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HomeMy WebLinkAboutCAMA Land Use Plan Update-2011Hertford County CAMA Land Use Plan Update rib' 'JI U rz x I 1_75- I Local Adoption: January 18, 2011 f Hertford County Planning and Zoning Board The Mid -East Commission TABLE OF CONTENTS PART 1: COMMUNITY CONCERNS AND ASPIRATIONS..................................................................4 EXISTING AND EMERGING CONDITIONS....................................................................................................4 KEYISSUES................................................................................................................................................5 COMMUNITYVISION...................................................................................................................................7 PART 2: EXISTING AND EMERGING CONDITIONS...........................................................................8 SECTION I: POPULATION, HOUSING, AND ECONOMY...............................................................................8 1.1 Population....................................................................................................................................8 1.2 Housing......................................................................................................................................12 1.3 Local economy.........................................................................................................................15 SECTION II: NATURAL SYSTEMS.............................................................................................................20 2.1 Natural Features.......................................................................................................................20 2.2 Natural Systems and Development Compatibility...........................................................27 2.3 Environmental Conditions Composite...............................................................................29 2.4 Environmental Conditions Assessment............................................................................31 SECTION III: LAND USE AND DEVELOPMENT ANALYSIS........................................................................40 3.1 Current Land Use..................................................................................................................... 40 3.3 Development Trends and Projected Development Areas .............................................. 42 SECTION IV: ANALYSIS OF COMMUNITY FACILITIES...............................................................................46 4.1 Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Facilities.......................................................46 4.2 Transportation Systems.........................................................................................................48 4.3 Storm Water Systems.............................................................................................................50 SECTION V: LAND SUITABILITY ANALYSIS ........ :.................................................................................... 52 5.1 Development Suitability Factors.......................................................................................... 52 5.2 GIS Analysis..............................................................................................................................54 SECTION VI: REVIEW OF CURRENT CAMA LAND USE PLAN POLICIES................................................55 6.2 Resource Protection and Management..............................................................................56 6.3 Economic and Community Development.......................................................................... 56 6.4 Continuing Public Participation ................ ........................................................................... 57 6.5 Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans ............... 57 PART 3: PLAN FOR THE FUTURE.......................................................................................................59 SECTION VII: LAND USE PLAN MANAGEMENT TOPICS..........................................................................60 7.1 Management Topic: Public Access..................................................................................... 60 7.2 Management Topic: Land Use Compatibility .................................................................... 62 7.3 Management Topic: Infrastructure Carrying Capacity ................................................... 63 7.4 Management Topic: Natural Hazard Areas........................................................................ 64 7.5 Management Topic: Water Quality ...................................................................................... 66 7.6 Management Topic: Local Areas of Concern................................................................... 67 SECTION VIII: FUTURE LAND USE MAP..................................................................................................69 I_1A1ta 16117OI:41y,T1IT[r1I►14-11: 411010�IFi1:4 1,Yl 71 SECTION IX: GUIDE FOR LAND -USE DECISION MAKING........................................................................71 9.1 Short-term or day-to-day functions..................................................................................... 72 9.2 Long range functions.............................................................................................................. 73 SECTION X: EXISTING DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM..................................................................................73 Implementation of Land Use Policy (Continued).................................................................... 75 10.2 Additional Tools..................................................................................................................... 76 10.3 Action Plan/Implementation Schedule............................................................................. 76 APPENDIX A: POLICY ANALYSIS MATRIX.......................................................................................79 LAND USE COMPATIBILITY/INFRASTRUCTURE CARRYING CAPACITY (TABLE 28)................................81 NATURAL HAZARD AREAS (TABLE 29)..................................................................................................82 WATER QUALITY (TABLE 30)..................................................................................................................83 LOCAL AREAS OF CONCERN (TABLE 31)...............................................................................................84 APPENDIXB: MAPS................................................................................................................................87 MAP1- HYDROLOGY................................................................................................................................90 MAP2-SOILS LIMITATIONS......................................................................................................................91 MAP3-NATuRAL HAZARDS.....................................................................................................................92 MAP4-WETLANDS ...................................................................................................................................93 MAP 5-ENVIRONMENTAL COMPOSITE CONDITIONS...............................................................................94 MAP 6-LAND USE AND CONDITIONS (CURRENT)...................................................................................95 MAP 7-INSTITUTIONAL SITES AND CAFOs.............................................................................................96 MAP 8-LAND USE/LAND COVER.............................................................................................................97 MAP 9-TRANSPORTATION NETWORK......................................................................................................98 MAP 10-LAND DEVELOPMENT SUITABILITY...........................................................................................99 MAP 11-FUTURE LAND USE MAP.........................................................................................................100 APPENDIX C: POLICY/IMPLEMENTING ACTION DEFINITIONS OF COMMON TERMS ........ 101 Part 1: Community Concerns and Aspirations Existing and Emerging Conditions Citizens in Hertford County experience a unique living experience. The County's open land and access to clean public trust waters support a variety of activities. The region's moderate climate enables the use and enjoyment of these resources virtually year round. Hertford County has adequate access to public services such as police/fire protection and medical services. The area's agriculture industry places high value on sound farming practices that benefit the local economy and the area's scenic nature. The County is developing access to high technology resources. Hertford County has a growing retirement and tourism industry. The area has a low cost of living that is beneficial to both residents and business. The following conditions significantly influence land use, development, water quality, and other environmental concerns in Hertford County. Population, Housing and Economy Hertford County's population experienced very low growth from 1990 to 2000, at two percent overall. All municipalities lost population except Winton, and the unincorporated areas in the county only experienced four percent growth. Housing stock increased by almost ten percent from 1990 to 2000. However, single-family detached homes, as a percentage of all home types declined by nearly three percent (68.1 % to 65.2%). The mobile home percentage increased by as much (22.4% to 25.5%). Hertford County and its surrounding area also experience a disparity between State and Local income levels. Hertford County's per capita income was only seventy percent of the State average. However, median family incomes have doubled and poverty levels dropped two and half percent in the last twenty years. Slow population and economic growth have limited development in the region, but these same factors have also helped to preserve the area's natural resources and scenic beauty. Natural Features Soils present a major limitation to development in the region. The majority of land in the county contains soils that do not percolate well and are prone to flooding and wetness. These characteristics make septic tank placement difficult or impossible in many areas. Areas in Northern and Southeastern portions of the county do contain soils more suitable for development with septic tanks, but these same areas are also prime agriculture and forest land. Almost twenty percent of land in Hertford County is classified as a form of wetland area. These areas are often swamps, marshlands and low-lying areas along the county's waterways. Mostly unsuitable for large-scale development, wetland areas serve as important roles for wildlife habitats, outdoor recreation 4 areas, water quality and buffers for natural hazards such as flooding and hurricanes. The Chowan River makes up the entire eastern border of Hertford County. Many smaller tributaries of the Chowan River, including the Wiccacon and Meherrin Rivers, are found throughout the county. As such, the quality of these waters is of prime importance to the citizens of Hertford County and the surrounding region. The county does have issues regarding water quality in the Chowan and other bodies of water. The NC Division of Water Quality has listed some water bodies in the County as impaired waters. As in many areas of the country, the Chowan River has a fish consumption advisory for mercury, experiences low dissolved Oxygen levels, and has elevated nutrients levels. The waters listed as impaired are generally not severely polluted and all have received a "Low Priority' classification from the North Carolina Division of Water Quality. Land Use and Development The majority of Hertford County's land use is agriculture and forestry operations. Residential, commercial, and industrial land use is largely concentrated in and around the Townships of Ahoskie, Murfreesboro and Winton. Since the 1996-1997 CAMA plan update, however, Hertford County has seen the introduction of Nucor steel mill sited on the Chowan River, between the Towns of Cofield and Harrellsville; a private, 1,200 bed correction facility west of Winton on US Highway 158; and residential development along the Chowan River, in Winton, and Ahoskie. The county intends for development to occur in areas that can access current and planned infrastructure and remains committed to protecting its natural resources. Hertford County seeks to ensure that future land use and development minimizes, as much as possible, a negative impact on its waters, wetlands, and other significant natural heritage areas. Key Issues The following section describes what issues the Coastal Resources Commission and Hertford County feels are most important to the future of the County and surrounding area. Management Topic: Public Access The major objective of this topic is to develop policies that maximize public trust water access for the shorelines of Hertford County. The County realizes that access to and availability of public waters for recreation are a major attraction to visitors in the area. Management Topic: Land Use Compatibility The purpose of this topic is to ensure that local policies are adopted and applied that balance the protection of natural resources with the need for continued growth and economic development. Local policies provide guidance for zoning regulation, division of land, and development for public and private projects. Management Topic: Infrastructure Carrying Capacity Infrastructure carrying capacity has major impact on how development will occur in an area. Policies that ensure public infrastructure systems are appropriately sized, located and managed so that smart, environmentally sound development can occur, and is the main objectives of this topic. Management Topic: Natural Hazard Areas Natural Hazards continue to threaten Hertford County. This topic is designed to develop location, density, intensity, and construction standards criteria for new development so that it can better avoid or withstand natural hazards. Management Topic: Water Quality The main objective of this topic is to maintain, protect, and enhance the quality of all coastal wetlands, rivers, streams, and estuaries. As before, the quality of the county's public waters are a major attraction for the area. This topic also seeks to develop policies that reduce non -point source discharges. The county is committed to all local, state and federal regulations that enforce water quality standards. Management Topic: Local Areas of Concern The objective of this topic is to address issues that the local community feels are important to the future of the area. Economic Development, Community Appearance, Historic Sites, Recreation, and Tourism are the major issues for Hertford County. Economic underdevelopment is still a challenge for the county, and attraction of new industry and jobs is of prime importance. Numerous opportunities exist for tourism and recreation, but strong promotion of these opportunities needs to occur to attract future visitors. Hertford County is also strongly committed to maintaining and improving its community appearance. The following specific topics were identified by the community: • Need for additional quality jobs for county residents • Availability of adequate wastewater treatment facilities/infrastructure to accommodate current needs and the ability to support future development 6 • Reducing taxes while adequately providing necessary services. • Waste management -The County has a problem in some areas with improper solid waste disposal, septic waste, abandoned cars/mobile homes, and junkyards. • Agriculture's future incorporation into Hertford County's growth and development plans. Community Vision The County understands that agriculture and forestry operations are a vital part of the community's rural landscape and seeks to protect these industries. Hertford County encourages future residential and commercial development to take place where it can take advantage of the existing and planned infrastructure like roads, water, and sewer facilities. The county plans and constructs new infrastructure where it can help to foster sustainable and smart development. Local businesses provide services and jobs to the area that are conveniently located, yet do not conflict with the area's strong residential character. The County will continue to work with its municipalities to protect the appearance of their communities. The repair, removal, or replacement of deteriorated housing will remain a priority for the county in the future. Several communities are located to take advantage of the county's public waterways. Hertford County supports economically attractive and environmentally sound recreational and commercial marinas, new homes, and industries that comply with all local, state and federal regulations. Hertford County should be recognized as a community in Inter -Coastal North Carolina where people can live, work, recreate, and retire. Hertford County's open land and agriculture work to support a low cost of living. This low cost of living helps to support a growing retirement community. Clean public trust waters and a moderate climate benefit the area's growing local tourism/vacation industry. Part 2: Existing and Emerging Conditions Section I: Population, Housing, and Economy 1.1 Population Permanent population trends, current estimates, and projections Table 1 shows Hertford County's population growth over the past 20 years compared to the surrounding counties in the region. From 1990 to 2000, Hertford County was the second slowest growing county at 2%, only in front of Bertie County, which saw a population decrease of 2.8%. For the decades of 1980 through 2000, Hertford County saw a population decrease of 3.2%. Table 1 Population Growth Hertford County Compared to Surrounding Counties/ Region, 1980-2000 Population Percent Change County 1980 1990 2000 1990- 000 1980- 2000 Hertford 23,368 22,523 22,601 2.0% -3.2% Bertie 21,024 20,388 19,773 2.8% 6.0% Chowan 12,558 13,506 14,526 5.5% 13.5% Gates 8,875 9,305 10,516 13.% 18.5% Northampton 22,195 20,798 22,086 6.2% 0.5% Re ion 188,020 86,520 89,878 13.4% 1.7% Source: United States Census Bureau County growth areas and population projections Table 2 shows population changes within both the incorporated areas of the County and the unincorporated areas from 1990 to 2000. During this period, the total population grew by only 454 persons, or 2.0%. However all towns except Winton saw a decrease in population ranging from -0.26% in Ahoskie to -23.5% in Como. Winton saw an increase in their population of 20.1 % or 160 people. The majority of the growth was in the unincorporated area of the County resulting in an increase of 4% or 553 people. The NC State Data Center is recognized as an accurate source of population projections for Counties. Their projections for Hertford County to 2024 are shown in Table 2 also. These projections show the County's Population slowly growing from 23,794 in 2004 to 25,000 in 2024, which is an increase of only 5% over the next 20 years. Table 2 Population Growth in Incorporated Areas. 1990-2000 County 1990 2000 2004 2009 2014 2024 Subdivision (% change) (% change) (% change) (% change) Ahoskie 4,535 4,523 4,723 (4.4%) 4,813 (2%) 4872 (1.2%) 4962 (1.9%) (-.26%) Cofield 407 347 392 (13%) 400 (2%) 405 (1.3%) 412 (1.7%) (-14.7) Como 102 78 107 (37%) 109 (1.8%) 110(<1 %) 112 (1.8%) (-23.5%) Harrellsville 106 102 105 (2.9%) 106 (<1 %) 108 (1.8%) 110 (1.8%) (-3.8%) Murfreesboro 2,580 2,045 2421 2467 (1.9%) 2497 (1.2%) 2543 (1.8%) (- (18.4%) 20.7%) Winton 796 956 904 (-5.4%) 921 (1.8%) 932 (1.2%) 950 (1.9%) (20.1 %) Total incor- 8,526 8,427 8,865 (5.2%) 9,034 9,146 (1.2%) 9,315 porated area (-1.1 %) (1.9%) (1.9% Total unincor- 13,997 14,550 14,077 15,155 15,343 15,625 porated area (4%) (-3.2%) (7.6%) (1.2%) (1.8% County total 22,523 22,977 23,794 24,248 24,549 25,000 (2%) 3.6%) (1.9%) (1.2%) 1.8%) Seasonal 373 191 238 (24.6%) 242 (1.7%) 245 (1.2%) 250 (2%) Population (-48.8) Source: State Agency Data: Office of the Governor 9/23/04 & 2000 United States Census Population age characteristics Figure 1, which is based on data from the 1980, 1990 and 2000 Census, shows the relative changes in the County's population age characteristics over the past 2 decades. The figure illustrates the following trends: 40% 35% 30% 25% 20% 15% 10% 5% 0% 1980 1990 2000 ❑ Pre-school and School age (0- 18) ■ Younger Working Age (19-44) ❑ Older Working Age (45-64) ❑ Elderly Population (65 and up) Source: State Agency Data: Office of the Governor 9/23/04 Figure 1 - Percent of Population by Age Group Figure 1 clearly depicts a County whose population is aging over the last 20 years. The age group 0-18 dropped from 7,500 or 32% in 1980 to 6,172 or 27% in 2000. Likewise, the 19-44 age group dropped from 8,301 or 36% in 1980 to 7,641 or 33% in 2000. Conversely, the 45-64 age group increased from 4,748 or 20% in 1980 to 5,597 or 24% in 2000. Lastly, the 65 and over age group increased from 2,819 or 12% in 1980 to 3,567 or 16% in 2000. The older working population as a percent of the total increased between 1980 and 2000. 10 Income characteristics Table 3 traces the County's major income characteristics over the past two decades. Table 3 shows an increase in the median family income it also shows an increase in the percent of families in poverty. Using the State as a benchmark, the County's median income is much lower than the State and the percent of families in poverty is more than double that of the State. During the 1980s, the County's median income was close to the State. In 1990, the county median income was only 69% of the state's median; in 2000, the county's median was only 69% of the state. During this same period, the percent of County families in poverty increased from 15.9% in 1980 to 19.9% in 2000. Conversely, the State percent of families in poverty decreased from 11.6% in 1980 to only 9.1 % in 2000. Table 3 County Income Characteristics; 1980-2000 Median Fa mil Income Percent of Total Families in Poverty 1980 1990 2000 1980 1990 2000 NC $16792 $31548 $46335 11.6% 9.9% 9.1 Hertford County $14341 $21696 $32002 19.9% 19.7% 15.9% Source: Federal Agency Data: Bureau of the Census- Census of Population and Housing 9/29/04 II 1.2 Housing Housing characteristics Table 4 provides an overview of the characteristics of Hertford County's Housing Stock. It shows that the growth in total housing units between 1980 and 2000 had an increase of 17.7% in total units. From 1980 through 2000, owners have consistently occupied a large percentage of the permanent units -between 62% and 67%. The average size of Hertford County Households continues to decline. In 1980, the average household had 2.97 persons. This number has declined from 2.64 in 1990 to 2.48 in 2000. Decline in household size is expected to continue. Table 4 Housing Characteristics Permanent/Seasonal Units -Occupancy -Tenure Percent Change 1980 1990 2000 1980- 1990 1990- 2000 1980- 2000 Total housing units 8,259 8,870 9,724 7.4 % 9.6% 17.7% Permanent housing units 8,161 No Data 9,305 No data No data 14.0% Occupied units 7,499 8,150 18,953 8.7% 9.9% 19.4% Vacant units 662 720 771 8.8% 7.1 % 16.5% Seasonal units 98 147 82 50.0% -44.0% -16.3% Owner units 5,079 5,589 6,267 10.0% 12.1 % 23.0% Renter units 12,240 12,561 2,686 114.3% 14.9% 19.9% Persons per Household 12.97 12.64 12.48 -11.1 % -6.1 % -16.5% Sources: Federal Agency Data: Bureau of the Census- Census of Population and Housing 9/29/04, 10/8/04 12 Housing types Table 5 depicts the type of housing units that make up the County's Housing Stock. Sixty five (65) percent of the county's houses are single-family, detached. This is down slightly from 1990 when 68% of the county's houses were single family. Mobile homes, at 25.5%, make up the next largest type of housing. The number of mobile homes has increased from 973 in 1980 to 1,884 in 1990 to 2,481 in 2000. These numbers represent an increase of 93% from 1980 to 1990 and a 32% increase from 1990 to 2000. The total increase from 1980 to 2000 was 255%. Duplexes and multifamily units make up a very small percentage of the housing stock. Table 5 Tvoes of Units Units in structure 1990 1990% 2000 2000% Single-family, detached 6,042 168.1 % 6,339 65.2% 2 units 401 14.5% 398 4.1 % 3 or 4 units 201 2.3% 238 2.4% 5 to 9 units 109 1.2% 144 1.5% 10to19units 44 0.5% 42 0.4% 20 units > 0 0.0% 75 0.8% Mobile homes 1983 22.4% 2481 125.5% Other 90 1.0% 7 10.1% Total 18,870 1100.0% 9,724 1100.0% Sources: Bureau of the Census 9/24/04 Census of Population and Housing 1990 & 2000 13 Building permits Table 6 tracks the number, type, and building cost based on Residential Building Permits in the county from 2001 through 2003. It provides a basis for updating the housing stock data available since the 2000 Census. During the 3-year period, the county issued 110 building permits for private residential units. Table 6 Housing Units since 2001 Building Permits for New Units 2001 2002 2003 2001-03 Permits for Number Building Number Building Number Building Number Building New of Units Cost of Units Cost of Units Cost of Units Cost Residences OOOs OOOs) (OOOS) (OOOs Building 25 $2,842 39 $5,078 46 $5,493 110 $13,413 Permits or All Private Residential Type of Structure Single- 25 $2,842 35 4,673 45 5,142 105 $12,658 family Two- family 0 $0 3 $165 0 $0 3 $165 Three & 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 Four family Five + 0 $0 1 $240 1 $350 2 $590 Famil Source: Local Data: Hertford County Building Inspections Office and Federal Agency Data: Bureau of the Census- Building Permits Survey 10/6/04 14 1.3 Local economy General economic indicators show improvement in most of the County's economy over the last 20 years. Retail sales have increased by nearly 142% during the period, with an increase of 43% in the 1990s. However, the employed labor force decreased 5% from 1980 to 2000. The County's per capita income consistently and significantly lags behind the State. However, the County's incomes are growing. Hertford County's per capita income increased by 88% from 1980 to 1990 and 73% from 1990 to 2000 for a total increase of 227% from 1980 to 2000. The dollar amount between the County's per capita income and the State's per capita income continues to expand. Hertford's per capita income was 70% of the State in 1990 and was 77% of the State in 2000. Table 7 shows the general economic indicators for Hertford County. Table 7 General Economic Indicators Percent Change Indicator 1980 1990 2000 1980- 1990 1990- 2000 1980- 2000 Per capita income County $4,787 $9,016 $15,641 88% 73% 227% State $6,133 $12,885 $20,307 110% 58% 231 % Total personal income $000 $156,262 $272,702 $436,588 75% 60% 179% Gross retail sales 000 $120,747 $204,101 $292,567 69% 43% 142% Total employed labor force 11,360 9,489 10,737 -17% 13% -5% Sources: State Agency Data; Department of Revenue & Department of Commerce; Federal Agency Data: Bureau of the Census- Census of Population and Housing and Bureau of Economic Analysis 9/30/04 15 How are people employed? As shown in Table 8, the County has only had a 0.2% increase in employment over the last 20 years. However, some employment categories in the county have changed significantly over the past 20 years. There were sharp declines in the number of workers in the traditional resource -based industries. Farm employment decreased by nearly 66%. More than 35% of the county's manufacturing jobs were lost. Jobs in construction, transportation and communications and public utilities, services, and retail trade showed major increases during the period. Construction employment was up 97%. The transportation, communications and public utilities category rose about 27%. Service jobs were up about 24%, while retail trade rose about 18.4%. Government employment rose 7% in the last 20 years. The other categories remained fairly constant over the last 20 years. Table 8 provides details on employment by major industry. Table 8 Employment by Major Industry Percent Change 1980 1990 2000 1980- 1990 1990- 2000 1980- 2000 Total Employment 11,692 10,247 11,715 -12.4% 14.3% 0.2% Farm employment 1,020 506 349 -50.4% -31.0% -65.8% Non -Farm employment 10,672 9,741 11,366 -8.7% 16.7% -6.5% Private employment 8,930 8,006 9,503 -10.4% 18.7% 6.4% Agriculture, services, forestry, and fishing 106 95 102 -10.4% 7.4% -3.8% Mining 0 0 0 0.0% 0.0% 0.0% Construction 490 598 967 22.0% 61.7% 97.4% Manufacturing 2,724 2,116 1,756 -22.3% -17.0% -35.5% Transportation, communications, and public utilities 238 278 302 16.8% 8.6% 26.9% Wholesale trade 469 481 452 2.6% -6.0% -3.6% Retail trade 1,732 1,731 2,050 -0.1 % 18.4% 18.4% Finance, insurance, and real estate 334 350 354 4.8% 1.1 % 6.0% Services 2,837 2,357 3,514 - 16.9 49.1 % 23.9% Government Employment 1,742 1,735 1,863 -0.4% 7.4% 7.0% Federal civilian 81 83 95 2.5% 14.5% 17.3% Federal military 81 84 61 3.7% -27.4 -24.7% State and local 1,580 1,568 1,707 -0.8% 1 8.9% 8.0% Sources: Federal Agency Data: Bureau of Economic Analysis 10/1/04 16 Where do people earn wages and salaries? Table 9 shows earnings by industry category between 1980 and 2000. Total farm earning showed a 43.8% increase between 1980 and 2000. This number deserves explanation in that from 1980 to 1990 there was an increase of 264.4%, but from 1990 to 2000 there was a 60.5% decrease. Non -farm earnings increased 156.8% from 1980 to 2000. Private earnings increased 153.5% during the 20 year period. The Construction, Agriculture Services & Forestry & Fishing, and Services categories increased the most by 396.9%, 257.7% and 245.2% respectively. Government earnings increased 170.8% during this period. All other categories posted triple digit increases except for manufacturing, which increased 79.1 %. Table 9 Earnings by Major Industry Amount in $000s Percent Chan e Source of Personal Earnings 1980 1990 2000 1980- 1990 1990- 2000 1980- 2000 Farm earnings $2,842 $10,357 $4,087 264.4% -60.5% 43.8% Non -Farm earnings $113,279 $170,514 $290,910 50.5% 70.6% 156.8% Private earnings $91,607 $132,184 $232,219 44.3% 75.7% 153.5% Agriculture services and fishing $525 $1,644 $1,883 213.1 % 14.5% 257.7% Mining 0 0 0 0 0 0 Construction $6,556 $10,733 $32,576 63.7% 203.5% 396.9% Manufacturing $36,712 $43,162 $65,761 17.6% 52.4% 79.1 % Transportation, communications, and public utilities $3,843 $7,282 $9,193 89.5% 26.25 139.2% Wholesale trade $5,616 $10,142 $12,086 80.6% 19.2% 115.2% Retail trade $14,462 $19,610 $30,394 35.6% 55.0% 110.2% Finance, insurance, and real estate $2,397 $3,441 $6,125 43.6% 78.0% 155.5% Services $21,496 $36,170 $74,201 68.3% 105.2% 245.2% Government earnings $21,672 $38,330 $58,691 76.9% 53.1 % 170.8% Federal civilian $1,831 $2,765 $4,833 51.0% 74.8% 164.0% Federal military $359 $842 $914 134.5% 8.6% 154.6% State and local 1 $19,482 J $34,723 1 $52,944 1 78.2% 1 52.5% 171.8% Sources: Federal Agency Data: Bureau of Economic Analysis 10/5/04 17 Changes in agriculture Table 10 shows the changes in Hertford County's agriculture over the last 15 years. After a decrease between 1987 and 1992, harvested cropland increased from 38,582 acres in 1987 to 51,868 acres in 2002. This is an increase of nearly 34% since 1992. The total number of farms declined by 49.8% between 1987 and 2002 from 271 to 136. During the years 1987 to 2002, the average size of farms increased by nearly 73%, from 339 acres to 587 acres. Table 10 Changes in Hertford County Agriculture 1987 1992 1997 2002 1987-92 1992-97 1997-02 Harvested 41,193 38,582 50,694 51,868 -6.3% 31.4% 2.3% Cropland acres Number of 271 195 169 136 -27.0% -13.3% -19.5% Farms Average 339 387 452 587 14.2% 16.8% 29.9% Farm Size acres Farm $3,048 $7,520 $5,120 N/A 146.7% -31.9% N/A Personal Income 000 Source: Federal Agency Data: Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services & Bureau of Economic Analysis & Census of Agriculture 10/6/04 Changes in Forest Industries Approximately 136,000 of Hertford County's 226,000 acres are comprised of forestland. Eighty Nine percent (89%) of this land is privately owned. Major Forestry companies own approximately 7.5%, and State and local government owns nearly 3%. The North Carolina Forestry Association estimates that $17,000,000 worth of timber is harvested from Hertford County's forests each year and pays its forest industry workers over $6,000,000 in payroll. 18 State of commercial fishing Figure 2 shows the trend in the amount (pounds) of commercial fish landings from 1994 through 2000. The chart was based on data supplied by the NC Marine Fisheries Division in their September 2003 report entitled "An Economic Profile Analysis of North Carolina Including Profiles for the Coastal Fishing Counties". The composition of the landings was entirely of finfish. River herring account for 81 % of the total landings during the period. 100000 90000 80000 70000 60000 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 0 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 ❑ Landings (Pounds) Source: North Carolina Division of Marine Fisheries 9/03 Figure 2 - Total Fish Landings 19 Section II: Natural Systems The analysis of natural systems is intended to describe and analyze the natural features and environmental conditions in Hertford County and to assess their capabilities and limitations for development. In the context of land use planning, environmental conditions describe the physical state of the County's environment and fitness for development. Three specific dimensions are addressed: water quality, natural hazards, and natural resources. Capabilities and limitations are similar terms that may represent opposite sides of the same coin. Environmental capability is the capacity of land with a particular natural feature to accommodate a specified type or intensity of development. Similarly, an environmental limitation is a natural feature or group of features that places restraints on a specified type or intensity of development. This chapter contains a three part analysis of the County's natural features in order to assess conditions, capabilities, and limitations. Section A is an assessment of natural features present in Hertford County and interpretations of the capabilities or limitations that the features identified have for development. Section B builds from the interpretation of the capabilities and limitations of each natural feature category. Based on interpretation of their relative capabilities and limitations, natural features are combined into three categories (classes) on a single map (EXHIBIT IV-C Composite Environmental Conditions Map). Section C assesses environmental conditions in Hertford County relative to water quality, natural hazards, and natural resources. 2.1 Natural Features Data files used to generate various natural features maps were provided by the North Carolina Center for Geographic Information Analysis (NCGIA) at the outset of the land use planning process. For Hertford County, natural features include: areas of environmental concern and environmentally fragile areas; soil characteristics; flood and natural hazard areas; storm surge areas; and non -coastal wetlands and probable 404 wetlands. 2.1.1 Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC's) and Environmentally Fragile Areas One of the basic purposes of North Carolina's Coastal Area Management Act (CAMA) is to establish a State management plan that is capable of rational and coordinated management of coastal resources. The act recognizes that the key to more effective protection and use of the land and water resources of the coast is the development of a coordinated approach to resource management. The Coastal Area Management Act provides two principal mechanisms to accomplish this purpose. 20 The first mechanism is the formulation of local land use plans. The second mechanism is the designation of Areas of Environmental Concern (AECs) for the protection of areas of statewide concern within the Coastal Resource Commission's jurisdiction. AECs are grouped into four broad categories: estuarine and ocean systems, ocean hazard areas, natural and cultural resource areas, and public water supplies. Included within the estuarine and ocean system are the following AEC categories: estuarine waters, coastal wetlands, public trust areas, and estuarine and public trust shorelines. Each AEC is either geographically within the estuary or, because of its location and nature, may significantly affect the estuarine and ocean system. In Hertford County estuarine waters and estuarine and public trust shorelines are AECs under State permitting jurisdiction. Of greatest concerns are the Chowan River, the Meherrin River, Wiccacon River and their respective shorelines, tributaries, and the deep wooded swamps and wetlands that border these waters. These areas are the only estuarine/ocean AECs located in Hertford County. The next broad grouping is composed of those AEC's that are considered natural hazard areas along the Atlantic Ocean shoreline where, because of their special vulnerability to erosion or other adverse effects of sand, wind, and water, uncontrolled or incompatible development could unreasonably endanger life or property. Ocean hazard areas include beaches, frontal dunes, inlet lands, and other areas in which geologic, vegetative and soil conditions indicate a substantial possibility of excessive erosion or flood damage. The ocean hazard system of AEC's includes the following areas: ocean erodible areas, high hazard flood areas, inlet hazard areas, and unvegetated beach areas. Hertford County is not impacted by this type of AEC. The third broad grouping of AEC's includes valuable small surface water supply watersheds and public water supply well fields. Public water supplies include two AECs: small surface water supply watersheds and public water supply well fields. Hertford County does not have either type of this AEC. The fourth and final group of AEC's is gathered under the heading of fragile coastal natural and cultural resource areas and is defined as areas containing environmental, natural or cultural resources of more than local significance in which uncontrolled or incompatible development could result in major or irreversible damage to natural systems or cultural resources, scientific, educational, or associative values, or aesthetic qualities. AECs within the fragile coastal natural and cultural resource category include coastal complex natural areas that sustain remnant species, unique coastal geologic formations, and 21 significant coastal historic architectural resources. Hertford County does not have any significant natural or cultural resource areas. 2.1.2 Soil Characteristics* The soils in Hertford County belong to six general soil map units. These are: • Norfolk-Bonneau-Goldsboro • Craven -Leaf -Caroline • Leaf -Lenoir -Craven • Tarboro-Conetoe-Wickham • Wilbanks • Dorovan-Bibb-Wehadkee The Norfolk-Bonneau-Goldsboro soils are nearly level to gently sloping, well drained and moderately well drained soils that have a sandy or loamy surface layer and loamy subsoil; on uplands. This soil unit makes up 20 percent of the county. It is 41 % Norfolk soils, 20% Bonneau soils, and 12% Goldsboro soils. Soils of minor extent make up the remaining 27% of this unit. These soils are concentrated in areas south of the Meherrin River, near Mufreesboro; areas around Harrellsville; and the north -central area of the county along the Virginia state line. The major soils in this unit are mainly used as cropland. In a few areas they are used as pasture and woodland. The Norfolk and Goldsboro soils are well suited to use as cropland, pasture, and woodland. The Bonneau soils are suited to these uses as well. These soils are also suited to most urban uses. Wetness and sandy surface are the main limitations. The Craven -Leaf -Caroline soils are nearly level and gently sloping, well drained, moderately well drained, and poorly drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and clayey or loamy subsoil. This map unit makes up 22% of the county. It is 63% Craven soils, 18% leaf soils, and 11 % Caroline soils. Soils of a minor extent make up the remaining 8 percent. Caroline and Craven soils are used mainly as cropland. These soils are located mainly on broad ridges, flats, and depressions in the southwestern section of the county. They are divided by narrow floodplain sand flat interstream areas of clayey soils. The Leaf soils are used mainly as woodland and pasture. The Caroline soil is suited to most urban and recreation uses, with slow permeability being its only limitation. The Craven and Leaf soils are poorly suited to development because of wetness and slow permeability. Leaf -Lenoir -Craven soils are nearly level, poorly drained, somewhat poorly drained and moderately well drained soils that have a loamy surface layer and clayey subsoil, on uplands. This soil unit makes up 35 percent of the county. It is 43 percent Leaf soils, 22 percent Lenoir soils, 22 percent Craven soils, 13 22 percent soils of minor extent. The majority of these soils are mainly in the central and eastern parts of the county with some small areas in the southwestern and northwestern parts of the county. The major soils are used mainly as woodland and pasture. The Craven soils are also suited to cropland and most urban uses. Wetness and slow permeability are the main limitations of this soil unit. Tarboro-Conetoe-Wickham soils make up 8 percent of the county. They are nearly level to gently sloping, somewhat excessively drained and well drained soils that are sandy throughout or have a sandy or loamy surface layer and a loamy subsoil; on low river terraces. The soil unit makeup is 24 percent Tarboro soils, 23 percent Conetoe soils, 18 percent Wickham soils and 35 percent soils of minor extent. These soils are concentrated on low ridges near streams that flow in to Meherrin and Chowan rivers; and Wiccacon and Potecasi Creeks. The major soils are used mainly as cropland. In a few areas they are used as pasture and woodland. The Wickham soils are well suited to use as cropland, pasture, and woodland. The Conetoe soils are suited to these uses and the Tarboro soils are suited to pasture but poorly suited to crops and trees. The low available water capacity and soil blowing are the main limitations. These soils are poorly suited to urban uses because of flooding. Wilbanks soils are nearly level, that are poorly drained throughout, on floodplains. This soil unit makes up 2 percent of the soils in the county. This soil is located in the western area of the county around the Ahoskie creek and Cutawhiskie Swamp. The area is subject to frequent flooding. This soil is made up of 69 percent Wilbanks and 31 percent soils of a minor extent. This soil is found almost exclusively in woodland and is poorly suited to cropland and urban uses, however they are suited to pasture if drainage is improved. Wetness and flooding are the main limitations. The Dorovan-Bibb-Wehadkee unit is nearly level, very poorly or poorly drained soils that are mucky and loamy and underlain by sandy material or have a loamy surface layer and subsoil. It is located in swamps and floodplains around the Meherrin and Chowan Rivers and major creeks in the county. This soil unit makes up 13 percent of the county. 52 percent is Dorovan soils, 35 percent Bibb, and 8 percent Wehadkee, and 5 percent soils of a minor extent. These soils are almost exclusively located in woodland areas and not suited to cropland, pasture, or urban uses. Wetness and flooding are the main limitations. The major soils are used almost exclusively as woodland. The main management concerns affecting agricultural, woodland, and urban and recreational uses are wetness and flooding. 23 Table 11 examines the County's general soil units with respect to their erosion hazard and suitability for septic tank absorption fields. Table 11 HERTFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA GENERAL SOIL UNITS AND EROSION HAZARD AND SUITABILITY FOR SEPTIC TANK ABSORPTION FIELDS. Soil Map Unit Erosion Hazard Septic Tank Absorption Suitability Norfolk-Bonneau- slight moderate to unsuitable - Goldsboro wetness Craven -Leaf -Caroline slight severely unsuitable-peres slowly, wetness Leaf -Lenoir -Craven slight severely unsuitable-peres slowly, wetness Tarboro-Conetoe- slight slight to severe -poor Wickham filter, flooding issues Wilbanks slight severe -flooding, wetness, eres slow) Dorovan-Bibb-Wehadkee slight severe -flooding, wetness, pondin *SOURCE: USDA Soil Survey of Hertford County, North Carolina, July 1984 Sound land use planning and development, special site planning and current technology, can address some of the concerns associated with soil limitations. The Hertford County Public Health Authority determines if soils will permit the use of septic tank systems on a case by case basis. Appendix B, Map 2 shows soil limitations in the County. 24 2.1.3. Flood and Other Natural Hazard Areas Flood hazard areas are found along Hertford County's Chowan River shoreline and its tributaries. Development in these areas is subject to flood plain regulations. Flooding is a severe problem in approximately 10% of the County. The affected areas exist primarily in the flood plain of the rivers and along the major drainage ways. Depression -like areas, while not as large or continuous as the flood plains, intermittently exist in the upland plain area of the County. 2.1.4. Storm Surge Areas Storm surge areas extend along the entire length of Hertford County's Chowan River shoreline. In some areas, a fast hurricane storm surge would inundate portions of western Hertford County. Appendix B, Map 3 shows Storm Surge Areas and Flood Hazard Areas. 