Storm Hazard Mitigation and Reconstruction Plan-1995 (2)

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Prepared By.
CURRITUCK COUNTY
PLANNING AND ' INSPECTIONS DEPARTMENT
(PLANNING DIVISION)
"The preparation of this report was financed in part through a grant provided
by the North Carolina Coastal Management Program, through funds
' provided by the Coastal Zone Management Act of 1972, as amended, which is
administered by the Office of Coastal Zone Management, National Oceanic
' and Atmospheric Administration."
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STORM HAZARD MU77GA770H
AMID
RIECOHSSTRUCCTIIGH IPII.AH
Table of Contents
Introduction ............... .......................... 1
Purpose ........ ................................
1
Scope .. .. ...... .......................
1-3
Characteristics of the County .......................
3-8
Vulnerability Assessment ................................
9
Storm Hazard Identification .......................
9-21
Identifying High Risk Areas ............ ............
21-24
Pre -Storm Mitigation...........9.......................
25
Existing Regulations and Ordinances.................
25-29
Flood Damage Prevention .........................
29-35
Reducing Structural Damage ......................
35-40
Education .... . .. ......... ......
40-41
Post Storm Mitigation and Reconstruction ................
42
Post -Mitigation ............. ................ .
42-48
Reconstruction.......... ............ .......
49-50
Emergency Services ......................"..............
51
Emergency Services Role ...... ..............
51-52
Emergency Operations Plan ................ .....
52-53
Mitigation Plan ....... Emergency Operations Plan and M
53-55
Interdepartmental Cooperation ....................
55-56
Recommendation and Action Plan ........................
57
Appendix A••••......•.....•.•......•........•.......o
60
Appendix B . . . . . . . .. .... . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . ... . 0. .. . .
. . . .
62
References ............................................
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AND
1. Introduction
A. Purpose
B. Scope
C. Characteristics of the County
1. Geography
2. Population Trends
3. Transportation Routes
2. Vulnerability
A. Storm Hazard Identification
1. 'Hurricanes
a. High Winds
b. Storm Surge and Wave Action
c. Flooding
d. Erosion
2. Northeasters
3. Tornadoes
B. Identifying High Risk Areas
3. Pre -Storm Mitigation
A. Existing Regulations and Ordinances
1. Coastal Management Act
2. Land Use Plan
3. Unified Development Ordinance
4. Code of Ordinances
5. North Carolina State Building Code
6. Emergency Operations Plan
7. Coastal Barrier Resource Act
8. Dune Protection Ordinance
B. Flood Damage Prevention
1. Elevating Structures
2. Vents
3. Break -away -walls
4. Community Rating System
5. Storm Water Management
6. Miscelleanous Regulations

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C. Reducing Structural Damage
1. Modifying Existing Structures
2. Protecting the Building Envelope
3. Design
4. Project Blue Sky
S. Wall Openings
6. Reinforcement and Bracing
D. Education
4. Post-StormMitigation and Reconstruction
A. Post -Mitigation
1. Moratoriums
2. Assessments
a. Emergency Services Damage Assessment
b. Primary Dwelling Assessment Critical Facilities
c. Assessment of Commercial/ Industrial
Structures and Secondary Critical Facilities
d. State and Federal Assessments
B. Reconstruction
1. Building Permit Procedures
C. Interdepartmental Cooperation
5. Emergency Services
A. Emergency Services Role
B. Emergency Operations Plan
C. Emergency Operations Plan and Mitigation Plan
6. Recommendation Action Plan
AppendixA
Appendix B
References

STORM HAZARD MII'II UGATUGH AND RISC ON STRUC'I UON
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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
A. Purpose:
It is commonly agreed that it is the primary responsibility of local government
to protect the health, safety and welfare of the community. Currituck County being
especially vulnerable to hurricanes and severe winter storms must establish a plan
to reduce the risks associated with such storm events. On the state and federal
level there has been increasing emphasis on the need for coastal areas to establish
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hazard mitigation plans. One of the goals of the county's work program outlined
in the 1990 Land Use Plan is the development of a plan for rebuilding after a major
storm event. This plan will address storm hazard mitigation policies and post -
disaster reconstruction policies. Mitigation identifies strategies and action that can
be carried out by the community to minimize loss of life and property resulting
from a major storm event.
B. Scope
This plan will look at the vulnerability of the county and assess what course of
action is necessary to prevent a disaster associated with a major storm event. The
intent of this plan is to:
1. Reduce damage to existing and future development.
2. Minimize injury and loss of life._
3. Protect county infrastructure.
4. Provide a framework for the repair of essential public services.
5. Minimize the interruption of businesses providing critical
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services.
6. Establish policy for the orderly reconstruction of the r
community.
7. Educate the public to the dangers of major storm events and
action that can be taken to reduce personal property loss.
8. Establish framework for departmental emergency operation plans.
9. Establish policy for responsible development in
environmentally sensitive areas.
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Currituck County, as one of the fastest growing communities in the state of
North Carolina, realizes the urgency of being prepared for the next major storm
event. It is not possible to compare past storm damage in the county due past low
density levels, with density levels rising along the Atlantic Ocean and the
Currituck and Albemarle Sounds the threat of a disaster increases each year. It
would be a gross miscalculation to assume that because the county has little
history of severe storm damage that there is little probability for future damage.
Over the years the planning approach to hurricanes has changed. In the past
attention was focused on preparedness and response and it was not until recently
that communities started to look at mitigation as a strong planning tool. For the
purpose of this plan mitigation will be divided into "pre -storm mitigation" and
recovery "post -storm mitigation."
Pre -Mitigation refers to the planning phase that develops long term policy. It is
through established policy that regulatory changes can be made to reduce the
damage and risk of injury or death from a major storm. Regulatory changes that
the county uses can also reduce the vulnerability of existing and new development
to future disasters resulting from severe storms. The idea of pre -mitigation is to
develop programs and policies when the county is not involved in an emergency
situation. Pre -mitigation is an on -going process.
Post -Mitigation involves reconstruction to pre -disaster levels, which can take
months or years to accomplish depending on the severity of the storm. This phase
of mitigation establishes a step-by-step process for determining the degree of
damage, how permits will be issued for repairs and reconstruction, and sets
standards for future development. It is during reconstruction, just following a
storm, that the county should promote hazard mitigation. During reconstruction
people tend to be more receptive to the idea of mitigating future damage.
Preparedness focuses on those traditional activities undertaken just before a
storm that can reduce the chances of property damage and loss of life, such as
securing lawn furniture, covering doors and windows, cutting off the power and
evacuation. Response occurs immediately following the storm and includes
activities that take care of immediate needs such as fire and rescue activities,
damage assessment, debris removal.and temporary housing. Pre -mitigation and
post -mitigation are interrelated phases that overlap into preparedness and
response, and it's not totally clear when one begins and the other ends. -It is not
necessary that we be so specific as to define the line between phases dealing with
major storm events; however it is important that each area be addressed and that a
coordinated effort be undertaken for the benefit of the affected population.
Information concerning preparedness will be provided only in conjunction with
mitigation. It is not the intent of this plan to assume any authority or duties of
Emergency Management Services. This document will complement existing plans
and codes. The policies and procedures outlined in the plan will be the framework
by which defined action can be taken to assure the orderly reconstruction of public
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and private infrastructure, as well as reduce future loss of life and property.
Properly implemented and enforced, this plan will be a valuable management
tool.
C. Characteristics of the County
1. Geography
Currituck County consists of approximately 273 square miles (174,720 acres) and
is divided into four natural land areas: 1) the mainland, which comprises a
major portion of the county, forms a peninsula that extends from the Virginia
line to the Wright Memorial Bridge; 2) Gibbs Woods, which is accessible only
through Virginia, is bounded on the west by the North West River and on the
east by North Landing River; 3) Knotts Island forms an island that is bounded
on the west by North Landing River and on to the east by Knotts Island Bay.
Access to the island is possible only through Virginia or by ferry from the
mainland; 4) the Outer Banks, bounded on the east by the Atlantic Ocean and
the west by the Currituck Sound. Access is limited to NC 12 (two lane) through
Dare County. The northern portion of the Outer Banks is further limited to
four-wheel drive vehicles along the ocean front.
Previous documents have described Currituck as being divided into three
natural land areas; the Mainland, Knotts Island and Outer Banks.
Geographically this is not accurate and for the purposes of this plan we will
consider Gibbs Woods a separate geographic subdivision of the county. Each of
the sections of the county have their own unique qualities and problems (See
Map #1).
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MAP #1
Currituck County Base Map
Virginia
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Preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North
Carolina Coastal Management Program.
2. Population Trends
Between 1980 and 1990, Currituck County's year-round population grew
from 11,089 to 13,736 (23.9% increase) making it the eighth fastest growing
county in North Carolina. Current estimates, based on the number of building
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permits issued for dwelling units between 1990 and September 1994, plus the
projected number of permits to be issued in 1995, multiplied by occupancy rates
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and household sizes indicate a year round population of 16,315 by 1995.
Population projections for the year 2005 range between 20,467 to 22,707 year-
round residents.
In addition to knowing how fast Currituck ' Countyl)is growing, it is also
important to identify where that growth is occurring. The following graph
indicates the total number of new residential building permits issued in seven
different areas of Currituck County between 1985 and 1994. The graph shows
that 45% of the new residential building permits issued during the past ten
years have been in Poplar Branch Outer Banks followed by Moyock-Mainland
(18%), Poplar Branch Mainland (15%) and Crawford Township (13%). This
graph also indicates that since 1990, the number of new residential building
permits, issued per year, has steadily increased. In each of the past three years, a
record number of new residential building permits have been issued in
Currituck.
TABLE 1
500
,y 450
400
350
300
250
200
x 150
100
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Ln %0 R W V% O -4 N M �
O0 QO 00 00 CO O� C� O� C� C�
a• a� a� v a� a• o� a• a� a�
Year
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POPLAR BRANCH
(OUTER BANKS)
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POPLAR BRANCH
(MAINLAND)
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FRUITVILLE
(OUTER BANKS)
FRUITVILLE
(KNOTTS ISLAND)
CRAWFORD
MOYOCK
(GIBBS WOODS)
MOYOCK
(MAINLAND)
The Outer Banks, once known for its undisturbed beauty and fishing village
charm, now accommodates a growing number of vacationers from around the
world. It is estimated that during the summer the population on the Outer
Banks may increase from as much as 16,000 to 23,000 people. What is important
to note is that this seasonal population peak comes during what is also
considered the peak of the hurricane season, adding to the potential burden on
the county.
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3. Transportation Routes
The Currituck Mainland is accessible by seven routes, four from Camden,
two from Virginia and one from Dare County. Highway 158 in Currituck is one
of only two corridors leading into Dare County, and more importantly it is one
of only two evacuation routes leaving Dare County. Out of the seven entry
points into Currituck's Mainland, only four are designated evacuation routes.
The other three roads are not suggested as evacuation route except for residents
living in the vicinity of these roads.
In May of 1995, construction of a parallel span to the. Wright Memorial
Bridge was be completed relieving the bottleneck effect created at either end of
the existing span. The existing span of the bridge consisted of two lanes, with a
multi -lane road system at both the north and south terminus. Once completed,
traffic flow became much smoother through the lower portion of the county
and will relieve some congestion that results during times of evacuation.
During 1995, construction will begin on NC 168, from the Virginia line to
Barco. The project will widen the existing road from two lanes to a multi -lane
system. The result of these two projects will mean the completion of a five -lane
system from Virginia to Manteo in Dare County.
Currently the Outer Banks is accessible by only one road system through
Dare County. NC 12 is a secondary road that winds through residential areas in
Duck and Southern Shores, with varying speed limits between 25 and 45 mph.
Just north of Corolla the developed road system ends which presents a unique
situation. The northern banks along Carova Beach, Swan Beach and, North
Swan Beach are only accessible by four-wheel drive vehicles. With no
developed road leading to these areas, the beach front serves as the road and is
shared by residents, fishermen; tourists and private business enterprises.
During major storms requiring evacuation, access is permitted along an old
pole road on the sound side and through False Cape State Park and Back Bay in
Virginia. During times where the weather is not a danger these roads are not
permitted routes of travel.
North Carolina's Department of Transportation projects that by the year
1999 construction of a mid -county bridge will begin. Estimates are that the
bridge will take approximately three years to complete and will run from the
Aydlett or Waterlily area across Currituck. Sound to NC 12 (See Map 2). The
location of each terminus has not been determined at this time. The addition of
this bridge will change traditional traffic patterns for many vacationers visiting
both Currituck and Dare County as well as changing evacuation strategy. The
bridge will reduce travel time to the Currituck Outer Banks from Coinjock
north by one-half.
