Primary
Growing areas where populations of
Referto Shellfish Sanitation
Refer NC-DEM Tidal
Referto NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater
Referto NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater
Marinas thatwill require dredging in orthrough
Referto the NC-DEM Tidal Saltwater Classification, and the Coastal Stormwater Management Rules.
Nursery
juvenile finfish and shellfish deconomic
Brach requirements.
Saltwater Quality
Classifications and Standards,
Classifications and Standards, and to
PNAs are not allowed.
Areas
importance occur.
Classifications and
and to NC DCM CAMA rules.
NC Division of Land Resources.
Standards.
Table adapted from original by Cape Fear Council of Govemments

0 0 0

N
oltO 0
/
ti
•
4?1
7
10
d§ta�
G '
w� r
CWrightsboro
• � r.
. 421� 1_
I/
Hightsville
i scc
W New Hanover
County Airport
i'
IM Nti`
•
0 a
} 5 •
42,
1
it
1
n logo A
1°
I
CAROLINA BEACH 1
1
•
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KURE BEACH
w�
I
HN
132
L elf,OPair
i
Maw-
Detailed Existing Land Use Maps at a scale of 1" = 400' are available for
public inspection at the City and County Planning Departments.
The preparation of this document was financed, in part, through a Coastal Area
Management Act grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management
Program, through Funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of
1972, as amended, which is administered by the office of Ocean and Coastal
Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
W.lrraysville
Baymeade
New Hanover County
Generali*zed
0 E1
xist'0 ingand
1990
APPROXIMATE SCALE
1' = 1 MILE
1 314 1/2 1/4 1
P
Kjand ,'"1 / INLET
17
W RIGHTSVILLE BEACH
Generalized
Existing
Land Use 1990
0
Single Family Residential
Multi -Family Residential
Mobile Home
Office & Institutional
Commercial
Transp., Utilities, & Comm.
Industrial
Public & Commercial Recreation
Vacant Land
Not in Planning Area
City of Wilmington

Wilmington - New Hanover
Comprehensive Planning Program
Summary of Existing Land Use: 1990
CITY OF WILMINGTON
UNINCORPORATED AREA
PLANNING AREA
LAND USE
CATAGORY
Percent of
Percent of
Percent of
Acres
Developed
Acres
Developed
Acres
Developed
Utilized
Land
Utilized
Land
Utilized
Land
Residential Total:
5,808
37.7
. .. .............. ..
11,100
56.1
16,908
48.0
.......... .... ... ......
... ... ....... ..
. . . ...... ..
....................................
.... ..
................ .....
........
.....................
............ ............. .................
.......................
........................................
...
..
. ... ......
.......
. ........
.........
Multi -Family
1,020
6.6
224
1.1
1,244
3.5
....................
M6 ............
........ .......
. ........
....................
........ ......................
........................
......... .. . ...............
............... X ..............................
. .............. ...
........ .....
. . .....
-iln .0 ........
....
...
.............
. ................
....... .......
............
..
......... . . ..%......
........... ..
....
............... ....
..........
.............................................
....... ...
........................ :. ... ........
.................. ........
................... . ....
.............
. ............. X
..............
............. ............... ...................
. ......................................
....... .............
;,..
. .
... ...............
.............. .............
........ .
..........
Office & Institutional
1,620
. ............
.................
..............
10.5
....... .......
...........................................
635
...... X:
3.2
2,255
.. ....
6.4
....... .............. .. .... . .
tat.... . ................................... X....X;.
. ..........
.
. ...... ...........
.............
....................
... .........W. ..............
...... ........ . .....
...................
...... .................. .....:
..
.........
......2...................
.. ........
... .............. ..
Transportation, Utilities &
....................
Communication..
2,9....0....0.....
6,907
19.6
...... . .
::::.. .::.::.::::.:
...... .4..,.0.
..0...7 .....
X
..
..... .2....6...0 .....
................................1..4.....7.....
I
....
........ .
. ..I...
..........
.......
.......
....................
. . . . ......
Recreation Total:
1,302
8.4
2,372
12.0
3,674
10.5
....................
.. ...
........ ...
............
...................
.... . ......
. .......
............. ..
..............
.............. I.
............................
......................
....... ........
......... ..........
.................................
..............................................................
................ ......
...... ............
.. ................
. .........
.. ........
................. .
...............
..... .7—
......