25 2.1.5 Non -Coastal Wetlands and Probable 404 Wetlands It is unlikely that there are coastal wetlands present in Hertford County due to the County's location in the estuarine system. The Chowan River is classified as an inland river from 300 yards south of the US 17 Bridge about 14 miles east of Windsor and extending north to the Virginia line. The overwhelming majority of wetlands and swamps in Hertford County are inland swamps. Non -coastal wetlands are found in various areas of Hertford County, primarily along the major and minor waterways, with vast areas along the Chowan River. Swamps and marsh lands comprise approximately 20% of the County's total land acreage. These lands are primarily in use as forests, with occasional agricultural use. These lands present constraints to any type of development because of almost constant inundation by water. These lands are integral components of the County drainage system, functioning as retaining basins for excess surface runoff. In the Chowan River Basin, these swamps and marshes are traversed by streams and waterways that have been declared Nutrient Sensitive Waters by the NC Department of Environmental and Natural Resources Water Quality Division. These lands are heavily forested by Gum and Cypress trees, which create a heavy loading of nitrogen and phosphorous into the Chowan Basin. The naturally occurring high levels of nutrients reduce the dissolved oxygen content of these waters, thus making them extremely susceptible to additional nutrient loads from urban or agricultural uses. Appendix B, Map 4 shows all wetland areas in Hertford County. Qi 2.2 Natural Systems and Development Compatibility To analyze development capabilities and limitations, the County profiled the features of its natural systems. The purpose of such a profile is to show the fit between natural features and the land uses and development activities associated with community development. The following questions helped construct the profile: • Does the natural feature perform a function that is vital for environmental health and the quality of life of Hertford County residents? • Does the feature constitute a consequential threat to people or property if development is located there? • Does the feature provide a scenic amenity that is valued by the County and that should be considered in the development of land use policies? • Does the area contain rare outstanding elements of natural diversity of the County or the State that merit special consideration as land use and development decisions are made? • Do the characteristics of the feature materially limit the type or intensity of development that can take place without unacceptable environmental costs or significant investment in public facilities? Table 12 lists the natural features and uses numbers to indicate their degree of development compatibility. Development includes all of the land use activities that are generally considered to be urban development: higher density residential, commercial and industrial uses, and availability of basic services. 27 Table 12 HERTFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA INTERPRETATION OF NATURAL FEATURES DEVELOPMENT COMPATABILITY NATURAL FEATURES COMPATIBILITY FOR HIGH INTENSITY (URBAN -TYPE) DEVELOPMENT AEC: Estuarine waters 2 AEC: Estuarine shoreline 2 AEC: Public trust areas, protected lands, and managed areas (3) AEC: High hazard flood area 3 Land within 500 feet of historic site or Archeological area (2) SOILS: Slight septic limitations 1 SOILS: Moderate to severe septic limitations (2) SOILS: Slight erosion hazards (1 SOILS: Moderate to severe erosion hazards 2 NON -COASTAL WETLANDS NC -CREWS 3 HAZARDS: Within 1 00-ear flood 2 HAZARDS: Within storm surge area (3 WATER QUALITY: Watersheds-- 2 (1)Generally 2) Less (3) Least Compatible Compatible Compatible 2.3 Environmental Conditions Composite Based on the County's interpretation of the capabilities and limitations of identified natural features, land in Hertford County has been generally classified into three categories. Class I is land that contains only minimal hazards and limitations that can be addressed by commonly accepted land planning and development practices. With sound land use planning and development practices, Class I land may generally support the more intensive types of land use and development. Class. II is land that has hazards and limitations for development that can be addressed by restrictions on land uses, special site planning, or the provision of public services, such as water and sewer. Land in this class will generally support only the less intensive uses, such as low -density residential, without significant investment in services. Class III is land that has serious hazards and limitations. Land in this class will generally support very low intensity uses such as conservation and open space. The features that are included in each class are described in Table 13, Composite Natural Features Analysis. Classifications are not intended to prohibit or regulate land use and development. They serve to present a picture of natural systems' capabilities and constraints with respect to land use and development. M Table 13 HERTFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA COMPOSITE NATURAL FEATURES ANALYSIS CLASSIFICATION MAPPING NATURAL SYSTEM OPPORTUNITIES SYMBOL AND CONSTRAINTS Class I - land containing only Soils with slight limitations for septic minimal hazards and having tanks. Soils with slight erosion hazards. only slight limitations that I Non -wetland area or wetland rated may be addressed by sound land beneficial and not high potential risk. planning and development Land located outside 100-year flood practices hazard area. Land located outside storm surge area (slow moving 40,735 acres, 18% of land storm). Class II — land containing development hazards and Soils with moderate to severe limitations limitations that may be 11 for septic tanks. Soils with moderate to addressed by methods such severe erosion hazards. Non -coastal as restrictions on types of land wetlands rated as beneficial and high uses, special site planning, or potential risk or substantial significance. provision of public services Land located within a 100-year flood hazard area. Land located within a 165,204 acres, 73% of land storm surge area (slow moving storm), water supply watersheds Class III - land containing Estuarine waters serious hazards for Public trust areas development of lands where Conservation, managed, and protected the impacts of development III areas, State facilities, Federally would cause serious damage managed areas, Flood plains to the values of natural Non -coastal wetlands rated as systems substantial significance with high 18,104 acres, 8% of land potential risk or exceptional significance with or without high potential risk. Appendix B, Map 5 Shows the Composite Environmental Conditions Map 30 The Composite Environmental Conditions Map shows the general locations of land classifications based on the composite natural features analysis. Based on the analysis, no Class I lands have been mapped, primarily due to the soils' limitations for septic tanks. Class II lands, though possessing limitations for septic tank absorption systems, are located out of storm surge areas and flood hazard areas and do not include any non -wetland or wetland areas rated as beneficial. Although most of the soils in Hertford County, as reported in the Hertford County Soils Study, are rated moderate or severe for septic tank absorption systems, sound land use planning and development, special site planning, development, and current technology can address some of the concerns associated with soils' limitations. Class III lands are generally those found in storm surge areas, flood hazard areas, non -coastal wetlands, public trust areas, protected lands, and managed areas. 2.4 Environmental Conditions Assessment As explained earlier, classifications are not intended to prohibit or regulate land use and development. They serve to present a picture of natural systems capabilities and constraints with respect to land use and development. CAMA land use planning guidelines also require an assessment of three categories of environmental conditions or features: water quality, natural hazards, and natural resources. This information will be the basis for developing goals and policies to maintain and restore water quality, reduce vulnerability to natural hazards, and protect valuable natural resources. 2.4.1 Water Quality Surface Water Quality Basinwide water quality planning is a nonregulatory watershed -based approach to restoring and protecting the quality of North Carolina's surface waters. Basinwide water quality plans are prepared by the NC Division of Water Quality (DWQ) for each of the seventeen major river basins in the state. Each basinwide plan is revised at five year intervals. While these plans are prepared by the DWQ, their implementation and the protection of water quality entails the coordinated efforts of many North Carolina and Federal agencies, local governments, and stakeholders in the State. The Chowan River basin is located in the northeastern coastal plain of North Carolina and southeastern Virginia. The Chowan River is formed at the border of Virginia and North Carolina by the confluence of the Nottoway and Blackwater Rivers, and its streams flow southeastward towards the Albemarle Sound. Hertford County lies within the Chowan River Basin. The basin includes all or portions of Hertford, Gates, Northampton, Bertie, and Chowan counties. The basin also contains numerous small watersheds that drain into the Albemarle Sound. The Chowan River basin is part of the Albemarle -Pamlico Estuarine 31 system, the second largest estuarine system in the United States. In 1987, this estuarine system became part of the Environmental Protection Agency Estuary Program and was the subject of a major study known as the Albemarle -Pamlico Estuarine Study. The Chowan River Basin Management Plan was also updated in 2002. The majority of the river's watershed (approximately 75 percent) lies within the Virginia borders. The Virginia portion of the basin is managed as the Chowan River and Dismal Swamp basin. This Virginia portion covers 4,061 square miles of the Chowan River and Chowan River basin's headwaters. The Virginia basin is bordered by the James River basin and the small coastal river basins to the east, the Roanoke River basin to the west, and the Virginia/North Carolina state line to the south. The basin is approximately 145 miles in length and varies from 10 to 50 miles in width. The Chowan River and Dismal Swamp basin is mostly rural with approximately 64 percent of its land covered by forest, 28 percent cropland and pasture, and about 6 percent urban areas. The Chowan River basin in North Carolina is composed of two major drainages: Chowan River and Meherrin River. All of the waters in the basin are designated as Nutrient Sensitive Waters. Additional nutrient management is needed to control excessive growth of microscopic or macroscopic vegetation. In general, management strategies for point and non -point source pollution control require control of nutrients (nitrogen and/or phosphorus usually) so that excessive growths of vegetation are reduced or prevented and there is no increase in nutrients over target levels. Hertford County lies within three subbasins of the Chowan River. Subbasin 03-01-01 is 579 square miles and has a population density of 44 persons per square mile. Subbasin 03-01-02 is 494 square miles and has a population density of 46 persons per square mile. Subbasin 03-01-03 is 123 square miles and has a population density of 47 persons, per square mile. The entire length of the Chowan River in Hertford County is classified as impaired. The North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NC DWQ) states the waters are unsuitable for fish consumption due to elevated Mercury levels. Subbasin 03-01-01 is located in the northeastern coastal plain of North Carolina. Portions of Merchants Millpond State Park and Chowan Swamp State Natural Area are also located in this subbasin. The Chowan Swamp State Natural Area, administered by the Department of Parks and Recreation, protects more than 6,000 acres. Merchants Millpond supports a diverse assemblage of aquatic herbs including several rare species. Currently, five facilities hold NPDES permits in the subbasin, all of which are minor permits. Intensive animal feeding operations and agriculture have impaired almost two miles of the Chowan River near the NC -VA State Line. Additionally, monitoring of microscopic life forms and fish communities indicate impairment of waters in this subbasin. 32 Subbasin 03-01-02 contains the north and western sections of Hertford County, including the Meherrin River and Potecasi Creek. There are no NPDES permit holders in this subbasin. The Poecasi Creek has waters impaired by low dissolved oxygen levels and irregular pH levels. Subbasin 03-01-03 contains the middle section of the Chowan River, above Rockyhock Creek and below Bennett Creek, including the Indian Creek and Catherine Creek tributaries. The Chowan River is impaired due to elevated nutrient levels. The entire subbasin is designated as Nutrient Sensitive Waters. This subbasin contains the Colerain/Cow Island Swamp and Slopes Natural Heritage Areas. Perhaps the most important wetland community in this Chowan River basin is Tidal Cypress -Gum Swamp, which is found along much of the shoreline of the Chowan River. There are currently two NPDES permit holders in the basin, one minor and one major. In basinwide plans, surface waters are classified according to their best intended uses. Determining how well a water supports its designated uses (use support status) is an important method of interpreting water quality data and assessing water quality. Waters are rated fully supporting (FS), partially supporting (PS) or not supporting (NS). The terms refer to whether the classified uses of the water (i.e., aquatic life protection, recreation, and water supply) are being met. For example, waters classified for aquatic life protection and secondary recreation (Class C for freshwater and SC for saltwater) are rated FS if data used to determine use support did not exceed specific criteria. However, if these criteria were exceeded, then the waters would be rated as PS or NS, depending on the degree of degradation. Waters rated PS or NS are considered to be impaired. Waters lacking data, or having inconclusive data, are listed as not rated (NR). The use support ratings for subbasins 03-01-01, 03-03-02, 03-01-03 are shown on Tables 14-16 respectively. M Table 14 HERTFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA USE SUPPORT RATINGS (2000) FOR MONITORED AND EVALUATED" STREAMS (MILES) IN CHOWAN RIVER SUBBASIN 03-01-01 Use Support Category FS PS NS NRTotal* Aquatic Life/Secondary Recreation 39.8 22.5 0 347.0 409.3 Fish Consumption**/*** 10 139.8 10 10 39.8 Primary Recreation 139.8 10 10 0 139.8 * Total stream miles/acres assigned to each use support category in this subbasin. Column is not additive because some stream miles are assigned to more than one category. ** For the fish consumption use support category, only monitored stream miles are presented. *** These waters are impaired because of a regional fish consumption advisory. SOURCE. Chowan River Basinwide Water Quality Plan, May 2002. Table 15 HERTFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA USE SUPPORT RATINGS (2000) FOR "MONITORED AND EVALUATED" STREAMS (MILES) IN CHOWAN RIVER SUBBASIN 03-01-02 Use Support Category FS PS NS NR Total* Aquatic Life/Secondary Recreation**/*** 45.5 0 0 241 286.5 Primary Recreation 1 11.7 1 0 0 1.9 13.6 * Total stream miles/acres assigned to each use support category in this subbasin. Column is not additive because some stream miles are assigned to more than one category. ** For the fish consumption use support category, only monitored stream miles are presented. *** These waters are impaired because of a regional fish consumption advisory. SOURCE. Chowan River Basinwide Water Quality Plan, May 2002. 34 Table 16 HERTFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA USE SUPPORT RATINGS (2000) FOR MONITORED AND EVALUATED" STREAMS (MILES) IN CHOWAN RIVER SUBBASIN 03-01-03 Use Support Category FS PS NS NRTotal* Aquatic Life/Seconds Recreation**/*** 14.1 miles 0 0 16.8 miles 30.9 miles jPrimary Recreation 14.1 miles 10 0 12.8 miles P6.9 miles * Total stream miles/acres assigned to each use support category in this subbasin. Column is not additive because some stream miles are assigned to more than one category. ** These waters are impaired because of a regional fish consumption advisory. SOURCE. Chowan River Basinwide Water Quality Plan, May 2002. Shellfish Waters The North Carolina Department of Health, Shellfish Sanitation Section protects the consuming public from shellfish and crustacean which could cause illness. Rules and regulations following national guidelines have been implemented to ensure the safety of harvesting waters and the proper sanitation of establishments that process shellfish and crustacean for sale to the general public. The Chowan River basin water quality management plan does not address the presence of specific shellfish harvesting in Hertford County. The Chowan River is known for some of the best fishing in the state, with largemouth bass, bluegill, chain pickerel, black crappie, perch and herring being some of the most sought after species. However, the Chowan River is noteworthy for more than good fishing. Approximately one hundred miles of the Chowan River are considered to be a significant aquatic habitat by the North Carolina Natural Heritage Program. The Chowan River has received this designation because of the diversity of its freshwater mussel populations, many of which are rare and vulnerable. . The Chowan River is a vital resource for commercial and recreational fishers. Recreationally important gamefish species that reside in the river include largemouth bass, black crappie and many sunfish species. Commercially important species include several anadromous fish species such as blueback herring, alewife, hickory shad, American shad, Atlantic sturgeon and striped bass. Blueback herring and alewife are commonly referred to as river herring. I Sl Chronic Wastewater Treatment System Malfunctions There are three public wastewater treatment plant systems in Hertford County. They are the municipal systems operated by the towns of Ahoskie, Murfreesboro, and Winton. These facilities have not experienced any chronic system malfunctions. Public Health Hazards The Hertford County Public Health Authority has been contacted to identify subdivisions in the County experiencing septic tank problems and to identify areas in the County experiencing chronic septic system problems. The Department estimates that about 75% of Homes built over 25 years ago would not pass current septic standards. The County has areas or sites that experience septic tank problems. Specifically, areas around Tunis and Tuscorora Beach have potential issues relating to overuse, increased development, and drainage of wastewater into the Chowan. The Authority works to help develop solutions for problem systems. The Authority will refer severe problems to the Management Entities Program of the Albemarle Regional Health System for more intensive problem solving with respect to septic system installation or repair. Hertford County has two Rural Water Districts. These systems are able to provide water to the majority of areas in Hertford County that are not serviced by municipal water districts. The water from the deep wells of these systems is not threatened by septic effluent or discharge from package treatment plants. 2.4.2 Natural Hazards Storm Hazards and Floods and Wind Damage Estimates The North Carolina Department of Emergency Management is designated as the Flood Insurance Coordinating Office. Repetitive loss data for storm damage has been requested by the County and will be included when received and analyzed. Shoreline Erosion At present, no database is available for structures and facilities threatened by shoreline erosion. The Division of Coastal Management provides very general mapping that shows long term shoreline erosion rates for some areas of the State, but not Hertford County. As it developed this land use plan, the County contacted the Soil Conservation Service and determined that no erosion "hot spots" have been identified. kro 2.4.3 Natural Resources Natural Heritage Areas The North Carolina Natural Heritage Program is a part of the Office of Conservation and Community Affairs within the NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources. The program inventories catalogues, and facilitates protection of the rarest and the most outstanding elements of the natural diversity of the State. These elements of natural diversity include those plant and animal species which are so rare or the natural communities which are so significant that they merit special consideration as land use decisions are made. There are a diversity of public lands and significant natural heritage areas in the Chowan River basin. One of the most frequently visited areas includes Merchants Millpond State Park, about 3,300 acres situated east of the Chowan mainstem. Several significant natural heritage areas in the form of game lands are also adjacent to the Chowan mainstem throughout the basin. A small percentage (1.2 percent) of the Chowan River basin is publicly -owned conservation land. The Chowan Swamp State Natural Area, administered by the NC Division of Parks and Recreation, protects more than 6,000 acres. Wildlife Resources Commission has two small game lands within the basin, the Chowan Game Lands and the Chowan Swamp Game Lands. North Carolina is home to approximately 5,700 species of plants, more than 700 species of vertebrates, and more than 10,000 species of invertebrates. The Natural Heritage Program has been able to identify and to develop lists of those plants and animals which are most rare and, thus most in need of protection, by working closely with experts from across the state and in cooperation with the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, the Plant Conservation Program of the N.C. Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services and the Nongame and Endangered Wildlife Program of the N.C. Wildlife Resource Commission. Several protected species live in the Chowan River basin, including fish, aquatic insects, mollusks, crustaceans and plants. Table 17 provides information. on rare aquatic and wetland -dwelling species in the basin as recorded by the NC Natural Heritage Program, Division of Parks and Recreation. 37 Table 17 HERTFORD COUNTY, NORTH CAROLINA RARE AND THREATENED AQUATIC SPECIES IN THE CHOWAN RIVER BASIN (AS OF JUNE 2001) Major Taxon Common Name Scientific Name State Status Federal Status fish Shortnose Sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum E E aquatic insect A Caddisfly Ceraclea tarispunctata SR -- mollusk Triangle Floater Alasmidonta undulata T -- mollusk Alewife Floater Anodonta implicate SC* -- mollusk Eastern Lampmussel Lampsilis radiate SC* -- mollusk Tidewater Mucket Leptodea ochracea SC* -- mollusk Eastern Pondmussel Ligumia nasuta SC* -- crustacean Chowanoke Crayfish Orconectes viginiensis SR FSC plant Water Purslane Didplis diandra SR -- plant Water Violet Hottonia inflata C -- plant Water -Hyssop Bacopa innominata C -- plant Conferva Pondweed Potamogeton confervoides C FSC plant Pale Mannagrass I Torre ochloa pallida SR -- Rare Species Listing Criteria E=Endangered (those species in danger of becoming extinct) T=Threatened (considered likely to become endangered within the foreseeable future) T(S/A)=Threatened due to similarity of appearance. SR=Significantly Rare (those whose numbers are small and whose populations need monitoring) SC= Species of Special Concern FSC= Federal Species of Concern *Effective July 1, 2002, these species will be listed as State threatened. SOURCE. Chowan River Basinwide Water Quality Plan, May 2002. The NC Natural Heritage Program tallies the elements of natural diversity (rare plants and animals, rare and exemplary natural communities, and special animal habitats) known to occur in all North Carolina counties and according to USGS 7.5-minute quadrangles. The information on which these lists is based comes from a variety of sources, including field surveys, museums, herbaria, scientific literature, and personal communications. These lists are dynamic, with new records continually being added and old records being revised as new information is received. Mineral Resource Areas and Productive Soils The North Carolina Department of Natural Resources, Division of Land Resources monitors mining activities and serves as the State's issuing agency for mining permits. At the time of this writing, the Division reports that there are five mining operations currently permitted in Hertford County. Sand and Gravel are the only mineral resources mined in the County. Any development of rural lands diminishes the land for continued agricultural use, and generally the most desirable land for development is also the most desirable for productive agricultural use. While some productive agricultural lands, no doubt, have been lost to residential development, development pressures have not been severe and pose no unreasonable or unmanageable threat to the County's productive farm lands. While erosion is a slight problem in Hertford County, there is no evidence of a significant loss of productive agricultural lands due to negligent farming practices. The US Soil Conservation Service regularly provides educational workshops to keep farmers informed of Best Management Practices (BMPs) needed to control erosion and maintain fertility. Forest Resources Urban development pressures do not significantly threaten the commercial forests in Hertford County. Conversion of forest land to agricultural production is not a factor at present. The amount of total forest land in Hertford County has remained almost constant at 136,000 acres over the past five years. The commercial forests are well managed, and reforestation is a regular management practice. 39 Section III: Land Use and Development Analysis 3.1 Current Land Use The purpose of the Land Use and Development Analysis section to describe and quantify existing patterns of land uses, identify potential land use/water use conflicts, determine future development trends, and project future land use needs. Table 18 defines the types of land classes/ land uses used in this analysis. Table 18 Existing Land Use Categories Existing Land Use Examples of Activities Included Category Residential Single Family Dwellings, Duplexes, Multi -Family Dwellings (apartments, condos, townhouses). Desi nated by county. Commercial Retail operations, Business Districts, professional offices, hotel/motels, mixed uses. Designated by county. Industrial Intensive and Extensive manufacturing operations, warehousing establishments. Designated by county. Open Land dedicated to preserving/conserving the Space/Conservation environment. Primarily located in areas near public trust waters. Not intended for future development These areas may be managed used for forestry operations and agriculture. Designated by the county. Agriculture Crops and farming operations. Forestry Land containing large tracts of mature trees with no other primary land use. Institutional Sites State owned property, public and private educational institutions, hospitals, etc. CAFOs Confined Animal Feeding Operations. Agriculture businesses where animals are grown under confined conditions. >100 cows or 250 hogs concentrated on a few acres of land. Sites usually include animal waste lagoons. .O Table 19 Existing Land Use 2005 County Population: 23,794 persons Category Current % of Total Acres per Size Acres Land Area Person Total Acres in Planning Area: 226,307 100 9.5 Residential 39,156 17.3 1.6 Commercial 4,865 2.2 .20 Industrial 10,409 4.6 .44 Total Developed Land in Planning 54,430 24.1 2.29 Area: Dedicated Open Space/ Conservation 21,508 9.5 .90 Lands Forestry/ Agriculture 134,807 60.1 5.72 Municipally Controlled** 15,562 6.8 NA Institutional Sites 20 sites NA NA CAFOs LTI_ 8 sites NA NA i nese areas were not used to calculate developed land in the planning area because they remain under individual municipal jurisdiction. Appendix B, Map 6 shows current land use and development. Appendix B, Map 7 shows institutional sites and CAFOs. Appendix B, Map 8 shows land use/land cover. 3.2 Land Use Conflicts Typically conflicts occur when stakeholders have differing opinions on how a certain type or specific piece of land should be used. Surrounding property owners, private conservation/environmental protection groups, and government agencies are often at odds with property owners or developers on how best to utilize land. Also included are existing and potential uses that negatively impact water quality. While not exhaustive, the following lists some typical types of land use conflicts that may impact the planning area: • Location of intensive livestock and poultry operations in close proximity to existing residential areas. 41 • Small lot development on soils with septic tank limitations. • Encroachment of residential and other urban -level land uses into traditional agriculture and forestry areas. • Residential development in flood hazard areas. • Location of hazardous operations in close proximity to developed areas. • Blighted Areas • Extractive industrial operations encroaching on developed areas • Manufacturing operations encroaching on residential uses. • Auto salvage operations located in flood hazard areas. • Residential development in and adjacent to land traditionally used for public access. • Inappropriate land uses adjacent to airports. At the present time, Hertford County does not have any major land use conflicts. Many areas in the county do have soils that are unsuitable for small lot septic tank placement. However the county does handle each septic tank permit on a case by case basis to ensure that new development does not overwhelm the soils' ability to process waste water. All intensive livestock operations are located in rural areas and closely monitored to ensure that the water quality is not negatively impacted. Residential development in flood prone areas has affected homes in the past. County planning and inspections departments work to ensure that new construction is not at undue flood risk. 3.3 Development Trends and Projected Development Areas Since the last CAMA Land Use Plan Update, Hertford County has.issued a total of 352 building permits. The county has received almost 42 million dollars of new residential construction since 1997. Since the 2000 census and housing survey, Hertford County has issued 232 new residential building permits, averaging 42 permits per year. Overall, Hertford County has experienced 2.4% growth in housing stock since the 2000 census. This rate is slightly lower than the short term population growth rates, but is consistent with the future population projections. Figure 3 shows an increasing trend in the number of building permits issued per year since 1997. 42 Figure 3 The years 2000 and 2001 show a decline in the number of new building permits. This decrease is likely attributable to the massive flooding experienced during Hurricane Floyd in the fall of 1999. Much of the construction industry was focused on repair and demolition of damaged homes. The towns of Ahoskie, Winton, and Murfreesboro have all experienced new growth in recent years. Much of the new development is often single lot subdivision for new modular homes. However, new multi -lot subdivisions have recently located just outside of the towns of Winton and Ahoskie. The local planning team also expects increased development along the Chowan River. 43 *Figures 3 & 4 Source: Hertford County Office of Building Inspections 3.3 Future Land Needs Hertford County's total land area is 226,307 acres. As of 2004, just over 17% (1.5 acres per capita) of this land is designated for residential development. Over the next 20 years, the county's population is expected to grow by slightly more than 1200 people or 5%. Projections show that County needs to plan for at least 1,850 acres of new residential development over the next 20 years. Unanticipated growth levels of 150% would require at least 2,800 acres to maintain the current levels of 1.5 acres of residential land per capita. Nonresidential use needs were not projected for this study. The existing economy and industrial base in northeastern North Carolina remains somewhat stagnant. Any projection of future growth demand remains difficult if not impossible to predict. However, it should be noted that economic growth remains a priority within Hertford County and industry desiring to locate here will find a supportive local government and population. Table 20 Projected Residential Land Needs Hertford Countv. NC Projected Projected Projected Total Land Use/ Land Existing Growth: Growth: Growth: Projected Class. (2005) 5 years 10 years 20 years Growth (2010) (2015) (2025) over 20 ears Permanent Population 23,794 Growth: 452 294 491 1,237 Est. residential 1.6 acres/person: 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Est. residential acres 1.5 needed: 678 441 737 1,856 Adjusted residential acres needed (+50%): 1,017 662 1,106 2,785 Seasonal Population 50 Growth: 4 3 5 12 Est. seasonal 1 acres/person: .5 Adjusted seasonal acres needed +50% : 3 3 4 10 Total Residential 38,472 Acres Needed: 1,020 665 1,110 2,795 Source: North Carolina Center for Geographic Information Analysis 45 Section IV: Analysis of Community Facilities The analysis of community facilities provides the county with basic information on four types of local infrastructure. Water availability, wastewater treatment, transportation networks, and storm water handling are addressed in this Chapter. The availability and capacity of these facilities has a direct impact on development in the County. Municipal and County policies for the operation, maintenance, and growth of these facilities can also directly affect environmental impact and public health for the area. Ensuring that the above mentioned infrastructure is appropriately sized, located and managed allows positive development of land and the local economy, as well as protecting the quality and productivity of areas of environmental concern (AECs) and other fragile areas. The following sections describe existing infrastructure, planned growth and extension of facilities, and any specific problem areas or issues. 4.1 Water Supply and Wastewater Treatment Facilities 4.1.1 Water Supply Hertford County is served by two rural water districts, North and South. Currently the combined systems have a maximum 1.09 million gallons per day (MGD) capacity. It mainly serves residents, business, and institutions that lie outside the towns of Ahoskie, Winton, or Murfreesboro. The system consists of three deep wells, each withdrawing an average of 300,000 gallons per day (GPD). The system currently serves over 2,500 customers and has a one million gallon storage capacity in elevated water tanks. The system has interconnections with the Ahoskie, Murfreesboro, Winton municipal systems and Bertie County Rural Water Service (RWS) for emergencies and elevated demand. Water withdrawn from this system does not require treatment. The county anticipates a slight increase in demand over the next 30 years. The Town of Ahoskie has a municipal water system serving over 4400 people with over 2400 connections. The Ahoskie town water system has a maximum 960,000 GPD capacity. The system consists of five wells each withdrawing an average of 130,000 GPD. The Town of Ahoskie can store 925,000 gallons of water in elevated storage tanks. The system has interconnections with the Hertford County water system. The Town of Ahoskie expects a very slight increase in demand over the next 30 years. The Town of Winton water system serves 956 people with 454 water connections. The Winton town water system has three wells and can withdraw a maximum 500,000 GPD. The town can store 200,000 gallons of water in elevated tanks. The Town of Winton expects demand to increase from 100,000 GPD currently to 190,000 GPD over the next 30 years. Winton has emergency interconnections with the Hertford County water system. The Town of Murfreesboro's water system currently has a 600,000 GPD capacity and can store 575,000 gallons in elevated storage tanks. Murfreesboro has interconnections with the Hertford County water system. The town does not expect a significant increase in demand over the next 30 years. The Town of Cofield has 178 connections and serves a population of 347 people. The town has two wells and can withdraw just over 130,000 GPD. The Town of Cofield can store 15,000 gallons. The system has emergency interconnections with the Hertford County water system. No significant increase in demand is expected over the next 30 years. 4.1.2 Wastewater/Sewer Treatment Hertford County does not operate any wastewater treatment facilities. Residents living in the Towns of Ahoskie, Murfreesboro, or Winton receive municipal wastewater treatment from their respective towns. There are over 2700 septic tank permits issued throughout the county. Much of the county's land is unsuitable for septic tank systems and permits are issued on a case by case basis. The Town of Ahoskie has a land application treatment system, permitted to treat up to 900,000 Gallons per day (GPD). The system serves over 2300 customers. Ahoskie treats an average of 680,000 GPD of treated wastewater. The Town plans to increase its wastewater treatment plant's capacity to over one million gallons per day in the near future. The Town of Winton also has a land application treatment system capable of treating 585,000 GPD. The town treats an average of 350,000 GPD. Winton's wastewater treatment facility also serves the Nucor Steel Mill, Rivers Correctional Institution and the Town of Cofield. The Town of Winton does not plan to increase its wastewater treatment capacity in the near future; however water use is planned to almost double in the next 30 years. The Town of Murfreesboro also uses a land application treatment facility. The Town is permitted to discharge up to 585,000 GPD. The Town of Murfreesboro expects to increase treatment capacity in the near future. Demand is not expected to significantly increase in the next 30 years. 47 4.2 Transportation Systems Hertford County has 450 miles of primary and secondary state maintained roads. Roads are classified as arterials, collectors and local roads. The primary arterials, according to the 1992 NCDOT thoroughfare plan are US highway 158 bypass at Murfreesboro to Winton, the US 158/13 in Winton to Gates county and Virginia, and US Highway 258 North of Murfreesboro to Virginia. Minor Arterials in Hertford County are US Highway 13 from Bertie County, North to Winton, where it joins with US 158. Major rural collector routes in the county are NC highways 11, 42, 45, 305, 461, and 561. Other minor collectors and local roads serve to connect smaller communities throughout the county. Table 21 lists State Transportation Improvement Projects planned or in progress that impact Hertford County. The largest project, US 13 bypass of Ahoskie to Winton/US 158 is still in the planning stage and has been for many years. Once completed, this project will offer a new corridor for development within the county. Development could be expected to grow between the new US 13 bypass and the eastern town limits of Ahoskie, especially along NC 561. The next project, widening US 13 to multi lanes, starts in Winton and continues to the Virginia State Line. Only a small part of this project affects Hertford County in a direct way. However, the overall project will serve the area well and allow greater traffic flow in and out of the county. This project is also still in the development and planning stage. The State TIP also plans to widen US 158 between the Towns of Winton and Murfreesboro. Eventually, the NC 11 bypass of Ahoskie is to be widened to multiple lanes from hwy 903 to the intersection of US 13, north of the town. The NC 11 bypass project has completed the planning and design stage, but actual construction has yet to be scheduled. Appendix B, Map 9 shows Hertford County's Transportation Network. Table 21 Hertford County, NC NCDOT TIP Projects (Highway) Location Description Length Cost Stage Schedule mi thou US 13 NC 42 TO US 158. 13.2 114202 PLANNING/ IN PROGRESS STRATEGIC MULTI -LANES WITH DESIGN HIGHWAY BYPASS CORRIDOR OF AHOSKIE ON NEW PROJECT LOCATION. US 13 US 158 TO THE 15.0 71267 PLANNING/ IN PROGRESS STRATEGIC VIRGINIA STATE LINE. DESIGN HIGHWAY WIDEN TO MULTI - CORRIDOR LANES. PROJECT US 158 MURFREESBORO 8.3 32550 PLANNING/ IN PROGRESS STRATEGIC BYPASS TO US 13 DESIGN HIGHWAY WEST OF CORRIDOR WINTON. WIDEN TO PROJECT MULTI -LANES. Four bridging projects are scheduled for Hertford County. These projects are mainly replacement of aging and obsolete bridges and will not significantly impact development in the County -These projects are scheduled for construction in 2007-2008. Also included in the State TIP are assistance for County public transportation programs, beautification of rest areas, and guardrail improvement and enhancement. Table 22 lists these projects. Table 22 Hertford County, NC NCDOT TIP Projects (Other) Location Description Length mi Cost thous Stage Schedule —Bridging SR 1118 AHOSKIE 830 RIGHT-OF-WAY IN ACQUISITION CREEK. REPLACE BRIDGE NO.67 SR 1164 POTECASI 605 UNDER CREEK. CONSTRUCTIO REPLACE N BRIDGE NO. 19 SR 1308 LIVERMAN 771 RIGHT-OF-WAY FFY 07 CREEK. CONSTRUCTIO FFY 08 REPLACE N BRIDGE NO.2 SR 1441 TAYLOR POND. 882 RIGHT-OF-WAY FFY 07 REPLACE CONSTRUCTIO FFY 08 BRIDGE NO.42 N VARIOUS ENVIRONMENT 2149 IN PROGRESS AL MITIGATION FOR BRIDGE PROJECTS IN DIVISION 1. Public Transportation Description Cost thou HERTFORD PROVIDE OPERATING ASSISTANCE TO COUNTIES 8 COUNTY AND COMMUNITY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS TO MEET WORK FIRST AND EMPLOYMENT TRANSPORTATION NEEDS. HERTFORD PROVIDE OPERATING ASSISTANCE FOR ADDITIONAL 80 COUNTY TRANSPORTATION SERVICES TO THE ELDERLY AND DISABLED. HERTFORD PROVIDE MAINTENANCE ASSISTANCE FOR 48 COUNTY COMMUNITY TRANSPORTATION SYSTEMS TO SERVE THE RURAL GENERAL PUBLIC. 49 4.3 Storm Water Systems At the present time, Hertford County does not have a storm water plan to mitigate drainage problems. The only systems in place are drainage ditches along highway rights -of -way and municipal gutter/storm/sewer drains. In 2005, only two National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permits have been issued in Hertford County. Aluminum Casting Technology holds a permit for discharge at its plant, on Johnny Mitchell Road and Eastern Fuels held a one month permit for groundwater remediation at the W.H. Cox service center in early 2005. The Environmental Protection Agency's Storm Water Phase II program is designed to reduce the quantity of pollutants that storm water picks up and carries into storm sewer systems during storm events. Common pollutants include oil and grease from roadways, pesticides from lawns, sediment from construction sites, and carelessly discarded trash such as cigarette butts, paper wrappers and plastic bottles. When deposited into nearby waterways through MS4 discharge, these pollutants can impair the waterways, thereby discouraging recreational use of the resource, contaminating drinking water supplies and interfering with aquatic habitats for wildlife. The National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) Phase II Storm water Program is designed to regulate storm water in smaller municipalities that are located in urban areas. Municipalities regulated under the Phase II program must have storm water plan that consists of six elements: 1. A public education and outreach program that informs citizens on how to reduce pollutants in storm water: 2. A public involvement program that meets minimum requirements established by the state. 3. A program to detect and eliminate illicit discharges into the storm water system. 4. A program to reduce pollutants in the storm water system from construction. 5. A program to reduce pollutants in the storm water system from new development and redevelopment that disturbs one or more acres of land. 6. A pollution prevention/good housekeeping program for municipal operations that addresses operation and maintenance, including a training component, to prevent or reduce pollutant runoff from those operations. 50 The overall goal of the storm water plan is to have storm water management program in place that: • Reduces the discharge of pollutants to the "maximum extent practible." • Protect water quality; and • Satisfy the appropriate water quality requirements of the Clean Water Act. At the present time, Hertford County does not fall under the NPDES Phase I I requirements. However, storm water management should be of concern to municipal and county officials when planning for future development. 51 Section V: Land Suitability Analysis The Land Suitability Analysis is a process for determining the supply of land in the planning area that is suitable for development. The overall purpose of this section is to provide the local planning team with information on the best areas for development in order to guide the formulation of local policies and the design of the future land use map. To determine development suitability, the North Carolina Department of Coastal Management has provided guidelines that identify four suitability factors that that the planning team must consider. These factors, listed below, relate primarily to the planning areas physical characteristics. 1. Environmental Conditions, including water quality 2. Proximity to existing development and man made features. Compatibility with existing land uses and potential impact of development on historically, culturally significant, or scenic sites. 3. Availability and capacity of community facilities (infrastructure) 4. Regulatory restrictions on land development 5.1 Development Suitability Factors Development suitability is based on many factors that pertain to protection of natural resources, public safety, land carrying capacity, and access to infrastructure. Land is rated from Least Suitable to High Suitability, depending on where it falls in relation to each category of land listed in Figure 23. The development suitability factors are also weighted so that some land categories are more important than others. Coastal resource protection and infrastructure access are the most heavily weighted categories. Table 23 lists each category used in the analysis, suitability ratings, and its weight. 52 Table 23 Land suitability Analysis Land Cate ories, Ratings and Weights ------------Criteria and Rating ------- Layer Name Least Suitabl a Low Suitability Medium Suitability High Suitability Assigned Weight 0 -2 1 2 Coastal Wetlands Inside Outside ** Exceptional and Substantial Noncoastal Wetlands Inside Outside ** Protected Lands Inside Outside ** State Lands Inside Outside ** Beneficial Noncoastal Wetlands 1 Inside Outside 1 Storm Surge Areas I Inside Outside 2 ---------Criteria and Rating--------- Layer Name Least Suitabl a Low Suitability Medium Suitabilit High Suitabilit Assigned Weight Soils with septic limitations Severe Moderat a Slight 1 Land Application Sites < 500' > 500' 1 Significant Natural Heritage Areas < 500' > 500' 2 Hazardous Substance Disposal Sites < 500' > 500' 1 NPDES Sites < 500' > 500' 1 Wastewater Treatment Plants < 500' > 500' 1 Airports < 500' > 500' 1 Developed Land > 1 mi .5 —1 mi < .5 mi 1 Primary Roads > 1 mi .5 —1 mi < .5 mi 2 Water Pipes > .5 mi .25 - .5 mi < .25 mi 3 Sewer Pipes > .5 mi .25 - .5 mi < .25 mi 3 Assigned weight: 1 = Important 2 = Very important 3 = Most important for development Categories weighted with ** are not influenced by the other categories. Government ownership or regulatory restrictions will generally prevent development in these areas. 