Land Use Plan 1976-1985-1976

�- Elizab,eth,City Land
1
1976-1985
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Jul
1973 -
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Division of Coastal Management
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' Prepared For The City
By The Elizabeth City Planning
And Community Development Department
Under -The Coastal Area Management Act Of 1974

STANDARD TITLE PAGE
• Report No.
3. Recipients Catalog No.
FOR TECHNICAL REPORTS
tie and Subtitle
5. Report Date
Elizabeth City Land Use Plan 1976 - 1985
V. Performing Organization Code
7. utho s
Performing Organization Rept. No.
James B. Bradshaw, Planner -in -Charge
9. Performing Organization Name and Address
10. Project/Task/Work Unit No.
Elizabeth City Planning Department
City of Elizabeth City
Contract/Grant No.
P.O. Box 347
Elizaheth City, NC 2791719
CRO 38
12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address
13. Type of Report a Period Covered
Department of Housing and Urban Development
451 Seventh Street, S.W.
. ponsoringAgency Coce
Washington, D.C. 20410
15. Supplementary Notes
16. Abstracts
The Elizabeth City Land Use Plan was compiled in response to the require-
ments of the Coastal Area Management Act.
The Plan takes a detailed look
at land in Elizabeth City and its' extraterritorial
planning jurisdiction.
Through meeting with the residents of these
areas and various city boards,
the policies and objectives for the Land
Use Plan were adopted. Of pri-
mary concern is the best use of the land
and this Plan is to be used as
a formal guide for future development
in Elizabeth City.
17. Key Words and Document Analysis. (a). Descriptors
17b. Identifiers/Open•Ended Terms
17c. COSATI Field/Grow.
18. Distribution Statemec,.
19.Securrty Class(This Report)
21. N23 f Pages
UNCLASSIFIED
iU.Security Class. (This Pagel
2 . Pnce
UNCLASSIFIED
rurrn t.rJtl—» k4—fuel

' ELIZABETH CITY LAND USE PLAN: 1975 - 1985
1 FINALS►`17i�� ,
PREPARED FOR TT[L• CITY OF ELIZABETH CITY
MAY 1975
` TO MEET THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE-
COASTAL AREA MANAGEMENT ACT OF 1974
' John Ii. Bell, Jr. - Mayor
Tommy M. Combs - City Manager
COUNCIL PLANNING BOARD
Tyra L. Newell, Chaii:man A.B. Etheridge, Chairman
A. Parker Midgett **Aubrey Heath R.L. Vaughan
Thomas Griffin **J.F. Weeks Lee Roy Fuller
'C.E. Richardson Mrs. H.C. Lowry
*D. Alton Dunbar * Prior Council members Robert Ford
Clinton H. Cameron **New Council members
'W.G. Williams
*M. Don Helms, Jr.
URBAN ADVISORY COMMITTEE
Fred Merritt, Chairman Howard Garrett
Charles Bennett Frank Veach
Harvey Thomas June Watkins
Dr. C.B. Jones, Sr. Miss Maggie Sawyer
Henry Parker Robert Suermann
' William H. Jones, Jr. A.H. Etheridge, Jr.
Mrs. A.O. Smith Dan Webb
— W.C. Owens, Jr.
PREPARED BY
THE ELIZABETH CITY PLANNING AND CCK1UNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
James B. Bradshaw - Planning Director
Dale A. Waterman - Planning Technician**
Jeanette Jones - Secretary
Julius Riddick - Planning Intern***
' Thomas Armstrong - Planning Intern***
Mark Davis - Planning Intern*** *Planner -in -Charge
Tyronne Williams - Planning Intern*** **Former Employee
Cheryl Homzak - Planning Intern*** ***Temporary Employees
' Carl H. Sangree - Planning Intern***
Michael Avery - Managerial Planning Ass1t.
' Cover Photo: An early 1900's waterfront view of Elizabeth City from photographic collec-
tion of Mr. Fred Fearing.
' The preparation of this report was financially assisted by a grant from the State of
North Carolina, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, and the Coastal
Plains Regional Commission.

To restore urbanity as a meaningful terrain for sociation,
culture, and community, the megalopolis must be . . .
dissolved and replaced by new decentralized ecocommunities,
each carefully tailored to the natural ecosystem in which it
is located . . . . The equilibrium between town and country
will be restored - not as a sprawling suburb that mistakes
a lawn or patch of strategically placed trees for nature,
but as an interactive functional ecocommunity that unites
industry with agriculture, mental work with physical, indi-
viduaZity with community.
Murray Bookchin
The Limits of the City, @ 1974.

Amendment to the City of Elizabeth City Land Use Plan to
classify land use activities allowed in the Causeway
Developed, Causeway Transition and Causeway Conservation
Districts.
Amendment to Chapter 14.0 (Land Classification System)
5(a) as follows:
5(a) Q&US2MIXDevelo_ pgd This area is intended to be
developed in a way that is compatible with the
sensitivity of the adjacent waters and wetland, the
visual importance of the Causeway as a R&t r
orim d entranceway to Elizabeth City
focal point for the City itself. Insofardassthe
Causeway is a highly visible focus
intended to group or cluster uses whointswhich is
complement each other in use and water orientation,i
and thus minimize disturbance of the natural
ecosystem and visual resources, while providing
these uses ready access to the Causeway and River.
All uses identified in the Elizabeth City Zoning
Ordinance under Section "16" Causeway Mixed Use
shall be allowed. All such uses shall meet the
intent of the ordinance by preserving the natural
value of the area and protecting the sensitivity of
the natural ecosystem, Any development in this
area must be.approved as a conditional use b
Planning Commission at the time the Sy the
approved.
. Such approval of any activity Plan is
shall be simultaneous. y and Site
5(c) S���as�wav Coh4Pr gfiinr►
the land owned by the Cityiandraastripudesfifteall
en of
feet wide extending landward from the shoreline in
the remaining area.. The purpose of this area is
to conserve the shoreline and to protect the
adjacent waters- Insofar as the Causeway is a
highly visible focus point which is intended to
group or cluster uses which su
pport. and
each other in use and water orientation, cand lthust
minimize disturbance -of the natural ecosystem and
visual resources, while providing these uses ready
access to the Causeway and River.' All uses
identified in the Elizabeth City Zoning Ordinance
under Section,"16" Causew
allowed. ay Mixed Use shall be
All such uses shall meet the intent of
the ordinance by preserving the natural value of
the area and protecting the sensitivity of the
natural ecosystem. Any development in this area
must be approved as a conditional use by the
Planning Commission at the time the
Site is
approved. Such approval of any activity andnSite
Plan shall be simultaneous.

1
1
Contents
1
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 1
—
(A) CANA . . . . .
. . . . 3
(1) Land Use Planning Pur-
pose and Responsibility
3
1
II. PRESENT CONDITIONS
5
(A) Population Economy . . . .
. . . . . . . . 7
—
(1) Introduction . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 7
1
(2) Population
8
(3) Economy . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 9
_
(4) General Growth Trend . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 9
(B) Existing Land Use . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 12
(1) Existing Land Use Map
12
(2) Significant Land Use
Compatibility and Un-
planned Development
Problems
12
-
(3) Areas Experiencing
or Likely to Experience
1
Major Land Use Changes
. 17
(4) Existing Land Use and
the Elizabeth City
Zoning Ordinance . . .
. . . . . . . . 18
(5) Existing Land Use
-
Acreages and Analysis . . . . .
. . . . . . . 20
1
(6) Existing Land Use and
Areas of Environmental
_
Concern . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 24
(C) Plans, Policies, and
1
Regulations
. 29
(1) Current Plans and
—
Policies . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 29
1
(a) Transportation . . . . .
. . . . . . . 29
(b) Community Faci-
lities . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 29
(c) Utility Extension
29
'
(d) Water Service • • . • .
. . • . • . . . 30
(e) Sewer Service . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 30
—
(f) Open Space . .
. . . . . . . 31
'
(g) Recreation . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 31
(h) Prior Land Use
—
Plans . . . . .
. . . . 31
1
(i) Prior Land Use
Policies
. 32
_
(j) Local Regulations . . . . .
. . . . . . . . 32
-Zoning
'
-Subdivision
-Floodway
—
-Building
1
-Nuisance
-Sedimentation
—
-Environmental Impact
'
-Other

(2) State, Federal and
Other Local Plans,
Regulations or Policies . . . . . . . . . . . 34
III. PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
(A)
Land Use Issues . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 39
(1) Impact of Population
and Economic 1 rends . . . . . . . .
. . . 39
(2) Provision of Adequate
Housing and Other
Services . . . . . .
. . . . . 39
(3) Conservation of Pro-
ductive Natural
Resources . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 40
(4) Protection of Impor-
tant Natural Environ-
ments . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 40
(5) Protection of Cultural
and Historic Resources . . . . . . . .
. . 40
(6) Major Land Use Issues
and Citizen Concerns . . . . . . . .
. . 41
(B)
Alternatives . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 41
(1) Alternatives Considered
in the Development of
Goals and Objectives . . . . . . . .
. . . . 41
(C)
Goals, Objectives and Stan-
dards . . . . . . . .
. . . 42
(1) Final Policies and
Goals . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 42
(D)
Public Participation
Process . . . .
. . . . 46
(1) Summary of CANA Public
Participation Effort
in Elizabeth City . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 47
(2) Summary of Citizen Con-
cerns or Problems . . . . . . .
. . . 49
(3) Citizen Review or the
Draft Land Use Plan . . . . . . . .
. . . . . 55
IV. CONSTRAINTS
57
(A) Land Potential . . . . . . . . . . . . .
59
(1) Physical Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . .
60
✓(a)
Climatic Conditions.. . . . . . . . . . . .
60
,(b)
Air Quality . . . . . . .
62
-Air Pollutants
-Air Quality Standards
-Air Quality in Elizabeth City
-Air Quality and Land Use Planning
-Buffer Zones as an Air Pollution Control
Land Use Measure
-Land Use Controls and Air Quality
., /(c)
Soil Types and Con-
ditions . . . . . . . . . . .
75

-Soil Limitations
-Suitability of Soils For
Septic Tanks
(d)
Geological Condi-
tions . . . . . . .
81
(e)
Ground Water
Conditions . . . . . . . . .
82
-Aquifer Recharge
(f)
Hazard Conditions . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 89
-Man-made Hazards
-Natural Hazard Areas
(1)
Fragile
Areas I. . . . . . • • • • •
93
(a)
Hydrology: Surface
Water Conditions . . . .
. . 93
(b)
Hydrology:_ Surface
Water Pollution Within
the Elizabeth City
area . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 96
(c)
Estuarine Waters
by Law
100
(d)
Public Trust Waters
by Law . . . . . . . . .
. . 100
(e)
Fish Population in
the Pasquotank
River Basin . . . . . . . . . .
. . 101
(f)
Natural Area
Conditions . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 103
(g)
Wooded Swamps:
Ecological Potential . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 103
(h)
Wooded Swamps:
Forest Potential . . . . . . . . . .
. . 106
(i)
Wooded Swamps: Wild-
life and Waterfowl
Potential
107
(j)
Wildlife in or Near
the Elizabeth City
Area . . . . . . . . . .
. . 110
(k)
Wooded Swamps:
Recreation Potential . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 112
(1)
Historic Properties in
the Elizabeth City
Area . .
113
Historic Property Protection and
Historic Zoning Districts
(3)
Resource Areas . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 120
(a)
Productive and Important
Soils . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 120
(b)
Other Important
Soil Types . . . . . . . . . .
122
(c)
Geological Resources... . . . . . . . .
123
(d)
N.C. Game Lands and
Wildlife Refuge Near
Elizabeth City . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 124
(4)
Commmity Facilities . . . . . . . . . . .
. . 125.
(a)
Existing Water and
Sewer Service Areas . . . . . . . . . .
. . . 125

V.
(b) Water Facilities . . . . . . . . . . .
125
(c) Needs Assessment:
Water Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . I . . .
126
(d) Sewer Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
126
(e) Needs Assessment . . . . • .
127
(f) Design Capacity and Utilization of
Water and Sewer Service . . . . . .
128
(g) Other Public Facilities or Services . . . . .
129
ESTIMATED
DEMMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
133
(A)
Population . . . . . . . . . . .
135
(1)
10 Year Population Projections . . . . . . . . .
135
(2)
5, 10, 25, and 50 Year
Projections. . . . . . . . . .
138
(3)
Comparative Population
Projections
138
(4)
Relationship of Long Term
Projections to Desires . . . . . . . . . . . . .
142
(5)
Capabilities of the Land
and Water to Sustain
Future Population . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
142
(6)
Age Group Composition . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
142
(7)
Other Population Charac-
teristics . . . . . .
143
(8)
Population and Educational
Attainment . . .
143
(9)
Seasonal Population and
Economic Impacts . . . . . . .
144
(10)
Economic Development and the
Proposed Industrial Park . . . . . . . . . . . . .
147
(B)
Economy . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
(1)
Economic Conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
(a) Employment . . . . . . . . . .
149
(b) Occupational Distribution . . . . . . . . .
149
(c) Economic Conditions
and Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
149
(d) Income . . . . . . . . .
150
(e) Retail Sales . . . . . .
151
(f) Construction
Activity . . . . . .
151
(g) Potential and Need
for Growth.and Deve-
lopment
151
(C)
Future Land Needs
152
(1)
10 Year Estimated Population
Growth and Land Demand . . . . . . . . .
152
(a) Residential Land Demand . . . . . . . . . . .
155
(b) Industrial Land
Demand . . . . . . .
156
(c) Commercial Land
Demand . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
156
(d) Institutional Land
Demand . . . . . . . . . . .
156
(e) Recreation or Open Space
Land Demand . . . . . . .
157
(D)
Facilities Demand
(1)
Population Projection
and Facility Demand . . . . . . . . . . . .
157

(2)
Type and Cost of Services
—
Required . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(3)
Water System Improvement . . . . . .
'
(4)
201 Facilities Plan Progress .
_
(5)
Summary of Required or Needed
City Services for Population
'
Growth . . . . .
(6)
Local Economy and Financing
`
of Service Expansion . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'
(7)
Carrying Capacity . . . . . . . . . . . . .
—
VI. PLAN DESCRIPTION . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'
(A) Land
Classification System . . . . . . . . . . . . .
_
(1)
Description of Land
Classification System . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(2)
Land. Classification
Categories . . . . . . . . . • . .
"
(B) Plan Formation . . . • • • •
(1)
Land Classification Within
the Elizabeth City Planning
_
Jurisdiction o . . . . • • . •
(a) Developed o . . . . . . . .
'
(b) Transition . . . . . . . . . . .
(c) Community . . . . . . . . . . . . .
—
(d) Rural . . . . . . . . .
'
(e) Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . .
(2)
Land Classification and
--
Local Objectives . . . . . . . . . . .
(3)
Land Classification Map . . . . . . . . . . . . .
'
(4)
Implementation and Revisions
r
of the Land Classification
Map ..............
VII. AREAS OF
ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN . . . . . . . . . . . .
'
(A) Potential AEC's . . .
.
(1)
Procedure
�.
(2)
Permit System . . . . . . . . . . . . .
(3)
Potential. Areas of
'
Environmental Concern
(a) Coastal Wetlands . . . . . . . . .
`-
(b) Estuarine Waters . . . . . . . . . . .
'
(c) Natural Resource
Areas - Complex Natural
—
Areas . . . . . . .
(d) Areas Subject to Public
'
Right
—
(e) Natural Hazard Areas .. . . . . . . . . . .
(f) Development Standards
for All AEC's o . . . . . . . .
157
158
158
161
163
166
175
177
177
179
182
182
183
183
184
184
185
187
188
188
189
191
191
192
193
193
194
195
195
197
198
199
201

(1) Data Assembly and
Analysis . . . . . . . . . .
201.
(B) Major Conclusions . . . . . . . .
208
(1) Statement of Major Con-
clusions and Application
of Data to the Plan Formation . . . . . . . .
208
(a) Population, Economy,
and Growth . . . . . . . . . . . . .
208
(b) Land Potential:
Physical Conditions. . . . . . . . . . . .
209
(c) Land Potential:
Fragile Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . .
210
(d) Land Potential:
Resource Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . .
211
(e) Land Use Conditions. . . . . . . . .
212
(f) Estimated Demand and
Facility Needs . . . . . . .. . . . . .
214
(g) Policies, Goals,
and Objectives . . . . . . . . . . . . .
216
(h) Land Classification . . . . . . . . . . . . .
216
.(i) Potential Areas of
Environmental Concern. . . . . . . . . . . .
216
X. CITY -COUNTY RELATIONSHIP . . . . . . . . . . . . .
217
(A) City -County Plan Relationship. . . . . . . . 219
(1) City -County Plan Rela-
tionship Defined . . . . . .
XI. APPENDIX
. . . . . . . . I. . . . 221
(A) Land
Use Plan Maps . .
223
(1)
Soils: Interpretative Soil Classification"and'
Limitation . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Map
1
(2)
Flood Hazards: Illustration of General
Flood Plain District with Floodway District
and Floodway Fringe District Designated . .
Map
2
(3)
Soil Limitations: Illustration of
Severe Soil Types and Conditions.
Map
3
(4)
Constraints: Illustration of Major Development
Constraints and Resources Within the Area . . . .
Map
4
(5)
Community Facilities: Illustration.of Major
Existing and Proposed Community Facilities. . . .
Map
5
(6)
Historic Assets: General Location of
Historic Sites in the Area .. . .
Map
6
(7)
Land Use: Illustration of Existing Land Use . .
Map
7
(8)
Zoning: Illustration of the Official
Elizabeth City Zoning Map . . . . . .. . .
Map
8
(9)
Land Classes: Final Land Classification Map . .
Map
9
(10)
Potential AEC's: Work Map Illustration
Potential Areas of Environmental Concern. . . . .
Map
10

C
O
V
L

i
i
i
CAMA
LAND USE PLANNING PURPOSE AND RESPONSIBILITY
To foster orderly growth with protection for significant resources within
the Coastal Area of North Carolina, the 1974 General Assembly, of North
Carolina passed the Coastal Area Management Act (.AMA). This act required
all the counties and cities within the coastal area to prepare and adopt
Land Use Plans. These plans must include goals to guide future growth,
as well as plans that reflect an area's available resources and develop-
ment limitations. Local governments were asked to work closely with local
citizens in developing these goals. The State CAMA Guidelines instructed
local governments in carrying out the CAMA planning effort. These guide-
lines were adopted by the Coastal Resources Commission, a fifteen member
formal citizen's body from the Coastal Area appointed by the Governor and
established under CAMA to review, approve and insure coordination of
all Land Use Plans.
All Land Use Plans must contain a Land Classification Map. This map
becomes a policy plan for orderly resource management and future growth.
After the Final Land Use Plans are adopted by the local governments and
Coastal Resources Commission by May and July 1976, use of the.land should
agree with this policy plan. The plan must be revised after five years,
and major interim changes must be approved by the Coastal Resources Com-
mission. Most important, these Land Use Plans will be used to coordinate
Local, State and Federal government activity in Coastal Area North Caro-
lina.
In addition to Land Use Plans, the Coastal Area Management Act calls for
the designation of certain Areas of Environmental Concern (AEC's),
where uncontrolled development could cause destruction of significant re-
sources. CAMA authorizes the Coastal Resources Commission to make a final
designation of AEC's later in 1976. However, local governments can re-
commend for review potential AEC's. When final AEC's are designated, de-
velopment within AEC's will be subject to caution, and any proposed
development will require a permit either from the Coastal Resources Com-
mission or from the local government.
The Elizabeth City Planning Department has the responsibility of preparing
the Land Use Plan for the Elizabeth City planning area. Of particular con-
cern in the Elizabeth City CAMA Planning Effort has been the development
of a Land Use Plan that reflects citizen participation, concerns and goals,
is responsive to the particular development constraints or limitations
within the area, is representative of the City's continuing comprehensive
planning effort, is responsive to the recommendations of the governing
board and other City boards, and will serve as a workable policy plan for
orderly development within the Elizabeth City area. The Elizabeth Cit Land
Use Plan was prepared to be in accord with the Coastal Area Management
of 1974.. Afteriazpublic hearing on May ll; 1976, the final Land Use Plan
was adopted by the City Council of Elizabeth City is special council sessions
during the week of May 17, 1976 for final adoption as of May 21, 1976.
The following chart depicts the formal CAMA planning structure for
Elizabeth City.
-3-

FORMAL CAMA PLANNING STRUCTURE FOR ELIZABETH CITY
COASTAL RESOURCES COMMISSION I
r- -- - -- - - -- - -- - - - -� CITY COUNCIL
t
t
I l
- -- -- - ---- - PLANNING COMMISSION - - -- -- - -I
w
1 I
I �
I '
1 1
t--- - - --- --- URBAN ADVISORY BOARD -1 I
1 I t l
I L4PLANNING AND COMMUNITY DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT -J l
t I
INDNIDUAL CITIZENS OR
GROUPS WITH CONCERNS,
RELEVANT INTEREST OR
EXPERTISE.
SPECIAL LOCAL,STATE
FEDERAL CONCERNS,
ORGANIZATIONS,
GROUPS,AGEN CIES ,
INSTITUTIONS.

1 Population And Economy
' INCROMICTION
'
Elizabeth City with an estimated urban cluster population of over 18,000
persons is the county seat of Pasquotank County, one of the ten rural
--
counties within the Albemarle Sound Region IIWI area of Northeastern North
Carolina. Elizabeth City is the largest City within the region, as well
'
as a major center of economic activity. Together the City and County with
an estimated.total population of 28,000 possess more than one quarter of
_
the.total ten county Region IIRII population.
Elizabeth Cityis located on the broad Pas uotank River. The City is
a
—
about fifteen miles from the Albemarle Sound to the South and
approxi-mately
twenty miles from the Atlantic Ocean to the East. The location
of roads to these areas more than double these distances. The adjacent
land areas are level with large wooded areas alternating with cultivated
'
fields avid waterways.
SATs
COWM TY
oi
"AMP 4
DI
DIlMAL
•MAIM
CANAL
a CURIAL SWAMP CANAL
A
k
% OG
i+
1
t
NOW SNOf1SDd Hat
NAC
FONT NALISH
LOST COLONY
VTH
S!A SHOW
An important characteristic of Elizabeth City is its regional location.
Surrounding the City within less than 100idiles Eby car are major resort
and vacation beach areas, important State and Federal parks or proposed
parks, wilderness areas, vast and productive forest and agricultural
lands, as well as the major urban areas of Tidewater, Virginia with over
one million people. An estimated 2,000,000 persons live within 100 miles
of Elizabeth City. Elizabeth City, with its significant regional, cultural,
institutional and governmental services is surrounded by some of the lar-
gest and most productive farm lands within the state. The area in and
around Elizabeth City is also rich in natural resources, including miles
of navigable waterways abundant with fish and waterfowl, as well as pro-
ductive wildlife areas. The unspoiled wooded swamps surrounding the City
add to the scenic charm of the area, as well as play a significant eco-
-7-

logical role. The Pasquotank River flowing through Elizabeth City serves
as part of the intracoastal waterway utilizing the Dismal Swamp and -linking
the Albemarle Sound and areas to the South with Norfolk and the Chesapeake
Bay area to the North.
The largest Coast Guard Air Station in the world is located near the City
and the City operates a commercial air terminal at this Federal facility.
The air terminal is used by Wheeler Airlines with connections to the North,
Piedmont and coastal North Cai-lina. The Southern Railroad serves Eliza-
beth City with freight connections to Norfolk and Piedmont North Carolina.
Highway 17, a major coastal interstate highway, serves Elizabeth City, as
well as State Route 168 and U.S. Highway 158. Within the near future High-
way 17 will be four lanes from Elizabeth City to.Norfolk. However, the
City, as well as the entire region, still lacks adequate accessability to
Piedmont North Carolina, and as a result the proximity of Norfolk and the
Tidewater area of Virginia extends a strong influence over the area, espe-
cially in terms of recreational pressure and job opportunities.
PnPI MATTnN
Population growth within Elizabeth City has not increased significantly
since the early 19601s. The City's growth rate was only 2% during the
1960's as compared to about 10% in prior decades. Inadequate economic
growth and a net out -migration rate of about .05o per year coupled with a
declining birth rate and relatively little in -migration, has contributed
to this low growth rate. The following graph illustrates the prior and
current population trend for Elizabeth City and the extraterritorial plan-
ning jurisdiction.
PRIOR AND CURRENT POPULATION TREND: 1900-1975
10
6
4
2
NONE
NEI
NAMM-MMEME1
MEMMEMEN
MMMMMMMI
MMMMMMMM
MEMEMEMN
CITY POPULATION
XTRAT�RRITORIAL
PLANNING JURISDICTION
BOUNDARY POPULATION
OI --- - -- -- 1
1900 010 1920 193D 1940 WO 1960 197675
Data sources YEARS
a City population: Census information and 1975 population pro-
jection by the Office of State Planning.
(b) Extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction population: An Econo-
mic Analysis of Elizabeth City, 1975
Ir
7
-8-

The total population within the entire Elizabeth City planning jurisdic-
tion is estimated to be 18,592. Future population projections indicate
that population will decrease within the existing city limits. However
_ population is expected to increase the extraterritorial planning jurisdic-
tion. More detailed population analysis can be found in the section on
Estimated Demand.
ECONOMY
'
Elizabeth City has many existing and potential economic problems. Past
-
economic trends indicate a deterioration of the City's economic base, a
shifting of the balance of trade from industry to services and an increase
'
in out -migration of young members of the community due to lack of economic
opportunity. Relative income of local citizens has fallen over time,
_
and fewer people are employed in producing goods for export to other re-
gions. Poverty is a real problem here. This adds up to potential econo-
mic stagnation, future hardship, declining profit margins for local busi-
nessmen, as well as additional burden on local government to maintain pre-
sent levels of services in the face of rising costs, declining population
and prospects of higher taxes. In addition, continued economic adversity
_
will decrease the demand for industrial, commercial, residential, and
agricultural land. A decrease in the demand for land will lower land
'
values in terms of the prices of other goods and the value of lands in
other locations.
' Elizabeth City appears to be at a cross-roads in the process of economic
growth and development. Its location is such that it is the hub of eco-
nomic activity in Northeast North Carolina and has great potential to
' attract-industrial-and_recr_eatioml-activity If -the -community -is -made
aware of the necessity of attracting new industry and tourism and acts
_ upon this awareness, then Elizabeth City will continue to grow. Failure
to recognize the needs of the City and its citizens could lead to stagna-
tion or decline and continued drop in population, income, and trade. A
more detailed economic analysis of the area is included in the section of
Estimated Demand.
GENERAL GROWTH TREND
The Pasquotank County area was settled by the early 1600's soon after
'
Ralph Lane's Roanoke Island Colony. Pasquotank County was a major center
of colonial activity in North Carolina in the 16001s. For example, in
-'
1665 the first Carolina. General Assembly met near Nixonton, the hub of
'
colonial activity in Pasquotank County. Twelve years later along the
Southern tip of Pasquotank County colonists staged the first successful
_
colonial rebellion against English rule. A change in the Pasquotank River
Ferry Service from the wide portion of the river South of Elizabeth City
'
to the narrows at the tip of the Camden Causeway and the construction of
the Dismal Swamp Canal in the late 1700's'resulted in the center of acti-
-
vity shifting from Nixonton to the area that is now Elizabeth City. By
1793 the area was incorporated as Reding and. then to Elizabeth Town in
1794. In 1801 the name was changed to Elizabeth City.
'
The construction of the Dismal Swamp Canal significantly encouraged ship-
ping activities through the Elizabeth City area. West India shipping
'
-9-

thrived, and ocean going trading vessels crowded the City docks in the 18001s. '
During this period the City grew and expanded. During the Civil War Fede-
ral troops occupied and portions of the town were burned after a -brief and
minor naval engagement in the Pasquotank River just below Elizabeth City. '
However, after the war, through the lumbering and textile industries, Eliza-
beth City again prospered and remained as a major port center of trade for the state well into the early 1900's. Soon after the 1920's shipping acti-
vities declined as rail and tr.ck service became more accessible and in de-
mand. —
At the turn of the century, Elizabeth City had a population of 6,000 per- '
sons., The Illustrated Cities Series on Elizabeth City published in 1915
invisioned t e City becoming the largest in the state by 1950, anticipating
an estimated population of 50,000 due to location, waterfront accessibility, '
prosperous industrial growth and natural resources. However, the City's
growth history did not reflect this optimistic view, and by 1950 the City _
had merely doubled in population with only a slight population increase '
since 1950.
Elizabeth City remained a small dense urban clustered community well into
the 19001s. Not until after the 1950's did urban growth begin to scatter
'
into the surrounding adjacent rural areas. Currently, new major growth is
occuring in and beyond these scattered sites. This urbanized growth trend
—
is expected to continue and is being repeated throughout the state as migra-
tion movements from rural farms to an urban non -city way of life create
scattered urban clusters around existing urban centers. Also population
_
spillover from the inner urban center into adjacent rural areas is occuring
in the Elizabeth City area and continues as a common occurance throughout
'
the state. This urbanized growth trend is expected to continue due to the
significant urban role in providing jobs and services and the stronger eco-
nomic activities found within or near viable urban centers. Recognizing
'
this growth trend, the State of North Carolina in 1972 prepared a state-
wide development policy to encourage and build an urban support base through-
out the state. In this policy plan Elizabeth City was singled out as the
regional center in the Albemarle region. The City possesses the largest
'
urban cluster in the region with an estimated cluster size of 18,287 persons
in 1970. In addition, the Albemarle Regional Planning and Development Com-
mission recognized Elizabeth City, Edenton and Plymouth as growth centers
for Region "R" as based upon their ability to provide the necessary resour-
ces, services, facilities and population to ensure sustained development and
—
growth. Elizabeth City has been and continues to be a growth center and hub
'
of economic activity in the Albemarle area, even though the anticipated
growth asperations of the early 1900's have not been realized.
The generalized growth patterns in the Elizabeth City area are illustrated '
on the map on the following page. During the 1950's urban growth began to
occur in outlying areas along major transportation corridors and by the late
1960's and early 1970's urban growth had significantly spread along these '
corridors, bypassing unavailable farm land and undevelopable lands.
,o �

PAT GENERALIZED G H
`a 1960-070
y= l970 1975
CITY. NORTH c.naM eq �/` • 7
y

Existing L and Use
The existing land uses within Elizabeth City's planning jurisdiction was
mapped from a windshield survey completed in May 1975. The land uses
found in the Elizabeth City area were categorized using the Level IV coding
system developed by the Office of State Planning for the North Carolina
Land Use Categories System. This coding information for each land use has
been delineated on tax maps and are available through the City Planning
Department. A gereralized existing land use map has been prepared from
this detailed survey and is included with the maps found in the appendix.
Significant Land Use Compatibility and Unplanned Development Problems
The existing land use map highlights basic problems or trends that have
been occuring within the planning area for many years, especially since
major growth began to occur adjacent to the City in the early 1950's.
(1) Water and sewer problems: Many areas adjacent to the City have been
developed for residential purposes. These new as well as older resi-
dential areas are plagued by the lack of a safe potable water supply
and continued disregard for the inadequacy of soils in the area to
support septic tanks has resulted in inadequate septic tank absorp-
tion fields and potential well water supply contamination. Of impor-
tance is for these new and existing residential areas to be served by
city water and in some areas by city sewer.
(2) Access to waterway and river: The continuous development of the most
suitable lands along the Pasquotank River has limited public use of
the river area. Not until the early 1970's did the city begin to
redevelop small portions of the waterfront area for public use. The
continuous band of residential development along Riverside Avenue
and further Southeast along the river restricts completely public
access to the water area. The downtown waterfront area remains de-
teriorated and inaccessable to the public in most areas. The con-
tinued development along the river has prevented the establishment
of a beach for swimming and recreational purposes. Boating access to
the river continues to be very limited, except for the new water-
front park area, a new wildlife boat launch area to the waste treat-
ment plant and private facilities.
(3) Lack of recreational facilities: The City is below recommended BOR
and State standards for recreational facilities. Prime land has
been developed without including the recreational needs of residents.
New subdivisions continue to be developed without consideration for
recreational needs and allocation of park space. Within the City,
recreational areas have been limited to areas left over from prior
development or require large expenditures of monies to purchase and
redevelop areas for recreational purposes. The City is meeting only
about 19% of the suggested BOR and State standard for recreational
areas. Significant public recreational facilities and parks in growth
areas adjacent to the City are practically non-existent.
(4), Flood hazard areas: Almost 500 of the City planning area is in the
flood plain area, as designated by the Corps of Army Engineers. A
flood with a frequency of on the average every 100 years would essen-
tially inundate a major part of existing developed areas. In addi-
tion, prior floodways and water impoundment areas have be--n destroyed
-12-
r
I
k

--
through disorderly development, resulting in severe flooding condi-
tions throughout the City during periods of heavy rain. Fortunately,
most new development is occuring in areas with little or no flood
_
hazards. Also, a recently adopted flood plain ordinance places res-
trictions on development within the flood plain.
(5) Development that is dependent upon the use of the automobile: Although
perhaps unavoidable, new large developments within areas adjacent to
—
_the City are at present completely dependent upon the use of the auto-
mobile. In locating and developing these areas, there has been a
total disregard for multi -modal transportation needs, including
—
biking and walking systems, as well as public transit needs. Even
the City proper, which clusters within 11-, miles of the downtown
'
area, suffers from the lack of adequate sidewalks and other alterna-
tives to the automobile. Much of the traffic congestion and problems
are directly related to the increase in automobiles as a result of
forced need. In addition, many areas of the City and in adjacent
developments lack adequate community facilities to serve the needs of
—
these areas, such as recreational, commercial and social services and
facilities, and thus the automobile is a necessary requirement to ob-
1
tain these services elsewhere.
(6) Street widths, patterns and congestion generators: The City is pla-
gued with narrow streets and street patterns with inadequate traffic
circulation. The compactness of development along these streets limit
widening without the use of extensive urban renewal or relocation
`
programs. In addition, inadequate off street parking along major tra-
ffic corridors results in increased street congestion. Existing street
patterns and widths within the City show a disregard for orderly cir-
culation, and some of the worse of these problems have only been
solved through_urban_renewal_activities_._Growth—in_the_adj acent
'
areas could suffer the same problem without comprehensive planning.
The new Northeastern High School and surrounding residential develop-
'
ment is an example of isolated development resulting in inadequate
street circulating patterns.
(7) Incompatible urban spill over and strip development: The major high-
ways serving the Elizabeth City area show increasing signs of uncon-
trolled strip development. These major entrances to the City serve
as visual corridors to the City. Continued uncontrolled strip deve-
lopment and subsequent negative visuals, such as the abundance of
signs and advertisements, will greatly detract from the appearance
of the community.
(8) Potential disorderly concentrations of growth: The proposed indus-
trial park site, additional Coast Guard Housing, and proposed new
'
subdivisions and future Elizabeth City State expansion facilities are
all located in the same area. Such growth concentrations could cause
serious problems, including traffic congestion, noise pollution,
flooding, air pollution, inadequate services, etc., without careful
1
management and control over the development. In addition, continual
expansion of subdivisions limited to single family residents without
adequate community facilities such as recreation is inconsistent with
'
the area's needs and development constraints.
(9) Vacant and underutilized spaces and structures: Many of Elizabeth
'—
City's older neighborhoods possess vacant buildings that contribute
to a blighted condition. Although urban renewal activities and the
-Systematic Code Enforcement Program have eliminated many such areas,
-13-

these conditions still exist. For example, the downtown appears deter-
,
iorated in certain areas due to vacant or underutilized buildings and
spaces. Also, within certain neighborhoods, the once successful com-
munity grocery stores have now become a vacant structure. In addition,
'
there are still many undeveloped lots within the City that are adequate
for residential use.
(10)
Southgate Mall growth concentration: The disorderly growth of the
'
Southgate Mall complex ha, generated parking and traffic circulation
problems, inadequate accessibility problems and unorganized building
arrangements. An important necessity is for the developers of the
complex to immediately address the traffic circulation problems in the
'
parking lot.
_
(11)
Destruction of special character areas: Like other older urban areas,
Elizabeth City possesses significant historic assets and special char-
'
acter areas. For example, up until well into the 1900's, older resi-
dential areas penetrated deep within the downtown section; however,
—
many of these beautiful examples of prior architectural styles have
been lost due to continued redevelopment activities. The City's cul-
tural and historic heritage are linked with these important special
_
character areas and continued destruction of these areas will result
in the irreplaceable loss of this cultural heritage and destruction of
the City's cherished character.
(12)
Development within areas of critical limitations: The soils and sub-
surface geology in the Elizabeth City area pose serious problems and
'
limitations for development. In addition, significant flood hazard
areas exist within the planning area. Important wetland areas surround
_
and penetrate within the planning areas. Disregard of these limitations
has resulted in residential areas with inadequate septic tank fields,
'
developed areas that are subject to flooding, potential pollution sources
for wetlands and streams through urban runoff and roads that continually
need resurfacing due to unsuitable subsurface conditions.
(13)
Availability of suitable land for growth. A major growth problem has
been and continues to be the lack of suitable land for development.
This problem is due in part to the poor land conditions, but is also
'
as a result of the unavailability of the land. For example, a prime
site for the proposed industrial park was unobtainable from the land
owners. In addition, many area farmers continue farming operations and
disregard development pressures for their lands. Unfortunately, the
'
best lands for development are prime agricultural lands and these occur
throughout the growth area adjacent to the City. This unavailability
—
of land has forced development to occur in less desirable locations
'
and areas that are subject to development limitations.
(14)
Lack of facilities and services: The City is lacking in many impor-
tant facilities and. services. Special community facilities are totally
lacking or inadequate, including youth facilities and services, guidance
'
programs, civic auditorium, day care centers, bus service, community
cultural facilities, and elderly facilities and services. The new
community center presently under construction will provide for some of
'
these needs.
(15)
Waterfront beautification: Most of the river frontage in downtown
--
Elizabeth City is of a deteriorated quality. The poor quality of the
'
area coupled with the poor accessibility for public use renders a most
important city resource useless. In addition, improved scenic charm along
_
the river could aid in attracting vacationers to the area. Also deve-
-14-

'
toPm ent has occured in places along the river that spoils this natu-
ral scenic charm.
(16) Community appearance and incompatible land uses: Certain land use
patterns within the City contribute to a negative community appear-
ance and living environment. Such land use as junk yards and major
freight or material distribution points are located within quiet
'
residential areas and detract from the residential quality, as well
as create a negative community appearance. In addition, small•resi-
dential lot sizes exist throughout the City and coupled with the
'
tight clustering of houses in many areas gives the appearance of
over crowding conditions, even though Elizabeth City's residential
-
density is relatively low as compared to other communities. The City
is still plagued with blighted areas, although urban renewal continues
to renew the worst areas. The abundance of outdoor advertising and
_
signs coupled with strip development along major streets contribute
to a negative community image.
'
(17) Potential deterioration of the urban base and a quality environment:
The decrease in industrial type land uses, disuse and inaccessability
'
of the river as a resource, continued destruction of special charac-
ter areas, disregard for multi -modal transportation systems or faci-
lities, continued out -migration from the inner city and downtown
-
area, lack of community services of facilities and existing blighted
areas hastens the deterioration of the urban base. The existing poor
'
economic conditions and trend towards a shift in the balance of trade
and weakening of the community's economic base threatens efforts to
'
combat this deterioration. In addition, the decrease in industrial
land uses and increase in commercial uses since 1959 substantiates
this shift in the balance of trade and points to potential problems
-
of economic adversity and deterioration of the urban base economy.
-,
Uncontrolled -urban sprawl could -further this deterioration as —major—
growth concentrations could cause increased traffic problems, increase
_
the danger of flooding, add to noise and air pollution, place an un-
realizable burden on the local government for more adequate services.
The demands for increased facilities and services could outstrip the
City's ability to provide these facilities or services, resulting
in continued inadequate services and facilities. In addition, indus-
trial development within the area could be incompatible with the
existing environment quality, resulting in air pollution and envir-
onment degradation.
Another potential contributer to the deterioration of the urban base
is continued subdivision development without consideration given to
basic aesthetic, recreational and environmental amenities for improved
urban living. Expansion of subdivisions without these considerations
result in an urban sprawl reflective of the poor living conditions
-
present in the larger metropolitan cities with their suburban build-
up of continuous residential, commercial and industrial strip develop-
ments. Providing adequate open space or common property within a
_
residential development provides a more attractive and pleasant en-
vironment for urban living. In addition, provision of multi -land uses
'
such as neighborhood shopping facilities, offices and other services
within large residential developments creates a more functional and
enduring community.
'
-15-

Also another consideration for subdivision development is multi -
housing types from single family to multi -unit types. A properly
planned subdivision can adequately accomodate a variety of dwelling
unit types, not only to provide lower income families an opportunity
to have a decent and attractive living environment, but to add vari-
ety and increase social mix within the development.
Market demand in the 1970 is for quality living environment, and
three types of environments are now recognized as providing this
quality:
(a) Cluster subdivisions of detached homes.
(b) Development of townhouses surrounded by green open space or com-
mon area.
(c) Planned unit developments with owner -occupied homes and a variety
of other land uses, including multi -family properties, condomin-
iums, townhouses, churches, schools, shops and common property
containing improvements there on which are shared by all owners
or occupants of the development.
The following examples illustrate various residential development types.
Note the open space quality of cluster development without sacrificing
available lots and with an added attraction of minimizing street and utility
needs.- The illustration of cluster development and planned unit development
indicates the potential for creating a quality environment for better urban
living.
No "COMMON"t „
OPEN. SPAC ! :-r ; r �. i • ,
CONV-EI�fTI-ONA1: Sv'�DIV;1 --
19 ACRJES". ' -.0TS- 12,OOQ FEET 'OF UTI ITIES
COMMON
OPEN .,WAC
o � -
CLti$'�E-5U_8_DiVI'SION;
19 ACRES�,�4''L6TS',, 6po6,,FEET OF'�.UTILI
A recent study for HUD entitled The Costs of Sprawl concluded that conven-
tional single family development or low density urban sprawlisgenerally
the most costly of developments in terms of economic costs(including capital
and maintenance costs), as well as environmental and personal effects. Planned
higher density, cluster types or planned unit developments result in lower
economic costs, environmental costs, natural resource consumption, and per-
sonal costs for a given number of dwelling units. Of importance for the City
to realize these cost benefits is for the growth pattern within the area to
reflect planned unit developments with consideration for multi -unit housing
types within contigous or self-contained neighborhoods over conventional
urban sprawl.
-16-

1
-
(18) Deterioration of the CBD: The central business district of Eliza-
beth City is plagued by inadequate access, inadequate parking, and
a general deterioration of structures, which has given powerful
-
stimuli to peripheral commercial developments on the western edge
of the city and along the U.S. Highway 17 Bypass. In addition, the
seeming. disregard for the waterfront area of the CBD is a missed
opportunity to create a resource base for the downtown. Through
-
waterfront beautification, public access along the water and stores
that front on the water reorientation to the water is possible that
would aid towards increased tourism and trade stimulation. Use of
--
the downtown waterfront area for parking or as a collection point
for debris from the various businesses there is not the most optimum
use of the waterfront area.
(19) Lack of adequate housing: About 15% or 741 of the 4,797 dwelling
-
units within Elizabeth City are substandard. In addition about 1%
1
or 36 are dilapidated and should be removed. The vacancy rate in
renter units is about 5.6% and the availability of housing for low
-
income with housing assistance needs is poor. As of March 1976, a
total of 292 households have been identified who need housing assis-
'
tance. Perhaps as many as 600 households need assistance, but -have
_
not applied or been identified. Although the quality of housing has
improved since the City's code enforcement program was initiated in
the early 701s, adequate housing for all residents is still a pressing
problem. The Walnut Street area is the worst blighted area of the
r
City with a concentration of dilapidated houses here. A neighborhood
redevelopment program is currently underway in this area. Other areas
of the City contain substantial substandard units, and a housing re-
habilitation program is needed in these areas. For a more detailed
analysis -of and -plan -for the-city's_housing-needs,-the-r-eader-is
referred to the Elizabeth City Community Development Program included
-
in the 1975 Public Improvements Program and Elizabeth City Community
Development Block Grant Program.
' AREAS EXPERIENCING OR LIKELY TO EXPERIENCE MAJOR LAND USE CHANGES
Residential land use in recent years has intensified in areas adjacent
to the city limits, especially in the Main Street, Perkins Road and Church
Street areas. Construction is continuing in.these areas, and it is pro-
bable that future residential development will occur here. Perkins Road,
off of Main Street, is also a likely location for;r-ommercial activity and
perhaps a small shopping center.
Another likely area for residential land use .is the Halstead Boulevard and
Oak Stump Road areas because of access to schools, shopping center, and
city utilities. A third area of increased residential land use is an area
along U.S. Highway 17 North of the city. Some of this growth area is be-
yond the Extraterritorial Zoning Jurisdiction Boundary.
Finally, residential land use considerations will also depend upon future
industrial and other land uses. For example, the proposed industrial park
site could stimulate additional residential development Southeast of the
City. The new Coast Guard housing facilities are in this area and plan to
expand. In addition, land owners indicate interest in future major deve-
lopment in this area.
-17-

South
New camtercial development could take place along Highway 17 North and
of the City, as well as along Halstead Boulevard. New institutional land
--
uses continue to intensify along Highway 17 North and potentially along Hal-
stead Boulevard Southeast of the City. The new Northeastern High School
Complex continues to expand off Highway 17 South and Elizabeth City State
-
University plans additional facilities along Halstead Boulevard.
,
The.completion of widening of Ehringhaus Street could stimulate additional
commercial development along this arterial as well as on,var�nt land near
the downtown area. In addition, the four laning of Highway 17 North to Nor-
,
folk could have a significant effect on increased development in this area.
EXISTING LAND USE AND THE ELIZABETH CITY ZONING ORDINANCE
The Elizabeth City Zoning Ordinance was adopted in 1962 with revisions
completed in 1972. The Zoning Ordinance established regulatory restric-
-
tions for protection of land uses and orderly or planned growth. The
Zoning Ordinance and official zoning map delineating the various zoning
ordinances boundaries cover all the lands within Elizabeth City and the
-
extraterritorial zoning boundary. (See map on page 141).` A map in the
,
Appendix illustrates the official Elizabeth City zoning boundaries and
districts.
-.
Although the zoning boundaries were established to include reasonable
I
areas of similar land uses, gray areas occur throughout the zoning area.
These gray areas usually result along zoning boundary fringe areas due to
-'
uses being incompatible or inconsistent with most of the land uses within
a particular zoning boundary. These gray areas often become deteriorated
as the major land uses extend pressures and eventually force abandonment
of smaller uses within the gray areas. An example of this process within
the city can be seen along the fringe area of the downtown commercial zoning
district, as many residential uses have been abandoned due to commercial
pressures and deterioration of the old neighborhoods.
,
Many of the prior nonconforming land uses within various zoning boundaries
of the city area have been ::jade conforming through spot zoning. This
--
spot zoning has resulted in prior gray areas being developed in a more con-
forming way to the zoning boundaries. Such a case within Elizabeth City
has been the continuous spot zoning along Ehringhaus Street, a once pre-
-
dominant residential area. Rezoning or spot zoning of commercial along this
street has destroyed this residential area and now this street suffers from
traffic congestion and the gray areas have spread along its entire length.
Rezoning and zoning within the City planning area should be consistent with
existing land use patterns. In addition, consideration should be given to
zoning changes and the effect upon land use improvement, traffic flow, -
parking, community facilities and other services. Without the restrictive '
measures imposed by zoning, uncontrolled land use growth would endanger all
property owners, especially those adjacent to the disorderly growth.
The Elizabeth City Zoning Ordinance needs to be broadened to avoid spot '
zoning problems. This direction is especially needed within areas adja-
cent to the city limits where the existing large zoning of primarily resi-
dential "R 15" district must be continually "spot zoned" to allow other ,
-18- -

uses. The zoning in these areas should be broadened or revised to include
compatible multi -land uses. The use of planned unit development zoning
should be included in this revision. Spot zoning changes should be dis-
couraged unless they are within the context of a more inclusive and broad
' zoning category that would accept the change without influencing possibi-
lities of incompatible land uses within the area. Also needed are more
_ distinct districts in which there are adequate separation of land uses.
This direction could be most effective in maintaining existing neighbor-
hoods or commercial areas without encouraging the use of spot zoning and
risking the possibility of gray areas that soon deteriorate.
Zoning ordinances and maps are based upon a comprehensive development plan
for an area that takes into account existing land use patterns, growth and
desired future growth within the capabilities of the community and sup-
porting environment. Of importance is for the revision of the zoning or-
dinance to be based upon the land classification map. Changes in the or-
dinance should reflect the importance of conservation lands, possible
problems resulting from growth within identified transition lands and
discourage major growth within rural alnds, especially if the growth
requires major public services. The broader categories of the land classi-
fication map should be used as an umbrella to include a broad range of
compatible multi -land uses with desired separation of uses regulated by the
zoning ordinance. Use of planned unit development, cluster development or
intensity development zoning should be incorporated into the revised zoning
ordinance. In addition, the revised zoning ordinance should deal with
special zoning districts requiring more sensitive development. Such a dis-
trict would be special character areas containing historic properties or
the areas adjacent to the waterfront. The State of North Carolina Division
-of-Archives-and-History-has-recommended-for-nomination-to-the-National
Register of Hisotoric Properties a National Historic District for Elizabeth
City. This special character area should be reflected in the City's revised
zoning ordinance. Perhaps a special historic district zoning ordinance
should be considered by the City. Also the waterfront in the downtown
area offers great potential for revitalization of the downtown. Revisions
to the zoning ordinance should include special limitations on development
along the waterfront to insure that new development here occurs that is in
keeping with a need to reorient the downtown to the water and allow public
4.ecossibility to the waterfront.
Other revisions needed in the revised zoning ordinance include community
_ appearance regulations, mobile home park regulation revisions and sign
control regulations. These regulations woul& aid towards improving the
appearance of the community and insuring that Elizabeth City remains a
quality environment in which to live.
' To allow more manageability, the city's growth and development regulations
and ordinances should be revised and combined with a publication that can
serve as a comprehensive development and growth management guide for Eliza-
beth City. The.second phase or implementation phase of the Coastal Area
Management Act will allow much of this work to be completed.
' -19-