..........
Public
590
.........
3.8
.....
1,297
6.6
1,887
5.4
............
. ............ ..... .... ... .. ,.%.-...0........... d.
.................................
................................
............ ......
.
.......................:..0....0. .....
.... ..........
..... ............................
......
. ....... ....... ..........
.......... .....
.. .....
1
I.. ...... .......
Undeveloped
3,989
75,437
79,426
. ........ ........ .. ........
..........
... .. .......
... . .................. ...........
.. .... . .. ............... ......
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Total Acres
19,908
114,205
134,114
Wilmington -New Hanover
Comprehensive Planning Program
Generalized
Existing Land Use
Map
CAMA
id Use Plan Update

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Plan Summary
I. PURPOSE OF THE PLAN
The 1993 Wilmington -New Hanover County Land Use Plan Update will serve as the blueprint for the area's growth
into the twenty-first century. The Land Use Plan performs several important functions:
A. Guidance for Government Decisions - The Land Use Plan's "Policies for Growth and Development" and
"Land Classification Map" provide guidance to government officials in planning facilities, preparing regula-
tions, issuing permits and in day-to-day decision making. The public, particularly developers, also benefit by
using the Plan to anticipate governmental actions.
B. Source of Information - The Land Use Plan and supporting technical studies provide valuable information
on the local economy, population, environmental resources, community facilities and land use.
C. Public Participation and Support - Numerous public meetings, the circulation of drafts, and various other
means, helped ensure not only that the plan is a consensus of people's wishes, but also that the Plan will
have the political support needed for implementation.
COMPONENTS OF THE PLAN
The Land Use Plan consists of three major components: Technical Reports and Studies, Policies for Growth and
Development, and the Land Classification Map, each of which is discussed in the following summary. The complete
Plan is available from the City and County Planning Departments.
A. Technical Reports
The following series of Technical Reports was prepared as a basis for developing the Policies and the Land
Classification Map.
1. Population Study of New Hanover County
The County is growing at a rate 25% faster than that of the State. The County's growth will continue
to outpace the State's due primarily to in -migration.
2. The Economy of New Hanover County
The local economy is strengthening as the County continues to assert its role as the trade and service
center for southeastern North Carolina. Non -manufacturing jobs account for most of the significant
increase in the County's employment base.
3. Existing Land Use in New Hanover County
Residential development consumes almost 50% of developed land in the City and County. Approxi-
mately 79,000 acres remain undeveloped with all but 5% of the undeveloped land being in the
unincorporated County.
4. Area Service Guide
This report surveyed public capital facilities and services in the County and City. The area's cultural
resources are also highlighted in this document.
5. A Planning Guide: Summarization of Planning Reports Since 1986 (City of Wilmington)
This report discusses the ordinances, plans and other documents presently guiding growth in the City
of Wilmington.
6. A Summary of Plans, Policies, and Regulations in New Hanover County
This report discusses the ordinances, plans and other documents presently guiding growth in New
Hanover County.
7. Wilmington's Forecast: "Today and Tomorrow"
This report assesses current conditions and area trends which will be necessary to guide land use and
development in the community for the next decade.
8. Hurricane Mitigation and Reconstruction Plan
In anticipation of a hurricane or other disaster, this plan can be used to mitigate the loss of life and
property which may occur. The acquisition of high risk areas for open space and recreation is one of
the best mitigating measures a local government can use.
9. Environmental Resources and Constraints in New Hanover County
This report provides an evaluation of many factors affecting the County's environment. Protection of
estuarine surface and ground water quality remains among the most important environmental issues
facing the County.
10. Future Land Use of New Hanover County
Residential development will continue to be the dominant land use in the County. The propagation of
commercial "strip" developments along major roads and at intersections should be minimized.
Summary
of the
Wilmington -
New Hanover County
Land Use Plan
1993 Update
Adopted by:
Wilmington City Council
October 19, 1993
New Hanover County
Board of Commssioners
November 1, 1993
Certified by:
Coastal Resources Commission
November 19, 1993
B. Policies for Growth and Development
An extensive and thorough information gathering process which included compilation of the technical reports,
numerous public hearings and careful consideration by the City Council and County Commissioners culmi-
nated in the adoption of the policies contained in this document. These officially adopted policies will guide
future decisions on land use, the provision of public facilities and the management of the County's many and
varied resources.