53 5.2 GIS Analysis The Land Suitability Analysis (LSA) is conducted primarily through a GIS (Geographic Information System) computer model and output to a map that the local planning team can use to identify areas that are suitable for development. A comprehensive explanation of this process can be found in Land Suitability Analysis User Guide from the Department of Coastal Management. Appendix B, Map 10 shows the Land Suitability Analysis. Areas are ranked from least suitable to most suitable. The areas shown to be most suitable are located close to roads, water, and sewer; are located outside of natural hazard areas; and outside environmentally sensitive areas. Areas shown to be least suitable are environmentally sensitive or government regulated, and generally are located away from public infrastructure. The Land Suitability Analysis is not intended to restrict where development may or may not happen. It is only a tool for the local planning team to decide where new development could be best suited to be free of environmental regulation constraints and to take advantage of infrastructure already in place. 54 Section VI: Review of Current CAMA Land Use Plan Policies The following is a review of Hertford County's 1996-1997 Land Use Plan Policies. The purpose of this section is to review policy consistency, implementation, and effectiveness. Each Management Topic's policies are summarized below. 6.1 Resource Protection 1. Constraints to development in the county are primarily soil limitations that prevent septic tank placement. The current policy is conservation. The county will support and enforce all Federal, State, and County regulations. 2. Areas of Environmental Concern, Cultural/Historic/Archeological Sites and Resource Development. AECs and historic sites in Hertford County are primarily tied to waterways. The policy is qualified exploitation of resources, Enforcement of CAMA permitting standards, Flood Insurance Standards, building codes, Soil Conservation Initiatives, Army Corps of Engineers dredge and fill requirements. 3. Conservation policy towards the protection of non coastal wetlands (404 wetlands) and other environmentally fragile areas. The county supports all CAMA, federal, and state regulations and standards to protect these areas. The county also designates historic areas at the request of interested citizens. 4. The county shall protect its water supply and supports the state standards for groundwater quality. Alternative water supply sources should be investigated. 5. The county allows package treatment plants that meet state and local requirements. 6. The county acknowledges stormwater runoff along its natural contours. 7. Hertford County allows marinas and dry stack storage which meet CAMA standards. The county would object to permanent moorings or commercial mooring fields. 8. The county shall assess the impact of potential industry on fragile areas before rezoning or permitting said industry. 9. Hertford County would not be significantly impacted by a five (5) foot rise in sea level. 10. Hertford County allows upland marina development that can meet state standards. 11. Hertford County allows bulkhead installation that is permitted by CAMA. 12. Hertford County recognizes the Chowan River as an important natural resource and sincerely desires to see water quality maintained at levels which still support fishing, hunting, and other recreational activities for local citizens and tourists. The above policies were found to be generally effective by the planning team and are consistent with local ordinances. The protection of natural resources remains a high priority and county government ensures that all 55 local, state, and federal regulations are followed. The majority of the above policies have been implemented by the Board of County Commissioners. However, a policy of requiring an Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for 1+ acre development is believed to be too restrictive. An EIS is usually a cost -prohibitive undertaking for new developers. As such, the county may or may not require an EIS for such development; It shall be determined, on a case by case basis by the planning board, what kinds of environmental assessment shall be required for new developers in the areas outlined in section 6.1(2). 6.2 Resource Protection and Management 1. Hertford County supports State and Federal regulations regarding the conservation of productive agricultural lands. 2. Hertford County enjoys a positive cooperative relationship with the commercial forestry industry. The policy remains to be one of accommodation. 3. Hertford County supports economically feasible exploitation of mineral resources as long as such operations meet local, state, and federal standards. 4. Hertford County encourages recreational and commercial fishing as long as such activities comply with Wildlife Resources Commission and Marine Fisheries Commission regulations and do not adversely impact marine habitats or water quality. The current Resource Protection and Management Topics are effective. The above policies are consistent with current ordinances and have not required any changes by the governing body to implement. 6.3 Economic and Community Development 1. Hertford County has a pro -growth philosophy and strongly supports organizations that seek to strengthen development and provide additional jobs. The county employs an Economic Development Director and depends on him to aggressively work toward improvement. The county will not support industries that degrade the quality of life. Intensive livestock operation pose a concern for water quality and the county would prefer these operations not be in close proximity to waterways. 2. Hertford County has a water plan in place and provides water service to many rural areas inside its jurisdiction. The county's policy is to seek outside funding when possible and commit limited local dollars when necessary to provide such services. NEO 3. Hertford County continues to encourage urban development within existing urban centers. 4. The county continues to monitor residential density and development to provide adequate services. The county feels current zoning and sanitary regulations are sufficient. The county also participates in a multi -county regional landfill that provides services to residents for a nominal fee. 5. Hertford County actively seeks out grant funding opportunities for neighborhood development, improvement, and revitalization. 6. Hertford County will support the siting of electric energy facilities that meet the requirements of the NC Utilities Commission, Hertford County Zoning regulations, and any applicable NC DENR requirements. 7. Hertford County will take a more active role in promoting tourism. 8. Hertford County supports efforts to locate outside funding for Public Access to Public Trust Waters through CAMA and other sources. Current Economic and Community Development Policies are effective and consistent with local regulations. However the planning team felt differentiation between certain types of intensive livestock operations are needed. The board feels that swine -based confined animal feeding operations do pose concern for water quality; poultry -based operations are of less concern as they do not use waste lagoons and usually do not have problems relating to large discharges of animal waste into surrounding waterways. 6.4 Continuing Public Participation 1. Citizen participation and input was requested and published for this Update. 2. Hertford County will make regular efforts to draw more public participation in land use planning. The policies are consistent, effective, and implemented for this topic. 6.5 Storm Hazard Mitigation, Post Disaster Recovery, and Evacuation Plans 1. Hertford County will consider the effects natural hazards may have on new development. All future capital. investment will be made with storm threats in mind. The county may consider acquiring lands in flood hazard areas. 2. The county will enforce all applicable regulations, building codes, and ordinances to limit and mitigate damage to private property in the event of a storm. 3. Reconstruction will be in conformance with existing building code, local ordinances, and State and Federal Laws. 57 4. Hertford County is considered a safe place during a hurricane and would act as a host county for evacuating coastal counties. Hertford County has been affected by hurricanes and flooding since the last Land Use Plan Update. The above policies are consistent and effective, but the damage experienced in many areas has forced the county to more closely monitor what and how certain areas may be built on. Many property owners participated in federal land buyouts to remove homes from floodplain areas. The county has also adopted a multi -hazard mitigation plan that aims to minimize disasters resulting from natural hazards. RM Part 3: Plan for the Future The "Plan for the Future" is designed to shape growth, development, and land use for Hertford County in the coming years. This section seeks to ensure that the plan achieves the community's and CAMA goals. The goal of this plan is to provide a framework for economic growth in Hertford County. The county actively seeks new residential, commercial and industrial development. As such, local residents need a plan that is as permissive as possible for new entities desiring to locate within the county. The county desires to conserve and protect its natural resources as much as possible, but will continue to encourage new development and recruit new industry that will bring much needed quality jobs and dollars to the county. Land Use and Development Goals: • Accommodation of new industry desiring to locate in Northeastern North Carolina. • Ensure that new industry desiring to locate in Hertford County is not turned away due to over restrictive local ordinances and regulations. • Provide a source of land for new residential and commercial development desiring to locate along the Chowan River. • Ensure that new development is done in a manner that will add value to the local economy. • Ensure that new development will not adversely affect protected lands, lands set aside for conservation, areas of environmental concern, or public trust waters. • Protection of the area's natural resources, particularly its public trust waters, wetlands, and forests. 59 Section VII: Land Use Plan Management Topics 7.1 Management Topic: Public Access Management Goal: Maximize public access to the beaches and the public trust waters of the coastal region. The objective of this topic is to develop comprehensive policies that provide beach and public trust water access opportunities for the public along the shoreline within the planning jurisdiction. There are currently six public access locations within or adjacent to Hertford County maintained by the NC Wildlife Resources Commission: Shoup's Landing, Tunis, Meherrin River, and Wiccacon Creek. Two additional sites along the Meherrin River are maintained by the NC Department of Coastal Management in Murfreesboro, and lastly, the Town of Winton maintains one public access site on the Chowan River. All Wildlife Resource Commission sites include access for boating. Shoup's Landing and the Meherrin River sites are handicapped - accessible. Hertford County has no areas targeted for Beach Nourishment. Public Access Policies 1. The county desires to see at least one (1) handicapped -accessible public access point, to include boat access, maintained within 10 miles of the county. 2. The county supports the maintenance, expansion, and improvement of current state owned and controlled public access sites within Hertford County. 3. Hertford County can not financially support any public access facility. However, the county does and will support CAMA-approved public access facilities supported by private entities, municipal governments within the county, and facilities owned and supported by the State of North Carolina. 4. Where land is suitable for access, new residential subdivisions containing more than 25 new lots will dedicate at least one (1) site to the subdivision community access. 5. New public access sites will comply with all ADA regulations and CAMA standards for construction. 6. The county will rely on state funding for all facets of maintenance and expansion of public access facilities located within the county. 7. The county will rely on private funding for all facilities owned by private entities, including non-profit organizations and community -owned access sites. 8. The county reserves the right to explore and obtain grant funding for projects relating to public access projects. 9. New bridging projects shall not cause public access points to be eliminated. If such a project does remove an access point, a new access point shall be created with similar or improved capacity and capability, as close as possible to the previous public access point. MH 7.2 Management Topic: Land Use Compatibility Management Goal: Ensure that development and use of resources or preservation of land minimizes direct and secondary environmental impacts, avoids risks to public health, safety, and welfare and is consistent with the capability of the land based on considerations of interactions of natural and manmade features. The objective of this topic is to ensure that local development policies balance the protection of natural resources with economic development. The policies are intended to provide clear direction to assist local decision making and consistency findings for zonings, divisions of land, and public and private projects. Land Use Compatibility Policies 10. Commercial and industrial uses shall be disallowed in areas set aside for conservation. 11. Development for non -water -dependent uses shall be located a minimum of 30 feet landward of the normal high water line or normal water level. 12. New residential subdivisions locating within 1000 feet of public trust waters and containing more than 50 lots will develop and implement a Stormwater Management Plan to minimize stormwater runoff into public trust waters. • See Part 3, Section Vill-Future Land Use Map for specifications and descriptions for Land -Use Categories. 62 7.3 Management Topic: Infrastructure Carrying Capacity Management Goal: Ensure that public infrastructure systems are appropriately sized, located, and managed so the quality and productivity of AECs and other fragile areas are protected or restored. The objective of this management topic is to establish level of service policies and criteria for infrastructure that is consistent with Part 2, Section 3.3 (Projections of Future Land Needs) of this document. Infrastructure Carrying Capacity Policies 13.The county shall continue to extend water service lines to rural areas of the county on an as needed basis such that the level of demand makes extension of service lines cost effective. 14. The county does not offer wastewater treatment services. The Towns of Ahoskie, Cofield, Murfreesboro, and Winton provide wastewater treatment to areas in and around town limits. 15. Land uses, density, and intensity shall be allowed at levels set by infrastructure available. The county will give special consideration to larger projects of 50 acres or more. 16. Wastewater treatment facilities (septic tanks, package treatment, or municipal service) shall be able to handle estimated needs once new development is completed and begins operation. 17. The county shall continue to participate in regional rural transportation planning organizations (RPOs) to develop and improve the county's transportation network. • See Future Land Use Map for Infrastructure Service Levels and Land Use Categories. 63 7.4 Management Topic: Natural Hazard Areas Management Goal: Conserve and maintain barrier dunes, beaches, flood plains, and other coastal features for their natural storm protection functions and their natural resources giving recognition to public health, safety, and welfare issues. The objective of this management topic is to develop policies that minimize threats to life property and natural resources resulting from development located in or adjacent to hazard areas. Hertford County and the region at large are usually, but not exclusively affected by high winds, flooding, and storm surges. Two -Lane North/South and East/West highway routes are present throughout the County. These routes lead to major, four -lane North/South and East/West Highways that are less than an hour away by car. The current road system is sufficient to handle an evacuation. The County is generally not affected by beach erosion. Natural Hazard Policies 18.The County has adopted and will periodically update their Hazard Mitigation Plan, which addresses a range of natural hazards in the county. The plan meets the standards of FEMA and the North Carolina Division of Emergency Management. Table 24 outlines the major goals of the Hertford County Hazard Mitigation Plan. Table 24 Goal Category Goal Goal Statement and Source New or Hazard Number Reference Existing Threat Goal? Addressed General 1 Reduce the risk of loss of life and Existing All personal injury from natural hazards (see Hertford County Emergency Operations Plan Future 2 Reduce the risk and impact of Existing All (primarily Development future natural disasters by flooding) regulating development in known high hazard areas (see Hertford County and local zoning and Comprehensive Plans, where extant Existing 3 Pursue funds to reduce the risk of New All (primarily Development natural hazards to existing flooding) developments where such hazards are clearly identified and the mitigation efforts are cost effective Redevelopment 4 Ensure that hazard mitigation is New All considered when redevelopment occurs after a natural disaster Public 5 Provide education to citizens that New All Education and empowers them to protect Outreach themselves and their families from natural hazards 64 19. The county has adopted the following policies as a part of achieving its Hazard Mitigation Goals: o Consider development and adoption (or update) of a Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) o Consider development (or update) of a Parks and Recreation Master Plan, incorporating purchase and development of flood - prone lands for recreational activities as a priority. o Consideration of Adoption or Refinement of a Capital Improvements Program (CIP) o Work with the North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) Division One Highway Operations unit and convene a working group (County -wide or local) to develop solutions to localized drainage issues caused (in part or in whole) by NCDOT maintained drainage facilities. o Review "Firewise" zoning and subdivision standards and report on their appropriateness for incorporation into existing (or new) zoning and subdivision ordinances. o Implement public education efforts designed to help inform the public of their exposure to natural hazards and to inform them of actions they can take to mitigate the damages to their health and property from natural hazards. 20.The County will continue to enforce its currently adopted range of policies and regulations, which include the State Building Code, County Zoning Ordinance, Subdivision Regulations, Mobile Home Park Ordinance, and CAMA Minor Use Permits. These policies and regulations will limit damage to private facilities in the event of a major catastrophic occurrence. 21. The County will continue to assess its existing Disaster Relief and Assistance Plan and update accordingly. 22. The County will continue to enforce the Flood Damage Prevention Ordinance to help mitigate risk from flooding. 23.The County is a participant in the National Flood Insurance Program. As such, Hertford County will continue its participation in the Community Rating System (CRS) and will strive to maintain or improve its CRS score to make the County safer from flood risk, and to reduce premiums for Federal Flood Insurance. 24. Due to the County's elevation (average elevation 72' above sea level), it seems unlikely that evacuation out of the County would be necessary. However, the County will continue to designate emergency shelters strategically located throughout the County. 25. The county will not allow development that would preclude efficient, timely and safe access to evacuation routes. 26. The County will consider Evacuation Plans as a part of its Comprehensive Transportation Planning Process. 65 7.5 Management Topic: Water Quality Management Goal: Maintain, protect, and where possible, enhance water quality in all coastal wetlands, rivers, streams, and estuaries. The objectives of this Management Goal are or adopt policies for coastal waters within the planning jurisdiction to help ensure that water quality is maintained if not impaired and improved if impaired. The policies listed below are designed to help prevent and control non -point source discharges into public trust waters. Shellfish waters are not present in Hertford County's planning jurisdiction. Water Quality Policies 27. Development for non -water -dependent uses shall be located a minimum of 30 feet landward of the normal high water line or normal water level. 28. All new development shall give consideration to conserving the biological, economic and social values of coastal wetlands, estuarine waters and public trust areas, and protect public rights of navigation and recreation in public trust areas. 29. Generally, development will not be permitted if it lowers water quality for any existing uses of the water (such as swimming, fishing, or drinking). 30. Development shall not significantly increase siltation or erosion, which can smother important habitats, block sunlight from aquatic plants, and choke fish. 31. Development shall not create a stagnant body of water, which can effect oxygen levels and accumulate sediments and pollutants that threaten fish and shellfish habitats and public health. 32.The County strongly encourages developers to maintain the County's natural hydrology, limit impervious surfaces, and treat/manage stormwater on site, as much as possible. 33.The major land use within Hertford County is forestland and agriculture. The County strongly encourages timber operators and farmers to employ accepted "best management practices" to minimize the impact of these operations on water quality. 34. The County will continue to support the State's Soil Erosion and Sedimentation Control Program and its Stormwater Management Program by requiring proper permits prior to the issuance of building permits. 7.6 Management Topic: Local Areas of Concern Management Goal: Integrate local concerns with the overall goals of CAMA in the context of land use planning. Planning Objective: This management topic seeks to identify and address issues that specifically affect Hertford County and its residents. Local Area of Concern: Need for additional "quality" jobs. 35. The County will continue funding the Hertford County Economic Development Commission as the lead local resource responsible for recruiting economic development and in turn, jobs to the county. 36.The County will continue to support and improve the local school and community college system. At the high school level, these institutions provide graduates who are literate, trainable, and ready to work. At the community college level, students graduate ready to work in skilled trades, pursue advanced degrees, or can return to the system for life-long, continuing education. Local Area of Concern: Reducing taxes while adequately providing necessary services. 37. The county will strive to recruit new residential, commercial, and industrial development that increases sales and property tax receipts. Local Area of Concern: Availability of adequate wastewater treatment facilities and infrastructure that can support current needs and accommodate future development. 38.The county will support efforts by its local municipalities to improve, expand, and extend wastewater treatment infrastructure and facilities once approved by State regulating agencies. Local Area of Concern: The County has a problem in some areas with improper solid waste disposal by private citizens, septic waste, abandoned cars and mobile homes, and junkyards. 39.The county shall continue to employ a code enforcement officer. 40.All appropriate ordinances relating to waste disposal, salvage operations, and junk vehicles shall be vigorously enforced. 41.The county shall implement a public awareness campaign if deemed necessary by county officials. Local Area of Concern: Agriculture's future and incorporation into Hertford County's growth and development plans. 42. Hertford County will continue to encourage farming throughout the county. 67 43.The county will support the siting of new and novel industries that will support local agriculture such as ethanol plants, bio-diesel plants, or research and development operations. A-11 Section VIII: Future Land Use Map • Future Land Use Map Developed Area Category (D): Areas within developed areas generally have access to full community services including water, sewer, waste removal, police and fire protection. These areas generally will fall within municipal corporate limits, Extraterritorial Jurisdictions, or along major transportation corridors. As such, this land use can support higher density (>500 persons/sq. mi.) residential, commercial, and industrial uses. Areas within the developed land use category shall be allowed a residential density of 5 units per acre with an average of 2 and 30% lot coverage. High Intensity Residential, Commercial, and Industrial uses shall be allowed. High intensity resource processing, waste disposal, electricity generation uses are allowed with proper screening and buffering. • Future Land Use Map Rural Development Area Category (RD): Areas within Rural Development areas generally have access to limited services such as county water, police, and fire protection. As such, land uses can not support a high density of uses with out extension of full municipal services. Rural Development areas are allowed a residential density of 2 units per acre with an average of 2 and 30% lot coverage. Medium Intensity (200-500 persons/sq. mi.) Residential Use is allowed as well as higher intensity commercial and industrial uses. Package treatment plants may be needed for wastewater disposal for commercial and industrial uses. High intensity resource processing, waste disposal, electricity generation, etc. uses are allowed with proper screening and buffering. Additionally, suitable infrastructure must be made available to handle water, wastewater, electricity, and transportation needs. If infrastructure cannot be made available, these uses should be disallowed. • Future Land Use Map Rural Area Category (R): Areas within the rural land use category generally have access to a very limited amount of services usually police and fire protection, and in some areas, access to county water. Rural areas are allowed a residential density of 1 unit per acre with an average of 1 and 30% lot coverage. Low Intensity (90-200 persons/sq. mi.) Residential Use, as well as high intensity Commercial, and Industrial uses are allowed. This district provides sites for single- family residential uses, incidental agricultural and recreational uses, as well as commercial and Industrial uses. High intensity resource processing, waste disposal, electricity generation, etc. uses are allowed with proper screening and buffering. Additionally, suitable infrastructure must be made available to handle water, wastewater, electricity, and transportation needs. If infrastructure cannot be made available, these uses should be disallowed. • Future Land Use Map Conservation Area Category (C): Conservation areas generally do not have access to services. This land use supports very low density (:S 90 persons/sq. mi.) residential construction, managed open space, agriculture, forestry, and public access/recreation areas. Conservation areas are allowed a density of 1 unit per 2 acres and no more than 10% lot coverage. • Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC): There is only one AEC designated within Hertford County, the Chowan River Shoreline. However, this AEC falls within all Future Land Use Map categories. Any development impacting the Chowan River Shoreline and Estuarine system AEC shall follow all applicable state and federal regulations, policies, and rules that pertain to any development requiring a CAMA permit. Appendix B, Map 11 shows the Future Land Use Map. 70 Part 4: Tools for Managing Development This section of the land use plan provides a strategy and action plan for implementing the Future Land Use Plan Map and the Growth and Development Policies contained in Sections VII and VIII. The following components are included: 1. A description of the role of the plan and the status of policies in the land use and development decisions of the planning area governments. 2. A description of the current development management program, including policies, ordinances, codes, and regulations and how it will be employed to implement the land use and development policies. 3. An action plan and schedule for implementing the plan. Section IX: Guide for Land -Use Decision Making The Hertford County Land Use Plan Update provides a framework to guide local government officials and citizens as they make day-to-day and long-term decisions affecting development. The land use plan serves as an overall "blueprint" for development of planning area that when implemented, should result in the most suitable and appropriate use of the land and protection of the area's natural systems. In addition to serving as a guide to the overall development of the planning area, the land use plan will be used by local, state, and federal officials in CAMA permitting decisions, project funding, and project consistency determinations. The CAMA legislation provides that no permit for development in Areas of Environmental Concern may be issued unless the proposed development is consistent with the local land use plan. State and local permit officers who implement the CAMA permitting program will evaluate consistency of proposed development with the local government policies contained in the plan and will use this information in permit determinations. Policies in the plan will also affect other state and federal consistency and funding decisions. In addition to its well-known use in CAMA permitting, an equally important use of the Hertford County Land Use Plan Update is the establishment of policy for both short-term and long-range planning. The plan will be used by the administrative staff and elected and appointed boards of the county, as well as property owners and citizens. These uses are described below. 71 9.1 Short-term or day-to-day functions These functions relate primarily to use of the plan by local government staff, planning boards, and elected boards in the administration of land use and development policies, such as zoning and subdivision regulation, and the public's understanding and use of these policies in development decisions affecting their own property. Property owners and developers will use the policies contained in the land use plan to determine the types of land uses and development that is desired by the community. They will use this information to design or formulate development proposals (such as rezoning requests, special use permits, and subdivision approvals) that are consistent with the land use plan, thus increasing chances for approval. The land use plan will also provide information to property owners to help them understand the capabilities and limitations of their property. Planning and development staff will review development proposals in light of policies contained in the land use plan. Staff will identify policies that support proposals or that are in conflict, and will point out those policies that carry the most weight. This information will be used by staff to formulate an overall response or recommendation to their respective planning boards and elected officials. The general public will use the plan to obtain information that will help them better understand development proposals in developing a position in favor or opposition to proposed development. The Planning Board will make individual determinations of the consistency of development proposals with the land use plan policies. Planning board members will consider staff recommendations, but may choose to give different weights to the land use plan policies. The Planning Board will then make recommendations to the Board of Commissioners for final approval of development requests. The elected boards will consider the policy interpretations of the petitioner, planning staff, planning board, and public comments by citizens in making its own policy interpretations and final decisions regarding proposals. 72 9.2 Long range functions These functions include providing a policy and decision guide to the planning boards and elected boards in developing new ordinances (tools) and amendments to existing ordinances to implement the land use and development policies. The land use plan itself is not a local ordinance or code. Other long-range functions include guidance in planning public expenditures for developing new capital improvement projects, such as new roads, water system extensions, or sewer systems. Additionally, the land use plan will be used to guide development of plans for projects that support implementation of the plan. The elected boards in the planning area will periodically review the implementation plan and make necessary adjustments based on changing community needs, budget considerations, and coordination with other projects. Section X: Existing Development Program The following section summarizes the various development management elements in place in Hertford County. The plans, ordinances, regulations, and policies in place within the planning area are typical of those found in Northeast North Carolina. The Hertford County Planning and Inspections Department and the County Public Health Authority has the major responsibility for coordinating the administration of the development management program and the implementation of the land use plan in the planning area. Table 25 (next page) provides a summary of the role that each of the ordinances and regulations plays in implementation of the land use plan. 73 Table 25 Tools for Managing Development 10.1 Implementation of Land Use Policy Ordinances public Access Land Use Infrastructure Carrying Hazard Water Quality Local Concern and Policies Compatibility CapacityMitigation North addresses specifies specifications Specifications Carolina State specifications services for connection for building in Building Code for public park required for to public water flood hazard buildings, specific uses, supply areas. Wind amenities, sets distance loads, fire walkways, requirements code. docks between buildin s Zoning Specifies lot Includes Flood Prohibit uses Ordinance coverage and Plain (FP) that would be land uses district. Limits detrimental to throughout the uses that water quality in planning area. would be AEC district. Prohibit uses in damaged by unsuitable flood waters areas. Junk Vehicle prohibits Junk Vehicle Ordinance storage of junk Concerns: vehicles in prohibits and unsuitable penalizes areas improper storage of junk/salvage motor vehicles 74 Table 25 Tools for Managing Development Implementation of Land Use Policy (Continued) Ordinances Public Land Use InfrastructureHazard Carrying Water Quality Local and Policies Access Compatibility CapacityMitigation Concern Subdivision Requires Review Review process Review Any Regulations waterfront process ensures new process subdivision access to ensures new subdivisions have ensures new disturbing subdivisions of subdivisions required subdivisions more than one more than 25 are in infrastructure.(wat are not overly acre of land lots located compliance er, sewer, exposed to must submit along water with Zoning electricity, flooding. Soil Erosion regulations, transportation) and and land use Sedimentation infrastructure Control Plans requirements. to mitigate Soil Erosion / Sedimentation Flood No hazardous New and all new and New septic Damage waste, replacement water substantially systems must Prevention chemical and sewer improved be located and Ordinance storage, or systems must structures constructed to salvage yards minimize the must meet minimize allowed in infiltration of flood flood impairment Flood Hazard waters ordinance and areas. standards. contamination from flooding. Manufactured regulation MHPs must Must comply Home Park / mandate all Mobile comply with with Soil Mobile Home Homes shall have FDPO Erosion and Regulations individual access Sedimentation to required Control servlces Regulations 10.2 Additional Tools The following items should be addressed by the Hertford County Planning Board and County Commissioners to ensure that the Land Use Plan Policies are consistent with Local Ordinances already in place. Zoning Ordinance Text Amendment The required text'amendment to the Zoning Ordinance should be the addition of a Conservation District to Article V of the Hertford County Zoning Ordinance. This district should have a minimum of allowable uses and such uses should include open space, forestry, public access/recreational uses, and very low density residential uses. More specifically, commercial and industrial uses shall be disallowed in the Conservation district. Lot sizes shall be set at a minimum of 43,000 square feet (1 acre). Official Zoning Map Amendment The Hertford County Official Zoning Map should be amended after the Zoning Ordinance Text amendment. Lands recently donated to the Nature Conservancy should be rezoned as Conservation Districts. Subdivision Ordinance Amendment The Hertford County Subdivision Ordinance should be updated to require subdivisions located within 1000 feet of public trust waters and containing more than 50 lots to develop a Stormwater Management Plan so that untreated Stormwater is not flowing into public waterways. The Hertford County Land Use Plan will not require any new local ordinances to be developed or any acquisitions of land, right of way, or easements. 10.3 Action Plan/Implementation Schedule Table 26 on the following page illustrates the proposed schedule for implementing the Comprehensive Land Use Plan Policies. Many of policies listed have already been implemented by existing regulations. 76 Table 26: Action Plan/ Schedule Policy Action 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 Reference FLUM Update Zoning XX Ordinance FLUM Update Zoning XX Ma 12 Update XX XX Subdivision Regulations 10, 11, Enforcement of 12,19,39,40 Zoning Continuous and Ongoing Ordinance 13,15 Extension of Rural Water Service Lines As Needed to new customers 18 Update Hazard Mitigation Plan As required by FEMA and NC Dept. of Emergency Mgmt. 19 Enforcement of State Building Continuous and Ongoing Codes 19 Enforcement of Mobile Home Continuous and Ongoing Park Ordinance 3,4,7,8,19,27- Issuance of 34 CAMA minor As needed and applied for per its -1 7 7 77 Policy Action 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 21 Enforcement of the Flood Continuous and Damage Ongoing Prevention Ordinance 35 Funding of the Hertford County XX XX XX XX XX XX Economic Development Commission 36 Funding of the local school XX XX XX XX XX XX and community college system 35,37 Recruitment of new , residential, XX XX XX XX XX XX commercial, and industrial development 41 Solid Waste, Junk Vehicle public As needed awareness campaign ALL Implementation Review / Update XX XX Necessary Components 78 Appendix A: Policy Analysis Tools 79 Public Access (Table 271 Policy Benchmarks -Indicate whether the policy is Beneficial(B), Neutral(N), or Detrimental(D) Infrastructure Management Public Access Land Use Carrying Natural Water Quality Local Areas of Topic Compatibility Capacity Hazard Areas Concern more planned access • reduction in habitat • water, sewer, and • land uses and • land use and • per capita income locations loss and fragmentation other key community development patterns development criteria rises to within 10% of related to impacts of facilities and services that reduce and measures that state average. • upgrades to existing land use and being available in vulnerability to natural abate impacts that • increase in municipal access locations development required locations at hazards degrade water quality wastewater treatment adequate capacities to capacity increase pedestrian -reduction of water support planned • land uses and new access resource and water community growth and development patterns quality degradation development patterns that take into account comply with state the existing and access standards to • balance growth • during construction of planned capacity of enhance opportunities demands with infrastructure systems, evacuation for state funding protection of the AECs and other fragile infrastructure environment areas should be protected - minimize development in transportation floodplains, AECs, improvements should wetlands, and other support the efficiency fragile areas of traffic flow and Policies pedestrian safety Public Access 1. N N N N N N 2. B N N N N N 3. N N N N N N 4. B B N N N N 5. B N N N N N 6. N N N N N N 7. N N N N N N 8. B N N N N N 9. B N N N N N Land Use Compatibility/Infrastructure Carrvina Canacitv (Table 281 Policy Benchmarks -Indicate whether the policy is Beneficial(B), Neutral(N), or Detrimental(D) Management Public Land Use InfrastructureNatural Carrying Water Quality Local Areas Topic Access Compatibility Capacity Hazard Areas of Concern more planned • reduction in habitat • water, sewer, and • land uses and • land use and • per capita income access locations loss and fragmentation other key community development patterns development criteria rises to within 10% of related to impacts of facilities and services that reduce and measures that state average. • upgrades to existing land use and being available in vulnerability to natural abate impacts that • increase in municipal access locations development required locations at hazards degrade water quality wastewater treatment adequate capacities to capacity increase pedestrian -reduction of water support planned - land uses and access resource and water community growth and development patterns quality degradation development patterns that take into account comply with state the existing and access standards to • balance growth • during construction of planned capacity of enhance opportunities demands with infrastructure systems, evacuation for state funding protection of the AECs and other fragile infrastructure environment areas should be protected • minimize development in transportation floodplains, AECs, improvements should wetlands, and other support the efficiency fragile areas of traffic flow and Policies pedestrian safety Land Use Compatibility 10. N B B B B B 11. N B B B B N 12. N B N B B N Infrastructure Carrying Capacity 13. N N B N B B 14. N N N N N N 15. N B B N N N 16. N B B N B B 17. B N B N N N 81 Natural Hazard Areas (Table 291 Policy Benchmarks -Indicate whether the policy is Beneficial(B), Neutral(N), or Detrimental(D) Infrastructure Land Use Natural Local Areas of Management Public Access Carrying Water Quality Compatibility Hazard Areas Concern Topic Capacity more planned access • reduction in habitat • water, sewer, and • land uses and • land use and • per capita income locations loss and fragmentation other key community development patterns development criteria rises to within 10% of related to impacts of facilities and services that reduce and measures that state average. • upgrades to existing land use and being available in vulnerability to natural abate impacts that • increase in municipal access locations development required locations at hazards degrade water quality wastewater treatment adequate capacities to capacity increase pedestrian -reduction of water support planned • land uses and access resource and water community growth and development patterns quality degradation development patterns that take into account comply with state the existing and access standards to • balance growth • during construction of planned capacity of enhance opportunities demands with infrastructure systems, evacuation for state funding protection of the AECs and other fragile infrastructure environment areas should be protected • minimize development in transportation floodplains, AECs, improvements should wetlands, and other support the efficiency fragile areas of traffic flow and Policies pedestrian safety Natural Hazard Areas 18. N B N B B N 19. N N N N N N 20. N B B B B N 21. N N N B N N 22. N N B B N N 23. N N N B N N 24. N N N N N N 25. N N B N N N 26. N N N N N N RN Water Qualitv (Table 30) Policy Benchmarks -Indicate whether the policy is Beneficial(B), Neutral(N), or Detrimental(D) Infrastructure Management Public Access Land Use Carrying Natural Water Quality Local Areas of Topic Compatibility Capacity Hazard Areas Concern - more planned access • reduction in habitat • water, sewer, and • land uses and • land use and • per capita income locations loss and fragmentation other key community development patterns development criteria rises to within 10% of related to impacts of facilities and services that reduce and measures that state average. • upgrades to existing land use and being available in vulnerability to natural abate impacts that • increase in municipal access locations development required locations at hazards degrade water quality wastewater treatment adequate capacities to capacity increase pedestrian -reduction of water support planned • land uses and access resource and water community growth and development patterns quality degradation development patterns that take into account comply with state the existing and access standards to • balance growth • during construction of planned capacity of enhance opportunities demands with infrastructure systems, evacuation for state funding protection of the AECs and other fragile infrastructure