EXISTING LAND USE ACI AGES AND ANALYSIS
The existing land use acreages for the Elizabeth City planning area are pre-
sented.in the following tables. Included also are the tabulated acreages
presented in the 1959 and 1966 land development plans for Elizabeth City.
Some of the differences between the acreages figures can be attributed to
inconsistent categorization. However, notice in the land use acreage within
the city limits that the residential acreage since 1966 land development
plan has stabilized, indicating no or very little new population growth in
the City. The shift in the balance of trade away from industrial activi-
ties to service activities is also reflected in the decrease in industrial
acreage and increase in business services and commercial land uses since
the 1959 Land Development Plan.
In the table on Land Use Acreage Within the Cit 's Extraterritorial Zoni
Jurisdiction Boun , the concentrated growth adjacent to the City limits
can be rea ily seen. Of significance is the increase in residential deve-
lopment by 217% since the 1966 Land Development Plan. This increase is due
in part to the growth of new housing subdivisions or developments. In addi-
tion, the shift from industrial activities to service activities is seen by
the 24% decrease in industrial land uses since the 1966 Development Plan and
an increase in commercial land uses of 370. The additional lands included
in the extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction probably accounts for the 1900
increase in vacant, agricultural and wooded areas as well as some of the
residential increases since the 1966 Land Development Plan.
The last table on land use acreages identifies the total acreages of all
uses within the entire Elizabeth City Planning Jurisdiction, including the
acreage within the City limits and extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction.
LAND USE ACREAGE WITHIN THE CITY LIMITS
LAND USE 1975 1966 LAND 1959 LAND
SURVEY DEVELOPMENT PLAN DEVELOPMENT PLAN
Residential
828.79
828
674.48
Commercial and business services
190.74
91
76.85
Manufacturing and industry
31.73
22
40.62
Transportation, communication and
utilities,
334.05
639
664.85
Governmental, institutional and health
and cultural services
171.57
127
190.60
Parks and open space
33.05
(Not given)
(Not given)
Cemeteries
74.72
(Not given)
(Not given
Agricultural
75.06
(Total ag-
(Not given
Forest
65.22
ricultural,`
(Not given)
Wooded swamps
51.28
forest and
(Not given)
Vacant undeveloped
230.06
vacant=926)
575.49
Water areas -
391.93
(Notgiven)
370.00
Total City
Data Sources:
(a) 1975 Land Use Survey and Analysis
(b) 1966 Land Development Plan
(c) 1959 Land Development Plan
2,478.20 2,633 2,592.89
-20-

i
LAND USE ACREAGE WITHIN THE EXTRATERRITORIAL ZONING JURISDICTION BOUNDARY
LAND USE 1975 % 1966 PLAN (1MILE
SURVEY CHANGE OUTSIDE CITY)
Residential
698.07
+217%
Commercial and business services
94.75
+ 37%
Industry
71.39
- 25%
Transportation, communication and
628.69
- 24%
utilities
Governmental, institutional, and health
145.73
- 89%
and cultural services
Parks and Open Space
5.14
Cemeteries
Agricultural
29.38
3,127.56
220
69
95
314
160
(included in
governmental)
(Not given)
Vacant, agri-
Forest
Wooded swamps
956.67
1,464.38
+190% va-
cultural, and
JVacant undeveloped
294,52
cant, agri-
cultural
wooded = 2,011
Water areas
1,089.45
and wooded
(Not given)
Total in extraterritorial zoning
areas
J jurisdiction
8,605.73
2,869
Data Sources:
(a) 1975 Land Use Survey and Analysis
(b) 1966 Land Development Plan
TOTAL -LAND -USE -ACREAGE -WITH I N THE`CGI T-Y-PL-ANN I NG JURI SDI CT 1ON-
LAND USE
ACREAGE
Residential
1,526.86
Commercial and business services
285.49
Industry
103.12
Transportation, communication and
utilities
962.74
Governmental, institutional, and cul-
1
tural and health services
Parks and open space
317.30
38.19
Cemeteries
104.10
Agricultural
3,202.62
Forest
1,021.89
r
Wooded swamps
1,515.66
Vacant undeveloped
524.58
Water areas
1,481,38
_ — Total Acreage:
Without water area: 9,602.55 acres or 15.00 square miles
' With water area: 11,083.93 acres or 17.32 square miles
Within city limits without water area: 2,086.27 acres or
3.27 square miles
�., Within city limits with water area: 2,478.20 acres or 3.87 square
miles
-21-

Major new residential growth has been taking place within areas adjacent to
the City limits in new subdivisions, including Oxford Heights, Briarwood,
'
Chapell Gardens, Chesterfield Heights, Edgewood, Brookridge Terrace
Spaulding Park, Winslow Acres, Bright Meadows, Forest Park, Ulster Gar-
—
dens,-Rosewood.and Hickory Acres. Briarwood subdivision contains the most
undeveloped land for residential use. However, other subdivisions, inclu-
,
ding Brookridge Terrace, Bright Meadows, Hickory Acres, Forest Park, Cha-
pell Gardens, Oxford Heights, EdgewW, and Ulster Gardens contain unde-..
veloped lots. In addition, a new Coast Guard unit housing development has
been completed, and an additional 100 units are planned. existing subdi-
visions within areas adjacent to the City limits are estimated to possess
enough undeveloped vacant lots to accomodate approximately 480 additional
'
single family dwelling units. These additional units would mean accomoda-
tions for an estimated 1,440 additional persons.
In addition, there are approximately 450 vacant undeveloped.lots within.the
City that could accomodate new residential growth. An estimated total of
2,814 additional persons could conceivably be accomodated in new dwelling
_
units utilizing these vacant lots within the city's total planning Juris-
diction. Briarwood alone has 190 additional vacant developable lots and
the newer sections of the city, including Edgewood, contain 142 vacant
—
lots for residential development. The amount of potential available vacant
lots for residential use is illustrated by the following map. In addition,
,
the map shows major and large undeveloped areas with residential and other
land use potential. (See map on page 23 .)
The average density of residential land use within the City limits is very
low, amounting to only 6.36 units per acre. The City limits cover an area
_
of approximately 3.46 square miles with a residential density of 3,960.40
persons per square mile. The Committee on the Hygiene of Housing for .
the American Public Health Association established net residential density
--
standards in 1960. These standards are generalized and compared to the
city's existing residential density in the following table. In addition,
the existing land use map illustrates this density make up within the area,
RESIDENTIAL DENSITY COWARASION
,
TYPE OF DENSITY CITY LIMITS (1) A.P.H. STANDARD
—
Low density less than 4.3 5-7
(less than one standard (Detached single
deviation from the family units)
average density)
Medium density between 4.3 to 8.42 10-19
(within one standard (attached single fam-
deviation of the ily and multi -family
'
average density of units)
6.36 units per acre)
High density over 8.42 (more than 25-95
one standard deviation (multi -family multi -
of the average density) storied apartment
_
complexes)
-.Based upon averag_e_Te_nsTt_y_o_F6.36 units per net residential acre w—it -
,
in the City with medium density equal to one standard deviation from
the average density and low or high density equal to less than or
more than one standard deviation.
,
-22-

RESIDENTIAL DENSITY COMPARISON (cont'd)
t
Data Sources:
(a) City Planning Department
'
(b) American Public Health Association
_
Although several sections of the City are high density residential areas,
the City has a relatively low residential density as compared to the stan-
dard. The highest density recorded is 30.4 units per acre in an apartment
_
area on the outskirts of central business district. Other areas with high
density include portions of Juniper Street, Cypress Street, Burgess Street,
'
areas off Southern Avenue, Speed Street and portions of West Church Street.
The lack of many large multi -family apartment complexes and the abundance
of smaller single family or two to three multi -family units within the
city contribute to this relatively low residential density. Perhaps much
of the cherished charm and small town Quality attributed to the City by
local residents is in part due to this low density. Identification of the
high density areas provides information on which of these areas need addi-
tional recreational facilities or open space to reduce the problems of high
density living, such as crime, health, and social stress, also these areas
tend to indicate potential blighted conditions where the City's Systematic
'
Housing Code Enforcement Program should be concentrated.
_
The average density within the City's Extraterritorial Zoning Jurisdiction
is 3.09 units per acre. The density of the entire extraterritorial planning
jurisdiction of 11.74 square miles of land area only is approximately 325.55
persons per square mile of land area. Within the total planning jurisdic-
tion including the city and extraterritorial planning jurisdiction, the
density is approximately 1,157.53 persons per square mile. The highest -,
density areas include the Lowry Street/Roanoke Avenue area, Oak Grove area
and Herrington Village. The map on the following page illustrates the high ,
density areas within the City's total planning jurisdiction. In addition,
existing major blighted areas (dilapidated and substandard housing) and
existing recreational areas are shown.
EXISTING LAND USE AND AREAS OF ENVIROII�IENTAL CONCERN --
Elizabeth City's land use contain certain distinct areas of environmental
concern. The categories of areas of environmental concern include: —
(1) Coastal Wetlands
(2) Estuarine Waters
(3). Fragile, historic or natural resource areas
(4) Public trust areas ,
(5) Coastal (estuarine) flood plain
(6) Estuarine erodible areas --
In addition, the Elizabeth City area is surrounded by wooded swamp type wet-
lands. Although these wetland types are not considered an area of envir-
onmental concern in the Coastal Area Management Act Guidelines, they never-
theless are fragile lands possessing severe and important development con-
straints. Other lands adjacent to Elizabeth City's planning jurisdiction
are areas of environmental concern, including:
-24- ,

'� ►� '� '� '� �� 'ar Ir '�■i 'r. '� '� �� 'ram '� '� '�, Imo, I�
_ HIGH D S�� N S
ESIDENT� -
. _
® GENERAL LOCATIb OF SUBSTANDARD A
ti
DILAPI TED HOUSIN(,jNITS '> j
OE RAL LOCATIONS OF HItiW DENSITY RESIDENTIAL AREAS
AJOR PUBLIC AND SEMhPUBLIC RECREATL _FACILITIES
d Q — C�
crtr. �artH cwnH► �
D err p— —
A oir.� q rrwy own.» .r.n.9n

(1) The City's well field and water resource area.
(2)- Areas tj�at sustain remnant species such as the black bear refuge and
hunting area near the city well fields
(3) Areas containing unique geologic formations such as the great Dismal
Swamp in the northern portion of the county
(4) Excessive erosion areas along the Pasquotank River and Albemarle Sound
The important areas of environmental concern contained within the land
uses of the Elizabeth City planning jurisdiction are detailed as follows:
(1) Coastal Wetlands
The coastal wetland salt marsh type vegetation species provide wild-
life and waterfowl habitat, as well as deter shore line erosion and
trap sedimentation runoff. Two such areas exist in the Elizabeth
City planning jurisdiction:
(a) Area adjacent to Charles Creek off Southern Avenue
(b) Small shallow pond off unnamed point approximately 3/4 mile
downstream from Cobbs Point near the northern most portion of
the Coast Guard Base.
(2) Estuarine Waters
Estuarine waters are highly productive coastal water areas essential
to North Carolina's fisheries. Estuarine waters are defined as
coastal waters or tributaries seaward of the dividing line between
coastal fishing waters and inland fishing waters. The dividing line
at Elizabeth City is the 159 Highway bridge from Elizabeth City to
Camden County and all waters seaward towards Albemarle Sound (down-
stream along the Pasquotank River) are considered estuarine waters.
(3) Fragile, Historic or Natural Resource Areas
These areas include the large wooded swamp complex natural areas to
the :forth of the City. Complex natural areas provide examples of con-
ditions existing within the coastal area prior to settlement by western
man and these areas often provide valuable habitat conditions for a
variety of life forms. Complex natural areas in the Elizabeth City
Planning Jurisdiction include the vast wooded swamp areas to the North
of the City and could conceivably include portions of the Knobbs
Creek watershed/wooded swamp area.
(4) Public Trust Areas
Public trust areas include all navigable natural bodies of water and
lands thereunder to the mean or ordinary high water mark. Almost all
of Elizabeth City's waterways would qualify as public trust areas.
Public rights in these areas include navigational and recreational
activities.
(5) Coastal (Estuarine) Flood Plain
Elizabeth City's flood plain hazard area along the estuarine water
system can be considered a coastal flood plain. However, the City has
flood hazards beyond the estuarine system. The City Flood Plain Ordin-
ance addresses these flood hazard areas.
i
-26-

(6) Estuarine Erodible Areas
The most noticeable erosion area in the Elizabeth City Planning Juris-
diction is along the Pasquotank River downstream of Cobbs Point and
adjacent to the northern most portion of the Coast Guard Base. A
31 year erosion study along the Pasquotank River by the Soil Conser-
vation Service showed an average width loss to erosion of 61.3 feet
within the area from Elizabeth City to New Begun Creek.
The map on the following page illustrates in general these areas of en-
vironmental concern within Elizabeth City's Planning Jurisdiction. This
map is for general illustrative purpose only and not for use in identi-
fying areas requiring permits. A more detailed map in the synopsis is
an illustration of proposed areas of environmental concern.
-27-

Plans,Policies & Regulations
' CURRENT PLANS AND POLICIES
Transportation Plans:
A thoroughfare planwas prepared for Elizabeth City in 1965 by the North
Carolina State Highway Commission. This plan was adopted by the City and
a municipal agreement on street and highway system responsibilities was
entered into by the City and State Highway Commission in December 1966.
This thoroughfare plan is currently being revised by the State Highway
_ Commission. The first phase of this plan has been completed and includes
the original and destination traffic survey, data gathering and processing,
as well as portions of the analysis and design. The revised thoroughfare
plan is expected to be completed by late 1976.
Several major street improvement activities are underway or have just
been completed. These activities are in accord with the 1965 thorough-
fare plan and include improvements to Water Street and Ehringhaus Street.
Both streets are state owned and maintained. Major improvements are still
needed in establishing the Northeast arterial system in accord with the
— thoroughfare plan. A portion of the link (Ward Street) is city owned
1 and significant expenditures would be required for improvements here.
Community Facilities Plans:
Community facilities plans have been generated for the City since 1962
when a catmmmity facilities plan and public improvements program was pre-
pared. The community facilities plan was revised in 1968. In 1976 a ten
year-revisodpub-ic improvements program and -five year capita improve-
ments budget was prepared. These plans deal with all the major capital
expenditures for public improvements in each city department. In addi-
tion the plans include a community development program for HUD CD Block
Grants and other needed improvements or facilities not currently handled
by specific departments, such as public transportation plans. These
documents do not deal with county facilities, such as schools, hospital,
social welfare and health services. Although the City's revised public
improvement program or capital improvements budget has not been formally
adopted by the City Council, these plans will be utilized as a blueprint
for needed public or community facilities over the next ten year period.
Implementation of the plan is contingent upon funding and needed priori-
ties as based upon a yearly assessment by city functions. The reader is'
referred to these documents, as well as to the Countx Land Use Plan,
for a more detailed description of community facilities plans.
Utility Extension Policies:
The City provides three major utilities: water, sewer and electric ser-
vices. Policies on extending these services vary among the three and are
summarized as follows:
Electric Service:
Extension of electric service requires a request to the electric department
' from the consumer for this service. A major extension, such as for a sub-
division, must be approved by the City Manager. In other individual cases,
the request is granted by the electric department. The installation fee
-29-

r
for temporary service is $30.00 and for permanent Service is $25,00, The
City Electric Department bears the cost for getting this service to the cus-
tomer. Elizabeth City purchases power from VEPCO and extends electric ser-
vice out from the city about 5 miles. Extensions can be made to the end '
of this existing city service upon request, VEPCO along with Albemarle
Electric Service serves the remaining portion of the county. _
Water Service: ,
Requests for water service is made to the City Council, and they rule on all
water extensions or tap ons. Due to the inadequate existing treatment capa-
city extensions have been limited to 200 tap ons since summer 1975. How- r
ever, about 50 have already been granted since this ruling. Priority exten-
sions are granted to city residents with less priority to county residents.
However, lines do extend into the county and upon completion of water faci-
lity improvements, all requests for water should be able to be honored.
There is no set policy for residents having to tap into a line, if they
have an adequate individual well. The fees for water service are as follows:
(1) Water Line Extension Assessments: '
a Outside City Limits - customer pays 1000 of cost
(b) Inside City Limits - customer pays 75% of cost and City pays 25% r
(c) All individual lines from the extension to the customer's house
or use is paid by the customer _
(2) Water Line Tap -On Fees: r
(a 3 4" line tap - 125
(b) 1" line tap - $175
(c) Above 1" line tap - $175 + (negotiated) '
(d) All taps within the county outside the city limits are double the
above. _
All water extension line;. installed by a developer become the property
of the City.
Sewer Service: ,
The sewer treatment facilities are also inadequate due to the severe infil-
tration problem. Until this problem is solved, additional major sewer ser-
vice is in question. Any new force main and lift station requirements would ,
have to be approved by the State of North Carolina Individual tap-ons
to existing lines should be no problem. The City has a sewer extension po-
licy. All residents of the City are required to tap into the sewer facili-
ties unless they have an existing operable septic tank system. However,
City residents must tap into the city facility rather than repair, re-
place or install septic tanks. This policy does not extend outside the —
city limits. The City Council has ruled to approve sewer tap�ons in the
City, as well as tap-ons outside the City. Extension fees are as follows:
(1) Sewer Collector Line Extension Assessments: '
a Outside City - customer pays 1000 of cost _
(b) Inside City - customer pays 750 of cost City pays 2S% of cost r
(c) All individual lines from collector line to customer's house or
use is paid by customer
r
-30- --
1

1�
(2) Sewer Collector Line Tap -On Fees:
a 411 tap on 100
(b) Above 4" tap on - $100 + (negotiable)
—
(c) All tap ons outside the city are double the above,
Although force mains and pumping stations are not directly assess-
able, the City reserves the authority to assess for these based
upon coverage area and affected customers. Assessment is the
All lines installed
same as extension line assessments. extension
by a developer become the property of the City.
Open Space Policies:
—
At present the City has no established or specific open space policies or
plans. However, a Recreation Department was established in 1969, and
facilities through-
currently this department operates various recreation
out the City. At the present time, an open space policy plan is underway
and should be completed by June 1976. This plan will deal with additional
recreation needs, potentials for establishing an open space system with
adequate linkages and policy recommendations for initiation and manage-
ment of an open space system.
Recreation Policies:
With the creation of a recreation department in 1969, the City signifi-
cantly expanded recreation opportunities for all residents. Recreation
programs are conducted year round and include a variety of active and
._
passive sports and other recreation activities. Currently there are
'
twelve city maintained or operated recreation areas, including the new
waterfront park and Knobbs Creek Recreation Center. The recreation de-
partment maintains specific policies for the management of each of these
recreation sites. In addition, the City and County work together through
County funding to provide County residents outside the City with the
opportunity to utilize city facilities. Camden County and Pasquotank
County both realize the need for recreation and although there is not a
formal policy, such as a Joint Recreation Commission between the City
and these counties, discussions that could lead to more cooperation are
—
continually being held between the City and these counties to provide ade-
quate recreation services and facilities to all area residents. The
"informal" for
Recreation Department maintains an open door policy pro-
viding recreation to all residents. However, Perquimans County and Cur-
rituck County residents are not readily accepted into city programs,
because they have their own recreation services. The city recreation de-
—
partment is "regional" in that it serves Camden and Pasquotank residents.
County funding to the City for recreation
currently, only Pasquotnak provides
programs and facilities. There is no formal policy for providing recrea-
tion facilities or services nor is there an adopted schedule of recreation
—
priorities. Such a policy and schedule should be established.
Prior Land Use Plans:
Since 1959 land use plans have been prepared for the City. The first
plan in 1959 was revised in 1968. The 1968 plan did not contain a com-
prehensive statement of goals, policies or objectives in carrying out the
plan. Although the 1959 plan addressed the need for conservation and pro-
-31-

tection of natural resources, the 1969 Plan fell short here, The 1969 Plan '
although addressing land development through 1987, did not adequately address
the total planning area. —
Prior Land Use Policies:
Although the City has not had specific land use policies as such, various
development regulations, such as zoning and subdivision regulations, have
;
been in force since the early 1970's. A commitment by the local govern-
ments to realize industrial growth in the proposed industrial site area is
--
a current concern and could be considered an implicit land use policy. In
addition other local agencies indirectly deal with land use policies, in-
cluding the tourist and industrial promotion efforts by the Chamber of Com-
merce and various state and federal efforts at the local level to bring
about orderly development through existing state or federal laws and regu-
lations.
Local Regulations:
Zoning Ordinance:
—
The Elizabeth City Zoning Ordinance was prepared in 1972 and was adopted by
the City Council pursuant to N.C. General Statute 153-20B. This ordinance
contains the criteria for land use districting within the boundaries of
_
Elizabeth City and its primary purpose is to provide a formal policy means
of assuring compatible development. The Elizabeth City Zoning Jurisdiction
was established by the City and County in 1972 to encompass growth areas
adjacent to the City. The Zoning Ordinance contains specific regulations
—
for designated residential, apartment, mobile home, commercial, office or
institutional, manufacturing and flood plain districts. The Ordinance is
in need of revisions to reflect the CAMA Land Use Plan for Elizabeth City.
_
and other changes dealing with planned unit development, intensity develop-
ment, pollution standards, mobile home parks and special character areas.
'
This ordinance is administered by the Building Inspection Department.
Subdivision Regulations:
Subdivisions regulations were prepared for and adopted by the City in 1965
pursuant to N.C. General Statute 160A-19, and revised in 1973. These regu-
lations are a land use control policy that provides for orderly growth
through minimum health, safety and welfare standards for developers to meet
in subdividing land for the purpose of building developments. These regu-
lations -are in need of revision to include consideration for ether desired
development standards. This ordinance is administered by the Building In-
,
spection Department.
Floodway Ordinance:
'
In 1975.a Flood Plain Ordinance was prepared and adopted by the City pur-
suant to N.C. General Statute 160A-381-3929 174-194. The Ordinance applies
_
to flood prone lands in the Elizabeth City Planning Jurisdiction, as de-
signated by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Specific development res-
trictions or limitations are established within the flood plain districts.
At the present time this ordinance is considered adequate for protection in
flood prone areas. This ordinance is administered by the Building Inspection
Department.
-32-

'
Building Codes:
Since the late 1960's the Elizabeth City Building Inspection Department
'
has
been enforcing certain state and local building regulations inclu-
ding:
—
(a)
1972 N.C. Model Housing Code:
Identification of substandard and dilapidated dwelling units with
demolition authority for dilapidated units.
(b)
N.C. Building Codes: Minimum Standards for Construction
(c)
N.C. Plumbing Code: Minimum Standards for Plumbing Work
(d)
National Electrical Code Minimum Standards for Electrical Work.
(Enforced throughout City electrical distribution system)
-
(e)
Septic Tank regulations: These regulations are handled by the Tri-
'
County Health Department located in Pasquotank County as authorized
under N.C. General Status 130-17(b). SInce 1973 the state has manda-
ted by the Ground Absorption Sewage Disposal Systems Act chat each
land parcel to be developed without public sewer must have a perco-
lation test performed to determine septic tank suitability. The
local district health department administers this regulation, per-
forms the percolation test and designs an adequate septic tank sys-
tem based upon the soil suitability for septic tank use. A proposed
subdivision location or site also must pass this percolation test, and
if the site fails the test the developer must install a community
sewer system in order for the health department to pass the subdivi-
sion. Due to the poor soil conditions here, the health department can
_
approve a conditional system or alternative system for an individual
lot, if the owner agrees to make repairs or replace the unit immedia-
'
tely upon failure of the system.
(f)
Historic District Regulations:
—
Although the City does not have historic district, the State Division
—�
of Archives and -history have identifi-ed a species character —area-far
nomination to the National Register as a National Historic District.
--
This district includes much of the Main Street area and penetrates
into the downtown area. Such a district will regulate federally
funded activities in regards to clearance, urban renewal and other
such activities.
Nuisance Regulations:
The
City maintains nuisance regulations that are administered by the Police
Department that deal with the following problems:
(a)
Junk cars:
Unlicensed or abandoned cars are not allowed to remain on streets or
private property (except junk yards).
(b)
Unauthorized swimming:
No swimming is allowed off or on city property,
(c)
Noise:
-
An 11:00 P.M. curfew is placed on loud noise if complaints are made .
'
(d)
Trash containment:
Regulations governing size of container and placement of container.
--
(e)
Animal Care:
Pet animals (dogs) must be either leashed or collared (identifiable).
(f)
Boats:
_
Vessels in disrepair or boats in unfit condition or unseaworthy condi-
tion are not permitted to remain docked in the harbor area.
'
-33-

Sedimentation Codes:
The City is currently without a sedimentation ordinance. However, a pre-
liminary sedimentation ordinance is pending further review and finalization
by the Planning Board, Their, final recommendations will go before the City
Council for action,
Environmental Impact Statement Ordinances:
At present the City has no environmental impact statement ordinances, How-
ever, various federal grants, such as the Community Block Grant Program,
require environmental reviews and possibly environmental impact state-
ments. All major development in the area that is federally funded would
probably require such review prior to release of federal funds.
Other Ordinances:
There is a need for other ordinances for Elizabeth City including:
(a) Sign Control Ordinance:
Regulation of sign types throughout the planning jurisdiction
(b) Community Appearance Ordinance:
Regulations regarding appearance of buildings to promote an improved
community appearance
(c) Historic District and Properties Ordinance:
Regulations regarding protection of historic special character areas
and sites
STATE, FEDERAL AND OUER LOCAL PLANS, REGULATIONS OR POLICIES
A complete report on Federal and State land use controls in'the coastal area
is being prepared by the Coastal Resources Commission, but some of the more
significant legislation is discussed below.
The North Carolina Environmental Management Commission administers several
state laws that have an impact on land use in the county and town. The
commission has approval authority over all septic tanks over 3000 gallons
and any point discharge into surface waters. Another section of the com-
mission supervises sedimentation control. Any one undertaking a land dis-
turbing activity of more than 1 acre must file a plan for erosion and
sedimentation control with the commission 30 days before the activity is
started. Dredge and fill and certain shoreline projects in estuarine wa-
ters require a permit from the State Division of Marine Fisheries. Any
public=road that is to be constructed must have its design and paving
approved by the State Department of Transportation. The Federal Environ-
ment Protection Agency have air and water pollution standards. Many other
State and Federal activities in areas such as grant administration, his-
toric.preservation, industrial development and road construction have or
could have direct and indirect impacts on land use in the City planning
area.
The Army Corps of Engineers has permit approval over dredge and fill pro
jects,and certain shoreline developments. In particular, fill permits
are required prior to filling wetland areas adjacent to inland or coastal
waters. The wooded swamps in the Elizabeth City area that are adjacent to
the Pasquotank River or Knobbs Creek would fall under this permit require-
ment.' Environmental impact statements or reviews are required for many
projects involving federal funds. The Federal Insurance Administration re-
' -34- '

quires local goverment control over floodplain developments that in-
volve Federal funds. The Soil Conservation Service has been involved
in local water management, erosion control, and drainage projects.
Other public and private organizations are having or could have a definite
impact on the City's land use. The Farmers Home Administration can now
provide loans for low income housing and economic development projects
_
within the Elizabeth City area. The Federal Department of Housing and Ur-
ban Development can provide financing or subsidies for low-income housing
units. The industrial development of the city and county will be guided
—
by an industrial commission composed of city and county elected officials.
They are authorized to buy industrial land for development and insure com-
pletion of the proposed industrial park. The Chamber of Commerce provides
information about possible industries and handles contact between the
_
potential industry and the local government. In addition, the chamber
functions to promote general economic growth, as well as tourism. The
Downtown Business Association functions to promote economic growth of the
business community. Recently the N.C. State University School of Design
has been involved with this Association to bring about a renewal of the
downtown area. Other local organizations contributing to the overall
development of the area include the Jaycees, Rotary Club, Lions Club,
Ruritan Club, Woman's Club, Jr. Woman's Club, Garden Club, Pasquotank
County Historical Society, Kiwanis Club, as well as other organizations
and clubs. A summary of regulatory measures are listed as follows with
—
reference to effort among the various local, state or federal governments.
REGULATIONS IN EFFECT
_y
REGULATIONS ELIZABETH_OI.TY PASQUOTANK-COUM'Y—OTHER AUTHORI-TY-
(a)Zoning a Ordinance x
g
r
(b)Subdivision
regulations x x
(c)Flooding Ordinance x x
(d)Building Codes x
(e)Septic Tank District Health
Regulations Department
_
(f)Historic District State Nomination
of National His-
toric District
(g)Pollution Controls (a)EPA
—
(b)N.C. Division
of Environ-
mental Man-
agement
(h)Nuisance regulations x
'
(i)Sedimentation Codes understudy N.C. Division
of Environmental
Management
(j)Dredge $ fill (a)N.C. Division
of Marine
—
Fisheries
(b)U.S. Army
Corps of
._
Engineers
'
-35-

V
LM

Land Uselssues
IMPACT OF POPULATION AND ECONOMIC TRENDS
The economic and population trends that are outlined in the sections entitled
Estimated Demands and Description of Present Conditions indicate a de-
terioration of Elizabeth City's industrial base and an increasing rate of
out -migration among younger members of the community due to the lack of
economic opportunity. State planners project a future decrease in the
population of Elizabeth City, based mainly on the increase in out -migra-
tion from 1960 to 1970. In addition, the relative income of local citi-
zens has fallen over time, and fewer and fewer people are employed in
producing goods for export to other regions. This adds up to an economic
situation that may result in economic stagnation, future hardship, and
declining profit margins for many local businessmen. Economic stagna-
tion will result in a decline in land values and increased out -migration
as people seek better economic opportunities elsewhere. True, the cur-
rent recession may help to lower out -migration temporarily as young peo-
ple find it more difficult to find economic opportunities in other loca-
tions; but economic recovery, which may already be occurring, will speed
up the process of out -migration of the young as economic opportunities in-
crease in other locations.
Economic adversity will also decrease the demand for industrial, commer-
cial, residential, and agricultural land. The decrease in the demand for
land in the Elizabeth City area will lower land values. The reduction in
land values will not occur in an absolute sense, but in terms of the prices
of other goods and the value of lands in other locations.
A decline iri popes afion aridincome will mean a decline in tax revenues
and. consequently, local governmental services cannot be maintained at
the present level. To maintain present levels of local governmental ser-
vices in the face of rising costs and declining population, it may be
necessary to increase local tax rates so that each family pays a larger
proportion of its income in local taxes. The higher tax rate on real
property will again lower its real value.
As evidenced by the citizen concerned described in this section under citi-
zen concerns, many residents view the current -economic and population trends
as problems requiring priority action.
THE PROVISION OF ADEQUATE HOUSING AND OTHER SERVICES
Need priority was voiced by citizens in regards for adequate provision of
housing, the existing condition of housing, slum clearance program and re-
newal of blighted areas. Since the early 197O's the City's Systematic
Housing Code Enforcement Program has been concerned with improving the
local housing stock through code enforcement. Prior to the start of this
program, dilapidated and substandard housing units accounted for as much
as 35% of the entire housing stock. As of March 1976 only 1% of the City's
existing housing stock of 4,797 dwelling units were dilapidated. In addi-
tion, only 15% are considered substandard but suitable for rehabilitation.
The continued upgrading of the city housing stock is the top priority in
regards to the City's Community Development Block Grant Program Statement
-39-

of Needs and Goals under HUD's new funding program. In addition, effort is
'
being made to initiate Section 8 Housing in the area for lower income fami-
lies, Also, other subsidy programs are available, such as Farmer's Home Ad-
ministration Loans and HUD Section 236 subsidies. The current vacancy rate
for rental units is 5.6%. This low vacancy rate coupled with the existing
poor income conditions (over 45% of all Elizabeth City residents make be-
low moderate income of $7,500 per year) and the existing need for low income
housing assistance, indicate that continued efforts to obtain additional
'
subsidized new units and rent subsidies for existing units is in order. In
addition, the substandard condition of many dwellings (15%) of the housing
stock) coupled with the low income conditions indicate. a need for the
,
available rehabiliation grants, low interest loans, or special city effort
to promote rehabilitation through the CD Block Grant Program.
In addition to housing needs, citizens expressed concerns about other ser-
vices, including social, cultural, recreational and educational services.
Pasquotank County administers social and educational services for the most
part. The City is reluctant to deal with these types of services so as to
avoid duplication and undue expense. However, the City is aware
_
of these problems and have addressed certain goals concerning other services
in the Land Use Plan goals and objectives.
CONSERVATION OF PRODUCTIVE NATURAL RESOURCES
—
farm lands Elizabeth
,
There are over 3,202 acres of productive within the
City Planning Jurisdiction. Approximately 71% of all the soils in the area
are productive agricultural soils. Much of this prime soil is still in
cultivation. This valuable resource was viewed as very important by a
majority of citizens who responded to the community survey. In addition
most responded that these lands should be protected from unrestrained urban
—
growth.
PROTECTION OF IMPORTANT NATURAL ENVIRONMENTS
—
The Elizabeth City Planning Jurisdiction contains over 1,515 acres of wooded
,
swamps and over 1,481 acres of waterways. The wooded swamps contain the
_
drainage basins of the Elizabeth City area and are valuable ecological re-
sources. The waterways are also valuable ecological resources and are part
,
of the productive coastal estuarine system. A majority of respondents to
the community survey ranked protection of these environmental and natural
—
resources as very important. Although city residents in the survey tended
to view economic development with a slight priority over environmental pro-
'
tection, a large majority of county respondents, including Elizabeth City
—.
Township residents, did not view economic development as more important
than environmental protection. Nevertheless, a majority of city respon-
'
dents rated protection of the areas natural resources and wildlife as very
important.
'
PROTECTION OF CULTURAL AND HISTORIC RESOURCES
Historic preservation and community appearance also ranked high as impor-
tant resources to protect among the residents responding to the survey.
In addition, the State Division of Archives and History has recently pro-
_
posed.a National Historic District for the City. The City is rich in his-
'
-40-
—

toric and cultural resources and renovation or use of this cultural heri-
tage could play a vital role in a revitalization effort for the community.
MAJOR LAND USE ISSUES AND CITIZEN CONCERNS
A more detailed treatment of these major land use issues in relationship
' to citizen concern is presented in the statement outlining the methods,
degree and results of the local public participation effort.
1 Alternatives
In the early 1900's Elizabeth City was described by the Illustrated Cities
Series as a place that could anticipate 50,000 persons by 1950. Based
upon the summary of citizen concerns, this extent of growth does not
seem to be consistent with the desires of residents. Growth is desired,
but a majority of residents appreciate the small town characteristics and
are concerned that new growth be in accord with keeping the small town
quality.
Another consideration in the extent of growth is the capability of the
land and resources to sustain larger population. The reader is referred
to the section on Carrying Capacity for a clearer presentation of_ land
and resource capability. However, major expenditures in public funds
would have to be realized to allow extensive growth in the area due to
'the existing inadequate and unavailable public facilities and poor natural
conditions for major development. In many locations of the area exten-
sive-soil-reclamation-activities-andsignificant-flood drainage control
measures would have to be initiated before major development could occur.
In addition, all larger buildings require extensive pilings or special
design to compensate for the poor structural bearing capabitities of
the soil and subsurface geology. Also maintenance costs would be high.
Elizabeth City as a major growth area with extensive development and large
urban complexes is not a satisfactory alternative for this area due to
the poor conditions and environmental limitations for extensive development.
One growth alternative is already occurring in the Elizabeth City area in
the form of urban sprawl. Continued realization of this growth alterna-
tive without due consideration for community services and facilities to
support the sprawl will result in an increasing burden on the local govern-
ments to supply this extended growth with adequate facilities. A growth
alternative consisting of clustered communities with necessary facilities
and services would be a more satisfactory alternative, aiding in reducing
facility costs, as well as providing more self-supporting communities with
necessary facilities and services.
Many alternative growth directions are possible. However, the severe limi-
tations of the natural environment, including the wetland and flood haz-
ard areas, result in development problems in many areas of the community.
These limitations can only be overcome at additional expense, by special
design and at great risk of losing the environmentally sensitive and cri-
tical lands. A growth alternative that promotes growth in the less
environmentally sensitive areas and away from flood hazard areas would be
more satisfactory and in accord with area environmental limitations. The
-41-

best lands for development exist to the Soutb and East of the City. Although '
these lands are prime agricultural lands, their location would remove po-
tential development from sensitive or hazard environments. In addition, ,
direction of growth should be concentrated in adjacent existing growth areas
that are supplied with necessary facilities or should soon be supplied with
facilities. Clustering growth in this direction would avoid additional —
expense of burden on the local governments in having to provide extensive '
services or facilities far removed from the existing availability of such
facilities or services. The adopted policies, goals, objectives and standards in the Land Use Plan ,
are directed towards the desired or most satisfactory land use patterns
for this area. Specifically the policies, goals and objectives deal with
location of industrial growth, balanced economic growth with environmental '
protection, protection of natural resources, planned urban growth through
orderly growth, retention of the small town quality, extension of zoning
controls, and discouraging urban sprawl. The standards for the objectives '
address priority conservation areas and other standards for planned urban
growth. Goals, Objectives And Standards
i
The following policies, goals, objectives and standards were recommended by
the various City functions and adopted by the City Council as reflective.
of the identified citizen concerns or problems and in accord with desired
orderly growth. These broad policies, goals, objectives and standards will
serve as a formal and clear statement to guide future growth and development. '
More specific objectives and standards can later be added as needed to ex-
pand this broad base for orderly growth.
FINAL POLICIES, GOALS, OBJECTIVES AND STANDARDS '
POLICY I: ECONOMIC GROWTH
GOAL I: PROMOTE INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT
OBJECTIVES: '
(1) City and County should play a strong role in promoting industrial deve-
lopment with City Manager and County Coordinator coordinating and ex- '
panding these efforts.
(2) City should consider along with County the employment'of an Economic _
Development Coordinator to work with the local Chamber of Commerce '
and other areas institutions to insure a coordinated and effective
effort in economic development.
(3): City and County should insure completion of the proposed industrial _
park as planned with preference given to smaller diversified techni-
cal and agricultural industries paying moderate to high wages.
-42-

GOAL 2; BAL.ANCE ECONOMTC DEVELOPMENT WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
OBJECTIVES;
Cl) Through the Land Use Plan, controls and other restrictions, the City
and County should discourage industrial development that would threaten
the community's waterways, natural environments and existing high
quality of the environment and community life.
(2) Industrial development should be encouraged to occur in the proposed
industrial park to insure protection of valuable natural resources,
such as wooded swamps, waterways and other natural environments.
(3) A joint County/City Committee should be established to review all
potential industries locating in the area based upon EPA Air and
Water Standards, as well as local concerns.
GOALS 1 AND 2 STANDARDS:
(1) Industries locating in industrial park must be in accord with EPA
water and air standards.
(2) Industries desiring to locate here or sought after industries should
be those that:
(a) Do not threaten existing high quality community or environment
and be considered based upon usage and availibility of public
facilities.
(b) Rank high as non-polluting industries
(c) Provide medium to high growth and medium to high earnings poten-
tial.
GOAL 3: ESTABLISH TOURIST INDUSTRY
OBJECTIVES:
(6)
Protect the community's historic assets through designation of spe-
cial character areas as National Historic Districts or Local His-
toric District and identify as well as list other historic sites
with the N.C. historic Commission or have them classified as Nation-
al Historic Land Marks.
City and County should play stronger role in developing the tourist
potential through planning, facility implementation and promotion
activities.
The Economic Development Coordinator should also promote tourism in
the area and aid towards coordinating all community activities re-
lated to tourism.
A comprehensive package (news, media, television, advertisements,
etc.,) including planned tour programs and activities should be pre-
pared for the area perhaps through a Promotion Committee established
by the City, County and Chamber of Commerce.
The City and County should insure that the area's natural resources
for tourism are protected, enhanced or improved through community
appearance controls, historic property protection and conservation
controls.
Downtown revitalization should include waterfront beautification and
redevelopment towards tourist trade.
-43-

f g�, i7ii
(1) Redevelopment within special, character area (historic district) must
be in accord with historic character of area, as determined by local
historic committee (or commission) when established.
GOAL 4 PROMOTE PROJECTS THAT AID TOWARDS A MORE VIABLE COMMUNITY AND ECO-
NOMIC GROWTH
OBJECTIVES:
(1) Downtown revitalization should be promoted jointly by the City, County,
and the downtown merchants, perhaps funded through a combination of
special tax district, federal grants, city and county funds, merchant
assessments or a local development foundation.
(2) A revised master plan for the downtown with specific detailed improve-
ments including waterfront beautification should be prepared, adopted
and implemented by the downtown merchants and the City.
(3) A comprehensive consumer market survey should be conducted to identify
needed retail or service markets.
(4) The City and local financial institutions through federal grants or
loan programs should provide rehabilitation funds or loans for com-
mercial, residential or cultural facilities considered in need of fi-
nancial assistance.
POLICY 2: PLANNED URBAN GROWTH
GOAL 1 ORDERLY GROWTH WITH ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION
OBJECTIVES:
(1) Continued use and adoption of growth controls (land use plan, zoning,
other ordinances).
(2) Revise growth and development ordinances to reflect improved living
environments with needed amenities, as well as maintain development
restrictions in conservation lands.
(3) The small town quality should be preserved and maintained with continued
urban sprawl lacking in necessary services discouraged.
(4) The Elizabeth City planning effort should be coordinated with the County
planning effort through joint planning board cooperation and more de-
tailed land use analysis and planning in areas adjacent to the City
planning jurisdiction that are subject to increased urbanization.
(5) The City should consider expansion of zoning land use controls in those
growth areas adjacent to the City Planning Jurisdiction.
(6) The City and County should ultimately obtain an environmental control
coordinator to enforce environmental restrictions and evaluate condi-
tions affecting health and welfare of residents.
GOAL 1 STANDARDS:
(1) Priority conservation area identified as wooded swamp or "wetland"
areas designated in the Pasquotank County soil survey by the soil type
"mucky peat" or "swamp" and including wetland or wooded swamp areas
adjacent to the waterways in the area. (These wetland areas adjacent
-44-

_
to waterways come under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Corps of Engi-
'
neers for dredge or till permits under Section 404),
(2)
Development should be limited in pralor�ty conservation areas to deve-
lopment types that will not jeopardize the natural character through
increased accessibility or by endangering the natural conditions.
(3)
Cluster development or planned unit developments should be encouraged
in major growth areas through appropriate revisions to the City's
_
Zoning and Subdivision Ordinances.
GOAL
2. EXPAND RECREATIONAL OPPORTUNITIES
OBJECTIVES:
`
(1)
A comprehensive Recreation and Open Space Plan should be prepared,
adopted and implemented utilizing the Statewide Comprehensive Re-
creational Plan objectives where applicable.
(2)
All recreational facilities of all agencies, institutions, civic or
club organizations should be coordinated for maximum public use.
(3)
The City and County should work more closely together in providing
recreational opportunities to all residents of the City and County.
(4)
The City should continue to develop proposed parks and facilities in
accord with the Open Space Plan.
'
(5)
Public accessibility to and increased use of the waterways in the
area should be expanded.
(6)
Recreational areas and facilities should be developed that will
promote tourism with.emphasis on developing scenic and natural areas
for recreational use, including environmental education purposes.
•-
(7)
The City Recreation Department should expand its coordination with
—''
other-area-institutions--in-providing-improved-and-more-accessible
recreational facilities.
(8)
The City should develop swimming facilities and municipal golf faci-
lities within the next 5 years.
GOAL
2 STANDARDS:
Recreation facilities and services should continue to be improved and ex-
panded to be in accord with recommended State and BOR standards.
GOAL
3: PROVIDE EXPANDED COMMUNITY FACILITIES AND SERVICES
OBJECTIVES:
'
(1) ,
Alternative flood control projects should be evaluated by the Army
Corps of Engineers and funds sought through federal programs.
(2)
The housing stock should be improved through increased use of Sec-
tion 8 Housing and other federal housing programs by the City,
County,local institutions and realtors for new construction, rent
subsidies and grants or loans for rehabilitation.
(3)
The Walnut Street Redevelopment Project should be completed.
'
(4)
The City and County should work together with other agencies in en-
`
couraging and expanding social program activity, perhaps by obtaining
a Social Planning Coordinator to facilitate improved and more inte-
grated human service delivery.
(5)
The City and County should continue to cooperate in development of
'
-45-

the Community Block Grant Program to improve areas adjacent to the City.
(6) The feasibility of establishing a public mini -bus system should be con-
sidered, perh�Lp5 in conjunction with continued regional efforts.
(7) Alternative energy and utility systems should be considered and imple-
mented if possible,
(8) The City should continue to promote a street improvement program, in-
cluding implementation of improved traffic flow systems.
POLICY III: EFFICIENT, ECONOMICAL AND EFFECTIVE GOVERNMENT AND INSTITUTIONAL
FI/NCT TnNR
GOAL I: CITY AND COUNTY COOPERATION
OBJECTIVES:
(1) The City Manager and County Coordinator should continue to work towards
improving the cooperative relationship between the City and County.
(2) City and County should continue and expand cooperation on existing
joint operations, (recreation, waste management and fire protection).
City and County should prepare a management study to improve their
operating functions and evaluate the feasibility of additional joint
operations. Ultimately perhaps the City and County should consider
consolidation.
GOAL 2: PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
OBJECTIVES:
i
i
(1) The City should expand minority group representation on City boards or 1
functions and these functions should actively seek increased public _
Participation.
(2) The use of citizen review process (surveys, forums, hearings, opinion 1
polls. etc.) should be provided on all major issues, as well as ex-
panded communication to involve residents in the initial formulation of plans.
1
P,ublic Participation
Process
1
From the survey results, citizen forums, and city function review, the -'
citizen identified major concerns and problems were translated into broad 1 .
policy statements with subsequent goals. This translation was accomplished
through a synthesis of citizen concerns and possible goals into broad poli-
cies and goals, objectives and standards by the City Planning Staff. The 1
Planning Board and Urban Advisory Board acted as formal review boards along
with the subcommittees of the City Council in this translation process.
The initial local CAMA Planning Effort to involve citizens was through 1
community surveys conducted in early 1975. Over 1,000 City and Elizabeth
City township residents responded to these city and county surveys. The
survey results were valuable in identifying major citizen concerns. Next 1
followed meetings with various civic organizations and clubs. Approximately
80 local organizations were provided an opportunity to learn about and _.
participate in the local CAMA planning process. Local newspapers and ra-
dios were utilized to call attention to QWA. Special editorials and regu-
lar articles, as well. as announcements of citizen forums appeared or were
46- 1

aired. Over SO land owners within the City's Extraterritorial Zoning
Jurisdiction were asked to attend and bring others to a citizen forum
to discuss concerns and identify possible goals for future growth in
their area, In other citizen forums, City residents were invited to
meet together, identify concerns and help formulate possible goals or
objectives. Through these meetings major concerns were ranked and
possible goals formulated to guide future growth. The City's Urban
Advisory Committee was used as the City's formal citizen's body for
the CAMA public participation effort. Along with the surveys and citi-
zen forums the Advisory Committee was used to identify major concerns
and develop possible goals or objectives. In addition, the City's CAMA
Planning Effort was reviewed (and will continue to be reviewed) by the
City Planning Board, Urban Advisory Committee and City Council. After dis-
tribution of this Synopsis, additional citizen forums and a public
hearing were scheduled in the preparation of the Final Land Use Plan. A
survey was also distributed with the Synopsis. Although 850 Synopsis were
distributed through a mailing list of over 150 major land owners within
the city planning jurisdiction, meetings with as many community clubs as
,possible and distribution to area school and institutional functions,
only 35 questionnaires were returned. The final public hearing was held
on May 11, 1976 and was attended by approximately 50 persons.
As with many communities, public participation in Elizabeth City is over
shadowed by a prevailing attitude of apathy. Even when citizens have a
direct opportunity to participate through public elections, few do so.
In the November 1974 Water Bond Referrendum only 290 of the registered.
voters actually voted, and in the .Tune 1.975 Water Bond Referrendum only
17% voted. However, citizens do sense a need for greater opportunities
to participate as indicatedT—by the January 1975 community survey of
attitudes. In this survey the majority of respondents (69%) were of
the opinion that there was only a slight to moderate opportunity for
citizens to participate, and this attitude was even more pronounced among
the black community.
Never before in the planning process within North Carolina have citizens
of the Coastal Area been provided with such an opportunity to participate.
Unfortunately, this general attitude of apathy ads de erred this effort
and might possibly continue to do so. However, providing the public with
an opportunity to participate in the CAMA.planning process has been a top
priority and effort of the Elizabeth City Planning Staff.
Summary of CAMA Public Participation Effort in Elizabeth City
A comprehensive community survey was conducted by the City in January
197S. A similar survey was conducted by the county in April 1975. Over
300`city residents responded to the city survey and over 800 Elizabeth
City township residents responded to the county survey. The results of
these surveys were valuable in .identifying citizen concerns. The res-
ponses in both these surveys for Elizabeth City residents were remark-
ably very similar. This similarity indicated that the surveys did identify
major concerns and problems within the community.
-47