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Map #2
Proposed Area For The Mid -County Bridge
Virginia
Evacuation routes offer the quickest, most direct escape from a threatened
community, no matter what the emergency. The configuration of the county
leaves few choices for evacuation. US Highways 158 and NC 168 are the
designated evacuation routes out of Currituck County. Initial evacuation of the
county will begin on the Outer Banks. Limited access through Dare County
complicates evacuation in Currituck County. There are only two routes
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entering and leaving Dare County, one of which is through Currituck's
mainland along US 158 and 168, which are the evacuation routes for the
Currituck Outer Banks.
The designated evacuation route for Duck, Southern Shores and Kitty Hawk
is through Currituck's mainland along Highway 158. Traffic generated during
peak vacation season along the beaches could reach.100,000 people. Evacuation,
time is based on a "Decision Arc" used by Emergency Services in conjunction
with HURREVAC. HURREVAC calculates weather conditions in conjunction
with a "Decision Arc", taking into account existing roads, population and
queuing time. By using this system, evacuation times can be established for
vulnerable areas. In the event of a major storm evacuation is considered the
only alternative.
Any call for evacuation will be broadcast on local television and radio'
stations well in advance of a major storm event to afford proper evacuation
time. No one should remain in an area under evacuation. Given the elevation
and geographic location of the -county, shelters are not a viable alternative to
evacuation. All shelters operated by the American Red Cross operate in areas
that are considered less vulnerable in a major storm event.
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CHAPTER 2
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT
This section will identify specific storm related hazards and the process by which
vulnerable areas can be identified. As a coastal community Currituck is vulnerable to
hurricanes, northeasters, tropical storms, tropical depressions and even tornadoes.
Action taken to reduce the impact of a disaster should involve a number of activities
and policy decisions. However, prior to discussing those activities and policies, it is
important to identify the storms and the characteristics that are of. specific concern
such as wind, flooding, wave action and erosion.
A. Storm Hazard Identification
All coastal communities along the east coast face the threat of hurricanes,
tropical depressions and northeasters. Hurricanes are the most destructive storm
system in term of lives and structures, but winter storms such as the
"northeaster" can also be devastating to beach front homes by eroding beach
fronts and undermining structures. Unfortunately, it has been demonstrated
time and again that when ,there are extended periods of time between hurricanes
or severe storms people tend to forget the dangers associated with them. The
devastation from Hugo in 1989, and Andrew in 1991, serve as a strong reminder
of the power of hurricanes. In terms of loss of life, hurricanes by far have the
greatest destructive potential along coastal communities. 'Over the years the
number of people killed has decreased significantly, while the dollar value of
property damage has increased at an alarming rate. The increase in property
damage has probably been commensurate with the increase in development
along coastline, just as the reduction in deaths is due to increased safety
precautions. As coastal areas grow there is no doubt that property damage,
resulting from hurricanes and other major storm events, will increase. Within
the last ten years Currituck County developed tremendously along the Outer
Banks increasing the possibility for severe damage during the next hurricane that
passes this way.
1. Hurricanes
Hurricanes are also known as tropical cyclones, which are large scale low
pressure systems that develop over tropical and subtropical waters. -North
Carolina is located in what is called the "Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Basin"
which is susceptible to hurricane activity from June through November.
North Carolina is considered one of the most vulnerable areas along the
eastern coastline. A conservative estimate indicates that 49 hurricanes have
affected North Carolina over the past 108 years. The actual numbers speak for
themselves in terms of probability for the state, but few have actually affected
Currituck County.' According to the probability chart prepared for the Office of
Coastal Zone Management in 1982, Currituck County has an 8% to 11%-
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percent chance of experiencing a direct hit from a Category 2 hurricane, and a
2% to 4% chance of a Category 3 or greater hurricane (See Map #3). Five
hurricanes with severe destructivepotential have affected the East Coast over
the past six years. Three of the five have directly affected North Carolina.
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Hurricane Probability Map Map #3
The percentage of probability that a hurricane will strike a given area along
the coast is indicated below with each segement equaling 50 miles in length.
"Hurricnanes" have winds that exceed 73 miles per hour while Great
Hurricanes have winds that exceed 125 miles per hour.
HURRICANES Source: Mcfilyea et a],1982
.,..._. �.;: GREAT HURRICANES
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Preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North
Carolina Coastal Management Program.
Hugo: In September of 1989, sections along South Carolina's Outer Banks
were devastated. Many were surprised by Hurricane Hugo's strength and
destructive capabilities on an inland communities. Charlotte, North Carolina
experienced extensive damage from the storm that maintained hurricane
force winds until shortly after the storm passed west of the city. The hurricane
spawned tornadoes that added to the destructiveness of the storm, downing
trees, power lines and disrupting the community. Although the storm made
landfall near Charleston, South Carolina, wind gusts reached almost 100 mph
in areas over 175 miles inland. -
Bob: In 1991, Bob skirted the Outer Banks of North Carolina never really
making landfall and causing only minor to moderate damage. New England
was the recipient of Bob's somewhat diminished power, and although the
storm lost much of its punch, significant damage was experienced along the
coast from storm surge.
Andrew: In August of 1992, one of the most devastating hurricanes in
history made landfall in Florida cutting a path across the state. Damage was
estimated at 25 billion dollars, making it the most expensive hurricane in the
history of the United States. Wind gusts in south Florida were estimated to be
as high as 175 miles per hour. Assessments of the damage indicated that high
winds resulted in more damage than flooding.
It is interesting to note. the results of an eighteen month assessment of w
recovery actions in Metro -Dade County following Andrew. The Building and
Zoning Department issued 350,000 building permits for repairs and
reconstruction, and performed 750,000 building inspections. Over 50,000
traffic signs throughout the city required repair or replacement (of which
24,000 had been replaced as of the date of the report). Metro -Dade Public
Works removed 5.3 million cubic yards of debris at a cost of 50 million
dollars. The overwhelming work load required the employment of an
additional 260 people to meet the city's needs during the recovery period.
While it is not likely that Currituck County will experience the degree of
damage caused in Florida, there is certainly reason to fear the potential impact
on this small community.
Emily: In 1993, Emily brushed the North Carolina coast along Cape
Hatteras causing moderate to heavy damage from Hatteras to Rodantl In
some areas such as Buxton and Hatteras extensive flooding occurred. Overall
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damage was minimal in terms of the dollar value and primarily non-
structural in nature. Unlike Andrew, storm sure caused a majority of the
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property damage. There were businesses that were severely damaged by wind,
but typically the damage that was observed was found to be a result of storm
surge. Storm surge displaced buildings on their foundations, overturned
accessory structures and washed boats up on to the shore from canals. In some
cases structures were washed off their foundations and declared complete
losses. Erosion resulted in the loss of several houses north of Hatteras in Kitty
Hawk and in Sandbridge, Virginia. The homes that fell prey to the storm had
experienced problems in the past from northeasters, but erosion from Emily
undercut the pilings, finally bringing down the structures.
�) It should be noted here that had the storm's path been a few more degrees
west, much of the personal property loss experience in Hatteras and Buxton,
due to flooding, could easily have been experience on Currituck's mainland.
Gordon: In 1994, it appeared that another hurricane was on target for
North Carolina's coastline, but -Gordon made a drastic and unexpected turn
south and made landfall in Georgia. The movement of, the storm was
unusual and served as a reminder of the unpredictability of hurricanes. The
"predicted" path of the storm would probably have resulted in another brush
with North Carolina's coastline.
Over the past six years North Carolina has been affected by what may
appear to be an unusually high number of hurricanes, and near misses (See
Map 3). Whether this is due .to changing weather patterns from the depletion
of the ozone layer, droughts in Africa or El Nino, it has yet to be determined
with any certainty. It is important to remember that in 1954,Hurricane Hazel
tore through the state while Edna and Carol merely swept by the Outer Banks,
just barely missing Cape Hatteras. In 1955, three hurricanes made landfall in
North Carolina: Diane, Connie and Ione. In one year two hurricanes directly
affected Currituck County. Hurricanes are a part of the history along North
Carolina's coastline and are a force that must be dealt with in a responsible
manner. They can be extremely powerful, and as we have seen, sometimes
unpredictable. The two most severe effects are fatalities and property damage
and are usually the result of four causes: high winds, storm surge/wave
action, flooding, and erosion.
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Map #4
Recent Hurricanes
....................
RECENT HURRICANES " .. ... .. ... .. . • , • . • . .
ewoo
�'• � •EMILY • .
Hugo - 1080 ..t.. ��. .. .. .
Bob - 1001 . .. . . ... ... .. ... .. •.•
Andrew - 1004 •+... . . . . . . .. . . . .. .
Emily - 1001 ... .
Gordon - 1004 .. .. .. .
AADREW .•.t•. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -
• . y., wcm.•• !' . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
• ♦ • • • . . 1 •Y •.� • • • • • . • • •• • • • • •-e • • • • • • • • • • • • .r•
. ww.rr i . . . . . . . . . . . ate• . . .
Preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North
Carolina Coastal Management Program.
a. High Winds
Hurricanes start as tropical depressions, with sustained winds of less
than 38 mph. When a tropical depression reaches a wind speed of 39 mph
the storm is upgraded to a tropical storm, and once the sustained wind
speed of a tropical storm reaches 74 mph the storm is classified as a
hurricane. Typically, hurricanes are classified in terms of their potential to
cause damage. A combination of rain, storm surge and wind contribute to
the destructive capability of hurricanes, but it is the velocity of the wind
that determines the classification of a storm system. It is also the velocity
of sustained winds within a hurricane that determines the category of the
storm. Once the storm makes landfall the friction or impact of the winds
hitting the land from the water causes some dissipation of the full force.
Usually there is still a tremendous amount of energy left after a hurricane
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makes landfall, certainly enough to cause damage to buildings, overturn
mobile homes, down trees and power lines, and destroy crops. Tornadoes
can often be spawned by hurricane wind patterns. Wind stress is an
important consideration in storm hazard mitigation planning. Given
Currituck's location and a hurricane's size and power, it is likely that all of
Currituck County would be subject tothe same wind velocity in the event
of a storm; however, the North Carolina State Building Code divides
Currituck into a 100 mph and 110 mph wind zone (See Map 5).
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Map #5
Currituck County Wind Velocity Map
100 MPH ZONE 110 MPH ZONE
KnoWslud
Preparation of this m ap was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North
CaroUnaCoastal Management Program.
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55�11�IFIII�//SSIIiyIIPSS®hT SScCAILIE
Hurricane
Categm Description
1 Wind speeds between 74 and 95 mph usually resulting in minimal
damage to vegetation and small or poorly built structures. Storm surge
usually does not exceed 4 to 5 feet with minimal damage to piers and
small craft. Some inundation in low lying areas may be experienced.
2 Winds 96 to 110 mph with some downed trees. Moderate damage to
roofing materials, primary damage restricted to poorly anchored mobile
homes and poorly built small structures such as garages, barns and
storage building. Considerable damage to piers and small crafts. Storm
surges between 6 and 8 feet above normal may be experienced causing
some flooding in low lying areas and coastal roads. Evacuation along
ocean front may be desirable and should occur at least 2 to 4 hours before
estimated landfall of the hurricanes center.
3 Winds 111 to 130 mph, downing large trees. Moderate to extensive
damage to roofs, doors and windows. Structural damage primarily to
small structures and mobile homes. Storm surge between 9 and 12 feet
can result in serious flooding Debris becomes a problem at this point,
increasing damage occurs when debris is carried by the water, creating a
battering ram effect. Evacuation is suggested at least 3 to 5 hours before
the center of the hurricane reaches land.
4 Winds 131 to 155 mile per hour resulting in extreme damage to
vegetation, shrubs and trees. Extreme damage to roof systems. Many
small structures will experience structural failure and mobile home will
be completely destroyed. Structures along the beach will have extensive
damage, first floor areas may be devastated by wave action and debris.
Storm surge may be 13 to 18 feet causing extensive flooding and cutting
off some escape routes along beaches. Evacuation in Currituck County
would be mandatory.
5 Winds will exceed 155 miles. per hour. Complete failure of roof systems
on many residential, commercial and industrial structures. In some cases
complete structural failure of buildings will occur. Small buildings will
experience destruction from being overturned or completely blown away.
Extensive amount of shattered glass from windows and doors. Storm
surge can exceed 18 feet above normal. Buildings within approximately
500 yards of the ocean shoreline and less than 15 feet above sea level
may experience severe damage. Three to five hours prior to the center of
the storm reaching landfall low-lying roads may be cut off due to
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flooding. May necessitate evacuation of areas within 10 miles of the
shore.
(Source: McElyea et al.,1982, p. 2-3)
b. Storm Surge and Wave Action
Damage from wave action is connected very closely to the storm surge.