C. Land Classification Map
The Land Classification Map, presented on the reverse side of this document, divides the County and City
into different land classes, based on such factors as desired growth densities, availability of services and
natural resource constraints. These different classes, which are detailed in the text of the next section, were
established using the same process as described for the Policies.
Land Classes
1. DEVELOPED provides for continued intensive development of existing urban areas.
2. URBAN TRANSITION allows for intensive urban development on lands that have been or will be provided with
necessary urban services. Residential development can exceed 2.5 units/acre provided the development shall be
serviced by City or County sewer systems and has direct access to a major road. Urban transition areas are
suitable for closed water systems.
3. LIMITED TRANSITION identifies areas where increased development is expected to occur. Residential density in
Limited Transition areas should be no more than 2.5 units/acre with lower density more desirable. The use of
clustering and Planned Unit Development (PUD) is encouraged for these areas.
4. COMMUNITY allows for "crossroads" type development to help meet limited service and residential needs in the
less developed areas of the County. Services may be provided to these areas but not to stimulate more intensive
development. Areas typically consist of clustered, mixed land uses.
5. RURAL provides for low density residential development not to exceed 2.5 units/acre where urban services cannot
be economically provided. Industry, agriculture, forestry and mineral extraction are suitable for isolated rural
locations.
Policies for Growth & Development
1.0 RESOURCE PROTECTION POLICIES
1.0(1) Preserve, protect and augment the area's important natural resources, which include the air, land and sea
environments.
1.1 NATURAL RESOURCE CONSTRAINTS ON DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
1.1(1) Development activities in ocean erodible areas, high hazard flood areas, and inlet hazard areas shall be
carefully controlled. The proper location and design of shoreline structures and the preservation of natural
protective features shall be required.
1.1(2) Barrier islands which have the following five characteristics shall be developed only for water dependent uses
such as pleasure boat docks and landings; they shall not be developed for residential use:
a. The land is a barrier island or part of a barrier island with a density equal to or less than one residential unit per five acres.
b. The barrier island area has been assigned the most severe rank with regard to hurricane forces.
C. The barrier island area is not connected to the mainland by a permanent network of roads and bridges that would allow safe and timely
evacuation by land rather than by boat.
d. The barrier island area does not qualify for the National Flood Insurance Program as administered by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency.
e. The barrier island area is classified as Conservation in the Land Use Plan.
1.1(3) Development activities within the 100 year floodplain shall be carefully controlled to minimize development,
encourage low intensity uses such as open space and recreation, and ensure strict compliance with state
and federal regulations concerning wetland protection.
1.1(4) Shoreline erosion control and channel maintenance projects shall be supported only where:
a. No significant adverse impacts will occur on shoreline dynamics;
b. Significant economic or recreational benefits will occur for planning area residents; and
C. The public shoreline will be the primary beneficiary in erosion control projects.
1.1(5) Development on class IV soils as defined in the 1981 technical report, Classification of Soils in New
Hanover County for Septic Tank Suitability shall be limited and septic tanks shall not be allowed.
1.1(6) Development activities within the estuarine watersheds shall be carefully controlled to prevent the
degradation of water quality in the creeks and sounds, and to ensure the protection of these vital natural
resources. Agriculture uses, golf course construction and maintenance should be designed and operated to
minimize to the extent reasonable, nutrient and pesticide loadings. The City and County shall monitor
technological advances and ongoing scientific studies to determine whether estuarine shoreline setbacks and
buffer regulations should be adopted.
1.1(7) To the extent that the cumulative impacts of land utilization and the ecological carrying capacity of coastal
ecosystems are determined through study and analysis, such information shall be considered in the future
development or revision of local plans, capital facilities, services and ordinances.
1.1(8) The City and County shall seek to preserve and restore shellfishing in all SA waters and to bring all coastal
waters designated or formerly designated SA to the highest quality possible.
1.1(9) Stormwater management shall be implemented to minimize nonpoint pollution to the maximum extent
necessary and practicable as part of any redevelopment or infrastructure project funded by the public.
1.1(10) Collection systems that directly discharge stormwater to surface waters will be eliminated whenever possible
as part of any redevelopment project.
1.2 PROTECTION OF CAMA-DEFINED AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
1.2(1) Estuarine waters, estuarine shorelines and public trust areas shall be prohibited from use by development
activity which would result in significant adverse impact to the natural function of these areas.