Next followed a series of meetings with key civic groups, organizations and
other clubs to bring before the residents a clear understanding of CAMA and
the need for more direct public involvement and participation beyond the
survey approach. Planners within the area attempted to reach as many groups
as possible. Groups or organizations were also requested to form subcom-
mittees to keep abreast of CAMA planning. work with the local planning
staff and keep the other club members informed. The NAACP was the only
organization in Elizabeth City to follow through on this request. All told
at least 87 local organizations were provided an opportunity to learn about
CAMA and participate in the planning process. However, this lack of interest
again prevailed, as only 6 clubs responded to a development questionnaire
and only 4 went so far as to allow the planner to meet with the members and
actively discuss their concerns'about future development. Nevertheless,
20 local organizations did allow the planning staffs in this area to at
least present to them what CAMA was all about. Approximately Soo persons
were reached through these organizations.
The newspapers and radios have also been utilized in this community in the
hope of educating and calling attention to CAMA. Special editorials
appeared, as well as regular articles about CAMA. The newspaper and radio
were also used to advertise upcoming citizen forums and other meetings rele-
vant to CANIA.
Recognizing that citizens adjacent to the City limits but within the City's
planning district, an area experiencing growth pressures, should have more
opportunity to participate, the planning staff initially sent personal let-
ters to 50 large property owners in this area asking them to meet with
the planner and present their concerns and problems about development.
Five such property owners were in attendance. Later, letters were sent to
over SO farmers and property owners within this area asking them to again
meet with the planning staff and bring other land owners to discuss possible
goals and objectives for future growth. Only 4 such owners were in atten-
dance at this meeting. Effort was made in obtaining their input by having
alternative meeting times and holding the meetings between crops.
The City's Urban Advisory Committee has been and continues to be used exten
sively as the primary formal citizens' body for participation in CAMA. The
planning staff works with a subcommittee from this group, and a detailed
discussion about LAMA. has been possible, as well as active participation in
the planning process. This Advisory Committee has been used.to identify the
major concerns and problems within the community as indicated by the survey
results and their input. In addition, they have been instrumental in deve-
loping possible goals and objectives for the community.
Recognizing the need to involve more citizens in the formation of possible
goals and objectives, evenings during July and August 1975 were scheduled
for citizen forums. Through newspaper ads and radio announcements, citi-
zens were invited to meet together with the planning staff and help formu-
late possible goals and objectives. The nominal group process was utilized
to focus the groups' thoughts and aid in documenting the group effect. Con-
cerns were ranked and tentative goals Formulated to meet these cony:. ;.
corns. All told,. over 20 persons were in attendance. Survey results were
reflected in the 62 major concerns matched with appropriate goals and pos-
sible.objectives were identified. From these meetings 9 broad and tenta-
tive goals under 3 major policies were formulated and have gone through the
-48-

various City boards and committees for review, change, expansion and ulti-
mate adoption by the City Council for the May 1976 submission date.
By November 1975 the Draft Land Use Plan was prepared and endorsed by the
City Council for submission to the Coastal Resources Commission for their
review. Effort continued in obtaining public participation prior to the
finalization of the plan by releasing the synopsis of the Draft Land Use
Plan to the public after the Coastal Resources Commission had reviewed the
Draft Land Use Plan. In March and April of 1976 over 850 Synopses were re-
leased with approximately 150 mailed to major land owners (approximately 5
acres or more) within the Elizabeth City extraterritorial planning jurisdic-
tion. Each Synopsis contained a questionnaire to be used by the resident
in reviewing and commenting on the Draft Land Use Plan. Only 35 question-
naires were returned. Several citizen forums were held in March to re-
ceive comments on the Draft Land Use Plan. One person attended the first
forum, and five persons attended the second one. In addition, the City
Planning Board and City Council Subcommittees reviewed the Draft Land Use
Plan again and made final recommendations for the final plan. A public
hearing was held on May 11, 1976 with public access to the Draft Land Use
Plan 30 days prior to the hearing. The City Council adopted the final
Land Use Plan through special session on May 20, 1976 after review and
approval by the Council Subcommittees.
Summary of Citizen Concerns or Problems
In the January 1975 citizen survey for Elizabeth City four major questions
concerning growth in the community was put before the citizens sampled by
the survey. These questions were open ended and multi -response or free
choice was permitted. The questions and generalized or categorized reponses
are listed below:
(-1)—What-do-you 1-ike-most-about-Elizabeth City?
Res ones
a mall, quiet, friendly town with favorable
characteristics
(b) Lived here all my life
(c) Availability of facilities and services
(d) Other
T=
(2) What do you like least about Elizabeth City?
Responses
a Not enough jobs and cost of living
(b) Lack of facilities and services
(c) Not enough recreation
(d) Negative attitudes
(e) Negative environment -health and welfare problems
(f) Other
T=
(3) What do you think is the most serious problem in
Elizabeth City?
Responses
a No jobs, low income, economy, prices
(b) Lack of facilities and services; not enough growth
(c) Environmental problems
(d) _ Negative disinterested attitude and discrimination
(e) Not enough recreation and entertainment
(f) Other
-49- T=
Percentage
65%
15%
12%
6° 0
WF
Percentage
30%
24 %
16%
10%
10%
10%
262
Percentage
33%
31%
20%
9° 0
6° 0
1° a
270

(4)
What goal should our community establish for the next few years?
,
Res pnses Percentage
a) Provide industrial growth, )obs, economic growth 420
—
(b) More and improved facilities and services with better
health and welfare programs .34%
,
(c) General and specialized recreation 15%
,^
(d) Citizen participation or involvement 7%
(e) Other 1%
'
T= 25f—
Other concerns were identified by this 1975 survey and include the following:
'
(1)
57% of all those responding rated Elizabeth City a good to excellent place
to live.
(2)
81% of all those responding rated the City's general economic condi-
'
tions as very poor to fair.
_
(3)
94% of all those responding wanted to see more growth in the community.
(4)
68% of all those responding wanted to see industrial and economic
'
growth in the community.
(5)
73% of all those responding wanted to see more tourism or tourist
—
facilities in Elizabeth City.
(6)
91% of all those responding wanted to have more recreational parks,
,
facilities and services provided in the community.
(7)
75% of all those responding wanted to see more general outdoor parks
and facilities, including camping and playgrounds.
'
(8)
45% of all those responding thought that the community had environ-
mental problems and 47% of these respondents thought that traffic
and other noises were to blame.
(9)
68% of all those responding thought that slight to moderate racial
problems existed in the community.
(10)
70% of all those responding thought that there was a slight to
moderate problem of insufficient or inadequate shopping facilities
'
and 45% of these respondents thought that malls were needed while 410
wanted more, competitive stores.
(11)
68% of all those responding thought that there were only slight to
'
moderate opportunity for citizens to participate and have a voice in
community affairs or government.
When
asked if urban growth should be retained almost 50% of those responding
'
disagreed
or disagreed strongly. However, over 50% of the respondents to
the
following survey issues either agreed or agreed strongly that these
issues
were of important concern:
'
Issue
Percentage
(1)
Provide increased services to the elderly 94%
(2)
Provide better housing for the elderly 92%
—
(3)
Promote economic development in general 90%
(4)
Promote a slum clearance program 90%
'
(5)
Provide better housing for the poor 89%
—
(6)
Provide more recreational facilities and programs 89%
(7)
Attract more industry 87%
'
(8)
Provide more indoor recreation facilities 87%
(9)
Promote a rehabilitation program for existing sub-
standard -housing 85%
'
-so-

F
'71
i
ri
Issue
T6T Cooperate fully and interact positively with the
county
(11) Promote beautification of the waterfront area
(12) Develop more natural parks, forests, picnickingior
camping areas
(13) Provide better biking trails, lanes or facilities
(14) Promote historic preservation
(15) Promote downtown area as trade center through urban
renewal
(16) Support more cultural activities (music, art, drama,
museums, etc.)
(17) Secure more federal or state funds
(18) Provide for conservation of the natural environment
(19) Promote urban growth
(20) Provide more industry in place of existing agriculture
(21) Promote tourism and tourist attractions
(22) Build a swimming pool
(23) Provide more land use control and zoning
(24) Provide more control on mobile homes
Percentage
85%
84 %
83 %
82%
82%
81%
81%
80%
79%
74 %
69%
68 %
66%
63%
55%
The county initiated a citizen survey in April and March 1975. Elizabeth
City township residents had an opportunity to respond. The following
issues were in both the city survey and county survey and the results are
presented here for comparison of city/county attitudes to major issues.
(Percentages are of those responding who agreed or agreed strongly.)
Item City Elizabeth City County
Survey Township Results Survey
Results From County Survey Results
Agree or agree strongly
The City's future development
must be planned
93%
94%
The appearance of our community
needs to be improved
89%
90%
Our natural resources and wild=
life should be protected
88%
94%
More emphasis should be placed
on community growth (more
emphasis should be placed on
population growth)
82%
72%
Our historic assets should be
preserved
82%
83%
The area needs more technical
industries
82%
82%
The area's agricultural lands
are very important and should
be protected from unrestrained
urban development
68%
71%
-51-
93 %
87 %
9/1a
74 %
84 %
76%
72%

Item City Elizabeth City County
Survey Township Results Survey
Results From County Survey Results
Agree or agree strongly
The area needs more agricultural
related industries
68%
69%
73%
The area should be developed as
a destination point for tourism
(should the area develop tourist
Industry?)
61%
78%
75%
Economic development is more impor-
tant than environmental protec-
tion
53%
35%
36%
The responses to these issues from both county and city residents were re-
markably similar. However, city residents tend to view economic develop-
ment as more important that environmental protection Where as county resi-
dents did not. County residents tended to rank development of tourism higher
than did city residents.
In addition to the citizen surveys, all clubs and organizations within
Elizabeth City were asked to fill out a development questionnaire pre-
pared by the City Planning Staff. Out of total mailing list of over 87
organizations the following organizations responded and represented the
interest of their members:
(1) Negro Women's Community (15 members)
(2) Rural Development Panel (25 members)
(3) PTA Council (50 members)
(4) Oak Grove Community Club (50 members)
(5) Pasquotank County Extension Homemakers (100 members)
(6) Elizabeth City Area Chamber of Commerce (250 members)
The following concerns were given top priority to one or more of the above
mentioned clubs:
(1) Protection of productive or unique agricultural lands
(2)- Conservation of natural and wildlife environments
(3) Land development constraints such as floodways and wetland wooded
swamp areas
(4) Historic preservation
(5) Provision of tourist or scenic resources
(6) Environmental problems including water pollution and control of new
industries
(7) Develop sidewalks, bikeways, and walking trails
(8) Promote commercial development
(9) Promote industrial development
(10) Promote recreation development
(11) Promote urban growth in general
-52-

To determine the needs and desires of the business community, the plan-
ning department surveyed 26% or 54 of the over 200 Southgate Mall and
downtown businesses, Individual, business owners were contacted and per-
sonal interviews conducted to find out how the business areas would like
to grow within the next ten year period and identify major problems or
' concerns, Responses were as follows,
(1) Future growth
(a) Promote downtown revitalization including
'
-Downtown mall 59%
-Waterfront beautification 28%
-Master plan for revitalization 15%
'
(b) Deal with traffic problems
-Parking needs 33%
-Road improvements 13%
-Bus service 2%
'
(c) Increased recreational and
entertainment activities 20%
(d) Promote industrial and
'
business growth 20%
(2) Major problems
(a) Traffic flow problems
-Streets too narrow, pedestrian
'
accessability, improve side-
walks, bank traffic 25%
_
(b) Parking problems 24%
'
-Inadequate off street
parking, inadequate on -
street parking
(c Loading zone pro lems 210
-Not enough enforcement of
existing zones
(d) Street problems 70o
1
-Existing street conditions,
mall traffic flow
'
In addition to citizen surveys and development questionnaires, informal
citizen forums were held in late July and August in an attempt to receive
—
additional input as to citizen concerns, as well as begin to establish
'
goals, policies and objectives. Also, City functions (Planning Board,
City Council members and City Urban Advisory Committee) were involved in
this effort to identify major concerns, problems, possible policies and
'
objectives.
The following listing identifies all the major land use concerns or prob-
lems as reflected in the citizen surveys, citizen forums and by city
'
functions:
(A) Urban Growth
Future development must be planned,
(2) Community appearance must be improved.
(3) More emphasis should be placed on urban or community growth.
--
(4) Provide improved and additional zoning.
'
(5) Lack of facilities and services -not enough growth, including schools,
health care, bus service, etc.
'
-53-

(B)
(C )
(D)
(E)
(6)
Lack of downtown parking,
'
C7)
Renewal of blighted areas and slum clearance,
_
(8)
Provide sidewalk improvements,
(9)
(10)
Provide street improvements,
Provide special commn�nity facilities (day care centers, elderly
programs, etc.)
-'
(11)
Provide better housing for the poor.
(12)
Provide more control on mobile homes.
(13)
Provide more land use control and zoning.
_
Economic Growth
e area needs more technical industries.
,
(2)
More agricultural related industries are needed.
trade center through downtown revit-
_
(3)
Promote downtown area as major
alization, including a downtown mall and waterfront beautification.
,
(4)
Provide more shopping facilities, especially mall areas and
(5)
competitive stores.
The area should develop a tourist industry with tourist attractions.
-
'
(6)
Economic development is more important that environmental pro-
tection.
-
(7)
In general, economic development should be promoted.
(8)
Attract more industry and provide for industrial growth.
'
(9)
Provide more jobs.
(10)
Provide more industry in place of existing agriculture.
--
(11)
Lack of jobs, poor economy and high cost of living.
'
(12)
Provide more tourist amenities such as larger hotels and motels.
Environmental
Concern
1
Natural resources (and wildlife) should be protected.
(2)
Agricultural lands are very important and should be protected from
'
unrestrained urban growth.
(3)
Provide for conservation of the natural environment.
_
(4)
Environmental problems, such as flooding, traffic, water pollution.
'
(5)
Flood drainage control.
(6)
Historic assets should be preserved.
Recreation Concerns
Provide more recreational facilities and programs.
(2)
Develop more natural parks, forests, picnicking or camping areas.
(3)
Provide specialized tourist amenities, such as boating, parks,
gardens, etc.
,
(4)
Provide for environmental education (zoos, aquarium, nature trails,
etc.,)
(5)
Provide public swimming areas.
'
(6)
Provide better bikeways and facilities.
(7)
Waterfront beautification (improve waterfront area).
Other Concerns (Citizen Forums)
1
Provide adequate housing Tor all regardless of income.
,
(2)
Provide special community functions and facilities including job
placement, career counseling, youth programs, guidance programs,
civic center (auditorium).
,
(3)
Provide public mass transit system.
(4)
Import money instead of export.
--
(5)
Consolidation of county and city governments.
(6)
Draw young people into governmental functions and involve them
with community development.
-54-
'

'
(7) Concerns are too broad -need to pick only 3 to 4 major concerns.
(8) Need to avoid duplication of services, functions and facilities
'
among various agencies and departments, including housing, social
services, community services, and facilities and city/county
--
relationship.
(9) Problem of local area or government losing control to state or
'
federal authorities,
_
(10) Establish Public Relations Committee with the function of dissem-
'
inating information about Coastal Area Management Planning and
about Elizabeth City.
(11) Implement a few goals now (immediately) to generate interest and
-`
facilitate implementation of other goals.
(12) Improve the City's image.
'
(13) Need several diversified industries instead of one or two large
—
ones.
(14) Problem of not capitalizing on prior plans and available re-
'
sources.
(15) Problem of inadequate water extensions to serve growth area.
—
(16) Need to improve programs and projects to keep youth here.
(17) Need to provide good paying jobs.
(18) Problem of very little progress in the area.
—
(19) Problem of providing more economical energy.
(20) Provide a mall on Main Street from Water to North Road.
(21) Problem of existing industries keeping other industries out.
(22) Involve citizens at the beginning of a plan.
'
(23) Need more black representatives on City boards,
(24) Use vacant lots for mini -parks. Need neighborhood parks in
blighted area.
CITIZEN REVIEW
OF THE DRAFT LAND USE PLAN
In the early part of 1976, a synopsis of the Draft Land Use Plan was pre-
'
pared after initial review by the Coastal Resources Commission in December,
—
for public distribution. Over 900 copies were distributed between February
and May 1976. Each synopsis included a synopsis questionnaire to obtain
'
citizen concerns, views or problems concerning the draft Land Use Plan.
Distribution was through a mailing list of major land owners in the extra-
territorial limits, presentation to many civic and community clubs and
through individual request. The return of the questionnaire was very low
'
with only 35 respondents. A 10o confidence level was achieved.
'
According to the synopsis survey results, most respondents were of the
attitude that the coverage of most things mentioned in the draft Land Use
Plan was adequate. The respondents to the survey saw flood -control, revi-
talization of the downtown area, a lack of industry, poor economic condi-
tions, and a lack of recreational and cultural activities as major problems
of the area. A majority of the respondents found citizen concerns or prob-
lems to be adequately covered, and felt the same concerning proposed
poli-
cies and goals to guide future growth. When asked about the Land
Classi-
fication Map, most respondents found it to be adequate and in accord with
the policies and goals. Adequate was also the term used by most respondents
—
to describe the proposed Areas of Environmental Concern. As for future
development, the respondents would like to see proper zoning practices used
-55-

and have a small increase in population. In addition, most respondents
were of the attitude that the City Council and Planning Board should utilize
and implement the Land Classification Map and Land Use Plan as a policy
guide to guide future growth, Although only 35 residents responded to this
survey, 60% of them live within the city limits, 25.7% reside outside the
city limits but within the City's zoning jurisdiction, and 14.3% reside
outside city limits and zoning jurisdiction, but within the county. A
minority of the respondents, 44.1% own land within Elizabeth City Planning
Area. Of these people owning land, 68.8% own land within the city limits.
A public hearing on the Land Use Plan, as required by the Coastal Area
Management Act, was held at 10:00 A.M. on May 11, 1976 in the Agricultural
Extension Building. This was a joint public hearing by the City and County
and was attended by about 50 people. The purposes of the public hearing
were:
(1) To meet the requirements of the Act for a public hearing on the Land
Use Plans.
(2) To make sure that the City's plan was in agreement with the County's
Land Use Plan, especially in areas adjacent to both the City and County.
(3) To provide citizens of Elizabeth City and Pasquotank County an oppor-
tunity to review and make final comments on the proposed final Land
Use Plan.
After Mr. Howard Capps explained the County's Land Use Plan, questions con=
cerning designations of certain land, farmers' rights, and mostly the Coastal
Area Management Act were asked. Next i,Ir. .Tames Bradshaw, Planning Director
for the City, outlined the City's Land Use Plan. Questions followed. Although
the hearing was held to discuss the Land Use Plans, the citizens attending
were more concerned with CAMA and voted unanimously against the Act in a
polled response. A record of this hearing is on file with the City Manager's
Office.
i
7
i
-56-

N
04-

Land Potential
An analysis has been made of land potential with consideration given to
the general development suitability of the lands within the Elizabeth
City planning area, A major purpose of this analysis is to assist in
preparation of the land classification map, as required by the Coastal
Area Management Act planning guidelines. In addition, this analysis
indicated possible areas of environmental concern. Three major develop-
ment constraint categories were examined, including:
(1) Physical limitations for development
(2) Fragile areas
(3) Areas with Resource Potential
PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS FOR DEVELOPMENT
Physical limitations for development within the Elizabeth City Planning
Jurisdiction include those areas likely to have conditions making deve-
lopment costly or causing undesireable consequences if developed. The
areas of concern include the following.
(1) Climatic conditions
(2) Air quality
(3) Soil conditions
(4) Geological conditions
(5) Hydrology -(ground water and sources of water supply)
(6) Hazard areas, including man-made areas, flood hazard areas and erodible
areas
FRAGILE AREAS
Fragile areas have been identified within the Elizabeth City Planning area
and include those areas which could easily be damaged or destroyed by
inappropriate or poorly planned development. The following areas were
evaluated:
(1) Hydrology (surface water)
(2) Estuarine waters and public trust waters.
(3) Fish population
(4) Complex natural areas and areas which sustain remnant species
(5) Wooded swamps:
(a) Ecological potential
(b) Forest potential
(c) Wildlife potential
(d) Recreation potential
(6) Historic sites
(7) Scenic areas
AREAS WITH RESOURCE POTENTIAL
Areas with resource potential were identified within the Elizabeth City
planning jurisdiction and include the following:
i
-59-

(1) Important soil types: Prime agricultural soils and wooded swamp areas.
(2) Mineral site evaluation.
—
(3) Publicly owned or managed game .lands.
(4) Publicly owned non -intensive outdoor recreation lands.
Physical Limitations
CLIMATIC CONDITIONS
,
The Elizabeth City area enjoys a moderate climate, with mild winters and
_
warm, humid summers. The nearness of the ocean and the large water areas
of the sound have a moderating effect on temperatures, both winter and sum-
mer. This is pronounced when winds are blowing from the northeast, but is
of little consequence when offshore winds prevail. In the warm season, the
cooling effect of the sea breeze is greatest in late spring and early sum-
mer, when coastal waters are still cool, but it still brings some modera-
tion of high temperatures in July and August.
—
Temperatures drop below freezing in this area on a little less than half
'
the days in December, January and February, but daytime temperatures almost
invariably rise above 32 degrees. There is, on the average, only one or
two days per year on which the mercury remains below the freezing point
throughout the entire day. Readings as high as 80 degrees can occur at any-
time of year, but are very rare in winter. No temperature as low as zero
has been recorded in the past forty-five years. Once or twice during this
period, an entire winter month has passed without any freezing weather,
day or. night.
Intermittent cool spells of several days duration occur through June, but
.
the weather is usually quite warm and humid during .July and August.
—
Although the average daily maximum temperature is nearly 90 degrees in July,
extremes of heat are comparatively rare. On the average a reading of 100
degrees is reached on only one day per year, and sometimes two or three
years pass without any such occurrence. Autumn weather is usually quite
—
pleasant, being characterized by warm, sunny days and cool nights.
The proximity of large bodies of water results in a longer growing season
than is the case over inland areas of North Carolina. The average length
of the freeze -free growing season in the Elizabeth City area is over 225
,
days. The average date of last occurrence of a temperature as low as 32
degrees in the spring is March 27; of 28 degrees, March 12; of 20 degrees,
February 12. The average date of first occurrence in fall of a temperature
,
as low as 32 degrees is November 9; of 28 degrees, November 19; of 20
degrees, December 17.
—
Rainfall is usually ample and well -distributed throughout the year. Average
rainfall is greatest during the summer months when the need for water to
support crops and industry is greatest. The driest weather usually comes
-
in the fall, at the harvest season. Winter rainfall comes from the effects
of moving low pressure storm systems, resulting in intermittent rainy periods
of from one to occasionally two or three days in length. Summer rains come
-
principally in the form of brief showers and heavy thunderstorms, which are
seldom of more than rj few hours duration. While there are occasional dry
,
60- 1

AVEI
TEMPERA'
VARIA
(1935-
I
AVEI
TEMPERAI
VARA
(1935-11
AVEI
DIREC
VEL04
(If
(MILES/ M
N
SUNS
(II
ESTIMI
D,
RADIX
L ANGI
AVER
HO
SUNS
ANC
(1936-19
CLIMATIC
DATA
-
ELIZABETH
CITY
JAN
FEB
MAR
APR
MAY
JUN
JULY
AUG
WEPT
OCT
NOV
DEC
IAGE
92
92
„ IOI ,
(Q....
98
UR[
80
80
.....
73.3
76.T
.._
T7.6
.........95
•
....42.9
�.T
679
72.3
_
.77
I46H
OF)67
41.6
W0.7
`
'4=1
4O
8
31.3
443
27�
-
�i
AVERAGE
19
a
6 _
. -
' _ _
Low
I
2
12
18
13
5
HIGNp
GAYS ABOVE 900
LOW
to
URE
,ION
74)
16
13
8
1
6
13
DAYSBELOW 320
IAGE
N
WND
FION
WIND DRECTION 5
AND
E80DlRECTION ARROW
ITY
IS PONTING
174)
UR)
11.7
12.1
12.5
IL8
10.3
9L3
es
8.7
9.7
10.4
10.7
ILI
3
OTHER DATA:
EAN
IAYS
24
OF
IINE
19
20
20
19
21
MAXIMUM AVERAGE DAILY
T4)
18
16
13
TEMPERATURE= 900 IN
13
14
THE SUMMER
GROWING SEASON
(FREEZE FREE]=
OVER 225 DAYS
(MARCH 27 THROUGH
TEO
NOVEMBER 9)
ION
900
880
800
350
500
MAXIMUM DAILY RAIN-
E N
223
313
378
410
Sys
24J
FALL (1934- 1965)s 63r
200
AGE
JRS
OF
223
237
304
311
Y96
282
337
220
IINE
156
174
I
161
DATA SOURCE+
NATIONAL OCEANIC
ATMOSPHERIC AD-
,40
13�9
MINISTRkATION
NL
10.37
�
12.01
IN
8.4
8A3
-
9.30
%73
i!S
_4
7.77
7.82
�
T.11
x'a
MAXUKIM
74)
5.33
6.42
5.0a
3.61
3.76
3.84
b.42
3.29
b.62
b.I•
3.30
23
AVERAGE
-61-

spells or periodic droughts of several weeks in spring or sunjmer, pro-
longed or severe drought during the growing season is very rare. A series
of closely -spaced thundershowers or a storm moving northward in the
coastal area will occasionally cause a period of excessive rainfall. The
maximum daily rainfall recorded between 1934 and 1965 was 6.37 inches in
June 1945.
While there is an occasional snowfall in the Elizabeth City area, it is
usually very light, often melting as it falls. Some snow falls during
most winters, but no winter month receives an average of as much as two
inches. Heavy snowstorms have occurred, but they are a rarity. Only
very infrequently does any appreciable amount of snow remain on the ground
more than a few days.
Although the passage of tropical hurricanes or the remnants of such storms
in this general vicinity:at times cause very heavy rainfall, they have
rarely had any destructive effect in the Elizabeth City area. Hurricanes
Hazel, Connie and Ione, which passed through North Carolina in 1954 and
1955, did very little damage in this part of the state other than excessive
flooding.
Winds blow more frequently from the southwest than any other direction
during most of the year, but prevailing winds are from the northeast -in
autumn. The average speed of the wind is about nine to ten miles per
hour.
The relative humidity varies considerably with the time of day; on an
average it rises to 80 percent or a little higher in,the early morning
hours, dropping off steadily after sunrise and reaching 60 percent or
lower at mid -afternoon. More than half the daylight hours are sunny at
all seasons, and in summer the sun shines, on the average, about two-
thirds of the daytime period. The average annual solar radiation based
upon an accumulative yearly summation through 1962 for the Elizabeth City
area is over 400 langleys. This high solar radiation is very conducive
to extensive use of solar energy.
The chart on the following page illustrates the climatic conditions pre-
vailing in the Elizabeth City area.
AIR QUALITY
Air quality can be greatly affected by industrial and transportation land
uses. The planned industrial park for Elizabeth City could influence the
quality of air in this area. This section on Air Quality discusses air
quality and land uses with special attention given to types of industries
Elizabeth City should attract in order to minimize air pollution and main-
tain existing low pollution levels.
AIR POLLUTANTS
Six major air pollutants have been identified by the U.S. Environmental.
Protection Agency and include carbon monoxide, hydro -carbons, nitrogen
oxides and total suspended particulates. Exposure to high concentrations
of these pollutants can result in respiratory and eye ailments, as well as
-62-

—
other infections.
The following table lists these major air pollutants
with their related
causes.
MAJOR AIR
POLLUTANTS AND SOURCES IN URBAN AREAS
POLLUTANT
PRINCIPAL SOURCES
COMMENTS
(1)Sulfur Dioxi e
(a)Electric power
Concentrations occur aroun 1n-
'
(S02)
generation (40%)
dustrial complexes. Short and
(b)Space heating
long term exposure is critical.
(30%)
(c)Other combustion
'
of fuels in in-
dustrial pro-
(2)Carbon Monoxide
cesses (30%) .
(a)Motor vehicles
Maximum concentrations occur
(CO)
(90%)
adjacent to high use roadways,
--
(b)Other combustion
as well as auto generators.
sources (10%)
Short term exposure is criti-
'
cal.
Nitrogen Oxides
(a)Stationary
Least complex of all pollutants;
(NOx)
source combus-
no removal processes for sta-
tion (50%)
tionary sources are available.
(b)Motor vehicles
(50%)
'(4)Total
suspended
(a)Many sources in-
Concentrations depend upon
particulates
cluding combus-
particle size distribution;
r
(TSP)
tion (station-
industrial, transportation
ary_and-mobile)_,_and-heating_sour_ces_contri.-
crushing and
bute also.
grinding ope-
rations and
'
natural sour-
ces. These
--
particles re-
main suspended
in air before
settling out
'
in snow, rain
or by their own
--(5)Hydrocarbons
(a)Motor vehicles
Not very serious in themselves.
(HC)
(60%)
More serious in combination
(b)Industrial pro-
with nitrogen oxides.
J
cess and evapor-
ative losses from
storage facilities
40%
`(6)Photochemical
(a)Produced by ac-
Complex chemical reaction with
Oxidants (OX)
tion of sunlight
wide spread coverage from sin -
on HC and NOx
gle source, Control of HC is
compounds most
best strategy for reduction
often in the
of Ox.
'
morning hours.
'
-63-

Data Source: (Major Aix Pollutants and
Sources in Urban Areas)
,
(a) A Guide For Considering Air Quality
in Urban Planning, E.P.A.
_
Potential land use sources of pollution
include transportation, industry and
other uses including solid waste incineration,
space heating, crop dusting
,
and fires. The most publicized source of
pollution is transportation, parti-
cularly motor vehicular transportation.
The combustion engine burning fos-
sil fuels creates a serious air pollution problem. Transportation land use
activities are a major source of carbon
monoxide, nitrogen oxides, and hydro-
,
carbons. A second major pollution source is from industry. Emissions of
sulfur dioxide, particulates, nitrogen oxides, hydro -carbons and to some
extent carbon monoxide are traceable to
industrial sources. '?ic following
,
table shows these various sources of pollution:
GENERAL AIR POLLUTION SOURCES
SOURCE
TYPES
(1) Industrial Sources (a)
Space heating
'
(b)
Process heating
(c)
Separate process emissions
(d)
Solid waste disposal
(2) Transportation Sources (a)
Automobiles
(b)
Gasoline and diesel trucks and
.—
buses
(c)
Diesel rail vehicles
'
(d)
Electric rail vehicles
(e)
Air craft and airport operations
(3) Other sources- (a)
Solid waste incineration
(b)
Space heating of commercial,
institutional and residential
facilities
,
(c)
Evaporative losses from Petro-
chemical service, including gas
stations, fuel oil delivery etc.
(d)
Agricultural crop dusting and plowing
(e)
Forest and urban fires
T
Data Source:
'
(a) A Guide For Considering Air Quality
in Urban Planning, E.P.A.
AIR QUALITY STANDARDS
Under the N.C. Air Pollution Control Law certain maximum limits for ambient ,
air quality have been established. An atmosphere in which these standards
are not exceeded should provide for the protection of the public health,
plant and animal life, as well as property. The standards are based upon
the Federal Environmental Protection Agency standards for the 6 major pol-
lution agents, including sulfur dioxide, suspended particulates, carbon
monoxide, photochemical oxidants, hydrocarbons and nitrogen dioxide. Under _
the Federal Clean Air Act of 1970, the Envi-ronmental Protection Agency ,
-64-

-- established priiiiary and secondary standards for air quality, The primary
standards for the most part were to be met by 1975 and are based princi-
pally upon acccpvible or adequate air quality for the protection of human
_ health, The secondary standards were established for general welfare
from any known or anticipated adverse effects associated with air pollu-
tants, including damage to vegetation, as well as aesthetic and other wel-
fare considerations. The secondary standards are more stringent than the
primary standards, and although the Federal Clean Air Act of 1970 called
' for them to be implemented within a reasonable time limit, the N.C. 1972
Law was formulated to be in accord with these secondary standards. The
following table lists these agents with their associated state and federal
regulatory standards.
STATE AND FEDERAL AMBIENT AIR
QUALITY STANDARDS
POLLUTANT
PERIOD OF
PRIMARY SECONDARY
'
MEASUREMENT
STANDARD
(FEDERAL
(N.C. STATE
STANDARD)
STANDARD)
1)
Sulfur Oxides
Year
60
None
r
(sox)
24 hours
260
None
3 hours
1,300
1,300
'
(2)
Suspended Parti-
Year
60
6o
150
culates (TSP)
24 hours
150
—
(3)
Carbon Monoxide
8 hours
10,000
10,000
—�
(CO)
1—hour
40,-000
4G'OGO
3 hours
160
160
(4)
Photochemical
1 hour
160
160
(5)
Oxidants (Ox)
Hydrocarbons
3 hours
160
160
(HC)
—
(6)
Nitrogen Oxides
Year
100
100
(NO2)
24 hour
250
None
—
Data
(a)
Sources:
National Ambient
Air Quality Standards Pursuant
to the Clean
'
Air Act of 1970.
(b)
State Ambient Air
Quality Standards
Pursuant to
the N.C.
Air Pollution Control
Law of 1972•
Notes:
(a)
Concentrations are averaged over each
period of
measurement.
Annual TSP concentration is a geometric mean of
24 hour sam-
ples. All other
concentrations are
arithmetic
mean values.
�.
Standards for periods of 24 hours
or less may not
be ex-
ceeded more than
onve per year.
(b)
All units of measurement are expressed in micrograms
per
cubic meter of air.
-65-

AIR QUALITY IN ELIZABEM CITY
The Air Quality of the Division of Environmental Management for the State
of N.C. has a permanent sampling station located at the water plant in
Elizabeth City. Since 1972 daily sampling of particulates, sulfur dio-
xide and nitrogen dioxide occurs, There have been no 24-hour standard vio-
lations at the City site for the past three years. The annual average is
also well below the established standards. The following table presents
the annual average for pollutants in Elizabeth City.
ANNUAL AVERAGE OF AIR POLLUTION LEVELS IN
ELIZABETH CITY 1972 - 197
POLLUTANT
1972
1973 1974
ESTABLISHED
STANDARD
Particulates
43
48 43
6o
Sulfur Dioxide
5
5 6
60
Nitrogen Dioxide
20
11 12
100
Data Source: "
(a) State Surveillance Data from Air Quality Office (DNER)
Note:
(a) All numerical values are expressed in micrograms per cubic
meter of air.
At the present time the other major pollutants are not measured in Eliza-
beth City. There are no plans at the present time to place additional
monitoring stations here or to measure the other pollutants. Precise deter-
mination of pollution concentration patterns and effects upon various re-
ceptors within the Elizabeth City area would require a more comprehensive
study of all pollution emission sources within the area with consideration
given to other conditions, such as climate or topography. This study would
be more useful at a regional scale, since pollution concentrations in one
location could possibly effect receptors throughout the area and these con-
centrations could occur from emission sources throughout the region. Also
a regional air quality study would identify areas of existing pollution
concentration levels and patterns or movement of these concentrations so
that land use development in specific areas would be planned in relation-
ship to the pollution concentrations patterns in order to minimize net im-
pact on total regional air quality levels.
AIR,QUALITY AND LAND USE PLANNING
Land, use activities have an impact on air quality. Also consideration of
air ,quality within an area has implications for land use planning within
the area. The Elizabeth City area and surrounding regions has relatively
low pollutant concentrations, indicating that the region can tolerate large
pollutant levels without exceeding the state standards. Land use planning
in the area can be effective in maintaining these low pollutant concentra-
tions. The particulate pollutant concentration at the Elizabeth City moni-
-66-

toring site is high, averaging oyer the last 3 years approximately 750 of
the standard, Land use planning is not an effective means for the reduc-
tion of this air pollution problem, because land use activities may be
only a small percentage of the total air pollution sources. However,
land use planning can aid towards insuring that these levels do.not sub-
stantially increase. In addition, land uses or activities should be
planned so as to be carefully related to existing pollution concentra-
tion patterns, as well as meet the state's air quality standards and be
located as to reduce air pollution impact on critical receptors, such
as schools, parks, nursi,ig homes and hospitals.
The E.P.A. have identified three land use factors that have primary
influence on air quality. These factors are as follows:
(1) The mix of land use categories.
(2) The location of land use categories.
(3) The intensity of land use activities.
Air quality is highly sensitive to the amount of manufacturing and trans-
portation related land use categories because the pollutant emissions
from these uses are far greater than from other land uses, The following
chart illustrates this situation.
POLLUTANT EMISSIONS BY LAND USE CATEGORY AND TRANSPORTATION ACTIVITY
Land Use Category
i
—' Residential
10 Dwelling units/acre
20 Dwelling units/acre
30 Dwelling units/acre
50 Dwelling units/acre
80 Dwelling units/acre
1
1
1
1
Pollutant Emissions
(lb./year/acre)
TSP
so
CO
HC
NOx
25
1
35
12
7
180
120
4
54
85
180
120
4
54
85
250
160
5
75
120
200
140
4
63
100
Commercial & Industrial
Commercial
60
45 1
12
95
Manufacturing
Light
1100
1100 10
140
850
Heavy
5400
5400 60
900
5400
Research
2
15 1
5
35
Distribution
60
45 1
12
95
Open Space 0 0 0 0 0
Other Emission Factors
Highway (lb/106 vehicle- 700 400 11000 1000 1500
miles)
Parking Lots (lb/103 hrs
[idling) 4 12 3 1
Data Source:
(a) The'Contribution of Urban Planning to Air Quality, E.F.A.
-67-

Air quality, as can be seen from the prior table, is most affected by land '
uses having high pollutant emissions rates. Reduction of manufacturing or
transportation land use activities would have more influence in improving
or maintaining air quality than only providing more open space in a highly I
industrial area.
Perhaps a major consideration for land use planning is the dispersion of
land use categories that have high pollution emissions levels throughout '
the total planning area. Such dispersion of'large emission sources results
in a larger effective mixing area for the pollutants and eliminates or re-
duces pollutant concentrations in one or more areas. Also of importance is ,
the location of land uses less sensitive to air pollution effects near or
adjacent to land uses that have higher pollutant emissions. Critical re- ._
ceptors should be located in areas of lowest pollutant emissions. Density ,
or intensity of land uses also have an effect on air quality, since air
pollution concentrations are higher when the density of the land use pol-
lution sources is high. However, density of land uses has less effect on
pollution than does land use mix or land use location. 1
In order to insure that the desired industrial growth within the Elizabeth
City area is in accord with the existing clean air quality, consideration
must be given to establishing an adequate industrial or manufacturing land
use mix. E.P.A. has rated various industrial types according to their air _
pollution emission characteristics. Of importance is for a community to '
seek,those industrial types that offer an industrial mix with minimum po-
tential to pollute the air. The table on the following page lists various
major industrial types with their pollution characteristics. The list is
a general guideline and can be used'as an index for making industrial loca-
tion decisions based upon air quality criteria.
The following table is a generalized indication of the amount of pollu-
tion that can be expected from the various industrial pollution emission
types:
GENERALIZED INDUSTRIAL EMISSION RATES '
(GRAMS
OF POLLUTANT
PER EMPLOYEE-HR.)
,
Industry
Type
SO?
Particulates
CO
HC
NO,
A
6
5
2
6
6
,
B+
24
15
22
20
18
B -
75
86
75
53
46
13-
176
220
220
198
132
;
C
530
660
1320
595
350
Data Source:
E.P.A.
(a) A Guide
for Considering Air
Quality in
Urban Planning,
NOTE: ,
These numbers are based upon fragmented data. The use of this table
for significant air quality studies and decisions is not advised
at this time due to the premliminary nature of the emissions esti-
mates.
-68-

GENERAL POLLUTANT CLASSIFICATION CODE FOR VARIOUS INDUSTRIES
' "A" indicates industry of the given SIC presents no air quality problem for the
pollutant considered.
"B" indicates only a finite number of the given industry may be located in a
given area. Care.should be taken in location process.
"C" indicates a critical industry with respect to air quality. Expert advice
should be solicited in choosing and locating these sources.
Standard
'
Industrial
S02
Particulate
CO
HC
NOx.
-'
Industry
Code
Emission
Emission
Emission
Emission
Emission
Type
(SIC)
Class
Class
Class
Class
Class
._'
Food Products
20
B-
B
A
A
B-
Textiles
22
B+
A
A
B
B
'
Apparel
23
A
A
A
B
B+
Lumber & Wood
24
A
A
A
A
A
Furniture
25
A
A
A
A
A
Paper Products
26
C
B-
A
B
C
Printing & Publishing
27
A
A
A
C
A
—
Chemical
28
B-
B
B
B
B-
Petroleum
29
C
C
C
C
C
— ,
Rubber & Plastics
30
B+
A
A
B+
B+
Leather Products
31
B
A
A
B-
A
w
Stone, clay & glass
32
B
B
A
A
B
Primary Metals
33
B
B
B-
A
B
Fab. Metals
34
A
A
A
B-
A
Machinery
35
B+
B+
A
B+
B+
Elec. Machinery
Transport Equipment
36
37
B+
A
A
A
A
A
A
B+
A
A
Professional, Scientific
Precision made inst.
38
A
A
A
A
B
Miscellaneous Manu.
39
B+
A
A
B
B+
— Data Source:
' (a) A Guide for Considering Air Quality in Urban Planning.E.P.A.
NOTE: B+ indicates a range c oser to the c lassi
B- indicates a range closer to the "C" classification
. Note that each of these categories covers a wide range of emission values.
-69-

The table on page 69 should not be used for specific air quality studies '
or decisions, but can aid in estimating the emission characteristics of
various industries. Obviously the grade B- and C industries can be expected
to be the worst and should not be encouraged to locate in a community un-
less comprehensive emission or pollution control devices are installed and
continually monitored.
Topography and climatic cond;.tions can also have an effect upon air quality. '
However, in flat or homogeneous topographical areas, air quality is not as
greatly affected by terrain. Development variation such as building place-
ment or roadway clearance could be more important than the natural topo-
graphy. The following table lists topography elements within the Eliza-
beth City area that could have an effect upon air quality:
PRINCIPAL EFFECTS OF AREA TOPOGRAPHY UPON
AIR QUALITY PATTERNS
TOPOGRAPHIC FEATURE EFFECTS
Regions of (a) Enhanced turbulence near the ground during mod -
tree cover erate or strong winds, resulting in lower con-
centrations for locations near sources.
.(b) In fully covered regions, blockage of elevated
plumes, resulting in lower concentrations at
--
ground level.
(c) Holds moisture which maintains cooler surface
,
temperature resulting in a settling out of vari-
ous pollutants into the tree area.
(d) Provides pollution absorption field and helps
,
reduce pollutant concentrations.
(e) Protects and enhances underlying soil absorption
characteristics.
,
Bodies of (a) Increased moisture content in the local atmos-
water phere, favoring fog formation at low-lying spots,
and affecting the removal rate of S02 and other
pollutants from the atmosphere.
(b) For larger bodies of water, formation of local
circulation (lake and sea breezes) which can
cause ground level fumigation on the landward
side of sources, during sunny daytime conditions.
Data Source:
r
(a) Hackensack Meadow Lands Air Pollution Study Summary Report E.P.A.
According to the above table, preservation of tree and water areas can be
viewed as important for improving or maintaining adequate air quality.
'
Climatic conditions can affect air quality through wind speed and direction,
atmospheric turbulence, humidity, available sunlight and precipitation
characteristics. These climatic conditions can determine the concentra-
tion of air pollutants. For example, higher wind speed provides greater
air volume for pollutants to disperse. The following table lists climatic
,
conditions and associated air quality effect.

EFFECT OF CLIMATIC CONDITIONS OF AIR QUALITY
CLIMATIC CONDITION POLLUTION EFFECT
(a) Wind direction
(b) Air turbulence
(atmosphere stability)
(c) Wind speed
(d) Air flow patterns
Downwind dispersion and transport of
pollutants
Dispersion rate increasing with increased
turbulence
Dispersion rate increases with greater
wind speed
Pollutant concentration
Data Source:.
(a) A Guide for Considering Air Quality in Urban Planning, E.P.A.
Air flow patterns can be significantly affected by land development forms
such as buildings. Various pollution flows or concentrations can be created
by building or street configurations. For example, large buildings that
block air flow create downwind traps for pollutants from automobiles in
the streets around the buildings. Arranging building configurations to be
in accord with wind direction to allow free air flow will limit these po-
tential traps.
BUFFER ZONES AS AN AIR POLLUTION CONTROL LAND USE MEASURE
Air pollution, as well as noise pollution, can be reduced or minimized
-- through the use of buffer zones. Obviously distance from the source of
—� pollution-o"ollutant-concentrat on is one type of -buffer zone, but
vegetation and other open space topography can be utilized as absorption
fields to disperse or absorb pollutants. Buffer zones along transporta-
tion arteries are of particular importance, since the automobile and other
modes of transportation are such a significant polluter•of the environment.
Buffer zones along streets or highways, can effectively separate pollution
from various receptors. Buffer zones can achieve this seperation if they
are restricted to open space uses, possess no buildings lining the highways,
remain free of potential receptor land uses and utilize vegetation. Use
of vegetation buffers seem to aid in minimizing adverse impacts of pollu-
tants upon specific receptors.
In establishing proper buffer zones, size of the zone and type of vege-
tation are important. In general, size studies indicate that from 50% to
75% reduction in particulate pollutants can be anticipated over a 600 foot
wide strip of vegetated open space. Coniferous tree species seem to
offer greater absorption characteristics, since these have continuous
' leaf growth and leaves are possibly the most effective means of absorp-
tion. Although very little is known about the degree of absorption or fil-
tering as related to degree of pollution concentration, studies have shown
that certain tree species, such as petunias and bougainvillea, are efficient
in cleansing the air.
-- In addition, vegetation buffer zones absorb sound or noise pollution, and
' coniferous trees are more effective at this than deciduous species. To
achieve adequate noise reduction along a highway, vegetation and trees
should be in 65 to 111 foot wide belts with shrubs 6 to 8 feet tall
-71-

nearest the traffic lanes and 15 to 30 feet tall trees in the backup rows.
The tree and shrub belt should begin approximately 20 to 50 feet from the
nearest traffic lane in an urban setting and 50 to 80 feet in rural setting.
-
PARK
,
AIR QUALITY AND ELIZABETH CITY'S INDUSTRIAL
The industrial park study for Elizabeth City identified the industrial
f
development potential of the area as based upon the 1974 Economic Develop-
ment Administration computerized program to determine the most favorable
industries for the area. All industries rated average to most favorable
-
were,selected for consideration.
By relating these industrial types picked by EDA to the General Pollutant
-
Classification Code for Various Industries, a general determination can
be made in regards to the most.favorable industries for this area based
,
upon air pollutant characteristics. This comparison is very general, and
each specific industry should be evaluated in more detail. However, some
general evaluations can be made, for example, the suggested EDA industrial
'
type for this area with the most concern with respect to air quality is the
corrugated and solid fiber box industry. An industrial potential analysis
—
matrix has been prepared and each selected EDA industrial type, as well
as other possible industries for the area, have been rated according to the
General Pollutant Classification Code for Various Industries. The reader
is referred to The Economic Development Strategy and Industrial Implemen-
tation Matrix Gui a for the Proposed Elizabeth City Industrial Park for
the general EPA air quality rating for eac i ustry.
LAND USE CONTROLS AND AIR QUALITY
Zoning ordinances and performance standards provide a method of controls
over desired air quality. Performance standards provide regulatory control
over pollutant concentrations, and zoning regulations provide for more com-
patible land uses. Performance standards can be established based upon _
state or local desired air quality standards. Typically performance stan-
dards deal with smoke, particulates, toxic or noxious matter and sulfur ,
oxides. Although performance standards usually cover only industry, they
could be extended to cover other land uses, as well as other pollutants. The Elizabeth City Zoning Ordinance is without any performance standards
and should be amended to include them. The following table lists various
industrial sources that could potentially locate in the area and their _
associated control equipment required to meet federal performance standards. ,

� r■it r� r� �f rl r� �(r�t +ril �■�it�r� rt.�� �� r� �� �f rrrl r
i
REQUIRED CONTROL EQUIPMENT FOR SELECTED NEW INDUSTRIAL SOURCES AS ENFORCED BY THE FEDERAL NE1V SOURCE PERFORMANCE ST.AIDARDS
SOURCE AFFECTED FACILITY POILUTANT OPACITY CONTROL EQUIPMENT EXPECTED OVERALL COLLEC-
REGULATION TO MEET PERFORMANCE STD. TION EFFICIENCY
Steam Generators
Coal and oil fired boilers
Far
iculates
x Precipitator �coai)
ya
(250 million BTU/hr)
Coal and oilfired boilers
SOX
Scrubber of low-S fuel
70-90
Coal, oil, and gas fired
NOX
Combustion modification
65-90
boilers
Municipal incinerators
Incinerator
Particulates
X Precipitator
95
(50 tons per day)
Portland cement plants
Kiln, clinker cooler
Particulates
X Precipator or fabric
99.3-99.7
1
filter
Asphalt concrete
Process equipment
Part*culates
X Cyclone and abric filter
99.7
plants
or venturi scrubber
Petroleum storage
Gasoline, crude oil,
Hydr
carbons
Conservation vent, floating
and distillate storage
roof, or vapor recovery
tanks 65.000 gal.
systems
capacity
Secondary lead Blast and reverbera- Fartacuiates A raUrll: 1111C1 v1 111g„
smelters and tory furnaces I energy scrubber
refineries
Sec0 ary brass an Reverberatory furnaces Particulates X Fabric Filter 98.'
bronze refining
facilities
Sewage treatment Sludge incinerators Particulates X Venturi scrubber 99.6
plants
Data Source:
(a) Guideline for Air Quality Maintenance Planning and Analysis, Vol. 4, E.D.A.