It is important to remember that storm surge is a mound of water that is
pushed up on the windward side of a hurricane as is proceeds toward land
and can be over fifty miles in length. Wind -driven waves actually tide on
top of the surge moving onto vulnerable shoreline areas. Storm surge can
reach a height of fifteen feet during normal tidal conditions and as high as
eighteen feet during high tide. The combination of high tide storm surge
and wave action pose the greatest risk to human life. Areas most likely to
be affected are ocean hazard areas and estuarine shoreline areas. Wave
action damage can have the most significant impact along the Atlantic
Ocean beach front and the Currituck and Albemarle Sound shorelines. As
the storm surge map shows, -there is only a small area in Currituck County
that is not vulnerable to storm surge associated with a hurricane (See Map
5). There is a significant amount of residential development near the
estuarine shoreline area and along the Outer Banks that is considered
extremely vulnerable. Wave action can cause erosion as well as push flood
waters to areas not reached by the storm surge itself.
1
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Map #5
Storm Surge Inundation Map
8
4
�x K
CAUMM
�1 �Ye1
4 � s
w •
-. % .1 #
LEGEND
Category 1-2 Surge Area
Category 3 Additional Surge Area
Category 4.5 Additional Surge Area
Preparation of this map was financed in part
through a grant provided by the North
Carolina Coastal Management Program.
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c. Flooding
Flooding may not affect all areas in the county with equal force. The
excessive amounts of rainfall and the "storm surge" which often
accompany hurricanes can cause severe coastal flooding which in turn can
-
cause excessive property damage and deaths by drowning. The number of
deaths resulting from drowning have significantly decreased in recent
years, which is attributed to the fact that people are getting out of harms
way.
Flooding is particularly a problem in ocean coastal areas because of the
storm surge and low-lying areas. The amount of flooding a particular area
receives is related to storm strength. However, flooding can cause
1�
extensive damage in inland areas also, since many coastal areas have low
elevations and are located in high hazard or flood hazard zones. Flooding
does not only cause damage to buildings, salt water flooding can and has
caused serious damage to croplands. In 1954 and 1955 the Albemarle
region experienced crop damage from several hurricanes.
d. Erosion
Currituck has low sloping land along the shoreline that in.
combination with a slow rise in sea level can produce rapid erosion. The
amount of erosion in any given area is dependent on a number of
shoreline -characteristics such as the composition of the shoreline, the
direction the shoreline faces, vegetation, the shape of the shoreline and
fetch. Most shoreline erosion is a direct result of high energy storm events
such as hurricanes and northeasters. The actual amount of recession
produced also depends on a number of factors such as the type of storm
that hits, the duration, the intensity, currents, tides, and wave action.
Erosion can change the shoreline of a barrier island, forming new inlets
while filling others. Erosion potential is an important factor to consider in
developing storm hazard mitigation policies. While there are ways to slow
erosion, there is no permanent method to stop it. The best way to
minimize the potential for damage is to understand the problem, build
responsibly along the ocean and sounds, and by being a good steward of
the land.
2. Northeasters
From December to April storms of an extra -tropical origin are felt along
our coastline, these are "extra -tropical cyclones commonly referred to as
northeasters or "nor'easters". Generally milder than the hurricanes we have
grown to fear, northeasters are seen as a common occurrence with
unspectacular consequences other than being a nuisance. What is of interest
to some, is the phenomena whereby the water in the sound drops as the
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storm surge along the beach front rises. This is, in part at least, due to the
direction in which the storm moves. While hurricanes generally move in a
northerly direction as they spin clockwise, northeasters move in a generally
southerly direction and spin in a counter -clockwise direction pulling the
waters out of the sound and pushing the water up along the beach. Winds in
this storm system usually blow from the same direction over a long distance,
building up the storm surge along the oceanfront and resulting in extensive
beach erosion in some areas. It is the duration of northeasters that allows
these storms to cause so much damage. It is not unusual for winds gusts to
reach hurricane force in a northeaster, generating high wave action on top of
storm surge. During high tides this can have a devastating effect on beach
fronts due to erosion and cause inland flooding. While hurricanes generally.
pass through an area in several hours, the northeaster may drag on for
several days and the impact can be as devastating as a hurricane.
The most significant northeaster was the "Ash Wednesday Storm" in
1962. The Ash Wednesday Storm hit the North Carolina's coast over four or
five successive high tides with wave heights of up to 30 feet. Damage reported
from the storm exceeded 12 million dollars, not including damage to the land
itself. Two miles north of Buxton, the storm cut a 200 foot wide inlet. This
storm clearly demonstrates the fact that had the storm hit a densely
developed area, damage from. the storm would have been exponentially
higher.
3. Tornadoes
Although tornadoes are not usually seen as an extreme threat to this
particular area, they are none -the -less a threat. Along the coast tornadoes are
typically associated with larger storm systems such as hurricanes and tropical
storms, but this does not preclude the possibility of one resulting from a
storm system formed in the central plains region. The most distinguishing
feature of tornadoes that everyone recognizes is the funnel cloud. A warning
is issued when a funnel cloud has been spotted and often the tornado will
follow in a matter of minutes. The best way to avoid injury is to get out of its
path, but unlike hurricanes there is no sure process to predict the exact time
and location where a tornado will hit. Once a funnel cloud is spotted and a
warning is issued it is not likely to afford the public more than minutes to
prepare. The best course of action is to prepare when- a tornado watch is
issued. Many people have reported hearing a tornado before it hit, equating
the sound to that of a train which may be an appropriate comparison given
their destructive capabilities.
B. Identifying High Risk Areas �
In September of 1982, the Ocean and Coastal Policy Program and the Center
for Urban and Regional Studies prepared a study "Before The Storm: Managing
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Development to Reduce Hurricane Damage It was through this study that a
standard was set by which a community's vulnerability to hurricanes could be
assessed. Since hurricanes present the clearest threat in terms of their massive
destructive capabilities, it is essential that Currituck identify vulnerable areas. It
is through the mapping of various hazards in the county that the level of
vulnerability can assessed.
Most of the information necessary to determine the level of risk/
vulnerability has already been compiled by other agencies. The major task before
Currituck is to produce a composite map by overlaying Flood Insurance Rate
Maps (FIRM) and the Division of Coastal Management's Areas of
Environmental Concern to determine the "severity of the risk" in certain areas
during a major storm event. Seven categories are established in the mapping
process: 1) Ocean Erodible Area of Environmental Concern (AEC), 2) Inlet Hazard
AEC, 3) Estuarine Shoreline AEC, 4) Wetland AEC, 5) V-Zone, 6) A -zone; and, 7)
the rest of the county (TABLE 3).
In 1984, Flood Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM) were established as the result of
the Flood Insurance Study, which investigated the existence and severity of flood
hazards in Currituck County. These maps contain. official delineation of flood
zones and base flood elevation lines. Base flood elevation lines -show the
location of the expected whole -foot water surface elevation within the 100-year
flood Zone. There are several different flood hazard designations as noted below
in Table 4. .
TABLE 3
ZONE DESCHUMON
A Special Flood Hazard Areas inundated by the 100-year flood (no base flood elevation
shown on the map) Structures must be two feet above adjacent grade.
A3 - A6 Special Flood Hazard Areas inundated by the 100-year flood, base flood elevation
shown and zones are subdivided according to Flood Hazard Factors.
V6 & V7 Special Flood Hazard Areas along coasts inundated by the 100-year flood that have
additional hazards due to velocity (three feet or more of wave action). Base flood
elevations are shown and are subdivided according to Flood Hazard Factors.
B Moderate Flood Hazard between the 100-year and 500-year flood, areas subject to
certain shallow flooding where dej?ths are less than one foot.
C Areas of minimal flooding.
Flood Hazard Factor (FHF) refers to the sources of flooding in the different zones.
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Coastal Management has established Areas of Environmental Concern
(AEC's) which are divided into Ocean Hazard AEC's and Estuarine System
AEC's. OceanHazard AECs are divided into three "sub" areas of concern, High
Hazard Flood Areas, Ocean Erodible Areas and Inlet Hazard Areas.
High Hazard Flood Areas refer to coastal lands subject to flooding and are
g g
lands identified as "open coast high hazard areas", or "V-Zones" on the Flood
Insurance Rate Maps (FIRM). Lands in this area are subject to flooding and wave
action from high velocity winds and water during a major storm event.
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Ocean Erodible Areas refer to land immediately adjacent to the ocean that are
subject to long term erosion which can result in changes in the shoreline. Ocean
AEC setbacks are determined in part by the size and type of structure to be placed
on the property. In the event that the structure is classified as large (apartments,
condominiums, hotels, etc.) the 'setback is the distance landward from the first
line of "natural' stable vegetation to what is called a recession line. The recession
line is a point landward of the ocean equal to 60 times the long-term annual
erosion rate for a particular area. In cases where the structure is small, such as
single family dwellings, the minimum setback is 30 times the annual erosion
rate. In an area where significant erosion can be expected an additional distance
may be required from the recession line (usually 25 feet). This area is commonly
referred to as the Ocean Erodible Area. In the event that there has been long term
erosion or the erosion rate is less than two feet per year, the distance is set at 120
feet from the first line of stable vegetation.
The final "ocean hazard" is the Inlet Hazard. Area, which is often overlooked
because there are currently no inlets in Currituck County. There have been inlets
in the county in the past, and the possibility that a new inlet may be cut by a
major storm event will 'always exist; however, at this time there are no
designated areas indicating a specific threat exists for a given area on the Outer
Banks. Based on the past history of the Currituck Outer Banks consideration
should be made in the event that an inlets cut results from a major storm event.
Along estuarine waters and public trust waters the Area of Environmental
Concern includes land extending from the mean high water mark (normal water
level) to a point 75 feet landward. The standards set forth by CAMA for these
areas are designed to minimize the impact of development on the natural
function of the estuarine system, such as natural barriers to flooding and erosion.
Once the hazards have been mapped, the level of risk in a given area can be
determined by the overlay of the different zones, (TABLE 4) shows the resulting
risk levels as High, Moderate and Limited. The risk is a direct result of the
combination of storm surge, wind, wave action, and erosion. Obviously, the
extent of human risk is in direct proportion with the amount of development in
a given area. The severity of risk is ranked from 1 to 4.
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TABLE 4
ea
Exposure to Damaging Forces
Severity
Rank
Erosion/
Scour
Wave Action/
Battering
Flooding
High
Wind
dible AEC
1
H
H
H
H
d AEC
fEnne
1
H
H
H
H
horeline AEC
1
H
H
H
H
2
M
H
H
H
EC
2
M
H
H
H
A -Zone
3
L
L
H
H
Rest of Community
4
L
L
L
H
Exposure Level: High (H), Moderate (M) and Limited (L)
(Source: McElyea et al., 1982)
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CHAPTER 3
PRE - STORM MITIGATION
Pre -storm mitigation refers to long term policy and regulatory changes
that are specifically designed to reduce the number of people and structures at
risk from a major storm event. This should be an evolving process, finding
newer and better ways to reduce the "risk" associated with storms. There are
many existing regulations regarding development in Currituck County that
help limit the degree of risk. There are currently six state and local plans with
development policies and regulations that provide mitigative measures at
various levels. The following section will look at those existing policies and
regulations.
A. Existing Regulations and Ordinances
1. Coastal Area Management Act
The Coastal Area Management Act (LAMA) of 1974 established a
cooperative program between the state and coastal communities to
institute policies and goals to guide the development of individual
communities. The intent of the act was 'to plan for the protection,
preservation and . orderly development of coastal areas. It is through
CAMA that each coastal community prepares a "Land Use Plan"
which outlines the, policies and goals for the community. Every five
years this plan is updated and improved.
CAMA has established specific regulations as to where and how
structures may be built or placed in an area of environmental concern
as well as larger scale projects that directly or indirectly affect the
ocean or estuarine waters. It is not the intent of the program to stop
development, but rather to assure the greatest protection of both
human life and property, as well as natural areas. Regulations have
been enacted that limit land disturbing activities that could be
detrimental, such as removing sand from beach fronts or removing
frontal dunes to afford a better view of the ocean from a dwelling.
CAMA encourages raised beach accessways to reduce dune
degradation that can result in forming a break in the frontal dune
system. The frontal dune is an extremely important buffer between
the ocean and structures. Breaks in that dune system provide areas
where overwash can infiltrate, flooding streets and low-lying areas
and making evacuation in the event of a storm difficult. Requiring
elevated walks through CAMA wetlands prevents the destruction of
valuable vegetation, stores flood waters and reduces the chances of
erosion. This is not an all inclusive list of the attributes of CAMA, but
it provides some focus on the issues that are important in mitigation.
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2. Land Use Plan
In 1976, Currituck County prepared it's first comprehensive Land
Use Plan. The plan includes elements concerning the development
of the county as a whole, as well as touching on issues such as when,
how, why, and where to build or rebuild. Elements of the Land Use
Plan directly apply to mitigation. Land suitability based on physical
limitations, environmentally fragile areas, carrying capacity and
hazards are considerations that are recognized and can be
strengthened. A key focus of the Land Use Plan is the health, safety
and welfare of the community as well as the protection and
preservation of our resources. Coastal storm hazard mitigation
policies are required as a part of the 1990 Land Use Plan and as
established in Chapter 9 are the basic foundation of the mitigation
plan.