1.2(2) Development of estuarine system islands shall be permitted only if proper measures are taken for hurricane
evacuation, utilities provision, access on and off the island, pollution control, and other design considerations
that will ensure compatibility of the development with the estuarine systems.
1.2(3) Drainage from land use activities shall have rate of flow and volume characteristics as near to natural
conditions as reasonable.
1.2(4) The phased development and extension of the County sewer system shall be continued and encouraged as
a means of eliminating pollution from malfunctioning or inadequate septic systems and package treatment
plants.
1.2(5) In order to protect estuarine water quality, only sewage treatment plants of the highest quality, whose
standards of operation provide the greatest measure of protection feasible shall be allowed to discharge into
public surface waters and then only if it is not feasible to connect to the public sewer system.
1.2(6) The development of marinas shall be supported as a means of providing public access to the extent that their
development shall not adversely impact estuarine resources or public trust waters.
1.2(7) Floating home development shall be prohibited in order to protect our public trust and estuarine waters.
1.2(8) The County and City shall take all necessary actions to prevent further deterioration of estuarine water quality
and loss of public trust uses in the creeks and sounds and to bring all coastal waters up to the highest quality
possible.
1.2(9) The City and County shall allow uses of estuarine and public trust waters that provide benefits to the public
and which satisfy riparian access needs of private property owners.
1.2(10) The City and County shall support strict enforcement of state regulations for dredging in primary nursery
areas.
1.2(11) No mowing or clearcutting of coastal wetland vegetation shall be allowed within any coastal wetland AEC
except where supported by sound scientific and technical knowledge.
1.2(12) Recognizing that adequate, properly sited boat access facilities are essential to the preservation of both the
economy and the environment, it shall be the policy of the City and County to provide additional boat access
facilities.
1.2(13) The County shall pursue a policy of "retreat" along our estuarine shorelines in order to accommodate future
sea level rise and wetland migration.
1.3
1.4
1.5
2.0
2.1.
2.2
2.3
6. CONSERVATION provides for effective long-term management of significant, limited or irreplaceable areas.
Generally, all marshes and adjacent lands within the 100-year floodplain have been classified as "Conservation".
Exceptions to the 100-year floodplain criterion are limited to water dependent uses (i.e., uses that cannot function
elsewhere), shared industrial access corridors and exceptionally designed development proposals on relatively high
ground where adverse impacts to the estuarine system can be shown to be negligible, if any. Residential density
cannot exceed 2.5 units/acre. 2.4
7. RESOURCE PROTECTION provides for the preservation and protection of important natural, historic, scenic,
wildlife, and recreational resources. Residential density cannot exceed 2.5 units/acre.
2.5
2.6
3.0
3.1
1.2(14) Bulkhead construction along our marsh wetlands shall comply with all state and federal regulations.
POTABLE WATER SUPPLY POLICY
1.3(1) Sources of potable surface and groundwater for the City and County shall be conserved and protected. The
Castle Hayne Aquifer shall be preserved in its present unpolluted state as the primary groundwater resource
in the County.
POLICIES IN THE CONSIDERATION OF OTHER FRAGILE OR HAZARDOUS AREAS
1.40) Plans for the safe transportation of hazardous materials, for the prevention and clean-up of spills of toxic
materials, and for the evacuation of area residents in response to natural or man-made hazardous events
shall continue to be supported.
1.4(2) The siting of all industries, including energy facilities and high voltage utilities, shall be carefully reviewed to
ensure the protection of area residents and natural resources.
1.4(3) The County's innovative incinerator and landfill system shall continue to be supported and improved.
1.4(4) The City and County shall ensure the compatibility of surrounding land uses with the New Hanover County
Airport.
1.4(5) The City and County shall eliminate illegal trash dumping and landfills through strict enforcement.
1.4(6) The City and County shall continue to seek ways to reduce and manage the solid waste stream through
expanded recycling programs, encouraging composting and multi -jurisdictional cooperation.
HISTORIC AND CULTURAL RESOURCE POLICIES
1.5(1) The City and County shall take proactive steps to identify and protect important historic and cultural resources.
1.5(2) The redevelopment of downtown Wilmington shall be a high priority, continuing to build on past successes
and carefully matching public incentives with private investment.
RESOURCE PRODUCTION AND MANAGEMENT POLICIES
2.0(1) Short-sighted or premature commitments of the area's natural resources shall be avoided.