Spacing controls in zoning ordinances can be utilized to avoid localized high
concentrations of air pollutants. For example, filling stations are a source
of reactive 1hydrocardon pollutants and the location or over concentration
of these stations can be regulated based upon oxidant levels to insure pro-
tection for various receptors such as residences or schools in the area.
These types of spacing controls should be based upon the air quality or pol-
lutant concentration pattern within the entire region or area.
Building codes and site controls could also be utilized to reduce air pol-
lution or maintain air quality. For example, site controls could insure
that building location or placement takes into account building orientation
for improved air flow and energy use improvements. Building codes could
encourage greater energy savings with reduced energy related pollutants.
The Environmental Protection Agency is responsible for reviewing and regula-
ting indirect pollution sources. The following table indicates indirect
sources requiring approval by E.P.A. However, unless significant development
was to occur in the Elizabeth City area, the City would most likely not be
affected by this requirement and would need to initiate its own regulations
through its zoning powers.
INDIRECT POLLUTION SOURCE REQUIRING APPROVAL BY E.P.A.
Location Sources Minimum size for review Minimum size for review of
or impact of carbon impact on photochemical oxi-
monoxide air quality dant and nitrogen oxides air
standards quality standards
Urban area New roads and 20,000 vehicles per 50,000 vehicles per day
(SMSA) highways day (average) (average)
Modified roads and 10,000 vehicles per day 25,000 vehicles per day over
highways over existing traffic existing traffic (average)
( )
New Airports
Modified airports
Other indirect
sources, new
Other indirect
sources, modified
Nonurban area Airports
Other indirect
sources, new
Other indirect
sources, modified
average
50,000 operations or 1.6 50,000 operations or 1.6 mil -
million passengers per lion passengers per year
year "-
50,000 operations per 50,000 operations per year in- ,
year increase over ex- crease over existing level, or
isting level, or in increase of 1.6 million passen
crease of 1.6 million gets per year ,
passengers per year
Parking for 1,000 No analysis required
cars or more
Parking for 500 cars or No analysis required '
more over existing
number
Same as in urban areas Same as in urban areas '
Parking for 2,000
cars or more
Parking for 1,000 cars
or more over existing
number
No analysis required
No analysis required I
Data Source: 40 CFR 52.22 (b) (2), (February 25, 1974). '

i
i
i
i
i
i
SOIL TYPES AND CONDITIONS
The top sixty inches of surface soils within the Elizabeth City area were
derived from unconsolidated beds of marine deposited loamy sands, sandy
loams, silts and clays. In general, these soils do not have the most
favorable properties for urban development. For example, analysis of the
Pasquotank County Soil Survey prepared by the U.S.D.A. Soil Conservation
Service indicates that in general all soils found in the Elizabeth City
area possess severe limitations for septic tank systems. However, many of
the soils have favorable properties for agricultural and forest uses,
especially if careful management practices are applied. The area's
nearly level terrain, high water table, poorly drained soils, poor struc-
tural sub -soil conditions and other unfavorable soil properties place
severe limitations on urban development and expansion. Without the use
of community or public water and sewer systems, which are expensive,
special building designs or soil modifications, the area's unfavorable
soil conditions for the most part pose serious problems for urban deve-
lopment. At best the soils in this area have only marginal suitability
for development and some particularly wet land soil types are absolutely
unsuitable for any type of development.
The Pasquotank County Soil Survey was published in 1957 and is considered
to be currently valid. However, the survey is general and not detailed
enough for specific site analysis. A detailed soil examination should be
conducted by soil specialists to determine the characteristics of a speci-
fic site for an intended use. For example, a large area might be identi-
fied by.the survey as having unfavorable properties for septic tank use.
However, a detailed soil examination of a site within the area might
identify it as suitable for septic tank disposal systems. The general
soil sis va ua urveyble as a planning tool, -for—it can aid in identifying
in general the most satisfactory areas, as well as least satisfactory
areas, for urban development and expansion.
For purposes of interpretation, the soils found in Elizabeth City area can
be grouped into seven major associations. These soil associations vary
from favorable soil associations to least favorable. The soil map in the
Appendix displays these major associations and lists the limitations and
land use ratings for each association in terms of selected uses. The
major associations and major soil types for each association are as
follows:
Association
Association
Association
Association
Association
I
Association
Association
I: Pasquotank, Barclay, Weeksville
II: Bertie, Othello
III: Dragston
IV: Pocomoke, Portsmouth
V: Bayboro
VI: Elkton, Bladen
VII: Mucky peat, swamp
The following table lists each association and indicates the general limita-
tions associated with each association:
-75-

ASSOCIATION
Association I
GENERAL LIMITATIONS OF SOIL ASSOCIATIONS
GENERAL DESCRIPTION GENERAL LIMITATIONS
Very fine sandy loam,
silt loam
Association II Fine sandy loam
Association III Fine sandy loam
Association IV Fine sandy loam,
mucky loam
Association V Silt loam, fine
sandy loam
Association VI Silt loam, fine
sandy loam
Association VII Mucky peat,
swamp
Moderate permeability, moderately
well drained, shrink -swell potential,
low water table, moderate intensive
drainage required, suited for wide
range of vegetation.
Slow permeability, moderately poorly
drained, shrink -swell potential,
medium water table, moderate inten-
sive drainage required, suited for
wide range of vegetation.
Poorly drained high susceptibility
to water and wind erosion, very
slow permeability of subsoil, con-
tinuing waterlogging after drainage,
shallow soil depths, low moisture
holding capacity. Moderate salinity,
low -fertility not easily corrected.
Moderate permeability, high water
table, medium shrink -swell and
flooding potential, severe suscep-
tability to water or wind erosion,
shallow soils, low -moisture holding
capacity, frequent overflow, exces-
sive wetness and hazard of water-
logging after drainage, slight salin-
ity.
Same as Association IV. Also bot-
tom land soils subject to frequent
overflow, level of nearly level and
rocky soils, ponded areas.
Requires intensive drainage,
difficult to work and drain,
severe erosion hazard, stoni-
ness, shallow rooting zone,'
excessive wetness or overflow,
low moisture capacity, salinity,
slowly permeable to water.
Associated with wetlands, flooding,
erosion or erosion hazard, shallow
soil; stones present; wet soil; high
salinity, low moisture capacity;
very poor drainage, water table
at or near the surface, decomposed
organic deposits or vegetation
in various states of decomposition.
-76-
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SOIL LIMITATIONS
A soil constraint map is included in the Appendix. This map locates the
most severe soil types for development. The most severe soil types are
defined as those soils which have one or more properties so unfavorable
for an intended use that overcoming the limitations is most difficult and
costly. Reclamation is extreme, requiring the soil material to be removed,
replaced or completely modified. Also areas of soils with the most serious
properties for any type of development are shown. In addition, locations
of soils containin¢ a high water table and with drainage problems are
shown. As evidenced by. this map, major portions of the City have serious
soil problems for any type of development.
Soil types associated with wooded swamps have severe to very severe limita-
tions for development. The soils have high organic matter content and
low topographic position associated with swampy areas. Soils with these
characteristics include the following:
Association 2: Woodstown
' Association 3: Bibb soils
Association 4: Pocomoke mucky loam
Association 5: Bayboro mucky loam
Association 7: Mucky peat, swamp
Association 7, which includes the large swamp area north of Elizabeth
City and other drainage basins, covers 1805.28 acres or 18.80% of the
' total planning area. Soils in this association are the most sensitive
or have the most restrictive conditions for development, as well as
support the ecologically important wooded swamps. Although peat soils
—, are -extracted -in -other -states -and -Canada -for -use -as -garden -and -flower
soils, as well as other uses peat is not excavated in any wooded swamp
in Pasquotank County for business or industrial use.
' SUITABILITY OF SOILS FOR SEPTIC TANKS
Generally, the suitability of soil for septic tanks in the Elizabeth City
area is poor. Only eight soils in the Elizabeth City planning area are
suited to the use of septic tanks. Those that are suitable for the use
of septic tanks are fine sandy loams and loamy fine sand. The term
"suitable" applies to any soil that can handle a septic tank with no
mechanical modifications needed to the soil and/or the septic tank system
design. "Provisionally suitable" applies to any soil that is initially
unsuitable, but can be made suitable by mechanically modifying the soil
and/or the septic tank system design. Following is a table of all the
soils found in the Elizabeth City planning area and their suitability for
eptic tanks.
' SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SEPTIC TANKS IN THE ELIZABETH CITY PLANNING AREA
i
SOIL INDIVIDUAL SUITABLE SUITABILITY (in acres)
ASSOCIATION SOILS PROVISIONALLY UNSUITABLE—
GROUP SUITABLE
Ba
Pa
Pb
Wa
808. S3 (8.42 0)
98.91(1.03%)
109.47 (1.14 0)
146.92(1.53%)
-77-

Soil Suitability for Septic Tanks in the Elizabeth City Planning Area-(cont'd)
SOIL INDIVIDUAL SUITABLE
ASSOCIATION SOILS
GROUP
1 Ka
Ga 38.41(0.40%
Mb 54.73(0.57%
SUITABILITY (IN ACRES)
PROVISIONALLY UNSUITABLE
SUITABLE
115.23(1.200,J)
Totals 93.14(0.97%) 923.76(9.62%) 355.30(3.70%)
2 Bg
Bh
Bk
Da
Db
Na
Wb
Mc
Md
Sc
5.76(0.06%)
361.06 (3.76%)
548.31(5.71%)
590.56(6.15%)
11.52(0.12%)
945.85 (9.85%)
429. 23 (4.47%)
227.58 (2.37%)
205.49(2.14%)
133.48 (1.39%)
Totals 366.82(3.82%) 0(0%) 3092.02(32.20%)
3 Da 683.70 (7.12%)
Db 309.20 (3.22%)
Bm 146.92 (1.53%)
Fa 253.51(2.64%)
Totals 0 (%) 992.90(10.34%) 400.43(4.17%)
4 Pc 625.13(6.51%)
Lb 4.42(.05%)
Totals 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 629.55(6.56%)
5 Bc 14.40(0.15%)
Totals 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 14.40(0.15%)
6 Ea
64.34 (0.67%)
Ec
162.28 (1.69%)
Bn
24.97 (0.26%)
Bo
0.96(0.01%)
Bp
34.57(0.36%)
Totals 0 (0%) 0 (0%) 287 . ].2 (2.99%)
7 Mf 867.11(9.03%)
Sd 938.17 (9.77%)
Totals 0 0 1805.28 (18.80%)
Sum Totals 459.96 (4.79%) 1916.66 (19.96%) 6584.10 (75.25%)

' Soil Suitability for Septic Tanks in the Elizabeth CityPlanningArea-(cont'd)
_ y r
Data Sources:
(a) Soil Survey; Pasquotank County, NC, Soil Conservation Service, U.S.
Department of Agriculture, 1957.
(b) Soil Associations of the Coastal Area Management Region, Soil Conser-
vation Service, U.S. Department of Agriculture, 973.
(c) Report on Land and Water Resource Use Problems related to the "Carrying
CapacitX of the Coastal Area oT N.C. Coastal Resources Commission, 1976.
' (d) Elizabeth ity Planning Department
(e) Local Soil Conservation Service
'
Note:
Soils suitable for septic tanks
--
Galestown loamy fine sand
Matapeake fine and very fine sandy loams
Nixonton very find sandy loam
Woodstown fine sandy loam
Soils provisionally suitable for septic tanks:
'
Pasquotank very fine sandy loams
Klej loamy fine sand
Dragston fine sandy loam
Dragston very fine sandy loam
'
There are 6.680 of unknown soils in this tabulation due to technical error.
'
Out of 9602.55 acres in the area, 459.96 acres (4.79%) are suitable for
septic tanks, 1916.66 (19.96a) acres are provisionally suitable for septic
—
tanks and 7225.55 acres (7S.25o) are unsuitable.
The areas of suitability and provisional suitability do not lie in the
—
floodway district, but are scattered in the floodway fringe district and
other potential flood hazard areas under the most adverse weather condi-
'
tions.
Soil limitations for most of the areas of suitability and provisional suita-
bility are designated "severe limitation for recreation" and a small por-
tion is designated "severe limitations for roads, dwellings, and septic
tanks". Although these limitations sound harsh, they are the lowest two
'
soil limitations in the Elizabeth City area.
Land use of these areas is varied. Existing developed land and low den-
sity residential sections are included in areas of suitability as well as
prime agricultural lands, and forest land. Land classification of the
areas are Transitional, Rural, and Developed and Conservation with Potential
Areas of Environmental Concern. The suitability areas do not overlap.
A soil analysis such as this can determine whether it is practical to make
—
a subdivision out of an area outside of the city sewer system and set a
priority list of subdivisions outside of the city sewer system that are to

be served by city sewer. As of now, there are 19 subdivisions in the Eliza-
beth City extraterritorial area, and only 4, the Coast Guard Housing, Herring-
ton Village, Rivershore Road and Oxford Heights are served by the city sewer
system.
SOIL SUITABILITY OF SUBDIVISIONS FOR SEPTIC TANKS
SUBDIVISION CITY
SEWER
SYSTEM
DENSITY
SOIL SUITABILITY FOR SEPTIC
TANKS
Brookridge Terrace
no
2.27
Unsuitable
Spalding Park
no
2.43
Southern section provision-
ally suitable, remaining
unsuitable
Coast Guard Housing
yes
0.49
Provisionally suitable
Chesterfield Heights
no
2.59
Northern section provision-
ally suitable, remaining
unsuitable
Chappell Gardens
no
2.59
Southern section provision-
ally suitable, remaining
unsuitable
Briarwood
no
2.59
Unsuitable
Forest Park
no
1.35
Northeastern section pro-
visionally suitable,
Brite Meadows
no
0.77
remaining unsuitable
Unsuitable
Hickory Acres
no
Unsuitable
Jethro Park
no
1.16
Northwestern section pro-
visionally suitable,
Rosewood
no
3.17
remaining unsuitable
Partially provisionally
suitable and suitable
Oak Grove
no
6.59
Provisionally suitable
and suitable
Herrington Village
yes
10.98
Unsuitable
Winslow Acres
no
Eastern section suitable
River Road
no
1..30
remaining unsuitable
Unsuitable
Peartree Raod
yes,
inside
3.07
Provisionally suitable and
city
limits
suitable except for places
where road crosses Charles
Creek
Rivershore Raod
yes,
inside
0.49
Northeastern curve provi-
city
limits
sionally suitable,
Ulster Gardens
no
remaining unsuitable
Northeastern section suit-
Oxford Heights
able, remaining unsuitable
yes
Provisionally suitable and
suitable
Data Source:
Elizabeth City Planning Department.
-80-

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GEOLOGICAL CONDITIONS
'file geology of the Elizabeth City area :is similar to other coastal lands.
The various geologic fornations are primarily the result of marine sedi-
mentation due to transgression and regression of the ocean in the area.
The upper geologic formation around Elizabeth City is sand and clay 140
feet thick and its existing or natural density is very weak in structural
carrying capacity, unless compressed with pilings or similar construction.
This formation is overlaid by several feet of firable topsoil with many
unfavorable properties for development. Solid bedrock exists below the
peedee formation at depths of over 2500 feet.
TOP SOIL S'
13'WATERTABLE ACOIAFER
SAND AND CLAY OF \
POST MpCENE AGE \
53'UPPER YORKTOWN ACOUIFER
145'
UPPER YORKTOWN 173'LOWER YORKTOWN ACOUIFER
FORMATION -BLUE -
GRAY CLAY IMPURE
LIMESTONE
IB8' BE Al1PORD ACOUFER
MIDDLE WOCENE
UNAMED FJRMATION
PNJSPATIC_WNE_S?5
Goo -CRETACEOUS ACOUIFER
SEAUFORD FORMATION
GLAUCOTIC SANDS
STAINED OUARTZ
BANDS
► FORMATION
ARLY CRETACEOUS _Ae3oo
01
BEDROCK
The underlying subsurface formations in the Elizabeth City area will not
withstand much pressure and coupled with the'unfavorable soil properties
pose serious foundation problems for urban development. Large buildings
will almost certainly require pilings, other special design or soil modi-
fication as based upon on -site. soil and subsurface conditions. Of impor-
tance is for a detailed soil and subsurface analysis to be performed by
-oil and geology specialists to determine the particular soil and subsur-
face limitations for a selected development use on a specific site.
In general, the top soils and underlying clay and sand subsurface in the
entire area are also unsuited for septic tanks due to a high watertable,
low rate of percolability and poor drainage. Consequently, extensive
use of septic tanks in this area pose serious ground water contamination
problems. However, within the area there are soils more suited for sep-
tic tank use and this determination can best be made on a site by site
analysis. Also, percolation tests are required by the Health Department
on all new dwelling sites utilizing septic tank disposal systems. (See
section on Suitability of Soils for Septic Tanks.)
-81-

The Elizabeth City area is in the lowest possible risk category for earth- '.
quake activity, as determined by seismic history of the area, To this date
Elizabeth City has not suffered from an earthquake or even damage from dis-
tant ones. The City lies along no known fault lines and is over 180 miles '
from the nearest suspected earthquake epicenter, Wilmington, North Caro-
lina. However, earthquakes have occurred in other areas reporting no prior
earthquake activity, and thus conceivably Elizabeth City could suffer an '
earthquake, although the chances of such an occurrence are remote.
GROUND WATER CONDITIONS
'
There are several major aquifer underground water systems in the area. The
shallow aquifers include the water table aquifer and the Upper Yorktown
—
aquifer. There are deeper aquifers, including the Lower Yorktown Aquifer,
Beaufort aquifers and Deep Cretaceous Aquifer. The aquifers are at varying
'
depths throughout the area. (See the geological strafication detail on
_
page 81 ). Water is drawn from the deeper sources, but its chemical makeup
in this area renders it useless for domestic or industrial purposes without
'
very extensive treatment. However, these deeper aquifers are major water
supply sources in Southeastern Virginia and Northeastern North Carolina,
but they become more saline with higher mineral content towards the coastal
'
area, including Elizabeth City area. There is evidence to suggest that
salt intrusion is increasing in these deeper aquifers, especially towards
major withdrawal centers. Also clays of considerable thickness and low
permeability retard the verticle recharge of these aquifers and thus limit
,
withdrawals. For example, withdrawals from the cretaceous aquifer in North
Carolina has resulted in the lowering of the aquifer at the rate of two
feet per year. The principle water source in the Ilizabeth City area
;
is from wells drawing water from the Upper Yorktown aquifer and water table
aquifer.
-
The quality of the Upper Yorktown aquifer and water table aquifer varies.
'
The most severe problems with ground water are hardness, iron concentra-
tion and chloride or salt content. In places, the Upper Yorktown aquifer
which is from 45-100 feet below the surface also suffers from salt intru-
,
sion, and the deep wells in the city well fields draw only saline water
from this aquifer. The quality of the water table aquifer, which is 5 to
—
13 feet below the surface and in places 1.20 feet thick, is generally more
'
acceptable for domestic purposes, although many residents use softening
equipment to treat for scale. The water also contains a high level of
corrosives and excessive iron concentration, and these corrosives are harm-
ful to pipes and water fixtures. In some areas the extremely high iron
'
concentrations (above .3 ppm) stain clothes and porcelain. These aquifers
are in marine sediments, and consequently, shells and marine skeletal
structures compose much of the aquifers. This sediment is made up of
;
silica and calcium and in combination with marine salts (potassium, sodium,
magnesium) cause scale and hardness. Also the concentration of free hydro-
gen ions makes the water corrosive. Chloride and iron concentrations in
the Upper Yorktown aquifer are occasionally above acceptable limits.
,
Elizabeth City utilizes a well field for its public water supply. The '
well.field draws water from the shallow watertable aquifer and Upper York-
town aquifer. From 750 to 1050 gallons per minute are drawn from these
two sources. The shallow wells are 30 feet deep and draw from the water -
table aquifer. The intermediate wells are 100 Feet deep and draw from the '
Upper Yorktown aquifer. Water from the shallow aquifer is high in corro-
-82- 1

sives, but low in salinity, Water from the Upper Yorktown aquifer is
high in both salinity and corrosives and must undergo extensive treatment
before it can he used. Currently, the City mixes water from these two
sources to obtain a low salinity. However, a severe and long drought could
render the well field useless with only brackish or saline water being
produced.
AQUIFER RECHARGE
Recharge of the shallower aquifers is primarily through precipitation via
the watertable aquifer. Deeper aquifers are recharged via vertical/hori-
zontal leakage through subsurface clays. The recharge rate depends upon
permeability and thickness of subsurface sediments, as well as hydraulic
head, but generally is very slow in the aquifers of Northeastern North
Carolina, because of the thickness and low permeability of subsurface
clays. This low rate of recharge also limits the potential yield of this
area.
The watertable aquifer is the most susceptible to pollution and particular
care should be taken in monitoring development in these areas with a high
watertable or where the watertable aquifer intersects with the surface.
These exposed underground aquifers act as funnels and water drains
primarily down these tunnels to recharge the aquifer. Excessive septic
tank use and other water contamination hazards should be discouraged or
minimized in these recharge areas.
Recharge areas can be swamps, rocky, barren or any type of terrain, but
_ are potentially located in the wooded swamp areas of Knobbs Creek and
_ areas to the North of the _City where the-watertable-is-the-highes-t_and
' surface land the lowest. Recharge areas may be identified by super-
imposing a contour map of the aquifer on a detailed topographic map of
`-' the same.land area. However, the lack of detailed topographical maps
' of the Elizabeth City area limits precise identification of the areas
where the water table aquifer intersects the ground surface.
The maps on the following pages provide information relative to hydro-
logical conditions in the area.
-83-

�f �1 �I �i �1 �f �l �l �f �J �I �1 �! �! �l �.1 �I �L�J

Mimi Mimi Mimi Mimi Mimi Mimi MIMI M1 M_I Mt Ml M,

'POTENTIAL RECHARGE AREA
CITY OF ELI;A*T4i3ITY WELL FIELDS
WTM
crry, NMTH CARMJM P�
n— C., P—q

III

1
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i
HAZARD CONDITIONS
Hazard areas within the Elizabeth City planning jurisdiction include man-
made hazards, such as airports, railroads and oil
storage areas, and
natural hazards, such as estuarine erodible areas
along the Pasquotank
River and flood hazard areas.
MAN-MADE HAZARDS
A major man-made hazard area effecting the Elizabeth City planning juris-
diction is the United Stated Coast Guard Air Station. An analysis of this
air station revealed the following:
ANALYSIS OF AIR STATION
ACTIVITY COAST GUARD AIR STATION
MUNICIPAL AIRPORT
Flights 6 training; unscheduled flights for
3 scheduled and unsche-
per day logistics, International Ice Patrol,
duled private flights
search and rescue research
Type of Military aircraft (except high-
Wheeler Civil Air Lines
users performance jet fighters and
(twin engine Cessna,
heavy aircraft such as C-141, KC-
single engine props
135, not suitable for civil carriers
and small jets.)
like Boeing 707 or DC-8 aircraft
Length of East west: 72191 x 15ffr
same
runway
Future Extension of sort runway, new
Master plan schedul,
plans and upgrading taxiways, instrument
includes taxiways,
landing facility
parking -areas -and
shelters
Problems Problem o flights during Tog in
Same, also aircraft
spring and excessive rainfall; if
parking, aircraft shel-
ceiling visibility below 500 feet
ters, better,taxiways
and less than one mile visibility
aircraft cannot land due to lack
of instrument landing facility.
Height restrictive zoning, but no
land use restrictive zoning.
Location Wee svil a Raod southeast of
Same
Elizabeth City and adjacent to
City planning jurisdiction
jacent Vacant undeveloped torest lamt,
Same
existing agricultural land, few residences,
land use river
Other man-made hazard areas include the following:
(1)
Bayside Oil Company
427 King Street
Storage Capacity: 20,000 gallons
20 000 gallons
(0,, 000-gallons
10,000 gallon tanks
Total:
Containers: Four
of gasoline
of fuel oil
-89-

(2) Crystal Enterprises, Inc,
1003 Wilson Street
Storage Capacity: 40,000 gallons of fuel oil
30,000 gallons of kerosene
15,000 gallons of hi -test
35,000 gallons of regular gasoline
Total: 120,000 gallons
Storage containers: Four 20,000 gallon tanks
Two 15,000 gallon tanks
One 10,000 gallon tank
(3) W.E. Ingram
209 Charles Street
Storage Capacity: 70,000 gallons of gasoline
.45,000 gallons of #2 fuel oil
36,000 gallons of kerosene
Total: 151,000 gallons
Storage Containers: Two 20,000 gallon tanks
Seven 15,000 gallon tanks
One 6,000 gallon tank
(4) Winslow Oil Company
1024 N. Road Street
Storage Capacity: 15,000 gallons hi -test gasoline
20,000 gallons regular gasoline
12,000 gallons kerosene
20,000 gallons diesel fuel and heating oil
Total: 67,000 gallons
Storage Containers: Two 20,000 gallon tanks
One 15,000 gallon tank
One 12,000 gallon tank
(5) Wright Ice and Fuel Co. Inc.
1105 Herrington Road
Storage Capacity: 12,000 gallons of kerosene
10,000 gallons of fuel oil
Total: �OO gallons
Storage Containers: One 10,000 gallon tank
One 12,000 tank
(6) Saunders Allen Oil Co.
Weeksville Road
Storage Capacity: 20,000 gallons of kerosene
20,000 gallons of diesel oil
20,000 gallons of regular gasoline
20,000 gallons of hi -test gasoline
3.000 gallons of varsol cleaning
Total:
Storage Containers:
83,000 gallons
Four 20,000 gallon tanks
One 3,000 gallon tank

'
(7) Quality Oil
_
1330 North Road Street
Storage Capacity: 20,000 gallons of kerosene
'
20,000 gallons of hi -test gasoline
6,000 gallons of lead-free gasoline
20,000 gallons of fuel oil
'
20,000 gallons of kerosene
Total: 86,000 gallons
Storage Containers: Four 20,000 gallon tanks
'
11 One 6,000 gallon tank
�(8). Elizabeth City Suburban Gas Service
Ward Street
'
Storage Capacity: 60,000 gallons of liquified petroleum gas
Storage Containers: Two 30,000 gallon tanks
(9) Southern Rail Road Lines
'
Number of trains per day: Total of six with two at night
Hazardous material carried: Agricultural chemicals, ammonia
'
NATURAL HAZARD AREAS: Estuarine Erodible Areas
Natural areas affecting the Elizabeth City Planning Jurisdiction include
'
the estuarine erodible areas along the Pasquotank River. Estuarine
erodible areas are those areas above ordinary high water where excessive
= '
erosion hasa high probability of occurring. The Soil Conservation Ser-
vice determined a 31-year shoreline erosion or recession line along the
Pasquotank River from the Riverside Avenue area of New'Begun Creek. Ero-
sion during this period in this area was calculated to be an average width
'
lost to erosion of 61.3 feet. This erosion can be considered severe and
is most noticeable in the Elizabeth City Planning Jurisdiction along the
_
Pasquotank River just above the Coast Guard Station. The existing vege-
tation is this area provides some degree of erosion protection and will aid
'
in halting the erosion. The deteriorated bulkhead in the area is an exam-
ple of the ineffectiveness of this type of erosion control.
'
The map on the following page illustrate& the man-made hazard areas and
severe erosion areas within or affecting the Elizabeth City Planning
_
Jurisdiction.
'
NATURAL HAZARD AREAS: Flood Hazard Areas
'
Elizabeth City is located in a flood hazard area. The highest flood re-
corded in the City occurred in 1954, as a result of Hurricane Hazel,
and
a flood height of 4.8 feet above mean sea level was produced. Flood
—
heights of 4.5, 4.2, and 4.1 feet above mean sea level have been reported
'
in subsequent years. These crests are caused by severe wind tide condi-
tions coupled with abnormal rainfall. Although Elizabeth City area is
_
subject to only slight lunar tide influence and -flooding due;_to abnormal
rainfall, wind tides pose a far more serious flood hazard condition. The
'
most severe combination of rainfall and wind influence could produce a
-91-

\� OIL CO.(-
11 MIMI ml MIMI

flood cresting at slightly over eleven feet. If this situation occurs.
all of Elizabeth C.ity's planning area would be flooded. According to
the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, which evaluated flood hazards in Eliza-
heth City during 1974, this type of severe flooding situation, although
rare, could occur, as based upon the meterological and hydrological con-
ditions that are considered reasonably characteristic of the geographical
area. However, the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers also delineated an inter-
mediate flood hazard situation that has an average frequency of occurrence
in the order of once in 100 years, as based upon statistical'analysis of
tide height records, stream flow records, rainfall and runoff character-
istics in the area. The intermediate flood hazard situation could produce
a flood height of 7.5 to 8.5 feet above mean sea level. A large portion
of the Elizabeth City planning area would be flooded by an intermediate
flood.
Because of the flood ha::ard situation in Elizabeth City, the City Council
' has adopted a Flood Plain Ordinance. The Flood Plain includes areas sub-
ject to flooding from an intermediate flood. Using the U.S. Army Corps
of Engineers delineation of flood ways, flood way fringe areas and general
flood plain of an intermediate flood, a Flood Way District and Floodway
' Fringe District boundaries of the General Flood Plain area have been
established. In general, the City Flood Plain Ordinance permits building
or construction to occur in the Flood Way Fringe District with first
floors elevated to 7.5 feet above mean sea level. In addition, other
restrictions in regards to the Floodway Fringe District prevent any type
of construction or activity which would be detrimental to the ability of
' the stream or flood way to discharge flood waters. Construction within
the Floodway District is only allowed upon issuance of a special permit.
—' The -City -is -eligible -to -receive -flood -insurance -through -the -Federal -Insur-
ance Administration. The Flood Insurance Administration maps used to de-
termine -eligibility for flood insurance reflect the Corps of Engineers
delineation of the flood plain. In July 1975, the Federal Insurance
Administration announced an intent to perform a detailed flood elevation
_ study to identify flood elevations within the City's flood hazard areas
for flood insurance purposes. The Corps of Engineers will also perform
this study.
1
The flood hazards areas within the Elizabeth City planning area are identi-
fied on a map in the Appendix.
Fragile Areas
HYDROLOGY: SURFACE WATER CONDITION
The Pasquotank River system is one of the largest surface water systems
in the Albemarle Sound region. The 'fiver is the primary southern outlet
for Dismal Swamp waters. In addition, the river serves as a section of
the Intracoastal Waterway. The river assumes almost tidal characteristics
near Elizabeth City and towards its confluence with the Albemarle Sound.
The river is more than 40 miles long and varies in depth from about 8 to
13 feet with occasional holes exceeding 30 feet. At Elizabeth City the
river widens into a large body of water. The river's bottom consists
' -93-

mostly of mud and detritus with many stumps and snags. Its shores consist '
principally of wooded swamps with few sandy beaches, Access to the river
is very limited.
In April 1961 streams throughout North Carolina were classified through the
,
provisions of the NC.0 General Statutes according to a system of water
quality classifications which rank surface water areas according to their
levels of pollution. These classifications were revised and adopted in .
'
October 1970 by the Board of;Water and Air Resources. In January 1971 the
Environmental Protection Agency approved the classifications. Stream seg-
ments are reclassified by the N.C. Environmental Management Commission.
following requests by individuals and subsequent public hearings. In 1972,
'
certain streams were upgraded to the next highest classification for the pro-
tection of the waters as recreation uses and propagation of fish. Thus;
the intent of the classification system is to provide minimum acceptable
'
quality requirements for streams in order for them to be maintained for
their present intended and best uses.
—
Due to the brackish nature of waters in the Pasquotank River basin, these
waters were not expected to be utilized for domestic water supply purposes.
Thus, none of the waters in the Elizabeth City area have a rating higher
than Class SB (water suitable for outdoor bathing). However, the City is
'
contemplating eventually drawing water directly from the river for its
domestic water supply and a request is being made for the current water qua-
lity classification of the river at and above the intake point to be up-
—
'
graded to Class AII, (water suitable for water supply).
The following table designates all the different classifications for water
quality standards as used in North Carolina:
,
CLASS DESIGNATIONS FOR WATER QUALITY STANDARDS
'
FRESH WATERS:
Class A-1 Suitable as source of water supply for drinking, culinary,.or.
'
food processing purposes after treatment by approved disinfec-
tion only, and any other usage requiring waters of lower qua'-
_.
lity.
Class A -II Suitable as a source of water supply for drinking, culinary or
food processing purposes after approved treatment equal coagula-
tion, sedimentation, filtration, and disinfection, etc. and
any other usage requiring waters of lower quality.
'
Class B Suitable for outdoor bathing and any other usage requiring
waters of lower quality.
Class C Suitable for fishing and fish propagation, and any other
t
usage requiring waters of lower quality.
Class D Suitable for agriculture and for industrial cooling and pro-
cess water after treatment by the user as may be required
under each particular circumstance.
'
TIDAL SALT WATERS:
Class SA Suitable for shellfishing for market purposes and any other ,
usage requiring water of lower quality.
-94- '

TIDAL SALT WATERS: (cont'd)
'
Class
SB Suitable for
bathing and any other usage except shellfishing
_
for market purposes.
Class
SC Suitable for
fishing and any other usage except bathing and
'
shellfishing
for market purposes.
Class
SD Suitable for
navigation and any other usage except fishing,
bathing, anc;
shellfishing for market purposes.
Data
Source:
DNER,
Office of Water and Air Resources
These classes can be depicted in the form of a pyramid as shown:
Highest use AI
All SA
B SB
C SC
D SD
Comparison of class desingations
The following classifications have been adopted for water segments in the
Elizabeth City area by the N.C. Environmental Management Commission.
WATER OUALITY CLASSIFICATION STANDARDS WITHIN THE ELIZABETH CITY AREA
STREAM SEGMENT FRESH OR CLASSIFICATION
TIDAL SALT WATERS SWAMP WATERS
Pasquotank
From Turners cut to Sawyers
C
SW
River
Creek
Sawyers
From source to Pasquotank
C
SW
Creek
River
Pasquotank
From Sawyers Creek to
C
SW
River
Norfolk -Southern Railroad
Bridge
Pasquotank
From Norfolk -Southern Rail-
SC
River
road Bridge to Knobbs Creek
Knobbs
From source to unnamed tri-
C
SW
Creek
butary at Brothers Abatoir
Unnamed tri-
From source to Knobbs Creek
C
SW
butary at
Brothers
Abatoir
Knobbs Creek
From unnamed tributary at
C
SW
Brothers Abatoir to Pasquo-
tank River
Pasquotank
From Knobbs Creek to
SC
River
Poindexter Creek
Poindexter
From source to Pasquotank
D
SW
Creek*
River
Pasquotank
From Poindexter Creek to
SC
River
unnamed ditch at McMorrine
Street
-95-

I
WATER QUALITY CLASSIFICATION STANDARDS WITHIN THE ELIZABETH CITY AREA (cont'd)
'
STREAM SEGMENT FRESH OR CLASSIFICATION
TIDAL SALT WATERS SWAMP WATERS
'
Unnamed ditch From source to Pasquotank D SW
at McMorrine River
Street*
,
Pasquotank From unnamed ditch at McMorrine SC
River Street to Charles Creek
—
Charles From source to Euclid Avenue D SW
Creek* in Elizabeth City
Charles From Euclid Avenue in Elizabeth C SW
Creek City to Pasquotank River
Pasquotank From Charles Creek to a line SC
,
River across the river from Hospital
Point to Cobb Point
Pasquotank From a line across river from
'
River Hospital Point to Cobb Point to SB
'Areneuse Creek
Data Source:
'
Department of Natural and Economic Resources
*These streams are currently under consideration for upgrading to Class C.
L
The map on the following page illustrates the classes for water within the
--
Elizabeth City area. For planning purposes the water segment rated Class
SB has the greatest potential for beach and swimming activities.
'
HYDROLOGY: SURFACE WATER POLLUTION WITHIN THE ELIZABETH CITY AREA
^'
'
Ten survey stations are used by the State Division of Environmental Manage-
ment to monitor water quality in the Pasquotank River basin. Four are lo-
cated near or at Elizabeth City. These survey stations primarily monitor
'
known pollution sources and do not indicate the degree of degradation through-
out the stream segment. Thus, water quality standards contraventions or
-
departures have not been precisely established for the entire river basin.
,
The early 1970's surveillance data from the monitoring stations near or at
Elizabeth City indicates low dissolved oxygen -values in this area. This
—'
data seems to indicate that natural conditions, as well as land run-off
may be a probable cause of this condition. The station upstream from where
there is effluent discharge from the City's waste treatment plan shows a
--
serious degree of water quality degradation at this point. Fecal coli-
form density is in excess of suggested limits and dissolved oxygen values
are below stream class standards. The most probable cause of this degrada-
tion is land run-off or unidentified pollution point sources.
'
The station downstream of the Highway 158 bridge in Elizabeth City also indi-
cates a serious degree of water quality degradation at this station. Dis-
solved oxygen values are below stream class standards and fecal coliform
,
densities are also in excess of suggested limits. The most probable cause
is the effluent discharge from Elizabeth City and land run-off. The sta-
tion downstream of Elizabeth City indicates a slight degree of water
'
-96-

R
cn
LU) l` ai �� i

degradation at this point. Fecal coliform density is slightly above sug-
gested limits. The probable cause is land run-off and discharges from
the City.
Major existing or potential waste water pollution discharge points near or
at Elizabeth City include the Elizabeth City Municipal Waste Treatment
Plant, IXL Furniture Company, L.R. Foreman Lumber Company and Brothers
Abbat Slaughter House. The hydraulic debarking of logs at L.R. Foreman
results in wastewater discharge into Knobbs Creek which is high in organic
material, resulting in lower oxygen levels for the Creek. The Company has
agreed to cease discharge of all log debarking waste by June 30, 1977.
Secondary treatment with nitrification is suggested. IXL Furniture Company
discharges domestic and cooling water into New Begun Creek after secondary
treatment. As of September 10, 1974 the sludge return system was inoperable.
The company has been instructed to achieve compliance with the effluent li-
mitations if full compliance by March 31, 1976. The City of Elizabeth
City discharges wastewater into the Pasquotank River after secondary treat-
ment. Although the Waste Treatment Plan was built with a waste handling
capacity of 3.0 million gallons per day to last the City well into the
19801s, there is severe infiltration throughout the City's sewer lines with
flow to the plant sometimes approaching and exceeding design capacity,
especially during periods of heavy rainfall. A 201 Sewer Facilities Study
is in the process to deal with this problem. The grease trap used by
Brothers Abbat prevents discharge and as of June 1973 the system was ade-
quate to prevent water pollution. The aerobically and anaerobically di-
gested sludge from the City treatment plan and IXL Furniture Company treat-
ment plant is dewatered and deposited by lagooning, burial, landfill and
distributed on the land. However, these wastes should not be placed so
that run-off will result in undue migration of sludge contaminants to sur-
face waters.
Non -point sources of water pollution within the Elizabeth City area are more
difficult to pin point. Non -point sources include urban run-off, agricul-
tural run-off and general land run-off. Water pollution by run-off is
through sediment with carry pollutants such as pesticides, phosphates,
wood product wastes and other forms of animal waste. Agricultural run-
off from fertilizers and feedlots within the area contribute substantially
to water pollution. There are no known mines adjacent to the river basin
that create silt or acid drainage problems. No problems with respect to
urban run-off has been identified. However, recent studies by N.C. State
University indicate that there is a total of 114,002 pounds of active
pesticide ingredients used in the Pasquotank River basin each year, and
agricultural run-off of these ingredients could be significant. Some
silting results from the wood product industry in the area, especially
through harvesting and unwise location of logging roads.
The map on the following page identifies survey stations and known or
potential pollution sources within the Elizabeth City area.
-98-
i
i

ESTUARINE WATERS BY LAW
Estuarine waters are defined in G.S. 113-229 (n) (2) as, "all the water of
the Atlantic Ocean within the boundary of North Carolina and all the waters
of the bays, sounds, rivers, and tributaries thereto seaward of the divi-
ding line between coastal fishing waters and inland fishing waters, as
set forth in an agreement adopted by the Wildlife Resources Commission and
the Department of Conservation and Development filed with the Secretary of
State entitled 'Boundary Lines, North Carolina Commercial Fishing Inland
Fishing Waters, revised March 1, 1965,' " or as it may be subsequently re-
vised by the Legislature. The dividing line on the Pasquotank River has
been established as the Highway 158 bridge linking Camden with Elizabeth
City or better known as the Camden Causeway Bridge.
Estuaries are among the most productive natural environments of North Caro-
lina. They not only support valuable commercial and sports fisheries, but
are also utilized for commercial navigation, recreation, and aesthetic pur-
poses. Species dependent upon estuaries such as menhaden, shrimp, flounder,
oysters and crabs make up over 90 percent of the total value of North Caro-
lina's commercial catch. These species must spend all or some part of
their life cycle in the estuary. The high level of commercial and sports
fisheries and the aesthetic appeal of Coastal North Carolina is dependent
upon the protection and sustained quality of our estuarine waters. The
next section on fish population goes into more detail concerning the signi-
ficance of the Pasquotank River for commercial and sports fisheries. How-
ever, many of these fish species aretfound upstream from the dividing line,
and the distinction as set forth in G.S. 113-229 (n) (2) does not adequately
address the natural, productive and significant water environments further
upstream or north of the City.
Nevertheless, for legal purposes the Pasquotank River and all tributaries
into this river from the Highway 158 bridge into Camden downstream to the
Albemarle Sound is considered part of the coastal estuarine system.
PUBLIC TRUST WATERS BY LAW ,
Public trust waters are those waterways, ocean waters within the state's --
jursidiction, natural bodies of water with public access and subject to ,
measurable lunar tides, and all navigable waters. The State of N.C. is
authorized to preserve, conserve or protect these waters under Article XIV,
Section 5 of the N.C. Constitution. Rights are granted to the public in
these waters for activities including navigation and recreation. In addi-
tion, these waters support valuable commercial and sports fisheries and
possess aesthetic or scenic value.
Several factors must be used to determine applicability of public trust
rights in artificially created bodies of water:
(1) Use of water by the public.
(2) Length of time public has used water.
(3) Extent to which artificial waters connect with natural bodies of water.
(4) Creation of artificial body of water requiring state approval. '
(5) Value of the artificial body for navigational purposes.
-100- _

- Navigable means capable of being navigated by oridinary modes of navi-
gation including recreation uses and refers to the natural condition of
the body of water at mean high water or ordinary high water and the con-
dition of the body of water without man-made obstructions that do not
' permanently or totally prevent navigation. Obstructions that can be
portaged around do not make the body of water non -navigable.
Generally, all the waters in the Elizabeth City area can be considered
public trust waters with the exception of various isolated ponds and
agricultural drainage facilities that are not navigable and do not con-
nect with natural bodies of water that are navigable. Certainly Knobbs
Creek and all the tributaries there in, can be considered public trust
waters for as far as they are navigable. The Pasquotank River and all
tributaries therein can be considered public trust waters for as far
as they are navigable. Also portions of Charles Creek can be considered
public trust waters for as far as it is navigable.
FISH POPULATION IN THE PASQUOTANK RIVER BASIN
High yields of anadromous fish species can be obtained from the Pasquo-
tank River. In addition, the productive estuarine water systems of the
Albemarle Sound area fosters almost a $45,000,000 commercial fisheries
business each year. The following table illustrates the quantity of
fish found in this river as compared to other near by rivers. (Data was
based upon Fish Net Sampling by DNER, Division of Marine Fisheries.)
ANADROMOUS FISH CATCH BY EFFORT IN 1973 FROM SELECTED
ALBEMARLE SOUND RIVER
TOTAL EFFORT TOTAL CATCH PER
IN MAN HOURS CATCH EFFORT
Perquimans River 852 41 .05
Pasquotank River 1814 90 .05
Knobbs Creek 24 117 4.36
North River 240 1 .01
Chowan River 128 0 0
Little River 2483 357 .14
Data Source:
(1) Fish Net sampling at selected sampling stations during 1973 by
Division of Marine Fisheries.
The sampling results indicated that high yields were to be found at the
upper portion of small creeks, such as Knobbs Creek. The dominant fish
found was River Herring. In fact, almost all of the River Herring found
in North Carolina's Coastal Waters cane from the Albemarle and Pamlico
Sound areas. The tributaries, rivers, and shore line environs of these
areas provide significant nursery grounds for River Herring and other ana-
dromous fish. Herring spawning activities have been observed in Knobbs
Creek upstream to one mile above State Road 1332 Bridge and upstream
along the Knobbs Creek tributary to the Church Street Bridge. Pollution
from industrial sources and fanning operations (slaughter house and pesti-
cides) probably account for the lack of herring population above these
points.
-101

In addition, herring nursery areas are concentrated along the Pasquotank
River through Elizabeth City. River herring are of major importance in t
the ecological food chain that feeds the larger ocean fish.
An abundance and variety of commercial and recreation fishes can be found ,
in the Pasquotank River in and around Elizabeth City. The following table
lists the various species found here:
FISH SPECIES FOUND AROUND ELIZABETH CITY BY TYPE' '
COMMERCIAL FISH RECREATION FISH
Blue Gill
Pumpkin Seed
Flier
Redfin Pickerel
Yellow Perch
Mud Sunfish
Warmouth
Chain Pickerel
Black Crappie
Large Mouth Bass
Red Breast Sunfish
American Eel
Blue Spotted Sunfish
Banded Sunfish
Golden Shiner
Mosquito Fish
Pirate Perch
Yellow Bullhead
Channel Catfish
Alewife Herring
Blue Back Herring
Bowf in
Swamp Fish
Data Source:
(1) Survey and classification of the Perquimans-Pasquotank-North Rivers
and Tributaries; N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission, 1965.
Although abundant in fish species, the Pasquotank River ranks slightly less
than other rivers in the Albemarle Sound Region, as illustrated by the
following table:
COMPARISON OF PASQUOTANK RIVER WITH OTHER ALBEMARLE SOUND AREA RIVERS
ACCORDING TO PREDOMINANCE OF FISH TYPES BY NUMBER OF FISH PER ACRE
FISH TYPE PASQUOTANK RIVER AVERAGE FOR ALL RIVERS
Commercial Fish
Recreation Fish
337 572
901 1.868
Data Source:
(1) (Survey and Classification): N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission, 1965.
The high degree of swam, 'rainage into the Pasquotank River is some what of
a limiting factor on fish productivity here. However, a high potential for
abundant fish yields exist in the Pasquotank River and along with other
coastal rivers and estuarine waters serves as one of the more important fishing
streams of the state.
The major threats to commercial and recreation fisheries include water
pollution, alteration of spawning or nursery areas, and alteration or des-
truction of the ecological balance or food chain through dredging, filling
and siltation. Run off from land disturbing activities can change the
salinity of estuarine waters, resulting in reduced fish reproduction and
-102-
i
i

1
_
growth. Also, fresh water recreation and commercial fish are intolerant
'
of environmental changes to their habitat, such as temperature and chemical
fluctuation resulting from waste water discharge, forest clearing, sil-
tation from land disturbing activities, dredging activities and biolo-
gical pollution from pesticides. All anadromous fish must have pollution
'
free and clear streams for their spawning grounds. Sounds, marshes and
estuaries are critical for the reproduction and growth of anadromous fish.
Land development activities threaten the existence of these spawning
areas. For example, herring serves as an important feeder fish for larger
'
commercially valuable ocean fish and destruction of their spawning grounds
by alterations of their estuarine water habitats could result in serious
losses to commercial fisheries. Damage to commercial and recreation
fisheries could seriously and negatively affect the tourist and produc-
tion economy of the area, as well as threaten the world's food supply.
A map in the Appendix illustrates important fish habitat areas in the
'
Elizabeth City area.
NATURAL AREA CONDITIONS
Complex natural areas are areas that support native vegetation and animal
communities. These areas offer prime habitat conditions and posess en-
vironmental or natural characteristics that have remained essentially
'
unchanged by human activity. Such areas may have landscapes near by that
have been modified by urban development, but this alteration has not de-
graded the natural areas or their scientific, environmental or educational
value.
In the recent publication, Wildlife and Land Use Planning, prepared by
the N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission natural areas north of Elizabeth
City and areas within the Knobbs Creek drainage basin were identified as
fragile habitat types of particular importance to wildlife conservation.
--
In addition, these areas provide prime spawning areas for anadromous fish
'
such as herring. These areas include the relatively undisturbed large
wooded swamp environment within the City's planning jurisdiction between
_
Highway 17, Knobbs Creek and the Pasquotank River north of the City. A
map in the Synopsis identifies these prime habitat areas.
A reasonable assumption can be made that these areas provide habitat for
certain rare or endangered species found in Pasquotank County.
'
The southeastern shrew, swamp -tailed shrew and bog lemming are endangered
_.
mammals reported to occur within Pasquotank County. The short -nose and
Atlantic sturgeons are endangered fish which probably occur in the county.
'
Another endangered species of uncommon appearance is the red cockaded
woodpecker. Rare species include the Black Rail, and Yellow Rail. The
turkey vulture and wood rat have undetermined status.
WOODED SWAMPS: ECOLOGICAL POTENTIAL
A predominant feature of undeveloped lands around Elizabeth City is the
wetland condition. Wetlands refer to lowlands with surplus intermittent
or shallow waters which form land -water edge areas. Wet lands also include
' areas with emergent or submergent vegetation. Wetlands are a dynamic na-
tural system which share characteristics of both dry land and open water.
Wetlands also retain unique characteristics which are important for forestry,
-103-

wildlife, fisheries, recreation and other urban resources, Of the basic
'
wetland types important for water fowl and wildlife habitat as defined by
the Fish and Wildlife Service (Department of the Interior), the types of.
-
valuable wetlands found in the Elizabeth City area include wooled swamEs
'
and coastal open fresh water, These areas are also influenced by ti=
dal fluctuations. T e transition areas between the major open water
courses and inner wooded swamps usually consist of standing fresh water
with cypress trees and tidal affected lowlands with shallow or intermittent
,
waters and cypress and gum vegetation. In the inner wooded swamps a fringe
area occurs between dry and wetland where yellow poplar, sweet gum, maple,
_
hickory and a_few pine grow. In addition, the Elizabeth City area also
,
has a few isolated pine forest areas where the ground is higher than the
wetland areas.
--
Coastal wetlands are of critical importance because of their connection with
,
the food chain for wildlife, fish, water fowl and other species. In
essence they serve as an invaluable source of food and shelter in the eco-
logical food chain of which man is a part. In addition, these coastal wet-
lands are strategically located for they and their associated coastal wa-
ters act as nursery areas for commercial ocean fish. Alterations of these
wetland areas would have serious ramifications for the marine ecosystem far
beyond the State's boundaries.
'
Other important benefits of wetlands are enjoyed by humans in their search
for leisure and recreation. Hunting and fishing are among these leisure
,
activities. Because of their prior isolation and inaccessability many
plants and animals not found in adjacent developed areas exist in abundance.
Coastal wetlands exist in close proximity to urbanized areas, such as Eliza-
,
beth City, and these natural wilderness areas afford an ideal opportunity
for environmental education and natural park areas.
--
Although North Carolina's coastal estuarine wetland areas are ranked first
,
among other Atlantic Coastal States in the extent of important estuarine
_
wetlands remaining intact, agricultural and development pressures continue
to cut away these wetlands. Over the past few decades thousands of acres
,
out of over 5,000,000 coastal wetland acres in North Carolina have been
lost due to development. Wetlands, especially fringe areas, are relatively
easy to drain and fill with some effort and development pressures seem to
,
justify the effort. However, valuable wetland soils of a high organic con-
tent, such as the mucky peat soils around Elizabeth City, if continually
and consistently drained, cleared and exposed to air, will result in irre-
versible losses throughout the ecosystem and possibly the lowering of land
,
surfaces below sea level in a short period.
The table on the following page summarizes the types of wetlands found in
the Elizabeth City Planning area:
-104-

r-t�r�rr�
MAJOR IMPORTANT WETLAND TYPES IN THE ELIZABETH CITY AREA
TAPE DESCRIPTION IMPORTANCE LOCATION ACREAGE
Wooded swamps
(1)Soil is primarily peat or
(1)In periods of dryness wooded
(1)Occurs along streams in flood 1,515.66
muck with serious prob-
swamps become only source of
plain areas primarily along
lems for any type of
shallow water available for
Pasquotank River north of the
development.
wildlife.
City, Knobbs Creek and its
(2)High water table; soil
(2)Provides continuous vegetation
tributaries and portions of
is usually waterlogged
strip along water course for
the Charles Creek area.
and often covered with
wildlife habitat.
shallow water.
(3)Acts as filter or buffer
(3)Types of principal
strip protecting against
vegetation:
damaging runoff into the water
-Cypress
from land disturbing activities.
-Poplar
(4)Provides for recreation usage
-Tupelo Gum
(hunting, fishing, etc.) and
-Black Gum
some timber operations.
-Ash
(5)Serves as flood plain and
-Pond Pine
drainage basin to hold and
-Red Maple
discharge flood water.
-Duck Potato
(6)Provides important timber
-Pickerelweed
producing areas where certain
-Frogbit
hardwood species will grow
-Smart Weed
best.
(4)Types of principal wild-
(7)Provides filter area preventing
life or waterfowl species:
salt water intrusion into ground
-Raccoon
water supply.
-Mink
(8)Acts as "recharging" reservoirs
-Muskrat
for ground water supply.
-Otter
(9)Serve to purify and filter
-Wood Duck
waste water.
-Black Duck
-Mallard
Coastal Open
(1)Shallow portions of open
(1)Primarily important for water
(1)Open standing water areas along Un-
Fresh Water
water along fresh tidal
fowl and fish as source of food
major streams including the Pas- determin-
(Coastal Wet-
rivers.
supply and wintering habitat.
quotank River and portions of able
lands)
(2)Pondweeds and other water
(2)Acts as floodways to hold and
Knobbs Creek.
grasses grow at depths of
carry flood waters.
less than 6 ft.
(3)Ecologically important in the
(3)Cypress present in tran-
food chain and growth process for
sition areas between open
water fowl, fish and other water
water and wooded swamps,
related wildlife.
but for most part vegeta-
(4)Provides for recreation usage
tion is scarce.
(fishing, boating, etc.)