3. Unified Development Ordinance
The Unified Development Ordinance (UDO) was adopted 1989,
and is one of the most comprehensive documents written by the
county to guide the development of the community. While the Land
Use Plan established goals and strategies for the county, the Unified
Development Ordinance provided tools to implement those goals
and strategies. The regulations contained in the UDO are made in
accordance with the Land Use Plan. These regulations are also
designed in part to secure safety from fire, panic and other dangers, to
prevent the overcrowding of land, avoid undue concentrations of
population, lessen congestion in streets, facilitate adequate provisions
for public services and promote desirable living conditions. The
Unified Development Ordinance is essential for the orderly growth of
the community. Given the current rate this community is growing,
land use regulations are necessary to protect the "health, safety and
welfare" of the people.
The UDO contains regulations on the subdivision of property, lei.
zoning, building procedures, flood regulations, and environmental
protection. The cumulative effect of the Ordinance can influence the
outcome of a major storm. Protective measures such as building and
zoning requirements, flood regulations and maritime forest
development guidelines can have a direct impact on the outcome of a
storm with consistent and energetic enforcement.
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This document is a compilation of general and permanent
ordinances adopted by the county prior to July 15, 1991. These
ordinances were codified into a single document and placed in
alphabetical order. Ordinances of particular interest and having some
bearing on storm hazard management are "Building and Building
Regulations" and "Emergency Management". It is through the
Emergency Management section that conditions and procedures are
outlined for the chairperson of the Board of Commissioners to
declare an emergency. The Minimum Housing Code, establishes the
duties of the Building Inspector and authorizes the inspector to
enforce existing building codes, which `includes the repair or
condemnation of structures that are considered a danger or otherwise
unfit for human habitation.
5. North Carolina State Building Code
The North Carolina State Building Code establishes minimum
standards for the construction, alteration, repair, maintenance or
demolition of structures. The General Code and the Residential Code
have sections . that specifically apply to all construction located in
identified Ocean Hazard Areas, Coastal High Hazard Zones, areas
located in the designated 110 mph wind zone, and regulatory
floodplain areas. This section specifically addresses construction
materials and methods, as well as elevation standards. The code
outlines minimum standards for construction in areas considered
more volatile to storm damage. Subjects covered in the code include,
but are not limited to, roof coverings, insulation, pilings„ fasteners,
wave conditions on pilings, bracing and cross bracing.
Following Hurricanes Hugo and Andrew, North Carolina's
Building Codes were carefully examined and some changes were
made to strengthen the requirements. There is some debate regarding
additional changes being considered. In January of 1996, additional
requirements may be implemented that will substantially change
framing requirements for buildings in a 110 mph wind velocity or a
regulatory flood plain.
6. Emergency Operations Plan
Tne Currituck Emergency Operations Plan as it is being written
g y �p g ,
will address a number of hazards that may threaten the county. The
purpose of this plan is to _establish pre -determined actions by local
government and private agencies for a given disaster. In the case of a
major storm the plan is designed to reduce the vulnerability of
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people and property by establishing a process by which the county can
effectively react to an actual disaster. The plan encourages a
coordinated response to emergency and disaster events. A majority of
the information in the plan directly relates to responding to a major
storm event. Specific areas that are covered in the draft plan include
the following: 1) Notification/warning system, 2) traffic control, 3)
medical services, 4) fire and rescue, 5) evacuation and re-entry, 6)
shelters, 7) management of donated goods, 8) assignment of
responsibilities; and, 9) recovery. Recovery specifically refers to the
process and programs involved in requesting and receiving federal
disaster assistance, and not actual policies for reconstruction.
7. Coastal Barrier Resource Act
Established by Congress in 1982, the Coastal Barrier Resource Act
(CBRA) essentially prohibits financial assistance by the federal
government along certain undeveloped coastal barrier islands. The
intent of the act was to discourage development in certain areas along
the Atlantic and Gulf coasts, thereby minimizing wasted federal
expenditures, loss of life, damage to wildlife habitats and other
natural resources of the barrier islands. Assistance restricted by the act
includes grants, loans, direct and indirect federal assistance, subsidy,
guaranty or insurance. This does not mean that the land cannot be
developed, it simply means that such development would not be
eligible for federal assistance with respect to the construction or
purchase of buildings, transportation routes, erosion control
stabilization projects, and ultimately federal flood insurance would
not be available . for new construction or substantially improved
structures. Only existing public facilities and roads would be eligible
for maintenance requiring federal assistance. Structures that existed
prior to the CBRA designation that were covered by flood insurance
may continue such coverage unless substantially improved.
Portions of the Currituck Outer Banks are designated CBRA. The
entire section of the Outer Banks located north Ocean Hills. Lands
located along the southern section of the Outer Banks that are
currently managed by the Audubon are also designated as protected.
The eastern section of Knotts Island is the only other area designated
under CBRA .
8. Dune Protection Ordinance
The county adopted a Dune Protection Ordinance in 1971, with the
intent of protecting the Outer Banks by maintaining existing natural
and constructed dune systems that provide a protective barrier from
the Atlantic Ocean during storm, wind, sand and water action. The

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ordinance was designed to prohibit damage to dune systems from
development by recognizing their function in shoreline stabilization.
A permitting process was established and placed under the
enforcement of the Sheriff's Department and the Code Enforcement
Officer. The ordinance overlaps with current protective measures
outlined by CAMA, the Land Use Plan and the Unified Development
Ordinance. Records indicate that no specific policy of the ordinance
has been enforced outside of the other documents.
It is clear that all of the documents mentioned have sections that
directly relate to some phase in the process of responding to or
preparing for a major storm event and the possible damage that it can
cause. They establish duties and responsibilities of the County at
various levels, and provide the means by which these regulations
and ordinances can be implemented and enforced. However, these
documents do not establish the clear line of action necessary to
facilitate the orderly restoration of damaged or destroyed structures,
the steps to get from the point of the disaster to the state of
"recovered". .
B. Flood Damage Prevention
In ' Currituck County the main source of flooding is storm surge
generated in the Atlantic Ocean by hurricanes, tropical storms and
northeasters. Storm surge can generate a rapid elevation in sea level
along coastal areas. The elevation in sea level can actually be greater
along the Currituck Sound, Albemarle Sound and North River where,
winds can push water into shallow areas and produce excessively high
wave action. It is usually the wave action riding on top of the storm
surge that produces a majority of the damage. When compounded by
high tides the damage can be extreme in developed areas.
The Currituck County Flood Insurance Study indicates that storms
have caused extensive damage in Currituck, but produced no evidence
to substantiate the claim. Although the county has experienced some
damage, the severity of the damage is questionable. Damage was probably
limited due to the lack of development in the county. Over the last ten
years there has been a drastic increase in development in Currituck,
especially in vulnerable areas such as designated Flood Hazard Areas and
Areas of Environmental Concern, which increases the possibility for
severe property damage in the future. In order to reduce the possible
effects from flooding there are preventative measures that can be
performed in and around buildings. While some are very basic measures
that can. be taken just prior to a storm to mitigate damage, more
aggressive action can be taken. It is this aggressive approach that will
have the greatest effect on a long term basis.
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The simple process of removing or securing small items around a
building can assure some protection from damage due to flooding.
Ladders, yard tools, awnings, garbage cans, grills, and lawn furniture can
become dangerous if left unsecured during a storm. The potential
velocity of coastal flood waters can move objects causing them to become
battering rams as they collide with stationary structures. Items such as
natural gas and propane gas tanks must be secured to prevent floatation,
as well as, prevent the possibility of their becoming a fire hazard. The
answer to flood protection in all probability lies in more aggressive
action through enforcement of existing regulations, enhancing existing
regulations and education. Picking up the yard is just the start to
protecting lives and structures.
1. Elevating Structures
The UDO, in compliance with the National Flood Insurance
Program (NFIP), incorporates a Flood Ordinance establishing
minimum requirements for development in designated flood hazard
areas. The NFIP and the UDO requires that structures located in Flood
Hazard Areas must be elevated. In A -Zones the first floor must be
"at" or above the. designated flood elevation. While this process can
reduce the possibility of flooding in the structure and prevent the
complete loss of the structure, it does not prevent severe damage
resulting from water inundating the floor system, insulation, duct
work, or wiring under the structure. Once in contact with water,
floors and drywall can act like'a sponge by absorbing and holding
moisture. The increased use of chip board products for sub -floors and
wall sheathing in mobile homes and accessory structures may
increase problems with structural integrity when the wood becomes
saturated. In cases where coastal flooding occurs, replacement of
electrical wiring may be required when saturated with salt water
under floors. By increasing the elevation requirements an additional
foot in ' flood prone areas, damage from creeping water can be
significantly reduced.
In 1992, a severe storm referred to as the "Halloween Storm",
caused flooding in low lying areas on the mainland. Several elevated
mobile homes and campers experienced flooding that required the
replacement of sub -floors and wiring. Although elevated to Base
Flood Elevation (BFE), the floor systems of the mobile homes and
campers became saturated. Once saturated moisture can become
trapped in walls and floor systems causing the wood to rot inside
undetected. Months after a major event structural failure can occur
due to the prolonged contact with moisture. By increasing elevation
30

standards the chance for this type of damage to occur can be reduced.
Some communities have increased elevation standards by one to
three feet as an additional protective measure against flooding. This
additional elevation requirement is referred to as a "freeboard" and is
added to the minimum elevation requirements in flood hazard areas
established by the NFIP.
2. Vents
According to NFIP regulations, structures located in flood hazard
areas must install vents around the perimeter of the foundation wall
if the adjacent grade is below BFE. The number of vents installed is
determined by the total area being enclosed and must equal one
square inch per one square, foot of enclosed area, and may . have no
moving parts in order to allow flood waters to pass through the
structure unobstructed during a flood. The intent is to reduce
hydrostatic pressure on exterior walls in flooding conditions. In
situations where a room or garage is involved, such space must be for
storage purposes only and may not be finished below BFE. No
mechanical equipment, electrical equipment or plumbing fixtures
may be placed below BFE to prevent un-necessary damage. Once
construction is completed and approved a Certificate of Occupancy is
issued, however, unfinished rooms may be converted without the
knowledge of the county, adding habitable space with electrical and
mechanical. equipment. In addition foundation wall vents may also
be modified with closures. This occurs in direct violation of Federal,
State and local regulations and reduces the structural integrity of the
building in the event of flooding. It is often impossible to'� identify
illegal modifications by a drive -by inspection.
3. Break -Away Walls
Structures located in. V-Zones, along coastal and estuarine waters,
must have break -away walls below BFE to prevent structural failure
that may occur due to pressures from storm surge and wave action.
By allowing walls below the main structure to break away from the
piling supporting it, the remainder of the structure can be saved.
Once construction is completed on a dwelling and a Certificate of
Occupancy is issued, there is nothing to prevent the home owner
from securing the walls and installing finished wall coverings. By
strict enforcement and severely reducing the size and type of
enclosures permitted below or beside structures located in Flood
Hazard Areas this risk can be reduced.
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4. Community Rating System
Currituck has taken more aggressive action towards flood
protection through the National Flood Insurance Program's
Community. Rating System. This program provides lower flood
insurance rates to property owners in communities where more
restrictive regulations are implemented. for development in Flood
Hazard Areas. There have been no regulatory changes in Currituck
County to date, but enforcement of existing regulations has become
more consistent. There are several activities that the county can
undertake on a regulatory level that could decrease rates and increase
protection. Activities providing credit include, but are not limited to
the following:
a. Implementation of a "freeboard that would increase
regulatory standards by requiring all substantial
structures placed or built in Flood Hazard Areas to be
elevated one to three feet above base flood elevation.
b. Limiting or prohibiting the construction of enclosures
below base flood elevation. This would assure that
dwellings could not be used in a manner that would
increase the risk to the structure during a major, storm
event. By limiting certain construction in flood prone
areas it is possible to promote the use of land better
suited for development.
C. A very important step for planning in this county will
be the introduction of a Geographic Information System
(GIS). GIS enables Planning and Inspection Officials to
accurately determine the overall effects of development
in a county. The mapping capabilities available through
GIS also enable communities to calculate the area within
each flood zone and determine the total number of
structures in those zones. Under the current point
system of the CRS the county would be able to reduce
flood insurance rates by an additional 5% just from the
capabilities made available through a GIS
5. Storm Water Management
One of the biggest problems of floodplain management in
urbanizing areas today is the increased run-off caused by
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development. As woodlands and farmland are covered with
impermeable surfaces, such as streets, parking lots, and buildings,
rain runs off at a faster rate. It has been estimated that run-off rates
can increase by more than five -fold in urban areas. Under current
UDO regulations the rate of storm water runoff may not be increased
during the preparation of the property for subdivision. However, the
regulations do not address the rate of storm water runoff when actual
structures are place on the land that has been subdivided, or when it
involves the disturbance of less than one acre. The .cumulative ,effect
of these impervious surfaces being place on these small unregulated
lots has an exponential impact on the rate of storm water runoff.