2.0(2) Efforts by other governmental and private agencies to wisely manage the natural resources of the area and
the region shall be supported.
AGRICULTURAL AND FORESTRY RESOURCES POLICY
2.10) Premature conversion of the planning area's remaining farmlands and commercial woodlands into more
intensive uses shall be discouraged.
MINERAL RESOURCES POLICIES
2.2(1) Development of the planning area's mineral resources shall be allowed as long as such development occurs
in an environmentally sensitive manner, is compatible with nearby resources and provides a plan for
reclamation and reuse.
2.2(2) Development of all off -shore mineral, oil and gas resources shall be discouraged.
RECREATION AND OPEN SPACE POLICIES
2.30) Preservation of unique natural areas shall be encouraged in order to provide area residents and visitors with
a wide variety of recreational opportunities.
2.3(2) Public recreational facilities and open space shall be provided and maintained in accordance with public
demand and expected population growth.
2.3(3) Existing public shorefront access shall be preserved and new shorefront access areas shall be acquired and
developed.
2.3(4) Outside funding sources for recreational facility development shall be pursued.
2.3(5) Public boating access shall be encouraged and provided by the City and County.
FISHERIES RESOURCES POLICIES
2.4(1) The continued productivity of commercial and recreational fisheries shall be enhanced through the protection
of the unique coastal ecosystems, including primary nursery areas, shellfish waters and coastal marshes,
upon which they depend.
2.4(2) Protection, preservation, and restoration of shellfishing in all SA waters shall be encouraged and pursued.
OFF -ROAD VEHICLE POLICY
2.5(1) Efforts to control off -road vehicle use in the ecologically sensitive ocean and estuarine shoreline areas shall
continue to receive support from County government.
ENERGY CONSERVATION POLICY
2.60) Innovative and effective means of improving energy conservation techniques and practices shall be
encouraged.
ECONOMIC AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT
3.0(1) Existing and programmed public services shall be coordinated with future land use intensities based on our
area's carrying capacity and in accordance with adopted growth management policies.
3.0(2) Use of innovative and flexible planning and engineering practices and urban design standards shall be
encouraged.
3.0(3) A sufficient variety and amount of future land use types shall be provided in order to accommodate public
demand.
3.0(4) Compatibility between future and existing land uses shall be encouraged.
3.0(5) The costs associated with the area's rapid growth shall be distributed equitably to the maximum extent
practical.
3.0(6) Improved coordination between City and County planning and development efforts shall be accomplished
through the use of interlocal agreements and unified development codes, in order to promote consistency
and to avoid future conflicts and costs of development.
RESIDENTIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
3.1(1) Innovative and flexible development standards and incentives shall be developed to ensure the continued
availability of a wide range and sufficient supply of affordable residential housing types.
3.1(2) Housing opportunities shall be encouraged to be developed for citizens of all economic status to include the
elderly, physically and mentally challenged, single parent households, and the area's homeless population.
3.1(3) Encroachment upon residential neighborhoods by more intense land uses shall be avoided.
3.1(4) New residential development shall be designed to minimize impervious surfaces and maximize open space.
3.1(5) Efforts will be made to reduce through traffic in residential areas.
3.1(6) Restoration of structures and neighborhoods of historic and architectural significance shall be encouraged.
3.1(7) Efforts by individuals and neighborhoods to promote "exclusionary zoning" shall be discouraged.
3.1(8) Neighborhood and sector level planning activities shall be utilized in the development of land use studies,
programs and strategies.
3.1(9) New subdivisions should be designed to encourage access to adjoining neighborhoods if necessary to
accommodate the flow of traffic.
3.100) An area's carrying capacity shall be considered in the phasing and timing of new development projects.
3.101) Historically significant structures and neighborhoods shall continue to receive regulatory protection; new
standards, regulations and incentives which promote the preservation and maintenance of the area's historic
resources shall be supported to preserve this tangible, aesthetically significant link to the planning area's past.
3.2 OFFICE AND INSTITUTIONAL POLICIES
3.20) Office and institutional development shall be considered appropriate land usage adjacent to residential
development provided that design, scale and uses are compatible with adjacent residential development.
3.2(2) Major institutional employers shall encourage employee shift changes for non -peak traffic hours as a means
of relieving traffic congestion. Ride -share programs shall be encouraged.