WOODED SWAMPS: FOREST POTENTIAL
In general, wetlands along flood plains of streams in the area have high
forestry importance. Certain hardwood species of high quality such as
cedar, bald cypress, gum, poplar,- and oak will not grow as well on higher
land. Wetlands provide a source of timber when mature stands are harvested.
The areas along the Pasquotank River to the north of Elizabeth City are
considered important wetlands for forestry. Although the Elizabeth City
planning area contains only a small portion of this entire -linear wetland
strip north along the Pasquotank River, a large area (1,515) acres) within
the City's planning jurisdiction consists of wooded swamp wetlands. De-
tailed information needed to evaluate a particular parcel of wetland in
terms of forestry importance in the Elizabeth City area is not available,
however, certain general statements are applicable:
(1) Some of the last large cypress tree stands in the country occur along
■
North Carolina's coastal area.
(2) North Carolina's coastal estuarine wetland areas are ranked 1st among
the Atlantic Coastal area states in the extent of important estuarine
,
wetlands remaining intact.
(3) Mature stands of wetland timber in managed areas are valuable resources
for hardwood harvesting.
The following table summarizes the amount of wetlands in the Elizabeth City
planning area as compared to'Pasquotank County:
,
WETLAND DISTRIBUTION IN THE ELIZABETH CITY PLANNING AREA..AND PASQUOTANK COUNTY
_.
TOTAL COUNTY TOTAL WETLANDS TOTAL CITY TOTAL WETLAND.
t
ACREAGE IN COUNTY (%) ACREAGE IN CITY(%)
146,560 77,172 (53%) 11,089.93 1,515.66 (14%)
,
Data Sources:
(a) Land Use Study, Pasquotank County, Division of Community Assistance,
'
1974.
.�
(b) Elizabeth City Land Use Analysis, 1975.
Forest growth has been measured in cubic feet of merchantable wood per acre
per year and 4 classes have been used to designate the different productive
rates for various sites. Class I and Class 2 are most productive with sites
capable of producing from 85 to over 120 cubic feet per acre per year.
These classes are representative of growing conditions such as soil, water,
drainage, etc., which are the most favorable to forest productivity. In
general, Class 2 sites extend throughout the Elizabeth City area and to
,
the north along the river and to the south over the entire county. Class I
sites are further to the west of Elizabeth City. These Class I and Class 2
_
sites can produce high volumes of timber with management practices in accord
'
with the desirable species. Unfortunately many of these sites are also
prime agricultural lands and the pressures of urbanization further reduces
—
them. The productivity of Class I and Class 2 sites suggest that effort
should be made to control and maintain existing sites against degradation
by urbanization or other land development activities.
_
-106-

WOODED SWAMPS: WILDLIFE AND WATERFOWL POTENTIAL
The unique wildlife habitat characteristics of wetland areas are primary
justification for their importance. This diverse environment between dry
-
and wet conditions represents one of the last remaining natural areas
substantially unaltered by human activities. These water -land edge areas
are far more biologically productive than uniform environments consisting
_
of only land or water. Inaccessible and unaltered wetlands provide indis-
pensable refuge areas for the breeding of wildlife throughout the year
and provide sanctuaries or escape cover from predatory enemies and hunting
activities. Certain fish, wildlife and water fowl species depend upon
-
these wetlands for their existence and they in turn provide food for other
1
species. In general, wetlands create a diverse water -land environment
which supports an abundance of fish, wildlife and water -fowl by providing
--
a balanced and diverse environmental habitat.
The wetland areas in the Elizabeth City planning area are an extension.of
.
a larger linear wetland area north of the City along the Pasquotank River.
In general, these linear wetland areas along the river are more important
than inland areas, because their continuity and extended feeding and
habitat areas accomodate larger numbers of wildlife and allow for their
—
disposal into inner game lands away from the wetland breeding areas.
Protection of wetland habitat is important because:
(1) Environmental degradation constitutes a threat not only to wildlife
1
but also to man. Dying wildlife serves as an early warning system
indicating the potential destruction of the human environment.
Environmental and physiological requirements of wild creatures are
similar to those of man. "It is becoming increasingly clear that
the survival of man is inextricably tied to the survival of wild
=-
animals." Preservation of wildlife and wildlife areas provide for
the continuation of ecosystems of which man is a part.
(2) The use of wetland areas for commercial and recreational hunting or
'
fishing contributes substantially to local and state economy. The
food dollar value from fishing activities is even greater. Hunters
and fishermen purchase large quantities of goods and services con-
nected with their activities. This value has been estimated to be
over $150 million dollars. An estimated 20% to 26% of all persons
1
who live in small cities, towns or rural areas engage in fishing
activities. From 6% to 13% engage in hunting activities. Hunters
-.
and fishermen on the average spend between $127.00 and $150.00 per
year for products and services connected with these activities. Also
harvesting of pelts from wildlife species found in the wetlands con-
tribute substantially to the state's economy. The table on the fol-
i
lowing page illustrates this economic value.
(3) The use of wetland areas for recreation activities involving hunting
or fishing also generates therapeutic leisure value. Hunting and
�--
fishing has been shown to represent an ideal outlet for frustrations
associated with modern living.
(4) Conservation and utilization of wildlife resources can compliment and
enhance economic development. Proper maintenance of a quality environ-
ment sufficient to sustain wildlife can also have a positive effect
on land values. Residential, industrial or even commercial areas in
pleasant natural surroundings are desirable development features and
could indeed enhance immediate and adjacent land values.
-107-

TOTAL MAGNITUDE AND VALUE OF 1973-74 KNOWN N.C. FUR HARVEST FOR
,
SPECIES FOUND IN OR NEAR THE ELIZABETH CITY AREA
SPECIES TOTAL CATCH TOTAL VALUE OF PELTS TOTAL VALUE
Muskrat 135,266 $2.58 $348 ,987
$521,434
Raccoon 77,710 $6.71
3,647 $11.25 $421,279
,
Mink
Otter 968 $34.00 $32,912
Totals 217,591 -- $1,32 12
Data Source:
(a) Wild Life and Land Use Planning, N.C. Wildlife Resources Com-
mission, 1975, (Based upon fur dealer's reports)
A large amount of wetland habitat for wildlife and water fowl remains intact
130 the total acreage
in the Elizabeth City planning area. Approximately of
in a natural wetland condition. Land de-
'
within the planning area remains
have for the most part been limited by these extended
velopment activities
linear wetland areas due to poor bearing soils, high water table, drainage
drained
,
requirements and flooding hazards. Farm lands have in the past
but are for the most part stabilized
large expanses of these wetland areas,
could result in attempts to drain and utilize
now. Development pressures
portions of wetland areas, especially fringe areas. However, development
be
does not necessarily mean environmental degradation. Development can
growth. However, development
compatible with wetland habitats and wildlife
enhance wildlife productivity.
and land use must adher to practices which
The following table illustrates some important land use practices for en-
hancing wildlife productivity:
LAND USE PRACTICES FOR SELECTED LAND USE ACTIVITIES TO ENHANCE WILDLIFE
PRODUCTIVITY
LAND USE ACTIVITY LAND USE PRACTICES THAT ENHANCE WILDFILE PRODUCTION
,
(A) Forestry (1) Limit clear -cuts to no more than 50 acre
units.
(2) Maintain wide diversity of age classes.
(3) Retain hardwoods along streams and other sites
(4) Control soil erosion in the course of timber
harvesting-
(5) Establish wildlife food and cover plantings
in cleared or other areas. ,
(B) Agriculture (1) Prevent soil erosion. —
(2) Retain ditch bank cover-
(3) Provide windbreaks using natural vegetation ,
in "Conservation" strips.
(4) Use biodegradable insecticides. —
(5) Plant wildlife food and cover in underutilized
corners or areas.
-108-

LAND USE ACTIVITY
LAND USE PRACTICES TITAN F.NIIANCE WILDLIFE PRODUCTIVITY
(C) Transportation
(1)
New highways or roads should follow existing
and Utilitr Routes
ones so as not to further fragment the
_
(2)
diminishing wilderness areas.
Stabilize right-of-ways, road shoulders
or banks from soil erosion.
(3)
Use power or utility line rights -of -way for
wildlife food and cover plantings.
(4)
Avoid utility routes which follow stream
_
beds and cause accelerated erosion.
(5)
Plant a variety of vegetation for food
'
and cover along rights -of -way.
(D) Urban Development
(1)
Encourage cluster development so as to re -
Residential, Com-
mercial or Indus-
tain trees and native vegetation between and
around the clusters.
trial
(2)
Develop industrial buffer zones attractive
--
to wildlife.
(3)
Screen prospective industries on basis of
'
waste product discharge and insist on appro-
priate method of waste disposal not detri-
(4)
mental to the environment.
Restrict development along streams and flood -
ways and retain in a natural state.
`-
(5)
Provide park settings and opportunities for
environmental education in natural areas
along streams.
�.
(6)
Eliminate improper disposal of waste materials
such as waste discharge into streams or
landfill areas which contaminate streams
through leaching.
(7)
Control soil erosion around building sites
which could degrade streams through
siltation.
--
(8)
Provide a good mix of both evergreen and
deciduous vegetation along streets, parks
and other development areas.
(9)
Encourage recycling of waste materials.
(E) Waterways and water
(1)
Designate waterways and floodplains (flood -
resource areas
ways) as conservation lands whenever possible.
(2)
Dispose of waste water above flood plain to
enhance productivity of agricultural and
forest crops.
(3)
Clear streams of impediments such as overgrown
vegetation or fallen trees.
(4)
Erect silt barriers prior to and during con-
'
struction along streams.
(5)
Avoid continued reservoir construction, but
if necessary then maintain downstream flow to
sustain riverine wildlife species.
(F) Estuarine and
(1)
Designate as conservation area or area of en -
wetland areas
vironmental concern to preserve land -water
areas with the highest concentration of wild-
'
life and waterfowl.
-109-

LAND USE ACTIVITY LAND USE PRACTICES THAN ENHANCE WILDLIFE PROCUCT'IVITY
(F) Estuarine and (2) Compensate land owners through tax rate
wetland areas adjustments.
(3) Retain wooded areas in forest cover that re-
flects the natural ecology and not industrial
pine production, for example...
(4) Preserve wooded swamps especially due to
their multi -value uniqueness.
(5) Avoid deep penetrating channeling which des-
troys valuable inner wetland areas. Encourage
parallel shoreline channeling with canals to
open water.
Data Source:
(a) Wildlife and Land Use Planning, N.C., Wildlife Resources Commission, 1975.
/ WILDLIFE IN OR NEAR THE ELIZABETH CITY AREA
v
A moderate deer herd occurs throughout most of Pasquotank County. A few
bears are still present in the Great Dismal Swamp northwest of Elizabeth
City, however, hunting for bear is presently prohibited by statute. Small
game species occur in ample numbers including quail, rabbits, squirrel,
dove, woodcock, snipe, raccoon and opossum. Foxes are common; wildcat is
uncommon. Furbearing species including raccoon, muskrat, mink and otter,
occur in ample numbers. Waterfowl are not abundant in the county, however,
the wood duck is present along the timbered watercourses and small numbers
of mallards and black ducks occur. A small flock of Canada geese rest on
the Albemarle Sound. Some field and swamp hunting for them is done. The
following table lists the major wildlife species found in or near the
Elizabeth City area and suggest appropriate land use practices:
REQUIREMENTS OF IMPORTANT GAME ANIMALS OR FUR BEARERS FOUND IN OR NEAR
THE ELIZABETH CITY AREA
WILDLIFE MAIN DIET HABITAT NEEDS SPACE NEEDS APPROPRIATE
LAND USE
PRACTICES
Bear Vegetation Undisturbed, inac- 5,000 acres Avoid distur-
cessable hardwooded per family bing wetlands;
swamps leave extensive
wild areas
Deer Vegetation Forest cover with 50 acres per Clearcutting of
cleared areas (in- family small patches;
cluding farm lands) avoid large
blocks of uni-
form pine
Raccoon Vegetation, Hardwood forests, 5-30 acres Retain wetlands,
small ani- wooded swamps per family avoid swamp
mals drainage or
conversion
of hardwoods
to pines
-110-

REQUIREMENTS OF IMPORTANT GAME ANIMALS OR FUR BEARERS FOUND IN OR
NEAR THE ELIZABETH CITY AREA
con't
WILDLIFE MAIN DIET HABITAT NEEDS SPACE NEEDS APPROPRIATE
1.LAND USE
PRACTICES
Muskrats Grasses Estuarine waters, 1 acre per Retain wetland
pristine wetlands 4 animals in pristine
state, avoid
fill, preserve
natural chan-
nels from
ditching or
draining
Otter Fish Estuarine water Well de- Avoid stream
ways, undisturbed fined sedimentation
swamplands water- or pollution,
ways retain natu-
ral waterways.
Mink Fish Estuarine waters Well Same as otter
defined
water-
ways
Data Source:
--
(a) Wildlife and Land Use Planning, N.C. Wildlife Resources
Commission, 1975.
A S,000 acre undisturbed wooded swamp site for a bear family would also
accomodate the following species:
(a) 3-4 families of wild cats
(b) 2-3 flocks of wild turkeys
(c) 100-200 deer
-
(d) SO raccoons
(e) Dozens of rabbits and squirrels
(f) Hundreds of songbirds and other rodents
Although the total supply of fish and game in North Carolina is at an all
'
time high, certain species like the black bear, American shad and wild
turkey have declined drastically. Continued destruction of wetlands hastens
the extinction of the bear population. However, deer are at an all time
high and smaller game, although down from previous times, will probably
continue at levels sufficient to meet the demand. Also migratory game
is expected to remain in adequate supply, if their habitat of coastal.
area waters and marshes are not further diminished. Although migratory
waterfowl utilize wooded swamps especially in clearings or shrub swamp
areas for food and cover, coastal fresh waters and marshes are more valu-
able and utilized more extensively for nesting and winter feeding. A map
in the synopsis indicates fragile habitat areas of particular importance
for wildlife conservation.
_111-

WOODED SWAMPS: RECREATION POTENM ;
Use of wildlife productive wetlands for recreational or leisure pursuits is
becoming more important, A recent Federal Bureau of Outdoor Recreation
Survey indicated that motoring through wild areas was the most popular
recreational activity, Other,xecreational activities are expected to be-
come more popular as fuel shortages and high cost curtail motoring, The —
following table illustrates the popularity of recreational activities as ,
identified through the before mentioned survey:
NUMBER OF PERSONS 9 YEARS OR OVER PARTICIPATING IN SELECTED OUTDOOR '
RECREATION ACTIVITIES 1970
% OF .,
ACTIVITY POPULATION PARTICIPATING
a Picnicking 50%
(b)Walking, canoeing, boating, bicycling, camp-
ing and nature walking 18% - 30%
(c)Horseback riding, bird watching -or wildlife
photography _
Data Source:
(a) Wildlife and Land Use Planning, N.C. Wildlife Resources Commis-
sion, N.C.
The wetland areas around Elizabeth City provide. an abundance of potential
sites for recreational activities. The natural beauty of these wetland
--
areas can be further enhanced by dedicating certain low and wooded areas to
parks or green belts for picnicking, canoeing, bicycling, horseback riding,
nature trails, education, hiking trails and camping areas. These recreational
_.
activities can be enjoyed by the entire family and the mild seasons in the
Elizabeth City area would permit year round use. The proximity of these
wetland areas to the urbanized areas of Elizabeth City also makes them im-
portant as recreational access areas.
—
,
Of major importance for the recreational value of wetlands is their scenic
attraction. The wetlands, estuarine and open water in and around the Eliza-
beth City area are scenic resource complexes of particular interest. Al-
though aesthetic appreciation of scenic areas is a matter of personal pre-
�.
ference, complex and orderly scenes where a large number of elements are
viewed in sequential order usually make for high scenic quality and value.
The parallel -like and strongly imageable and natural edges of the wetland
,
areas along the open water through Elizabeth City are particularly effec-
tive as scenic qualities when viewed from the water or water's edge. Dis-
cordant features disrupt and obliterate the sequential order of these edges.
'
A survey similar to the B.O.R. one was conducted for outdoor recreation de-
mand in North Carolina. By far the most desired recreation was sightseeing
and pleasure driving. The playing or viewing of outdoor sports and pic-
,
nicking rated the next highest. Other high rating activities included
swimming, nature walking, fishing, bird watching, golf, hunting, historic
i
site visitation, camping, boating, biking, tennis, water skiing, horseback
,
riding, and zoo visitation. Demand for recreation will increase as popu-
lation, income and leisure time increases. Over the next 10 years approxi-
mately 500 additional acres will be needed for City or community park faci-
lities in the Albemarle region, and over 2,500 additional acres will be

I,
needed for county or district parks. The development.of the Dismal Swamp
' Wildlife Refuge in conjunction with other state and federal parks in the
Albemarle area, will further fulfill the need for natural environmental
parks and primitive areas. Over 3 million visitors used the area's
' existing 222,659 recreation acres in 1971. Increased utilization of the
area's recreational facilities and sites will continue as visitors from
the northern megalopolis and Piedmont section of North Carolina continue
to seek recreational opportunities in the Albemarle region. Recrea-
tional usage and demand for recreation sites in the Albemarle region
could more than double in the next 10 year period.
Recreational facilities, in order to be effective as resources to stimu
late economic activity, restore human dignity, and truly enhance the
quality of life, must be more than just spaces left over after develop-
ment. Existing natural resources must be managed so that recreation for
future generations is not restricted to only the areas no one else
wanted. Such action destroys the possibility of'significant recreational
amenities which utilize the natural environment for positive human
pyschological and physical growth. Mismanagement of natural resources
destroys potential economic benefits, such as tourism, cultural incentives
for industries, real estate values, healthy environmental development
patterns and even employment. Clearly, managing natural resources so
as to balance industrial, residential and recreational requirements is
an absolute must to provide adequate and necessary amenities for human
needs, protection of the resource base and economic development poten-
tial. To merely assume that large undeveloped areas surrounding and
within the community's recreational open space requirement is not suf-
ficient. Only a very few people will freely explore untrampled nature.
Natural areas must be translated intq linear park designs so as to pro-
vide all persons with recreational opportunities.
An Appraisal of Potential For Outdoor Recreation in Pasquotank County,
prepared by the Soil Conservation Service, 1972 rated the hunting po-
tential in the county as being high. In addition, development of natural
areas for scenic, scientific, and wilderness exploration was rated high.
Medium potential was assigned to vacation cabins, camping, canoeing, bi-.
.cylcing, picnicking, fishing, historic site visitation and water sport
activity. However, the report did point out the severity of soils in
wetland areas (mucky -peat) for recreation development. Although not
suited to extensive recreation development, these wetlands in and around
the Elizabeth City area do offer high potential for outdoor recreation in
the form of hunting, nature trails, canoeing trails, environmental educa-
tion. Community or district park facilities could be developed in the
fringe areas of the wetlands towards higher ground to tie in with wetland
recreation activities and provide greenway parks in natural and scenic
locations.
HISTORIC PROPERTIES IN THE ELIZABEM CITY AREA
' Elizabeth City history predates the Revolutionary War period. For example,
still remaining in the Elizabeth City area, although changed from its ori-
ginal appearance, is the Old Brick House (ca. 1747), thought to be a hide-
out of Blackbeard the pirate. Many such significant historic assets re-
main within the Elizabeth City area. The state plan for historic preser-
vation lists almost fifty sites or buildings within the Elizabeth City
area with historic significance. Undoubtedly, many more such sites or
-113-

buildings are of local importance or interest. Unfortunately, many of the
City's important historic assets have been destroyed, including Governor
Ehringhaust birthplace on Church Street. However, many architecturally sig-
nificant buildings of the late Victorian period during the 1800's remain
intact within the City and many large areas of the City display a special
historic character consistent and in keeping with the City's architectural _
past. The many remaining historic assets within the Elizabeth City area '
suggest a need for historic preservation, and the areas of special character
are worthy of being maintained as historic districts.
The following listing of historic sites or buildings within the Elizabeth ,
City area includes major historic properties as identified by local interest,
state inventory or have been placed on the National Register of Historic
Places. However, many other property owners probably feel their property
is historically important, and thus this list can be considered merely as
an initial inventory and suggestive of the need for a more thorough study
of all potential historic properties within the Elizabeth City area. A
map in the Appendix identifies the location of each historic property in-
cluded in the listing.
PARTIAL LISTING OF D1PORTANT HISTORIC ASSETS WITHIN THE ELIZABETH CITY AREA
(1)
Old Brick House:
End of Brick House Road (CA. 1747) National Register:
Rumored to be hideout of Blackbeard; Georgian interior; 11i story
frame house 5 bays wide with 5 dormers and brickends.
Grice-Fearing House:
,
(2)
Southeast corner of Fearing and North Road Street
(CA. 1796) Nominated for the National Register:
,
2 story frame Federal house with exterior end chimneys and steep
gable roof. Shed porch with massive pillar support and balcony on
second level. Oldest building standing in City.
(3)
Bland -Overman Eadie-House:
--
501 Main Street (1856) State inventory.
,
(4)
Burgess -Perry Parker House:
510 N. Road Street (CA. 1840) State inventory:
Used as Union hospital during Federal Occupation (1862-1865)
'-
Byrum
(5)
-Weeks House:
Rivershore Drive (CA. 1845) State inventory.
,
(6)
Bartlett House:
Off River Road (CA. 1830) State inventory.
,
2 story frame Federal house.
-114-

(7) Christ Episcopal Church:
Northeast corner of Martin Street and Church Street (1856)
State inventory*
Brick Gothic revival building with tall creneleted tower and stain
glass windows; listed on the National Tour of Churches.
(8) Weymouth House:
Parsonage Street Extended (CA. 1810) State inventory.
(9) Old Citizen Bank:
Southeast corner of Fearing and Poindexter Streets (CA 1899).
Local interest. Prosperous banking establishment in early 19001s.
Currently used as clothing store.
(10) Messinger-Black-Fearing-Morrissette House:
911 Riverside (CA 1840) State inventory.
(11) Pool -Betty -Freshwater House:
305 S. Dyer Street (CA 1890) State inventory:
This Victorian cottage reported to be the home of the, noted N.C.
novelist, Betty Freshwater Pool has been changed substantially
from its original historic character.
(12) Pool -Greenleaf -Small Clouse:
204 E. Colonial. (CA 1840) State Inventory: Moved from Federal
building site to current site in 1903; used as Federal Army head-
quarters during occupation (1862-1865).
(13) Pool-Kennedy-Lunisden-Peters }louse:
Northeast corner of Church and Road Streets (CA 1840) State inven-
tory: Greek Revival Temple form; old doctor's office located on
corner of site.
(14) Prichard House:
Wellfield Road (CA 1830) State inventory.
(15) Carter -Spencer House:
405 W. Main Street (CA 1850) local irtgrest.
(16) Winfield -Winslow House:
Rivershore Road (CA 1670) local interest: reported to contain
a portion of oldest structure in Elizabeth City area and possibly
N.C.; site of second Court House in 1756.
-115-

(17) Cobbs Point Ferry Landing and Fort;
.Zivershore Road (CA 1800's) local interest; Site of Confederate Fort
in 1862; site of ferry crossing to Camden County in late 1700's.
(18) Cropsey House:
1109 Riverside Avenue -local interest,
(19) Episcopal Cemetery:
East Ehringhaus Street -local interest.
(20) Corner Stone Baptist Church:
Martin Street (rebuilt 1942) local interest.
(21) Judge G.W. Brooks-Walson Funeral Home:
S. Road Street - local interest: Example of antibellum period
architecture.
(22) Dr. Butt Drug Store:
Southeast corner of Road and Fearing Streets - local interest.
Old Charleston and New Orleans architectural treatment.
(23) Old Cobb Bank:
Noethwest corner of Fearing and Road Streets - local interest.
(24) Hinton-Palin-Little-Wilson House:
202 W. Main Street (CA 1850's local interest).
(25) Charles -Harney Brooks Home:
400 W. Main Street (CA 1857) Local interest: Oldest brick residence
in the City.
(26) Sheep House:
401 W. Main Street (CA 1845) Local interest: Typical of antebellum
period architecture.
(27) Charles Little House:
1010 W. Colonial Avenue (CA 1830) Local interest.
(28) Methodist Church:
Road Street - local i.riterest.
-116-

(29) Tillett-Nixon-,Barwick House;
400 W. Church Street (CA 1870) Local interest.
(30) Richardson-Pool-Glover-Burfoot House;
301 Culpepper St. (CA 1830) local interest.
(31) Mount Lebanon A.M.E. Zion Church:
Culpepper Street (CA 1855, rebuilt 1905) local interest; Oldest
negro Church in northeastern N.C.
(32) General Store:
318 Culpepper Street (CA 1908) State inventory.
(33) Site of Betsy (Elizabeth)Tooley's Tavern:
End of Fearing Street (CA 1780) local interest. Owners of tavern
and hostelry provided land for beginning of City; City possibly
named for Elizabeth Tooley.
(34) Shannon-Derickson-Hollowell-Ferrell House:
Northwest corner of Elliot and Main Streets (CA early 18001s).
(35) Martin House-Twiford's Funeral Home:
405 E. Church Street (CA 1850) local interest.
(36) Guirkin Bank -Hill's Confectionary:
Main Street (CA 1820) local interest.
(37) Leigh House -Southern Motel:
Main Street (Hotel replaced house in 1874) local interest.
(38) Bayside Plantation and Hollowell House:
Weeksville Road at Coast Guard Base (CA 1850) local interest.
First soy beans grown in U.S.; site of "Yankee" prisoner camp.
(39) City Cut Rate Store:
Southwest corner of Colonial and Water Street, local interest.
Only cast iron facade in area.
(40) Old Stage Theater:
Chesson's Department Store on Main Street (CA 1897) Local interest:
Original stage, decore•, and spectator platform are intact.
-117-

(41)
Court House Square;
'
Main Street (Court House rebuilt in 1882; (Federal Building in 1906)
-'
local interest: Square contains county Court House, Confederate monu-
ment and Federal Building.
(42)
Griggs-Toxey House:
,
W. Church Street. Local interest.
(43)
Elizabeth City State University:
Southern Avenue (1891) State inventory.
Yacht Yard Marina:
,
(44)
Elizabeth City and
Riverside Avenue (1891) local interest: Unusual facilities for boat
building and repair.
,
(45)
Albemarle Hospital -College of the Albemarle:
'
Riverside Avenue (1914) local interest: Original hospital converted
to College in 1960's.
—
(46)
Crawford -Perry -Weeks -Armstrong House:
,
1011 W. Main Street - local interest.
,
(47)
Mooring Place of James Adam's Floating Theatre:
End of Main Street; (early 19001s)local interest.
'
(48)
U.S. Coast Guard Air Station:
-
Weeksville Road (1940) local interest. Largest Coast Guard aviation
r
complex in the world.
(49)
Louis Selig Building:
'
.Downtown Main Street (1812) City Planning Department Inventory.
--
(50)
Virginia Dare Arcade Hotel Complex:
,
and
Downtown (early 19001s) City Planning Department Inventory.
,
(51)
Kramer Building:
Downtown Main Street (1920) City Planning Department Inventory.
'
(52)
Lawry Building:
Downtown Main Street (1897) City Planning Department Inventory.

. I
i
(53) Robinson Building:
Downtown Poindexter Street (1903) City Planning Department Inventory.
(54) Commercial Block:
North Poindexter between Elizabeth Street and Colonial Avenue -
City Planning Department Inventory.
(55) Commercial Block:
End of Fearing Street - City Planning Department Inventory.
(56) Toxey Company - Don Juan Storage:
Water Street (CA early 1900's) City Planning Department Inventory.
(57) Commercial Block:
West side of Water Street between Colonial Avenue and Main Street
City Planning Department Inventory.
(58) Museum of the Albemarle:
Highway 17 South (1967) regional interest: History center of
Albemarle region.
HISTORIC PROPERTY PROTECTION AND HISTORIC ZONING DISTRICTS
State Enabling Legislation permits historic properties commission or com-
mittee to be established by the local government to oversee protection of
these important historic properties. Such a commission should be jointly
established by the City and County so that all historic properties within
Pasquotank County are afforded this protection under one joint commission
or committee.
Special character neighborhoods or areas of historic significance can be
maintained through establishment of an historic zoning district. An
historic ordinance is adopted by the local governing board, establishing
the boundaries of a district, appointing a committee or commission to
evaluate proposed exterior changes within the district, providing guide-
lines pertaining to construction, alterations or reconstructions within
the district and adopting procedures for allowing changes through the
issuance of a certificate or appropriateness. 'Establishing an historic
zoning district helps maintain the special contribution an area's his-
toric architecture makes to a community and aids towards preserving the
cultural heritage and richness of a community's past for future genera-
tions to enjoy.
With the aid of survey specialists from the Division of Archives and his-
tory and initial review by local residents interested in historic preser-
vation, several potential historic zoning districts have been identified
within Elizabeth City. However, the district boundaries are only tenta-
tive and precise boundaries can only be determined upon more detailed
-119-

I
study. This study should be extended by local residents with the aid of
'
Division of Archives and history specialists, local planning staff or other
specialists. Of particular special character worthy of being included in
_
an historic zoning district is a section of Main Street from Panama Street
'
to Martin Street, including portions of East Colonial Avenue, East Church
Street and East Fearing Street. Over thirty significant historic properties
—
are to be found in this area. Also, a major section of the original town
dating back to CA 1830 is included in this section. In addition a section
of North Road Street from about Elizabeth Street to Queen Street and in-
cluding portions of Cypress and Burgess Streets is suitable for designa-
tion as an historic zoning district. The residential area along Poindexter
'
Street between East Cypress and Broad Street is also a potential district.
The State has recently selected for study nomination of the special charac-
ter area along Main Street and extending into the downtown area to the
,
Federal Register of Historic Places as a National Historic District. This
National Register nomination would not restrict in any way the private
—
owner. However, the District would be protected from state or federally
funded activities that might negatively affect the properties. This nomina-
,
tion to the Federal Register, if approved by the Register, would mean a sig-
nificant recognition and honor for Elizabeth City. In addition, matching
funds for renovation and restoration could be made available from Federal
,
Preservation Funds.
SCENIC QUALITY AREAS
,
Obviously scenic areas include special managed areas, such as national and
—
state parks and sea shores, as well as historic sites, national forests
and scenic rivers. In addition, scenic areas could include pleasant views
,
throughout the state where particular resource complexes of visual interest
are dominant. The river and wooded swamps around Elizabeth City are such
scenic areas. However appreciation of such areas depend upon a person's
'
imagination and awareness. Our imagination is sparked by the visual re-
lationship of dominant or changing areas of the land scape. In general,
--
high scenic quality exists if the particular visual relationship is com-
plex and orderly. Scenic quality is high when the visual exposure is
paralled to the scenic area, such as with the visual exposure to the wet-
—
lands and wooded swamps while boating along the Pasquotank River. Dis-
cordant features, such as disorderly develovment_ along this parallel
edge destroys or obliterates the scenic value to the area. A map in the
Appendix illustrates the scenic quality of the river landscape within the
-'
Elizabeth City planning jurisdiction, as it would be viewed from a passing
boat.
'
Resource Areas
1
PRODUCTIVE AND IMPORTANT SOILS
Important soils within the Elizabeth City Planning area include productive
agricultural soils. Productive agricultural soil, which is land suited
and available for producing food, forage, fiber and oilseed crops, has the
soil quality, growing season and moisture supply needed to economically
produce significant and sustained crop yields when treated and managed
-120- ,

according to modern farming methods, including water management, Examples
of this soil use are as cropland, pasture land, range land, forest land,
and other rural land that is not urban built,up.
' Productive agricultural soils are those that are easily pulverized, easy
to drain, and few modifications are needed to keep the soil highly pro-
ductive. These soils are subject to slight erosion, drought and wetness,
although they can be used for growing crops without special practices.
Some of the most productive soils, characterized by their workability and
wide range of crop suitability are shown on the constraint map in the
Appendix.
Of the seven associations of soils in the Elizabeth City extraterritorial
area, association one through four are best suited as productive agricul-
tural soils. These soil types include the following:
Association 1: Barclay, Pasquotank Series
Association 2: Bertie Series. Othello Series
Association 3: Dragston Series, Fallsington
Association 4: Pocomoke Series
The most productive agricultural soil group is association one. These
soils make up 12.18% or 1169.50 acres of the soils in
the Elizabeth
City planning area. Association two soils cover 2785.69 acres (29.01),
'
Association three soils cover
four soils cover 629.55 acres
2365.12 acres (24.63%) and Association
(6.56%). The following table is a breakdown
of the acreage and percentage
of total land area of each soil in Associ-
ations one through four.
SOIL ASSOCIATIONS BEST FOR AGRICULTURE
'
ASSOCIATION ONE: PASQUOTANK,
BARCLAY, WEEKSVILLE
Ba
1.03%
98.91 acres
'
Da
Pb
1.14%
8.42%
109.47
808.53
Wa
1.53%
146.92
Na
0.06%
5.76
Totals
12.8%
1169.59
These soils which are considered the most desirable for agriculture in
Pasquotank County, respond to good management and are relatively easy to
keep.highly productive. All these soils are relatively easy to drain,
--
and when ditched or tilled, they give up excess water
freely. Potatoes,
cabbage, corn and soybeans are the main crops for these soils.
�.
ASSOCIATION TWO: BERTIE, OTHELLO
'
Bg
5.71%
548.31 acres
Bh
6.15%
590.56
Bk
0.12%
11.52
'
Da
9.85%
945.85
Ob
4.47%
429.23
-121-

ASSOCIATION TWO: BERTIE, MELLO
0,57% 54,73 acres
Md 2.14% 205,49
Totals 29.01% 2785.60 acres
These soils are less desireable than those of the Pasquotank, Barclay, Weeks-
ville soil association, and are used more for corn and soybeans than potatoes
and cabbage. Water holding capacity of these soils is fair, and crops are
injured in dry seasons.
ASSOCIATION THREE: OTHELLO, BERTIE, DRAGSTON
Da
7.12%
683.70 acres
Db
3.22%
309.20
Fa
2.64%
253.51
Mc
2.37%
227.58
Ga
0.400
38.41
Wb
3.760
361.06
Ka
1.20%
115.23
Sc
1.390
133.48
Sa
1.000
96.03
Totals
23.100
2218.20 acres
The soils in this group have a moderately coarse textured or medium tex-
tured surface soil and grow almost all the sweet potatoes and peanuts
in the area, and most of the snap beans. Other crops are grown in these
soils, and the type of farming is adjusted to the individual soils in this
association. Drainage and maintenance of fertility is difficult in Othello,
Bertie, and Fallsington soils but. Woodstown, Sassafras, .Mattapex, and Mate -
peak soils have no drainage problems.
ASSOCIATION FOUR: POCOMOKE, PORTSMOUTH
Pc 6.51% 625.13 acres
Gb .05% 4.42
Totals 6.56% 629.55 acres
The Pocomoke and Portsmouth soils consist of 4% - 400 organic matter and
sandy loam. Almost half of these soils have been drained and used for hte
utilization of corn, soybeans, potatoes, cabbage, sweet corn, and snap
beans. When drained, these soils are.relatively easy to handle, but drainage,
maintenance of fertility and correcting acidity.are main problems.
Data Source:
(a) Pasquotank County Soil Survey
The mucky peat and swamp type soils found in the Elizabeth City area are
associated with wetland, wooded swamp, and drainage basin conditions. These
-122-

1
fl
7
areas are very important ecologically and productive as wildlife, water
fowl and fish habitat areas. These soils are by far the most sensitive
soils for development and serve a very important function as natural envi-
ronments and resource areas, Development should be limited in these
areas,
The murky peat and swamp type soils make up 10% of all soil types in the
Elizabeth City planning area. These important soils are identified on the
constraint map in the Appendix.
GEOLOGICAL RESOURCES
The type of mineral, and other geologic resources found in the Elizabeth
City area include sand, shell, gravel, and peat. Petroleum deposits are
speculative but,'generally require more sedimentation depths than found.
in -this area. For example,`many test wells for oil have been dug in the
Albemarle region since.1911 without success. However, the search for, oil
on the continental shelf off Maryland may encourage further explorations
in the Albemarle region, particularly in off shore areas.where sediment is
at greater depth. Phosphate deposits occur near or at the surface in the
lower Albemarle area, but are not known to occur similarly in the northern
portion, including the Elizabeth City area. Large deposits of sand are
"found in the area at.surface and subsurface levels, but the sand in the
area contains impurities such as iron and shell deposits. Large peat
bogs surround Elizabeth City,' especially in the Dismal Swamp area north
of the City._ Titanium might _be found in.the area. If titanium is.in the
area, it would be'found in deposits of ilmenite occurring along old or"new
stream beds and'old or new shore lines. '
Geologic implications for industrial development in the Elizabeth City
;area suggest several possibilities. Large scale -peat processing opera,.-
tions could yield methanol, a common gasoline additive becoming more in'
demand. In addition, "peat can be used as.a fertilizer or soil condi
tioner ' for garden and florist concerns. Titanium 'is used in making pig
-
ments"and special high temperature steel. Unless rich in;high grade -tita-
nium ilenitec found in the area would have to be mined in large quanti
ties. The phosphate deposits Icurrently being mined by Texas Gulf -in the
souther-n-Albemarle area offers many possibilities for spin off "industries,
_
located -in this area. Phosphates are used in the manufacturing of dry..,
chemicals, chemical fertilizers and other „2nd'or 3rd order generation
.products, -The sand found'in the area is Renerally not suited for``silica
(plastic) production or concrete:products due to its impure qua
lity"and
non -angular shape (a shape desired for concrete product application)..
However, there might be purer deposits of angular sand in the area. 41arl
and shell suitable for agricultural lime and poultryfeed is generally not
mined in this area because of the deposit depths.
However, surface outcropping does occur and could'be mined by local farm
ers for -agricultural uses. The table on the follow'
ng page presents
potential geologic resources in the area with associated industrial,uses
and°process requirements:
-123-

RESOURCE INDUSTRIAL HOW SPECIAL
USE OBTAINED PROCESSING REQUIREMENTS
,
(Sand Fill, con- On site dredging Truck,.rail or barge access to site
'
w" processing
with
and struction or mining pr g at site.
gravel
'
)Peat Methanol, On site dred- Methanol production requires large
fertili- ging - scale plant.located near raw supply
zer soil with truck, rail and large barge
'
conditioner access. Small scale processing re-
quired for fertilizer soil condition-
ing use.
(y)Tita- Pigments On site died- Large scale mining and process opera-
nium and high ging or mining tion located near raw material sup-
(ilme-'tempera- ply with truck, rail and barge ac-
'
nite) ture steel cess. Crushing operations required.
(4)Phos- .Chemicals On site dyed- Large scale mining and process opera-
'
phate and ferti- ging or .tion near raw material supply with
lizer mining truck, rail and barge access.
Smaller spin off industries could
be located within easy truck, rail,
,
or barge access of the.deposit.
(5)Marl-Agricul- On site mining Truck, rail or barge access to site -
and tural or dredging processing at site by crushing and
shell lime washing
_
Data Source•.
Elizabeth City Planning Department
A detailed geological and ,economic analysis of the types of quantities of de-
'
posits, economics of removal and retrieval, enviromental considerations and
marketing concerns would be necessary to determine the economic industrial
potential of the area's geological resources. A.multi-product approach .in
'
utilizing various resources is recommended. For example, peat could.be used
for fuel, garden potting mixtures,and soil conditioning. Also spin off indus-
tries, such as with phosphate processing, are.recommended. In areas where sand,
'
marl and shell occur in outcroppings or near the surface, removal, crushing,
washing and containerization of the.material_could.be more intensively deve-
loped to*meet local or regional markets for'fill,.agricultural lime and
'
poultry feed.
N.C. GAME LANDS AND WILDLIFE REFUGE NEAR ELIZABETH CITY
'
Almost 20 000.ac es of game land,exist in Pas uotank County, All of this land
r g q Y
is outside Elizabeth,City's.planning area. However, a small 192 acre site
exists to the.west of Elizabeth City' s;extraterritorial planning jurisdiction
'
off State Roads'1333 and 1309'. This small site is under Albemarle Paper Com-
pany ownership. This site is the southern most extremeties of the Dismal Swamp
area. Types of primary game species available include quail, rabbit, squirrel,
'
raccoon and deer. This small game site as well as other areas of the Dismal
Swamp game lands in Pasquotank County are considered as a bear sanctuary.
-124-

1
—
Bears may not be hunted nor killed in these areas. Further restrictions
are included in hunting and trapping regulations prepared by the Wild-
life Commission in N.C. Game Lands of other updated publications.
The game land to the west of the City not only offers recreation oppor-
tunities through hunting, but also is a possible water resource area for
the expansion of the existing well field site located off State Road 1309
and in close proximity to the game land. The forested lands especially
the wetlands in the area are helpful also in providing a "recharge" reser-
voir for the ground water.
Community Facilities
EXISTING WATER AND SEWER SERVICE AREAS
The City provides water and sewer service. Within the City limits all
'
areas have access to the water or sewer service lines. A few extensions
of water and sewer have been made into areas adjacent to the City but
'
in general, these areas for the*most part are not accessible to water
or sewer lines. The map on community facilities illustrates the location
of existing water and sewer service areas. (See Appendix Map.)
A detailed Public Improvements Program completed in during fiscal year
1975 detailed the community facilities needs of the City over the next
—
ten year period. Major facilities, such as water and sewer, were analyzed,
as well as other community facilities and services., This report is
'
available through the City Planning Department. In addition, the county
_
land use plan contains analysis of the city/county school system. A de-
tailed evaluation of the City's financial ability and budgetary need is
'
included in the 1975 Elizabeth City Public Improvement Program and Capital
Improvement Budget. Exerpts from the Public Improvement Program and the
1975 Water Resource Management Report for Region "R" concerning the City's
'
water and sewer facilities are presented here:
Water Facilities
The Elizabeth City water system serves the municipal area, the U.S. Coast
Guardfacility, and the IXL woodworking industry south of the town.
'
Since 1926, Elizabeth City has been relying.on-its well fields located to
the northwest of the City limits for its source of water. This water is
—
from 250 shallow wells and 4 deep wells on 400 acres. The source is con-
taminated with hardness or metal particles and the deep wells possess
chloride or salt content. This raw water is pumped to the treatment plant
located near the City limits off Hughes Boulevard, raw water is stored
in a concrete storage basin holding 1,500,000 gallons. Maximum flow for
'
fire fighting is the pumping rate of stored raw water (3,000,000). In
addition, water can be pumped from the river for fire protection.
The treatment plant treats this raw water at a rate of 2,000,000 gallons
'
per day. Current average daily usage is about 2,200,000 gallons with
peak flows of 2,600,000 gallons per day. Thus.the City is using 10% to
1
30% or more water per day than can be treated by the treatment plant. At
"
-125-

times the treatment plant is forced to operate almost 75%-over rated capa-
city, Treated water is stored at two locations; 1,500,000 gallons is
stored in a new elevated tank on Halstead Boulevard. However, the Halstead _
Boulevard tank is maintained at only one half level due to deficient treat-
ment capacity. In addition, 1,000,000 gallons of treated water can be stored '
in an old elevated tank behind the City Hall.
Needs Assessment: Water Facilities '
(1) The current treatment plant functions on the average of 150 over its
treatment capacity. In addition, the supply capacity should be expanded '
for future growth demand. The treatment plant is designed to treat
only 2.0 million gallons of water per day with only 3.0 million gallons
available from the raw source. Currently, the City is utilizing from '
2.2 to 2.6 million gallons per day and has been forced to place a
moratorium on serving areas outside the City limits unless absolutely
necessary or until the treatment system is expanded.
Residents of Elizabeth City recently passed a 5 million dollar bond ■
referendum for water system improvements. Improvements include a 5
million gallon per day treatment facility, use of river water, and dis-
tribution system upgrading. Completion of the new facilities are ex-
pected within 2 to 3 years. The improvements should provide the City
planning jurisdiction with sufficient water supply and treatment
capacity to last well into the 1990's and possibly beyond. '
(2) Old 2" lines throughout the City are in need of replacement due to -
blockage caused by buildup of calcium deposits from the treatment of '
hardness or metal content.
(3) The water supply, especially in the deeper wells, is becoming contami-
nated due to increasing high salt content. In addition, the water ,
supply is inadequate to meet present or future growth demand and should
be expanded. --
(4) Several areas adjacent to the City limits should be provided water to '
eliminate use of well water shich could possibly be contaminated from
the use of septic tanks. These areas include residential areas to the ,
northwest, south and southwest.
(5) Various lines throughout the community should be replaced with larger
diameter pipes to improve pressure of flow and provide increased fire
protection.
Sewer Facilities ,
The sewer waste treatment plant was completed in 1969 and was designed to _
be expanded if needed. A secondary treatment process is used with approxi-
mately 850 of waste solids separated through filtering basins. A digester
is used'for the accumulated sludge. Generated methane from the sludge is
used to heat the sludge while in the digester, and the excess gas is burned
before discharge into the air. Accumulated sludge is eliminated by using '
it as fertilizer or depositing it in the swamp environment around the
plant. The effluent from the waste treatment plant is discharged into the —
Pasquotank River upstream of the City.at the site of the plant along the '
river. The effluent is treated with chlorine prior to discharge. All
-126- ,

equJLpAent used meets E,p.A; Standards and the treatment process meets the
State of North Carolinats clagsi£i.cation as a Class 4 facility. The plant
has a designed treatment capacity of 2.S million gallons per day, and an
average of 1.9 million gallons (approximately 75% of design capacity)
are treated per day, However, maximum flows during wet weather have
approached 4.4 million gallonsper day, due to inflow and infiltration.
These high flows are due in part to interconnection of stormwater and
wastewater collection systems. The State of N.C. allows 30 parts per
million of B.O.D. to be eischarged as effluent. During the months of
January, February and March in 1975, the plant effluent averaged about
10 parts per -million of B.O.D. per day.
The collection system covers the entire City. However, approximately 20
to 25 residents and 2 businesses along the river are not connected to
the sewer lines. The collection system, for the most part, is old, and
there is a high degree of surface water infiltration as a result of
unsealed lines and storm sewers discharging directly into the lines.
Lift stations with force mains along with gravity fed collector lines
provide for discharge to the treatment plant. There are presently 8
lift stations with another one under construction. Although the
existing ordinance regulating sewer service does not require residents
to tap into the lines, residents will be required to do so through the
Systematic Code Enforcement Program. At present no industrial waste of
major consequence is discharged into the system. The treatment facility
could treat industrial waste; however, pre-treatment at the industrial
site might be required.
■
Needs Assessments: Sewer Facilities
r
(1) The collector system is plagued with infiltration, resulting from
'
discharge of storm drainage into the lines, unsealed lines, and man-
holes becoming covered with flood waters. A 201 Infiltration Study
`+
'
should be completed to determine the most efficient and economical
solution to the problem. In dry weather the treatment plant treats
less than 1.0 million gallons per day; but during the wet periods,
--
the plant must treat 2.0 millions gallonspor more per day. The
'
infiltration problem forces the plant over drainage capacity, as
well as effects the ability of the plant to maintain a satisfactory
effluent within state standards. In addition, the pretreatment of
sewer at various lift stations results in'higher concentrations of
t
watered down sewer and higher BOD levels after treatment. However,
the City is applying for a new permit to allow this higher discharge.
'
(2) Several new lift stations are required before lines can be extended.
In addition, an existing lift station off Church Street needs to
be replaced. New lift stations should be provided near the hospi-
tal, in the Providence Township areas north of the City, and at
the proposed site of the Industrial Park.
(3) Continued effort should be made to require residents and other
' structures within the City limits who use septic tanks or discharge
directly into the river to hook into the sewer system.
' (4) Currently, there -is no composite map showing all the sewer lines. All,
Entire sections of th City's sewer lines are not documented at all
' -127-

and other limes are Shown on Separate and varied maps,
'
(5)
Several high density and.poor residentail areas adjacent to the City
limits depend upon septic tanks, as well as utilize well water,
'
Effort should be made to extend sewer lines into these areas, The
most severe areas include areas off Roanoke Avenue, Parsonage Street
—
and Peartree Road,
'
(6)
A new truck to store sludge and haul it to various sites for disposal
—
is needed. The storage compartment of the truck should be in the 3,000
ton range. Currently an old, inefficient, and reconverted truck is
'
utilized for this purpose.
(7)
Consideration might have to be given to expanding the sewer treat-
ment facilities within the near future, especially if an industrial
park becomes a reality and if rapid growth occurs in the areas
adjacent to the city limits which could be served by sewer. A new
facility located towards the Coast Guard Air facility might be more
'
economical than expanding the present system. However, the existing
—
plant is sufficient to cover the planning jurisdiction until the late
1980's if the infiltration problem is solved.
DESIGN CAPACITY AND UTILIZATION OF WATER AND SEWER SERVICE
'
The
following table illustrates the design capacity and present usage of
water and sewer service:
WATER AND SEWER FACILITIES
'
FACILITY TYPE DAILY DESIGN
CAPACITY
(GALLONS PER DAY)
DAILY AVERAGE % OF
USAGE CAPACITY
(GALLONS PER
DAY)
DAILY PEAK PROPOSED
USAGE (GALLONS CAPACITY
PER DAY) (GALLONS PER
DAY)
Water:
(a)Treat-
Filter
2,000,000
gals. 2,500,000 gals. 1250
2,700,000 gals.5,000,000 gals.
,
ment
chemical
(b)Raw
Shallow
3,000,000
2,500,000 830
2,700,000 5,000,000
Supply
and
intermed-
iate
wells
'
(c)Treat-
Overhead
1,000,000
NA
NA additional
ed
and
3,000,000
stor-
ground
1,000,000
1,000,000
age
'
capa-
city
`
Sewer:
'
(a)Treat-
Second-
2,500,000
12700,000 68%
4,388,000* Under 201 lst
ment
ary
phase study
—
'
Data Source:
Department of Public Utilities - Water and Sewer —
*Due to excessing infiltration in peak wet weather '
-128- '