Regulating development on a case by case basis to ensure that the
peak flow of run-off from each site will be no greater than the run-off
from the site prior to development can prevent future problems as
the county grows.
Development in the county must incorporate storm water
management into the planning process in order to prevent any
increase in the flow of storm water that may pose adverse effects on
the county as a whole. The implementation of standards and
regulations can play a key role in reducing the possibility of flood
damage due to increased development. Development can create
increases in flood flows and result in an increase in the frequency of
flooding in floodplain areas. Article 16 of the Unified Development
Ordinance; "Floodplain, Drainage, Storm Water Management" falls
short of establishing direct management strategies to this growing
problem.
New subdivisions that have been established near Moyock have
experienced problems with drainage and street flooding. This can be
attributed to the fact that these subdivisions were placed in flood
hazard areas where some flooding is to be expected. Problems with
drainage and flooding will worsen as development.in "critical areas"
increase. Specific control and design restrictions will not only
enhance the subdivision, but protect the community as a whole. The
development of a storm water management plan would create an
opportunity for the county to better control flooding as well as gain
points from the Community Rating System. Program goals of the
storm water management plan should prevent increases in the
magnitude and frequency of flooding from development and seek
solutions to existing flooding problems by: 1) strengthening and
enforcing existing regulations that limit post -development flows to
pre -development conditions; and, 2) adopt county wide regulations .
that will provide for consistent county -wide floodplain management.
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6. Miscellaneous Regulatory Requirements
Wetlands are a volatile issue on a federal, state and local
level. Some believe that the problem stems from a general
misunderstanding of the function and importance of wetlands,
while others feel that prohibiting landowners from making use of
their land amounts to nothing less than a "taking" of the land.
There are two predominate wetland types in Currituck County,
tidal (CAMA Wetlands) and non -tidal (404 Wetlands), and while
wetlands do play a vital role in a variety of environmental
functions, our interest is in their benefits by limiting flooding.
There is no doubt that tidal wetlands act as a buffer against
shoreline erosion and provide non-structural flood control by
storing flood waters. Waves breaking in wetland areas lose energy
and as a result prevent upland erosion. By slowing flood waters,
wetlands allow some water to seep into the ground and recharge
ground water resources. Non -tidal wetlands also act like a sponge
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by temporarily _storing water and releasing it slowly; thereby,
reducing damage that can occur without their presence. With
increasing development and run-off, they become even more
important as a flood protection tool.
Minor alterations in wetlands may only constitute a small
change at the time that the alteration occurs, but the cumulative
effect can result in major damage. The protective value of
wetlands has never been more evident than during the mid -west
floods in 1994. There is no doubt that the flooding could not have
been prevented given the great amount of rainfall, but it is just as
apparent that the degree of flooding could have been reduced if
proper protective measures had been taken in wetland areas. Over
the years thousands of acres in the mid -west were converted from
wetlands to farmland through government programs. Considered
undesirable, wetlands were drained so that they could be put to
use as farmland. This process provided immediate benefits, but
only served to exacerbate the problem of flooding.
It was not until the floods in the mid -west that the extent of
the damage caused was realized and programs are now being
undertaken to return the farmland to its previous state. Soil and
Water Conservation programs that gave grants farmers to install.
ditch systems and dams to convert wetlands to farmland are now
being paid by the government to returned the land to its original
state.
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Considerations have been made in many communities to
reverse lax polices by severely limiting uses in and around
wetlands, while on the federal level legislation is being introduced
that would loosen wetland regulation. Currituck's ordinance
language states that no portion of CAMA wetlands may be
counted as part of the minimum square footage required for
development. The ordinance does not treat 404 wetlands in the
same manner. While all 404 wetlands must be -delineated and
approved by the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers and a statement
entered on the plat stating the existence of 404 wetlands on the
property, it may be counted as part of the minimum square
footage requirements for development.
C Reducing Structural Damage
Hurricane Andrew and Hugo made it eminently clear that changes in
building codes are necessary. The staggering amount of damage
experienced in Florida, South Carolina and the mid -west have severely
strained the resources of local, state and federal agencies. The cost of
rebuilding demonstrated that the current approach to development in
1 critical areas must change. While many coastal states are assessing their
building regulations and taking action to strengthen building
requirements, existing structures may be inadequate to withstand a
' major storm event. Practices that were once perceived as adequate must
be re-evaluated and modified to allow for extreme weather conditions.
Building codes now in effect have the capability of reducing potential
damage caused by severe storms, but it is important to remember that
building codes are "minimum codes". If used in conjunction with
existing NFIP and CAMA regulations an even greater reduction in
damage can be realized.
The destruction of dwellings from Andrew were a direct result of
poor construction practices, poor inspection practices, poor design and
planning practices. Specific factors sited as contributing to the massive
destruction in Florida included: 1) improper bracing, 2) improper ridge
blocking, 3) improper installation of roof systems, 4) improper building
inspection procedures; and, 5) inappropriate building design. The
destruction did not indicate that current building codes were necessarily
inadequate, but it did raise several question regarding generally accepted
building practices and code enforcement. How strict should the codes be
enforced and is there adequate staff necessary to perform required
inspections? What is known is that there are better ways to protect
structures, but at a price. Proposed code changes have recently been met
with considerable opposition by potential homeowners and builders
because of the increased costs, but there must be a point where state and
local government make unpopular decisions in favor of safety.
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1. Modifying Existing Homes I
Building codes apply to new and substantially improved
structures, but do not address existing buildings. It has been found
that the damage to homes during Hugo and Andrew could have been
prevented by making simple modifications and adding safety
features. Many modifications can be made by the home owner with
readily available materials from local hardware stores at little cost.
While there is no way to completely prevent structural failure in a
severe storm such as a hurricane, the chances for a total failure can be
reduced. Wind pressure against a roof system is transferred through
exterior walls to the foundation. Failures can occur when the energy
from the wind can't be transferred to the ground. The following are
some improvements that will make a dwelling safer.
Improperly braced roofs can collapse or be ripped off during a
storm. In many cases roof systems are held in place with nothing
more than the sheathing, which is not sufficient to resist high winds.
A simple inspection of the attic can give a good indication of what
protective measures can be taken. If large nails can be seen protruding
through the sheathing along rafters in the attic, the sheathing may
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not be properly installed. Additional resistance to wind loads can be
accomplished by installing truss braces perpendicular to the roof
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rafters. If trusses were not used in the construction of the roof,
enforcement from possible collapse can be accomplished by adding
vertical supports from the roof ridge to a plate that runs on top of the
ceiling joists. Protection of gable ends can also be increased with
bracing attached to the top center of the gable to vertical supports. It is
recommended that the brace extend into the fourth vertical support.
In any case where a person is not familiar with construction an
architect or licensed builder should be consulted, and in no case
should anyone undertake projects with out checking with the
Planning and Inspections Department.
2. Protecting the Building Envelope
The protection of a structure's envelope is critical, once breached,
the resulting damage can completely destroy the structure in a matter
of a few hours. The exterior wind pressure on a structure during a
hurricane tends to pull up on roof systems, if the envelope is
breached and wind enters the structure on the "windward" side the
internal pressure will increase. The combination of these two forces
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1
can cause the. roof system failure, resulting in the roof uplifting
completely from the structure(See Diagram 1). The build-up of wind
pressure in the structure and the resulting exterior suction on side
walls can actually cause walls to explode (See Diagram 2). It was once
believed that this type of occurrence could be avoided by simply
opening windows to allow the wind to flow through the structure,
and this would be fine, if there was a way to predict the winds
direction before the storm. If the wind enters on the backside or
"leeward side" the pressure can decrease, but if the wind enters the
structure and pressure builds the damage will actually be greater.
Since it is impossible to predict the exact direction of the wind the best
approach is to protect exterior wall openings with plywood or
■ shutters and reduce the chance of a breach

DIAGRAM 2
Suction
fifififi
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Pnessu:e
WIND
E
E T
T
wan
— OW
—�•-
hessuxe
Suction
3. Design
Many of the newer coastal homes are designed to accommodate a
large number of people with maximum comfort. Current building
practices incorporate many architectural features that are not really
considered appropriate for coastal areas. Large two and three story
dwellings have been built with high pitched roof systems and
cathedral ceilings that provide an aesthetic quality, but pose
additional problems for safety. Along the beach these large homes are
often placed on the lot facing the ocean in a manner as to offer the
greatest wind resistance and pose the greatest risk. The National
Flood Insurance Program requires that buildings in Flood Hazard
Areas be placed in a manner to afford the least resistance to flood
damage, similarly it would then seen logical to require that homes
placed along the ocean front be placed with minimum wind
resistance and maximum support in mind.
Homes that are designed to be more aerodynamic were found to
better withstand direct wind forces. Homes with lower pitched roof
systems have lower air flow accumulation at corners and edges of the
planes and that reduces the chances for structural damage. The
accumulation of both negative and positive wind pressure can be
very abrupt on gabled roof systems. Roof systems with high pitches

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and extended overhangs provide areas where the wind can literally
pull the roof up from the structure.
4. Project Blue Sky
This national program is designed to offer hazard -resistant details,
materials and methods to keep houses habitable after hurricanes and
major storms. Blue. Sky recommendations are used not only to
strengthen new homes but existing ones too. The Currtituck Club
located on the Currtiuck Outer Banks served a the model community
instituting this program. Overall this program will create a safer
house, increase property values, help secure affordable insurance,
help in securing a mortgage, better train builders, educate customers,
eliminate most engineering costs, offset costs with incentives, and
enhance permit and enforcement.
5. _ Wall Openings
Exterior walls with window systems from the top of a cathedral
ceiling to the floor afford a wonderful view, of the ocean, but offer no
protection in the event of a storm. There is absolutely no protective
measure that can be taken that would be considered adequate in the
path of a Category 3 hurricane. Wind can cause extreme damage from
debris. Once airborne, debris becomes dangerous and tape alone can
.not protect windows and glass doors. Shutters and plywood covers
are the only form of protection from flying debris, but wall systems
that incorporate glass from the ceiling to the floor have little to no
support value for the installation of shutters. Large window. systems
weaken both the vertical and lateral structural integrity of the
building as a whole. Shutters and plywood would not be effectual in
protecting any structure using glass wall systems.
6. Reinforcement and Bracing
While structures elevated above the Base Flood Elevation have a
decreased probability of experiencing flooding, they have a greater
susceptibility to overturn and displacement from wind unless
adequately supported and reinforced. Site evaluation data can be used
to verify that an adequate foundation is being used. It should also be
noted that as the height of a structure increases, the greater the wind
resistance and the greater the chance for damage resulting from stress.
Emphasis should be placed on bracing and anchoring structures to.
distribute the stress from the roof through the foundation system.
Wall and. roof failure is often a result of inadequately framed
corners, improper strapping and improperly spliced top plates. All of
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these failures can be prevented by minor modifications and better
building practices. The lack of an adequate system of bracing can
compromise the integrity of a building. Hurricane clips that attach the
roof truss or rafter to the top plate of the structure are a standard
method used to tie the roof system to the exterior wall. Straps that tie
trusses to rafters below the plate to the stud can increase the strength
and is a better method of transferring the load. Although there are
many ways to increase the strength of a building during the framing
phase, often problems occur due to framing errors. Framing must be
caught and corrected and builders and inspectors must not
underestimate their importance.
D. Education
Education is an essential key to affecting a desired change in any
community. If people understand that there are ways to improve, the
chances that their home or business will survive a major storm, they
might take action. The first step is to tell them and the second step is to
teach them. Understanding how a major storm event can devastate a
community and way of life can be learned without having to experience
it. People living in a coastal community can learn and understand the
dynamic nature of the coastal environment, specifically barrier islands,
and be better equipped to deal with the forces of nature. People can also
learn to build a better house and avoid poor structural design, just as
they can avoid building too close to the water and still enjoy the view.
There can be no doubt that educating the public is one of the most
important aspects of mitigation.
By establishing a program whereby the county acts as a clearing house
for information, the public can become aware of techniques for securing
their homes and better understand protective policies and codes of the
county. Currituck already provides an information service on
constructing in flood hazard areas, but it can be taken further to include
information on how to survive a major storm event and the importance
of natural buffers. By illustration the county can prepare a brochure on
the importance of Maritime forests and their ability to stabilize barrier
islands. In addition, written informationand videos are available
through the Federal Emergency Management Agency and the Red Cross
that can and should be made available to the general public on a local
level. Local information 'stations and the local library can also be an
avenue for disseminating information to the public.