environment areas should be protected minimize development in - transportation floodplains, AECs, improvements should wetlands, and other support the efficiency fragile areas of traffic flow and Policies pedestrian safety Water Quality 27. N B N B B N 28. B B B B B N 29. B B B N B N 30. N B N B B N 31. N B N N B N 32. N B B B B N 33. N B B B B I N 34. N B B N B I N 83 Local Areas of Concern (Table 31) Policy Benchmarks -Indicate whether the policy is Beneficial(B), Neutral(N), or Detrimental(D) Infrastructure Management Public Access Land Use Carrying Natural Water Quality Local Areas of Compatibility Hazard Areas Concern Topic Capacity more planned access • reduction in habitat • water, sewer, and • land uses and • land use and • per capita income locations loss and fragmentation other key community development patterns development criteria rises to within 10% of related to impacts of facilities and services that reduce and measures that state average. • upgrades to existing land use and being available in vulnerability to natural abate impacts that • increase in municipal access locations development required locations at hazards degrade water quality wastewater treatment adequate capacities to capacity increase pedestrian -reduction of water support planned • land uses and access resource and water community growth and development patterns quality degradation development patterns that take into account comply with state the existing and access standards to • balance growth • during construction of planned capacity of enhance opportunities demands with infrastructure systems, evacuation for state funding protection of the AECs and other fragile infrastructure environment areas should be protected • minimize development in transportation floodplains, AECs, improvements should wetlands, and other support the efficiency fragile areas of traffic flow and Policies pedestrian safety Local Areas of Concern 35. N N N N N B 36. N N N N N B 37. N N N N N B 38. N N N N N B 39. N B B B B B 40. N B N N B B 41. N N N N N B 42. N N N N N B 43. N N N N N N 84 Future Land Use Plan / Zoning Compatibility Matrix (Table 32) Future Land Use Plan Compatibility Matrix Consistency Review of Future Land Use Map Designations and Existing Zoning Districts for Unincorporated Hertford County ZONING DISTRICTS RA20 RRC RB IH FP IL CH AP Minimum Lot Size' (sq. 5 ft.: 30,000 30,000 none none acres none 5,000 30,000 Maximum Lot Coverage" (sq. 40 "generally consistent' "conditionally e consistent" X "inconsistent' "not applicable" 85 Comparison of Land Allocated in the Future.Land Use Map and Projected Needs (Table 33) A B C D Undeveloped Land Total Additional Future Land Total Acreage Existing Developed Within Each Acres for Use Allocated to Each Acreage Within Classification Development Based Classification Land Classification Each Classification A —B on Land Need Developed (D) 15,973 7,460 8,513 150 Rural Developed (RD) 65,978 27,424 38,554 645 Rural (R) 128,387 181849 109,538 1,850 Conservation (C) 8,842 0 8,842 150 Municipally Controlled 7,759 7759 na na Total 226,937 61,492 165,447 2,795 Comparison of Undeveloped Land Allocated in the Future Land Use Map and What Policy Accommodates (Table 34) Future Land Use Classification Undeveloped Land Within Each Classification Units per Policy Total Additional Acres for Development Based on Projected Land Need Table 24, Column D Developed (D) 8,513 5 150 Rural Developed (RD) 38,554 2 645 Rural (R) 109,538 1 1,850 Conservation (C) 8,842 .5 150 Totals 1165,447 2,795 87 Development Projections (Table 35) Future Land Use Estimated Buildable Average Developed Maximum Projected Map Classification Acreage Units per Acre Developed Units* Developed (D) 8,513 2 17,026* Rural Developed 38,554 1 38,554* RD Rural (R) 109,538 1 109,538* Conservation (C) 8,842 .5 4,421 * Totals 169,539* *Footnote and Assumptions: 169,539 new developed units is a highly unlikely scenario for development within Hertford County. It would be entirely unfeasible for Hertford County's current utility infrastructure to support such growth. As such, this study projects growth at approximately 1 % of Maximum Projected Developed Units. This would be around 1,690 new developed units. Water Demand Projections (Table 36) Development Type Number of New Average Water Projected water Units Usage Projection per demand Unit Gallons per day d Residential 1503 200 gpd 300,600 89% of Total Commercial 170 500 gpd 850,000 10% of Total Industrial 17 5,000 gpd 850,000 1 % of Total Total 1690 2,000,6000 Note: This table uses the assumptions from Table 35 above. As the projected water demand shows, even a 1 % buildout of the maximum allowed development would significantly impact Hertford County water systems. Additional sources of water would need to be provided through other local governments or new wells. Hertford County does not currently provide wastewater treatment EM Appendix B: Maps [PLACEHOLDER] Map 1- Hydrology .E Prepared by Matt Spicer Mid -East Commission PO Box 1787 Y , Washington, NC 27889 - 030102041$0010'� 1-- 03010y0302001,0 Tim Ware, Executive Director Eddy D avis, P Ion ning D irector April8,2006._„Y This map represents a compilet ion of Information from multiple souroes, r, �r -[1-10203030020 and at different scales, vofiich may result in i noo ns isten d es, am ong the features represented on this map. The Mid -East Commission assumes licclo no responsibility for the accuracy of the source inform ati on.03 ++ i i 0 (010204�,,,100 a f M urfre sboto 1 030102 10030 , 03010204200010 �94210040 0203 Hertford County, North Carolina Natural Systems Analysis 14-Digit Hydrological Unit Boundaries 010203060 03010203050020 , UJ ,_Q30-10203050030 f _ Ahor 020305�11-`. Ir �` 2R306 020 �"� 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 15 Miles YYr * 1 r.. Legend hest water_poly Hydrologic Unit Boundary - - Creek s,Tributaries ie< 03010-20300010 1 i— i 0301020310001 _ti A � ~03010203Q90015 The preparation ofthis map wasfinanced in part, through a grant provided bythe North Carolina Coastal Management Program,through the funds provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, - National Oceanic and AtmosphericAdministration. Prepared by: ° =°, Hertford County North Carolina Matt Spicer ' Mid -East Commission �;;,1 PO Box 1787 Washington, NC 27889 03010204180010 03°'°203°2°°'° Natural Systems Analysis Tim Ware, Executive Director Eddy Davis, Planning Director ■ ■ ■ ■ Thism pre Soils -Septic Limitations This map represents a compilation of information from multiple source . and at different scales, which may result in inconsistencies among the features represented on this map. The Mid -East Commission assume no responsibility for the accuracy of the source information. C o�.o,ozo3oaoo-y a " 1'75 l 030t 180030 � � 03010204180020 V us �5a Murfreesbo 0 Le{/,',��end Severe Moderate Slight l US .15g M Win The preparation of this map was financed in part, through a grant provided by the North Carolina 0 30 102134-10040 \ Coastal Management Program, through the funds e30,o2042,0030 provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, 030102030 30\ National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Co ' d 4� 0 0203060040 03010203060020 030102042000,0 �o� �s ` \ NC -56' 41C•S6j 03010203090010 arrellsville {Il A skie �YC.�OS 4C.g2 Nc-50 1 0030 U3010203060030 M01O203050011 �V u>i I0:10309001i �� c 03010203060020 j 0 1.25 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 009 Miles Prepared by: Matt Spicer Mid -East Commission�� PO Box1787 z Washington, NC 27889— i i r y Tim Ware, Executive Director Davis. Planning Director Eddy April 8. 2006 ; This map represents a compilation of Information from multiple sources, and at different scales, which may result in inconsistencies among the `%. fbFr10 features represented on this map. The Mid -East Commission assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the source information. Murfreesboro - > _-7-L - - Winton v. v Hertford County, North Carolina , Natural Systems Analysis Storm Surge and Flood Hazard Areas 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 15 Miles Legend Flood Hazard - storm Surge Areas 14-Digit Hydrological Units Creeks,Tributaries The preparation of this map was financed in part, through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through the funds provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. WZP�11z"iff Prepared by: f (V 1p2012 0010 Matt Spicer /� . - �" \ •�' 1 Mid -East Commission u , PO Box1787 SS�, g 031710 04180 '� j '� 0301 030200 • ��"� Washington, NC 27889 � Tim Ware, Executive Director Eddy Davis, Planning Director April 7. 2006 This map represents a compilation of information from multiple sources, j and at different scales, which may result In Inconsistencies among the f� features represented on this map. The Mid -East Commission assumes -caffio no responsibility for the accuracy of the source information. ,t Hertford County, North Carolina Natural Systems Analysis Wetlands 0301020418002 .- _ \ Legend ees ro f a 1 � ` Riverine Swamp Forest -Drained Riverene Swamp Forest N a,: Managed Pineland ®freshwater Marsh - Bottomland Hardwood Depressional Swamp Forest --� Headwater Swamp Human Impacted LJ j� '1-•'s,� Hardwood Flat Drained Hardwood Flat * \) 9 f Drained Bottomland Hardwood n �3oi0 2 oao , J .03^K2 10030 ` I , - r I ° t03i6II0203 0030 1 t Coffeld all, J r r i o3010203 N\ 03010 03050020 VIAL .ter �030102g'4200p1Ile Af r ` Ahoske i �r s . 03010203050030 1020 as k 1f - 120310 10 r 03010305 I ' 20v � ` �: f � � * �r � - ` 03010203090010 f 1 , 030102 20 i The preparation of this map was financed in part, through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through the funds 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 15 provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by Miles the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, CAMA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. -- ----' Prepared by: - - — oso,o Matt Spicer ;- _ gjjp o, zoe,o Mid -East Commission ,. ; . 1 PO Box 1787 - ` '4 Washington, NC 27889 03010204180010 03010203020010 Tim Ware, Executive Directory Eddy Davis, Planning Director April 6,2006 This map represents a compilation of information from } c ,o multiple sources, and at different scales, which may result in inconsistencies among the features represented on this 03010 3 map. The Mid -East Commission assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the source information. Hertford County, North Carolina Environmental Composite Map a"°ar,t Class I- Land containg only minima hazards and having only slight limitations that may be Legend addressed by sound land 030, 0204,80020 a _.,_ : ,.-_.�° •, �._ planning and development Class I practices. Wrfreesboro eesboro -- '1 Class II Class II- Land containing development hazards and limitations that ?Y 5U �S�SyS Class III may be addressed by methods such as restrictions on types of s, 14-Digit HU land uses, special site planning, i or provision of public services. W on — Class III- Land containing serious hazards 03010204210040 030102042,003o for development or lands where impacts of development would 03010203030030 cause serious damage to the values of natural systems. � ry m River — co Jc t , F 6 .t H2O,AnY A 0 02030601 j 'y ,, 03010203050020 't'.� �•'\ i.� ,.f' �Y\ 03010204200010 •+ taI ) a--� Ahoskie - 11 Stove HiulnvaY 56' Ha t 0301 20 10 7" r t t oskle �. ty state State Hiq> Y 42 03010203050030 03010203060030 03010203050011 i P oO� eb�0 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 15 Miles 1 s v 030101-03060021 x. 030102030600 The preparation of this map was financed in part, through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through the funds provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 03010203 % 11 Prepared by: Matt Spicer Mid -East Commission PO Box 1787 Washington, NC 27889 Tim Ware, Executive Director Eddy Davis, Planning Director March 2006 This map represents a compilalon of Information from multiple sources, and at different scales, which may result in inconsistencies among the features represented on this map. The Mid -East Commission assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the source Information. N f� r USy9hwa 1Sa6y� rr. 1 , wy r s 4W►► R Hertford County, North Carolina Natural Systems Analysis Land Use and Development Development LAND USE LAND CLASS - High Intensity Developed RESIDENTIAL J CONSERVATION i Low Intensity Developed -COMMERCIAL COMMUNITY - INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPED - TRANS-UTIL-COM 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 15 Miles RIM The preparation of this map was financed in part, through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through the funds provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. CA jA Prepared by: Matt Spicer Mid -East Commission PO Box 1787 Washington, NC 27889 Tim Ware, Executive Director Eddy Davis. Planning Director April 8, 2006 This map represents a compilation of information from multiple sources` and at different scales. which may result in inconsistencies among the features represented on this map. The Mid -East Commission assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the source information. N k30S 6_11 NC-561 ,Po6a NC " us.fsa 4 n > �1 11lJ 1 t•'l 11 NC-561 G Hertford County, North Carolina Analysis of Land Use and Development Institutional Sites and Confined Animal Feeding Operations 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 15 Miles Legend State Owned Complexes gPublic Schools lilt Private Schools Post Secondary Schools ® Hospital (ntl Confined Animal Feeding Operation (CAFO) River` q U Z (n_l The preparation of this map was financed in part. through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through the funds provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Act of 1972, as amended. which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management. An National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. 4 I Prepared by: k ` Matt Spicer Mid -East Commission I PC Box 1787 Washington, NC 27889 Tim Ware, Executive Director Eddy Davis, Planning Director April 11, 2006 - v This map represents a compilation of information from multiple sources and at different scales, which may result in inconsistencies among then y features represented on this map. The Mid -East Commission assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the source information. __ Ilk N Murfreesboro { Aw M ' ' -- 40 V rn 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 15 Miles Hertford County, North Carolina Analysis of Land Use and Development Land Use and Land Cover Legend - AGRICULTURE DEVELOPED GRASSLAND The preparation of this map was financed in part, through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through the funds provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Act of 1972. as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. e- nd13 a s ach Prepared by: , Hertford County North Carolina Matt Spicer Mid -East Commission won s PO Box 1787 Mill Ne; k Washington, NC 27889 Tim Ware, Executive Director cf" Transportation Network Eddy Davis, Planning Director April 7, 2006 This map represents a compilation of information from multiple sources, and at different scales, which may result in inconsistencies among the features represented on this map. The Mid -East Commission assume no responsibility for the accuracy of the source information. v 0 a r - 1759 _ Legend No Major Roads / Arterial Routes Secondary Roads / Collector Routes Rail Lines dew [ Incorporated Areas Woodrow s Wool ��w Vinson Mill a The preparation of this map was financed in part, e `eyahw through a grant provided by the North Carolina \1*U9nnt0wn ay 7 Coastal Management Program, through the funds provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management •a�ero,, \ Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. o _ •`t � t% i Rig o m� j _� _ �r—�. m J C C &IRo n �e � Liverman Mttt � Ua61 Osi Ole e m n0ie Sry °hr7a �iy, 0 mate � 11 C V7 P/ Baker 3-Z' m �ogd Lee Nemmond C-561 1 / e Harrellsvlll s - g{ iOM� F C,�1t 0 �C•,aop �µa E G °2 NC•561 c 3. c a Yll SrBr9 c N°llw+ell ♦'� � Mary ey3os ' �U I 017) C75 ^C p m Hier HoWerA �` a 6 Rew/a t-a"st°w" P � Wafc1 NOrIDn'C, N ec\J K Gdr -- � 0 1.5 3 6 � 9 12 15 Miles`"' A n a n rL ; A. 231 n2,i_i— Prepared by: Matt Spicer Mid -East Commission PO Box 1787 Washington. NC 27889 Tim Ware, Executive Director 03010204180010 Eddy Davis, Planning Director April 8, 2006 This map represents a compilation of information from multiple source . and at different scales, which may result in inconsistencies among the features represented on this map. The Mid -East Commission assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the source information. The preparation of this map was financed in part, through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through the funds provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Manageme National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. x O k N 03010204180@�0, M r w F '7-t D3010204210030 03010204200010 NG-56, 03010203050011 i' 0 03010203020010 1010203120010 C 0301=3 ry5e wi 03010204210040 ,� 0301020305002U NC�S6 7 A skie NC •561 Hertford County, North Carolina Land Development Suitability rR/�erRtl u 03010203060020 0 1.25 2.5 5 7.5 10 12.5 Miles Legend High Suitability , k Low Suitability 3060040 N 111 cV S arrellsville 03010203060030 03010_03090010 4 020310 10 03010,0309 Q U z Mm-awar �. Prepared by: Matt Spicer i n Mid -East Commission PO Box 1787 Washington, NC 27889 03010204180010 Tim Ware.Director Eddy Davis. Planning g Director August 16. 2006 This map represents a compilation of Information from multiple sources. and at different scales, which may result In Inconsistencies among the features represented on this map. The Mid -East Commission assumes no responsibility for the accuracy of the source Information. The preparation of this map was financed in part, through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through the funds provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administereoy' ti the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. I --"0410201220010 -_ 03011 r t C a glb \-t US.1$g 03010204210040 03010204210030 NC-5 Hertford County, North Carolina Future Land Use Map Legend i DEVELOPED — RURAL DEVELOPMENT J RURAL CONSERVATION Land Use Category Descriptions Developed:: High Density Land Uses, Full Services. Growth District. Rural Development: Medium Density Land Uses, Limited Services and Infrastructure. Growth District. Rural: Low Density Land Uses. Limited Services and Infrastrucuture. Growth District Conservation: Very Low Density Residential. Managed Open Space, Forestry, Agriculture, and Public Access. 'Seethe Official Zoning Map for more specific land use requirements. arrellsv 61 03010203060030 0300203050041' r 03010203060020-- _ 0 1.5 3 6 9 12 15 Miles 1 03010203090010 f k s `a �t 030j0203100[ 03010203090015 � Z� 'D' CAMA Appendix C: Policy/Implementing Action Definitions of Common Terms Should: An officially adopted course or method of action intended to be followed to implement the community goals. Though not mandatory as "shall," it is still an obligatory course of action unless clear reasons can be identified that an exception is warranted. County staff and Planning Board involved at all levels from planning to implementation. Continue: Follow past and present procedures to maintain desired goal, usually with County staff involved at all levels from planning to implementation. 3. Encourage: Foster the desired goal through County policies. This could involve County financial assistance. Enhance: Improve current goal to a desired state through the use of policies and County staff at all levels of planning. This could include financial support. Identify: Catalog and confirm resource or desired item(s) through the use of County staff and actions. Implement: Actions to guide the accomplishment of the Plan recommendations. Maintain: Keep in good condition the desired state of affairs through the use of County policies and staff. Financial assistance should be provided if needed. Prevent: Stop described event through the use of appropriate County policies, staff actions, Planning Board actions, and County finances, if needed. Promote: Advance the desired state through the use of County policies and Planning Boards and staff activity at all levels of planning. This may include financial support. Protect: Guard against a deterioration of the desired state through the use of County policies, staff, and, if needed, financial assistance. Provide: Take the lead role in supplying the needed financial and staff support to achieve the desired goal. The County is typically involved in all aspects from planning to implementation to maintenance. Strengthen: Improve and reinforce the desired goal through the use of County policies, staff, and, if necessary, financial assistance. Support: Supply the needed staff support, policies, and financial assistance at all levels to achieve the desired goal. Work: Cooperate and act in a manner through the use of County staff, actions, and policies to create the desired goal. 101 Town of Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Update ' TABLE OF CONTENTS I Paae Overview 1 IPART 1. Community Concerns and Aspirations —Planning Vision Concerns and Issues 4 Our Vision— Emerald Isle in the Future 6 IPART 2. Analysis of Existing and Emerging Conditions 'i Section I Population, Housing, and Economy 11 1.1 Population 11 1.2 Housing characteristics and trends 15 1.3 Emerald Isle's economy 18 1.4 Population projections 20 Analysis Section II Natural Systems Anal y 22 2.1 Areas of environmental concern 22 2.2 Soils 28 2.3 Natural and Manmade Hazards 29 2.4 Non -coastal wetlands 30 2.5 Fragile areas 31 2.6 Environmental composite map 32 2.7 Summary environmental conditions 33 Section III Analysis of Existing Land Use 38 3.1 Developed land . 39 3.2 Land use conflicts - Bogue Field impacts 41 3.3 Development trends 43 3.4 Existing zoning 43 1 i 11 3.5 Residential land needs projections 44 Section IV Analysis of Community Facilities 47 4.1 Public water supply and distribution 47 4.2 Wastewater Treatment Facilities 48 4.3 Transportation 50 4.4 Stormwater systems 51 4.5 Public access and recreation facilities 55 Section V Land Suitability Analysis 58 Section VI Review of Current Land Use Policies 60 6.1 CAMA plan policies 60 6.2 Review of hazard mitigation policies 63 Goals Policies and Future Land Use Ma PART 3 Land Use Plan— P 65 Growth and Development Goals 65 Emerald Isle's Future Land Use and Development Policies 66 1.0 Public access 67 2.0 Land use compatibility 69 3.0 Infrastructure carrying capacity 71 4.0 Natural and manmade hazards 5.0 Water quality 74 77 6.0 Local concerns— small town atmosphere 79 ` Future Land Use Map and Classifications 83 Part 4 Tools for Managing Development 93 Role and Status of Plan 93 Existing Development Management Program 94 New Tools/Reviews and Amendments/Projects 98 Action Plan 100 Appendix 1 Required Policy Analysis 101 Consistency of Plan with Management Topics 101 Analysis of the Impact of Policies on Management Topics 104 y H I Appendix 2 Citizen Participation Process 105 Maps follows page Composite Environmental Map 32 Existing Land Use Map 41 Future Land Use Map 83 The plan makes reference to the following maps, which are available in the Department of Planning and Inspections. Estuarine Systems Map Coastal and Non -coastal Wetlands Map Natural Hazards Map Fragile Areas Map Building Permit Locations Flood Insurance Program Repetitive Losses Bogue Field - Accident Potential Areas Bogue Field - Noise Impact Areas BBWC Well Site Locations Highway 58 Corridor Proposed Pathway System Potential Pollution Sources - Bogue Sound Beach and Sound Access Locations Land Suitability Analysis I A LJ Town of Emerald Isle ' CAMA Land Use Plan Update i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Overview 1 IPART 1. Community Concerns and Aspirations —Planning Vision Concerns and Issues 4 Our Vision— Emerald Isle in the Future 6 IPART 2. Analysis of Existing and Emerging Conditions Section I Population, Housing, and Economy 11 1.1 Population 11 1.2 Housing characteristics and trends 15 1.3 Emerald Isle's economy 18 1.4 Population projections 20 Section II Natural Systems Analysis 22 2.1 Areas of environmental concern 22 2.2 Soils 28 2.3 Natural and Manmade Hazards 29 2.4 Non -coastal wetlands 30 2.5 Fragile areas 31 2.6 Environmental composite map 32 2.7 Summary environmental conditions 33 Section III Analysis of Existing Land Use 38 3.1 Developed land . 39 3.2 Land use conflicts - Bogue Field impacts 41 3.3 Development trends 43 3.4 Existing zoning 43 3.5 Residential land needs projections 44 Section IV Analysis of Community Facilities 47 4.1 Public water supply and distribution 47 4.2 Wastewater Treatment Facilities 48 4.3 Transportation 50 4.4 Stormwater systems 51 4.5 Public access and recreation facilities 55 Section V Land Suitability Analysis 58 Section VI Review of Current Land Use Policies 60 6.1 CAMA plan policies 60 6.2 Review of hazard mitigation policies 63 PART 3 Land Use Plan— Goals, Policies, and Future Land Use Map 65 Growth and Development Goals 65 Emerald Isle's Future Land Use and Development Policies 66 1.0 Public access 67 2.0 Land use compatibility 69 3.0 Infrastructure carrying capacity 71 4.0 Natural and manmade hazards 74 5.0 Water quality 77 6.0 Local concerns— small town atmosphere 79 Future Land Use Map and Classifications 83 Part 4 Tools for Managing Development 93 Role and Status of Plan 93 Existing Development Management Program 94 New Tools/Reviews and Amendments/Projects 98 Action Plan 100 Appendix 1 Required Policy Analysis 101 Consistency of Plan with Management Topics 101 Analysis of the Impact of Policies on Management Topics 104 Appendix 2 Citizen Participation Process 105 Maps follows page Composite Environmental Map 32 Existing Land Use Map 41 Future Land Use Map 83 The Ian makes reference to the following s which are available in P 9 maps, the Department of Planning and Inspections. Estuarine Systems Map Coastal and Non -coastal Wetlands Map Natural Hazards Map Fragile Areas Map Building Permit Locations Flood Insurance Program Repetitive Losses Bogue Field - Accident Potential Areas Bogue Field - Noise Impact Areas BBWC Well Site Locations Highway 58 Corridor Proposed Pathway System Potential Pollution Sources - Bogue Sound Beach and Sound Access Locations Land Suitability Analysis 1 A Town of Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Update Overview Emerald Isle is a rapidly growing community in terms of both permanent and seasonal population. The town's peak population during the summer will grow to nearly 50,000 during the 20-year planning horizon. The CAMA Land Use Plan is one of the major tools that the community will use to manage this growth. The plan will help the Town ensure that new development and new land uses are compatible with its small town atmosphere; the plan will help the Town plan for essential services to meet the needs of its permanent and seasonal population; and it will help protect the essential coastal resources that define the community's life style. The Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan will serve both day-to-day and long-range functions. The day-to-day functions relate primarily to the Town's administration of its development management ordinances and the public's understanding and use of these ordinances for land use and development decisions regarding their own property. For the Board of Commissioners, the Plan will be a policy and decision guide on matters related to land use and land development in Emerald Isle. It will not have the status of a local ordinance or code, but the policies and the future land use map will guide decisions on applicable ordinances and policies such as the zoning ordinance and subdivision regulations. The plan will also be used in the Board of Commissioners' decision -making on the Town's capital and annual operating budget. The town's residents and property owners played a major role in the development of the plan, its policies, and the future land use map. Opportunities for citizens to participate in the planning process included a community workshop, two community open houses, and a community opinion survey. As a result, the plan addresses the community's land use and development concerns and closely mirrors the aspirations of residents 1 1 and property owners. Details on the results of the citizen participation process are shown in Appendix 2. The plan includes four components: 1. Description of community concerns and aspirations and a community planning vision. Discussion of this plan component begins on page 4. It includes a sketch of the growth and development -related issues in Emerald that emerged from the extensive citizen participation process. It also includes the planning vision that provides a valuable foundation for land use and development goals and the policies for growth and development. 2. Analysis of existing and emerging trends. This component of the plan, which begins on page 11, provides the technical basis for policy development. It includes trends and forecasts of population, housing and the local economy; it details the opportunities and limitations presented by the town's natural systems; the discussion and analysis addresses existing land use and recent trends; and it provides information on important community facilities. An analysis of land suitability synthesizes this information. 3. Land use goals and policies. The town's land use and development goals are found on page 66. These goals evolved directly from the town's planning vision and they provide a road map for working toward the planning. The land use and development policies, which begin on page 67, provide specific on guidance on decisions, programs, and projects to help the town achieve its goals. 4. Tools for managing development. This component begins on page 94. It outlines Emerald Isle's strategy and action plan for implementing its land use policies, including modifications to its current land use and development ordinances. A I I [7 The plan includes an extensive analysis to determine the consistency of I the land use policies and the future land use map with the goals of the coastal area management act and the CRC's land use management t topics. The analysis concludes that there is a high level of consistency. Appendix 1 provides detailed information on this analysis. Advanced Core Plan. This Land Use Plan is classified as an Advanced Core Plan. As such, it exceeds the core CAMA planning requirements in two major areas. First, the Town recognizes the important relationship between storm water management and water quality. The plan includes a significantly higher degree of analysis of existing storm water and drainage issues and problems. This analysis is summarized in Section 4.4, page 51 and it identified 4 types of stormwater issues related to pollution of the sound: (1) Closed storm drain systems in older developments that transmit runoff to the sound without significant removal of sediments and pollutants; (2) Drainage systems installed along Emerald Drive, mainly in the eastern areas, that carry runoff directly to the sound; (3) Street ends, often badly eroded, that carry runoff from Emerald Drive to the sound; and ' (4) Runoff from lawns that often carries sediment and nutrients into adjacent surface waters. The Town will address these issues within the context of a Stormwater Management Program. The plan also focuses on the hazards associated with land use and development on Bogue Banks. In addition to the typical natural hazard issues, the plan contains extensive analysis of the hazards and nuisances associated with aircraft operations and Bogue Field and the policies include a strategy to address them. Finally, the Town Is Involved In major beach nourishment and Inlet realignment projects that are designed to mitigate hazards associated with storms and to protect fragile natural and recreational areas impacted by the migration of Bogue Inlet. The plan includes specific policies to address these concerns. An Advanced Core Land Use Plan The Preparation of this plan was financed in part through a grant provided by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is administered by the Office of Ocean and Coastal Resource Management, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. r I 1 R r I PART 1. Community Concerns and Aspirations Planning Vision Description of growth -related conditions that influence Emerald Isle's land use and development patterns, description of key planning issues, and development of a vision statement for the land use plan involved a 3-step process. Step 1: The Land Use Plan Steering Committee (LUPSC), established by the Board of Commissioners' Citizen Participation Plan, developed a preliminary list of conditions and concerns. Step 2: At a community workshop attended by more than 100 people, community residents and property owners identified and set priorities on concerns and issues that they felt were important. (The comments and priorities from this workshop are summarized in the appendix.) Step 3: The LUPSC used the public input and comments to develop a vision statement that describes what Emerald Isle should look like in the future. A survey of Emerald Isle residents and property owners, conducted in the fall of 2003, provided additional information for the Steering Committee, the Planning Board, and the Board of Commissioners for developing land use policies. (A copy of the results of this survey is provided in the appendix.) The concerns and issues identified by the community are shown below. The Vision Statement that guides the development of the Land Use Plan and its policies is at the beginning of the plan. Concerns and Issues The table below is a summary of the growth -related conditions and the issues that will be addressed by the Land Use Plan. The summary includes growth -related conditions that influence land use, development, and water quality and topics that are associated with public access, land use compatibility, infrastructure carrying capacity, natural hazard areas, water quality, and other local areas of concern. (These categories reflect the Management Topics in the CAMA Land Use Planning Guidelines.) Growth -Related Conditions and Concerns • The types of business development that occur within Carteret County and the region. • Population growth within Emerald Isle and the increasing percentage of permanent residents in the peak population. • Pace of development of transportation facilities that impact the safety of residents and visitors, the ease of access to Emerald Isle's region and to the island, and the means and ease with which people can get around on the island. • Availability of adequate, quality drinking water to meet increased demand that results from growth. • Managing the risks to life and property that result from beach erosion and the effects of storms and the impacts of Bogue Inlet migration. • Reliance on "on -site" and private "package" treatment systems for residential and commercial waste water treatment. • Influence of the development Important Land Use and Development Topics (Topics that will influence the types of policies that will be included in the plan.) • Providing adequate access to beaches and public trust waters for a range of activities • Protecting and enhancing native vegetation • Protecting dune systems • Providing better traffic flow and safety to accommodate the growing permanent and seasonal population • Providing pedestrian walkways and bike paths • Managing storm water to address flooding and water quality issues • Maintaining the beach and sound front • Addressing migration of Bogue Inlet • Protecting ocean and Bogue Sound water quality; improve water quality in Archer Creek • Keeping Emerald Isle a family - oriented beach • Keeping noise and light levels low • Protecting the small-town atmosphere; protecting the beauty and vision of the original community layout 1 5 pattern, street layout, and lot sizes included in the original development plan for Emerald Isle. • Impact of the noise and over- flight safety associated with operations at Bogue Field. • Significance of the Bogue Sound Outstanding Resource Waters and related development and land use protection. L� 1 [ I 11 • Continuing overall low density development and limit building heights • Guiding redevelopment in manner that is consistent with overall land use and development objectives • Concentrating commercial development within existing commercial concentrations and corridors • Providing street trees • Supporting the current development management program (zoning, vegetation protection, dune protection, and so on) • Protecting the rights of property owners • Providing community services (police, EMS, recreation, solid waste, drainage) to support future development Our Vision— Emerald Isle in the Future The Vision Statement is a direct result of Emerald Isle's citizen participation process. It is a word picture that describes what the residents and property owners want the town to be in the future. The vision statement is a consensus of those involved in the planning process. It provides a basis for setting priorities, defining goals, and developing policies to achieve them. 1 The following is Emerald Isle,s Planning Vision: recognize People Emerald Isle as a great place to live and visit. The community is renowned for its natural beauty and the quality 1 of its development. Emerald Isles natural beauty is characterized by the Atlantic Ocean, which is bordered by beautiful broad, accessible beaches, and the clean waters and islands in Bogue Sound. The community maintains a balance between development and the environment. The maritime forests and other native vegetation are protected and enhanced. Native vegetation and magnificent dunes not buildings dominate the skyline. The Cameron Langston Bridge across Bogue Sound, with dramatic vistas of the sound islands in their natural state, and the Emerald Drive Gateway, bordered by preserved maritime forest, announce arrival at an exceptional place. Emerald Isle retains its small town character and charm and protects its family atmosphere. Use of the land continues with the patterns set by the beauty and vision of the original development. There are few tall buildings. The town has traditional streets, some with trees and sidewalks. The town keeps lighting levels low to support the small town, family atmosphere. The addition of sidewalks and bike paths that connect to important destinations gives residents and visitors a choice of how they get around. New uses in older developed areas are compatible with surrounding land uses and natural features. I Businesses are located in a compact "downtown" area and along the Emerald Drive business corridor, where frontage roads reduce the impacts of traffic. The older downtown area remains vibrant with new and renovated buildings, flourishing businesses, and safe and easy access from surrounding residential areas. Native trees and shrubs dominate Emerald Isles landscape. Owners preserve native vegetation on private property; developers preserve and maintain vegetation where possible; and parking lots have no more hard surface than necessary and are softened with many trees and shrubs. I d Retail and commercial services support the Emerald Isles tourism economy, but they have also developed to serve the growing number of year-round residents. The community is careful to avoid over commercialization in order to maintain our image as a family beach. Mostly local people own businesses. density is still the predominant quality of the town's overall Low d y p q Y development design. Most buildings are no more than 2 or 3 stories; most residences are single-family. Still, there is a variety of housing types to meet the needs of a range of people - permanent residents, visitors, seasonal residents, retirees, and working families. o Retirement and tourism are the center of the local economy. The retail and service sectors are the major employers, and they are diversified to meet the needs of the town's growing permanent population and its visitors. Emerald Isle is home to many families that work in the military, manufacturing, public utilities, and medical services, but these residents travel off the island to their jobs. The town's ocean beach, Bogue Inlet, the soundfront, and the Outstanding Resource Waters of Bogue Sound provide high quality recreational and aesthetic values to residents and visitors and they are underpinnings for the local economy. The quality of these resources is the result of long-term efforts by the town and its property owners. Emerald Isle community protects its coastal lifestyle by giving preservation of natural resources and protection of water quality the highest priority. The Town cooperates with state and federal agencies to protect coastal wetlands from harmful development. Important freshwater wetlands are intact and they continue to store, clean water, and provide a rich habitat for a rich diversity of plants and animals. The Town protects surface waters from [ I degradation by storm water and polluting discharges and they remain clean. Shellfish are plentiful in the sound and they taste great. Active and passive recreation opportunities are plentiful - for children, teens, adults, and seniors. The Recreation Center is the focal point for the recreation program. Community and neighborhood parks, as well as facilities provided by private developments, provide for an abundance of outdoor activities. Residents and visitors have easy access to the beaches and sound. Excellent community services support the quality of life offered by Emerald Isle to both year-round and seasonal residents. The Bogue Banks Water Corporation provides quality drinking water to all properties. The Town helps ensure that all private wastewater treatment systems protect the environment and public health. The Town provides high quality solid waste management services that keep unsightly containers from public view. Emerald Isle is a safe place to live and visit. The Town provides an adequate number of trained police officers to respond quickly to any need. The Fire Department has trained staff and proper equipment to protect the community. EMS personnel are able to provide state-of-the-art advanced life support services. Emerald Isle values its cooperative spirit. It works with its citizens, property owners, and businesses, and with other local governments in the region to implement programs and to address issues that affect the quality of life. The Town values the opinions of its residents, property owners, and business owners and involves them in decisions regarding the Town and its future. The Town is also mindful that to create the future that it envisions it must protect the interests of its property owners. 9 1 PART 2. Analysis of Existing and Emerging Conditions Part 2 of the Land Use Plan is designed to provide an information base to support the formulation of the policies and the plan to guide future growth and development in Emerald Isle. This part of the plan includes the following major sections: Section I Population, Housing, and Economy. Section II Natural Systems Analysis. Section III Analysis of Existing Land Use and Development Section IV Analysis of Community Facilities Section V Land Suitability Analysis Section VI Review of Current Plan and Policies The following is a list of maps that support the analysis in this section. These l� maps are available in the Emerald Isle Planning and Inspections Department. Building Permit Locations Estuarine Systems Map Coastal and Non -coastal Wetlands Map Natural Hazards Map Flood Insurance Program Repetitive Losses Bogue Field - Accident Potential Areas Bogue Field - Noise Impact Areas Fragile Areas Map Existing Land Use BBWC Well Site Locations Highway 58 Corridor Proposed Pathway System Potential Pollution Sources - Bogue Sound Beach and Sound Access Locations Land Suitability Analysis Section I Population, Housing, and Economy 1.1 Population 1.1.1 Permanent population trends and current estimate Emerald Isle's permanent population nearly tripled between the 1980 and j 1990, and between 1990 and 2000, it increased by more than 40%. According to the Census, the town's population was 2,434 in 1990 and 3,488 in 2000. The town also increased its share of the total Carteret County population over the period from 1980 to 2000. In 1980, Emerald Isle's share of county population was 2.1 %; in 2000 it was 5.9%. Table 1 sets out details on the town's 20-year population growth trends and provides comparisons with the growth of the county and other incorporated areas. It Table 1 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan 17 t i Permanent Population Trends Year 1980 1990 2000 7-7 Emerald Isle 865 2,434 3,488 Other incorporated areas 12,653 17,457 21,431 Unincorporated areas 27,574 32,662 34,464 Carteret County 41,092 52,553 59,383 Emerald Isle % total county population 2.1 % 4.6% 5.97. Source: US Bureau of the census Table 2 shows annual estimates of Emerald Isle's population for 2001 to 2003. The 2001 estimate is the most recent available from the NC State 11 Data Center. The estimates for 2002 and 2003 are based on adjustments for housing units added and average family size. These estimates show a more modest growth rate early in the decade of the 1990s. Table 2 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Current Population Estimate 2001 2002 2002 Rounded 2003 2003 Rounded Emerald Isle 3,538 3,743 3,700 3,7931, 3800 Carteret County 59,601 60,364 60,400 61,126 61,100 5.9% 6.2% NA 6.2% NA Sources: 2001 Estimate, NC State Data Center; 2002 and 2003 Estimates by WBFI based on permanent housing units added (please see Table 2.9, Building Permit Trends) 1.1.2 Seasonal population Seasonal population, which includes persons who temporarily reside in Emerald Isle during the "tourist" season, is an important consideration for the land use plan. These temporary residents occupy motel/hotel rooms, campsites, boat slips, and private rental units. As detailed in Table 3, the seasonal population estimate for 2003 is 35,900. This estimate is based on the number of units in each accommodation type and the typical number of persons that occupies each type. "Persons per unit" in the table is based on a survey conducted by East Carolina University in the late 1980s that was updated by recent information from Emerald Isle rental agents. Table 3 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Seasonal Population - 20031 Type of Accommodation Number of Units Persons per Unit Seasonal Population Rounded Motel/hotel 1 174 4.00 696 700 1 I t 1 1 e I 12 1 I 1, I 1 Type of Accommodation Number of Units Persons per Unit Seasonal Population Rounded' (1996) Campsites (1996) 881 3.00 2,643 2,600 Private rental units (Year 2002) 4,440 7.50 33,300 33,300 Total 5,505 NA 35,943, 35,900 Estimate date is January I ,1uuj. Sources: 2000 Census; Emerald Isle 1996 CAMA Land Use Plan; Building Permit Trends (please see Table 9); WBFI. 1.1.3 Peak population Table 4 combines permanent and seasonal population estimates to show Emerald Isle's peak seasonal population. For 2003, the estimate is 39,600. Table 4 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan reuK rupuiuuvil Estimated permanent 3,700 population Estimated seasonal 35,900 population Estimated peak population 3960Q Source: WBFI 1.1.4 Key population characteristics -age, income, and labor force participation Table 5 shows the change in the town's age distribution between 1990 and 2000 and provides a comparison with Carteret County. The fundamental trend demonstrated by this table is the increase in the percentage of persons in the 65 years+ age group. This change in the older age group supports anecdotal information regarding the community's retirement trend. 