Both the sewer and water systems are under study and implementation for ex-
pansion, The contracts for expansion and improvement of the water treat-
ment plant have been let and construction has begun. The sewer facilities
are being studied under a 201 Sewer Facilities Phase 1 Grant.
OTHER PUBLIC FACILITIES OR SERVICES
The reader is referred to the Elizabeth City Public Improvements Program
and Capital Improvements Budget - 1976 - 1985 for a more detailed in-
vestigation of various public facilities. in addition, the State Depart-
ment of Transportation is currently working on a revised"Thoroughfare Plan
for Elizabeth City. This plan will deal with capacity of existing streets,
as we as recommend improvements. The use and needs of various community
facilities are summarized -in the following chart. In addition, the reader
is referred to the Pasquotank County Land Use Plan for more detailed in-
formation regarding county facilities.
USE AND NEEDS OF MAJOR CONMUNITY FACILITIES OR SERVICES WITHIN THE ELIZABETH
CITY AREA
FACILITY OR
CURRENT
PEAK
DESIGN
NEED OVER
_
SERVICE IN OR
USE
CAPACITY
10 YEAR PERIOD
'
NEAR CITY
_.
Educational
Count S stem
'
Northeastern
Grades
10-12;
1,200
Additional class rooms
High
1,411
'
Elizabeth City
Grades
8-9;
900
Need additional class
Jr. High
1,158
rooms
Central
Grades
K-3;
Sufficient
Remodel
'
Elementary
624
Pasquotank
Grades
4-6;
Sufficient
Sufficient
'
Elementary
1,669
r-
J.C. Sawyers
Grades
K-3;
Sufficient
Sufficient
'
Elementary
346
—
H.L. Trigg
Grades
4-6;
Sufficient
Sufficient
'
Elementary
166
Sheep Harney
Grades
K-6;
Sufficient
Sufficient
'-
'
Elementary
746
P.W. Nbore Jr.
Grade
7; 525
Sufficient
Provide new cafeteria
--
High (County)
'
Albemarle
182
152
Provision of additional
--Hospital
55 bed wing in progress
'
oun y
'
-129-

USE AND NEEDS OF MAJOR CU44JNITY FACILITIES OR SERVICES WITHIN THE ELIZABETH
CITY AREA (cont'd)
FACILITY OR
SERVICE IN OR
NEAR CITY
CURRENT PEAK
USE
DESIGN
CAPACITY
NEED OVER
10 YEAR PERIOD
Recreation
.19 acres of city
27 acres of city
City needs over 65
City
park land per 100
park land; need
additional acres of
persons
1 acre per 100
park land to meet
persons; existing
state standard; sub -
recreation faci-
division develop-
lities not suffi-
ments adjacent to
cient for city
and within city need
of 14,000 per-
recreation facilities;
sons
need county/city co-
operation in recrea-
tion
Ma'or roads
Within the City
Many arterials
Need adequate north -
and other
there are 48
inadequate due
east arterial.Improve
transportation
miles of City
to insufficient
cross town circula-
faci hies
streets and
traffic volume
tion. Widening of
10 miles of
handling capa-
Halstead Blvd. for
State streets
city; side-
future growth there;
walks insuffi-
need sidewalks; pub-
cient; many
lic mini -bus trans -
streets too
portation desireable;
narrow
improve bike routes
Social Ser-
Approximately
Staff inadequate
Plans to expand; need
vices Depart-
4,279 reci-
for current
more space; 5-8 addi-
ment
peints of all
usage, not suf-
tional staff required
County)
services in
ficient for
over next 10 years
1975
projected
needs
Mental Health 1000 clients Presently at Need new facility; cur -
County in 1975 peak capabi- rent client load
lity not suf- trends indicate need
ficient for for improved facility
additional and additional staffing
client load
Health Dept. Approximately Adequate to Plans to expand clinic
(County) 39,756 visita- serve existing facilities need to ex-
tions in 1975 needs; not suf- pand case load, need
by Pasquotank ficient for ex- more staff
County residents panded case load
Municipal
Single and twin
Sufficient for
Plans include addition -
Airport City
prop;small jets;
existing demand
al taxi ways, storage
shared with U.S.
commercial users
except for air-
facilities and improved
Coast Guard
accomodated on
plane storage &
approach or landing
Air Station)
two large run
maintenance
system
ways
space
-130-

USE AND NEEDS OF WOR COMMITY FACILITIES OR SERVICES WITHIN THE ELIZABETH
CITY AREA (cont`d)
FACILITY OR CURRENT PEAK DESIGN NEED OVER
SERVICE IN OR USE CAPACITY 10 YEAR PERIOD
NEAR CITY
_
Police Protec-
Staff cr 3S; City
Sufficient for
Require additional
'
tion
wide coverage
city wide
staffing for annexa-
City)
coverage
tions or major deve-
lopment near City.
Also need additional
'
divisions now.
i
Fire Protection
Staff of 27, 30
Sufficient for
Annexations and
'-CcitY3
volunteers,
city wide
major development
City wide cover-
coverage
near City will re -
age; two stations;
quire additional
'
3 companies;
staff and facili-
county services
ties.
Land Fill and
City wide collec-
Landfill about
Landfill expected
'
Refuse Collec-
tion coverage;
40% filled, suf-
to last only 5
tion
sanitary land
ficient for
more years. Need
City)
fill; landfill
about 5 more
new waste disposal
'
used by County
years; collec-
facility by 1979.
tion coverage
Large development
•-
sufficient for
and growth could
City
cause need to be
'
sooner.
Water System
2.5-2.7 million
2.0 million
Expansion to 5.0
City
gallons per day;
gallons per
million gallons
source from
day; treat-
per day in progress
wells
ment and supply
'
not sufficient
for existing
'
need
Sewer System
1.7-2.0 million
2.8 million
New extension and
.-
ity
gallons per day;
gallons per day;
pump station; infil-
secondary treat-
sufficient for
tration problem; ma-
'
ment
present city use
jor new development
or annexation will
require plant expan-
sion.
--
Electrical
About 106,742
Sufficient for
Upgrade existing
S stem
kilowatts per
current usage
equipment; system
City
day
expected to be suffi-
cient for future use;
major development will
'
require additional upgrading.
Provide alternative energy.
-131-

0

Population
' 10 YEAR POPULATION PROJECTIONS:
In the 1975 Economic Analysis of Elizabeth Cif the City's extraterritorial
'
zoning jurisdiction was ividedintoei— planning sections for the pur-
pose of analysis and comparison during the periods 1956-1966 and 1966-1975
to determine the estimated ten year growth trend in this area.
'
The initial 10 year population projection within the City is based upon Of-
fice of State Planning Population Projections for the City. As is evident
'
from the estimated projection, the area might lose population by 1985.
Although the estimated 1975 City population of 14,770 prepared by the
_
Office of State Planning is perhaps an optimistic and inflated figure for
revenue sharing purposes, this figure is generally in line with the
'
1974 estimated population of 13,788 prepared through the Division of
Health Services. The 14,770 figure serves as an useful and official guide
'
for city or state concerns related to population. The 10 year estimated
population projection for the Elizabeth City planning area is presented in
the following table:
'
ESTIMATED 10 YEAR POPULATION PROJECTION
AREA 1975 1985
'
City limits 14,770(a) 12,883(b)
Extraterritorial Jurisdiction 3,822(c) 4,877(d)
_
Totals 18,592 17,740
Data Source:
(a) Estimated population for revenue sharing purposes (Office of
'
State Planning)
(b) Estimated 10 year population projection (Office of State Planning)
(c) Actual Count of dwelling units multiplied by 3.3 persons per unit.
(d) Straight line projection (least squares) using available data since
1959.
'
In preparing the initial ten year projections the following considera-
tions were taken into account:
City Limits
'
a Trends in rates of migration, birth, death and change in age group
distribution between 1960 and 1970 as analyzed with computer by Of-
fice of State Planning -Population Unit. (Computer print out #PT
'
595A) .
(b) Current (1975) City Limit Population estimated by Office of State
Planning for revenue sharing purposes.
'
Extraterritorial Planning Jurisdiction
a ctual count of housing units in summer 1975 multiplied by average
-
family size (1970 census) of 3.3 persons.
(b) Straight line projection using least squares method and based upon
available data on number housing units existing in the extraterrito-
ial planning jurisdiction since 1959.
-135-

i
Other considerations that are to be taken into account in estimating population
growth, according to the State Guidelines for the Coastal Area Management Act
Planning Proctss, include local desires, seasonal populations and ossiBle
social or economic changes.
Elizabeth City does not experience a substantial seasonal population. In
general, vacationers prefer the other resort areas in the region, perhaps
due to the lack of attractions here. However, over 1,000,000 visitors are
estimated to pass through Elizabeth City annually on their way to the
resort areas in the region. The only accomodations provided here for
visitors are the various motels along Highway 17 and south of the City.
Currently, there are no vacation cottages as such in the area, although
certain motels offer cabins or multi -service rooms. The one operational
hotel in the downtown area can accomodate transients with multi -service
rooms. These existing tourist facilities have an average occupancy rate
of about 77% throughout the year with usually no vacancies in the summer.
As many as 681 vacationers can be accomodated at any given time. Visitors
could increase to 981 by 1985, if the growth trend in tourist travel in
Pasquotank County remains the same. Additional local tourist attractions
could encourage more vacational or seasonal population in the Elizabeth City
area. Certainly the scenic quality of the river and other -potentially
developable areas or sites could significantly foster the Elizabeth City
area as a vacation attraction. In addition, the Pasquotank County Appraisal
of Potential for Outdoor Recreation by the Soil Conservation Service in
1972 rated Pasquotank County as a high potential area for hunting and natural
scenic areas. Also, a study.funded by the Coastal Regional Commission in
1959 indicated the high potential for a marina motel and multi facility tour-
ist designation point for Elizabeth City. Perhaps as many as 150 family
vacation units would be included in this complex. Vacation cabins or
farms, camp grounds, water sport activities, historic sites and picnicking
or game (play) areas were ranked as a medium potential tourist attraction
developed, perhaps the area could begin to retain some of the 1,000,000
visitors who pass through the area each year. For example, one tourist
designation point complex. with only 50 family units might seasonally gen-
erate as many as 6,075 persons in the area, per year, if the complex was
totally filled with 3 member family 11 of the year and only partially filled
the rest of the year. Perhaps it is reasonable to assume that as many as
10,000 or more vacationers might be attracted to remain in Elizabeth City
for a short time each year. The lack of additional tourist attractions is
a recognized problem by many residents, and motel operations in the area.
The 2 colleges and 1 university in the area foster additional seasonal popu-
lation in the community. Approximately 340 of 2,987 students enrolled in
the three local colleges reside in the existing off or on campus residential
halls or dormitories, with only approximately 371 students currently seeking
housing aside from college residence halls. This number seeking off campus
housing could increase to 885 by 1985, based upon enrollment predictions.
For a more detailed account of seasonal tourist and student residential needs,
the reader if referred to the section on,;Seasonal Population and Economic
Impact.
i
i
i
i
-136-

Several social or economic condition impacts are anticipated over the next
few years, The completion of the proposed industrial park will have eco-
nomic and social impact in the area. In addition, the widening of 17 North
into four lanes from Elizabeth Citr to Norfolk could have social and eco-
nomic impact in the area br increasing accessability to this area and fos-
tering increased job commuting. Elizabeth City as a "bedroom" community
for Tidewater, Virginia would be encouraged through this increased accessability.
The determination of how many more persons could be expected in Elizabeth
City as a result of these social or economic chanees is almost impossible
and any determination must be based upon assumptions. In the case of the
proposed industrial park consisting of 138 acres, potentially 3,750 new
industrial and 502 new service related jobs would be made available.
'
(See An Economic Anal sis of Elizabeth City, Carson, John H, August 1975).
Assuming that the existing labor force of over 1,500 unemployed and over
�-
1,500 under employed or commuting workers would find jobs at the new park,
the possible number of new jobs would be approximately 1,000 to 1,500.
'
If each new worker brought in an average family of 3 then perhaps as
many as 4,500 new residents might settle in the Elizabeth City area.
'
Local desires concerning a 10 year population increase were gathered in
a survey sent out with the synopsis distribution. Of the 3I"responses
from this survey only 13% wanted to see an increase in population larger
than 5,000 persons. The majority or 71% wanted to see an increase of
less than 4,000 persons. The desired preference seemed to be for a small
to medium increase fo between 1,500 and 4,000 additional persons. A Land
Use Plan objective under the policy of planned urban growth calls for pre-
I
servation of the small town quality. Perhaps an indication of this
quality is the low average density of about 6 units per acre. A substan-
tial increase in density by a doubling;;of the population would begin to
1
perhaps upset this quality. However, 4,000 additional persons can be
assumed to be in accord with local desires and consistent with the Land
�—
Use Plan objective.
A 10
year population projection for the Elizabeth City area that takes into
account past trends, anticipated new growth, seasonal vacationers and desires
of the community is summarized as follows:
10 YEAR ESTIMATED POTENTIAL AND DESIRED POPULATION PROJECTION IN ELIZABETH
—
CITY
TYPE PROJECTION EXISTING (1975) PROJECTED (1985) INCREASE OR
--
DECREASE
'
Estimated Population Growth
(a)Prior trend analysis 181592 17,740 -842
Potential Additional Growth
(a)Seasonal vacationers
�.
accomodated at any given
time 542 755 +231
(b)Industrial Park NA 4,500 +4,500
(c)Students in need of
'
additional off campus
housing 371 885
+514
,''
-137-

10 YEAR ESTIMATED POTENTIAL NM DESZ_M POPUTATION PROJECTION IN ELIZABETH
CITY cont'
TYPE PROJECTION EXISTING (1975)
Desired Growth
(a)Survey and data of "Small town
desired growth quality"
PROJECTED (1985) INCREASE
OR DECREASE
1,500-4000 +4,000
Data Source:
Elizabeth City Planning Department
Taking into account the potential growth and the desires• of the community,
perhaps an additional 4,000 persons can be anticipated in the community.
Added to the existing population the total estimated population growth in
the next 10 year period is about 22,592 with almost 1,000 seasonal vaca-
tioners at any given time and an off -campus student population of about 900.
5, 10, 25, AND 50 YEAR PROJECTIONS
Using Office of State Planning population estimates for Elizabeth City.and
a recent population estimate analysis of the extraterritorial zoning juris-
diction, 5, 10, 25 and 50 year popluation projections have been formulated
for the Elizabeth City planning area. Although the Office.of State Planning
has estimated the current population for State Revenue Sharing purposes to
be 14,770 for Elizabeth City, their future population projections for the
City, as based upon the net outmigration and other prior trends during the
previous decade, indicate that the City will lose population and will con-
tinue to do so through 2025. However, the projected population trend for
the City extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction indicates a substantial in-
crease over the next fifty years. Perhaps some of this increase is a re-
sult of outmigration from the City into new subdivisions within one or
two miles of the City's limits.
The graph on the following page illustrates growth trend population esti-
mates within the Elizabeth City area over the next fifty years.
COMPARATIVE POPULATION PROJECTIONS
Various methods are utilized in estimating future population growth.
Particular variables are taken into account by each of these various
methods and many times the results are not in accord with each other.
For example, the Office of State Planning uses a state wide averaging
technique to compute current population estimates for state revenue pur-
poses which results in a high current estimate for Elizabeth City as com-
pared to their low future projections for Elizabeth City that utilize past
trends and migration data. Even with the use of various methods of estima-
ting population, different agencies show a continuing population decline
for the City. The Department of Human Resources, as well as the Office of
State Planning and the Bureau of the Census, show a declining City popula-
tion for the City since 1970. For example, the Department of Human Re-
sources estimated the City's population in 1972 to be 14,069, in 1973 to be
13, 854 and in 1974 to be 13,788.
-138-

29
29
N
O
O_ 24
Z_
Z
0 22
f-
J
0 2(
a
ESTIMAT1a POPULYHON GROW111: 1975-2025
F
26,606 ,
O
23,64
24,689
0
O
23,T3
0
22as
21,80
20.205
000
19.037
22
V
IB}9z
O
u,lot
B
17 ,836
17
,077
17,862
17,922
11,962
6Bp/2
17,529
IB ,163
14,877
16,630
1 .B as
11,63/
1'
1,770
0,s03
9
12,BBs
Ix�Bz
z
09
10,I83
10J97
00*0
9oe9 . •
17a6
•
B 923
• ,362
• • •
B,2M
I
7,BB3
t,NB
6M
s,z71
•
6,571
��•
z
r
STIMATED MAXWUM
OTAL CITY AND PLANNING
IURISDICTION PROJECTION
:STIMATED MINIMUM
TOTAL CITY AND PLANNING
JURISDICTION PROJECTION
:STIMATED MAXIMUM
:ITY PROJECTION
ESTIMATED EXTRA
TERRITORIAL ZONING
JURISDICTION PROJECTION
:STIMATED MINIMUM
:ITY PROJECTION
1975 1990 1995 1990 1993 2000 2005 2010 2013 2020 2025
YEARS
NOTE
THESE PROJECTIONS
DO NOT CONSIDER OTHER.
FACTORS,AS DO THE 10
YEAR PROJECTIONS.
Data Sources:
a Estimated minimum City projection: Office of State Planning Compu-
ter Print Out (Dec. 1974).
(b) Estimated maximum City projection: 1975 Revenue Sharing Population Esti-
mate with remaining projection adjusted by eliminating the net out -mi-
gration rate. (See An Economic Analysis of Elizabeth City, N.C.)
(c) Estimated extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction projection: An Economic
Analysis of Elizabeth City, N.C., 197S. (Least squares method based
upon past and current data).
(d) Total minimum and maximum projections: Summation of City minimum and
maximum projections and projections for the extraterritorial zoning
jurisdiction. (An Economic Analysis of Elizabeth City, 197S).
The Office of State Planning uses a current estimated population of 14,770
for the City ancl.this is probably the most useful current estimate, since
it is used for revenue sharing purposes. The table ,on the following page
lists various population estimates for the City and surrounding area.
-139-

COMPARISON OF VARIOUS POPULATION ESTIMATES FOR THE ELIZABETH CITY PLANNING AREA: 1940-2000.
1940 1950 1960 1966 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 2000
(a)Elizabeth City Limits (Office of State
Planning) 11,564 12,685 14,062 ------ 14,381 13,703 13,319 12,863 12,282 11,109
(b)City Limits (1966 Land Development Plan) ------ ------ 14,062 15,243 15,749 ------ 17,639 19,121 ------ ------
(1967)
(c)Extraterritorial Planning Jurisdiction ------ ------ 1,331 1,952 ------ 3,822 4,180 4,877 5,574 6,271
(established 1972)
(d)lVithin one mile of City Limits (1966
------ ------ 1,350 1,577
1,674
------ 2,076
2,423 ------ ------
Land Development Plan)
(1967)
(e)Total Planning Area
------ ------ 15,393 ------
17,525
17,525 17,499
17,740 17,856 18,077
(f)Total 1966 Land Development Plan
------ ------ 15,412 16,820
17,423
------ 19,715
21,544 ------ ------
(g)Elizabeth City Township
13,480 15,450 15,680 ------
15,780
15,875 15,970
16,245 16,520 16,500
(h)Pasquotank County 20,568 242347 25,630 ------ 26,824 27,812 28,800 29,700 30,600 32,000
Data Souz;es:
(a)Elizabeth City Limits: Office of State Planning Pro-
jections and Census Information for 1940, 1950, and
1970.
(b)City and with one mile population projections as
presented in The 1966 Land Development Plan.
(c)City and with one mile population projections as
presented in The 1966 Land Develo ment Plan.
(d)E..xtraterritorial Zoning Jurisdiction: An Economic
analysis of Elizabeth City 1975.
NOTE
The Elizabeth City township boundaries are larger than the
present City limits, but smaller than the zoning jurisdiction
boundary. (See map showing important City boundaries on
page 141).
(e)Total Planning Area: Summation of "a" and "c"
above.
(f)Total 1966 Land Development Plan: Summation of
"b" above.
(g)Elizabeth City Township: Area Economic Projections
by Bureau of Economic Analysis.
(h)Pasquotank County: Area Economic Projections by
Bureau of Economic Analysis

PROVIDENCE TOWNSHIP
MOUNT
HERMON
TOWNSHP
Ar .r r
rm aN. MM CAM. M P*4aEd
J
1
I Crt�E
• �.. -'
le
it
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7y
rj
t
�I
I
r�►�j�z .
•r1 '�i�s•',i�t
a�;�►..w.
i,A•
�.
w��
4,1.1'
NI Q�VTON TOWNSHIP ! �,
O

RELATIONSHIP OF LONG TERM PROJECTIONS TO DESIRES
In general, the long term projections seem to be in accord with the desires
of the people, The small town quality of the community is cherished by the
residents, and as indicated by survey results, the majority of respondents
,
prefer a moderate or small increase in population, especially over the next
_
10 year period. The Land Use Plan objective under the planned urban growth
policy calls for preservation of this small town quality.
'
CAPABILITIES OF THE LAND AND WATER TO SUSTAIN FUTURE POPULATION
The section on Carrying Capacity deals with capabilities concern in more
detail. However, a few summary comments are included here:
-
(a) Projected 50 year population figures are within the capabilities of
,
improved public facilities and land areas.
_
(b) Approximately 33,000 persons could be accomodated in the Elizabeth City
planning jurisdiction and still maintain prime agricultural land, sen-
sitive natural environments and existing low density small town
quality.
-
AGE GROUP COMPOSITION
i
The age groups of the Elizabeth City population are generally following state
trends, but more significantly so. During the 1960's the City followed the
general trend in the decrease of the 0-19 year old age group. It is assumed
that either fewer new families were being formed or the children and younger
_
people are out -migrating along with their parents.
,
The age group 20-44 years, although increasing for the State of North Caro-
=
lina, has continued to decrease in Elizabeth City during the'1960's. An
assumption can be made that the age group 20-44 years is not finding suit-
able jobs in this area, particularly in Elizabeth City. Wages in Elizabeth
_
City are also comparatively lower than those of metropolitan areas around
the country, therefore people may be out-migrating.to find better wages and
,
general living conditions in other areas. The continuous net out -migration
rate of .05% per year tends to support this assumption.
According to census data, the age groups 45-64 and 65 and over are increasing
,
at much faster rates in Elizabeth City than in the State of North Carolina
as a whole. The age group 65 and over has grown faster than -the age group
45-64. The main reasons appear to be that the older members of the com-
'
munity tend to be less mobile and are tied to the local community through
relatives and retirement. It is also true that people are living longer
_
today, and the death rate has been significantly checked because of more
'
advanced health care and better medical facilities. Finally, an out -mi-
gration of younger people has resulted in a substantial increase in the
-
proportion of older people in the population. Also communities like
Elizabeth City offer excellent retirement locatior_s.
'
During the next 25 years a shift in age group distribution is anticipated,
as population of the younger age group decreases and older age groups in-
crease. The 19 and under age group is projected to decrease by 45% while
the 65 and over age group increases by 290. This potential age group dis-
tribution shift could have significant implications for community services
and facilities, especially in the area of health care, housing, recreation
'
-142-

i
_1
i
and transportation, as the population within the older age groups increases.
The following bar charts illustrate the prior, existing and projected age
group composition within Elizabeth City.
AGE GROUP DISTRIBUTION FOR ELIZABETH CITY: 1950-2000
AGE
6ROU►
0.16
20-44
43i4
63. OVER
1630
4.273 i
N640
2.343
627
0
1660
3.311
1l12
2ru�
I.31
1670
«
0
3�16 �
4AM
3,322
1,762
M0
Z
>
4.016
41146
2,603
2,246
low
J
3,lf2 0
r
4,064
;313
2.31
2000
2.662
3.366
;434
2r3
Data Sources:
a 1950, 1960 and 1970 census data.
(b) Office of State Planning Computer.
from 1980-2000.
OTHER POPULATION CHARACTERISTICS
Analysis of population #PT 595A
The ethnic population difference in Elizabeth City has remained rela-
tively constant since 1960. In the 1960 census for Elizabeth City 36.70
of the population was nonwhite and 63.3% white. This changed slightly to
37% nonwhite and 63% white in the 1970 census. However, according to the
Office of State Planning population projections for the City, the non-
white population is expected to increase to 410 of the total population
by 1985 and to 440 of the population by 2000.
' The number of both white and nonwhite households have increased since
the 1960 census. However, the number of persons per household decreased,
and this decrease was higher among white households. There are currently
an estimated 3 persons on the average in every household in Elizabeth City.
Although there are slightly more large (6 or more family members) nonwhite
families in the City than large white families, the proportion of large
families is almost equally shared among white and nonwhite families.
' Approximately 120 of the total number of families (3571) have 6 or more
family members. In addition, white families are decreasing, and all
families with children under 6 years of age are decreasing more than
other families. However, nonwhite families except those with children
under 6 years of age are increasing slightly.
POPULATION AND EDUCATIONAL ATTAIN ENT
Educational attainment has improved since 1960 in Elizabeth City. The
_ median school grade completed in 1960 was 9.4, whereas in 1970 the median
school grade attained was 10.6. Also there has been a 26% decrease in
persons who attained under 8 years of school between 1960 and 1970. The
most dynamic change has been in an increase of almost 44% for persons
who had completed some college between 1960 and 1970, and also in the in-
crease of over 100% for persons who had completed high school in 1970 as
compared to 1960.
-143-

School enrollment in 1970 as compared to 1960 reflects the declining birth ,
rate and higher educational attainment in Elizabeth City. For example,
City resident enrollment in public elementary schools decreased by 12% in
1970 as compared to 1960 and increased enrollment in high school and col- ,
lege approached 45% for high school and almost 400% for college.
School attainment among the nonwhite population over 25 in Elizabeth City '
indicates that a higher educational attainment has been obtained by them
in 1970 as compared to 1960. however, average grade completed by non-
whites was still below the average grade completed by the total population —
over 25. Also comparing total number of nonwhites completing high school
with total number of whites completing high school indicates that although
nonwhites have attained higher education, since 1960, compared to whites they have not gained as substantially. In the 1970 census 44% of a.11 whites over '
25 had completed high school as compared to only 27% of all nonwhites.
SEASONAL POPULATION AND ECONOMIC IMPACTS
The City experiences two major seasonal population groups: ,
(1) Visitors passing through to other resort areas but requiring overnight
or temporary lodgings.
(2) Student population in need of off -campus residence.
These two seasonal population groups along with their projected needs and ,
impact are listed in the tables on the following pages.
Using the process outlined below, a total of 981 tourist accomodation spaces
will be needed in the Elizabeth City area by the year 1986 if the present
room availability is to be maintained. Assuming that these expanded faci-
lities will be occupied at the same rate as the present facilities, an
estimate of 755 is arrived at for the average number of seasonal population
residing in hotels or motels accomodations within 10 years.
To figure future hotel and motel accomodation capacity needs for the Eliza-
beth City area, the following process was used:
(1) Pasquotank County's present percentage share of all the tourist money
spent in the state was figured by using results of the North Carolina
Travel Survey published in 1974.
(2) The growth rate of the tourist industry in Pasquotank County was figured
by assuming that the present percentage share of state tourist monies
will remain the same in years to come, multiplying this percentage share
figured in 1 above (.6%) times the projected state tourist income for
1986 (figured by the Travel Development Section of the DNER in their
1974 survey), and then comparing this projected income for Pasquotank
County with the present tourist income.
(3) The growth rate figure calculated in 2 above (44%) was multiplied by
the current total tourist accomodation capacity in the area to give
the figure for projected accomodation needs.
-144-

f M'M I M' r I M I M I M` r I M I M'I r I =' M i= '" i M' =(- I M
PROFILE OF THE HOTELS AND MOTELS IN THE ELIZABETH CITY AREA
NAME
TOTAL UNITS
TYPE OF ACCO-
PRESENT
OCCUPANCY
ESTIMATED APPROXIMATE EXPANSION
CCHMENTS
AT PRESENT
MODATIONS
TOTAL
RATE
AVERAGE NUMBER NUMBER OF PLANNED
CAPACITY
OF OCCUPANTS NO VACANCY DAYS WITHIN
NEXT 10 YEARS
Holiday Inn
119
43 single
175
82%
144 200 60 units
Average stay
76 double
30 single
is one night
30 double
Southern Hotel
54
26 single
84
0 350 ne
most o t eir
26 double
rooms are rented
2
efficiency apts,
by the month
to permanent
residents
Bob's Motor
9
3 single
17
70%
12 90 None
vent been
Court
4 double
(see comment)
open during
2
efficiency apts.
the winter months
for the last
two years
Queen Elizabeth
37
15 single
5
115 None
Most o t eir
Motel
22 double
guests are on
their way to
the Outer Banks
Vicki Villa
42
24 single
60
75%
45 125 None
Same as above
Motel
18 double
Traveler's
12
6 single
18
65
12 125 30 units
Same as above
Motel
6 double
15 single
15 double
Whistling Pines 25
12 double bed
Motel
12 2 double bed
76
68%
52 118 None
Same as above
ernite Inn
48
2 double beds
0 10 units
Just openR last
in all 48 rooms
2 double beds
September. Most
in each room
guests going to
Outer Banks
Totals
346
117 single
681
77%
524 100 units,
All these ques-
152 double
45 single
tioned reported
4 efficiency
45 double
their best sea-
73 others
10 other
son occurred
Expanded capacity
June 1-Sept. 1
will provide 175
more beds
Data Source:
Elizabeth City Planning Department

ENROLLMENT AND HOUSING PROJECTIONS FOR ELIZABETH CITY INSTITUTIONS OF HIGHER EDUCATION
INSITIUTION CURRENT TOTAL NUMBER OF THOSE NUMBER OF THOSE 10 YEAR NUMBER OF ESTIMATED NUMBER COMMENTS
ENROLLMENT LIVING IN FROM OUTSIDE EC PROJECTED PROJECTED OF THOSE FROM
DORMITORIES AT THAT MUST FIND ENROLLMENT DORMITORY SPACES OUTSIDE EC WHO
PRESENT OTHER HOUSING IN 1985 MUST FIND OTHER
HOUSING IN CITY IN
1985
Elizabeth City
State University 1,605 921 235 3,500 1,500 660 At present the
dormitories
are overcrowded
as there are 921
people living
in spaces for 770
The College
of the
Albemarle 1,200 0 120 1,950 0 195 There is no
university hous-
ing at present
and none planned
within the next
ten years
Roanoke Bible
College 182 120 12 400 350 30 34% of the
student body is
married and live
off campus but
the majority
are EC natives
Total 2,987 1,041 371 5,850 1,850 885
Data Source:
Elizabeth City Planning Department

_
The possible economic impacts on the area in the next 10 years are as
follows:
(1) Four land highway to Norfolk.
-
(2) Completion of the proposed industrial park.
(3) Expansion of the tourist business through additional local attractions.
(4) Completion of the Volvo plant in Norfolk
_
(5) Renewal of the downtown area through waterfront beautification, rehabi-
litation (historic theme) and downtown mall.
(6) New markets for local agricultural products.
(7) Expanded use of the waterways for recreation, tourist, business, trans-
portation and leisure activities.
(8) Development of the Dismal Swamp Wildlife Refuge 30 miles to the North.
(9) Additional commercial development such as a shopping mall on Highway
-
17 North.
The above listing is by no means complete, but each could have significant
effect upon the local economy. This effect can not really be measured
_
at this time. Each possibility would have both benefits and possibly
negative impacts on the local economy. These activities or impacts should
be closely monitored as they become a reality to insure accord with the
-
City's Land Use Plan or to allow adequate revisions to the plan.
1
CITY
ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT AND THE'PROPOSED INDUSTRIAL PARK FOR ELIZABETH
-
AND PASQUOTANK COUNTY
There is one major factor that must be considered in planning for future
'
industrial development in the Elizabeth City area; any industry brought
-
into the area should contribute to the state efforts at overcoming the
earnings between the State of North Carolina and the nation as a
gaps
whole and in particular, Pasquotank County and the State. It is a well
-
known fact that the average earnings of North Carolinians are significantly
'
lower than the average per capita income for the entire nation and that
residents of region "R', where Pasquotank County is the major population
_
concentration have per capita incomes that are lower than even the sub-
standard state average.
There are two ways that a particular industry can help to resolve these
-
differences. First, an industry can have a direct "local effect" by
paying wages that are higher than the average national wage within the
"industrial by
industry. Second, an industry can have an mix effect"
-
helping to change the general nature of an area's economic profile, say
from a low wage, low growth type to a high wage -high growth type.
North Carolina and Pasquotank County in particular have suffered from wage
--
levels that are depressed relative to the national average for a given
industry (negative local effect), but by far the most debilating economic
affliction has been a poor industrial mix. Sixty percent of the total North
-
Carolina manufacturing employment for the period 1960-72 was in the three
I
of the nation's lowest paying industry groups, i.e., Textiles (SIC 22),
Apparel (SIC 23), and Furniture and Fixtures (SIC 25) (Economic Deve-
lopment Strategy, Phase I, N.C., Economic Management Study, , p. -16.)
i
1
-147-

In PasQ uotank County SOo of all manufacturing employment opportunities ,
for this same period were in these lowest paying industry groups. (Per-
centage derived from table in Elizabeth City-Pasquotank and Camden Counties, ,
North Carolina, VEPCO, 1973, p.S.) The negative effect that such indus-
trial profiles have on per capita income even if the national average wage
for these industries were paid, is plain enough.
Recognition of these probelms related to the manufacturing industry sector
in North Carolina by the Department of Natural and Economic Resources ,
resulted in a study entitled Economic Development Strategy, Phase I North
Carolina Economic Growth Mbny ement Stu pu lis a in 1974. This study
recommended:,
(1) An accelerated transition from an economy dominated by low -wage, low -
skilled manufacturing to a more diversified economy characterized by
higher wage and higher skilled manufacturing and services. ,
(2) An improvement in the geographic distribution of higher wage employ-
ment so that there will be fewer underdeveloped areas and greater
opportunities for participation of nonmetropolitan citizens in the ,.
growth of per capita personal income.
In terms of development strategy, this study outlined the "industrial
complex concept" whereby complementary industries are encouraged to estab-
lish themselves in the same area. The theory is that there is an wholistic
economic effect in that the income generated by such a complex will remain more
within the local area and be greater than the income generated by a lone '
industry.
As part of the local governmental effect to encourage development in accor-
dance with the above mentioned recommendations, an industrial information
matrix was devised to aid in the structuring of the proposed Elizabeth City
Industrial Park. This matrix is a compilation of the 54 industrial com-
plexes suggested in the state growth strategy document as most favorable ,
for the North Carolina economy as a whole. In the matrix each -complex is
broken down into its composite industries and then examined in terms of —
eleven significant parameters. Further, an arbitrary weighted scoring
scale is to be developed based upon local concerns as an aid in determining
the desirability of having each of the 54 complexes located in the Eliza- _
beth City area. A judicious use of this matrix taking into account the
wide range of information sources used, the general nature.of the informa ,
tion provided, and the criteria adopted for the weighted scoring scale, will
provide a general overview of which types of industrial development possi-
bilities are most suitable for the Elizabeth City area. This matrix is
available through the Elizabeth City Planning Department...
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F"Il,
i .
Economy
ECONOMIC CONDITIONS
The following information identifies major tronds and factors in the local
economy. Employment, occupation distribution, economic conditions, income,
retail sales, construction activity, and potential need for growth or
development are discussed.
(1) EMPLOYMENT:
According to the 1975 Economic Analysis of Elizabeth City, the labor
force in Pasquotank County has been on a steady increase since 1968,
reversing a prior downwards trend. After 1966, the unemployment rate
fell in line with the national average. Only within the last year has
the unemployment rate substantially increased. In August 1975 the
Elizabeth City area was designated an area of substantial unemploy-
ment by the U.S. Department of Labor. The unemployment rate was as
high as 13.3 in February 1975. However, projecting the past employ-
ment trend since 1969 for the county suggests that by 1985 employ-
ment might increase from 9,610 to 12,738 workers or 48% of the total
projected county population.
(2) OCCUPATIONAL DISTRIBUTION:
Elizabeth City contains a larger percentage of professional and tech-
nical workers than the state as a whole. This occupational category
consists of doctors, lawyers, teachers, medical technicians, nurses,
and governmental employees. However, employment in the operative
occupations, such as industrial and manufacturing categories, is far
below the state level. Workers in these categories within the City
decreased substantially between 1960 and 1970 while the over. -all state
distribution of operatives increased. This situation indicates that
Elizabeth City's occupational distribution is becoming primarily ser-
vice oriented.
(3) ECONOMIC CONDITIONS AND TRENDS:
The 1975 Economy Analysis of Elizabeth CjtX also concluded that within
the local economy there has een a s 1 t in the balance of trade from
export to service type activities. Export activities are activities,
such as manufacturing, that bring about an inflow of income from the
outside and produce a greater income multiplier effect to the local
economy. Service type activities include professional occupations,
retail and wholesale trade, construction and personal services.
Service type activities generate an inflow of goods and an outflow
of income, as well as local turnover of income, but as such are not
as great an income multiplier as export type activities. Between
1963 and 1973 export type employment decreased by 30% while service
type employment increased by 49% with most of the increase occurring
in wholesale and retail trade. In addition, analysis of industrial
specialization or industrial distribution of employment, output and
income for Elizabeth City shows that the City had a better industrial
base balance in 1960 than in 1970, and that certain types of indus-
trial activity, such as manufacturing, are not as well developed as
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(4)
they are over the entire state. This economic trend in Elizabeth City
indicates a substantial weakening of the area's economic stability.
Continuation of this trend accompanied by a subsequent reduction in the
import of income could significantly damage the local economy and ulti-
mately result in increased economic adversity and stagnation.
Export type economic activities also include tourism. Development of
a tourist industry in the Elizabeth City area could aid towards bringing
,
in income and producing a significant income multiplier effect. The
1974 Travel Survey of North Carolina indicates that almost $7,000,000
was spent in Pasquotank County by tourist during 1974. The near ;;y
coastal counties of Dare and Carteret benefited from almost one hundred
million dollars in tourist expenditures during the same period. Most
_
visitors to these areas originate from North Carolina; as well as South
Carolina and Virginia, and recreation or vacation pressures will con-
,
tinue to increase in this area. Elizabeth City could benefit more
from this inflow of visitors. However, to do so the City can no longer
remain a pass through point for tourist on their way to other major
attractions elsewhere in the region. Many additional tourist attrac-
tions and amenities would have to be developed in the Elizabeth City
-
area, as well as a concentrated effort to attract tourist.
In general, there has been an upwards mobility of workers into higher
skilled occupations, as indicated by an analysis of the 1960 and 1970
census information of occupational distribution within Elizabeth City.
Professional, special skill, clerical and service occupations increased
during this period while manufacturing, sales, general labor and driver
or delivery type occupations decreased. This general trend was sig-
nificant among female workers, and a substantial increase in total
female workers occurred between 1960 and 1970. Also, nonwhite parti-
cipatipn in occupations including professional sales, skilled workers
and administration increased substantially between 1960 and 1970.
Nonwhites are also experiencing this upwards mobility. However, when
r
compared to total white employment in these higher professions, the
nonwhites do not occupy these professions (except for professional
,.
occupations) in the same high proportions as do whites.
INCOME:
Low income and poverty is a very real problem in Elizabeth City. In
the 1970 census over 200 of all Elizabeth City families had incomes
below the poverty level of $3,410 and over 370 of all nonwhite had
below poverty incomes. Although median family income has increased
significantly since 1960, the 1960 median family income in Elizabeth
City had fallen to about 880 of that of the State and was the lowest
among other cities in North Carolina with similar populations. The
poverty situation among the elderly is also serious, with over 1/3
-
of all elderly in Elizabeth City receiving income below the poverty
level in 1969. In addition, per capita income within Pasquotank County
,
is relatively stagnant and does not indicate an upward or downward
trend.when compared with adjacent counties and the average for the na-
tion as a whole. Thus a very serious problem exists in the local
economy in terms of income distribution.
-ISO-

(5) RETAIL SALES:
Retail sales have continued to increase, especially since 1967.
During the period between 1967 and 1972 the ratio of Elizabeth City's
retail sales to State retail sales increased, and the City's retail
trade grew at a faster rate than retail trade within the entire State.
It appears that the expansion of retail sales will continue, but the
rate of expansion will depend upon future economic conditions, and the
other adverse economic conditions could seriously limit and decrease
sales expansion.
(6) CONSTRUCTION ACTIVITY:
Construction activity within the Elizabeth City area generally followed
the employment trend, reflecting the traditional relationship bet-
ween real capital investment and the level of employment. Since the
early 1970's construction activity has increased in the area. However,
there is a continuing need for.,;new investment within the community to
provide economic opportunities. If new investment dries up, then
local economy stagnates and furthers the out -migration trend. In
addition, investment funds must be generated locally to help finance
the City's future economic growth and prosperity.
(7) POTENTIAL AND NEED FOR GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT:
The close proximity of the Tidewater area, the designation of the
Elizabeth City area as a regional growth center by EDA, the avail-
ability or potential availability of necessary resources, services
and facilities, the cultural and medical resources and institutions
of higher learning in the area, proximity of industries in need of
spin off operations, availability of all major transportation link-
ages (including air, water, rail and road), significant increases
in retail trade, the proposed industrial park, and the recreational
incentives found in this area suggest excellent growth possibilities
for this area. The proposed industrial park for the area could ex-
pand this potential for growth and development by insuring produc-
tive job opportunities, if properly planned and managed. In addi-
tion as many as 104 industries, which are compatible with ECA's com-
puterized industrial/community match list of 39 optimun industrial
types to locate within the Elizabeth City area, have indicated an
interest in locating to North Carolina.
The need for economic growth in the area is indicated by the following:
(1) Since the early 1960's the balance of trade in the Elizabeth City
area has been shifting from an industrial to a service base, resulting
in less of an income multiplier within the community.
(2) In addition, over 60% of the local manufacturing labor force is
employed in N.C. and the nation's lowest paying industries (apparrel,
furniture and wood processing).
(3) Industrial growth in the Elizabeth City area has declined since 1960,
and the distribution of employment in industrial operatives within
the Elizabeth City area shows a substantial decline and continues
to fall way below the state as a whole.
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(4) While per -capita income in other counties has increased relative to
the national average, per -capita income in Pasquotank-County remains
relatively stagnant and does not show an upwards trend relative to
the nation as a whole.
(5) Continued decline in income multiplier activities (such as industry)
could tend to damage the growth of the relatively prosperous retail
trade activities in the area as future expansion of a retail trade
will depend upon future economic conditions.
These conditions point to a trend that could mean increased economic adver-
sity in an area already substantially lagging way behind the rest of the
state in terms of economic growth.
Future Land Needs
10 YEAR ESTIMATED POPULATION GROWTH AND LAND DEMAND
Identification of the areas within the City planning jurisdiction that are
most likely to experience the estimated growth of 22,592 persons by 1985
is difficult. However, certain assumptions can be made based upon prior
trends and potential high growth areas.
The Series "E" Economic Projections by the Bureau of Economic Analysis in-
dicate an increasing population for Pasquotank County over the next ten
year period. However, these projections show that proportionally to the
county population, the Elizabeth City Township population will decline over
the same period. In addition, the 197S Economic Analysis of Elizabeth
City projects a substantial increase in the population of the City's Extra-
territorial Planning Jurisdiction over the next ten year period. The City's
Planning Jurisdiction includes major growth areas beyond the Elizabeth City
Township Boundaries. (See the map of Elizabeth City Boundaries on page
141 )• This increase coupled with the declining Elizabeth City population
and somewhat stabilized remaining County population trend indicates that
primary growth has been and will most probably continue to take place within
areas adjacent to the City limits. This growth trend is illustrated by the
following chart:
A4S000TANK COUNTY POPULATION DISTRIBUTION
zg63o
COUNTY PROPORTION
ELIZABETH CITY
TOWNSHIP
PROPORTION %
CITY EXTRATEF6?TOR•
IAL PLANNING
JUWI PIC;TION 160
PROPGRTION
5Y.
I97°
41%
SYA
n V.
I975 I'M IM5
YEAR

-
The chart indicates that the proportion of growth occurring within the
'
Extraterritorial Planning Jurisdiction of Elizabeth City is increasing at
a substantial rate as compared to the proportional decrease for Elizabeth
_
City Township and istabilized proportional growth occurring within the re-
maining County area. An assumption can be made that major county growth
will continue to occur in areas adjacent to Elizabeth City and that most
of the anticipated County population growth within the next ten year period
-
should be planned for within this area. This type of planned growth also
reflects the 1972 Statewide Development Policy of encouraging and expanding
upon existing urban support bases with emphasis on dispersed patterns of
urban clusters and decentralization of employment opportunities towards
smaller and medium size urban clusters like Elizabeth City. The Series
"E" projections for the county also assumes that workers will migrate to
areas of economic opportunities and away from slow -growth or declining
—�
areas. The decrease in smaller farms within the county tends to support
this assumption. According to Series "E" Bureau of Economic Analysis
Population Projection, the total population increase for the county is
expected to be about 2,000 persons over the next ten year period (1975-
1985). If an assumption is made that the anticipated county population in-
crease will primarily be concentrated in areas adjacent to the City, then
perhaps as much as 70% of the anticipated county growth will occur in the
City's extraterritorial planning jurisdiction. This assumption is
based upon the fact that by 1985 approximately 55% of the county projected
population will be concentrated within the Elizabeth City Township and of
the remaining 450, approximately 15$ is growth in the urban areas of the
City's extraterritorial planning jurisdiction that is outside of the town-
ship boundaries.
In the 1975 Economic Analysis of Elizabeth City each planning sector of
the extraterritorial planning jurisdiction was analyzed in terms of prior
population trends between 1959 to 1966 and 1966 to 1975 in these various
-.�
sectors.
The map on the following page illustrates these planning sectors and pre-
sents the estimated population growth for each sector based upon these
prior trends.
The population trends in each section are as follows:
—,
(a) Section 7 is losing population and this -trend will probably continue.
(b) All other sections show an increase in population and this trend
should continue.
-
(c) Sections 4, 6, and 8.are experiencing the most significant population
increases and these sections will probably continue to experience the
most significant .increase due to the availability of facilities and
available residential land.
Sections #4, #6, and #8 cover the areas of Chesterfield Heights, Church
and Main Extended Streets, and U.S. Highway No. 17 North. These sections
should experience the greatest amount of future growth. Section #4 should
grow because of its proximity to the Southgate Mall Shopping Center, pub-
lic schools, and the accessibility of city facilities such as city water
-
and sewerage, in addition to the availability of wooded land for resi-
dential purposes. Section #6 has great potential for growth because it
has wooded areas and agricultural land which could easily be made avail-
able for residential use. This section should continue to maintain its
growth trend if the city provides public utilities such as water and
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_
sewage to the area.
'
Section #8 should continue to grow in the near future because it is more
directly connected with the Norfolk metropolitan area through U.S. Highway
—
No. 17 North. Its growth will be faster if this portion of U.S. Highway
'
No. 17 North is converted to a four -lane highway. In fact, some residen-
tial development is already in progress along U.S. Highway No. 17 North
-
beyond the Section #8 boundary. It is expected that this trend of growth
will continue in the future.
Section #11s growth will probably be relatively slow perhaps, because of
—
its rural nature and exclusiveness. However, some multi -family units
have been built recently to meet the Coast Guard personnel needs and more
are planned. There is a possibility that more units may be built near the
_
river or on some of the large agricultural lands in the future. In addi-
tion the industrial park completion in the adjacent section could encourage
additional residential and other uses in this section.
Section ttS, covering the area along U.S. Highway No. 17 South will also
(row slowly. Northeastern Iligh and Central Elementary Schools are loca-
ted in this section. Beyond Section #S along U.S. Highway No. 17 South,
the residential growth will be slower because the area is primarily com-
mercial. There are quite a number of business concerns already located
along it; and a few more may come in the near future. The remaining por-
tion is agricultural land and probabl%, not suitable or available for resi-
dential purposes.
Section #2 is not expected to grow residentially but may bring a few.
business and commercial concerns if the proposed industrial park is
completed in this section.
Section#3 does not have bright prospects for increased residential
growth due to its economically weak and poverty stricken condition.
In terns of these potential growth sections and land demand, Sections
112, t14, 116, and 118 are areas requiring land for the anticipated growth of
4,000 additional persons. In addition, Section til adjacent to the pro-
posed industrial park will require additional growth land. These growth
areas will require a land classification that encourages and prepares
for this growth, such as the transition or community classifications.
The quality of land required to accomodate this anticipated growth is
also another consideration in studying land demand. The following major
land uses have been examined for land demand within 10 years:
(1) Residential land demand:
The additional anticipated population of 4,000 persons might require
as many as 1,333 dwelling units assuming 3 persons per household unit.
Using the existing density of. 3.09 units per acre within the extra-
territorial planning jurisdiction, approximately 431 additional acres
of residential land will be required. Ohviously,this amount will be
less if multi -family units are constructed or high('r density is
desired. 'These 431 acres of residential land will be reflected in
the transition and community land classifications.
-1ss-