Properly implemented outreach projects can open lines of
communication between the citizens in the county and local
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government. An aggressive campaign conducted. in cooperation with
Emergency Services and the Planning and Inspections Department can
also be the key to better understanding the duties and responsibilities of
the county. Having the media alert the public on what to do in
emergency situations is a good way to alleviate panic and
misunderstandings between the county and the public. Information on
what to do and who to call distributed in the media is one measure that
can help. Having a monthly flyer made available_ during hurricane
season is another way to get the message out to the public on the
importance of prevention. A combination of the two will greatly reduce
lose of property and life.
E. Full -Time Code Enforcement Officer
Between 1990 and 1994, the US. Census Bureau has indicated that
Currituck County was the fourth fastest growing county in North
Carolina. The rapid pace of development has resulted in an increased
workload of the Planning and Inspections department. By illustration,
in 1991 there were 1,686 building permits issued. In 1994 there were 5,295
building its issued; an increase of 214%. To better ensure codes are
adhered to, the county should consider making the zoning and building
inspection enforcement officer a full-time zoning enforcement officer
whose primary duties will be zoning and flood regulation enforcement.
Building inspector enforcement activities could be handled by the
existing building inspectors if fire Marshall duties are assigned to the
Emergency Services Department.
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CHAPTER 4
POST -STORM MITIGATION AND RECONSTRUCTION
A. Post -Mitigation
Post -disaster activities must involve mitigation to reduce the loss of
life and property, and at considerable cost to private individuals and the
county. Mitigating damage often means taking a hard line "common
' sense" approach, such as mandating safety by requiring people to take
protective measures. The question is, what protective measures are
appropriate, and what will a community accept? The county must also
establish workable guidelines for the orderly reconstruction and
redevelopment of the community. The process must be as clear and
precise as possible and incorporate a myriad of activities. Actions taken
by the county following a major storm will directly determine the action
to be taken following the next storm. Administrative policy must be put
in place to determine the future development of a community while
recovering, not just reconstruction.
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Immediately following a disaster, county officials will be
overwhelmed with requests for assistance from the public and state
officials requesting damage assessments to determine the extent of
assistance available for the given situation. In the middle of this chaos
the .community will no doubt be faced with the media, who can also be a
valuable tool in distributing information to the public. .It is necessary
that officials be aware of the procedures for ' dealing with the situation on
a local level and for obtaining assistance from state and federal agencies.
A public information officer should be available to act as a liaison
between county officials and the media.
1. Moratoriums
Directly following a storm event, Emergency Services and other
county officials must mobilize and assess the extent of the damage. In
the event that a Category 3 or higher hurricane makes landfall in or
near Currituck County, there is good reason to believe that the county
will experience damage necessitating immediate attention. An
automatic two day building moratorium should take effect to allow
the county to assess the situation and determine the course of action
that will be taken. All departments that deal with the public shall
cease all day to day activities and focus all attention on recovery
activities. Any decision to extend the moratorium will be based on
the initial assessments and the level of the emergency and will be the
responsibility of the Chairperson of the County of Commissioners. .
The level of the emergency will be based on the type of emergency
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declared. There are three possible declarations of emergency: 1) "Local
Emergency", 2) "State of Emergency"; and, 3) "Presidential
Declaration of a Major Disaster or Emergency".
The steps leading to a declaration will fall under the coordinating
efforts of Emergency Services and occur during the response phase.
Once made, post -mitigation and reconstruction begins and it is at this
point that the plan falls into the gray area between post -mitigation
and the Emergency Operation Plan's recovery phase. The following
action plan is designed to alleviate some of the confusion that will
follow a disaster.
Day to day activities of the county must be put on the back burner
immediately following a devastating storm. In the event that there is
heavy damage, there will be requests for information and assistance.
The Planning and Inspections Department must be able to deal with
the deluge of people in an orderly and calm. manner. By removing
"non -essential" functions, the staff can concentrate on immediate
problems. The following moratoriums will be implemented based on
the severity of the damage received and the level of the declaration of
emergency or disaster. The implementation date shall begin on the
second day following the storm event. During this time the Board of
Commissioners will be advised by the "Currituck Control Group", as
established in the Emergency Operations Plan. The control group will
be responsible to the Board of Commissioners and shall serve in an
advisory capacity. Should the "Group" believe that an extension of
any of the following moratoriums may be necessary, a written report
shall be submitted to the Board of Commissioners. Any action to
extend or shorten any moratorium will be solely the responsibility of
the Board of Commissioners and may only occur with a 4/5 vote.
1. Local Declaration: In the event that the Chairperson of
the Board Commissioners declares a disaster, a seven
day moratorium will be instituted on all development
permits including but not limited to: subdivision
requests, building permits and outstanding permits. No
permits will be issued during this time except for
-essential repairs such as roof repaires, stairs and
reconstruction. The moratorium will also prohibit
inspections of existing construction of a non -essential
nature which would include additions.
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2. State Declaration: A twenty one day (three week)
moratorium will take effect if the Governor of North
Carolina declares a "State of Emergency" that includes
Currituck County.
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. Federal Declaration: If the Governor's preliminary 3 P Y
assessment and FEMA's assessment lead to a
Presidential declaration, a thirty (30) day moratorium
shall take effect to allow county staff to focus their
attention towards re-establishing services and assisting
persons affected by the storm.
Throughout the process of obtaining a declaration it is important
that there be a coordinated effort among federal, state and local
officials. Should there be a truly catastrophic situation, a fly -over of
the county by state officials would suffice to make a declaration. In the
event that the Governor requests a Presidential Declaration, such a
request must be submitted within thirty days after the incident. If a
Presidential Declaration is made a Disaster Application Center (DAC)
will be established within four days under the direction of state and
federal agencies. A DAC is an application and information center
with representatives from federal, state, local and private agencies
that provide assistance to individuals, families and businesses. A
disaster victim can visit one location and submit application for all
forms" of federal assistance. The DAC will be placed as close to
severely affected areas as possible to accommodate victims. If a DAC is
established,local emergency planners must be ready to play a role in
the center and representatives from various departments should be
ready to assist as needed. People will need to know where to start in
rebuilding their lives, homes and businesses.
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Storm Event
1
Local Response: Initial Assessment
It State Recovery
State and Local Damage Assessment �� Programs Initiated
Federal/State/Local ,4
Damage Assessment
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Governor Resquests
Declaration
1 Lanai
FEDamage
Assmn nct
Review Coxtixues
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Presidential
Declaration
1 �
Disaster Programs -
Implemented 4 a454.4=9
2. Assessments
In order to adequately deal with the situation, assessment teams
must get out into the community as soon as it is considered safe. It is
clear from experiences in other communities that more than one
assessment will be necessary. Damage assessment is the first step
towards restoration of the community. Based on these assessments
the county can decide where to start and effectively commit resources.
The decision to request supplementary _assistance from state and
federal agencies to a large extent will be based on the initial
assessments. There are four steps to the assessment process:
a. Emergency Services Damage Assessment
As established by Emergency Services, the initial assessment
will obtain information in order to determine the need for a state
or federal declaration. Members of this assessment team shall be
chosen by the Director of Emergency Services and the team will be
responsible to the director. The initial damage assessment is
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necessary to determine as quickly as possible a realistic estimate of
the amount of damage caused by a hurricane or major storm.
Information such as the number of structures damaged, the
magnitude of damage and the estimated total dollar loss will be
needed to assess the storm's impact. This information will play a
significant role in determining the type of emergency declaration
that will be made. This "windshield" survey will follow
procedures established by the Federal Emergency Management
Agency and forms established by FEMA will be used for this
assessment. Team members should use street maps and tax maps
to identify areas of greatest impact to assist the state and federal
teams later on in the process.
The following assessment procedure is established by FEMA and
is only for the purpose of providing a quick estimate of damage for
state and federal assistance. Forms are provide by FEMA and
copies are maintained in the Emergency Service office.
Minor Damage: Those damages requiring minimal
replacement or repairs that include, but are not limited
to; doors, windows, floors, decks, shingles or utilities.
Damages equaling 10% or less of the replacement cost or
fair market value of the home or business.
Major Damage: Physical damage that makes the home or
business uninhabitable and is between 11% and 74% of
the replacement cost or fair market value. This may
include damages to foundations, walls and roof systems.
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Destroyed: Structures made uninhabitable with damages
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exceeding 75% of the replacement cost or fair market
value of the home or business. Manufactured homes that
are overturned or flooded should be considered
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destroyed.
Isolated. In the event a structure is deemed isolated and
access is not possible. In this case the home shall be
deemed "unusable". This includes situations where `
water/septic/sewer and electricity is no longer available.
Initial assessments for FEMA. will include dwellings only.
Subsequent assessments should include residential and business
structures.
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b. Primary Dwelling Assessment and Critical Facilities
While the initial "windshield" assessment is being made
building inspectors will begin assessing damaged dwellings in
order to protect residents from possible injury from unsafe
buildings. Unsafe buildings will be posted and the inspector will
determine whether the main power source must be removed in
order to prevent an additional hazard once power is returned to
the community. Photographs should be taken of buildings that in
the estimate of the Building Inspector are "substantially damaged"
or "destroyed". During this time the Chief Building Inspector with
be charged with the responsibility of.inspecting all critical facilities,
such as government buildings, water and sewer plants, and other
facilities deemed necessary for the day to day survival of the
community (See Appendix A).
Building Inspectors will determine the level of damage on the
criteria listed below, which -should not be confused with FEMA's
standards for assessment. The criteria established below allows the
Building Inspector to be more specific in determining the extent of
the damage and base decisions on the safety of the structure.
Habitable: Minor damage limited to shingles, doors,
and windows with no apparent damage to septic or
utilities. Cost of repairs estimated to be 15% or less of the
value of the structure.
Minor e• Damag .Damage limited to doors, windows,
shingles, decks and utilities. In the event that septic
system is damaged, roof or floor systems are damaged or ,
utilities, the structure will be deemed uninhabitable.
The Health Department shall inspect for repairs or
condemnation. Structures that suffer minor damage will
be permitted to rebuild to their original state as long as
the requirements of Article 15 (Nonconforming
Situations) of the Unified Development Ordinance can
be met. Cost of repairs estimated to,be 30% or less of the
value of the structure.
Substantial Damage: Damage that equals or exceeds 50%
of the replacement cost or the fair market value of the
dwelling shall be required to bring the structure as a
whole into compliance with all applicable North
Carolina State Building Codes, CAMA regulations and
NFIP regulations. The structure shall be posted as
condemned. The owner must obtain permits for repair
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within thirty days from the date that the building is
posted.
Destroyed Structure: Any structure that in the opinion
of the Building Inspector is unfit for human habitation
and repairs would cost more than 80% of the fair market
value of the structure. In this situation the structure
shall be condemned. In ,the event that the owner of the
structure requests a hearing to allow restoration, the
Building Inspector will meet with the owner on site as
soon as reasonably possible and mi no, case shall such
meeting be held later than sixty days following
condemnation.
c. Assessment of Commercial/ Industrial
Structures and Secondary Critical Facilities
Once all dwellings have been assessed, Building Inspectors will
focus attention on assessing commercial/ industrial structures and
non -essential buildings. Determining the degree of damage will be
the same as noted for assessing dwellings and critical facilities. The
focus will be to return displaced persons back into their homes as
soon as possible. The order of the assessments does not reflect a
desire to keep businesses from rebuilding as soon as possible.
Failure to have a county assessment will not prohibit owners
from submitting an application to restore a damaged structure;
however, an inspection will be required prior to beginning any
work in order to verify the degree of damage suffered.
d. State and Federal Assessments
If there is sufficient damage to need additional assistance, State
and Federal Emergency Management Agencies will send
assessment teams to determine the degree of assistance needed.
- Affected areas should be mapped and critical areas noted to
expedite the process. Members from the initial damage assessment
team must be ready to assist State and Federal officials. Each
damage assessment will be documented using county tax records,
county tax maps and/or other available records for identification
purposes. The total estimated dollar value of damages from the
initial "windshield" assessment will be summarized and reported
o the state and federal teams and the Currituck Control Group
Leader.
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B. Reconstruction
1. Building Permit Procedures
The permitting process for reconstruction '1 p g pwill be handled by the
Planning and Inspections Department through the mainland office
and the satellite office, if possible. Should the satellite office be
inoperable due to damage, a secondary location must be established
and announced to the public for their convenience. The alternate
location for the mainland office will be the Social Service Building. If
damage precludes use of the Social Service Building, an alternate
location must be established and the public notified.
High Priority:
a. Primary residences: Applicants must be able to verify
residency in Currituck County prior to being issued a
permit. A valid drivers license, voter registration card or
similar, will be acceptable proof.
b. Critical facilities necessary to conduct the day to day
activities in the community. Critical facilities shall
include:
1. water plants (public and private systems)
2. sewage facilities
3. electric substations and lines
4. telephone equipment and lines
5. fire and rescue facilities
6. roads
7. schools
8. county offices
9. state facilities
10. airport
11. post offices
12. beach accessways (vehicular)
Moderate Priority:
a. health service facilities: doctor's offices and nursing
homes
b. other existing businesses
C. farm buildings
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Priority:
a. Second homes (vacation homes) and accessory
structures.
b. Unoccupied rental property rented on a monthly or
yearly basis. Dwellings having minor damage that will
be used to house displaced persons, where a request is
made by the American Red Cross may be given a higher
priority. Verification must be submitted by the Red
Cross.
c. All other vacant buildings.