13 Mirroring Carteret County, there were fairly significant declines in the percentage of population in the working age groups from 18 years to 44 years. Some may attribute this change to the location of job opportunities within the county. Table 5 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Aqe Characteristics -1990, 2000 Age group Emerald Isle Carteret County 1990 2000 1990 2000 <5 yrs 5.3% 3.6% 6.4% 4.9% 5-17 8.9% 9 5% 16.1 % 15.8% 18-24 I�I8.3% 48% 9.5% 6.4% 25-34 :17.0%J 122% 16.6% 11.5% 35-44 15.8% , 118% 15.0% 15.7% 45-54 1`2.5% 167% 11.2% 15.7% 55-64 18.0% 12.7%1 10.9% 12.7% 65> 14.2% 22.4%1 14.3% 13.7% Sources: 1996 Emerald Isle LUP; State Data Center incomes in Emerald Isle are significantly higher Household and individual9 Y 9 than Carteret County as a whole. The 2000 Census reports the median household income for Carteret County as $38,344 and the median income for Emerald Isle as $53,274 (nearly 40% higher than the county median). The income differences are also evident in the poverty statistics for the county and the town. In 2000, 10.7% of the county population had incomes below the poverty level compared to 2.7% in Emerald Isle. ■ As expected, the percentage of individuals who receive retirement income is higher in Emerald Isle than for the county. In 2000, 36.4% of Emerald Isle residents received retirement income compared to 26.7% in the county. Table 6 shows key income figures for the town and the county. I 14 I, J I I 1 1 11 1 Table 6 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Income Characteristics, 2000 Source: US Bureau of the census 1.2. Housing characteristics and trends' Between 1990 and 2000, Emerald Isle added 1,573 housing units, bringing the 2000 housing unit total to 6,147. For perspective, this increase of more than 3.0 housing units completed per week for the 10-year period. Table 7 details the types of housing units identified in the 2000 Census. This table points to a significant shift in the types of units in the town's housing stock during the 90s. In 1990, the Census classified approximately 45% of the total housing units as single-family structures. By 2000, nearly 60% of the housing units were single-family structures, totaling 3,505 units. The number of. units in structures with 5 or more units increased by 155 units to 709 units and the percentage of this type of unit declined slightly to 11.5%. Approximately 160 mobile homes were added during the 10-year period. I Total housing units and units in structures with 5 or more units adjusted to reflect count conducted by Town of Emerald Isle. January 2003 total units in structures with 5 or more units is 745. Total of 36 permits issued since 2000; therefore, total in 2000 is 709, an increase of 130 units over Census count. Total units adjusted to reflect this count. All 130 units assumed to be seasonal. I 15 Table 7 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Tvnes of Housina Units, 2000 Numberl Percent Total housing units 6,147 100% UNITS IN STRUCTURE Single-family, detached 3,505 57.0% Single-family, attached 184 3.0% 2 units 511 8.3% 3 or 4 units 1851 3.0% 5 or more units 709 11.5% Mobile homes 994 16.2% Boat, RV, van, etc. 10 0.2 o other 49 0.8% Source: US Bureau of the Census Table 8 provides the Census's estimates of permanent (year-round) and seasonal housing units, vacant units, and owner/renter units. Between 1990 and 2000, the Census estimate of the percentage of permanent housing units declined sharply. The 1990 Census showed 2,156 permanent housing units, or 48% of total units. The 2000 Census estimated 1,877 permanent units, or 31.2% of the total. This decline in permanent housing units does not appear to be consistent with other population trends? Most of the permanent units are owner units (80.2%). This percentage of owner units is comparable to other coastal communities. 1.2.1 Current housing stock estimates Table 8 also shows estimates of Emerald Isle's current housing stock. Based on the number of permits issued, the current estimate of total units is 6,300. Of this total, approximately 2000 (32%) are permanent and 4,300 (68%) are seasonal. Z Possibly, the 1990 Census overstated the number of permanent units. According to the 1996 CAMA land use plan, the 1990 Census counted 1,030 vacant year-round housing units (48%). Since a vacancy rate in the neighborhood of 10% is more typical, some of the units counted as year-round were seasonal. 1 1 r� 1 1 1 1 1 16 I i1.2.2 Average household size The number of persons per household remained relatively constant between the 1990 and 2000 Census. In 1990, there were 2.14 persons per household; in 2000, the average declined slightly to 2.12. I Table 8 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Characteristics of Housing Stock, 2000 wi /% ; VAiieln , C+ni-k Permnnent and Seasonal Units 2000 Percent of Total Est. Units Added, 2000- 2002a Estimated Housing Stock, 12/30/02 Rounded Total housing units 6,147 NA 248 6,395 6,390 Permanent housing units 1,877 31.2% 77 1,954 11950 Occupied 1,644 87.6% — 1,720 1,720 Vacant 214 11.4% — Owner units 1,318 80.2% — 1,379 1,380 Renter units 326 19.8% — 341 340 Seasonal units 4,270 68.8% 171 4,441 4,440 Other units 19 0.3% NA NA a Please see building permiT aara, iaoie 7. Sources: 2000 Census; Emerald Isle Building Permits; WBFI 1.2.3 Building permit trends Table 9 provides details on the building permits issued by Emerald Isle for 2000 through 2002, which covers the period from the 2000 Census to the 17 present. During this period, the town issued 248 residential building permits. Nearly 81 % of these permits were for single-family structures. The Building Permit Map shows the location for the permits in 2001-02. This map shows recent residential development concentrated in the area west of Emerald Drive that is served by Coast Guard Road. Table 9 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Ridiriinn Permits_ 2000-2002 2000 2001 2002 Total Units,' 2000 -02 Type Buildings Units Buildings Units Buildings Units Single family 68 68 68 68 79 79 215 2-Family 2 4 3 6 6 12 22 3,4-Family 0 0 0 0 01 0 0 5-Family or greater 1 6 2 12 3 18 3'6 Totals 71 78 73 86 88 109 273 Source: Town of Emerald Isle 1.3. Emerald Isle's economy Table 10 provides an employment summary of town residents by major industry grouping.3 Between 1990 and 2000, the number of employed residents increased from 1,153 to 1,525. Due to changes in reporting categories, a direct comparison of employment by industry between 1990 and 2000 is not feasible. However in 2000, the following were the dominant employers: Indust Education, health, and social services Retail trade Finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing Construction Employment Share 20% 13% 13% 11% I I 11 1 I 3 These data reflect employment of Emerald Isle residents regardless of where they work. They do not apply to employment within the town. I 18 1 I 1 While retail trade remained a dominant employer in 2000, the number of Emerald Isle residents employed in retail trade declined sharply from 254 (23%) in 1990 to 200 (13%) in 2000. Significant increases in employment in construction and finance, insurance, real estate, rental and leasing accompanied the decrease in retail trade. In 2000, the Census reports that nearly 54% of Emerald Isle workers commuted outside of Carteret County to work. Up-to-date information on the businesses and employment that comprise Emerald Isle's local economy are not available. However, Table 10, which is based on data from the 1997 Economic Census, gives a profile of the number and types of businesses that operate in the town. Due to the time of year that the Economic Census is conducted, the number of businesses may not reflect seasonal operation and may be understated. Table 10 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Prnf;te of Local Establishments Number of Establishment type Establishments Retail Building materials, 1 garden equipment and supplies Food and beverage 2 stores Health and personal 1 care stores Gasoline stations 3 Clothinq stores 6 Sporting goods, hobby, 5 book, and music stores General and 7 miscellaneous retailers Non -store retailers 2 Wholesale trade 6 Real estate and rental 21 and leasing services Source: US Bureau of the Census, 1997 Economic Census 1 19 1.4. Population projections 1.4.1 Permanent population Accurate long-range population forecasts for small areas like Emerald Isle are difficult. The most reliable approach is to base the forecasts on more accurate projections for larger areas. Therefore, Emerald Isle's permanent population projection is based on an estimate of the Town's share of Carteret County's population projection. Projections for the county are available from the NC State Data Center. Table 11 shows the forecast of Emerald Isle's population in 5-year increments to 2023. The forecast assumes that the Town's share of the county population will continue to increase slightly, from 6% to slightly more than 7.5%, through 20-year period. Table 11 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Permanent Population Forecasts 2003-2023 Projection Year Projected Carteret County Population Projected Emerald Isle Population Estimated Households Added 2008 63,493 3,900 94 2013 65,729 4,400 235 2018 67,646 4,800 190 2023 69,104 5,300 235 2003-2023 Population Growth — 1,600 750 Source: WBFI 1.4.2 Seasonal and peak population Once a forecast of permanent population is developed, the ratio of seasonal population to permanent population is a convenient tool for forecasting seasonal population. In 2003, the seasonal -permanent population is approximately 10:1. Most members of the LUP Steering Committee and Town officials interviewed, expect the ratio to decrease over the 20-year planning period, i.e. the permanent population share of 20 1 [I 11 I total population will increase. Based on this assumption, the following ratios are used to forecast seasonal population: 2003-08 9.5:1 2009-13 9:1 2014-18 8.5:1 2019-23 8:1 Using these ratios, estimates of seasonal and "peak population" are shown in Table 12. Table 12 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan c,.......-, l Ptr%A "Pnnb" Pnnnlntinn Fnrecasts_ 2003-2023 ___.•-• Year Permanent Population Seasonal Population Peak Population (rounded) 2008 3,900 37,050 41,000 2013 4,400 39,600 44,000 2018 4,800 40,800 46,000 2023 5,300 42,400 48,000 2003-2023 1,600 6,300 7,900 Source: W BFI According to current seasonal occupancy trends, 90% of the future seasonal population will occupy vacation homes and the average occupancy will be 7.5 persons per unit. This indicates that the seasonal population increase will result in approximately 750 additional housing units. Emerald Isle currently has an estimated 1,000 vacant building lots and 177 acres of vacant land parcels zoned for residential use. These vacant lots and parcels will yield approximately 1,400 housing units, which is just enough to accommodate the projected population. Because the amount of land suited for development is limited in Emerald Isle, providing housing and other support development to serve even the low population projection may require consideration of redeveloping some areas in addition to the traditional development patterns for the town. (Vacant land is discussed in detail in Section 3.4.) 1 21 Section II Natural Systems Analysis This section provides a description of Emerald Isle's natural environment and its suitability or limitations for development. It includes 3 parts: 1) An inventory and description of natural features; 2) An analysis of environmental capability that includes a composite map showing the overlap of natural features; and 3) A description of environmental conditions related to water quality, natural hazards, and other significant features. A series of maps are an integral part of this analysis and they are available for inspection at the Town's Planning and Development Department. These maps include: Estuarine Systems Map Coastal and Non -coastal Wetlands Map Natural Hazards Map Fragile Areas Map Environmental Composite Map 2.1 Areas of Environmental Concern Areas of Environmental Concern (AECs) are one of the essential elements of the coastal resource management program and local land use plans. An AEC is an area of natural importance that is designated by the Coastal Resources Commission. An AEC may be easily destroyed by erosion or flooding; or it may have environmental, social, economic or aesthetic values that make it valuable to our state. The Coastal Resources Commission designates areas as AECs to protect them from uncontrolled development, which may cause irreversible damage to property, public health or the environment, thereby diminishing their value to the entire state. The CRC has set up four categories of AECs: 1. The Estuarine and Ocean System 2. The Ocean Hazard System 22 3. Public pp Water Supplies 4. Natural and Cultural Resource Areas Emerald Isle has two classes of AECs: the Estuarine and Ocean System and the Ocean. Hazard System. The following sections describe and analyze these AECs. 2.1.1 The Estuarine and Ocean System AEC The estuarine and ocean system AEC is a broad category that includes the town's sounds and marshes, and the surrounding shorelines. The system includes the following components: estuarine waters and shorelines; coastal wetlands; and public trust areas. The sections below describe each of these components. 2.1.1.1 Estuarine Waters and Shorelines Emerald Isle's estuarine waters include Bogue Sound, and its tributary Archer Creek, the Intracoastal Waterway, the White Oak River and Bogue Inlet, and the Atlantic Ocean. These estuaries are among the most productive natural systems in the State. Locally, they support the region's valuable commercial and sport fisheries, which include estuary dependent species such as menhaden, flounder, shrimp, crab, and oysters. In addition, the estuary defines the beauty of Emerald Isle and makes it a great place to live and visit. High productive values in the estuarine waters are the result of three essential processes: (1) circulation patterns caused by tidal energy, fresh water flow, and shallow depth; (2) nutrient trapping mechanisms; and (3) protection offered to many species. Important features of the estuary system are mud and sand flats, eel grass beds, salt marshes, submerged vegetation flats, clam and oyster beds, and important nursery areas. Piney Creek (Archers Creek) is a primary nursery area. The dry land edge (estuarine shoreline) that forms the transition between the estuary and the upland area is also an important component of the system. The following section describes the estuarine shoreline AEC. 2.1.1.1(a) Estuarine Shoreline 1 23 The estuarine shoreline, which is a band of contiguous upland area, is an element of the estuary system due to its close association with the adjacent estuarine waters. For non-ORW waters, the estuarine shoreline extends landward 75 feet from mean or normal high water. For ORW waters, the distance is 575 feet. The estuarine shoreline category does not include ocean shorelines. Development activities and land uses within the estuarine shoreline area have an impact on the conservation of the values of the estuary. The ORW estuarine shoreline applies to virtually all non -ocean shorelines in Emerald Isle. (The significance of the ORW classification is discussed below.) The length of the estuarine shoreline is approximately 14 miles. CAMA development permits control development within the shoreline area. Generally, development in this area may not weaken natural barriers to erosion, must have limited hard surfaces, and must take steps to prevent pollution of the estuary by sedimentation and runoff. In addition, the ORW shoreline has other requirements and limits: no more than 25% "built upon area" is permitted on land within the ORW estuarine shoreline; a buffer of 30 feet is required; and no stormwater collection system is allowed. Use Classifications and Water Quality —The use classification of all sound and inlet waters adjacent to the town is SA, which means their highest and best use is shellfish harvesting. Standards for Class SA waters establish the level of water quality that the Sound and Inlet must have to support shellfishing. In addition, the Bogue Sound has a supplemental class of ORW - outstanding resource water and the White Oak River at Bogue Inlet has a supplemental class of HQW - high quality water, respectively. Significance of ORW designation. The State reserves this stringent designation for waters with outstanding fishery, recreation, scenic, wildlife, and/or ecological and scientific values. Environmental Management Commission (EMC) rules permit no new discharges or expansions within ORWs and require a minimum 30-foot vegetated buffer along the shoreline. CAMA development rules also apply within 575 feet of mean or normal high water of ORW waters, and development in this area must follow stricter rules. 24 1 1 I 1 Significance of HQW designation. Waters with this rating are excellent based on state chemical and biological sampling. The intent of the designation is to prevent degradation of water quality below current levels from both point and non -point sources. EMC rules require new or expanded wastewater facilities to address oxygen -consuming wastes, total suspended solids, disinfection, emergency requirements, and toxic substances. In addition, development activities that require erosion and sedimentation control plans and that drain to or are located within 1-mile of a HQW must control runoff using either a low density or high -density option. The low -density option requires a 30-foot vegetated buffer and the high -density option requires structural stormwater controls. Water Quality in Bogue Sound and the White Oak River— According to the White Oak River Basinwide Water Quality Plan water quality in Bogue Sound and Bogue Inlet is good. The Division of Water Quality (DWQ) rates them as fully supporting for aquatic life and secondary recreation and primary recreation; partially supporting for fish consumption; and either partially supporting or non -supporting for shellfish harvesting. Shellfish harvesting is closed in two areas adjacent to Emerald Isle. Piney Creek (Archer Creek), an 18-acre tributary of Bogue Sound, is closed. A 2.2-acre area adjacent to Island Harbor Marina is also closed. 2.1.1.1(b) Coastal Wetlands Coastal wetlands are defined as "any salt marsh or other marsh subject to regular or occasional flooding by tides, including wind tides..." This definition does not include flooding by tides associated with hurricanes or tropical storms. Coastal wetlands perform a variety of valuable functions: • Provide decayed plant material and nutrients that support complex food chains in the estuaries. • Support 90% of the state's commercial fish and shellfish catch. • Provide high quality habitat for waterfowl and wildlife. • Act as barriers against flood damage and control erosion between the estuaries and the uplands. Act as a trap for nutrients, sediment, and pollutants and help to maintain estuarine water quality. I 25 Emerald Isle has three significant concentrations of coastal wetlands: (1) approximately 300 acres located north of Coast Guard Rd. between Channel Dr. and the bridge; (2) approximately 70 acres located along Archer Creek and Bogue Sound between Maritime Forest Dr. and Old Cove Rd.; and (3) approximately 20 acres along Bogue Sound in the area of Cedar Tree Lane. In the management of coastal wetlands the highest priority is given to conservation; second priority is given to water -dependent uses that require access and that cannot be located elsewhere. 2.1.1.1(c) Public Trust Areas These areas are the waters and submerged lands that the public has a right to use for activities such as boating, swimming, or fishing. The AEC often overlaps with estuarine waters. Public trust areas include the following types of lands and waters: • Waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the lands underneath, from the normal high water mark on shore to the state's official boundary three miles offshore; • All navigable natural water bodies and the lands underneath, to the normal high watermark on shore (a body of water is considered navigable if you can float a canoe in it); • All water in artificially created water bodies, canals, and so on that have significant public fishing resources and are accessible to the public from other waters; and • All waters in artificially created water bodies where the public has acquired rights by prescription, custom, usage, dedication or any other means. Under this definition, public trust waters include all of the town's estuarine waters and their tributaries, including the canal that runs between Forest Hills Mobile Home Park and Archers Creek, and the Atlantic Ocean. The key management principle for public trust waters is to maintain their accessibility to the public. Development, structures, and land uses that interfere with the public's right of access and use are not consistent with this principle. a 26 1 2.1.1. 2 The Ocean Hazard System AEC Ocean Hazard AECs are areas where potential erosion and the adverse impacts of sand, wind, and water make uncontrolled or incompatible development unreasonably hazardous to life or property. The Ocean Hazard category in Emerald Isle includes three types of land: (1) the ocean erodible area; (2) high hazard flood area; and (3) inlet hazard area. Development and land use in these areas require a major CAMA development permit to prevent exposing residents and property to unreasonable risks. The sections below describe each of the land types. All components of the Ocean Hazard AEC are shown or labeled on the Natural Hazards Map. This map is for planning purposes only. On -site investigation is required for any development or construction. 2.1.1.2(a) Ocean Erodible Area This includes the area along the beach strand where there is a significant risk of excessive beach erosion and significant shoreline fluctuation due to natural processes such as hurricanes and tropical storms. The seaward boundary of this area is the mean low water mark. The landward boundary is described as follows: (1.) 120 feet or 60 times the established erosion rate, whichever is greater, landward of the first line of stable natural vegetation - this is called the recession line; and (2.) a distance landward from the recession line described in (1.) above to the recession line that would be generated by a storm having a 1-percent chance of being equaled or exceeded in any given year. The ocean erodible area is defined on a lot -by -lot basis due to the significant variation in the location of the first line of natural vegetation. Within the ocean erodible area there are general and specific use standards that apply to any development activity. These standards are applied through the CAMA permitting procese4 4 15A NCAC 07H.0306, .G0308 I 27 2.1.1.2(b) High Hazard Flood Area This AEC covers lands subject to flooding, high waves and heavy water currents during a major storm. These are the lands identified as coastal flood with velocity hazard, or N zones," on flood insurance rate Federal Insurance Administration maps. V zones are determined by an engineering analysis of expected flood levels during a storm, expected wave and current patterns, and the existing topography of the land. The high hazard flood AEC often overlaps with the ocean erodible and inlet hazard AECs. Development in these areas is subject to the same setbacks as described for the ocean erodible area. However, the setback is doubled for any multifamily residential or non-residential structure of more than 5,000 sauare feet. I 2.1.1.2(c) Inlet Hazard Area This AEC covers the land next to Bogue Inlet. The Inlet Hazard Area extends inland sufficient distance to encompass the area where the State reasonably expects the inlet to migrate. Development within inlet hazard AECs must comply with three key use standards: (1) must comply with the setbacks for the ocean hazard area; (2) the density for commercial and residential structures limited to no more than 3 units per acre; and (3) only residential structures of 4 units or less or commercial structures of 5,000 square feet or less are allowed. 2.2 Soils According to information from the Carteret County Soils Survey, the soils in Emerald Isle limit the type and density of development that is possible without using an alternative to the septic tank. The survey indicates that all of the soils have limitations for septic tanks. There are four different limitations: - Poor filter - Poor filter and excessive slope - Subject to flooding and poor filter - Wet and poor filter 28 1 I I 1 However, the actual determination of the soil's ability to support a septic tank must be done by investigation on a lot -by -lot basis. 2.3 Natural and Manmade Hazards 2.3.1 Flood Hazard Areas The 100-year flood plain is the accepted benchmark for defining flood hazard. In Emerald Isle, the 100-year flood plain is mapped in two classifications: the AE zones are areas where there is a 1% chance of flooding in any year and the VE zones where there is a 1% chance of flooding with wave action hazard. The VE zone extends from the area adjacent to Bogue Inlet in a narrow strip to the Indian Beach municipal boundary. The AE zone extends along Bogue Sound and from Archers Creek in a narrow band up the center of the town. The following table shows the status of current development in these zones: Zone AE VE 2.3.2 Storm Surge Parcels that Intersect Zone 1,500 705 Intersecting Parcels with Structures 1,015 605 As expected, extensive areas of Emerald Isle are vulnerable to the storm surge hazards associated with hurricane level storms. Depending on the level or severity of the storm, as much as 90% of the town's land area may be impacted. The following describes the approximate areas that may be impacted by various storm levels. • Category 1 to 2 storms - beachfront and sound front areas; Archers Creek and the low lying areas extending west; and the inter -dune areas on the west end. • Category 3 storms - the areas described above plus an extensive area at the west end and in the marina area. I 29 • Category 4 to 5 storms - except for the high dune line that forms the spine of the island and a few other isolated high spots, virtually the entire town is impacted. The following table shows the approximate extent of the impact of the various storm levels: Approximate Cumulative Percent of Land Area Storm level Impacted 1 to 2 40 3 67 4to5 90 The Natural Hazards Map illustrates the town's flood hazard areas and the projected extent of storm surge. 2.3.3 Bogue Field Hazards There are potential accident hazard and elevated noise areas associated with operations at Bogue Field on the Carteret County mainland. These areas are discussed in Section III, Existing Land Use. 2.4 Non -coastal Wetlands The U. S. Army Corps of Engineers defines wetlands as "those areas that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a frequency and duration to support, and that under normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life in saturated soil conditions."5 It is generally agreed that wetlands have significant values that support the unique lifestyle enjoyed by residents of the coastal area. These values include the following: • Water storage —wetlands are able to temporarily store heavy rain, surface runoff, and floodwaters, and thereby, reduce downstream flooding. • Shoreline stabilization —ground cover and roots of wetland plants help hold soils in place and prevent sedimentation and nutrient transport. 5 US Army Corps of Engineers, Wetlands Delineation Manual, Technical Report Y-87-1, Vicksburg, MS, 1987. 30 Water quality —wetland plants can enhance water quality by removing pollutants from surface runoff. Wildlife and aquatic life habitat —the variety of plants, hydrologic and soil conditions associated with wetlands provide abundant food and cover for animal populations and support a number of rare and endangered plants. Wet pine savannas within the wet pine flat designation have special importance because they are known to provide favorable habitat for rare species and are themselves rare. • Recreation and education —the rich array of plants and animals supported by wetlands provide significant consumptive and non -consumptive use values — hunting and fishing, bird watching, canoeing, etc.6 According to mapping developed by the NC Division of Coastal Management, Emerald Isle has three types of non -coastal wetlands that total approximately 150 acres. The following table shows these wetland types: I 1 1 Wetland Type Freshwater marsh Maritime forest Pine flats (May be intact, cut -over, or cleared) (May be intact, cut -over, or cleared) The Town's non -coastal wetlands are shown on the Coastal and Non - coastal Wetlands Map. 2.5 Fragile Areas Fragile areas are not AECs but are "sensitive areas that could be damaged or destroyed easily by inappropriate or poorly planned development." The inventory of fragile areas in Emerald Isle includes three types: Natural Heritage Areas as identified by the Natural Heritage Program in the NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources; protected lands that are controlled by the State or subject to easements or covenants that limit development; and maritime forests that are intact. The inventory of maritime forests uses satellite images from the 1990s and may not accurately depict what is "on the ground." 6 NC Department of Environment, Health, and Natural Resources, A Field Guide to North Carolina Wetlands, Report No. 94-93, June 1994, pp. 17-32. A 31 Areas that are included in this inventory are shown on the Fragile Areas Map. 2.6 Composite Environmental Map The Composite Environmental Map (following) shows the extent and overlap of the environmental features described in this section. Using the limitations and opportunities that the features have for development as a guide, the map shows the location of the following three categories of land: Class I - land containing only minimal hazards and limitations that may be addressed by commonly accepted land planning and development practices; Class II - land containing development hazards and limitations that may be addressed by methods such as restrictions on types of land uses; special site planning; or the provision of public services; and Class III - land containing serious hazards for development or lands where the impact of development may cause serious damage to the functions of natural systems. Table 13 shows the features that are included'in each class. Table 13 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Composite Natural Features Table Cls.I Cls.11 CIS. III Wetlands Coastal wetlands Non -coastal, exceptional or substantial significance Non -coastal, beneficial Estuarine waters Estuarine shoreline Soil limitations (septic) Slight to moderate Severe 1 1 L! 1 I C 32 �I Town of Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Update Environmental Composite Map EN° �� !- --- 0 a LEGEND ® Class I Class 2 Class 3 Future Development Sites (Table 20) Streets N WBFI 2003 i 1 ORW watersheds " HQW watersheds Wellhead protection areas Water supply protection watersheds ✓ Fragile:areas and resources Natural heritage areas Maritime forests Protected open space Source: WBFI An approximate estimate of the amount of land in each class is Class 1 60%, Class II 30%, and Class III 10%. The format of the digital Environmental Composite Map makes it difficult to make precise estimates. 1 2.7 Summary Environmental Conditions This section provides a summary assessment of the three priority environmental conditions or features and describes their limitations or opportunities for development. 2.7.1 Water quality alit in waters adjacent to Emerald Isle is generally good. Overall water quality J DWQ classifies Bogue Sound as an Outstanding Resource Waters and the waters of Bogue Inlet as High Quality Waters. The White Oak River Basinwide Water Quality Plan, prepared by DWQ shows the waters adjacent to Emerald Isle as fully supporting for aquatic life and primary and secondary recreation; partially supporting for fish for shellfish harvesting. The consumption; and partially or non -supporting only waters adjacent to Emerald Isle that are closed to shellfishing are Archers Creek (18 acres) and a 2-acre area around the Island Harbor Marina that is closed by statute. 1 33 Temporary shellfish closures are not a significant issue for waters surrounding Emerald Isle. According to the Sanitary Survey for the Period 1994-1999, prepared by the Shellfish Sanitation Section, there have been temporary closures adjacent to the Town. However, these closures were the result of high rainfall events or pre-emptive closures before hurricanes. The DEHSSS survey identifies five pollution sources in Emerald Isle. These sources are located near Ring Street, along Coast Guard Rd., along Emerald Drive, and the area south of Piney Creek. A recent stormwater survey, discussed in Section IV, identified several additional sources. DWQ recommendations for water quality. According to the basinwide plan, fecal coliform is the major cause for impairment of the SA waters adjacent to Emerald Isle. The plan includes several recommendations for restoring impaired shellfish harvesting areas that are applicable for local government. These recommendations include the following: • Develop local strategies at the watershed level to address sources of fecal coliform bacteria. Involve local businesses, landowners, and residents in developing the strategy. • Emphasize the value of shellfish harvesting areas to the local economy and the coastal lifestyle. • Manage the volume and quality of stormwater runoff. • Implement guidelines for new development - methods to reduce impervious surfaces, reduce or eliminate hardened stormwater conveyances, vegetated buffers. These measures can be part of the Town's development plan. However, implementing effective strategies to address stormwater issues in developed areas is a challenge. 2.7.2 Natural hazards 2.7.2.1 Beach erosion The estimated historical erosion rate for most of the Emerald Isle ocean beach is 2 feet per year. Immediately after Hurricane Floyd in 1999, the Town's ocean beach experienced significant recession. After the storm, the Town estimated that 156 single-family structures, 36 condominiums, and 17 mobile home lots were endangered and that 90% of the ocean 34 1 1 I 1 P, front structures received significant damage. The Town has scraped the beach periodically since the storm to reduce the risk to existing structures. A nourishment project is underway. It will occur in two phases. The "Eastern Phase", which encompasses the first 5.8 miles of beachfront heading west form the Indian Beach/Emerald Isle town boundary was completed in 2003. The "Western Phase" is associated with the realignment of Bogue Inlet (please see description below) and the use of the shoal material dredged during this realignment project for restoration of approximately 3.7 miles of shoreline extending from the terminus of the eastern phase westward towards Bogue Inlet. Permitting for this phase of the project should be complete in summer -fall 2004 and construction completed in spring 2005. The Town will then be undertaking a variety of monitoring projects as part of the realignment/nourishment activities and these monitoring projects will last for the next several years. The Town expects that sand placed on the beach will be effective for 10 years. Plans anticipate approval of a Federal project at the end of that period. 2.7.2.2 Bogue Inlet migration? Between 1996 and 2001, the main channel of Bogue Inlet encroached on the western shoreline of Emerald Isle to the point that one house has been abandoned and several more are threatened. Property owners installed sandbags for emergency protection. In addition, the erosion destroyed nesting habitat for endangered birds and impacted a valuable recreation asset for the Town's residents and visitors. Estimates place the inlet migration rate at 60 to 90 ft./year to the east. The Town's study of alternatives recommends a westward realignment of the inlet by cutting through the inlet shoals. A small portion of the dredged materials will be used to build a dike near the Pointe, and the bulk of the materials will nourish the Town's western ocean beach (Reach 1). An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for this project is complete and permitting should be complete in summer -fall 2004, on the same schedule as the western phase beach renourishment. 7 Coastal Science and Engineering, Analysis of Alternatives for Bogue Inlet Channel Realignment and Beach Nourishment Along Western Emerald Isle, 2001. 35 The NC Division of Coastal Management will require ad ditional beach access facilities as a condition of the project permit. Like the western beach nourishment project, the Town will be undertaking a variety of monitoring projects that will last for the next several years. 2.7.2.3 Repetitive losses I There are 86 repetitive loss locations identified by the Town. These locations are shown on the Repetitive Loss Map. Seventy-seven of these locations are west of Hwy. 58, predominantly along Channel Drive and Ocean Drive. The Town has initiated measures that are designed to reduce the number and magnitude of existing repetitive losses and to prevent additional repetitive losses in the future. These measures include the following: 1. Property owner information - each year provide property owners within repetitive loss areas with information about measures that they can take to reduce or eliminate losses; 2. Development management - the Town has established overlay districts in its zoning ordinance that incorporate the CAMA general and specific standards for AECs as development requirements. 2.7.3 Natural resources Emerald Isle's maritime forests are an important natural resource that offers both opportunities and limitations for development. The definitions "Forests applied to maritime forests are rather broad: (that) have developed under the influence of salt spray and (that) are found on barrier islands or immediately adjacent to estuarine waters; ...dominated by oak, red cedar, holly, and pine trees and evergreen shrubs."8 These forested areas are often the most stable locations on barrier islands and they offer safe and reasonable areas for development. According to mapping provided by DCM, there are 51 acres of intact maritime forest in Emerald Isle. I a NC Division of Coastal Management, Protecting Maritime Forests through Planning and Design, 1990. 36 1 1 1 1 u fl However, inappropriate development can destroy or compromise the characteristics that lend to their stability. Simple planning practices for large-scale development and landscaping techniques at the building site level can preserve some of the key characteristics of maritime forests. These include the following: 9 Ibid. • Protect the understory vegetation; • Leave oceanfront edge intact; • Clear only as much vegetation as necessary for buildings and roads; • Site buildings below dunes and tree canopy lines; • Focus on leaving contiguous areas intact; • Use septic systems that require minimal clearing; • Plant native trees and shrubs to encourage preservation and restoration of the canopy; • Take steps to reduce salt spray on windward edge; • Preserve individual trees by pruning, watering, and fertilizing 9 37 1-1 LJ Section III Analysis of Existing Land Use and Development The 1996 CAMA Land Use Plan provides the following history of land , subdivision and development in Emerald Isle: "Land subdivision within Emerald Isle has an interesting history. Prior to the town's 1957 incorporation, property owners agreed to divide the town into fifty-four (54) 1,100-foot wide blocks, each of which extended from the ocean to the sound. The blocks were numbered consecutively from east to west. The first development was residential and it occurred in Block 1 on the eastern end of the town. This was the first development because the town's sole vehicular access was by the Morehead City -Atlantic Beach Bridge and Salterpath Road (IM.L. 58). Residential development then , spread slowly westward. 'In 1962, ferry service was established to the western end of Bogue Banks , in Block 38. This was a major stimulant to growth, and development proceeded at a much faster pace. Residential development continued to be the primary land use. A heavy influx of mobile homes occurred, especially near the ferry terminal. In the mid to late '60s, commercial development began to occur along U.S. 58 in the Block Drive to Holly Street area. 'In 1971, the B. Cameron Langston Bridge was opened and easy vehicular access to both the east and west ends of the town was established. By the early 1970s, residential development had spread to the western end of the town at Bogue Inlet in Blocks 52 and 53. 'The "block' original division of Emerald Isle continues to have a strong influence on the appearance of the Emerald Isle landscape. Many subdivisions, commercial, and multi -family developments have their east and west boundaries defined by the original block boundaries. Many local people refer to the locations of landmarks or developments by the number of the block in which they are located. In most cases, the town's remaining vacant land is easily defined by block boundaries. 'Since the early 1970s, development in Emerald Isle has rapidly accelerated. However the types of land use have remained limited to commercial, single-family residential, multi -family residential, and mobile home parks or campgrounds. The overall appearance of the town is one of low -density development, except for the commercial areas, with a quiet, single-family residential atmosphere. I� LJ 38 1 CI 1 It should be noted that Emerald Isle does not have any extraterritorial planning jurisdiction. 3.1 Developed Land ' Table 14 provides a summary of existing land use in six major categories: residential, commercial, institutional, common area and open space, and ' undeveloped. The undeveloped category is further divided into small parcels (1 acre or smaller) and larger parcels (greater than 1 acre). The residential category includes all residential uses - single-family, duplexes, multifamily, and manufactured housing. Commercial includes the typical business uses plus other types of businesses such as campgrounds, amusement facilities, and the marina. The institutional uses include Town facilities, Coast Guard facilities, well sites, and other similar uses. Undeveloped parcels of less than 1 acre in size are considered to be lots that have been subdivided and not yet built on. There are an estimated ' 1,095 lots in parcels in this category. These lots may have features that restrict construction, such as lack of a septic tank permit; owners may be holding them for future construction; or the lots may be combined with . adjacent properties. It is difficult to forecast the number of structures that Will be built on these lots during the planning period. There are 101 parcels of greater than 1 acre in size. These parcels, which total 279 acres, are potentially available for new development. Table 14 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan FYidina Land Use I 11 1 Land Use Acre Estimate Percent Residential 1,462 43.0 Commercial 147 4.3 Institutional 79 2.3 Common area and open space 237 7.0 Rights -of -Way 430 12.6 Protected areas(a) 390 11.5 Undeveloped 651 19.1 In parcels 1.0 ac or smaller (1,095 parcels) 372 10.9 In parcels greater than 1.0 279 8.2 39 ac (101 parcels) Approximate total acres 1 3,400 1 100.0 Sources: WBFI; Carteret County Land Records; Existing Land Use Map (a) Protected areas consist of tracts owned by the State. A portion of these tracts may lie outside of the Emerald Isle corporate limits. Residential uses. Residential uses account for approximately 43% of the land area of Emerald Isle. Most of the town's residential development is for single-family homes. As noted in Section I, Population, Housing, and Economy, nearly 60% of all housing units are single-family residences. In addition, more than 80% of the residential building permits issued since 2000 are in the single-family category. The 1996 Land Use Plan noted the trend toward lower residential density. This trend continues. A sampling of lots developed in the last five years in the newer areas west of the Pebble Beach development indicates that the average density is less than 2 dwellings per acre (122 homes on 77 acres). Commercial uses. Commercial land uses account for 147 acres, or 4.3%, of the total area of the town. Commercial uses are concentrated in two areas along Emerald Drive (NC 58). The first area is located near the Langston Bridge. On the north side of Emerald Drive, it includes a campground and related uses. On the south side, it includes a mixture of community -oriented businesses and seasonal businesses. None of these commercial uses "front" on Emerald Drive. They use Crew Drive on the north and Reed Drive on the south for access, or they use Emerald Plantation Rd., which intersects Emerald Drive. The second area is located between Emerald Drive and the Ocean Beach at Bogue Inlet Drive. This area contains a mixture of community and seasonal uses. It includes the Post Office and is reasonably close to the Town Hall and recreation complex. Some members of the Land Use Plan Steering Committee refer to this area as Emerald Isle's downtown. The parallel access roads do not serve the "downtown" commercial area, which results in some access problems and traffic congestion and safety issues. 