(2) Industrial land demand:
138 acres of land along the Weeksville Highway has been identified as
the proposed industrial park site. The land is under option, and a
_
City/County Commission was established to implement the park plan.
This industrial land .is considered sufficient to meet the demand for
'
industrial land use. The typical standard for industrial land required
is approximately 12 acres per 1,000 persons. (See Standards for New -
Urban Development, Urban Land Institute). Applying this standard to
'
t e anticipated population of 22,592, the demand for industrial acres
is approximately 276 acres. However, there is approximately 103 acres
of existing industry, leaving only 173 additional acres required. The
proposed 138 acres falls short of this standard, and consideration
should be given to identifying additional acreage (35 minimum) at the
proposed industrial site for future industrial purposes. The.indus-
trial park area is adjacent to additional developable land for this
purpose. These industrial lands should be considered under transi-
tion land classification due to their need for public facilities.
-
(3) Commercial:
The expected increase in retail sales for Elizabeth City is about $15,S09,805
by 1985. (See An Economic Analysis of Elizabeth City, 1975) The average
annual sales of a retail establishment in Elizal—e- City is $281,719
in 1967 dollars. Thus, assuming that the size of retail establishments
remains about the same, an increase of about-71 commercial establish-
ments could be expected by 1985. Assuming about 1.25 units per acre,
as based upon a neighborhood commercial center standard (See Standards
for New Urban Development, Urban Land Institute), about 57 ad itioml
acres oT_1_anU for commercial use. This land should be identified in
the developed, community or transition classification.
(4) Institutional:
The major schools in the area plan expansion activities within the
next 10 years. These schools, including Northeastern High School,
Pasquotank School System Administration Complex Elizabeth City State
university, Roanoke Bible College and College of the Albemarle, all
have sites or locations that should be included in the transition or
developed classification due to their need for public facilities. An
estimated 75 acres will be required in transition or developed classi-
fication to take care of this land demand.
The following table summarizes the minimal additional land demands through
1985:
ESTIMATED ADDITIONAL LAND DEMAND THROUGH 1985
Land Use Additional Gross Acreage Required
Residential
431
Commercial
57
Industrial
173
Institutional
75
TOTAL 77
Data Source:
Elizabeth City Planning Department.
- 1 50-

RECREATION OR OPEN SPACE LAND DEMAND
There is no absolute standard for recreation or open space land need. In
recrea-
general, a community can effectively manage any given amount of
for the
tional land so that there is sufficient recreational opportunities
residents. However, a general Bureau of Outdoor Recreation Standard for
'
recreational land needs is 1 acre per 100 persons. The additional 4,000
persons anticipated within the Elizabeth City area would require about 40
—
acres for recreation demand. The total estimated population of 22,592
persons by 1985 would need approximately 226 acres for recreation needs.
The city and other institutions currently maintain or plan to maintain
'
about 1S0 acres of recreation lands. Thus to meet the general standard
approximately 75 additional acres of recreation land will be needed. A
Recreation and Open Space Plan for Elizabeth City is currently being pre-
pared and deals with recreation needs in more detail. Consideration
the City's Subdivision Regulations to reflect
should be given to revising
recreation land provision by development. This type of requirement would
insure adequate recreation facilities are provided in the growth areas
_
and aid towards meeting the suggested recreation need without burdening
the City.
1
Facilities Demand
POPULATION PROJECTION AND FACILITY DEMAND
The total population for the Elizabeth City Planning Jurisdiction could be
as high as 22,592 persons by 1985. Current major facilities, such as water
and sewer, are not adequate to take care of this population projection.
The existing public water system serves approximately 16,000 persons. The
treatment plant handles approximately 800 of this population. Both faci-
lities are in need of renovation and expansion. Plans are currently under-
way for improvements to both systems and implementation of improvements to
the water system have already begun. For a more detailed investigation of
facility demand over the.next 10 year period, the reader is directed to
the sections on Community Facilities and Carrying Capacity or the 1975-
198 5 Public Improvements Program and Capital Improvements Budget for
Elizabeth City.
Obviously, the existing public facilities, especially water and sewer,
are inadequate to handle.this estimated population increase, as well as
the existing load. In addition, other facilities will have to be contin-
ually upgraded to deal with population increase demand. An annexation
study has recently been completed that addressee: facility demand in urban-
izing areas adjacent to the city limits. The reader is directed to this
study for more information about the type and cost of facilities required
in these growth areas adjacent to the City. Fire, police, public works,
and recreation needs are addressed in this study, as well as water and
sewer needs.
TYPE AND COST OF SERVICES REQUIRED
The actualization of the estimated increase in population will require suh
stantial improvements in and expansion of existing public facilities.
-:157-

Altbough the sections on Carrying Capacity and Community Facilities, as well
as The 1975-1985 Public Improvements Program and Capital I rovements Budget
and 197 Annexation Study, deals with the type and cost of required services, _
the following additional items will be discussed:
(a)- Proposed water and sewer improvements, including the 201 sewer facili-
ties work.
(b) Summary of various other public or community facility needs and costs
(c) Total cost for public facility improvements.
WATER SYSTEM IMPROVEMENT -
The water system improvement project currently underway and under contract
consists of the following:
(a) Expansion of the water treatment plant to 5,000,000 gallons per day
treatment capacity with 5-1 million gallons per day filters.
(b) Chemical filtration system capable of handling raw water from either
the river (surface water) or from wells (ground water).
(c) Man-made lagoon to dispose of sludge from treatment process.
(d) New laboratory, electrical, mechanical, plumbing and general construc-
tion work to renovate the existing facility off Wilson Street.
The total cost of the above is anticipated to be $3,424,320. The City is
seeking bonds in the amount of $5,000,000 to support this project. In
addition, a state grant under the Clean Water Bond Act of $823,080 is
being requested with $262,909 of this amount already allocated to the pro-
ject.
The following water system improvements are planned with necessary permits
being obtained and details prepared for contract letting:
(a) Expansion of raw water capability to include a withdraw facility along
the Pasquotank River at the end of Brickhouse Road in the City's Plan-
ning Jurisdiction. The intake will be capable of removing up to
5,000,000 gallons of water.per day. In addition, the existing well
field will be used as a back up raw water supply.
(b) Expansion of treated water storage facilities to 3,000,000 gallons
per day of additional storage.
(c) Expansion of the existing well field with two intermediate wells capa-
ble of producing 2,000,000 gallons of water per day. The well field
will be capable of producing a total of 5,000,000 gallons of raw
water per day after expansion.
The completion of the above water system improvements are anticipated within
two years or about the middle of 1978 and at a cost of over $5,000,000.
However, 5,000,000 gallons of water per day will be available, and the system
will be able to serve a population of over 33,000 persons.
201 FACILITIES PLAN PROGRESS
The City has joined with Pasquotank County and Camden County to submit an
application for a 201 Facilities Planning Study. This Study is the first
phase of a 3 part federal program for the Development and Implementation
Waste Water Facilities Plan for the area. The boundaries of the Study
area are so delineated to evaluate important area wide geographic, demo-
graphic, and hydrologic considerations and include portions of Pasquotank
County and Camden County, as well as the entire Elizabeth City area. The
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_
first phase has been funded at a total cost of over $90,000 with the federal
aid state governments providing over 87 0 of the cost, The purpose of the
'
first phase of this study will be to evaluate the waste water treatment
needs within the study boundary area, including the need for additional
'
waste water treatment, problems of infiltration into the existing sewer
collector system and suggest the most cost effective solution to deal with
the area wide need and infiltration problems. Later phases of the 201
—
Facilities Planning Program will involve implementation steps to construct
the required facilities.
The poor soil conditions in the area for septic tank use make this planning
study of great importance to prevent future health hazards, correct
'
existing health hazards and insure the drainage basins and Pasquotank
River system are kept free from potential waste water contamination.
-
Already desired growth in certain areas within the study boundary has been
'
prevented through the denial of septic tank permits due to poor soil con-
ditions. Only an area wide waste water management and planning program
_
including facilities will address these problems.
'
Specific.planning elements of the Phase I 201 Facilities Planning Program
will consist of analysis of environmental, infiltration/inflow, population,
— ,
land use, and topographical factors, as well as waste water disposal al-
ternatives, cost effective analysis and environmental assessment. This
planning work will be completed by the professional engineering services
of J.N. Pease Associates. Elizabeth City has been designated the lead
agency and work is expected to begin on Phase I during 1976. Implementa-
tion would be expected within 3-5 years depending upon availability of
funds. The 201 Facilities Planning Boundary Area was designated by the
State through the Department of Natural and Economic Resources inconjunc-
'
tion with local input. This boundary includes large amounts of undeve-
loped lands in both county and city. Also included. is the major growth
—
area associated with Elizabeth City encompassing a regional growth center
area, providing sufficient growth anticipated area for well into the
1990's. Implementation of the resulting waste water treatment alterna-
tives in the 201 Facilities Plan will insure that this growth can proceed
without risking further health hazards. Most important economic benefits
will occur to the individual land owner who desires to develop the land,
as well as to the entire area in terms of sufficient facilities to take
-
care of regional growth center economic development. Availability of
area wide facilities and management plan for such facilities will insure
that the potential capacity of the land to support anticipated growth, as
—
well'as additional growth through extended or expanded wastewater facili-
ties is assured and perhaps ;rcreased.
_
The following map illustrates the 201 Facilities Planning Area.
'
-159-

SIT. HER H
l
201 FACILITIE `
�dft 201 PLANNI
.•...� REGIONAL G
EXISTING 0
FA
NNING STUDY
NIXONTOFI
CEWF- R 000N(�'A
WENT (�ENQR4)
1
ELI iv- 65 '-..
L, pA3p �H
USCGAS
' ;X
\ 1KL I \
' ` I
• �`' , AN,
�r
1

SUMMARY OF REQUIRED OR NEEDED CITY SERVICES FOR POPULATION GROWTH
Certain other public facilities, such as improved streets, increased fire
and police protection, expanded recreation opportunities, additional sani-
tation service and other city services, will have to be expanded to acco-
modate the projected population of 22,592. In addition, area schools and
other institutional functions will have to continue with.their expansion
programs. The reader is directed to the County Land Use Plan for a more
detalied analysis of these county adminis ere services.
_
The following table lists major city facilities or activities requiring
expansion to cover the urbanizing areas adjacent to the City. The types
'
and costs of facilities were prepared for a 1976 study on potential annex-
ation areas adjacent to the City.
MAJOR FACILITIES AND ASSOCIATED COST FOR GROWTH EXPANSION
ACTIVITY COST M
'
(1)Industrial Park Complex
(Shared responsibility with
county -includes:
(a)Land acquisition (total 14S acres) $ 725,000 (12%)
(b)On'and off site improvements 734,000 (12%)
—
(2)Main water lines and hydrants 1,358,780 (22%)
(3)Main sewer extensions and pumping stations 2,308,810 (37%)
(4)Street improvements 317,800 ( 5%)
_
(5)Fire protection extension
(a)Substation, equipment and staffing 410,000 ( 7%)
(6)Police protection (additional staff) 56,000 ( 1%)
(7)Sanitation collection 48,888 ( 1%)
—
'
(8)Recreation expansion (parks) 232,800 ( 4%)
TOTAL $6,192,078 (100%)
Data Source:
'
Elizabeth City Planning Department
The improvements to the water plant and supply facilities could be as high
as $5,000,000. In addition, the sewer plant improvement or additions to the
plant could run as high as $3,000,000 or more. Thus, to sustain the esti-
mated growth with the necessary facility improvements and expansions approx-
imately $14,192,078 would be needed over the next 10 years.
_
The above activities do not include other needs, such as street lighting,
waste management or disposal, social, education or special services and
health services. The 1975-1985 Public Improvements Program for Elizabeth
City covers some of these activities in more detail. Due to the poor
'
soil conditions in the area for septic tanks (See Soil Limitations section),
the above activities include costs and types of services required to pro-
vide water and sewer to the existing and potential growth areas adjacent
to the City. Certain existing, densely populated areas such as the Roanoke
'
Avenue and Oak Grove areas desperately need water and/or sewer services
to eliminate the poor health conditions associated with well and septic
tank use on small lots. Although adjacent growth areas will receive these
services through a case by case determination based upon. economic priori-
. -161-

ties, available federal, State or local funds, needs and other considerations,
the
local governments should be aware of the costs and types of services re-
'
quired in these growth areas.
-
In The Costs of Sprawl various types of urban expansions were analyzed as
to costs. The types of costs studied in this 1974 report were:
_
(1)
Capital and operating economic costs for housing, open space, schools,
,
streets, utilities, public services and land.
(2)
Environmental effects, such as pollution, energy and other detrimental
effects.
(3)
Personal effects, such as psychic costs, travel time, accidents and crime.
'
The
types of urban expansions studies were:
(1)
Planned unit development consisting of multi -units to single family
and multi -land uses.
(2)
Combination sprawl or traditional sub -divisions and planned unit deve-
lopment.
(3)
Low density urban sprawl consisting of single family homes primarily
-
sited on a traditional grid pattern.
,
The
conclusions of this study were as follows in terms of benefits resulting
_
in
land use, economic costs, environmental costs, energy and utility use,
personal costs and site analysis of different types of urban expansion:
'
(1)
Land Use
-
aOver 50% of the land in planned unit development remains com-
pletely undeveloped for open space whereas all the land is at
least partially developed in an urban sprawl development.
_.
(b) Although the amount of land for schools and public facilities is
the same in all urban expansions, the planned unit development
'
uses about half as much land for transportation needs.
(2)
Economic Costs
a The —planned unit development is distinctly lower in terms of total
,
investment costs, amounting to about 21% below the combined com-
munity and 44% below the low density sprawl community.
-
(b) The largest cost savings are in the construction of residential
dwellings, roads and utilities within the planned unit development.
,
(c) In addition, a lower proportion of costs are likely to be borne
_
by the local government in a planned unit development. Also, the
planned unit developments are less costly in terms of total opera-
'
ting and maintenance and in these costs paid by government.
(3)
Environmental Costs
_
a Planned unit developments require less energy for heating and
stimulate less automobile usage. Planned unit developments
generate about 45% less air pollution than urban sprawl. The
less paved areas of planned unit developments reduce storm water
runoff pollution.
(b) Planned unit developments provide the developer/planner more
flexibility in accomplishing a visually attractive environment.
(4)
Energy And Water Use
a Planned unit evelopments have lower heating and air conditioning
energy requirements than urban sprawl. Planned unit development
can save nearly 44 percent of total energy consumed.
-162-

(4) (b) Other water usage, such as lawn watering, is saved up to 35
percent in planned unit development over low density urban
sprawl,
(5) Personal Costs
-
(a) PlanneU unit developments require less travel time and mainten-
ance time.
(b) There are likely to be less traffic accidents in planned unit
-
developments.
(c) Crime and psychic effects are particularly dependent upon de-
sign and planning details in all urban expansions.
(6) Site Analysis
(a) Total cost associated with planned unit developments are less
than urban sprawl developments.
-
In general, the conclusions from this study indicate that planned unit de-
velopments result in lower economic costs, environmental costs, natural
resource consumption and some personal costs than urban sprawl for a
_.
given number of dwellings.
'
Elizabeth City's future growth and demand for facilities could be less
costly if preference is stressed for planned unit developments with a mix-
ture of multi -units and land uses over conventional low density subdivi-
sions that result in urban sprawl.
The maps of the following pages illustrate some suggested water and se-
wer extensions to cover existing growth areas. In addition, the reader
is referred to the 1976 Annexation Study for a more detailed description
_
of the required services and associated costs for these areas.
'
LOCAL ECONOMY AND FINANCING OF SERVICE EXPANSION
-
Obviously expansion of public services will be costly. In the case of
some service expansions, assessments will be possible, especially in
annexed areas. For example, water and sewer extensions through the
_
growth areas adjacent to the City could cost about $3,667,500. However,
over $2,256,600 of this cost could be assessed to the residents of the
'
areas to be served. Other services, such as portions of street improve-
-
ments, could also be assessed. In addition, the tax revenues, assessed
value and additional population from annexed growth areas could more than
take care of costs of services in some cases. The county could also parti-
cipate with the city in supplying the necessary funds to insure expansion
--
of necessary services into areas within the county, especially those areas
adjacent to the city that in
are need of expanded public services.
Federal and state funds are also available for water and sewer improvements.
In addition, Farmers Home Administration can provide grants or loans within
'
Elizabeth City for public facility or community development needs. Although
the City has an existing low debt, the recent passage of a $5,000,000 bond
-
referrendum will reduce the city's bonding capacity to slightly over
$2,000,000 based
, upon an allowable debt ratio of 8%. The completion'of
the water treatment and supply facilities with these bonds will insure the
city of adequate water for expansion purposes, ut significantly reduces
the City's ability to undertake other major improvements at the same time
1
-163-

VIC-
Z.5 PIN
PUBLIC SE R FACILITIES
- PROPO NEW SEWMAIN ER FORCE S
PROPO D NEW LIFT STATION
. WEN AL AIRtEAS NEEDED TO BE \•-_- =\ ,.
RUED WITH NEW PUBLIC SEWED _
MES DURING NEXT TEN YEAR PERIOD-
�_ / r
ss +wra •� / �r••' —
CT/ . 10RM
COMM
w�wo Aw fw\n�n C
eu01sw+n,7
C., wwOr
\
- I

without significant federal, funds or until such time as the bonds for water '
system improvements are partially paid off, The water, electric and sewer
projects and activities continue to be the City's major expense, accounting for 63% of the total operating budget from 1963-1973. However, continued ,
major extensions and improvements to water and sewer facilities will be
necessary to allow additional growth and meet the requirements of existing
growth. The 1976-1985 Public Improvements Program and Capital Improvements
Budget, as well as 1976 Annexation Study, covers financial considerations '
in more detail.
CARRYING CAPACITY
'
An assumption can be made that at some point in continued growth and deve-
lopment the environment itself will impose certain limits.to the growth.
Carrying capacity relates to ability of man-made natural environments to
,
sustain or support the demands of various land uses or, d cveloTwments or
life. Carrying capacity also refers to these assumed or inherent limits
within the environment beyond which development or growth can not be sus-
'
tained or absorbed without resulting in instability, degradation, or irre-
versible damage. Measuring the exact carrying capacity of a given area is
in
_
difficult due to the lack of technical information, changes the conditions
for sustaining development or advances in completely different standards,
'
life styles or technologies to deal with carrying capacity. Thus perhaps
there are no absolute fixed limits to carrying capacity, but rather dynamic
limits that can be extended or retracted due to changes in resources, tech-
'
nologies or conditions. Given these considerations, carrying capacity of
a particular area can only be roughly determined. However, this rough
-
determination can result in identification of approximate development limits,
beyond which growth can occur only after major public expenditure or new
'
conditions. Carrying capacity is especially valuable when used to evaluate
_
or.identify the resource limitations within an area to sustain or allow
growth and development.
'
A primary goal of the Coastal Area Management Act is "to insure that the
-
development or preservation of the land and water resources of the Coastal
'
Area proceeds in a manner consistent with the capability of the land and
water for development, use, or preservation based on ecological considera-
tions" )GS 113A-102(b)(2) ). Carrying capacity when viewed in light of this
CAMA requirement is simply the determination of the capacity of the land and
,
adjacent waters to sustain growth. As requested by the Coastal Resources
-
Commission, the essential emphasis in determining the carrying capacity for
this area is as follows:
(1) 'Capability of the land and water to sustain growth with emphasis on
'
the natural resources of an area.
-
(2) Problems and costs associated with growth in ecologically fragile areas.
'
(3) Potential effect of growth on existing public facilities.
Availability of land and water for growth is one consideration in determining
carrying capacity. The Elizabeth City Planning Jurisdiction contains 11,083..93
'
acres or 17.32 square miles of land and water. However, the development of
this water area through reclamation is questionable due to the productive
_
nature of this estuarine system for North Carolina's $45,000 commercial
,
fisheries that lean upon these estuarine systems for fish production. In
addition, reclamation of these waterways could cause severe flood drainage
=
problems in that these water courses serve as area wide floodways and should
be kept clear of all obstructions to water flow. Without the water area
-166-

there are about 15 square. miles or 9,602.55 acres of land within the
Elizabeth City Planning .Jurisdiction,
Within the land area here there are 1,515.66 acres of wooded swamps with
soils that possess very severe limitations for development. These soils
have one or more properties so unfavorable for development uses that
overcoming the limitations of these properties would be most difficult
and costly, requiring extensive reclamation. These wooded swamp areas
are also ecologically fragile and sensitive areas for development. They
are ecologically important because they:
(a) Filter urban or rural pollution runoff.
(b) Serve as prime wildlife, waterfowl and fish habitat.
(c) Serve as flood drainage basins and potential underground water re-
charge areas.
(d) Filter possible salt intrusion from entering well water supply.
(e) Purify and filter waste water.
Initial construction
the wooded swamp are
conditions of such a
extensive fill or sp
Maintenance costs ru
tions for supporting
lines. For example,
within the area requ
due to the poor soil
cost, as well as maintenance costs, are higher in
s than on other lands due to the very severe soil
eas. Reclamation is expensive and usually requires
-cial building designs, such as extensive piling.
higher in these areas due to the poor soil condi-
roads, dwellings or public facilities, such as sewer
the Sewer Plant Road, Ward Street and Elizabeth Street
re or will require expensive maintenance and upkeep
conditions upon which they were built.
According to the State of N.C. Division of Environmental Management, there
is a serious degree of water quality degradation in the Elizabeth City
area. Land run-off, sewer plant effluent discharge, industrial wastes and
unidentified pollution point sources have already caused fecal coliform
densities to occur in the river in excess of suggested limits. The
carrying capacity of the river in terms of adjacent development and run-
off pollution contravening existing stream standards has already been
reached. Currently available information indicates that three of the four
known discharge points in the Elizabeth City area are considered to be
providing inadequate treatment. Plans are underway for these problems to
be solved. However, continued development along the River and adjacent
tributaries could cause additional degradation of water quality. Reten-
tion and conservation of the wooded swamps could play a significant role
in reducing or minimizing water pollution through their filtering capa-
bilities.
In general all the land within the Elizabeth City Planning Jurisdiction
possesses severe soil limitations for septic tank use. 'these limitations
are due primarily to a high water table. At best some Associations One and
Two type soils have marginal suitability for septic tanks. In regards to
ultimate carrying capacity for the Elizabeth City area development utilizing
conventional septic tank facilities is not practical or desirable due to
unsuitable soils. If extension use of conventional septic tank is allowed,
perhaps as many as 90% or more of the septic tanks would not function
properly or fail shortly after installation. Many existing residential
areas within the planning jurisdiction experience these septic tank prob-
lems, especially in times of heavy rain. The danger of septic tanks not
functioning property is that untreated septic wastes are being injected
-167-

directly into shallow ground water at the site. This danger is of particular '
concern here in that domestic water supply, both individual or public, comes
from this shallow ground water. In addition, there is danger of migrating -
septic waste contamination into the productive estuarine waterways within '
the area. Unless alternatives to the conventional septic tank are found
that function properly in this area with its severe soil limitations, ex-
tensive development that relies upon conventional septic tanks"is not de-
sirable nor should be considered. In terms of carrying capacity and con- ,
ventional septic tank use, extensive growth and development in this hrea
should be in accord with the availability and capacity of'public sewer'`or
within the availability and capabilities of alternative septic tank systems '
that prove successful. Existing public sewer is available in this area,
and with the likelihood and need for its expansion and improvement under the Section 201 Waste Facilities Planning Effort currently underway, ex-
tensive development within this area should rely primarily upon public '
sewer facilities.
Although the design capacity of the sewer treatment plan is 2,500,000 gal-
lons per day and average daily use volume is 1,680,000 gallons per day,
'
the reserve capacity of 820,000 gallons per day is questionable due to the
excessive infiltration problem throughout the collector system. The carrying
capacity of the existing system is perhaps limited to about 75,000 additional
'
gallons per day, and this additional volume is questionable. The 201 Faci-
lities Planning Effort will address this problem with solutions possible
within five years. With the severe infiltration problem handled by expan-
'
sion of the sewer plant, the carrying capacity of the sewer facilities could
be significantly increased. however, at the present time only about 50,000
'
to 75,000 additional gallons per day could be treated at the plant, and
then only after correcting certain major infiltration probelms, such as
'
sealing and raising manholes and piping in lower street areas to avoid or
—
eliminate infiltration.
,
The Elizabeth City public water supply serves the existing'city limits and
water extensions are located in some areas adjacent to the city. 'The
carrying capacity of the existing facilities are essentially limited to the
'
current capacity with additional tap ons limited to about 100. The present
plant is functioning ')00,000 gallojis per day or more over design capacity
of 2.5 million gallons per day. in addition, the raw water supply at pre-
sent is limited to a maximum of 3,000,000 gallons per day. Both the sup-
,
ply and treatment are in the process of being expanded and improved to allow
a 5,000,000 gallon per day treatment and supply capability. As with the
existing sewer facilities, carrying capacity of the water plant is limited
'
to the present usage and will not increase until the renovated and improved
facilities are completed within three years.
The following chart illustrates the carrying capacity of the water and sewer
'
facilities and projections are made as to the estimated carrying capacity
upon completion of the suggested improvements to the facilities.

CARRYING CAPACI`l'Y 01: WATER AIy`I) SEly'R FACILITIES
' Existing Additional Existing % Capa- Additional Estimated Cost
Capacity Carrying New Deve- city After Proposed Total Develop -
Capacity lopment Improvements Carrying ment That Can
That Can of 5,000,000 Capacity Be Served With
' Be Served GPD 20% Reserve
- Sewer 68% 50,000- 100 persons 34% 3,400,000 34,000 +
' 75,000GPD GPD persons $3,500,000
_ Water
Treatment 125% 0 100 persons 54% 2,300,000 30,000 + $3,000,000
' GPD persons
Supply 90% 300,000 6,000 persons 54% 2,300 30,000 + $2,000,000
' GPD GPD persons
Data Source:
' Elizabeth City Planning Department
Electric power is also provided by the City by purchasing wholesale from
' VEPCO and redistributing to residents within a 5 mile radius of the City.
The existing facilities are at about 60% capacity and are adequate for
existing and anticipated growth. However, improvements will be required
' for facilities, such as an industrial park. Such improvements include
upgrading of substations, additional substation, new or additional street
lighting and upgrading of distribution lines. Total cost for these im-
provements during the next 10 year period could be over $2,000,000. This
amount could double if the City decided to participate with other cities
in generating its own power. The prospects of additional power for major
' growth could be greatly limited during the next decade due to the poten-
tial unavailability and rising costs of energy producing resources. How-
ever the City could presently receive 100% capacity from VEPCO without
any difficulty of limitations, except during times of region wide "brown
' outs" or "black outs".
Consideration should be given to alternative power or energy sources.
Wind and solar energy resources, as well as nuclear energy are possible,
and with additional technical advancements, these resources will per-
haps be more available for the City and individuals within the next
50 years.
' Although other existing public services, such as education, health, re-
creation, social, police, fire and other services are to be expanded to
' meet existing needs, these proposed expansions will be even greater and
more expensive if the current urban sprawl process continues. Retention
of the area as a concentrated community in and around Elizabeth City that
' avoids continued sprawl out the major arterial roads will aid in reducing
the need for substantial service improvements with increased costs beyond
existing projections of needs. To meet existing projections of needs over
the next 10 year period costs could run as high as $6,000,000 or more and
' even higher if continued sprawl results in increased need for and expan-
sions of these services.
-i69-

1
Recognizing the above wooded swamp and water resource limitations there
remains only about 8,000 acres of available and potentially suitable land
'
for development purposes within the Elizabeth City Planning Jurisdiction.
However, over 3,337 acres have already been developed and contain an es-
_
timated 17,525 persons. Roughly 4,662 acres of suitable land remains va-
cant or in agricultural use. Over 3,202 acres are in agricultural use.
Much of this agricultural acreage is prime farm land due to the favorable
—
soil conditions for farming purposes. This land is also prime development
'
land, and a trade off is required in terms of continued use as agricultural
or development for urban purposes.
_.
In addition, there are approximately 1,021 acres of forest in the planning
'
jurisdiction. Coupled with the 1,515 acres of wooded swamps, these forested'
areas provide valuable natural resources against air pollution as well as
—
provide underground water recharge areas and perhaps aid in generation of
'
rain. These forested areas will also be of future value for their wood
production, especially the hardwoods and pines. These natural resources
--
should also be managed for future use. Their ultimate carrying capacity
might be best realized by utilizing them as resources to be conserved in
'
order to allow other developable areas to sustain development.
_
Due to the world wide food shortage these remaining 3,202 acres of mostly
'
prime agricultural lands, although also suitable for development, might
be best utilized for agricultural purposes. Currently, the carrying
—
capacity of agricultural land is approximately one person per 1/10 acre of
'
continuously cultivated land. Thus these 3,202 acres could support approx-
imately 32,020 persons, especially given the potential year around growing
_
season in this area. Obviou41y pressures for development will require por-
tions of these agricultural lands to come under urban development. However,
if only 1,600 acres are left in cultivation and coupled with home gardens
and other vacant lots, then perhaps as many as 16,000 to 25,000 persons could
-,
be supported with necessary vegetables.
Given all the above natural resource limitations of current conditions or -
concerns, a rough approximation of available land with a carrying capacity '
to support new development would be about 2,000 acres or 3.125 square miles
of land. Perhaps reference to current attitudes or perceptions of develop- _.
ment among local residents, as well as analysis of available vacant deve-
lopable lots, might provide a clearer understanding of the adequacy of these
2,000 acres to sustain new development. Given adequate public facilities,
and this new growth land plus existing developed land, the City's Planning
Jurisdiction might adequately support a population of approximately 30,000
to 34,000 persons.
An evaluation of the number of vacant developable residential lots within '
existing subdivisions is illustrated in the following table. In addition,
estimated number of persons that might be accomodated and require water
and sewage is also indicated.
-170-

CITY
POTENTIAL GROWTH - EXISTING VACANT LOTS
ACCOMODATION CAPACITY
REQUIRED PUBLIC SERVICES
'
Census
Number of
Estimate
Estimate
Estimated Wate
Estimated Sewer
Requirements 4
Track
Vacant Lots
figuring
figuring
Requirements
NF
ED#
single family
multi-
SF
MF
SF
dwellings
family
'
(SF)
dwellings 2
22
28
84
336
10,668
42,672
8,534.4
34,137.6
17
114
342
1,368
288
43,434
9,144
173,736
36,576
34,747.2
7,315.2
138,988.8
29,260.8
18
19
24
34
72
162
408
51,816
10,363.2
41,452.8
'12,954
14B
9
0
37
C
111
0
444
0
14,097
0
56,388
0
11,277.6
0
45,110.4
'
16
30
44
90
132
360
528
11,430
16,764
45,720
67,056
9,144.0
13,411.2
36,576.0
53,644.8
15
14A
22
66
264
8,382
33,528
6,705.6
26,822.4
_
3B
15
45
180
5,715
22,860
4,572.0
18,288.0
'13
12
36
144
4,572
18,288
3,657.6
14,630.4
8,534.4
12
7
21
84
2,667
10,668
2,133.6
11
10
30
120
319810
15,240
3,048.0
12,192.0
10
37
ill
444
14,097
56,388
11,277.6
45,110.4
'
7
8A
0
29
0
87
0
348
0
11,049
0
44,196
p
8,839.2
0
35,356.8
'
8B
15
45
180
5,715
22,860
4,572.0
18,288.0
TGrALS
4S8
1,374
5,496
174,498
697,992
139,598.4
588,393.6
'Data Source:
Elizabeth City Planning Department - Survey August 1975.
1 Average of 3 persons/family
(1970 Census)
2 Average of 4 dwellings units/typical lot and 3 people/dwelling
Elizabeth City Planning Department)
3 Usage based upon 127 gallons/person/day
4 (Elizabeth City Department of Public Utilities - Water and Sewer)
Usage based upon 80% of total water usage/person/day
(Elizabeth City Department of Public Utilities - Water and Sewer)
-171-

EXTRATERRITORIAL LIMIT —
,SUBDIVISION NUMBER ACCOMODATION CAPACITY REQUIRED PUBLIC SERVICES '
NAME OF VACANT —
LOTS Estimate Estimate Estimated Watel Estimated Sewew '
figuring figuring Requirements Requirements'
single family multi- SF MF SF MF —
dwellings 1 family '
(SF) dwelling 2
W)
.Brookridge
20
60
240
7,620
30,480
6,096.0
24,384..0
'
Terrace
Spaulding
28
84
336
10,668
42,672
8,534.4
34,137.6
_
Park
Coast Guard
100
300
1,200
38,100
152,400
30,480.0
121,920.0
'
Housing
'Chesterfield
Heights
1
3
12
381
1,524
304.8
1,.219..2
Chappell
13
39
156
4,953
19,812
3,962.4
15,849..E
Gardens
—
Briarwood
190
570
2,280
72,390
289,560
57,912.0
231,648.0
Forest
26
78
312
9,906
39,624
7,924.8
31,699.2
,
Park
Brite
8
24
96
3,048
12,192
29438.4
9,753.E
Meadows
'
Hickory
15
45
180
59715
22,860
4,572.0
18,288.0
Acres
U.S. 17
14
42
168
5,334
21,336
4,267.2
17,068.8
'
North
Weeksville
50
150
600
19,050
76,200
15,240.0
60,960.0
_
Road
Halstead
'
Boulevard
15
45
180
5,715
22,860
4,572.0
18,288_0
'TOTALS
480
1,440
5,760
182,880
731,520
146,304.0
585,216.0
_
'
Data Source: —
Elizabeth City Planning Department ,
1 Average of 3 persons/family
2 (1970 Census) ;
Average of 4 dwellings units/typical lot and 3 people/dwelling
3 (Elizabeth City Planning Department)
Usage based upon 127 gallons/person/day —
(Elizabeth City Department of Public Utilities - Water and Sewer) '
4 Usage based upon 800 of total water usage/person/day
(Elizabeth City Department of Public Utilities - Water and Sewer) _
-172- '

1,143,609
An additional public water and sewage usage could run as high as
—
gallons of sewage per day and 1,429,512 gallons of water per day to acco-
modate this estimated high density growth utilizing existing vacant lots
'
in subdivisions and within the City. At present, neither the water or
sewer systems could accomodate this extent of growth. However, with the
improvements of both systems expected within 5 years to 5,000,000 gallons
'
per day capacity this estimated high density growth, as well as additional
new growth, could be accomodated.
As indicated by survey and city forum response, most area residents would
like for this community to remain small. In addition, most residents
—
desired protection of the natural environment, as well as protection of
the agricultural lands. In the survey response from the draft synopsis
62% or most -of the 33 respondents in the survey were of the opinion that
the area should increase between less than 1,500 persons to only 4,000
—
persons within the next 10 years. The largest percentage favored a small
'
increase of 1,500 to 3,000 persons. In addition, in an earlier survey,
when asked what was liked most about Elizabeth City most responses favored
—
the small, quiet, friendly town characteristics. An assumption can be
made that the existing density of 3,960 persons per square mile within the
City limits is considered desirable for its small town quality by resi-
dents, and that desired future growth should be accomodated, as trends tend
to suggest, within low density areas adjacent to the City limits. An
'
addition of 4,000 persons within areas adjacent to the city limits would
result in a total of approximately 7,822 persons within the planning area
—
adjacent to the city limits for a density of only 2,503 persons per square
'
mile of the 2,000 acres of ideally suitable and most developable land
within the planning jurisdiction. This additional desired growth would
—
bring the total population to perhaps 22,596 persons with a density of
only 1,506 persons per square mile within the total 15 square miles of
'
the planning jurisdiction.
Through orderly development, including concentrated development, renova-
tion of existing water and sewer facilities, conservation of area natural
resources and provision or improvements to other necessary facilities,
--
this desired population increase can be assumed to be potentially acco-
modated with the approximated and estimated carrying capacity of the
planning jurisdiction. Ultimately, perhaps as many as 30,000 to 34,000
-
persons could be accomodated within the planning jurisdiction with lands
available for agricultural use, protection of the environmental resources,
and natural ecosystems. Judicious use of public facilities, preservation
of the cherished small town qualities, replacement of sprawling suburbs
—
with planned clustered developments and a concentrated effort to seek an
'
integrated and functional eco-community.
i
-173-

= IM ►M I= I= I= I= I= I= I= I= I= I= i= IM I= I= I= I=

l
_ Land Classification
System
DESCRIPTION OF LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
' In recent years the people of North Carolina have expressed an awakened
concern for our most basic natural resource, the land. There is concern
that the absence of orderly development will result in uncontrolled land
uses and destruction of productive lands, critical wildlife habitat, wet-
lands, and scenic resources. Continued unguided development also invaria-
bly results in higher costs to the user.
1 In 1974 the North Carolina General Assembly established a new partner-
ship between State and local governments to help foster better planning
towards orderly developed land use. Local governments, and especially
the counties, have been given the basic responsibility for this planning.
State government is to provide guidance and develop minimum standards for
land use plans than can be employed by both State and local agencies.
One of the fundamental new tools for cementing the State -local partnership
will be a North Carolina Land Classification System. The system currently
consists of five classes of land. Each of these classes is mutually ex-
clusive; taken together they will cover all the lands of the State. The
system is as follows:
(1) Developed -
Lands where existing population density is moderate to high and
where there are a variety of land uses which have the necessary
public services.
(2) Transition:
�Lands where local government plans to accomodate moderate to high
' density development during the following ten year period and where
necessary public services will be provided to accomodate growth.
(3) Communit :
Lands where low density development is grouped in existing settlements
' or will occur in such settlements during the following ten year
period and which will not require extensive public services.
(4) Rural:
Lands whose highest use i§ for agriculture, forestry, mining, water
supply, etc., based on their natural resources potential, Also, lands
for other future needs are included in this category.
(5) Conservation:
Fragile, azard and other lands necessary to maintain a healthy
natural environment and necessary to provide for the public health,
safety, or welfare.
' This land classification system has many advantages:
(1) The land -lasses are categories accommodating all types of land uses.
Local land use plans frequently contain many specific and different
land use categories. The classes in the proposed system, on the other
hand, are only five in number and may therefore be considered as a
1 base for laying out a more specific land use plan.
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(2)
(3)
(4 )
(5)
The land classes represent degxee�* of land development intensity or popu-
lation density. Ranging from Developed (which is primarily highly deve-
loped) to Conservation (which is primarily undeveloped), the classifi-
cation system covers the entire range of development intensity that may
T
be desired by local government.
,
The land classes are an expression of commitment to public facilities
and services. Some classes of land may require few or no public ser-
vices, as in the case of Conservation. Other classes will entail a com-
mitment to at least water and sewer service and public streets, as in
the Developed and Transition classes. Because intensive urban deve-
lopment puts new demands on basic public services, future patterns of
land use and commitment to public services are inseparable.
,
As a statement of local policy consistent with statewide needs and
goals, the county land classification map will serve as a basic tool
for coordinating numerous policies, standards, regulations, and other
governmental activities at the local, state and federal level. Such
coordination may be described as follows:
(a) The Land Classification System encourages coordination and consis-
tency between local land use policies and those of the State Govern-
ment. Lands are classified by the local governments. The Coastal
Resources Commission then reviews those classifications to insure
conformance with minimum guidelines for the system. The coastal
county maps taken together will be the principal policy guide
for governmental decisions and activities which affect land uses
in the coastal area. State land classification, then, will con-
sist of ultimately a composite on one hundred county level maps.
(b) The System provides a guide for public investment in land. For
example, State and local agencies can anticipate the need for early
acquisition of lands and easements in the Transitional class for
,
schools, recreation, transportation, and other public facilities.
(c) The System can also provide a useful framework for budgeting and
planning for the construction of community facilities such as
water and sewer systems, schools, and roads. The resources of
many State and Federal agencies, as well as those of the local
—
government which are used for such facilities, can then be more
,
efficiently allocated.
(d) In addition, such a System will aid in better coordination of
regulatory policies and decisions. Conservation and Rural Pro-
duction lands will help to focus the attention of .state and local
,
agencies and interests concerned with the valuable.natural resources
of the state. On the other hand, lands in the Transition and Cam-
T
munity classes will be of special concern to those agencies and
interests who work for high quality development through local land
use control, such as zoning and subdivision regulations.
(e) Finally, the big System can help to provide guidance for a more
equitable distribution of the land tax burden. Private lands
which are in the Rural and Conservation classes should have low
taxes to reflect the policy that few, if any, public services
will be provided to these lands. In contrast, lands in the
;
Transition class should be taxed to pay for the large cost of
new public services which will be required to support the density
of growth anticipated.
'
The land classification system is meant for joint local/state involve-
ment and land use planning and management. It provides a wide range
_
of choices for local government in deciding its own future. The five
,
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,

—
classes provide a framework to be used by local governments to
identify the general use of all lands in their area. Such a system
'
presents an opportunity for the local government to provide for its
_
needs as well as to consider those of the whole state. Also, they
can make a statement of policy on where and to what density they
'
want growth to occur, and where they want to conserve the countyts
natural resources by guiding growth. At the same time it provides
—
increased assurance that basic land use needs are met across the
state.
—
The state Land Policy Council has proposed a land policy program for
North Carolina as mandated by the Land Policy Act of 1974. The
1
Land Policy Program recommends a land classification system closely
aligned with the Coastal Area Management Act Land Classification
System. This statewide land classification system along with other
recommendations aimed at encouraging the wise and balanced use of the
state's resources are being recommended to the General Assembly for
—
enactment into law. The CAMA work in the Coastal Area provides for
the establishment of a similar land classification system and has
been used as a model in the development of the land policy program.
—
The Elizabeth City Land Classification is in accord with the CAMA
requirements and prepared with consideration for this state land
1
policy program.
—
LAND CLASSIFICATION CATEGORIES
'
The five land classification categories and CAMA requirements are listed
—
below in detail.
Developed:
—
The developed class identifies developed lands which are presently pro-
vided with essential public services. Consequently, it is distinguished
from areas where significant growth and/or new service requirements will
—
.occur. Continued development and redevelopment should be encouraged to
'
provide for the orderly growth in the area.
_
Developed lands are areas with a minimum gross population density of
2,000 people per square mile. At a minimum, these lands contain existing
public services including water and sewer systems, and road systems --
all of which are able to support the present population and its accompanying
-
land uses including commercial, industrial, and institutional.
Transition:
The transition class identifies lands where moderate to high density growth
is to be encouraged and where any such that is by local
growth permitted
_
regulation will be provided with the necessary public services.
'
The area to be designated as transition must be no greater than that re-
quired to accomodate the estimated population growth at a minimum gross
—
density of 2,000 people per square mile. For example, if the population
increase for the following ten year period is projected to be 10,000
people, and it is planned that 8,000 of them will be accommodated in the
_
transition area,,then no more than four square miles of transition area
1
should be shown. In addition, the minimum services which will be required
.
—.
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axe'the necessary water and sewer £acilities,'educationa] seryices,"and
-roads, 'Consideration must be given to the cost of; public services in `t}ie
,transition area, 'Each local goverment is encouraged to 'estivate 'the, —
approximate cost of providing public services where°they do 'not already '
exist.
Lands to be classified transition should be considered in 'the following ,
order:
(1) First priority is for lands which presently have a gross'--opulation,
-"
density of more than 2,000 people per square'mile,'but"do not'4tkirfy
as developed because they lack the necessary minimum publhc`servine .
These areas may not be expected to accommodate additionap l,opul'ati6h,
—
but they will require funds for services to avoid public'health`W-a
safety problems.
,
(2) Second priority is for lands that have all the necessary piblic'�fer=
_
vices in place, but which lack the minimum gross populatioh Zeros ty
of 2,000 people per square mile needed to qualify as{developed iand-.
'
Growth should'be encouraged in these areas to utilite fhe capacity
of the existing public services within -these areas.•
—
(3) Additional lands necessary to accommodate'the remainder`of the es`ti=
mated transition growth for the ten year planning"period..
In choosing lands for the transition class, such lands should not in-
clude:
(1) Areas with -severe physical limitations for developttio�ht with public
services.
(2) Lands which meet the definition of the conservation class°.
,
(3) Lands of special value such as the following unless to other
reasonable alternative exists:
—
(a) Productive and unique forest lands
(b) Productive forest lands
(c) Potentially valuable mineral deposits
_
(d) Potential aquifers and key parts of water s�ply watersheds
(e) Scenic and tourist resources
'
(f) Habitat for economically valuable wildlife species
(g) Flood fringe lands
—
(h) Open coast flood hazard areas, exclusive of ocean erosive
'
areas
(i) Estuarine flood hazard areas, exclusive of estuarine erosive
_
areas
'
Community
The.community class identifies existing and new clusters of low density
development not requiring major public services.
The community class includes existing clusters of one or more land uses such
as a rural residential subdivision or a church, school, general store, in-
dustry, etc. (Cluster is defined as a number of structures grouped toge-
ther in association or in physical proximity-Webster's Dictionary). This
class will provide for all new rural growth when the lot size is ten acres ,
or less. Such clusters of growth may occur in new areas, or within existing
community lands. In choosing lands for community growth, such lands should
not include the following: ,
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-'
(a) Areas with seyere physical limitations for development
(b) Areas meeting the definition of the conservation class
(c) Lands of special value such as the following unless no other rea-
sonable alternative exists;
-Productive and unique agricultural lands
-Productive forest lands
_
-Potentially valuable mineral deposits
'
-Potential aquifers and key parts of water supply watersheds
-Scenic and tourist resources
-Habitat for economically valuable wildlife species
—
-Flood fringe lands
-Open coast flood hazard areas, exclusive of ocean erosive areas
-Estuarine flood hazard areas, exclusive of estuarine erosive
—
areas
'
New development in the community class areas will be subject to subdivi-
sion regulations under the Enabling Subdivision Act (G.S. 153A-330 et. seq.)
In every case the lot size must be large enough to safely accomodate on -
site sewage disposal and where necessary water supply so that only limited
—
,public water or sewer will be required. However, limited public services
should be provided in the community classification, such as public road
access and electric power. In addition, the land policy program recommends
—
the extension of other services, such as public water, fire protection,
and public sewer is allowed to correct existing or potential health pro-
blems. As a for calculating the
guide amount of land necessary to accomo-
date new rural community growth, a gross population density of 640 people
—
per square mile or one person per acre should be used. For example, if
1,000 new people are expected to settle in low density clusters during
the following ten year period, then roughly 1,000 acres of land should
be.allocated for new growth in community class areas.
'
Rural:
—
'
The rural class identifies lands for long-term management for productive
resource utilization, and where limited be
public services will provided.
Development in such areas should be compatible with resource production.
The rural class includes all lands not in the developed, transition,
community and conservation classes.
Conservation:
The conservation class identifies land which should be maintained essen-
tially in its natural state and where very limited or no public services
'
are provided.
_
Lands to be placed in the conservation class are the least desirable for
'
development because:
—
(1) They are too fragile to withstand development without losing their
natural value and/or
(2) They have severe or hazardous limitations to development and/or
(3) Though they are not highly fragile or hazardous, the natural resources
—
they represent are too valuable to endanger by development.
1
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Such
lands at a. minim mt should include;
Cl)
Fragile
areas:
(a)
Wetlands
(b)
Steep slopes and prominent high points
(c)
Frontal dunes
(d)
Beaches
(e)
Surface waters including
-Lakes and ponds
-Rivers and streams
-,Tidal waters below mean high water
(f)
Prime wildlife habitat
(g)
Unique natural areas and historic and archaeological sites
(2)
Hazard areas:
(a)
Floodways
(b)
Ocean erosive areas
(c)
Inlet lands
(d)
Estuarine erosive areas
(3)
Other areas:
(a)
Publicly owned forest, park, and fish and game lands and other
non -intensive outdoor recreation lands
(b)
Privately owned sanctuaries, etc., which are dedicated to
preservation
(c)
Publicly owned water supply watershed areas
(d)
Undeveloped key parts of existing water supply watersheds
(e)
Potential water impoundment sites
In addition to the above named types of land, a locality may in-
clude other areas to be maintained in an essentially natural state
which are needed to implement their stated policy objectives.
The local land classification maps must be updated every five years. Each
class is designed to be broad enough so that frequent changes in maps are
not necessary. In extreme cases, such as when a large key facility causing
major repercussions is unexpectedly planned in a county, the Coastal Resources
Commission can allow a locality to revise its classification map before the
five year period is over. In addition, the Land Classification System allows
a variety of detailed land uses such as residential, commercial, industrial,
recreational,.etc., to occur within these classes and there is flexibility
under.existing zoning enabling statutes to change these detailed land uses
whenever necessary.
Policies, rules and actions concerning Areas of Environmental Concern shall
take precedence over policies, rules, and actions concerning the Land Classi-
fications, in the event of any conflicts.
Plan Formulation
LAND CLASSIFICATION WITHIN THE ELIZABETH CITY PLANNING JURISDICTION
The five land classification categories for the Elizabeth City planning area
have been mapped to be consistent with the citizen generated policies and
goals, to be responsive to development constraints within the area, to be
reflective of anticipated or desired growth and the demand or need for pub-
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1
lic services, such as water facilities, and to meet the requirements of
— the Coastal Area Management Act guidelines as well as be consistent with
the land policy program. The land classification map is included in the
appendix. A brief description follows for each land classification cate-
gory mapped within the Elizabeth City planning area, In addition, growth
and population allocations are given for each classification.
Developed
Essentially all of the lands within the existing city limits fall under
the Developed category. For the most part these lands are provided with
—
necessary public utilities and services. A few isolated pockets of land
on the fringe of the city.limits remain without necessary public utili-
ties and cannot be property called developed. Density- within this deve-
loped area is approximately 3,960 persons per square mile. Continued re-
development and development in these lands should be encouraged. There are
approximately 450 vacant undeveloped lots suitable for residential deve-
lopment within the City that could accomodate an estimated 1,374 additional
—
persons if fully developed. However, many of these lots remain undeveloped
due to reluctancy of their present owners to develop them. In addition,
the attractiveness of newer subdivision lots outside the City limits en-
couraging development outside the city. A total of 2,222,29 acres or
'
about 3.47 square miles have been designated under the Developed classi-
fication.
_
Transition
First priority for identifying Transition land has been for those lands
—
that are fully developed with more than 2,000 persons per square mile, but
are in need of necessary public utilities, such as water and sewer. These
lands include those areas adjacent to the city limits, such as Parsonage
_
Street Extended area, Main Street Extended area, Oak Grove area, Roanoke
Avenue Extended area and trailer parks to the southeast of the City. First
priority has also been for those lands that in being
given are a process of
developed, but are in need or will be in need of necessary public utilities,
-
such as water and sewer. These lands also have more than 2,000 persons
'
per square mile within the developed areas and include Oak Stump Road area
(Chesterfield Heights/Briarwood area). development occurring along Hal-
stead Boulevard south and southeast of the city and development occurring
on Highway 17 north of the city, as well as Rivershore Road Extension. New
development can be accomodated in these areas. A second priority for
_
identifying transition lands has been given to those lands presently unde-
veloped but adjacent to public utilities. Many areas along Halstead
Boulevard where the new 12 inch water line has been constructed
qualify
under this priority. These areas lack the 2,000 persons per square mile
—
density and include undeveloped lands adjacent to the South Gate Mall area,
the new Coast Guard housing comples and areas adjacent to Halstead Boule-
vard near these new complexes. A third priority has been given to additional
_
lands necessary to accomodate increased population during the ten year period.
'
There are no public services in these areas but services are potentially
available to these areas, The industrial
park site and portions of Briar -
wood subdivision are included in the priority.
According to the State Guideline for Local Planning in the Coastal Area
_
Under CAMA, the estimated population increase of 4,000 persons within
t e Elizabeth City planning jurisdiction would
require twu square miles
'
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of identified transition land. A total of 2.026 square miles of land
within the City's planning jurisdiction has been designated under the tran-
sition classification, The priority transition areas have been allocated —
as follows,
TRANSITION CLASSIFICATION ALLOCATIONS
BY PRIORITY
PRIORITY REQUIRBiENT ACREAGE
SQUARE MILE EXISTING
AVERAGE DEVELOP-
MENT DENSITY
(PERSONS SQUARE
1. Developed or in process 348.04
.544,
Ste$—
—
of development and need
services
,
2 Undeveloped but adjacent
to public facilities 643.73
1.006
6691.01
3 Additional land required
for growth 304.88
.476
NA
TOTAL 1296.65 2.026
Data Source: _
Elizabeth City Planning Department
Lands designated under the transition classification will need public faci-
lities and services over the next ten year period. In particular, public
water and sewer will be required. The 1975-1985 Public Improvements Program '
for the city recognizes these needs and projects a total cost of over
$1,800,000 for water and sewer services within the transition'lands during —
the ten year period. In addition, the 1975 Annexation Study also evaluates ,
public facility needs in some of these transition areas and projects a total
cost of over $6,000,000 to provide total public services into these areas. _
Community ,
A total of 709.85 acres have been identified under the Community classifica-
tion. These lands are along Highway 17 south and north of the city near the
fringe of the City's planning area, and out Main Street and Church Street
,
Extended, as well as out River Road and Knobbs Creek Drive. Extensive pub-
lic utilities are not anticipated for these areas over the next ten year
period. However, water service should be considered for new subdivisions
out Church Street Extended (Forest Park and Ulster Gardens) and perhaps in
Bright Meadows and Hickory Acres out Main Street Extended due to poor water
quality.
Rural
A total of 3751.26 acres or 5.86 square miles within the Elizabeth City
,
planning area have been identified as Rural. These lands are primarily in
_
agricultural use and require limited or no public services. These lands
also include those areas identified for long-term management, including
'
future land use needs not currently recognized by the Developed'or Tran-
sition land classifications. There are also about 957 acres of valuable
—
forested areas in this classification.
,
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_