All building permit fees will be waived for all storm damage
repairs only. In the event that the damage suffered is more than the
county can practicably handle, the Planning and Inspections
Department will request that the Board of Commissioners enter into.
an "Mutual Aid Agreement" with adjacent communities to assist
with assessing damage and inspections of repairs. Permits and
inspection of buildings will be required in all cases except to replace or
repair the following:
a. Bona Fide Farm g (excludin buildings mechanical,
electrical and plumbing)
b. shingles
c. storage buildings that: 1) contain no electric, mechanical
or plumbing, 2) are valued by the Tax Department at less
than $3,000.00; and, 3) are located outside of flood zones
and CAMA AECs.
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CHAPTER 5
EMERGENCY SERVICES
A. Emergency Services Role
Emergency Services is responsible for the planning, coordination and
operation of all emergency response activities in the County. This
includes a wide variety of activities in the county on a daily basis. The
director is responsible to the County Board of Commissioners on a local
level and serves as liaison with state and federal authorities to ensure
the effective operation of the county emergency response system. The
best way to explain the enormity of the duties of Emergency Services is to
simply list them. The following is not an all inclusive list, but will give
an idea of their responsibilities.
1. Emergency Services is responsible for establishing an
operation center during an emergency and serve as the
control point for county wide response activities.
2. Under the direction of the Chairperson of the Board of
Commissioners Emergency Services directs the
evacuation of the county, and controls access in and out of
affected areas immediately following a disaster.
3. 'Coordinates with the Red .Cross shelters for evacuees in
surrounding communities.
4. Coordinates volunteer agencies.
5. Coordinates rescue and treatment of victims.
6. Assembles a damage. assessment team and coordinates
activities.
7. Coordinates all public and private agency "emergency"
activities.
8. Provide a setting conducive to the rapid and orderly
restoration of -persons and property.
9. Provide an emergency management system that includes
aspects of preparedness and response.
10. Conduct yearly practice alerts to familiarize the public
with emergency management's operating procedures.
11. Develop plans and programs in accordance with state and
federal policies and plans.
12. Directs day to day fire and rescue operations in the county.
13. Responsible for establishing and operating the 911 system.
14. Conduct public outreach programs in the community.
15. Write, implement and update regularly the "Emergency
Operations Plan".
16. Participate in the National Flood Insurance Program.
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In the event of a weather related disaster Emergency Services will be
the center of evacuation, response and recovery activities in the county.
B. Emergency Operations Plan
The Emergency Operations Plan (EOP) for Currituck County is
currently. in draft form, but should be completed within the year. The
expressed intention of an EOP is that it be used to achieve the highest use
of existing resources necessary to respond to an emergency or disaster.
situation. It addresses multiple hazards that may threaten the county
from natural disasters, technological disasters or civil unrest. It is the
responsibility of local government to organize and plan for the
protection of a community's health, safety and welfare. In many cases
this duty falls under the jurisdiction of Emergency Services.
The EOP establishes standard operating procedures and provides a
summary of the roles and actions to be taken by individuals and
organizations to prepare, respond and recover from a disaster. The
purpose of defining roles is to reduce confusion and possible. conflict
during an emergency. The plan also explains local emergency
management's role in coordinating activities between federal and state
agencies. In the event that a disaster occurs, state and federal resources
may be needed and the EOP defines the process for requesting and
obtaining these resources.
The Emergency Operations Plan is divided into 17 sections that
address specific roles during an emergency. The basic plan covers the
geography of the county, transportation and assignment of general
responsibilities for emergency management on a local level. The
remainder of the plan is as follows:
Section A: Outlines the direction and controls procedures by
identifying personnel, facilities and resources that
will be utilized to coordinate response activities.
Section B: Communications System.
'
Section C: Organizational Chart.
Section D: Provisions for security and traffic control.
Section E: -Provisions for emergency medical services.
Section F: Provisions for coordinating fire, rescue and
hazardous materials activities.
Section G: Provisions for essential public works services
--including waste disposal, water distribution, sewer
services, debris removal, and electrical
distribution.
Section H: Provides for the continuation and expansion of
health. services during an emergency or disaster.
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Section I: Provisions for the evacuation and re-entry to an
effected area.
Section J:
Provisions for shelter and mass care during an
emergency or disaster.
Section K:
Describes process for damage assessment in the
county.
Section L:
Provides information for identifying and
managing resources to be utilized.
Section M:
Provisions for the identification of critical facilities
and action that can be taken to protect them.
Section N:
Provisions for the management of donated goods.
Section O:
Process for addressing unmet needs.
Section P:
Process for undertaking recovery operations,
which includes requesting and receiving federal
assistance.
Section Q:
Process for operating a public information system.
C. Relationship
Emergency Operations Plan and Storm Hazard
Mitigation and Records Plan
There is a very close relationship between this plan and the EOP; the
difference lies mainly in the approach. For' the purpose of the mitigation
plan we have divided the process into four interrelated phases: 1) Pre -
mitigation, 2) preparedness, 3) response; and, 4) post -mitigation. The
primary focus of this plan is on mitigation, which is divided into pre -
mitigation and post -mitigation. In comparison the four defined phases
outlined in the EOP are: 1) mitigation, 2) preparedness, 3) response; and,
4) recovery.
It may appear that this plan encroaches into areas otherwise
considered to be the responsibility of Emergency Services, but it is
important to understand that there will always be some overlapping of
duties and responsibilities. There needs to be a coordinated effort
following a disaster that incorporates the skills and knowledge of the
Planning and Inspections Department and Emergency Services.
The mitigation phase of the EOP must address. a large number of
emergency situations such as fire, severe weather, transportation -
incidents and hazardous materials. Conceptually, this includes educating
the public regarding hazards and protective measures, record keeping,
flood protection measures through the. National Flood Insurance
Program and the enactment of local ordinances. Mitigation is an
important part of both the Emergency Operations Plan and this plan, and
the approach is similar. The difference lies in the focus. For the purposes
of this plan the focus is on major storm events only.
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Emergency Services has on -going programs that promote education
in the community on a variety of hazards to meet the mitigation
requirements outlines in the EOP. In regard to severe weather,
Emergency Services promotes awareness through mock disasters during
"Severe Weather Week" and "Hurricane Awareness Week".
Information is also disseminated from Emergency Service's to the
schools and the general public. Beyond the educational aspect, a great
deal of the tasks listed in the Emergency Operations Plan are addressed by
other departments within the county as well as Emergency Services.
Participation in the NFIP has been administered by staff in the
Planning and Inspection Department since 1984. Based on ordinance
requirements and the NFIP's requirements, it does not seem logical or
likely that the Flood Insurance Program will be administered by
Emergency. Services. However, it does seem reasonable that a strong
cooperative effort between the two departments should be pursued.
Local ordinances have been enacted through the Planning and
Inspections Department and Emergency Services that address the safety
of the county. Article 6 of the Code of Ordinances specifically addresses
the powers and duties of Emergency Services, and the Unified
'development
Development Ordinance address land use and with
specific attention to flood program requirements. The mandate is the
same in all of the documents from the Land Use Plan, the Unified
Development Ordinance, Code of Ordinances, Emergency Operations, to
this plan and that is to protect the health, safety and welfare of the
people.
When this plan addresses mitigation it addresses land use, permit
procedures, construction, and what this county needs to do to prevent or
reduce the possibility of a catastrophe resulting from a major storm
event. The catastrophe is not the storm, but the results of the storm on
the community. This requires a strong look at existing ordinance and
code requirements, and must do more than simply make people aware
that a threat exists. Sections of this plan can be viewed as a type of
operations plan for non -emergency personnel. The intent of this plan
'
and the EOP is to establish a clear process to facilitate a calm and orderly
response to the needs of the community as well as protecting the
community. While Emergency Services deals with the immediate needs
of the people, the Planning and Inspections Department must deal with
the issue of reconstruction and the process for this to occur. Other
departments will need to address specific needs that fall within the
parameters of their department and their function within the county.
Both plans establish procedures for assessing damage, but for different
and specific purposes. Damage assessment for the purpose of
reconstruction and repairs should not be confused with that of
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Emergency Services. Damage assessment directed by Emergency Services
focuses on the dollar amount and number of structures damaged.
Guidelines should be established for interdepartmental assistance in. a
manner that works in concert with the EOP. Procedures for evacuation,
establishing shelters, receiving donated goods and rescue are not aspects
of this plan and should not be confused with the responsibilities being
outlined.
On the surface both plans have striking similarities, but the
Emergency Operations Plan establishes a very broad base of
responsibilities for Emergency Services that require cooperative effort
from other departments as well as other local, state and federal agencies.
With proper implementation and enforcement this mitigation plan
addresses issues regarding the orderly reconstruction of the county
infrastructure after a major storm event. This should be seen as an
important planning tool and a support document to the EOP.
D. Inter -departmental Cooperation
During the time that the community undergoes reconstruction the
county must pull all available resources together. This process will
require that all departments be willing and able to give assistance where
needed. Immediate emergency response, assessment and re-entry to
critical areas affected by a storm shall be in accordance with procedures
established by the Emergency Operations Plan and shall be under the
direction of the Currituck County Emergency Services Department. The
Director will coordinate activities with federal agencies, state agencies
and other county departments during the recovery process: If it is
deemed necessary that a Disaster Assistance Center (DAC) be established
representatives from the county shall. be available to provide
information on building permits, debris removal, public utilities and
mail. Each Department should have one designated staff member and an
alternate to serve as an information officer during the disaster recovery
period. Each information officer should be available to answer questions
or work in a DAC ,if necessary.
Each department will play an integral part in the reconstruction of
the county. In the event of a disaster, employees of the county will also
be victims and the initial response by the staff may be slow, making
interdepartmental cooperation essential. It is also important to
remember that county government will also be a victim and there may
be some delay in getting services up and running. To clarify functions
and duties of staff following a storm related emergency, departments
should draft preparedness plans. These plans should follow the
Emergency Operation Plan currently being drafted by Emergency Services
and be subject to review by the Director of Emergency Services. The
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intent of the plan will be to assign individual responsibilities as well as
mitigate possible damage to equipment and data. In the event that a
major storm is predicted to hit Currituck County, arrangements must be
made to remove or protect essential maps, computers, printers, and
miscellaneous equipment necessary to function during the recovery
period following the storm. It serves no purpose to plan for recovery if
essential resources for that recovery are not protected. Each member of
staff must be assigned a role during the preparedness phase as well as the
post -mitigation phase.
The draft Emergency Operations Plan assigns individual
responsibilities to a number of departments. Each department head should
become familiar with the Emergency Services Plan upon it's completion and
be ready to assume the duties assigned.
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CHAPTER 6
RECOMMENDATIONS AND ACTION PLAN
This section will identify specific actions and policies that once implemented
can reduce hazards associated with major storm events. In some cases
recommended action will involve existing regulations.
Action or Policy and Departmental Responsibility
1. The county should enter into "Mutual Aid Agreements" with
other communities to assist with assessing damage and
inspections of repairs. This would be in the event that the
damage suffered is more than the county can practicably handle.
Board of Commissioners
To be determined
(Reference Reconstruction Low Priority pg.50)
2. Continue efforts to reduce flood insurance rates in Currituck
County through the National Flood Insurance Program's
Community Rating System. By undertaking activities to decrease.
rates and increase protection, the county can increase the
numbers of points available and thereby reduce flood insurance
rates.
Planning and Inspections Department:
Planning Division
On -going
(Reference CRS pg.31-32)
3. Draft a "Maritime Forest Development Guide" brochure on the
importance of. Maritime forests and their ability to stabilize
barrier islands.
Planning and Inspections Department:
Planning Division
December 1996
(Reference Education pg.40)
4. Creation of a full time Code Enforcement Officer position whose
duties will be confined to code enforcement activities and flood
regulation enforcement.
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Planning and Inspections/ Board of Commissioners '
July 1997
(Reference Full -Time Code Enforcement Officer pg.41)
5. It is very important step for palnning in the county to establish a
Geographic Information' System (GIS) with capabilities: a. to
delineate flood zones and calculate the area of each zone, b.
determine the overall effects of development in the county, c.
increase deductions available for flood insurance through the
CRS.
Planning and Inspections Department
July 1997
(Reference Community Rating System pg.32)
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6. The county will have an area designated for the removal of
debris immediately following a disaster.
Emergency Services
September 1997
(Reference Draft Emergency Operation Plan)
7. Damage assessment forms to be used by the Building Inspectors '
and Damage Assessment team should be prepared and yearly
training sessions should be made a standard operating
procedure.