40 The Existing Land Use Map (following) illustrates Emerald Isle's existing land uses and development patterns. This map is based on Carteret County land records supplemented by "windshield surveys." The analysis in Table 14 utilizes this map. 3.2 Land Use Conflicts - Bogue Field Impacts Existing land uses and vacant parcels from the Langston Bridge to the Piney Creek area are subject to "accident potential" and "noise impacts" associated with aircraft operations at the Marine Corps Alternate Landing Field (MCALF) Bogue Field. This airport is located across Bogue Sound from Emerald Isle. Accident potential. According to a recent study by the Eastern Carolina Council (ECC) 10, Accident Potential Zones (APZ) are "areas immediately ' beyond the ends of runways and along primary flight paths and are (potentially) subject to more aircraft accidents than other areas." There are two designations within the APZ that apply to land use uses and vacant parcels in Emerald Isle: APZ 1 areas "(possess) significant potential for accidents; and APZ 2 areas (have) measurable potential for accidents." The areas within the Accident Potential Zones are shown on the Bogue Field — Accident Potential Area Map. The APZ 1 covers a small area adjacent to the Bogue Banks shoreline from the Emerald Plantation area east to the vicinity of E. Marina Drive. The i APZ 2 covers a much larger area that extends in a circular swath from. ■ Sound Drive, at about Emerald Circle, southeast to the ocean beach and then northeast to Piney Point. Table 15 shows the parcels that the APZs 1 and 2 impact. There are 54 parcels with a total of 30 acres that intersect the APZ 1. Nineteen of these parcels with a total of 7.2 acres are undeveloped. Most residential and commercial land uses that are typical in Emerald Isle are discouraged in ' the APZ 1. There are 1,424 parcels with a total of 982 acres that intersect the APZ 2. Two hundred thirty-six (236) of these parcels with a total of 142 acres are 10 Region P Council of Governments, Eastern Carolina Joint Land Use Study, November 2002. 41 �1 1 1 1 1 Town of Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Update Existing Land Use Map Legend Residential Public, Quasi -public, and Institutional Commercial Common Area - Residential and Commercial Protected Land 0 Undeveloped N A WBFI 2004 undeveloped. Low -density residential and lower intensity commercial ' and business uses are compatible with safety concerns of the APZ 2. ' Noise impacts. The ECC study also addresses the noise impacts associated with Bogue Field operations. The study includes noise contours to identify areas that have noise impacts related to aircraft operations. ' The contours are based on "Day -Night Average Sound Level" (Ldn). This is a measure of the average 24-hour sound levels. ' Two of these contours affect Emerald Isle: 60-64 Lnd and the 65-74 Lnd. The 60-64 (N-1) contour is described as having "some" noise impacts and the 65-74 (N-2) contour is described as having "moderate" impacts. The areas within the Noise contours are shown on the Bogue Field — Noise Impact Areas Map. Table 15 shows the parcels that the Noise contours affect. There are 1,740 ' parcels with a total of 1,102 acres that intersect the N-1 contour. Three hundred forty-five (345) of these parcels with a total of 230 acres are ' undeveloped. Most land uses permitted by the Emerald Isle zoning code are compatible in this area. There are 777 parcels with a total of 739 acres that intersect the N-2 contour. One hundred fourteen (114) of these parcels with a total of 80 undeveloped. The only incompatible uses for the area in this contour are mobile home parks and amphitheaters. Table 15 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Bogue Field Impacts Noise Impact Areas (Ldn) 564 65-74 APZ 1 APZ 2 (N-1) (N-2) Total parcels 54 1,424 1,740 777 intersected Total acres 30.0 982.0 1,102.0 739.4 Total 19 236 345 114 undeveloped parcels 42 Total 7.2 142.0 230.6 80.3 undeveloped acres Sources: WBFI; mapping trom Uarteret uounry Lana Records and East Carolina Council Areas that extend from approximately the Langston Bridge east to Piney Creek Residential areas are regularly subject to over -flights by aircraft operating from Bogue Field. Potential for accidents and noise impacts is associated with these flights. Study recommendations. The ECC study recommends that the Town of Emerald Isle adopt local land use policies that direct incompatible development and redevelopment away from the areas that have accident potential or high noise levels. 3.3 Development Trends The Building Permit Map shows the location of building permits issued over the last two years (2001-02). These permit location shows that the bulk of the building and development activity is in the area located west of NC 58. Approximately 54% of the total permits were located in this area. The second most active area, with approximately.25% of the permits, is the central area from the Emerald Plantation/Daisy Wood developments east to E. Seaview Drive. The remainder of the permits are dispersed east to the town limits. One hundred thirty-six (136) permits, or 90%, were for single-family residences. There were 7 duplex permits and 5 multifamily permits. Only 3 permits for commercial structures were issued during this period. 3.4 Existing Zoning Table 16 shows the approximate area in each of the Town's zoning districts, an estimate of the number of vacant lots in the residential districts, and an estimate of the net area that is available for development. 43 Emerald Isle has more than 1,000 vacant lots. Estimating the number of these lots that will be built on during the planning period is difficult. Some ' of the lots may have environmental limitations; some of the lots may be combined with adjoining lots; and some may be held for future use. ' The net area available for new residential development is limited. The net vacant area zoned for residences is 190 acres after subtracting vacant lots. There are 60 acres of vacant property zoned for commercial uses. Since this land is already divided into smaller parcels, we can expect limited additional commercial land development. 11 Table 16 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Cummnry of Existing Zonina Zoning District Total zoned area (acres) Total vacant area (acres) Estimated number vacant lots (Spring 2002) Area in vacant lots (acres) Net area to develop (acres) R2 1,3601 220 517 180 40 RMF 60 - 10 - - RMH 990 360 545 220 140 Commercial (131, B2, 63) 170 60 n.a. 60 - Mobile homes (MH1) 250 20 26 10 10 Camp 30 - - - - Total zoned area 2,860 6601 1,0981 470 190 ROW not zoned 430 Total area J---3,300 Source: WBFI ' 3.5 Residential Land Needs Projections ' Table 17 shows the steps for estimating Emerald Isle's future residential land needs. Land needs projections are estimates of the amount of land that will be required to meet the housing needs of Emerald Isle's 20-year 1 44 population growth forecast. (Population forecasts are discussed in Section I.) ' The estimates are based on the following estimates and assumptions: ' 1. The Town's permanent population will grow by 1,600 people by 2023. ' 2. The average size of permanent households in 2.12 persons. 3. The seasonal population will increase by 6,300 and 90% of the seasonal population will occupy houses, condos, etc. 4. The average number of seasonal visitors per unit is 7.5 persons. 5. Houses will be built on 75% of existing vacant lots. 6. The average density of new residential development will be 4 units per acre. Table 17 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Estimate of Future Land Needs Permanent population Population increase 1,600 Average household size 2.12 Additional housing units 755 Seasonal population Population increase 6,300 Percent in houses 90% Average number persons per unit 7.5 Additional housing units 756 Total projected new housing units 1,511 Say 1,500 Construction on existing lots Number existing vacant lots 1000 Available for construction (75%) 750 Number of projected housing units on existing lots 750 Additional residential land needs Net new housing units �750 45 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 Average density (units per 4.0 acre) Additional land needed 187.5 (acres) Sayl 190 Source: WBFI These estimates indicate that Emerald Isle's projected population growth between 2003 and 2023 will require slightly more land than is available under existing zoning. As the supply of vacant land shrinks the town can expect increased interest in redevelopment of existing residential areas and requests for additional density. These possibilities are addressed with appropriate policies. 46 Section IV Analysis of Community Facilities Key community facilities, such as water supply and distribution and highways, are one of the foundations of the CAMA Land Use Plan. These , facilities are designed to protect the health and safety of current and future residents, to support the local economy, and to protect important ' environmental resources. In addition, the availability of community facilities plays a major role in implementation of the land use plan. The purpose of this section is to describe and evaluate the location, capacity, and adequacy of Emerald Isle's community facilities. Four ' categories of facilities are included: Public water supply and distribution ' Streets and highways Drainage , Public access 4.1 Public water supply and distribution» 1 Emerald Isle does not operate a public water system. It is served by the Bogue Banks Water Corporation (BBWC), which also serves the Town of Indian Beach and the unincorporated area of Salter Path. BBWC is a non- profit water utility corporation that is owned by its customers and , managed by a 7-member Board of Directors. Accordingto a Jul 2002 Engineering Report provided by BBWC, the ' Y 9 water company serves a permanent population of 3,700 people and up to 60,000 people in the summer. BBWC has 5,600 accounts, of which 94 are large volume users. The company has the equivalent of 6,400 residential customers. , Eleven existing wells supply the system with water. These wells are capable of providing 2,700,000 gallons of water per day (gpd) when ' pumping is restricted to 12 hours per day. The company states that it can supply the equivalent of 7,300 customers12. According to the forecast of ' BBWC, Engineering Report, July 2002. ' 12 2,700,000 gpd less 378,000 gpd for in -plant use = 2,322,000 gpd _ 318 gpd/customer = 7,300 customers 47 ' permanent and seasonal population in Section I, growth in Emerald Isle ' alone will necessitate system expansion in approximately 8 to 10 years. Table 18 shows BBWC's current wells and their capacities. 1 �I d Table 18 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan RRWC Well CODaCIN Well Number/Capacity (gallons/minutel Storage allons 1 150 gpm 500,000 2 300 gpm 500,000 3 300 gpm 300,000 4 200 gpm 500,000 5 No data 6 300 gpm 100,000 7 400 gpm 1,000,000 8 550 gpm 9 550 gpm 10 550 gpm 400,000 11 550 gpm Total capacity 3,850 gpm 3,300,000 Source: Bogue Banks water uorporarion BBWC has 7 water storage facilities that provide 64 hours of storage for the water system. The company is planning to add an additional elevated storage facility at Emerald Isle Woods. This facility will add storage capacity and alleviate low-pressure problems experienced along Coast Guard Rd. during high usage periods. The locations of BBWC well sites are shown on Map 6. 4.2 Wastewater Treatment Facilities Emerald Isle does not have a central sewer system. Individual septic tanks, shared septic tanks, or "package treatment" plants serve residences and businesses. There are currently 7 package treatment systems in Emerald Isle. These systems are shown in Table 19. 48 Table 19 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Private Packaae Wastewater. Treatment Facilities System Permitted Flow (gallons/day) Type Cape Emerald 50,000 Treatment plant/rotary distributor Pebble Beach 70,000 Treatment plant/rotary distributor Point Emerald Villas 52,950 Treatment plant/rotary distributor Queens Court 24,000 Treatment plant/rotary distributor Emerald Plantation 55,000 Treatment plant/low pressure Sound of the Sea 40,000 Treatment plant/rotary distributor Emerald Bay Villas 3,840 Treatment plant/low pressure Sources: NC Division of Water Quality; 1996 LUP According to discussions with Division of Water Quality and Division of Environmental Health staff, all of these plants are currently meeting their permit requirements. However, problems with the plants come up from time -to -time requiring owners of some plants to upgrade or modify their systems. Nutrient build-up and saturated drain fields that will not accept wastewater are typical of the problems encountered by these systems. According to state staff, it may be difficult for homeowner associations to fund some of the required upgrades. There are no current plans to develop a public, central sewer system in Emerald Isle. In lieu of a central wastewater treatment system controlled by the Town, Emerald Isle will continue to rely on state and county permitting for wastewater systems. However, the Town will examine options for requiring owners to establish financial plans to guarantee compliant operation of private systems. These guarantees can be part of the Town's development approval process. Septic tanks. Permit staff at Carteret County Health Department indicates that generally permits for septic tanks are not a problem in Emerald Isle and that once installed the systems function as intended. However, development in the town's western end has encountered some problems. Issues in this area include (1) wetlands; (2) filling ponds to get required septic tank separation; and (3) interruption of natural drainage patterns. 11 I 49 ' 4.3 Transportation Emerald Isle is part of the proposed Crystal Coast Area/Morehead City ' and Vicinity Thoroughfare Plan. This plan, completed in late 2001, is in the approval process. The Thoroughfare Plan designates two major thoroughfares in Emerald Isle: Coast Guard Road, from Old Coast Guard Road to the intersection at ' Emerald Drive; and Emerald Drive (NC 58) from the Langston Bridge to the city limits at Indian Beach. The designated function of these major thoroughfares is to move traffic between Emerald Isle and other destinations and to move traffic safely and efficiently between major destinations within the town. fares may serve abutting properties, but their major Major thorough y g function is to carry traffic. Land use policies for these facilities should be oriented toward preserving their traffic capacity. Minor thoroughfares. This street classification is not shown on the Thoroughfare Plan. However, there are several streets in the Town's system that operate as minor thoroughfares. These streets include: various segments of Ocean Drive, Sound Drive, Crew Drive, and Reed Drive. The function of these streets is to collect traffic from local streets and carry it to the major thoroughfare. In addition, these streets usually provide access to abutting property. Land use policies for minor thoroughfares should discourage development of these streets into major thoroughfares. Local connector streets. This is not an "official" thoroughfare designation. However, several local residential streets have developed into connections that carry traffic between the major and minor thoroughfares. These connector streets include: Old Ferry Road and Mangrove; Bogue Inlet Drive; and Lee Avenue. Land use policies should recognize potential conflicts between traffic and existing uses and may encourage installation of improvements such as sidewalks and bike lanes to enhance traffic safety. 1 50 4.3.1 Highway 58 Corridor Improvements The Emerald Isle Board of Commissioners appointed a committee of interested citizens and stakeholders to the Highway 58 Corridor Committee in the spring of 2002. The Highway 58 Corridor extends from the Langston Bridge east to the town limits. The committee's objective was to develop a vision for improving safety and aesthetics in the corridor. The committee initially focused on the business area of the corridor. This area extends from the Bridge, and including the Coast Guard Rd. Park, east to the Town Hall/Recreation Complex. In future phases, the Town will address the area east of Town Hall and the area west of the Park. The committee's preliminary report includes a system of interconnected pathways and crosswalks that will encourage walking and biking from surrounding residential areas to the business corridor. The pathway system will also enhance the safety of walkers and bikers. The pathway system includes 13 projects that total approximately 7.1 miles of improvements. The Highway 58 Corridor Proposed Pathway System Map shows the general location of these projects. The committee also recommends plantings of native vegetation and appropriate street furnishings to improve the streetscape within the corridor. 4.4 Stormwater Systems 4.4.1 Systems Emerald Isle developed a Drainage Master Plan in 1988. This plan identified the following six major drainage problem areas: 1. Coast Guard Rd -East area from Pinewood Place east to Reed Drive. 2. Coast Guard Rd -West area between Channel Drive and Wyndward Ct. 3. Downtown area south of Emerald Drive from Mangrove to the commercial area at Bogue Inlet Dr. 4. Sound Drive area from Bogue Inlet Drive to Live Oak. d I 51 1 1 5. Ocean Drive area from Cedar Tree Lane to William. 6. Eastern area south of Emerald Drive from 18th Street to 4th Street. Since development of the master plan, the Town addressed three of the problem areas. The solutions include the following: Coast Guard Rd -East ditching to collect stormwater and carry it to a retention pond north of Coast Guard Rd. From the retention pond, stormwater filters back to the Sound. Doe Drive Area and Lands End— installation of pump systems that allow pumping water to the beach in emergency situations. • Ocean Drive area— installation of small infiltration devices that use collection basins, perforated pipe, and drainage fields to ' disperse water. 1 h The Town is currently implementing a new, innovative system to address continuing problems in the Coast Guard Rd. area. This new system will involve pumps that lower the ground water to allow for more infiltration of stormwater. The system will pump water to the stormwater site on Coast Guard Road that is owned by the Town. On the site, water will be initially cleaned by a natural forebay system and passed through a natural wetland and pond system for further retention and cleaning. The water will eventually infiltrate back to the Sound. The system has an emergency outfall that will only be opened when Shellfish Sanitation closes the Sound. This only happens during high rainfall or approaching storms. 1 4.4.2 Potential Problems Related to Stormwater 1 I The Basinwide Plan13 and the most recent Shellfish Sanitation Report14 indicate that bacterial contamination from stormwater runoff is the major source of water pollution in this area of Bogue Sound. Therefore, management of stormwater is an essential part of any strategy to protect water quality in the waters surrounding Emerald Isle. A recent survey (spring 2003) identified more than 20 potential sources of stormwater pollution in Bogue Sound. The purpose of this survey was to 13 NC Division of Water Quality, Water Quality Section, Whiteoak River Basinwide Water Quality Plan, 2002. 14 NC Shellfish Sanitation Section, Report of Sanitary Survey Area D-4, April 1999. 52 1 identify, for purposes of policy development, the general types of stormwater problems that exist in the community; it was not intended to develop the type of comprehensive and detailed information required for a stormwater management plan. Based on the survey, there are 4 types of stormwater issues related to ' pollution of the sound: (1) Closed storm drain systems in older developments that transmit runoff to the sound without significant removal of sediments and pollutants; (2) Drainage systems installed along Emerald Drive, mainly in the eastern areas, that carry runoff directly to the sound; (3) Street ends, often badly eroded, that carry runoff from Emerald Drive to the sound; and , (4) Runoff from lawns that often carries sediment and nutrients into adjacent surface waters. Each will require different policies and implementation strategies. Piney Creek. The waters in Pine Creek Archer's Creek) are the only area currently experiencing water quality problems. These waters are closed to shellfish harvesting. Three potential sources of stormwater pollution were identified in the Piney Creek sub -watershed. These include direct discharges from paved parking areas; small flumes that direct runoff from ' streets into the creek; and runoff from lawns bordering the creek. A strategy for Piney Creek will require capital projects to address direct to discharges and a cooperative program that involves property owners address runoff from lawns. The cooperative program should focus on education and possible projects, such as creation of buffers and reduction of chemicals and fertilizers. The Potential Pollution Sources — Bogue Sound Map shows the general types and locations of the stormwater sources identified in the survey. 53 1 I� 11 4.4.3 Stormwater Policies Emerald Isle enforces a stormwater management ordinance that was updated in the spring of 2002. The following are the main objectives of this ordinance: • Protect and restore chemical, physical and biological integrity of the waters of Bogue Sound, Archer's Creek and the Atlantic Ocean. • Encourage the construction of drainage systems that aesthetically and functionally approximate natural systems. • Encourage the protection of natural systems and the use of them in ways that do not impair their beneficial functioning. • Minimize erosion and sedimentation. • Prevent damage to wetlands. • Prevent damage from flooding, while recognizing that natural fluctuations in water levels are beneficial. To achieve these objectives, the ordinance sets performance standards and design standards for development, development activity, and redevelopment. These standards have the following key requirements: 1. After development or redevelopment, runoff approximates the rate of flow, volume and timing of runoff predevelopment conditions. 2. Surface water quality must be protected. 3. Erosion during and after development must be minimized. 4. Prevent increased flooding. 5. Minimize injury to flora and fauna. 6. Direct discharge into water bodies is prohibited. 7. Land disturbance activities must be as small as practicable. 8. Vegetated buffers are required along all watercourses. 9. Runoff from parking lots must be treated for pollutants before release. 10. Provide appropriate infiltration to control runoff of the first 2 inches of rainfall from all impervious surfaces on -site. (First two inches of rainfall must be retained on site and not released.) Some developments are allowed to use off -site retention facilities to meet these standards. All development must have a stormwater management plan to demonstrate compliance with the ordinance. For developments greater than 5,000 square feet, a professional engineer must seal the plan; less than 5,000 square feet does not require an engineer's seal. The plan must 54 be submitted before a preliminary subdivision plat is approved; before an existing drainage system is altered, rerouted, or deepened; or before a building permit is issued. ' Development p g Y detached a residential t or redevelopment of single-family structure that does not increase impervious surface by 1,000 square or , more are exempt from the stormwater management plan requirement. Also, maintenance or alterations that do not change quantity or quality of runoff are not required to submit a plan. i 4.5 Public Access and Recreation Facilities Emerald Isle has 70 locations that provide access to the beach and the sound. There are three types of access locations: (1) local access that provide primarily access for pedestrians and bikers from the immediate neighborhood; (2) community parks, such as Cedar Street, that have more facilities and serve a larger area; and (3) regional access that includes a large number of parking spaces, bike racks, restrooms and bathhouse, and picnic area. Local public access points are more informal, using easements and rights- , of -way created in the subdivision of the island. All have signs identifying them as public access and most have dune crossovers. Only the Regional Beach Accesses and the Cedar Street Park have formal off-street parking areas. Access guidelines. For Emerald Isle, a reasonable guideline for local or neighborhood access points is to have a facility within'/4 mile of most residential properties. This guide places public access within walking distance and easy biking distance for most people. For regional access, the guideline of one facility per 4 miles suggested by the CRC Access Guidelines is appropriate. Areas served. The Beach and Sound Access Location Map shows the application of the'/4-mile standard for local public access. It shows the areas that lie within'/4 mile of the existing public accesses that, as a minimum, are signed and have crossovers. ' 55 1 - Standard is met in most of the areas east of Bogue Inlet Drive. ' - Areas west of Bogue Inlet Drive to Yaupon are under -served; however, these areas have a high percentage of commercial uses. - Lands End area is under -served by public access, but it has private facilities available. - With exception of areas on east Sound Drive, waterfront access to Bogue Sound is below the standard. - The eastern regional access plus development of the western regional access adequately address the CRC guideline of one regional access per 4 miles. - 16-car parking lot to provide access to the Point. - 8-acre sound front access site near mile marker 18. Development of the Emerald Woods Park will add substantially to Bogue Sound access. This park will function more as a community -wide facility. this are described below.) However, (The plans for development of park there will still be areas on the sound that are under -served. A fully developed regional access on the sound may not be feasible or desirable. Sensitive natural systems and ORW restrictions may make a fully developed regional access on the difficult. However, a "mini -regional" access on the sound in this general location would significantly enhance access to Bogue Sound. A regional sound access in the vicinity of the Marina would be well located. (A joint effort between the Town and the Marina operators might be possible.) 4.5.1 Emerald Isle Woods Park The Town is developing a new park on the stormwater site located on Coast Guard Road. The site's primary function is stormwater management, but the development will provide high quality public access to Bogue Sound and passive recreation opportunities. The immediate development plan includes the following elements: Gravel road construction of Amberjack Drive for full park access Construction of 1.10 miles of 8 foot wide nature trails throughout the site 1 • Public parking area. 1 56 • A gazebo with picnic amenities near the north end of the park. • A small maintenance / restroom facility. , • A natural canoe / kayak launch area to Bogue Sound • An 8 foot wide wooden walkway over the marsh for sound access • Other park amenities, including picnic tables along trails, trashcans, etc. Future development will include a floating dock for the canoe and kayak ramp, a gangway, an observation deck off the boardwalk, and two small picnic shelters. 57 f 1 1 1 1 1 f 1 1 1 1 1 I Section V Land Suitability Analysis Land suitability analysis is a process for determining the supply of land that is ' suited for development. It is based on consideration of several factors: I Natural systems and their capabilities Existing development Compatibility with existing land uses Availability and capacity of existing community facilities Regulatory constraints - local, state, and federal CAMA Land Use Plan guidelines require local governments to develop a land suitability map. The Division of Coastal Management, in cooperation with the NC Center for Geographic Information and Analysis, provides a geographic information system (GIS)-based system for analyzing land suitability. This system incorporates the suitability factors shown in Table 20. The Land Suitability Map shows the results of the land suitability analysis for Emerald Isle based on these factors. It includes three categories of land - least suited, suited, and most suited. The map also shows seven land parcels, greater than 5 acres, that are vacant and that may be available for development during the planning period. A description of the suitability of each site is shown Table 20. With the exception of Site #7, a significant area on each site is suited for development with proper precautions and site planning. Site #7 appears to have large areas of coastal wetlands that make this site best suited for very low intensity uses. The location of these 7 sites is shown on the Environmental Composite Map. 58 Table 20 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Land Suitability Analysis Potential Future Development Sites Development Site 1 Site 2 Site 3 Site 4 Site 5 Site 6 Site 7 Suitability Factors CG Rd CG Rd CG Rd Emerald Drive Reed/Heverly Seagull/Sound Emerald Dr Dr/Canal Coastal,and Non-;. PARTIAL EXTENSIVE PARTIAL PARTIAL NO PARTIAL EXTENSIVE coastal Wetlands Estuarine Waters(500 Y Y N Y N Y Y FT) Protected Lands N N N N N N N Storm Surge Areas Y Y Y Y PARTIAL Y Y Flood Zones Y Y PARTIAL PARTIAL NO Y Y ORW Watersheds Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Significant Natural N N N N N N N Heritage Areas NPDES Sites- N N N Y N N N Developed Land,,,, Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Primary Roads Y Y Y Y Y Y Y Water Pipes (mapping Y Y Y Y Y Y Y not available) Sewer. Pipes (N.A) ' N N N N N N N 59 M = = M= am== i M M W '! M M= M M M ' Section VI Review of the Current Land Use Policies 6.1 CAMA Plan Policies i This review focuses on the consistency of Emerald Isle's existing land use and development ordinances and the 1996 CAMA Land Use Plan and the Town's success in implementing the actions described in the plan. I Ll Careful review reveals two important benchmarks for evaluating the 1996 plan. These include the specific actions that were slated for implementation after adoption of the plan and the objectives that were set for the plan. Table 21 shows the implementation actions included in the 1996 plan and describes the progress that the Town has made in these areas. Table 22 contains a description of progress the Town has made toward meeting the plan objectives. Table 21 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan 1996 Action Items Implementation Progress Action 1. Implement The Town entered into a contract with Moffatt and Nichol, recommendation Engineers that did an extensive study of stormwater issues on contained in the Town the western corridor of Emerald Isle in 2000-2001. As a result of of Emerald Isle 1989 their study a 40+ acre tract of land was purchased to aid in Drainage Master Plan. drainage in the event of major storms. That portion of the island has historically seen the worst drainage problems over longer periods of time post storm. 2. Implement the The Town's Parks and Recreation Department has shoreline access site implemented major elements of a comprehensive access improvements as plan. These include two regional access location and six local recommended in the access points. 1988 Ocean and Sound Public Access Plan. 3. Develop a detailed A comprehensive study of the current and future traffic 60 17, thoroughfare/transpor problems at Coast Guard Road and Emerald Drive was Cation plan for the U.S. completed two years ago. 58, Emerald Drive Corridor. A specific plan has been completed with recommendations regarding this corridor, sidewalks, bike. paths, greenways, and other related issues. 4. Develop and adopt an ordinance to restrict commercial use of floating structures and to restrict inhabitation to The Town has not yet initiated development of these no more than 15 days. ordinances. 5. Develop an ordinance to regulate the establishment of mooring fields. 6. Review all local The Town has undertaken amendments to its development land use regulation ordinances over the past five years to address specific issues. ordinances to However, an overall review of ordinances to respond to water determine if revisions quality management problems has not been undertaken. should be undertaken to respond to specific The Town believes that a comprehensive review and update water quality of its land use and development policies should precede management review of existing ordinances and development of new problems. ordinances. As a result, the Town requested and received funding assistance to update its land use plan ahead of the normal schedule. 61 I r] I 1 1 1� F, 1 I Table 22 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Review of 1996 Objectives Objective Progress 1. Reduce traffic An additional traffic light has been added at Coast Guard congestion. Road and Hwy 58, as well as at Mangrove Drive and Hwy 58. Added a turn lane to enter and exit Mangrove on the North side and at Lee Street; and, the state has three-laned the commercial district to allow smoother traffic flow. 2. Increase the amount To date, the Eastern and Western Regional accesses have been of off-street parking. completed; however, they do not incorporate any parking for the commercial district. 3. Reduce impact of A year -long review of the Dunes and Vegetation Ordinance has development on just been completed to require that more vegetation be left on environmental resources property prior to development and to encourage re -vegetation - dunes, vegetation, and on developing and existing properties. sound areas. 4. Increase number and The Western Regional Access west of the Islander Motor Inn has improve shoreline access been added with considerable parking; as well as six beach facilities. access areas from Channel Drive to Bluewater Drive that will accommodate one to two vehicles for handicap facilities. 5. Reduce or eliminate Due to the level of development in Emerald Isle, many of the drainage problems. drainage problems the town faces will have to be dealt with on a case -by -case basis. A comprehensive stormwater plan was adopted in 2001 to help alleviate some of the relevant issues that have long plagued Emerald Isle. Filling will not be as easily accommodated as in the past, which should help to preserve natural water flow, if practical, for a specific property. 6. Reduce septic tank The Town considered implementation of a central sewer system. problems by providing a At the present time, the Town does not believe that such a central sewer system. system is required to meet its land use and development goals. 62 6.2 Review of Hazard Mitigation Policies The Emerald Isle Board of Commissioners adopted a Hazard Mitigation Plan in 2004. This plan is designed to focus the Town's resources on the hazards that pose the greatest risks to life and property — Hurricanes, Nor'easters, Flooding, and Tornadoes. The plan includes policies and implementation actions to address each of these threats. The policies and actions related to hurricanes, Nor'easters, and flooding are the most relevant for the land use plan because they set guidelines and requirements for the types of uses and development patterns in hazard areas. Table 23 summarizes the policies and actions included in the draft plan and describes their impacts on land uses. Table 23 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Review of Hazard Mitigation Policies Policy, Ordinance, or Impact on Land Use Implementation Action 1. Subdivision regulations • Land that is subject to flooding may not be platted for residential development unless the developer can show that the hazard can be corrected. 2. Zoning ordinance • Includes specific development standards for residential and commercial structures built in an Inlet Hazard Area. • Manufactured housing and modular homes are not permitted in the High Hazard Flood Zone. 3. Flood damage • New and replacement water and sewer systems prevention ordinance must be designed to minimize or eliminate infiltration of floodwater. • On -site waste disposal systems must be located and constructed to avoid impairment to them or contamination from them during flooding. New residential construction or substantial improvements must have lowest habitable space 2 feet above flood elevation. • Lowest floor of non-residential commercial buildings 63 n I iJ 1 A I 1 must be elevated 2 feet above base flood elevation; in A zones, structures may be flood proofed. • In V zones buildings and structures must be setback 60 feet from mean high tide lines and the lowest supporting horizontal member shall be 2 feet above flood level. • No alteration of sand dunes that would increase potential flooding is allowed. • Public utilities and facilities in subdivisions must be located and constructed to minimize flood damage; all subdivisions must have adequate drainage to reduce exposure to flood hazards. 4. Stormwater ordinance • All development and redevelopment projects must have stormwater management plan; residential projects with less than 5,000 square feet of impervious surface can have informal plan. • Direct discharge to water bodies not allowed; • Must keep disturbed area as small as practicable; • If possible, indigenous vegetation must be retained in undisturbed area; • Vegetated buffer strips to prevent erosion and trap sediment must be created; • Encourages use of wetlands to store and purify runoff; • Runoff from parking lots must be treated to remove oil and sediment. 64 Part 3. Land Use Plan Goals, Policies, and Future Land Use Map Growth and Development Goals This section details Emerald Isle's future land use goals. These goals describe the desired ends toward which the land use plan and its policies are directed. They also describe the values and general principles that guide the town's development and redevelopment. The goals are an outgrowth of the key issues and concerns identified by the Land Use Plan Steering Committee; the planning vision; and the technical analysis of existing and emerging trends. They provide a template for developing policies and programs. Satisfactory access for residents and visitors to the beaches and the Sound for a range of activities Land uses and land use patterns that are consistent with the capabilities and limitations of Emerald Isle's natural systems Preserved and reclaimed natural areas, such as Emerald. Isle Woods park, that have high biological, economic, and aesthetic values Mitigation of risks from storms, flooding, beach erosion, and migration of Bogue Inlet Better traffic flow and safety to accommodate the growing permanent and seasonal population High quality waters in the ocean and sound that meet water quality standards and are approved for shellfishing Stormwater that is managed to protect water quality and to prevent neighborhood flooding Create a "village" type atmosphere in the commercial district that is . pedestrian friendly, promotes successful businesses, is aesthetically pleasing and has attractive signage, and fosters a greater sense of community 1 1 65 Emerald Isle's Future Land Use and Development Policies Introduction Emerald Isle's policies are a consistent set of the principles and decision guidelines, or courses of action that are adopted by the Board of Commissioners to attain its land use and development goals. While the policies are not regulatory, except for the requirements and standards for development and land use in Areas of Environmental Concern, the Town will follow a deliberate process to ensure that its development management ordinances and regulations and future land use and development decisions are consistent with the policies. Part 4 of the plan, Tools for Managing Development, contains a description of the steps that will be taken to address consistency between policies and local development management ordinances. CAMA planning guidelines specify that local policies must address six management topics. These management topics include: 1.0 public access 2.0 land use compatibility 3.0 infrastructure carrying capacity 4.0 natural and manmade hazard areas 5.0 water quality, and 6.0 local concerns (small town atmosphere). The topic of local concern is a general topic of maintaining a small town atmosphere. This topic was mentioned numerous times in the community workshop and Steering Committee meetings. The policies that address each of these management topics are described below. Applicable CAMA Planning Objective(s) and a brief discussion of the policy background are provided for each management topic. This discussion is intended to provide users of the plan with information about the context of the adopted policies and is not intended to be part of the Town adopted policies. The policies for development and land use in AECs do not exceed state standards. The Town's adopted Land Use and Development Policies are shown in bold. 66 ' 1.0 Public access 1 PUBLIC ACCESS LAMA PLANNING OBJECTIVE "Develop comprehensive policies that provide beach and public trust water access for the shorelines in Emerald Isle." Discussion Residents and visitors to Emerald Isle have traditionally enjoyed excellent access to the ocean beach and the estuarine waters of Bogue Sound. It is fortunate that the town's original design provided for numerous well -located access locations for the beach and included short, dead-end streets on the north that lend themselves to pedestrian access to Bogue Sound. A small number of these potential access locations provided in the town's original layout are obscured or blocked by private encroachments. The Town has added several additional access facilities: a universally accessible access point at the east end, two regional beach access locations, and Cedar Street Park that provides formal access to Bogue Sound. The Town is developing Emerald Isle Woods Park, which will provide additional access to the sound. In addition, the Town has recently acquired a sound front access site near Chapel - By -the -Sea. r Policies related to public access are directed toward the Town's ongoing beach renourishment and inlet stabilization projects. Policies 1.1 The Town will continue to maintain, improve, and reclaim its Public Access Locations to ensure that residents and visitors have satisfactory access to the ocean beach and the sound. The Town will use its Shoreline Access Plan as a guide for the location, development, and improvement of ocean and sound access. 1.1.1 The Town will seek to provide at least one community access location every'/2 -mile along the beach and to identify or provide parking spaces within walking distance (1/4—mile). If possible, the 1 67 Town will utilize existingaccess points to provide community P Y access. 1.1.2 The Town will seek to provide local access locations every 1/4-mile ' to provide pedestrian and bicycle access to the beach for surrounding neighborhoods. These local access locations will have minimal facilities. Vehicular parking may not be provided at these facilities. , 1.1.3 The Town will undertake, where feasible, development of additional Cedar Street -like facilities to provide satisfactory access to Bogue Sound. 1.1.4 The Town will provide satisfactory access to residents and visitors of all abilities. It will review the community's needs for universal access and take steps to eliminate barriers. , 1.1.5 The Town will seek financial assistance from the State and Carteret County for development of additional access facilities. , 1.1.6 Where there are currently dedicated but unimproved access locations, the Town will (1) continue its policy of accepting maintenance of properly constructed walkways and cross-overs built by surrounding property owners; and (2) identify walkways and crossovers where private encroachments exist and take steps, ' where practical, to open these access points to the public. 1.2 The Town will consider service to the beach and sound access locations in its bicycle the design and development of pedestrian and systems and facilities. 1.3 In conjunction with the development and implementation of the comprehensive stormwater management program and subject to available funding, the Town will seek to correct conditions at access locations on street -ends to ensure that these facilities do not contribute to impairment of water quality in Bogue Sound. 1.4 The Town will seek to protect public access to the ocean beach and the , sound in its review and approval of development and redevelopment plans. 1.5 The Town will review local ordinances regulating the placement and length of piers and make adjustments so that they mirror CAMA standards. 1.6 Boat launching facilities in the Town are currently limited to the private Island Harbor Marina, small private launching facilities, and small unimproved facilities at a few street ends that do not have parking areas and that serve only the nearby neighborhoods. The Town's goal is to provide additional public boat launching facilities, with designated parking areas, for its residents, property owners, and visitors. The Town will 68 work to identify suitable locations and pursue grant funding for such projects. 2.0 Land Use Compatibility LAND USE COMPATIBILITY LAMA PLANNING OBJECTIVES "Adopt and apply local development policies that balance protection of natural resources and fragile areas with economic development." "Policies that provide clear direction to assist local decision making and consistency findings for zoning, divisions of land, and public and private projects." ' Discussion Even though Emerald Isle is approaching full effective development, the Town places high value on protection and conservation of its coastal resources. Residents who have participated in the planning process have expressed ' concern about coastal wetlands, Bogue Sound, which is designated an Outstanding Resource Water (ORW), the estuarine shoreline, non -coastal wetlands, and vegetative cover. The ORW designation means that the waterbody has outstanding scenic, fishery, recreation, wildlife, and ecological values. Coastal wetlands in Emerald Isle are marshes that are regularly or occasionally flooded by tides. These marshes perform several valuable services. They provide food for fish and shellfish in the sound; they provide wildlife habitat; they help protect against erosion; and they help remove sediment and pollutants from stormwater runoff. These wetlands are unsuited for any development or land use that would alter these natural functions. 