3.2(3) Major institutional employers shall encourage the use of mass transit by employees through the provision
of transit shelters at convenient locations within the development.
3.3 COMMERCIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
3.30) Commercial development projects shall be encouraged to locate in designated commercial nodes which
already contain public services, including transportation, required by the projects, or in areas in which the
needed services are readily available.
3.3(2) The redevelopment of existing commercial nodes shall be encouraged through the use of flexible
development standards and evaluation. This shall be the preferred method of commercial expansion.
3.3(3) Uncontrolled strip commercial development shall be avoided.
3.3(4) Redevelopment of Downtown Wilmington, north Fourth Street, and Castle Street, shall be a high priority,
continuing to build on past successes.
3.3(5) The City and County shall jointly provide support for the creation and establishment of small businesses.
3.4 INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT POLICIES
3.4(1) The City and County shall encourage diversification of the area's economic base through a detailed
recruitment plan developed in conjunction with the Committee of 100 and the Chamber of Commerce.
3.4(2) The City and County shall focus on attracting certain industries which can be developed in a manner
consistent with the local public service supply, the local employment base, and our natural resources.
3.4(3) The City and County shall preserve, protect, and augment wherever possible, the complimentary relation-
ships between the area's various industries, while minimizing potential conflicts.
3.4(4) The City and County shall encourage land use compatibility between the new industrial sector and the
residential and commercial sectors.
3.4(5) The City and County shall promote and attract industries which encourage the upward mobility of low and
moderate income persons.
3.4(6) Because of its relationship with the natural and historic resources of the area, the tourist industry shall receive
special support from the City and County.
3.4(7) The City and County shall continue to support the planned growth and valuable contributions to the area's
economy by the State Ports Authority.
3.4(8) Refinery operations shall only be allowed if there are no significant impacts on the area's environmental and
historic resources.
3.4(9) The City and County shall encourage the location of industries that will promote ongoing education programs
in the marine sciences.
3.4(10) The City and County shall promote the location of industries that will be compatible with the area's ecosystem.
3.4(11) The City and County shall encourage the location of diversified industries through the provision of an
adequately trained employee pool.
3.402) New industrial activities shall be located within existing industrial corridors and shall not be permitted to harm
the property values of established residential areas.
3.4(13) The tourism industry shall be considered in the recruitment and location of industrial firms. Industries that
may pose a threat to the built or natural environment shall not be located in proximity to residential
development or to established tourism attractions such as the historic core of the City of Wilmington.
3.4(14) The operation and placement of oil refinery operations shall be prohibited in close proximity to established
residential and or historic resources, or in such locations that may result in the potential for significant impact
on the area's environmental resources.
3.5 TRANSPORTATION POLICIES
3.50) Level of service standards and programs for area roadways and trailways shall be established.
3.5(2) Traffic circulation improvement priorities shall be established to provide for the timely allocation of resources
in meeting the transportation needs of the area.
3.5(3) The City and County shall support the efforts of other local, state and federal agencies that improve the flow
of people and products in the City and County.
3.5(4) The City and County shall ensure that the type and design of the existing and future transportation system
and the planning for future land uses result in an effective traffic circulation pattern.
3.5(5) Mass transit programs, bikeways and other alternatives to single occupant automobiles shall be preferred
as a method of alleviating congestion and circulation problems over the construction of new roadways.
3.5(6) Continued use and development of the Wilmington Harbor, Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway, the State Ports
Authority and the New Hanover International Airport shall be encouraged.
3.5(7) Conflicts between transportation facilities, such as rail service, and other land uses shall be minimized.
3.5(8) No new or enlarged through highways shall be constructed in any area classified as Resource Protection or
Conservation without thoroughly analyzing environmental impacts, other impacts and benefits.
3.6 CAPITAL FACILITIES AND COMMUNITY SERVICES POLICIES
3.6(1) The City and County shall provide timely and cost-effective provision of capital facilities and community
services on the basis of anticipated growth and demand.
3.6(2) Coordination between the City, County and other governmental agencies shall be encouraged in the provision
of capital facilities and services.
3.6(3) The City and County shall consider the adoption of a system of impact fees to ensure timely and economically
sound provision of public services to new development.
3.6(4) The City of Wilmington and New Hanover County shall work together in conjunction with other local
communities for the provision of necessary transportation and open space needs.
3.7 URBAN DESIGN AND OTHER POLICIES
3.7(1) The development of more detailed land classification or future land use maps and plans shall be encouraged.