Emergency Services and
Planning and Inspection
September 1997
(Reference Draft Emergency Operation Plan)
8. Draft Emergency Operations Plan" establishin responsibilities
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and procedures of each department. The plan should outline
individual responsibilities and be drafted under the supervision ,
of the Director of Emergency Services in order to assure that the
plan is in keeping with the Emergency Operations Plan.
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enc Emerg Services
September 1997
(Reference Draft Emergency Operation Plan)
9. Each year the Emergency Services Department, shall prepare a
seminar for the employees of the county. The seminar will
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outline standard procedures during an emergency and review
departments plans.
Emergency Services
September 1997
(Reference Draft Emergency Operation Plan)
10. The procedures for implementing a moratorium on existing
permits and the issuance of new permits should be adopted by
the Board of Commissioners as standard operating practice for
the Planning and Inspections Department.
Emergency Sevices
September1997
(Reference Draft Emergency Operation Plan)
11. Due to the possibility of extensive damage and the resulting
debris, removal by normal means may not be practical or
possible. The county should establish approved locations on the
Outer Banks and on the mainland to burn excess debris. This
should be coordinated through various State and Local agencies.
Emergeny Services in cooperation with Public Works
September 1997
(Reference Draft Emergency Operation Plan)
12. In order to meet current needs of the county the "Draft
Emergency Operations Plan" should be completed and ready for
implementation.
Board of Commissioners and Emergency Services
Spetember 1997
(Reference Draft Emergency Operations Plan)
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APPENDIX A
Critical Facilities
The following is a list of Critical Facilities Identified by personnel
from Fort Bragg, North Carolina as a requirement for a Civil Affairs course.
Currituck Outer Banks
Corolla Volunteer Fire Department
Currituck County Satellite Office
Corolla Post Office
Corolla Water and Sewer Facility
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Carova Beach Volunteer Fire Department
Ocean Sands Water Tower
Ocean Sands Water and Sewer Facility
Monteray Shores Water and Sewer Facility
Pine Island Water and Sewer Facility
Villages at Ocean Hill Water and Sewer Facility
Knotts Island
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Knotts Island Volunteer Fire Department
Mackey Island National Wildlife Refugee Office
Knotts Island Elementary School
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Knotts Island Ferry Dock
Gibbs Woods
Critical facilities that service this area are located in Blackwater, Virginia
and Knotts Island.
Mainland
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Lower Currituck Volunteer Fire Department-Powells Point
Harbinger Post Office
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Department of Transportation Maintenance Facility
Powells Point Post Office
Powells Point Nutrition Center
'
Jarvisburg Post Office
Lower Currituck Volunteer Fire Department - Grandy
Grandy Water Tower
Grandy Post Office
Mental Health Services -Grandy
Poplar Branch Post Office
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Griggs Elementary School
Aydlett Post Office
Coinjock Bridge
Coinjock Post Office
US Coast Guard Station-Coinjock
Currituck High School-Barco
Currituck County Library-Barco
Barco Post Office
Sentera Nursing Home (Only private facility listed)-Barco
Central Elementary School-Barco
Crawford Volunteer Fire Department-Barco
Maple Post Office
Maple LandFill and Recycle Center
Maple Animal Shelter
Maple Airport
State Forestry Service Office-Currituck
Currituck Water Plant
Maple Prison
Department of Transportation Maintenance Facility
Knapp Jr. High School-Currituck
Currituck County Schools Central Office (Teacherage)
Currituck Soil and Water
Currituck County Courthouse and Associated Buildings-Currituck
Ferry Dock and Office-Currituck
Social Services and Senior Center-Currituck
Health Department-Currituck
Currituck Water Tower
Currituck Post Office
Crawford Fire Department -Sligo
Shawboro Post Office
Bank of Currituck-Moyock (Data storage site)
Moyock Elementary
Moyock Volunteer Fire Department
Moyock Post Office
Mainland Water Towers
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APPENDIX B
DEFINITIONS:
Adjoining Property,: Any tract of land having a border that touches at any
point, the border of the property that is in question.
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Area of Environmental Concern(AEC): An area designated as such by the N. C.
Coastal Resources Commission pursuant to G. S. 113A-113 of the Coastal Area
Management Act.
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Base Flood: The flood having a 1% chance of being equaled or exceeded in an s g g q Y
given year, also known as the 100 year.
Base Flood Elevation (BF : The elevation of the 100 year flood.
Bona Fide Farm: Any tract or tracts of land, one of which must contain at least ten
acres which meets the following criteria:
(a) on such property an owner or leasee is actively engaged in a substantial
way in the commercial production or growing of crops, plants,
livestock, or poultry; and,
(b) such property has produced or yielded, during each of the three
' immediately preceding years, a gross income from the above described
commercial production or growing of crops, plants, livestock, or
poultry (including payments received under Soil Conservation or Land
Retirement Programs, but not land rents paid to a non-resident owner)
of at least $1,000.
' Building: A structure having a roof and designed to be used as a place of
occupancy, indoor employment, storage or shelter.
Building. Accessory: A minor building that is located on the same lot as a principal
building and that is used incidentally to a principal building or that houses an
accessory use.
Building. Principal- The rimar building on a lot or a building that houses a
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principal use.
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Coastal High Hazard Area. The area subject to high velocity waters caused by, but
not limited to, hurricane wave wash. The area is designated on a FIRM as Zone VI-
3, VE or V.
Conditional Use Permit. A permit issued by the Board of Adjustment that
authorizes the recipient to make use of property in accordance with the ,
requirements of this Ordinance as well as any additional requirements imposed by
the Board of Adjustment.
Critical Facilities: '
Damage Assessment Teams: Functions to assess losses to property ,
immediately after a storm to determine whether the County can qualify for
state or federal disaster assistance. Assessment of damage to buildings for the
repair and reconstruction, and the protection of the general public by posting '
unsafe buildings.
Development: Any man-made improvement to real estate and a building (or '
buildings).
Disaster: An occurrence of severe damage, injury, loss of property, or loss of
life that may result from a natural or man-made accident.
Emergency Operation Plan: An all -hazard document, that specifies actions to
be taken in the event of a disaster. The plan identifies authorities and
coordinated actions to be taken base on predetermined assumptions. '
Flood Insurance Study. The official report provided by the Federal Emergency
Management Agency, containing flood profiles and the water surface elevation of
the base flood.
FloodpLaiu Any land area susceptible to being inundated by flood waters.
1 dwa : The channel of a river and the portion of the overbank floodplain
that carries most of the base flood '
Floor, Lowest. The lowest floor of the lowest enclosed area (including
basement). An unfurnished or flood resistant enclosure, usable solely for '
parking vehicles, building access or storage, in an area other than a basement
area, is not considered a building's lowest floor provided that such enclosure
is not built so as to render the structure in violation of the applicable non- '
elevation design requirements of this ordinance.
Freeboard: A margin of safety added to base flood elevation to account for
waves, debris and in the opinion of this plan a safety measure to prevent
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damage to structure due to moisture creeping up into wood while in contact
with water.
Frontal Dune: Where there is a primary dune, that dune is deemed to be the
frontal dune. Where there is no primary dune, the frontal dune is deemed to
be the first mound of sand landward of the ocean having sufficient
vegetation, height, continuity and configuration to be of protective value.
High Hazard Flood Area: Areas subject to high velocity waters, including but
not limited to hurricane wave wash, in a storm having a one percent (1%)
chance of being equaled or exceeded in a given year and identified on Flood
Insurance Rate Maps as being V1-30.
Major Damaged Structure: A structure requiring extensive repair. Costs
greater than 10% and less that 50% of the replacement coast shall be deemed
as a major damaged structure.
Minor Damaged Structure: A structure requiring minimal repair to become
habitable. Repair or replacement of heating and air systems, hot water heaters,
doors, wall coverings, floors and minor structural damage may be deemed as
minor damage. Repairs that are less than 10% of the replacement cost of the
structure shall be considered as minor damaged structures.
Mitigation: When referring to mitigation in terms of major storm events it
refers to action taken to reduce the impact of a severe storm (Pre -mitigation)
and action taken after the storm event (Post -mitigation) that will reduce the
risks of damage from future storms. One could make a case that post- and pre -
mitigation are actually one and the same.
Mutual Aid Agreement: A formal "written" understanding between
jurisdictions that exchange emergency or disaster assistance.
Ocean High Hazard: An area that runs along the shoreline of the Atlantic
Ocean subject to one of the following hazards; 1) shoreline fluctuations due to
tidal inlets, 2) historical or predicted trends for long term erosion; or, 3)
erosion expected to occur during a coastal storm reaching the base flood
elevation
Primary Dune: First mound of sand locatedlandward of the ocean having an
elevation to the mean high flood level, and having a 1% chance of being
equaled or exceeded in a given year, for the area plus six feet. The dune
extends landward to the lowest elevation' commonly referred to as the dune
trough.
Retrofit Modifications made to an existing building or its yard to protect it
from flooding.
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Riverine: Of or produced by a river.
Special Use Permit: A permit issued by the Board of Commissioners that
authorizes the recipient to make use of property in accordance with the
requirements of this Ordinance as well as any additional requirements
imposed by the Board of Commissioners.
Variance: A grant of permission by the Board of Adjustment that authorizes
the recipient to do that which, according to the strict letter of this Ordinance,
he could not otherwise legally do.
Vegetation Line: Refers to the first line of (natural) stable vegetation located
landward of the ocean. Often found along the toe of the frontal dune.
Vulnerability: Susceptibility of damage, to life, property and environment
from a hazard.
Wetlands: Lands that are inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at
a frequency and duration sufficient to support, and under normal
circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation typically adapted for life
in saturated soil conditions. Wetlands generally include swamps, marshes,
bogs and similar areas.
Wetlands. CAMA: Those areas of land, marsh, or swamp which are
frequently saturated or covered with water designated by various state
agencies as CAMA. Wetlands.
N.

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REFERENCES
Baker, S., "Storms, People, and Property in Coastal North Carolina." UNC Sea
Grant, East Carolina University. August 1978.
Banta, J., J. Clark, and J. Zinn. "Coastal Environmental Management:
Guidelines for Conservation of Resources and the Protection Against
Storm Hazards." The Conservation Foundation. 1980.
' Bortz, Bruce. "Pre -Storm Mitigation and Post -Storm Reconstruction: A Plan for
Nags Head." Carolina Planning_ vol. 16, no. 2 Fall 1990.
' Broome, S. W., E. D. Seneca and W. W. Woodhouse. "Planting Marsh Grass for
Erosion Control." UNC Sea Grant College Program, North Carolina State
University. Pub. 81-90. August,1981.
Brower David., D. Godchalk and Wm. McEI ea. 'Before the Storm: Managing
ging
Development To Reduce Hurricane Damages." Center oft Urban and
Regional Studies, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill. Sept. 1982
Brower, David., William Collins and Timothy Beatley. 1984. "Hurricane
' Hazard Mitigation and Post -Storm Reconstruction Plan for Nags Head,
North Carolina. Coastal Collaborative, Ltd., Chapel Hill, North Carolina.
' Currituck County Emergency Services. 'Draft: Emergency Operations Plan."
Currituck County. 'Dune Protection Ordinance." December 13, 1971.
Currituck County Planning Department." Currituck County Land Use Plan."
' 1990
Currituck County Planning Department. "Currituck County Unified
' Development Ordinance." 1992.
Federal Emergency Management Agency. 'Building Performance: Hurricane
' Andrew in Florida." 1993.
Federal Emergency Management Agency. "Hurricane: Prepare to Survive!."
' Video: 1993.
Federal Emergency Management Agency and The American Red Cross. "Against
the Wind: Protecting your home from Hurricane Wind Damage." 1993.
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Federal Highway Administration. "Mid-Currituck County Bridge Study." North
Carolina Department of Transportation. November 29, 1994.
Hamann, Richard., Jeff Wade. "Mitigation of Hurricane Losses: Federal, State and
Local Programs." Center for Government Responsibility, University of
Florida. July, 1990.
New Hanover County. "Hurricane Mitigation & Reconstruction Plan."
December,1991.
North Carolina Building Code Council. "North Carolina State Building Code:
Volume VII-Residential." North Carolina Department of Insurance. 1993.
North Carolina Department of Natural Resources and Community
Development. "A Guide to Protecting Coastal Resources Through the
CAMA Permit Program." 1988.
North Carolina Division of Emergency Management. "Eastern North Carolina
Hurricane Evacuation Study." 1987.
North Carolina Division of Emergency Management. "Hurricane Preparedness
Information." 1992
Metro -Dade Citizens OutReach Newsletter. "Hurricane Andrew: An Eighteen
Month Review." March 30, 1994.
Onslow County. "Hurricane Response Plan." January, 1984.
Town of Kill Devil Hills and William Schmidt. "Draft Storm Hazard and Post -
Disaster Reconstruction Plan." September 1, 1994.
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