1 Bogue Sound and its tributaries are part of the estuarine water system that is an integral part of the coastal lifestyle enjoyed by Emerald Isle residents and visitors. Not only are these waters tremendously valuable scenic resources, they also support the region's valuable commercial and sport fisheries, which include species such as menhaden, flounder, shrimp, crab, clams, and oysters. Bogue Sound is designated an Outstanding Resource Water. Only land uses and development that are compatible with its outstanding scenic, fishery, recreation, wildlife, and ecological values are appropriate. 1 69 The dry land edge, or estuarine shoreline, that forms the transition between Bogue Sound and upland areas is an important part of the overall system. It extends landward for 575 feet. Development in this area must protect existing barriers to erosion, limit impervious surfaces, and take steps to prevent sedimentation and pollution from runoff. Non -coastal wetlands are important components of Emerald Isle's natural systems to manage stormwater, protect water quality, and prevent erosion. These important landforms should be protected. Only small, isolated areas that meet the traditional definition of maritime forest remain in Emerald Isle. However, the town still has significant areas that are covered with native vegetation. All of these areas are valuable assets and are worthy of attention and preservation. The Town's policies provide a set of guidelines that will protect these resources in decisions related to land use and development. Policies 2.1 Due to the essential role that they play in protecting water quality and providing food and habitat for fish and wildlife, the Town supports protection and conservation of Emerald Isle's coastal wetlands. 2.1.1 The Town endorses the CAMA use standards, which maybe minimum requirements, and the development permit system as an effective tool for conserving coastal wetlands. 2.1.2 Through enforcement of local ordinances, the Town will ensure that land use and development are consistent with conservation of coastal wetlands. The Town will allow only land uses in coastal wetlands that require water access and cannot function elsewhere. Examples of acceptable uses are utility easements, piers, and docks. Where such uses are permitted, the Town will require them to be developed in such a manner that the impact on coastal wetlands is minimized. 2.2 The Town supports actions by property owners to slow or prevent erosion along Bogue Sound and its tributaries that are consistent with CAMA rules. The Town encourages property owners to use approved erosion prevention methods that are the most effective for preserving and restoring coastal wetlands. 70 2.3 The Town recognizes the importance of the 575-foot ORW-estuarine shoreline in protecting water quality in Bogue Sound and supports use ' standards that preserve natural barriers to erosion, require vegetated buffers, requires on -site retention of stormwater, and keep impervious ' surfaces to a minimum. The Town will continue to enforce local ordinances that support these objectives in the ORW-estuarine shoreline. 2.4 The Town will only allow uses in estuarine waters that are compatible with protection and conservation of their biological and community values. 2.4.1 Only development associated with water -dependent uses is tallowed. Examples of appropriate development may include public access facilities, docks and piers, or erosion control ' structures. 2.4.2 In all cases, the design of facilities or activities will ensure that any negative impacts on estuarine waters are minimized. 2.4.3 Development of new marinas or expansion of existing marinas must be consistent with local ordinances. 2.4.4 "Floating homes" are not allowed. 2.5 The Town will require identification and encourage preservation of high - value, non -coastal wetlands on development site plans to protect their biological and stormwater management values. 2.6 The Town places high value on its native vegetation and encourages flexible site planning and site development that helps preserve this resource. 2.7 The Town will strongly encourage future development and land uses patterns that are consistent with conservation of its natural systems. 1 3.0 Infrastructure Carrying Capacity INFRASTRUCTURE CARRYING CAPACITY CAMA PLANNING OBJECTIVE "Establish policies to ensure that the location and capacity of public infrastructure is consistent with the Town's growth and development goals." Discussion Emerald Isle's key infrastructure systems include NC 58 and the local street system; the public water system operated by Bogue Banks Water Corporation (BBWC), which is a non-profit corporation; and the drainage system. 71 v NC 58 is Main Street volumes of regional traffic with but it must also carry large o origins and destinations outside of Emerald Isle. Traffic volumes on this highway ' are extremely heavy during the vacation season and residents and visitors alike would like to see relief. In addition, the NC Aquarium at Pine Knoll Shores will double in size in the near future and increase traffic pressure on NC 58 with , visitors traveling from the mainland through Emerald Isle to reach this attraction. It also has the potential for creating a barrier between the sound areas and the ocean areas, making access difficult and dangerous. In addition, some residents are concerned that current highway facilities may not be adequate to handle traffic in times of storms. The BBWC says that it has sufficient capacity to serve the town's projected peak population and that its aquifer water resource is not a limiting factor for growth. Nine of BBWC's 11 wells for the water system are located in Emerald Isle. A third water tower is planned to improve water pressure at the western end of the ' town. The Town will work with the BBWC to ensure that these wells are protected. The Town has a drainage plan that was developed in 1988. Several of the recommended projects have been implemented. The Town is currently implementing an innovative stormwater management system to address continuing problems in the Coast Guard Road area. The White Oak River Basin Plan and NC Shellfish Sanitary Survey for area D-3 indicate that bacterial contamination from stormwater runoff is a major source of water pollution in this area of Bogue Sound bordering Emerald Isle. The Town will address this issue through a comprehensive stormwater management program that addresses flooding problems, runoff volume, and sedimentation and pollution from runoff. While not within the timeframe of this land use plan, the Town will work with the North Carolina Department of Transportation, emergency management agencies, and property owners in Emerald Isle to support the highest possible level of response to emergencies. This may involve identification or development of parallel E-W access when NC 58 is not passable and identification of strategically located helicopter landing sites when emergency transport off the island is required. I fl 72 1 i . Policies 3.1 The Town supports improving traffic safety and the traffic capacity of the NC 58 corridor on and adjacent to Bogue Banks to better accommodate seasonal peak traffic volumes. 3.1.1 Two travel lanes with a center turn lane and bicycle lanes is the preferred cross-section for NC 58 through the existing commercial area, from the Coast Guard Road intersection to the vicinity of Mile- post 17. From this area to the city limits the preferred cross-section is 2 travel lanes and 2 standard bicycle lanes. 3.1.2 The Town strongly supports a corridor design that does not create a ' barrier between the ocean side and the sound side and that provides for sufficient safe crossings to allow pedestrians and bicyclers to safely cross the highway. 3.2 The Town endorses funding to provide transportation improvements that enhance area access and travel within the region without harming Emerald Isle's "small town atmosphere." 3.3 The Town supports development of the system of pathways and crosswalks as recommended by the Highway 58 Corridor Committee. The ' Town encourages additional planning to expand the pathway system to major destinations throughout the community. 3.4 The Town will undertake a long range planning process for additional east -west access through the commercial concentration at Bogue Inlet Drive. The plan will focus on relief of traffic congestion at this location and support further development of this area into the Emerald Isle Town Center. 3.5 The Town will seek to form a partnership with other Bogue Banks communities and the NC Department of Transportation to develop a strategy for additional access between the mainland and the island to address seasonal traffic demand and to provide faster and safer access in times of storms. The Town is opposed to widening the existing Langston Bridge or building a parallel bridge as a solution to improved access. The Town supports a mid -island bridge as a preferred solution to congestion on NC 58. A mid -island bridge would tie-in to the NCDOT's regional plan to expand Hibbs Road to 5 lanes from NC 24 to NC 70 and provide an additional evacuation route for people living in the middle of Bogue Banks. 3.6 The Town will ensure that land use and development decisions and management of transportation facilities complement and enhance each other. 1 73 3.7 The Town will continue to provide residents, businesses, and visitors with adequate and safe drinking water through the BBWC system. 3.7.1 The Town will continue to consider the impact of land use and development in Emerald Isle on the supply and quality of the island's drinking water. 3.7.2 The Town will require developers and property owners to connect to the BBWC system at their own expense. 3.7.3 The Town and BBWC will periodically review population growth, development patterns, and water system capacity to ensure balance between the public water supply and population growth and development. 3.8 The Town will undertake development of a comprehensive stormwater management program. This program will include three components: (1) protection and enhancement of water quality; (2) actions to address flooding in existing neighborhoods; and (3) enforcement of stormwater management ordinances and policies for new development and redevelopment. 3.9 The Town will continue to rely on septic tanks and private "package treatment plants" for wastewater treatment. The Town will not pursue development of a central sewer system. 4.0 Natural and Manmade Hazard Areas HAZARD AREAS CAMA PLANNING OBJECTIVES "Develop location, density, and intensity criteria for new development and redevelopment so that it can better avoid or withstand hazards" "Correlate existing and planned development with existing and planned evacuation infrastructure." Discussion Coastal storms constitute a significant hazard for residents and properties in Emerald Isle. The Division of Coastal Management places the Town's historical rate of beach erosion at 2 feet per year. Yet after Hurricane Floyd in 1999, the town experienced significant beach recession. Affer the storm, the Town estimated that 156 single-family structures, and 17 mobile home lots were endangered. 1 1 74 Bogue Inlet is encroaching on the western end of the island. Engineers estimate that the inlet is migrating to the east at a rate of 60 to 90 feet per year. The Town has identified 86 repetitive flood insurance loss locations. Most of these locations are in the western area. A significant area of Emerald Isle is subject to "accident potential" and "noise impacts associated with aircraft operations at Bogue Field. Accident potential zones impact nearly 1,500 parcels. "Some" or "moderate" noise levels impact inearly 2,500 parcels. The Town's approach is to mitigate the risks associated with these hazards through information, local development guidelines, support of the State's coastal management program, and local nourishment and inlet stabilization projects. ' Policies 4.1 Due to the unique risks to life and property that exist within the area designated as the Ocean Hazard System AEC, the Town strongly supports the State policies that regulate the location and intensity of development in these areas. The Town will enforce local policies that bolster the State's ' programs: 4.1.1 The Town will avoid taking any action or approving any action that materially damages the frontal dune system or that hampers its recovery from storm damage. 4.1.2 Due to the valuable role that vegetative cover plays in stabilizing soil and dune systems and increasing resistance to damage from storms, the Town strongly opposes excessive removal of vegetation ifor development or redevelopment. 4.1.3 The Town will continue a beach conservation and nourishment program as part of an overall program to mitigate risks from coastal storm events. 4.1.4 The Town supports realignment of Bogue Inlet to address its ' encroachment on the western shoreline of the island and to protect and restore valuable recreational and environmental resources. To address the increased risks to development in the Bogue Inlet hazard area, the Town strongly discourages inappropriate development by limiting residential and commercial density, structure size, and development intensity. Outdoor recreation 75 activities, uses that do not require impervious ervious surfaces and public q P access are examples of uses that are encouraged in this area. The Town will allow no development west of the western property line of properties currently fronting on the western side of Bogue Ct. 4.2 The Town supports measures to mitigate the aircraft accident potential and elevated noise levels associated with operations at Bogue Field. 4.2.1 The Town believes that safety and noise hazards within the APZ and noise contours must be disclosed to new buyers prior to purchase. Such disclosure is best conducted and controlled by real estate brokers uniformly within the county. The Town will review and adopt a procedure for disclosure after consultation with the NC Real Estate Commission, the Carteret County Board of Realtors, and Carteret ' County officials. 4.2.2 The Town will not rezone areas within the APZ to a zoning district that allows higher residential densities than the current zoning district. ' The one exception to this policy is the commercial area identified as Village East, which is specifically targeted for redevelopment in the future and may include a mixture of residential and commercial , uses. 4.2.3 Within the areas affected by elevated accident potential and higher noise, the Town encourages property owners and developers to consider compatible land uses and appropriate construction , techniques when developing or redeveloping their property. The Town will provide property owners with informational brochures and access to maps that can assist them in evaluating the impact of ' potential accidents or noise on their property. 4.3 The Town allows development and redevelopment within special flood , hazard areas subject to the provisions and requirements of the National Flood Insurance Program, CAMA regulations and the local zoning ordinance (Flood Damage Prevention). Special flood hazard areas are those areas delineated on the Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) that have a 1-% chance of flooding in any one year. 4.4 The Town will adopt and periodically update a Hazard Mitigation Plan that ' addresses the community's natural hazards and meets the requirements of the NC Division of Emergency Management and the Federal , Emergency Management Agency. 4.5 The Town will maintain or improve its Community Rating System (CRS) score to make the community safer from flood risks and to reduce premiums for Federal Flood Insurance. 76 1 ' 4.6 The Town will work with the Emerald Isle Fire Department to maintain its #4 ' Fire Rating. 4.7 The Town will take steps to improve traffic handling capability and safety of Emerald Isle's streets and roads and will encourage improvement of ' evacuation routes off Bogue Banks. I 5.0 Water Quality WATER QUALITY CAMA PLANNING OBJECTIVES "Policies that help prevent or control non -point source discharges..." "Establish policies and land use categories aimed at protecting open shellfishing waters and restoring closed or conditionally closed shellfishing waters." Discussion According to the White Oak River Basinwide Plan, overall water quality in the waters adjacent to Emerald Isle is generally good. The waters in Bogue Sound ' re either full supporting or partially supporting for all of the dimensions of water a Y pp quality rated by the Division of Water Quality (DWQ). Piney Creek and a small area around Island Harbor Marina are the only areas ' permanently closed to shellfishing. However, DWQ's basinwide plan shows that shellfish stocks are declining throughout Bogue Sound. According to the NC Shellfish Sanitation Section, fecal coliform that is directly related to stormwater runoff is the major source of pollution in Bogue Sound and its tributaries. Shellfish Sanitation recommends stormwater management and public information and education as the most effective local strategies for protecting water quality. The Town relies on septic tanks and private "package treatment plants" for wastewater treatment. The Carteret County Health Department indicates that soils in Emerald Isle are generally suited for septic tanks and that existing septic tanks are not a significant water quality issue. Package treatment plants on the other hand have experienced some performance problems. These package plant problems are sometimes linked to a lack of capital to repair and upgrade ' the system. 1 77 ' Policies 5.1 The Town will undertake a comprehensive stormwater management ' program that controls the amount and quality of stormwater runoff that is consistent with maintaining and enhancing water quality in the Ocean ' and Bogue Sound and restoring water quality in Piney (Archer's) Creek. The stormwater management program will address the following objectives: 5.1.1 Reduction of stormwater runoff to the ocean beaches, Bogue Sound, and the sound's tributaries from all .public areas such as streets, parking lots, access areas, and ramps; 5.1.2 Application of stormwater ordinances to new private development ' and significant redevelopment of existing properties; 5.1.3 Retention of vegetated buffers along drainage ways where feasible; and 5.1.4 Cooperation between the Town and property owners to reduce sedimentation and pollution from local runoff. , 5.2 As part of the comprehensive stormwater program, the Town will investigate the feasibility and cost associated with the restoration of water quality in Piney Creek to the point that the creek may be opened to , shellfishing. 5.3 The Town will ensure that its land use and development policies support ' the goal of maintaining and enhancing water quality. 5.3.1 Maintain "low" density development patterns that are consistent with maintaining and enhancing water quality; , 5.3.2 Encourage innovative development techniques to reduce impervious surfaces associated with new development or significant , redevelopment; and 5.3.3 Review current development requirements to identify opportunities to reduce impervious surfaces. 5.4 The Town recognizes that management of land uses and development in the 575-foot outstanding resource wafer shoreline of Bogue Sound is a major requirement for maintaining and enhancing water quality in the Sound. The Town will ensure that its land use and development regulations are consistent with the proper management of this resource and the ' applicable state and federal development regulations. 5.5 The Town supports septic tanks as the primary means of wastewater treatment where soil limitations are not a factor. n J 78 1 1 5.6 To minimize septic tank problems, the Town will undertake an education program that provides information to property owners on proper maintenance of septic tanks. 5.7 Where the use of septic tanks for wastewater treatment is not consistent with public health or environmental quality, the Town supports the use of properly maintained wastewater treatment plants." Owners and operators of these facilities must have a plan of operation and a financial plan, satisfactory to the Town, that ensure the plant's continuous operation and its periodic repair, upgrade, and expansion as needed. Like some other NC communities, the Town may require a performance bond, letter of credit, or other financial instrument for the long-term maintenance and upgrade of any package treatment plant to insure that it protects public health and water quality. 6.0 Local Concerns —Small -town Atmosphere Discussion Preserving Emerald isle's small-town atmosphere is almost universally mentioned as an aim of the Land Use Plan. This generally means maintaining and enhancing the community's following characteristics: • An "identifiable" commercial core that serves as a "town center" • Predominantly lower density residential uses with most single-family and dual -family homes • Sidewalks and bike paths that connect neighborhoods to the commercial areas, public access points, and other frequent destinations • Appropriate signage and lighting on commercial structures • Street trees on public rights -of -way and landscaping on private parking areas The Town recognizes the potential for developing large hotel complexes in Emerald Isle. Such hotels are characterized by more than 100 rooms. The Town is opposed to this type of development because it conflicts with Emerald Isle's "small town atmosphere." The Town is also opposed to the development of a J convention center. However, the Town supports and encourages development or redevelopment of smaller -scale hotels or motels that are consistent with its land use policies, ordinances, and regulations, which will ensure that the development "fits" the community. Policies 6.1 The Town strongly encourages overall land use and development patterns that support retention of the Emerald Isle's small town character, its existing quality of development, and its family atmosphere. 6.1.1 The Town strongly encourages development practices that preserve important environmental features, provide a high quality living environment, address transportation needs, and emphasize compatibility with neighboring residential areas. 6.1.2 The Town will encourage single and dual -family development and redevelopment in areas planned for residential uses. The Town will continue to enforce the density limits of the existing zoning ordinance for new development and significant redevelopment. In areas planned for single and dual -family structures, these limits range from 3.5 dwellings per acre to 5.8 units per acre. In mixed residential areas, density may be up to 8.0 units per acre. 6.1.3 Single-family and dual -family residential structures are strongly encouraged unless the development incorporates innovative site plan concepts such as clustering, mixed -use development, or "traditional neighborhood design." In these cases, the effective density cannot exceed 3.5 dwelling units per acre for single-family structures and 5.8 dwelling units per acre for dual -family structures. 6.1.4 The Town continues to allow multifamily development at a density not to exceed 8.0 dwelling units per acre. Areas for multifamily development are designated on the Future Land Use Map as mixed residential and will have the following characteristics: 6.1.4.1 The Town opposes development of new multifamily residential uses in areas that are currently developed predominantly for single-family and dual -family residences. It will review existing zoning in these areas and consider changes to zoning designations that allow only single-family and dual -family structures. I 6.1.4.2 The Town will permit multifamily housing at a maximum density of 8.0 units per acre on parcels of land that are identified on the Land Use Map as mixed residential. 6.1.4.3 The Town will consider any requests to rezone property from commercial to mixed residential or low density residential. 6.1.4.4 The town will maintain its current building height limits. 6.2 The Town supports the concept of creating the Emerald Isle Gateway on Emerald Drive, beginning at the Cameron Langston Bridge and extending to the Coast Guard Road intersection. The Gateway will focus on preserving existing vegetation, introduction of complementary native vegetation, and minimizing public and private signage. The Gateway will announce arrival at a special place. 6.3 The Town continues to support development of the local retail and support services sector that provide a greater range of goods and services to both year round residents and visitors. 6.4 The Town encourages commercial buildings that are consistent with Emerald Isle's small town atmosphere. Important characteristics include size, design, appropriate signage, and modest lighting. 6.5 The Town supports development of a more traditional "town center" that builds on development and redevelopment of the existing business areas. The Town will initiate a long-range planning program for the center. The plan will be consistent with our vision of preserving and enhancing our small-town atmosphere, and it will include the following components: • The town center will encourage mixed uses such as retail services, restaurants, entertainment, and residences. The Town discourages location of new motels and hotels in this area. • It will take advantage of the ocean beach and strive to provide easy pedestrian and bike connections to surrounding neighborhoods and the sound. • It will encourage interconnections between businesses and shopping centers that minimize the need for trips on NC 58. 6.6 The Town supports development of a commercial convenience area on Emerald Drive between Connie and Ocean Drive. 6.7 The Town will seek to create a partnership with the NC Department of Transportation, local private organizations, and residents and property owners to develop and implement a landscape and beautification program for public rights -of -way. 6.8 The Town recognizes the potential for location of new motels or hotels and encourages location of these developments in the area designated on I NE Map as Village West. Such a development must the Future Land Use M p g P comply with the policies of this plan and all applicable local ordinances. ' 6.9 The Town opposes the construction of a large-scale hotel or motel complex. 6.10 The Town opposes the construction of a convention center. ' 82 1 11 ' Future Land Use Map CAMA Land Use Planning guidelines require a future land use map that depicts ' the Town's growth and development policies and its desired future patterns of land development. The map must also give "due consideration" to the planning area's natural system constraints and the Town's infrastructure policies. Emerald Isle's Future Land Use Map, which follows, uses a land classification ' system to show desired future uses and land use patterns. This classification system has six categories of land use and development. These six categories include the following: Conservation Main Business Area Emerald Drive Business Corridor Village East -Town Center Village West Eastern Commercial Area ' Living Areas Single/Dual-Family Mixed Residential These future land use categories and the policy emphasis in each are described ' below. The policy emphasis for each category is detailed in the shaded boxes. Conservation areas ' The purpose of the Conservation land classification is two -fold. First, the classification provides protection and effective long-term management of Emerald Isle's significant and irreplaceable natural systems. These areas have high natural, scenic, recreational, and life-style values. Second, the classification helps the Town mitigate the risks to life and property that would result from development in areas with significant hazards associated with wind, flooding, and erosion. ' The conservation classification includes the following land features: 83 I J Town of Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Update Future Land Use Map Map A - West ORW Estuarine Shoreline AEC extends 575 feet inland from mean low water. Area classified as Conservation. s 0 40 Inlet Hazard Area Boundary. Area to west AEC and classified as Conservation. 14-digit HU 03020106020052 General location of Ocean Erodible Area and High Hazard Flood Area AECs. Classified as Conservation. Legend Conservation Areas Coastal Wetlands Non -Coastal Wetlands Estuarine Waters Commercial Areas Commercial Corridor Village -East Village -West Convenience Commercial Living Areas Single/Dual Family Residential Mixed Residential Inlet Hazard Area N A WBFI 2004 l - --- Match Line Town of Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Update Future Land Use Map Map B - East ORW Estuarine Shoreline AEC extends 575 feet inland from _ 1 mean low water. Area classified as Match Line Conservation. JP 14-digit HU 03020106020052 14-digit HU 03020106030082 Legend z eral location of Ocean Conservation Areas 1, Erodible Area and High Hazard Coastal Wetlands Flood Area AECs. Classified as Non -Coastal Wetlands 8 Conservation. Estuarine Waters Commercial Areas Commercial Corridor Village -East Village -West Convenience Commercial Living Areas Single/Dual Family Residential Mixed Residential Inlet Hazard Area N A WBFI 2004 I 1 I I 1 1 Bogue Sound and its tributaries Bogue Sound estuarine shoreline Coastal wetlands Ocean erodible area Bogue Inlet hazard area High hazard flood area Non -coastal wetlands Emerald Isle Main Business Area The Main Business Area includes three related areas: The business and mixed use area, called Village -East Town Center, which is centered along Bogue Inlet Drive, the commercial area, called Village -West, which is centered in the Islander Drive area, and the Emerald Drive Business Corridor, which connects the two "Villages." The Main Business Area is planned to encourage the provision of quality retail activities and business services to meet the needs of permanent residents and visitors. It will encourage owners to redevelop properties where appropriate and to ensure that new and redeveloped commercial properties are consistent with the Town's goal of maintaining a small-town, family atmosphere, while protecting and enhancing its natural environment. Development Intensity Standards Intensity of development in planned commercial areas will be controlled by the Town's current height and lot coverage standards. These limits are summarized 84 11 1 below: (Readers should consult with the Town's Building Officials to determine the application of these standards to specific properties.) Height standard for commercial land uses Maximum of 40 to 50 feet depending on construction materials and roof slope. Flat or low -pitch roofs (<=3/12) maximum of 35 feet. Pitch roof (>=3/12) maximum of 50 feet to mean roof level. Lot coverage For the more intensive commercial areas, at least 15% of the lot area must be preserved in a natural state (natural area may be used for septic drain field). For less intensive commercial areas, at least 25% of the lot area must be preserved in a natural state. Each of the three planning areas is described in more detail below. —Emerald Drive Business Corridor The planned Emerald Isle Business Corridor is built on the existing business corridor that extends along Emerald Drive from the vicinity of Coast Guard Road to the Mangrove Drive area. The corridor also includes the area currently used for camping, which adjoins Bogue Sound to the north and east of Emerald Drive. The purpose of the corridor is to continue encouraging commercial, business, and community uses in this corridor that offer a wide range of retail and service uses and facilities to serve Emerald Isle's core community and its seasonal visitors. The corridor will also offer related uses, such as camping, to serve visitors. 85 1 0 1 1 I F 1 1 I 1 lJ 11 Village -East Town Center The Village -East area is planned as a long-term program for reinforcing the older commercial district that is centered in the Bogue Inlet Drive area in a way that creates a more traditional Town Center for Emerald Isle. The Town Center concept will include a mixture of uses that are similar to those found in itraditional small towns. It could include retail shops and restaurants, retail, business support services, recreation and entertainment enterprises, public and semi-public uses, and residences. The plan will examine the potential for locating business and residential uses in mixed -use structures. The Town Center will strive to offer pedestrian and bike connections to surrounding neighborhoods and will offer easy access from the ocean to the sound, including a safe and attractive crossing at Emerald Drive. Within the current height limits, second -story residential uses will be considered. Planning for the Town Center will incorporate some surrounding residential areas to reinforce linkages to the town center and to encourage development and redevelopment of residential uses that support the planning themes for the area. 86 1 Two levels of residential densities are planned: maximum net density within areas currently zoned business is 8.0 units per acre; and maximum net densities for areas currently zoned for single family or duplex structures ranges from 3.5 dwelling units per acre to 5.8 dwelling units per acre. Village -West "Village -West" includes the area in the western section of the Main Business Area with current land uses that are heavily oriented toward vacation and recreational activities. The general location of the area is on the south side of Reed Drive. Its western "boundary' is the Holiday Trav-1 Park. It includes the business and amusement uses along Islander Drive; it skips Daisywood, Sound of the Sea, and Ocean Crest residential areas; and it includes the vacant tract located at the intersection of Loon and Reed. Upgrade and redevelopment of existing uses is encouraged in this area. The Town recognizes that such a development may involve reconfiguration of some of the current land uses. This area may contain an appropriate site for a motel or small hotel. In addition to lodging, the area is appropriate for related activities such as restaurants, small specialty shops, beach -related goods, and entertainment. Any development or redevelopment of motels or hotels in this area must meet specific site development criteria included in Town's land use policies. These development criteria and density limits are designed to address traffic 87 A 1 11 1 :1 1 1 11 1 I 1 congestion at the Emerald Drive -Coast Guard Road intersection; protect water quality; preserve native vegetation; and protect surrounding residential areas. 1 LI IEastern Commercial Area The planned Commercial Area on the east -end is located on the south side of Emerald Drive between Connie Drive and Hunter Circle. The objective of this land use category is to provide residents of the surrounding neighborhoods with shopping areas and community facilities that provide goods and services that meet residents' day-to-day needs or that meet the service needs of neighborhood properties. Examples of appropriate uses in this area are convenience retail, barber shops and hair salons, real estate rental offices, small restaurants, and small gift shops. These types of uses add to the convenience of these neighborhoods and help reduce the number and length of trips on NC 58. 1 1 88 I Living Areas Emerald Isle's residential areas are approaching full development. The major trends over the coming years will be on in -fill development - building on lots currently subdivided - and redevelopment and re -subdivision - moving or demolishing existing homes or combination of existing vacant lots. Basic public infrastructure is in place to support this residential development process. The major concerns include impact on existing community character, stormwater runoff and resulting potential impact on water quality, and compliance with current density limits and development requirements. There are a small number of vacant tracts that have not been subdivided. The subdivision of these tracts will meet the current policies and State and local requirements. There are also many large areas in Emerald Isle that are currently zoned to allow a mixture of residences, motels, hotels, and other non-residential uses but which have been almost fully developed with single-family or dual -family homes. It is the intent of the town to protect these residential areas by changes to a residential zoning classification that permits only single-family or dual -family residential land uses. To adequately address its future land use goals, the Town has subdivided future Living Areas Classification into Single/Dual-Family Residential and Mixed Residential categories. These categories are described below. Single/Dual-Family Residential areas are planned primarily for single-family and duplex structures. This category includes many existing areas that are already developed. It is the Town's intent to encourage only single-family or duplex structures in this future land use category. Maximum densities are 3.5 dwellings per acre for single family and 5.8 dwelling units per acre for duplex units. While single-family and duplex residential structures are strongly r encouraged, innovative site plan concepts such as clustering, mixed -use development, or "traditional neighborhood design" that involve other housing types may be considered in these areas. 89 1 I' U A 1 However, these types of development must adhere to single-family and duplex development densities. Mixed -Residential areas are located mostly on undeveloped parcels and parcels currently designated for commercial uses. These areas are planned for single-family, duplex structures, or multifamily structures, and it is the Town's intent to limit future multifamily structures to these areas. Maximum densities in these areas are 3.5 dwellings per acre for single family, 5.8 dwelling units per acre for duplex units, and 8.0 units per acre for multifamily. In addition to density limits for residential uses, the Town places intensity limits on residential development through its height limits. For buildings with flat or low - pitch roofs, the height limit is 35 feet from grade plane to mean roof height; for high slope roofs, the limit is 40 feet, measured from grade plane to mean roof height. Policy 6.1 provides additional detailed guidance on residential land use and development. I 1 1 90 v Allocation of Land to Various Use Categories The planning guidelines require an analysis of the.amount of land allocated to each of the land use categories and a comparison with the land needs analysis shown in Part 2, Section III, page 44. Table 23 details this analysis. Table 23 Comparison of Land Allocated to Future Residential Land Use and Projected Land Needs Future Land Use Category Total Acres allocated Vacant acres Single/Dual Family Residential 1,885 163 Mixed residential 263 76 Commercial corridor 70 11 Village East and Village West 124 27 Convenience commercial 5 2 Conservation 320 NA 91 I 1 1 1 1 I 1 Id 1 Table 17 in the section on "Analysis of Existing and Emerging Trends" provides an estimate of the residential land needed to accommodate the town projected population growth. This table shows that 190 acres will be required before applying the adjustment factor (+50%). After the adjustment is made, the land need estimate is 285 acres compared to 239 acres allocated on the Future Land Use Map. Cost of Required Community Facility Extensions facilities, No extensions of basic community faci, such as water, sewer, and roads, are required to support the Town's planned future land uses. However, the Town's land use policies commit to development of a comprehensive stormwater management program to address stormwater issues and water quality. 11 1 92 1 1 1 1 1 1 I I i7 I 1 Part 4. Tools for Managing Development This section of the plan describes the Town of Emerald Isle's strategy and action plan for implementing its Growth and Development Policies. The section includes four major parts: 1. Description of the role of the plan and the status of its policies in the Town's land use and development decisions. 2. Description of the Town's existing development management program, including ordinances and plans, and how it will be used to implement the policies. 3. Identification of.any additional tools that will be used to implement the plan. 4. Action plan and schedule for implementation. Each of these parts is discussed below. Role and Status of Plan The Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan will serve both day-to-day and long-range functions. The day-to-day functions relate primarily to the Town's administration of its development management ordinances and the public's understanding and use of these ordinances for land use and development decisions regarding their own property. For the Board of Commissioners, the Plan will be a policy and decision guide on matters related to land use and land development in Emerald Isle. It will not have the status of a local ordinance or code, except in matters related to development or land use within Areas of Environmental Concern, but the policies and the future land use map will guide decisions on applicable ordinances and policies such as the zoning ordinance and subdivision regulations. The plan will also be used in the Board of Commissioners' decision -making on the Town's capital and annual operating budget. The Board will review the implementation plan periodically and make necessary adjustments based on budgetary considerations, coordination with other projects, and community needs. Changes in the implementation strategy will be transmitted to the Division of Coastal Management. 11 93 L 17, Another key use of the Plan is for consistency determinations by the Division of Coastal Management on major development permits, and by other state and federal agencies on the consistency of their projects and programs with local plans and policies. The plan will also be a useful tool for others as outlined below. • Property owners and developers— Plan will provide guidance on the types of land uses and development that are desired by the community. The policies will help owners or developers formulate proposals that are consistent with the goals and objectives of the community, thereby increasing the likelihood of approval. Finally, the plan provides base information that will help owners and developers understand the capabilities and limitations of their property. • Community members at large— Plan will provide information that will permit residents and property owners to better understand plans for public projects or private development and will provide a reference when supporting or opposing such proposals. • Town's administrative staff —The staff will use the plan as a tool for evaluating development proposals and for preparing plans for public facilities. The staff will also check existing ordinances for consistency with the plan and recommend any necessary adjustments to the planning board and/or Board of Commissioners. The staff will also use the plan and implementation strategy when preparing its budget recommendations. • Planning Board —This body will use the plan and its policies to determine consistency of project plans and development proposals M with community goals and objectives in making decisions to grant or deny requests, such as an ordinance amendment, special use permit, to or subdivision plat, or approve project plans. Existing Development Management Program Emerald Isle's existing development management program provides a comprehensive basis for implementing its growth and development policies. At the present time, the program includes the following ordinances and plans: Zoning ordinance Subdivision regulations Dune and vegetation preservation ordinance Flood damage prevention ordinance Stormwater control ordinance 94 1 Mobile home and travel trailer park ordinance Shoreline access plan The way that each of these local ordinances and policies are used to implement the plan is described in Table 24. The Town has a well -staffed, professional Planning and Inspections Department that will be responsible for coordinating the administration of the development management program. This department has oversight of all ordinances related to building and development within the town. The Planning and Inspections Department is scheduling a project to consolidate the components of the development management program into a single document to facilitate coordination and to make them easier for the public to use. The Shoreline Access Plan is the responsibility of the Parks and Recreation P tY Department. The Director of Parks and Recreation and the Director of Planning and Inspections will work closely on any adjustments to this plan. I I 1 1 95 Table 24 Emerald Isle CAMA Land Use Plan Existing Development Management Program Public access Land use Infrastructure Natural Water quality Small-town Ordinance/Po compatibility carrying hazard areas atmosphere licy capacity Zoning Overlay district Requires public Overlay Overlay district • Permitted protecting coastal street access for all districts requiring residential wetlands. lots not included in requiring consistency with development a planned unit consistency CAMA use predominantly development. with CAMA standards in EW lower density use standards and PTA. s-f and duplex. in OHA. Sets standards for lighting and signage on commercial buildings. Subdivision Requires public Prohibits platting of regulations g access to beach "unsuited" land for and sound in all residential or other subdivisions. uses. Dune and 0 Protects 35% Requires vegetation g of natural landscape buffers vegetation on for commercial preservation residential lot. properties ordinance 0 Protects 15- abutting Emerald 25% of natural Drive. vegetation on commercial lot. • Restricts tree removal with no construction Ian. Flood No hazardous land Requires all new or WWT must be damage g uses permitted in substantially designed to flood hazard area. upgraded prevent discharge Vii '� oft III In (ow M an ' IM *0 N MM irllllt M IK M IW so M M IMas, M an M g M= W M prevention structures to into flood waters. ordinance comply with flood damage prevention standards. Stormwater Wetlands can be 0 No channeling control used for water directly into quality but must water bodies. ordinance not be 0 Vegetated overloaded. buffer required. • Must retain t st 2" of runoff onsite. Bogue Sound Limits fixed pier Pier length consistent with CAMA. Ordinance Mobile home Requires and TT park compliance with dimension ordinance standards of zoning ordinance. Shoreline Policy for access plan developing and maintaining public access locations throughout community. 