3.7(2) The development of a uniform land use evaluation system for use by City and County officials and staffs shall
be encouraged.
3.7(3) Adequate landscaping and tree protection shall be encouraged for parking lots, residential areas, and
commercial and industrial projects.
3.7(4) Buffering standards which promote compatibility between land use types shall be supported and strength-
ened where necessary.
3.7(5) The use of signs shall be controlled in a manner that recognizes aesthetic, safety and commercial concerns
and preserves and protects our landscapes and waterways.
3.7(6) Multiple and adaptive reuse of the area's historic resources shall be allowed and encouraged.
3.7(7) Trails and greenways should be identified and developed into a comprehensive system.
3.7(8) Urban design regulations shall take into account the diverse qualities each development has to offer. These
qualities shall be refined to create a unique sense of place which compliments surrounding man-made and
natural features.
3.7(9) Existing landscaping and tree preservation ordinances shall be evaluated and new standards adopted to
address urban appearance issues. Tree preservation efforts should include the inventory of selected
specimens.
4.0 PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
4.0(1) The City and County shall continue to creatively utilize all sectors of the local media, as well as the local
educational institutions, to increase public awareness and involvement in resource and development issues.
4.0(2) Neighborhood planning techniques shall be utilized to further encourage public awareness and involvement
in issues affecting neighborhoods.
4.0(3) Programs which take advantage of existing media productions, private industry professionals, and local
government employees to educate the public about land use concerns, the provision of public services, and
the role of developers and other citizens in making intelligent land use decisions shall be encouraged.
5.0 STORM HAZARD MITIGATION, EVACUATION AND RECOVERY
5.0(1) The City and County shall continue to discourage high intensity uses and large structures from being
constructed within the 100 Year Floodplain, erosion prone areas, and other locations susceptible to hurricane
and flooding hazards.
5.0(2) Following a storm event, the County will take advantage of opportunities to acquire or purchase land located
in storm hazard areas which are rendered unbuildable. The property should satisfy objectives including, but
not limited to the conservation of open space, scenic areas, and provision of public water access.
5.0(3) Immediate clean up and removal of debris from public roads is the responsibility of the North Carolina
Department of Transportation. Public expenditure of funds for the repair or reconstruction of any private road
or vehicular easement which is damaged or destroyed as a result of an intense storm event shall not occur.
All private roads will be the responsibility of the individual landowners.
5.0(4) In the event of a hurricane or disaster, the City Council and/or Board of Commissioners may declare a
moratorium on the acceptance of any request for rezoning other than for rezoning to a less intense use, unless
that rezoning request is initiated by the City or County.
5.0(5) In the event of extensive hurricane damage to public utilities requiring replacement or relocation of these
utilities, efforts shall be made to locate damaged utilities away from hurricane hazard areas or to strengthen
their construction.
5.0(6) Priority shall be given to those repairs that will restore service to as many persons as soon as possible.
5.0(7) The City Council and/or Board of County Commissioners may request that a new assessment of hazard areas
be performed, depending on the extent of flooding and the changes to shoreline and inlets caused by the
hurricane.
5.0(8) The City Council and/or Board of County Commissioners may declare a moratorium on the permitting of any
new construction, new utility hookups, or redevelopment construction that would increase the intensity of the
land uses existing before the hurricane or disaster.
5.0(9) The Recovery Task Force shall have the responsibility for directing reconstruction within New Hanover
County after a damaging storm. This Task Force shall be responsible for advising the Board of County
Commissioners on a diverse range of post -storm issues.
5.0(10) A building moratorium shall not occur unless authorized or extended by the Recovery Task Force or resolution
by the Board of County Commissioners and/or City Council.
5.0(11) The City and County shall be responsible for the overall supervision of clean up and disposal of debris resulting
from an intense storm event.
5.002) It shall be a policy of the City and County to retain on a seasonal basis an assistance facilitator/consultant
who, as directed by the County Manager, will be responsible for:
a. Determining the types of assistance available to the City and County and the type of assistance most needed.
b. Assisting in the coordination of the federal disaster recovery effort.
C. Coordinating federal and state programs of assistance.
d. Informing the citizenry of types of assistance programs available.
e. Recommending to the Recovery Task Force and Board of County Commissioners programs which are available and then acting as
facilitator in securing those programs.