97 I New Tools/Reviews and Amendments/Projects I Ordinance amendments I Implementation of the policies contained in the Land Use Plan will require no new tools and only limited review and possible amendments to existing tools. These reviews and amendments are described below. 1. Review the Zoning. Ordinance for consistency with updated land use plan. The review will address the feasibility of reducing and simplifying the number of residential zoning districts and eliminating motels, hotels, and other non-residential uses from districts developed for residential purposes. In addition, the review will recommend approaches for incorporating development requirements for motels, hotels, and multifamily developments into the zoning ordinance. 2. Review all development regulations to identify opportunities to reduce the amount of required impervious surfaces or to identify means to encourage use of paving materials that help reduce runoff. Projects and Plans 1. Preparation of a comprehensive stormwater management plan and program. This program will include the following objectives: • Protection and enhancement of water quality. • Actions to address flooding in neighborhoods. • Review current development requirements to identify opportunities to reduce impervious surfaces.. 2. Begin a program to improve access locations on street -ends to reduce runoff and sedimentation. 3. Investigate options to improve water quality in Archers Creek and Town Creek. 4. Update the Shoreline Access Plan with emphasis on identifying the following: needed improvements for universal access, potential r parking facilities to serve community access location, and additional access locations on Bogue Sound. 5. Prepare long range plan for creation of a "Town Center" located in the Bogue Inlet Drive area and another similar area in the "Village West" area. 98 1 Ll F 1 1 1 li 6. Begin discussions with the NCDOT and other Bogue Banks communities concerning long range planning for a 3rd bridge to be located "mid - island." 7. Continue implementation of bikeway and sidewalk plans. Implementation Action Plan Table 25 shows the Town priority implementation actions and the general schedule in which they will be completed. The Town will review this action plan annually to identify any needed adjustments. These adjustments may be related to project timing and coordination with other programs of the Town; community needs that may change from time -to -time; and budgetary considerations, including the annual operation budget and the capital budget. 99 Table 25 Emerald Isle Land Use Plan Action Plan and Schedule 2004-2011 Action 2004-05 2005-06 2006-07 2007-08 2009-10 2010-11 Review of Zoning Ordinance Reduce requirements for impervious surfaces Update Shoreline Access Plan Comprehensive stormwater program Improve street -end access locations (ongoing) Archer's Creek Water Quality Program Long Range Plan for Town Center/Village West Plan for Extension of Pedestrian/Bike Pathway System Kick off "Bo ue Banks Partnership" to plan for 3rd Bride M = 0i M MLA 11111111116, M r lid M M M M" M*0 ,ll"m M Mrs I APPENDIX 1 Required Policy Analysis The planning guidelines require the local government to provide two types of analysis of its land use and development policies and the future land use map. Each analysis is described below. Consistency of Plan with Management Topics 1. Consistency between goals and management topics - direction of policies. Public access. The Town's access policies are intended to provide "satisfactory access for residents and visitors to the beaches and the Sound for a range of activities." The policies establish minimal service levels for access locations and they address areas where access can be improved. the Town They also provide for a program to develop universal access and will protect existing public access through the development review process. Land use compatibility. The Town's goal is to continue "land uses and land use patterns that are consistent with the capabilities and limitations of its natural systems." The policies protect the town's wetlands and the ORW- estuarine shoreline to ensure that their role in water quality is maintained. The policies also ensure that land uses and facilities are designed in a manner that protects the biological, economic, and community values of estuarine waters. rInfrastructure carrying capacity. The Town's infrastructure goals focus on traffic flow and safety on its highway and street system management of stormwater to address flooding and to protect water quality. Important transportation policies are designed to provide facilities that enhance local and regional access while protecting Emerald Isle's "small town atmosphere." The policies specifically oppose widening the Langston Bridge or construction of a parallel bridge in Emerald Isle. They support a mid -island bridge to the mainland. Stormwater policies include preparation of a comprehensive stormwater management program. 1 101 Natural and man-made hazards. The Town's goal is to "mitigate risks from storms, flooding, beach erosion, and the migration of Bogue Inlet." Policies to support this goal include limitations on the intensity of development within hazard areas, a program for beach nourishment, and stabilization of Bogue Inlet. The Town also supports policies to address the accident potential and noise pp hazards associated with operations at Bogue Field. Water quality. There are two goals related to water quality. One goal relates directly to water quality by "(meeting) water quality standards and (waters that) are approved for shellfishing." The second goal is to manage stormwater "to protect water quality." As noted above, the Town will develop a comprehensive stormwater management program that has water quality as a major objective. Associated with this program is ongoing analysis and improvements to M stormwater issues at street ends that intersect the ORW shoreline. And finally, the Town commits to improvement of water quality in Archer's Creek where feasible. The Town's land use policies maintain a low -density development pattern that supports the water quality goal. Policies address development in the ORW shoreline to ensure that it supports water quality. And finally, the Town will implement an information program to help property owners to properly maintain septic tanks. Local concerns - small town atmosphere. Protection of Emerald Isle's small town atmosphere is a major goal of local concern. Policies encourage residential development patterns that are consistent with this goal. Policies also encourage development of only small hotels or motels to ensure that they support the small town atmosphere. The Town will undertake a long range planning program for creating a new town center in the Bogue Inlet Drive commercial area. 2. Consistency between future land use map and land use plan requirements. A. Residential density. The map shows two levels of future residential land uses: single/dual family residential and mixed residential. The density range for single/dual family is 3.5 dwelling units per acre for single-family 102 1 and 5.8 dwelling units per acre for duplexes. The mixed residential �( category includes single-family, duplexes, and multifamily. Density for single-family and duplexes are the same; density for multifamily is a maximum of 8.0 units per acre. Only 263 acres is allocated to mixed residential. B. Comparison of environmental composite map, land suitability map, and future land use map. There are no material differences between these maps. All of the lower capability areas shown on the composite map and ' the lower suitability areas are classified as conservation on the future land use map. C. Natural hazards. (1) Policies for land uses in the ocean hazard area and the inlet hazard area adopt the CAMA use standards for these areas. The use standards ensure that risks to life and property in these areas are reasonable. (2) In flood hazard areas, the Town will continue to enforce its flood damage prevention ordinance and the state building code to manage risks. (3) The Town's major evacuation infrastructure is NC 58 and the Langston Bridge. These facilities are considered to be adequate for current development levels and for the term of this land use plan. Long range, the Town will work with other Bogue Banks communities and the NCDOT to provide a third bridge located at mid -island. D. Protection of shellfishing waters. (1) The residential land use patterns depicted on the future land use map are primarily low density (single/dual family residential) with net densities in the range of 3.5 to 5.8 units per acre. Gross residential densities will be much lower. Nearly 88% of the residential land is in this classification. Mixed residential allows moderate densities up to 8.0 units per acre. Only 12% of the area planned for residential is in this classification. These low -density residential patterns are consistent with protect of shellfishing waters. (2) Coastal wetlands, non -coastal wetlands, the ORW-estuarine shoreline, and the estuarine waters are classified as conservation. Only those uses that are consistent with the biological functions of these systems are permitted. These restrictions will protect the Town's open shellfishing waters. .103 r (3) While not shown directly on the future land use map, the Town's policies focus on stormwater management options to open Archer's Creek to shellfishing. The 22 acres in Archer's Creek are the only Emerald Isle waters closed to shellfishing (2 acres at the Harbor Marina are closed by statute). Analysis of the Impact of Policies on Management Topics I The planning guidelines require the local government to analyze the impacts of its land use and development policies on the management topics. The analysis must describe both positive and negative impacts. If there are any negative impacts, then there must be policies to mitigate the negative impacts. The impacts of Emerald Isle's policies on the management topics are shown in the matrix in Table 26. According to this analysis, all of the policies have either a beneficial or neutral impact on the management topics. No mitigation policies are required. I 104 1 I Table 26. Analysis of Impacts of Emerald Isle Policies on Management Topics. Y P 11 I Management Topics Public Access Land Use Compatibility Infrastructure Carrying Capacity Natural Hazard Areas Water Quality Maintaining Small Town Atmos- phere (Local Concern) Land Use Policies Do access policies result in additional Do policies result in land use and Are the land use and development Do the policies have location, density, Do the policies prevent or control Do the policies help Emerald Isle beach and sound access? Do policies development patterns that protect patterns encouraged by the policies and intensity criteria to help new de- non -point source discharges? maintain its small-town atmosphere? support universal access? Do policies natural systems? consistent with location and capacity velopment and redevelopment avoid Do the policies protect open shellfish - support appropriate access improve- Do policies allow economic develop- of water, sewer, roads, and stormwa- or withstand hazards? ing waters or help restore condition- ments? meat? ter facilities? ally closed shellfishing waters? Public access Beneficial. Neutral. Beneficial. Neutral. Beneficial. Neutral. 1. Include criteria for local and Provide for link between pedestrian Provide for Town to address storm - community access locations. and bike pathways to public access water outfalls, runoff and erosion at 2. Support development of parking locations. "street -end" access locations to en - and other facilities at community hance water quality. access points. 3. Support additional access loca- tions on Bogue Banks shoreline. 4. Identify improvement needs for universal access. 5. Provide for public maintenance responsibility for properly con- structed cross-overs. 6. Re-establish any dedicated ac- cess obstructed by encroach- ments. Land use compatibility Neutral. Beneficial. Neutral. Neutral. Beneficial. Neutral. 1. Support conservation of coastal 1. Encourage property owners to wetlands by endorsing CAMA use erosion prevention methods use standards and applying local most effective for protecting regulations. wetlands. 2. Require identification of high 2. Support use standards for ORW value non -coastal wetlands on shoreline. Apply local policies to site plans and encourages preser- support CAMA objectives. vation. 3. Allow only compatible uses in 3. Classify non -coastal wetlands as estuarine waters. Conservation. 4. Encourage preservation of native vegetation. Infrastructure carrying capacity Beneficial. Beneficial. Beneficial. Neutral. Beneficial. Beneficial. Provide for additional local planning Protection and enhancement of water 1. Provide for upgrade of NC 58 to Comprehensive stormwater manage- 1. Provide for expansion of the to connect pedestrian and bike path- quality major objective of compre- accommodate seasonal traffic. ment program support protection and system of pedestrian and bicycle ways to major destinations, such as hensive stormwater program. 2. Support mid -island location for enhancement of water quality. pathways, currently under de - public access facilities. 3rd bridge. velopment in the core area, to 3. Include plan for additional E-W major destinations throughout the town. access in commercial area to relieve congestion. 2. Supports highway designs that do not create a barrier between 4. Provide for comprehensive oceanside and soundside and stormwater management pro- that provide for safe pedestrian gram. crossings. 5. Coordinate land use policies with 3. Reinforce development of the use of septic tanks as major "town center." WWT method. Public Access Land Use Compatibility Infrastructure Carrying Capacity Natural Hazard Areas Water Quality Maintaining Small Town Atmos- phere (Local Concern) Areas with natural and manmade Beneficial. Beneficial. Beneficial. Beneficial. Neutral. Neutral. hazards One objective of Bogue Inlet realign- 1. Protect frontal dune system. Town will initiate work with DOT to 1. Adopt CAMA use standards for ment is to preserve existing recreation 2. preserve vegetative cover, improve traffic capacity of local road land use and development in area and access location. thereby increasing resistance to system and to improve evacuation Ocean Hazard AEC. storm damage. routes. 2. Adopt National Flood Insurance standards, CAMA use standards, and continue to implement local flood damage prevention ordi- nance. 3. Provide for on -going beach con- servation and restoration pro- gram and for Bogue Inlet re- alignment. 4. Provides mitigation measures for noise and accident impacts of Water quality Neutral. Beneficial. Beneficial. Beneficial. Beneficial. Neutral. 1. Adopt CAMA/DWQ use stan- 1. Supports septic tanks as primary Comprehensive stormwater manage- 1. Provide for development of com- dards for the ORW shoreline. W WT method. Development ment program will reduce flooding. prehensive stormwater program Adopted local policies support. densities do not require central that will reduce NPS discharges, 2. Maintain low density develop- sewer. implement BMPs, retain vege- ment patterns and encourage 2. Allow "package plants" but in- tated buffers, and assist property development flexibility to pre- sure maintenance and upgrade. owners in controlling pollution serve natural systems. and sedimentation. 3. Encourage maintenance of vege- 2. Program for restoring water tated buffers. quality in Piney Cr. 3. Control development density. 4. Measures to reduce impervious surfaces. 5. Development management in ORW shoreline. 6. Public awareness program on septic tank maintenance. 7. Provision requiring financial plan for maintenance/upgrade of "package" plants. Maintain small town atmosphere Beneficial. Beneficial. Beneficial. Neutral. Beneficial. Beneficial. Ensure that development will protect 1. Encourage "best development Require consideration of traffic im- 1. Maintain WQ "friendly" devel- I. Low density residential develop - public access and will not damage practices" that preserve environ- pacts caused by intensive develop- opment densities. ment with focus on single - scenic qualities. mental features. meat. 2. Minimize impervious surfaces. family and duplex structures. 2. Protect coastal and non -coastal 3. Protect vegetation. 2. Case -by -case evaluation of mul- wetlands. tifamily development. 3. Protect significant areas of native 3. Ensure compatibility with sur- vegetation. rounding areas. 4. Town Center plan for Bogue Inlet Dr. area. 5. Plan for EI Gateway at bridge. 6. Provide for appropriate lighting, signage, and landscaping on commercial properties. 7. Opposes resort development not 1 APPENDIX 2 Emerald Isle CAMA land Use Plan Update Citizen Participation Process Citizens and property owners in Emerald Isle had extensive opportunities to Ci e s n p p y pp participate in the process of developing the Town's land use and development policies and the future land use map. These opportunities are summarized below: 1. Steering Committee. The Town appointed a 15-member citizens steering committee that served as the lead planning organization. Members of the steering committee represented various geographic areas and businesses. One member was a non-resident property owner. The steering committee met almost monthly for 15 months. All meeting were open to the public and the public was provided an opportunity to speak at all meetings. 2. Community Workshop. A community workshop was held early in the planning process to provide citizens with an opportunity to express there ideas, concerns, and opinions about land use and development in Emerald Isle. More than 100 people attended this workshop. 3. Community Open Houses. Two open houses were held to allow residents and non-resident property owners an opportunity to review draft policies and the future land use map, to ask questions, and to make recommendations on adjustments to the policies and map. More than 100 people attended these open houses over two days. 4. Community Survey. The Town surveyed all property owners in the community to learn their opinions about key issued addressed by the land use plan. The return rate on the survey was greater than 30%. Summaries of materials from the community workshop, open houses, and community survey are included in this appendix. 1 105 Communitv Workshop Results Top "Things that Make Emerald Isle a Great Place to Live" Clean water Green natural areas Low population density Controlled growth and development Family -oriented life-style and pace Clean beaches and Emerald Isle, a family Limited commercial development, mainly on Green aesthetics and natural, native Beautiful, sandy water beach Emerald Drive vegetation beaches Small town, country, Keeping vegetation Dune protection Limited building height family, and safe Clean drinking water atmosphere Keep it small, low rise Beauty and vision of Maritime forest and Maintain ocean/sound Discourage original development native vegetation water quality commercialization Maintain present ratio of Small town atmosphere, Bike paths and walkways No 4-lane highway Maintain building height 40 feet development for commercialization, family at residential, and family Limited commercialism, Balance between Contained commercial No high rise buildings Clean ocean water local owned as development and areas opposed to chains environment Preserve owners' rights Low density Low noise and light pollution No neon, flashy lights Maintain police/EMS to reasonable use and development of their properties Private parking on No zoning change Family -oriented beach Keep commercial district No more ocean front and sound in center of town commercialization Sound and ocean water Natural setting as a quality barrier island 106 M W M M M W W M M M i M r WW�= M M it Top "Things to Improve" enforcement of support controlled limit multi -family housing 3rd bridge, middle of reasonable consideration vegetation ordinances, commercial growth island of environmental impact including paving limits (sustainable (improve) development) third bridge built in Pine increase bike and walking eliminate multi -use zoning enforce lease and pooper keep commercial in Knoll Shores trails law, especially on beach current location moratorium on improve drinking water garbage cans off street access from CG Rd to 58 better drinking water commercial buildings quality during tourist season (that) are in use (traffic in bottle neck) enforcement of zoning plant native trees and discourage chain stores balanced growth to be flood control laws (improve) (place) benches Emerald fostered Drive moratorium on building enforce existing drainage establish architectural improve drinking water trash!! (more receptacles, and septic permits in regulations review board quality better clean up of beach, areas with flooding no trash in surf or on problems until solved by properties) SWM (stormwater management) system eliminate beach driving provide garbage pickup install trees and walks on better sound access and limit multi -family from house not road 58 facilities developments better architectural retain 45% undeveloped create new ordinance to increase vegetation and owner property rights zoning lot (septic and storage effectively control new trees areas considered growth developed) (K&L combined more public boat access left turn (lane) for turning build a ball field I sidewalks and bike paths more restaurants (better on sound traffic choices) 107 Written Comments from Thursday, 11 /12/03 and Saturday, 11 /15/03 Land Use Plan Open Houses General Comments Who pays? What about people who rent their property? Opposed to changing anything around CG Rd that will increase traffic Very opposed to sale of Emerald Isle Woods. Can this purchase be reversed? Why has CBG written to Gov. Easley to initiate change in its status? Must provide parking as required by Corps of Engineers with respect to the 50-year beach renourishment plan. Don't make comprehensive stormwater plan any more restrictive than federal and state law. Will residents have free access? Public Access Develop sound access at El Woods for canoes/kayaks How much (access)? Who will pay? State has precedence over town re: piers. Why pay for review (pier length) that is not needed? Future Land Use Map Recommend map alt. 3 Support map alt. 3; low density most important Support map alt. 3; low rise development Support map alt. 3 Against maps 1 and 2 Strongly favor map alt. 3 Wouldn't it make sense to limit expanding commercial development until stores in Emerald Plantation fully occupied? Adding more business, higher density area to area coming off bridge will create major traffic problems. Every day will look like the traffic problems when the beach music festival let out and traffic was at a standstill. A resort with a 4-star restaurant would be wonderful. Opposed to resort center. Don't need another Myrtle Beach or Atlantic Beach. Keep it a family beach. Lets keep it beautiful and simple Small Town Atmosphere Rezone CG Rd to R-2 Support R-2 zoning for CG Rd No Myrtle Beach, no high rise OR 1 No wide roads or bridge 3 story max - 50' limit including roof Maintain low density; don't use economic feasibility as excuse to increase density ' Reclassify Oakland Hills subdivision from RMH to R-2; currently s-f or duplex Do not need to identify residential areas as Resort Activity Center; hotel ok, but not convention center No high rise hotel, activity center, resort; this is family beach; don't need more roads, access, etc; support present situation, population, and plans; believe majority of residents agree with this No increase in building height Keep commercial development to minimum Change zoning to prohibit water tower -like structures from being built in residential areas Add more bike and walking paths Very interested in seeing quick development of Emerald Woods Park, even if funds other than taxes used. How could private citizens raise funds for this purpose? What does mixed use development mean? What is included in mixed use and how much? Convention center complex is not small town atmosphere Resort activity center will only add to problems in Emerald Isle; not conducive to small town atmosphere Please - architectural uniformity to all commercial development preferably coastal seaport style (ditto) Opposed to resort activity center -location high traffic area, safety issues What is definition of resort activity - high density development? What would center give us that current commercial zoning isn't? Opposed to resort hotel complexes - inconsistent with small town atmosphere Opposed to resort activity area in ...Ocean Crest (ditto) 100% opposed to resort activities center and complexes Public needs to be informed about the plan Resort center not mentioned in community workshop - no big development - family beach - small town, etc No resort center; resort center no way Resort activity center does not agree with family beach image - opposed to this We left NJ because of a similar situation. We prefer to live in a quiet, family, beach resort. Please don't do this. (ditto) Small town atmosphere should be a real priority. Traffic at CG Rd and Hwy 58 is already unacceptable. No more development needed there. (ditto) Best development practices should not include resort development (ditto) 109 No resort development - single-family homes only. Lets fill newly ' p 9 Y Y Y developed strip stores before building more commercial areas. More stores means more existing stores will find it difficult to stay in business. No to resort. What about a town that has no housing for people of many income levels? ie retirees, young marrieds - need affordable housing for a vibrant town. Columbia Square is zoned RMH - it should be R-2. Keep commercial building heights to 3 stories. Preserve the Gateway - keep paper Crew (right-of-way) between bridge and CG Rd along NC 58 for buffer. Remove motel -hotel zoning from residential areas. Town should consider incentives for filling vacant storefronts before allowing more commercial building. Natural and Manmade Hazards Bogue Field should realign landing field for reduction of noise and accident prevention Emerald Isle is safe from planes; pilots will take troubled planes over water; never been civilian death from Harrier crash Very concerned about noise (Bogue Field). Can they change flight path? Preserving the beaches most important issue the town has; without good, stable beaches, have nothing Protect recreational beach with good quality sand in future projects Continue to require vegetated buffer.along Bogue Sound to prevent erosion and keep sound clean Continue prohibition of swimming pools in ocean erodible areas When piping plover takes precedence over an eroding channel, I go for the channel. Ditto the noise from Bogue Field. They need to train - live with it. Years ago Bogue commander stated that El did not need to be impacted. Keep the "Sound of Freedom" - learn to live with it We came after them - knew they were here & still bought our home. Let i them be. What about beach renourishment scheduled to minimize impact on tax base? Loss of property means loss of tax dollars. Work with Cheery Point to minimize El encroachment on Bogue Field. The pilots need to be able to fly their missions. Bogue Field was here first. Live with it! Verify noise data from Bogue Field over residential areas (I believe that they've offered to do some demo fly-overs) I n 110 1 The "sound of freedom" must prevail Work with Cherry Point — they and we can do it. The beach is the most important issue this town faces. It needs to be nourished and protected. Ditto for the Inlet. Land Use Compatibility Can we require existing developments to restrict impervious surfaces to 25%? Encourage replanting of "natural vegetation" and require minimum vegetation removal on lots Infrastructure Carrying Capacity Existing development and existing structures should utilize "best management practices" to manage stormwater NC 58 overpasses or underpasses should be constructed as walking or bicycling "country style" bridge Sewers (septic tanks) should be inspected every 5 years New bridge in middle island Need 3 lanes through El Don't 5-lane Emerald Drive; if 2nd bridge, put it at Indian Beach Yes to mid island bridge (dittos); no to additional lanes on existing bridge and NC 58 Yes to sidewalks in front of all commercial developments and paid for by developers No sewers (dittos) Central sewer will lead to high rises If package plants permitted (seems wise where septic tank does not work) should they be made compatible (with others) in same vacinity Water quality (discharge?) should be monitored by reputable, registered, EPA approved business There are often odors surrounding the package plants Restrict Emerald Drive to 3 lanes (several dittos) No widening of Langston Bridge; if 2nd bridge built, put it in middle of the island Maintain current septic tank policies in place New Hanover studies show septics almost never cause pollution problems; small treatment plants had some problems, but large citywide systems did more environmental damage in one spill than residential systems did in lifetime. Don't risk fish kills and other problems from central sewer system. Add conduits from Deer Horn Dunes to Emerald Woods to alleviate flooding New exit from Post Office parking lot, out back side routing traffic one way toward ocean, then east and back to Emerald Drive (add new traffic light?) I , Protectingwater quality = protecting our investments. Kee stormwater off q Y P g P beach and (keep) our beaches open. Clean up failing package plant at Emerald Plantation. Keep stormwater off beaches and redirect to Emerald Woods area. Implement stormwater runoff lagoons in Emerald Woods Park as soon as possible for prompt relief of stormwater flooding problems along CG Rd. Maybe a shuttle system between beach, sound, and ocean interfacing with bike/hike paths could alleviate parking access points to sound and ocean. Water Quality Clean up Town Creek - contaminants going into Bogue Sound on each end Town does not having staffing for septic tank program Keep town out of septic business Do start septic program following lead of Dare County Thought water quality was ok What is economic benefit to Town of improving Piney Creek? Piney Creek flows to sound; people on soundside want clean water Water quality needs to be addressed - runoff has been and continues to be a problem 112 1 1 I 1 I 1 1 Department of Planning and Inspections Kevin B. Reed, AICP, Director kreed@emeraldisle-nc.org MEMORANDUM DATE: January 13, 2004 TO: Frank A. Rush, Jr., Town Manager 7500 Emerald Drive Emerald Isle, NC 28594 Voice 252-354-3338 Fax 252-354-5387 FROM: Kevin B. Reed, AICP, Director of Planning and Inspections SUBJECT: Land Use Plan Survey Results As you know, we have received the tabulated results from the Land Use Plan survey. I have attempted to place the information in an easy to read format. Below, you will find a list of all of the questions asked on the survey, except for question #51. I have placed in bold text next to each response in the survey, the number of respondents who selected that answer and what percentage the number represents. I rounded the percentages to the nearest whole figure; therefore, in some instances, the percentages will not add up to 100%. You will also note that after a number of questions there is an additional potential answer titled "missing". When a respondent answered a question with more than one answer or failed to answer the questions, then the answer was coded as missing. There are some questions that contain a tabulation for the response "refused". Also, attached is a list of all of the responses/comments relative to question #51. Property Ownership 1. You received this survey because you own property in the Town of Emerald Isle. What type of property do you own? (Circle all that apply) A. Single family house or duplex 1,583 (59%) B. Town home or condominium 310 (11%) C. Apartment(s) 3 (.1%) D. Mobile home or manufactured home 290 (11%) E. Business/commercial property 37 (1%) F. Vacant lot or tract 190 (7%) G. Residential rental property 261(10%) H. Commercial rental property 16 (<1%) 113 I. Other 2. How long have you owned property in Emerald Isle? A. 1 to 5 years 603 (25%) B. 5 to 10 years 528 (22% C. 10 to 20 years 728 (31 %) D. More than 20 years 507 (21 %) 3. Which statement best describes where you live? A. I live in the Town of Emerald Isle and it is my permanent residence 647 (27%) B. I maintain a permanent residence elsewhere but I own rental property in Emerald Isle 405 (17%) C. I maintain a permanent residence elsewhere but own a vacation home in Emerald Isle 1,190 (50%) D. Other Missing 77 (4%) 4. If you have a residence in Emerald Isle, where on the island is it? A. Eastern area 316 (13%) B. Central area 997 (42%) C. Western along Coast Guard Rd. 691 (29%) D. Not applicable 270 (11 %) Missing 102 (4%) 5. If you have a residence in Emerald Isle, how long have you lived here? A. 1 to 5 years 381(16%) B. 5 to 10 years 299 (13%) C. 10 to 20 years 342 (14%) D. More than 20 years 177 (7%) E. Not applicable 968 (41 %) Missing 209 (9%) 6. If you have a residence in Emerald Isle, it is served by: A. A package sewage treatment plant 174 (7%) B. Individual septic tanks 1,653 (70%) C. Shared septic tank 106 (4%) D. Do not know 96 (4%) E. Not applicable 246 (10%) Missing 101 (4%) 1 Land Use & Development 7. Thinking back over the last five years, would you say that the overall quality of life in Emerald Isle has: A. Gotten Better 747 (31%) B. Gotten Worse 369 (16%) , C. Stayed about the same 1,168 (49%) Missing 87 (4%) 114 1 I 8. All things considered, how would you rate the overall quality of life in Emerald Isle? Would you say that it is: A. A great place to live 829 (35%) B. It is better than most places 955 (40%) C. It is about the same as most places 236 (10%) D. There are some major problems but things are getting better 137 (6%) E. There are some major problems and things seem to be getting worse 112 (5%) Missing 104 (4%) 9. Emerald Isle should maintain its small town character and charm and protect its family oriented atmosphere. A. Strongly Agree 1,818 (77%) B. Agree 459 (20%) C. Disagree 48 (2%) D. Strongly disagree 11(<1 %) E. Do not know 24 (1 %) Missing 16 (1%) 10. Emerald Isle should strive to create a commercial district that is pedestrian friendly, aesthetically pleasing, and fosters a sense of community. A. Strongly Agree 913 (38%) B. Agree 910 (38%) C. Disagree 251 (11 %) D. Strongly disagree 161 (7%) E. Do not know 100 (4%) Missing 41 (2%) 11. Emerald Isle should change its zoning and allow combined commercial and residential uses such as apartments over businesses. A. Strongly Agree 92 (4%) B. Agree 300 (13%) C. Disagree 773 (33%) D. Strongly disagree 906 (38%) iE. Do not know 276 (12%) Missing 29 (1%) 12. New businesses should be located in existing commercial zones. A. Strongly Agree 1,203 (51%) B. Agree 959 (40%) C. Disagree 92 (4%) D. Strongly disagree 13 (1 %) E. Do not know 87 (4%) Missing 22 (1 %) 115 13 Emerald Isle should restrict signage, lighting, and noise of businesses. A. Strongly Agree 1,375 (58%) B. Agree 805 (34%) C. Disagree 95 (4%) D. Strongly disagree 21 (1 %) E. Do not know 62 (3%) Missing 18 (1%) 14. Buildings taller than three stories (about 40 feet) should be allowed in Emerald Isle's residential areas. A. Strongly Agree 54 (2%) B. Agree 149 (6%) C. Disagree 663 (28%) D. Strongly disagree 1,434 (60%) E. Do not know 59 (2%) Missing 17 (1%) 15. Town officials do a good job enforcing zoning, subdivision, and flood plain regulations and protecting vegetation and dunes. A. Strongly Agree 212 (9%) B. Agree 1,175 (49%) C. Disagree 335 (14%) D. Strongly disagree 121(5%) E. Do not know 502 (21 %) Missing 31 (1 %) Adequacy of Town Infrastructure 16. Emerald Isle should not allow development along Emerald Drive (Highway 58) that reduces its ability to carry traffic. A. Strongly Agree 1,257 (53%) B. Agree 777 (33%) C. Disagree 166 (7%) D. Strongly disagree 42 (2%) E. Do not know 106 (4%) Missing 28 (1%) 17. Emerald Isle should improve traffic flow to accommodate a growing population. A. Strongly Agree 704 (30%) B. Agree 1,040 (44%) C. Disagree 371 (16%) D. Strongly disagree 135 (6%) E. Do not know 93 (4%) Missing 33 (1%) 116 18. The bridge and roads are adequate for leaving the Island during an emergency such as a storm. A. Strongly Agree 286 (12%) B. Agree 1,065 (45%) C. Disagree 462 (20%) D. Strongly disagree 202 (8%) E. Do not know 340 (14%) Missing 21 (1%) 19. Emerald Isle should construct walkways, bike paths, and greenways. A. Strongly Agree 788 (33%) B. Agree 1,016 (43%) C. Disagree 323 (14%) D. Strongly disagree 107 (4%) ' E. Do not know 121 (5%) Missing 21 (1%) 20. In the next five years, which project would you MOST like to see funded? (Circle one answer only) A. An expansion of Emerald Drive (Highway 58) to 3 lanes by adding a center -turning lane 737 (31 %) B. An expansion of Emerald Drive (Highway 58) to 4lanes 222 (9%) C. Construction of a new bridge near the middle of Bogue Banks 690 (30%) D. Making Langston Bridge 4lanes 129 (5%) E. Building an alternative route through downtown such as extending Reed Drive 209 (9 %) F. Other 94 (4%) None of the above 137 (6%) Missing 139 (6%) 21. If local funds are needed for transportation improvements, which source would you MOST prefer? A. Special assessments on property owners 75 (3%) B. Increase in property taxes 191 (8%) C. Fees charged to developers of new buildings 1,080 (45%) D. These things should not be done if it means new taxes 891 (37%) Missing 137 (6%) 22. Emerald Isle should do more to encourage businesses to landscape areas around their ' establishments even if it means less parking. A. Strongly Agree 481 (20%) B. Agree 959 (40%) C. Disagree 612 (26%) D. Strongly disagree 89 (4%) E. Do not know 196 (8%) Missing 39 (2%) 117 1 23. Trees and other vegetation should be planted in rights -of -way of major streets to enhance the Island's natural beauty. A. Strongly Agree 651 (27%) B. Agree 1,169 (49%) C. Disagree 319 (13%) D. Strongly disagree 67 (3%) E. Do not know 139 (6%) Missing 31 (1 %) Public Beach and Sound Access & Recreational Facilities 24.Overall, how would you rate your access to the beach? A. Excellent 1,021 (43%) B. Good 709 (30%) C. Satisfactory 356 (15%) D. Poor 248 (10%) E. No opinion 24 (1 %) Missing 18 (1%) 25. Overall, how would you rate your access to Bogue Sound? A. Excellent 374 (16%) B. Good 539 (23%) C. Satisfactory 503 (21%) D. Poor 689 (29%) E. No opinion 255 (11 %) Missing 16 (1 %) 26. Additional public parking should be added to improve beach access. A. Strongly Agree 302 (13%) B. Agree 808 (34%) C. Disagree 637 (27%) D. Strongly disagree 399 (17%) E. Do not know 204 (9%) Missing 26 (1%) 1 27. Additional public parking should be added to improve access to Bogue Sound. A. Strongly Agree 297 (12%) B. Agree 872 (37%) C. Disagree 530 (22%) D. Strongly disagree 257 (11 %) , E. Do not know 390 (16%) Missing 30 (1%) 118 1 28. We need more public boat access and launching sites on Bogue Sound. A. Strongly Agree 446 (19%) B. Agree 764 (32%) C. Disagree 443 (19%) D. Strongly disagree 173 (7%) E. Do not know 528 (22%) ' Missing 22 (1%) 29. Emerald Isle currently maintains a number of community parks (e.g., Cedar Street and Blue Heron Park) and regional public access sites (e.g., 3rd Street Park and the Ocean Regional Access). How satisfied are you with the number of these sites? A. Extremely satisfied 267 (11 %) B. Satisfied 1,240 (52%) C. Dissatisfied 249 (10%) D. Extremely dissatisfied 37 (2%) E. No opinion 555 (23%) Missing 28 (1 %) 30. In the next five years, which project would you like to see funded MOST by Emerald Isle? (Circle one answer only) A. Another public park with ball fields and other recreational facilities in addition to the new Emerald Woods Park 53 (2%) B. Installing safe, convenient, and attractive walkways, bike paths, and greenways throughout the community 1,092 (46%) ' C. Canoe/kayak put-in/take-out facilities on the sound 192 (8%) D. Developing another regional public access site with parking, restrooms, and other facilities 187 (8%) ' E. Constructing public parking lots to improve access to the beach and Bogue Sound 267 (11 %) F. Adding life guards 163 (7%) G. Constructing more restrooms and bathhouses at existing public access sites 95 (4%) H. Other 107 (5%) ' None of the above 97 (4%) Missing 123 (5%) 31. When Emerald Isle seeks local funding for community parks and regional access ' sites, which source would you MOST prefer? A. Special assessments on property owners 106 (4%) ' B. Increase in property taxes 366 (15%) C. Fees charged to developers of new buildings 900 (38%) D. These things should not be done if it means new taxes 998 (42%) Missing 108 (5%) 1 119 32. Town officials should continue to support nourishing the beach to repair erosion. A. Strongly Agree 865 (36%) B. Agree 804 (34%) C. Disagree 294 (12%) D. Strongly disagree 282 (12%) E. Do not know 106 (4%) Missing 25 (1 %) 33. Town officials should continue to support the realignment of the Bogue Inlet channel to restore recreation areas and to protect threatened properties. A. Strongly Agree 667 (28%) B. Agree 915 (39 %) C. Disagree 271(11 %) D. Strongly disagree 197 (8%) E. Do not know 296 (12%) Missing 30 (1%) Water Quality & Habitat 34. High quality water in the ocean and sound is a major asset to Emerald Isle property owners A. Strongly Agree 1,501 (63%) B. Agree 769 (32%) C. Disagree 28 (1 %) D. Strongly disagree 6 (<1 %) E. Do not know 53 (2%) Missing 19 (1%) 35. How would you rate the water quality of Bogue Sound? A. Extremely good 195 (8%) B. Good 1,396 (59%) C. Bad 208 (9%) D. Extremely bad 23 (1%) E. Do not know 532 (22%) Missing 22 (1 %) 36. Piney Creek (Archer's Creek) is closed to shellfishing due to poor water quality. Should Town officials do more than is required by law to restore water quality in Piney Creek (Archer Creek)? A. Strongly Agree 363 (15%) B. Agree 837 (35%) C. Disagree 364 (15%) D. Strongly disagree 105 (4%) E. Do not know 667 (28%) 120 u Missing 40 (2 /o) ' 37. Emerald Isle should protect any significant remnants of maritime forest on the island. A. Strongly Agree 1,092 (46%) B. Agree 956 (40%) C. Disagree 124 (5%) D. Strongly disagree 24 (1 %) E. Do not know 149 (6%) Missing 31(1%) 38. When property owners develop and build on their lots, they should be required to protect native vegetation. A. Strongly Agree 876 (37%) B. Agree 969 (41%) C. Disagree 313 (13%) D. Strongly disagree 77 (3%) E. Do not know 109 (5%) Missing 32 (1%) ' 39. Emerald Isle should make an effort to inform homeowners how to properly maintain their septic tanks to help ensure that they work properly. A. Strongly Agree 951 (40%) ' B. Agree 1,120 (47%) C. Disagree 170 (7%) D. Strongly disagree 40 (2%) E. Do not know 70 (3%) Missing 25 (1%) 40. One option to improve water quality is to replace septic tanks and package sewage plants with a central sewer system. However, this will cost homeowners and businesses money and allow denser development. How important is it for Emerald Isle to start planning for a central sewer system? A. Extremely important 330 (14%) B. Somewhat important 327 (14%) iC. Important 460 (19%) D. Not important 1,014 (43%) E. Do not know/not important 211 (9%) Missing 34 (1%) ' 41. Another option to improve water quality is to remove stormwater pipes on the beach and sound. However, this will come at some cost to homeowners and businesses. How important is it for Emerald Isle to undertake these stormwater improvements? I A. Extremely important 310 (13%) B. Somewhat important 377 (16%) C. Important 593 (25%) D. Not important 625 (26%) 121 E. Do not know/not important 426 (18%) Missing 45 (2%) 42. Another option to improve water quality is to contain rainwater runoff from new development. However, the percentage of lots covered by buildings, parking, and other impervious surfaces may be reduced and more expensive construction may be required. How important is it for Emerald Isle to reduce rainwater runoff from new development? A. Extremely important 724 (30%) B. Somewhat important 392 (17%) C. Important 629 (26%) D. Not important 293 (12%) E. Do not know/not important 297 (12%) Missing 41 (2%) 43. In the next five years, which of the following projects would you MOST like to see funded by Emerald Isle? (Circle one answer only) A. Construct a central sewer system 461 (19%) B. Undertake stormwater management improvements on existing properties to reduce flooding and improve water quality. 970 (41 %) C. Remove any stormwater pipes discharging to the beach and the sound 535 (22%) D. Other 55 (3%) Don't Know 40 (2%) None of the Above 85 (4%) Missing 230 (10%) 44. When the Town of Emerald Isle seeks funding for expensive public projects to improve water quality, which of the following revenue sources would you MOST prefer is used? A. Special assessments on property owners 114 (5%) B. Increase in property taxes 196 (8%) C. Adoption of a stormwater utility fee 372 (16%) D. Fees charged to developers of new buildings 918 (39%) E. These things should not be done if it means new taxes 607 (26%) Missing 163 (7%) 45. This survey has presented several options for public projects designed to improve the quality of life in Emerald Isle. If Emerald Isle were to seek funding for only one public project, which area is MOST important? A. Transportation 573 (24%) B. Community parks 162 (7%) C. Public access 282 (12%) D. Water quality 1,069 (45%) E. Other 132 (5%) None of the Above 43 (2%) Missing 115 (5%) 122 Demographics 46. You are: A. Male 1,517 (64%) B. Female 734 (31 %) Missing 115 (5%) Refused (<1%) 47. Are you retired? A. Yes 1,057 (44%) B. No 1,267 (53%) Missing 44 (2%) Refused 8 (<1%) 48. Your occupation is best described as: A. Small business owner/operator 351(15%) B. Sales 113 (5%) C. Government 125 (5%) D. Education 127 (5%) E. Professional (e.g., lawyer, doctor, accountant, financial services, etc.) ' F. Personal services 27 (1 %) G. Retired 838 (35%) H. Other 145 (6%) Missing 56 (2%) 49. Which best describes your age? ' A. 35 or below 43 (2%) B. 36 — 45 266 (11 %) C. 46 — 55 562 (24%) ' D. 56 — 65 744 (31%) E. Over 65 720 (30%) Missing 31 (1%) 1 Refused 10 (<1%) 50. Which best describes your total annual household income? A. Under $35,000 163 (7%) B. Between $35,000 and $50,000 266 (11%) C. Between $50,000 and $75,000 383 (16%) ' D. Between $75,000 and $100,000 420 (18%) E. Over $100,000 847 (36%) ' Missing 227 (10%) Refused 46 (2%) 587 (25%) ' Let me know if you have any questions or comments regarding this foregoing information. 1 123