Conservation
A total of 184,670 acres or 2.89 square miles within the Elizabeth City
planning area have been identified under the Conservation classification.
_
The Conservation classification includes fragile lands within the area,
such as the wooded swamp areas and waterways. In addition, the wooded swamp
lands along the Knobbs Creek drainage basin have been identified as Con-
servation. The Conservation classification does not prohibit development
—
within those areas, but identified them as valuable resources necessary to
'
provide a more healthy environment for living and more orderly development
pattern. Any development within these areas should proceed with caution.
_
However, some lands identified for conservation, such as the wooded swamps
and drainage basin of the Knobbs Creek water shed would be limited for
'
development to insure protection of this natural drainage area and produc-
tive fish environment. Also, conservation lands include potential Areas
—'
of Environmental Concern, and development should be controlled in these
areas. No or little public services or facilities could be provided in
Conservation lands. In addition, the lands designated conservation that
—
are adjacent to inland waters (wooded swamps) come under the expanded
Section 404 Corps of Engineers permit requirements for dredge or fill.
_
The following table lists the land classification designations within the
Elizabeth City planning jurisdiction and includes requirements, restric-
tions and other information:
—
LAND CLASSIFICATION WITHIN THE ELIZABETH CITY PLANNING JURISDICTION
LAND CLASS ACREAGE CAMA AREA MAJOR CAMA OR CITY
—
REQUIRENIENTS DESCRIPTION RESTRICTIONS
1 Deve- 2Z610 urrently supplied Most lands Existing zoning
loped 2222.29 with necessary pub- within City regulations
lic facilities and limits.
services. Develop-
ment and redevelop-
ment recommended.
—
2 Tran- 1296.65 (a)Existing growth (a)Developed Existing zoning
si- 13.20% areas in need areas adja- and subdivision
tion of public ser- cent to City regulations
_
vices (water limits and
and sewer) in need of
I
(b)Existing growth public ser-
areas with pub- vices
lic utilities (b)Underuti-
where growth lized growth
is to be en- areas near
—
couraged city limits
(c)New growth areas with access
that will re- to public
_
quire public services
services (c)New growth
areas in
eluding
—
areas on
Highway 17
north along
—
Halstead Blvd,
areas southeast
of the city
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LAND CLASSIFICATION WITHIN THE ELIZABETH CITY PLANNING JURISDICTION (cont'd)
—
MAJOR CAMA OR CITY
LAND CLASS ACREAGE
CAMA
AREA
REQUIREMENTS
DESCRTPTION RESTRICTIONS
—
3 Rural 3751,26
(a)Areas prtnarily
a Areas within (a)Existing zoning
38.18%
in continuing
the planning and subdivision
,
agricultural
jurisdiction regulations
_
use
expected to (b)Major development
(b)Areas set aside
remain in such as new subdi-
'
for resource
agricultural vision requires
management
use, classification
—
(c)Areas set aside
(b)Areas where change approved
for future
little or no by City Council
growth
growth is an- and Coastal Re-
_
(d)Areas requiring
ticipated and sources Commis-
limited or no
where public sion
,
public services
services
will be
_
minimal
,
(c)Areas pre-
sently in
—
agricultural
or rural uses
,
set aside for
_
4 Com- 709.85
(a)Existing clus-
future growth
Areas south on(a)Existing zoning
munity 7.22%
ter of land
Highway 17 near and subdivision
uses requiring
planning bound- regulations
-
limited public
ary; limited (b)Limited public
services (wa-
public services services will be
ter or sewer)
required to cor- provided, such
(b)Rural growth
rect health as only water
is allowed
roblem. and sewer
,
(5)Con- a 1846.70
a Fragile or cri-
(a)Knobbs Creek (a No or limited
_
serva- 18.79%
tical environ-
drainage basin public services
tion (b)1,248
ments, as well
wetland soil provided (no or
(Pasquo-
as hazard areas,
types and wood- limited water or
tank
set aside for
ed swamps in- sewer, streets,
—
River)
preservation
cluding areas etc.)
to be left pri-
north of air (b)AEC areas will re-
,
marily in natu-
station where quire permit
_
ral state with
development is prior to develop -
limited or no
restricted by .ment
1
development.
soil condi- (3)Filling of wooded
(b)Areas recognized tion. swamps adjacent
—
as natural re-
(b)All wooded to inland water
source where de-
swamp areas and requires Corps
velopment should other forestry of Engineers
-
proceed with cau- areas where de- Permit.
tion.
velopment should
(c)Areas requiring
proceed with cau-
limited or no
public services
tion
(c)Limited or no pub-
_
'
lic services provi-
ded in the wooded
—
swamp and drainage
,
basin areas
TOTAL 9826.75 (15.35
square miles)
((11074.75 with asquotaRiver --TT.30
sq. mi.) _

LAND CLASSIFICATION AND LOCAL OBJECTIVES
The land classification for Elizabeth City is consistent with the local
policies, goals, objectives and standards. The designation of certain
classifications, like 'transition and Conservation, are based upon the
_
local policies and objectives. In addition, the local standards aid in
clearly defining conservation lands. The following classifications are
listed with their policy, goal, objective or standard basis.
_
'
LAND CLASSIFICATION AND LOCAL OBJECTIVES
—
CLASSIFICATION GEMRU DESCRIPTION OF APPLICABLE POLICY, GOAL,
'
OBJECTIVE OR STANDARD
Developedi Manned urban
growth
(a) Continued growth control
(b) Preservation of small town quality
(c) Environmental protection
—
(d) Expanded recreation activity
(e) Improve housing stock
(f) Expand other services
(g) Downtown revitalization
(h) Redevelopment in special character areas
to be in accord with historic character
Transition Poli
onomic growth
(a) Industrial development proposed in indus-
trial park
'
(b) Continue and revise growth controls for im-
proved living environments
(c) Expand zoning controls
(d) Improve areas adjacent to City.
(e) Encourage cluster development
(f) Preservation of small town quality
—
(g) Environmental protection
Community Policy:
_
Manned urban growth
(a) Continue and revise growth controls for
improved living environments
(b) Encourage cluster development
Rural Poli
Manned
urban growth
(a) Coordinate county planning efforts with city
and additional planning for rural area with,
potential for growth.
Conservation Goal:
Tfj Balance economic growth with environmental pro-
tection
(a) Priority conservation to wetland (wooded
'
swamp) areas associated with soil types
"murky peat" or "swamp"
'
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LAND CLASSIFICATION AND LOCAL OBJECTIVES (cont'd)
CLASSIFICATION GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF APPLICABLE POLICY, GOAL, OBJEC-
TIVE OR STANDARD
onservation Goal:
(b) Development restrictions in conservation
lands - development limited to development
types that will notjeopardize natural char-
acter.
Data Source:
Elizabeth City Land Use Plan for Coastal Area Management Act. ,
LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP
The land classification map is included in the Appendix and illustrates -the ,
final land classification designations within the Elizabeth City planning
jurisdiction. In addition, the county land classification designations ere
presented to show the land classification relationship adjacent to the city/
county boundaries.
IMPLEMENTATION AND REVISIONS OF THE LAND CLASSIFICATION MAP
Implementation of and revisions to the Land Classification Map is primarily
a local government's responsibility through the provision of public facili-
ties, such as water and sewer services, and zoning revisions. After the
,
Final Land Use Plan is adopted by both the local government and the Coastal
Resources Commission in or shortly after May 1976, the Elizabeth City Land
Classification Map will become a coordinating and formal guide for growth
'
and priority distribution of public facilities within the Elizabeth City
planning area. Contingent upon the local governments financial ability,
land designated as Developed or Transition can anticipate the provision of
public facilities within the next ten year period. Revisions to the Eliza-
beth City Zoning and Subdivision Ordinances will reflect the Final Land
Classification Map by establishing restrictions for particularly critical
Conservation lands and availability limitations for public facilities in
'
Rural or Conservation land classes. In addition, revisions should include
encouragement for types of development that provides an improved living
--
environment, such as with cluster or planned unit development.
'
Although minor changes are to be expected, and are permitted, in the Land
Classification Map, major changes, such as major development occurring in
Rural lands, will require review and approval by the Coastal Resources Com-
mission. Within five years the Land Use Plan must be revised by the local
goverment, and the Land Classification map can them be revised to reflect
growth trends or anticipated development direction. In addition, the City
,
Council must approve any major changes to the Land Classification Map.
t
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i
t
i
i
Potential A E C*S
I 0.1KNO V Dilis
The Coastal Area Management Act of 1974 requires that the State Guidelines
for local planning "shall give particular attention to the nature of deve-
lopment which shall be appropriate within the various types of Areas of
Environmental Concern that mey be designated by the Commission".
The Act further provides that local land use plans "shall give special
attention to the protection and appropriate development of Areas of
Environmental Concern."
The 1974 Legislature found that "the coastal area, and in particular the
estuaries, are among the most biologically productive regions of this
State and of the nation" but in recent years the area "has been subjected
to increasing pressures which are the result of the often conflicting
needs of a society expanding in industrial development, in population,
and in the recreational aspirations of its citizens".
"Unless these pressures are controlled by coordinated management," the
Act states, "the very features of the coast which make it economically,
aesthetically, and ecologically rich will be destroyed".
To prevent this destruction the Act charges the Coastal Resources Com-
mission with the responsibility for identifying types of areas, and
designating specific areas -- water as well as land -- in which uncon-
trolled or incompatible development might result in irrepaiable damage.
It further instructs the Commission to determine what types of use or
development are appropriate within such areas, and it calls on local
governments to give special attention to these environmentally fragile
and important areas in developing their land use plans.
Thus, the Coastal Resources Commission and local government, with the
assistance and guidance of the Coastal Resources Advisory Council, share
a unique statutory assignment, for this is the first time North Carolina
has undertaken such a massive and comprehensive determination of its
critical land and water areas. Further, this is an unprecedented oppor-
tunity, in that none of the other coastal states has given this authority
and responsibility to local government and a locally oriented commission.
The Commission has chosen to emphasize this intended local involvement by
acting on a Coastal Resources Advisory Council recommendation that pro-
vides local governments the opportunity to become a more effective parti-
cipant in the AEC process. This recommendation gives the local govern-
ments the option of preparing maps delineating the boundaries of Potential AEC's
within their respective jurisdictions.
This delineation will serve to assist the Commission in the ultimate
designation of ABCs and will provide data for use in local land use
planning. The Commission will use the delineations supplied by local
governments for the purpose of analyzing the territorial extent of the
various proposed AEC categories.
i
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The identification and delineation 'by local governments=will 'not 'serve,as
'The
a designation of AECs for the purposes of permit letting. designation
of AECs for purposes of the permit program shall be'by'a written description
adopted by the Commission, and such designations will be equally applicable
°—
,toall local governments in the coastal area. At'the present time:thelCom-
mission will not attempt to map AECs with sufficient detail`to;enable'a
permit letting agency in all cases to determine solely'on"the-basis of'such
. .
a'map whether a particular area falls within an Area of Environmental -Con-
cern: The determination as to whether a particular area is within an AEC
'
will be based on the written description of the Area of Environmental'Con
cern which will be adopted by the Commission. The 'Comiission'will continue
_
.to study the 'possibility of mapping AECs with sufficient °detail 'to 'serve yin
this permit program and may base the permit program on maps if the,capabi=
,
lity exists to do so.
For:the local government identification program, the local Vvernmtents`shall
use the categories and descriptions included in the amendedguidelines.
Local governments are also encouraged to,make written recommendations :as 'to
the exclusion of proposed AECs, the inclusion of additional•AECs, or
,
changes in the description of proposed AECs.
Such recommendations are not a part of the local land use:plan and should
be submitted separately. These amended guidelines specifically require
that the preliminary local plans should include identification 6f4each
potential AEC. The plan must also include written statementsIof specific
land uses which may be allowed in each of the potential AECs. These
,
allowable land uses,must'be consistent with the policy objectives and
appropriate land uses found in the guidelines.
PERMIT SYSTEM
The types of permits and permit system for permanent areas°of environmental
concern have not been finalized as yet. However, certain preliminary in-
formation is in order. Two types of permits are being considered:
(1) Major development permits
'(.2) 'Minor development permits
,
Major Development
a Development which presently requires permission, licensing approval,
,
certification or authorization from one or more of the following:
(1) Board of Water and Air Resources
(2) Board of Health
(3) State Department of Natural and Economic Resources
(4) State Department of Administration
(5). North Carolina Mining Council`
(6) North Carolina Pesticides Board
(7) North Carolina Sedimentation Control Board
(b) Development which falls under any of the following categories:
(1) Development which occupies a land or water areainexcess
of 20 acres
,
(2) Contemplates drilling for or excavating natural resources of
land or under water.
(3) Development which occupies on a single parcel a structure in
'
excess of a ground area of 60,000 square feet.
These permits will be issued by the Coastal Resources Commission.
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Minor Development
-
(a) Any development other than a major development
These permits will be issued by the City or County, as well as Department
of Natural and Economic Resources, if applicable.
'
POTENTIAL AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
—
The City Council has endorsed for review purposes several potential Areas
of Environmental Concern. These areas are listed below in detail as to
description, policy objectives and appropriate land uses. Generalized
_
locations of these areas are shown on a map included in the appendix.
(1) Coastal Wetlands - General
—
Coastal wetlands are defined as "any salt marsh or other marsh sub-
ject to regular or occasional flooding by tides, including wind
tides (whether or not the tide waters reach the marshland areas
-
through natural or artificial watercourses), provided this shall
not include hurricane or tropical storm tides. Salt marshland or
'
other marsh land shall be those areas upon which grow some, but
not necessarily all, of the following salt marsh and marsh plant
_
species: Smooth or salt water Cordgrass (S artina alterniflora);
Black Needlerush (Juncus roemerianus); Glasswort Salicornai s .);
Salt Grass (Distic lis Spicata); Sea lavender (Limonium spp.),
—
Bulrush (Scirpus s .); Saw Grass (Cladium Jamaicense); Cat -Tail
(Typha spp. ; Salt Meadow Grass (Spartian Patens); and Salt Reed
Grass (Spartina cynosuroides)." Includedin this statutory defini-
tion of wetlands is "such contiguous land as the Secretary of NER
reasonably deems necessary to affect by any such order in carrying
out the purpose of this Section." (.G.S. 113-230 (a).
_ -
For policy purposes, coastal wetlands may be considered in two
categories:
(a) Low tidal marsh
_
(b) Other coastal marshlands which have different significance and
'
policy implications.
(A) Coastal Wetlands - Other Coastal Marshland
1 Description: All other marshlandw ich is not low
ti al mars land and which contains the species of
vegetation as listed in the first paragraph under
—
Section 1.0 on page 51.
(2) Significance: This marshland type also contributes to
'
the detritus supply necessary to the highly productive
_
estuarine system essential to North Carolina's economi-
cally valuable commercial and sports fisheries.
The higher marsh types offer quality wildlife and
—
waterfowl habitat depending on the biological and
;physical conditions of the marsh. The vegetative
diversity in the higher marshes usually supports a
-
greater diversity of wildlife types than the limited
habitat of the low tidal marsh. This marshland type
also serves as an important deterrent to shoreline
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erosion especially in those marshes containing heavily
rooted species. The dense system of rhizomes and roots
of Juncus roemerianus are highly resistant to erosion..
In addition, the higher marshes are effective sediment
traps.
(3) Policy Objectives: To give a high priority to the pre-
servation and management of the marsh so as to safeguard
and perpetuate their biological, economic and aesthetic
values.
(4) Appropriate Land Uses: Appropriate land uses shall be
those consistent with the above policy objective. Highest
priority shall be allocated to the conservation of existing
marshlands. Second priority for land uses allocation
of this type shall be given to development which requires
water access and cannot function anywhere else, such as
ports, docks, and marinas, provided that the actual,
location of such facilities within the marsh considers
coastal, physical and biological systems and further
provided that feasible alternatives regarding location
and design have been adequately considered and need for
such development can be demonstrated. Such allocation
may only be justified by the projected land use de-
mands and by community development objectives, but in
no case shall the allocation exceed the capacity of the
marshland system to sustain losses without harm to the
estuarine ecosystem unless the losses would be offset
by a clear and substantial benefit to the public.
(2) Estuarine Waters
a Description: Estuarine waters are defined in G.S. 113-229 (n) (2)
as, "all the water of the Atlantic Ocean within the boundary of
North Carolina and all the waters of the hays, sounds, rivers,
and tributaries thereto seaward of the dividing line between coastal
fishing waters and inland fishing waters, as set forth in an
agreement adopted by the Wildlife Resources Commission and
Department of Conservation and Development filed with the
Secretary of State entitled 'Boundary Lines, North Carolina
Commercial Fishing -Inland Waters, revised March 1, 1965," or as
it may be subsequently revised by the Legislature.
(b) Significance: Estuaries are among the most productive natural
environments of North Carolina. They not only support valuable
commercial and sports fisheries, but are also utilized for com-
mercial navigation, recreation, and aesthetic purposes. Species
dependent upon estuaries such as menhaden, shrimp,. flounder,
oysters, and crabs make up over 90% of the total value of North
Carolina's commercial catch. These species must spend all or
some part of their life cycle in the estuary. The high level of
commercial and sports fisheries and the aesthetic appeal of
Coastal North Carolina is dependent upon the protection and sus-
tained quality of estuarine areas.
(c) PolicX Objective: To preserve and manage estuarine waters so as
to sa eguar an perpetuate their biological, economic and
aesthetic values.
(d) Appropriate Uses: Appropriate uses shall be those consistent with
the above policy objective. highest priority shall be allocated
to the conservation of estuarine waters. The development of
I
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navigational channels, the use of bulkheads to prevent erosion,
and the building of piers or wharfs no other feasible alterna-
tive exists are examples of laid uses appropriate within estuarine
waters, provided such land will not be detrimental to the biolo-
gical and physical estuarine functions and public trust rights.
Projects which would directly or indirectly block or impair
existing navigation channels, increase shoreline erosion, de-
posit spoils below mean tide, cause adverse water circulation
patterns, violate water quality standards, or cause degradation
of shellfish waters are generally considered incompatible with
the management of estuarine waters.
(3) Fragile, Historic or Natural Resource Areas - Complex Natural Areas
(a) Description: Complex natural areas are defined as lands that
support native plant and animal communities and provide habitat
conditions or characteristics that have remained essentially un-
changed by human activity. Such areas are surrounded by land-
scapes that have been modified but that do not drastically alter
the conditions within the natural areas or their scientific or
educational value. Such areas will be determined by the Com-
mission, after consideration of written reports or testimony
of competent experts, to be rare within a county or to be of
particular scientific or educational value.
(b) Significance: Complex natural areas provide the few remaining
examples of conditions that existed within the coastal area
prior to settlement by Western man. Often these natural areas
provide habitat conditions suitable for rare or endangered
species or they support plant and animal communities represen-
tative of presettlement conditions. These areas help provide
a historical perspective to changing natural conditions in the
coastal area and together are important and irreplaceable scien-
tific and educational resources.
(c) Policy Objective: To preserve the natural conditions of the site
so as to safeguard its existence as an example of naturally
occurring, relatively undisturbed plant and animal ca unities
of major scientific or educational value.
(d) Appropriate Land Uses: Appropriate land uses shall be those
consistent with the above policy objective. Lands within the
AEC shall not be planned for uses of kinds of development that
will unnecessarily jeopardize the natural or primitive character
of the natural area directly or indirectly througn increased
accessibility. Additionally, lands adjacent to the complex
natural area should not be planned for additional development
that would unnecessarily endanger the recognized value of the
AEC. The variability between kinds of complex natural areas
and between land uses adjacent to those natural areas means that
the range of permissible uses and intensity of use must be
carefully tailored to the individual area.
(4) Areas Subject to Public Rights - General
Areas such as waterways and '-ands under or flowed by tidal waters
or navigable waters, to whic.;i the public may have rights of access
or public trust rights and areas which the State of North Carolina.
may be authorized to preserve, conserve, or protect under Article
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XIV, Section 5, of the North Carolina Constitution.
,
(4A) Areas Subject to Public Rights - Certain Public Trust Areas
_
(a) Description: All waters of the Atlantic Ocean and the lands
thereunder from the mean high water mark to the seaward limit
of State jurisdiction; all natural bodies of water subject to
—
measurable lunar tides and lands thereunder to the mean high
water mark; all navigable bodies of water and lands thereunder to
'
the mean high water mark or ordinary high water mark as the
_
case may be, except privately owned lakes to which the public
has no right of access; all waters in artificially created bodies
of water in which exist significant public fishing resources or
other public resources, which are accessible to the public by na-
vigation from bodies of water in which the public has rights of
,
navigation; all waters in artificially created bodies of water
in which the public has acquired rights by prescription, custom,
—
usage, dedication or any other means. In determining whether
the public has acquired rights in artifically created bodies of
'
water, the following factors shall be considered:
_
(1) The use of the body of water by the public
(2) The length of time the public has used the area
,
(3) The value of public resources in the body of water
(4) Whether the public resources in the body of water are mobile
—
to the extent that they can move into natural bodies of water
'
(5) Whether the creation of the artifical body of water required
permission from the State; and
—
(6) The values of the body of water to the public for navigation
from one public area to another area.
'
For purposes of further defining public trust areas, -the following
definitions shall apply:
,
(1) Mean High water mark means the line on the` shore established
by the average of all high titles. It is established by sur-
vey based on available tidal datum. in the absence of such
datum, the mean high water mark shall be determined by phy-
,
sical markings or comparison of the area in question with an
_
area having similar physical characteristics for which tidal
datum is readily available.
'
(2) Navigable means navigable -in -fact.
(3) Navigable -in -fact means capable of being navigated in its
_
natural condition by the ordinary modes of navigation in-
,
eluding modes of navigation used for recreational purposes.
The natural condition of a body of water for purposes of
—
determining navigability shall be the condition of the body
of water at mean high water or ordinary high water as the
case may be, and the condition of the body of water without
_
man-made obstructions and without temporary natural obstruc-
tions. Temporary natural conditions such as water level
,
fluctuation and temporary natural obstructions which do not
permanently or totally prevent navigation do not make an other
—
wise navigable stream non -navigable.
(4) Ordinary High Water Mark means the natural or clear line im-
pressed on the land adjacent to the waterbody. It may be
_
established by erosion or other easily recognized characteristics
,
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—

such as shelving, change in the character of the soil,
—
destruction of terrestrial vegetation or its inability
to grow, the presence of litter and debris, or other
appropriate means which consider the characteristics of
—
the surrounding area. The ordinary high water mark does
not extend beyond the well defined banks of a river where
such bank exists.
(b) Significance: The public has rights in these waters including
—
navigation and recreation. In addition, these waters support
fisheries, have aesthetic value, and are important potential
resources for economic development.
—
(c) Policy Objective: To protect public rights for navigation and
recreation and to preserve and manage the public trust waters
'
so as to safeguard and perpetuate their biological, economic
and aesthetic value.
_
(d) A ro riate-Uses: Appropriate uses shall be those consistent
'
with the above policy objective. Any land use which interferes
with the public rights of navigation, or other public trust
—
rights, which the public may be found to have in these waters,
shall not be allowed. The development of navigational channels.
drainage ditches, the use of bulkheads to prevent erosion, and
_
the building of piers of wharfs are examples of land uses appro-
priate within public trust waters provided that such land uses
'
will not be detrimental to the biological and physical functions
and public trust rights. Projects which would directly block or
—
impair existing navigation channels, increase shoreline erosion,
deposit spoils below mean high tide, cause adverse water cir-
culation patterns, violate water quality standards, or cause de-
gradation of shell fish waters are generally considered incompa-
tible with the management of public trust waters.
—
(5) Natural Hazard Areas - General
Natural hazard areas where uncontrolled or incompatible development
could unreasonably endanger life or property, and other areas espe-
cially vulnerable to erosion, flooding, or other adverse effects
'
of sand, wind, and water.
—
(5A) Natural Hazard Areas - Excessive Erosion Areas - Estuarine and River
'
Ero ible Areas
(a) Description: Defined as the area above ordinary high water
—
w ere excessive erosion has a high probability of occurring.
In delineating the landward extent of this area a reasonable
25-year recession line shall be determined using the best
—
available information. The information necessary to identify
these areas will be supplied by the State Geologist.
(b) Significance: The estuarine and sound and river erodible areas
_
are natural hazard areas especially vulnerable to erosion.
Development within this type AEC is subjected to the damaging
process or erosion unless special development standards and
-preventive measures are employed.
—
(c) Policy Objectives: To insure that development occurring within
these areas is compatible with the dynamic nature of the erodible
lands thus minimizing the likelihood of significant loss of pro-
perty.
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`(d) Appropriate Land Uses; Appropriate land -uses : hall ;be ?those -con-
sistent:wit -the above policy f objective. Permanent or:substantial
residential, commercial., institutional or industrial structures
are not -appropriate uses in estuarine -and sound river erodible
areas unless stabilization has been achicved along theaEfected
reach. Recreational, rural and conservation activities repre-
sent.appropriate land uses in those erodible areas ithere shoreline
protective construction has not been completed..
Development Standards Applicable .to All AECs
(a) No,development should e'allowed in any AEC.which-would result
in.a contravention or violation,of any .rules, regulations.,:or
laws of the State of North Carolina or of local ;:government in
which'the development takes place.
'(b) 'No development should be :allowed in :any .AEC .which .would 1have a
substantial :likelihood of causingpollution of the waters,of
the .State to -the extent that such =waters would ''be :closed to the
taking of shellfish under standards set by the fCommisslon_of
.Health Services pursuant to G.S. 130-169.01.
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1 Data Analysis
DATA ASSEMBLY AND ANALYSIS
Data concerning the Elizabeth City area was collected from a number of
' sources, including various publications and indirect sources, such as
conversations or meetings with staff members of many organizations and
agencies or other contacts concerning information about the area. In
some cases staff from these organizations were able to assist in data
inventory and analysis. However, most of the data analysis was completed
by the Elizabeth City Planning Department.
' Organizations, agencies or other contacts utilized in regards to data
analyzed included the following:
(1) Environmental Protection Agency Research Triangle Park, N.C.
' (2) N.C. State Univeristy
(a) Department of Geology
' (b) Agricultural Extension Service
(c) Indus.trial Extension Service
(d) N.C. State School of Design
' (3) University of North Carolina
(a) Department of Geology
(4) National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data
Service, Asheville, N.C.
' (5) N.C. Department of Natural and Economic Resources
(a) Division of Community Services
(b) Office of Water and Air Resources
(c) Division of Marine Fisheries
(d) Division of Sport Fisheries
(e) Travel and Promotion Division
(f) Division of Environmental Management
(6) N.C. Department of Water Resources
(a) Division of Ground Water
'
(7)
N.C.
Department of Administration
(a)
Office of State Planning
'
(8)
U.S.
Soil Conservation Service
(a)
District Office, Elizabeth City
(9)
N.C.
Department of Cultural Resources
'
(a)
Division of Archives and History
(10)
U.S.
Army Corps of Engineers and Affiliated Agencies including,.
'
National Marine Fisheries Service
(a)
Section 404 Permit Section Offices
—
(b)
Permit Review Offices
'
(c)
Flood Plain Analysis Offices
_
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(11) Albemarle Regional Planning and Development Commission
(a) 701 Planning Staff
(12) N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission
(a) District Office Biologists
(13) Pasquotank County
(a) Tax offices
(b) Planning Board
(14) City of Elizabeth City
(a) Code Enforcement Office
(b) Planning Board
(c) Urban Advisory Board
(d) City Council (City Council Subcommittees)
(15) NAACP
(16) Institute of Government UNC at Chapel Hill
(17) Elizabeth City Chamber of Commerce
(18) Other local organizations, agencies and groups
In addition to the above contacts, many documents were utilized.in.order to
develop comprehensive reference material on the Elizabeth City area. The
following documents are the more significant reference materials utilized: -
GROWTH. POPULATION AND ECONOMY
(1') The C.E. Weaver Series, Illustrated Cities, Elizabeth City, 1915,
(2) N.C. Department of Administration, Office of State Planning,. Popula-
tion Branch, Pasquotank County/Elizabeth City _Projected Population by
Age, Color and Sex, 1975.
(3) Carson, John H. and H. Hanif Hafiz, An Economic Analysis of Elizabeth.
City, NC., August 1975. (unpublishe report .
(4) Elizabeth City Planning Department
A Comparative Study of Elizabeth City, N.C. 1975 (unpublished report.)
(5) N.C. Department of Natural and Economic Resources, Travel and Promo-
tion Division, 1973 and 1974 North Carolina Travel Survey.
(6) N.C. Department of Administration, State of North Carolina, The State-
wide Development Policy, March 1972.
(7) Albemarle Regional Planning and Development Commission (Region 'R"),
Overall Economic Development Plan, November 1971.
(8) N.C. Department of Conservation and Development, Division of Community
Planning, A Region in Transition, the General Development Plan for the
Albemarle Area, April 1967.
1
1
1
1
1
1
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(9) Markham, Fred P., Pasquotank 1660-1776, Summer 1975.
(10)
N.C. Department of Natural and Economic Resources, Travel and Pro-
motion Division, North Carolina History Land.
(11)
Elizabeth City Area Chamber of Commerce (various publications).
-
(12)
Fisher, Allan C., America's Inland Waterway, Exploring the Atlantic
'
Seaboard.
_
(13)
Elizabeth City Growth Center Development Committee, Positive Action
'
Program of the Elizabeth City Growth Center.
(14)
N.C. Department of Conservation and Development, Division of Community
Planning, Land Development Plan, Elizabeth City, N.C., March 1968.
(15)
N.C. Department of Conservation and Development, Division of Community
—
Planning, Development Plan for Elizabeth City, 1959.
(16)
N.C. Department of Natural and'Economic Resources, Division of
_
Community Assistance, Land Use Study, Pasquotank County, N.C.,
August 1974.
(17)
N.C. Department of Administration and N.C. Department of Natural
-
and Economic Resources,•Economic Development Strategy - Phase I-
Economic Growth Management Study, 1974.
_
(18)
Williams and Works, Industrial Park Feasibility Study for Elizabeth
'
City, 1975.
(19)
1970 and 1960 and Subsequent U.S. Census Publications
(20)
U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis Projections, Pasquotank County
Population Projections, 1975.
DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: PHYSICAL LIMITATIONS
(1)
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Environmental Data
Service. Climatological Data (Asheville, N.C.).
(2)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Air and Waste Manage-
ment, Guidelines for Air gLiality Maintenance Planning and Analysis
'
(Vol.Control Strategies), July 1974.
(3)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Hackensack Meadowlands Air
'
Pollution Study, Summary Report, July 19 3.
(4)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, The Contribution of. Urban
'
Planning to Air Quality, February 1974.
(5)
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, A Guide for Considering Air
-
Quality in Urban Planning, March 1974.
'
Conservation
(6)
U.S. Soil Service, Soil Survey, Pasquotank County,
N.C., October 1957.
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(7) N.C. Department of Water Resources, Division of Ground Water, Geology
and Ground -Water Resources of the Hertford -Elizabeth Cit Area,
Decem er 1966.
(8) N.C.-Virginia Ground Water Subcommittee, Ground Water Management in
Southeastern Virginia and Northeastern Nort Carolina, August 1975.
(9) U.S. Soil Conservation Service, Shoreline Erosion Inventory of N.C.,
Summer 1975.
(10) U.S. Department of the Army, Corps of Engineers, Flood Plain Informa-
tion, City of Elizabeth City, July 1973.
(11) District Health Department, Sanitation Regulation, 1973.
(12) Report on Land and Water Resources Use Problems Related to the Ca
Canacity ot the Coastal Area of NortF Carolina, State Position Pa
ources commission, ivIv.
DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: FRAGILE AREAS
(1) N.C. Department of Natural and Economic Resources, Office of Water and
Air Resources, Preliminary Draft of Pasquotank Sub -Basin Water Quality
Study, Summer 1975.
(2) N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission, Survey and Classification of the
Perquimans-Pasquotank - North Rivers and Tributaries, N.C., 1965.
(3) N.C. Division of Commercial and Sports Fisheries, Anadromous Fisheries
Research Program, Northern Coastal Region, 1974.
(4) N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission, Wildlife and Land Use Planning,
1975
(5) Water Resources Research Institute, University of N.C., The Present
and Future Status of Eastern North Carolina Wetlands, January 1974.
(6) N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission, N.C. Wetlands; Their Distribution
and Management, 1962.
(7) U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Wetlands
in the U.S., Circular 39, 1956.
(8) Soil Conservation Service, An AP raisal of Potential for Outdoor Re-
creation, Pasquotank County, November 1972.
(9) N.C. Department of Cultural Resources, Division of Archives and His-
tory, State Inventory of Historic Places in Pasquotank County, 1974.
(10) U.S. Department of the Army, U.S. Corps of Engineers, Environmental
Reconnaissance Inventory of the State of N.C., December 1973.
(11) Museum of the Albemarle, An Historic Tour of Pasquotank County, 1975.
(12) N.C. Department of Administration, Office of State Planning, Critical
Environmental Areas of North Carolina, June 1972.
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1
1
1
1
(13) Markham, Fred P., Historical Structures in Pasquotank County, 1955,
DEVELOPMENT CONSTRAINTS: RESOURCE POTENTIAL
(1) Pasquotank County Soil Survey
(2) Industrial Extension Service, N.C. State University, Phosphates,
Eastern North Carolina, August 1968.
(3) N.C. Wildlife Resources Commission, Division of Game, North Carolina
Game Lands, 1975 Hunting and Fishing Maps.
EXISTING LAND USE
(1) 1966 Land Development Plan and 1959 Land Development Plan for
Elizabeth City.
(2) Elizabeth City Planning Department, 1975 Land Use Survey.
(3) N.C. Department of Administration, Office of State Planning,
N.C. Land Use Categories System (draft), September 1974.
(4) N.C. Department of Administration, Office of State Planning, Design
Concepts for the N.C. Planning and Land Use Management Information
System, July 1974.
(5) North Carolina Forestry Council Report, Long Range Program, 1975.
(6) U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development and Federal Housing
Administration, Planned -Unit Development, 1973.
(7) Harvard University, Regional Field Service, Cluster Zoning, A
Citizen's Handbook for Better Land Use, 1973.
FACILITY DEMAND
(1) Elizabeth City Planning Department, Public Improvements Program and
Capital Improvements Budget, 1976-1985, 1975.
(2) N.C. Department of Conservation and Development, Division of Community
Planning, Community Facilities Plan, Elizabeth City, March 1968.
(3) Wm. F. Freeman Associates, Region "R" Water Resource Management, 1975.
(4) Elizabeth City Planning Department, 1976 Annexation Study (unpublished
as of May 1976.)
(5) Real Estate Research Corporation, The Costs of Sprawl, 1974.
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION
(1) Center for ,Marine and Coastal Studies, N.C. State University, Citi-
zen Participation in North Carolina's Coastal Area Management Program,
June 1974.
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(2) Coastal Resources Commission, Handbook on Public Participation in the
Development of Land Use Plans in the Coastal Areas ofN.C., February 1975.
(3) Elizabeth City Planning Department, Citizen Community Survey, 1975 (and
other surveys).
LAND CLASSIFICATION
(1) Coastal Resources Commission, State Guidelines for Local Planning in
the Coastal Area Under the Coastal Area Management Act of 1974, 1975.
(2) N.C. Land Use Congress, Draft of N.C. Land Classification System,
1974.
(3) N.C. Land Policy Council, A Land Policy Program for North Carolina, 1976.
The State Guidelines for Local PlanniLi& in the Coastal Areas Under the
Coastal Area Management Act of 1974 and subsequent revisions were used
extensively by the Elizabeth City Planning Department as the instructions
for the local planning process in order to meet the Coastal Resources
Commission requirements under CAMA. The above reference materials were
assembled to aid in fulfilling the Coastal Resources Commission and CAMA
requirements set forth in The State Guideline for Local Planning. The
Planning Department staff inventoried, analyzed and synthesized this material
into documentation for the Land Use Plan. The synthesis of this material
was presented to the various city functions for their review and comment.
A major portion of the Land Use Plan document is a synthesis of this mate-
rial, especially where it applied to the Elizabeth City area. The analysis
and synthesis of this material in the Land Use Plan documentation has enabled
a comprehensive presentation of pertinent information relevant to land
planning in the Elizabeth City area.
The chart on the following page illustrates the local planning process utilized
in following the state guidelines, collecting and analyzing data, establishing
citizen participation, involving of other city functions, and finalizing the
Land Use Plan.
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i I I I i i t _t _t _I _I _t _I —1 _I �I _I —t _I �
LOCAL CAMA PLANNING STRUCTURE AND PROCEDURE
(1) ELIZABETH CITY PLANNING DEPARTMENT
Elizabeth City Planning Department using
CAMA Guidelines for local planning with
designated Planner -In -Charge provides:
-Data collection and analysis
-Land potential analysis
-Estimated demand, population and economic
characteristics
-dapping
-Other technical assistance in developing
the Land Use Plan including:
(3) OTHER CITY FUNCTIONS
Urban Advisory Committee: Formal citizen committee to
review plan and advise or re-
commend to other city func-
tions.
Planning Board: Formal planning committee re-
views, advises and recommends
to City Council.
City Council: Reviews, approves and adopts
Land Use Plan..
-Citizen participation (4) COASTAL RESOURCES COMMISSION: Reviews, approves and
-Advisory Assistance to other city adopts land use plan.
functions
V
Data Inventory and Policies, Goals, Objectives Review, Evaluation Adoption and Implemention of
and [� *Final Plan With Review and Amend -
Analysis Land Classification and Approves or Endorses ments After Five Years
(2a; CITIZENS IDENTIFY PROBLEMS (2b) CITIZENS HELP GENERATE BASIC (2,-) CITIZENS REVIEW LAND USE PLAN
-Surveys GOAL AND POL-CY CONTENT -Public Hearing
-Citizen Forums -Citizen Forums
-Individual Response -Individual Response
-Surveys
TL14E PERIOD
Sept. 1975 Nov. 1975 May 191
(Preliminary) (Draft) (Final)

Major Conclusions
STATEMENT OF MAJOR CONCLUSIONS AND APPLICATION OF DATA TO THE PLAN '
FORMULATION:
The analysis and synthesis of data has resulted in the identification of '
major problems, especially environmental considerations, within the Eliza-
beth City area, Examination and evaluation of the economy, population, land '
potential, land use and community facility demand required extensive use
of this analyzed and synthesized data. Major conclusions and initial for-
mulation of the land classification system were drawn from the relevant.
data. The major conclusions and important consideration in the formula- '
tion of the plan are included as follows: _
POPULATION, ECONOMY AND GROWTH
'
(1)
Elizabeth City is located within easy access to important regional
-
vacation and resort areas, including the Seashore Park Wilderness
areas, natural or refuge parks, and an urban metropolitan center
with over 1,000,000 persons. Recreational pressures continue to in-
_
crease in this region, and Elizabeth City is essentially a "gateway"
to these recreational areas. Elizabeth City as a "gateway" could
'
serve as a tourist jumping off place to these other areas through
—
tours, services and attractions.
(2)
Since the early 1950's new and major growth is occurring primarily
in Elizabeth City's extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction, especially
'
along and adjacent to major transportation corridors. The City's
—
major facilities, such as water and sewer, will have to be extended
into these growth areas. Population growth trends within this area
,
indicate that these areas north on Highway 17, subdivisions out Main
_
Street and Church Street Extended, and the Chesterfield Heights area
adjacent to. Northeastern High School will most likely experience the
'
greatest growth over the next ten year period. However, the location
of the industrial park and extended water and sewer facilities into
-
the Weeksville Highway area near the U.S. Coast Guard Base could
influence increased growth in this area.
'
(3)
Population growth within the City has remained static since the
_
19601s. Projections for the City show a declining population, and
this decline can be attributed to the existing poor economic condi-
tions and subsequent high out migration rate among the 20 to 40 year
old age group. Population does continue to increase in the City's
—
extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction. However, the increase here is
cancelled by the projected decrease within the City. The entire
'
county is expected to increase by only about 2,000 persons. The popu-
lation increase within the City's extraterritorial zoning jurisdiction
which will possibly account for most of the county's growth, coupled
'
with the declining city population and somewhat stabilized remaining
_
county population trend indicate that primary growth has been and will
most probably continue to take place within areas adjacent to the
'
City limits.. The expected population growth within the Elizabeth
City area in terms of citizen desires is about 4,000 additional per-
—
sons in the next 10 years.
(4)
The ethnic division in Elizabeth City has remained fairly stable at
'
37% nonwhite to 63% white. however, by 1.985 the nonwhite population
_
could increase slightly to an estimated 41% of the total city popula-
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tion. Although nonwhites have achieved a greater degree of upwards
' economic mobility, it is not as rapid as with whites.
(5) Over the next 25 years a shift in age group distribution is anticipated
with substantial increase in the 65 and over age group and decrease in
the 19 year old and younger age group. Consequently, over the next 25
' years different community facilities and services will have to be pro-
vided than are currently available. The significant increase in the
_ elderly population will especially demand expanded and additional spe-
cial programs, facilities and services for this elderly group.
(6) Elizabeth City's work force consisting of professional and technical
workers is out of balance with the industrial and operative work forces.
Workers in the industrial class have continued to decrease since 1960
' while there was an increase in the state as a whole. Elizabeth City
is experiencing a shift in the balance of trade towards service type
economic activities and away from industrial type activities or acti-
vities that produce the greatest amount of income for the community.
The shift has and will continue to result in lesser income for the com-
munity, and continued disruption of the area's economic balance will
' result in increased economic adversity, continued high out migration
of the yound age group and significant damage to the local economy.
However, the planned industrial park could positively affect this
negative trend. Also, development of a tourist industry would produce
' more income for the community and aid towards restoring the balance of
trade.
' LAND POTENTIAL: PHYSICAL CONDITIONS
(1) The Elizabeth City area enjoys a moderate climate, with mild winters
and warm, humid summers. Average daily maximum temperature in the
summer is 90 degrees with temperatures dropping below freezing on a
little less than 2 the days in December, January and February. The
growing season (freeze -free) is over 225 days (March 27 through November
' 19). Rainfall is greater during the summer, with drier weather in the
fall. The maximum daily rainfall recorded between 1934 and 1965 is
6.37 inches. Wind tides and heavy rainfall pose a threat during the
—' hurricane season. Prevailing winds are generally from the southwest
at an average of 10 to 11 miles per hour. The high solar radiation
in the area suggests that the extensive use.of solar energy systems is
— very feasible.
' (2) Existing air pollution in the Elizabeth City area is well below expected
air quality standards as recorded by one monitoring station. However,
major pollution sources, such as transportation and industrial land
' uses can significantly deteriorate this high quality of air. Increases
in these land use types, especially if not planned and managed properly,
would have a negative impact on air quality. Air pollution contributes
significantly to respiratory infections, bronchitis, other infections,
' emphysema, asthma, lung cancer, eye irratation, as well as deterioration
of the ecological balance. Of importance is the development of an in-
dustrial park with compatible low or non-polluting industries. Also,
' retention of tree cover is absolutely important in maintaining high
quality air, especially around areas of high pollution concentration,
such as industrial and transportation land uses. In addition, increased
air quality monitoring should be conducted to insure comprehensive evalu-
ation of the area's air quality.
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(3) In general, the surface soils within the Elizabeth City area do not;
have the most favorable properties for urban development. All soils
within the area possess severe limitations for septic tank systems..
At best the soils in this area have only marginal suitability for de-
velopment and some particularly wet land soil types are absolutely
unsuitable for any type of development. However, any soil can be
modified and buildings or systems designated to be in accord with the
soil limitations, but at great expense. Specific sites for particu-
lar type development should --always be evaluated by an onsite soil
analysis to determine the most acceptable adaptation to the limitations.
(4) Solid bedrock exists approximately 3,000 feet below the surface in the
Elizabeth City area. The marine sediment formations down to this
bedrock will not withstand much pressure and coupled with.soil
limitations pose serious problems for continuous urban development and;
growth. Larger buildings most certainly require design modifications
to overcome these geologic limitations. Geologic samples from bores
should be made at all sites to be used for major construction. The
City is over 200 miles from a suspected earthquake epicenter (Wilming-
ton., N.C.).
(5) Water supply in the Elizabeth City area is obtained from the shallow
acquifers,. including the water table and upper yorktown acquifers.
Water quality varies, but is usually "hard" and high in chloride con-
tent at lower depths. Aquifers are recharged by surface water penetra-
tion and are most susceptible to pollution, such as from septic tank
absorption fields. Excessive and continued septic tank use in residen-
tial development should be discouraged in the area. Of importance for
recharge are the wooded swamps, especially those in the Knobbs Creek
drainage area, for they potentially provide excellent filtered recharge
areas for the area's aquifer water supply. Current water supply plans
by the City include expansion of the existing City well field to se-
cure additional water from shallow wells. The City's zoning controls
should be extended into the City's water supply area to insure protec-
tion of this resource.
(6) Hazard areas within the Elizabeth City area consist of the Coast Guard
Air Station, oil storage facilities and railroad lines. Although there
is a height zoning restriction around the airport, there are no land
use controls. A buffer of compatible land uses should be maintained
in this area to insure protection for the station and the surrounding
area. Land use zoning controls should be extended into this area.
Other hazard areas include the flood plain area and estuarine erodible
areas. Urban development within the City's flood plain hazard area is
protected by the City's Flood Plain Ordinance. The severe river erosion
areas north of the Coast Guard Station should be managed against in-
compatible or non -responsive development.
LAND POTENTIAL: FRAGILE AREAS
(1) Water quality classification of the Pasquotank River and surface waters
in the Elizabeth City planning area is primarily Class C swamp water,
suitable for fishing and other usage requiring waters of lower quality.
The brackish nature of the water is characteristic of the tidal influenced
swamp water in the area.
(2) Early 1970's water quality surveillance of the Pasquotank River basin
within the Elizabeth City area by the state shows a serious degree of
water quality degradation from point and nonpoint sources. Point and
u
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nonpoint sources include land runoff, unidentified pollution point
—
sources, effluent discharge from Elizabeth City, wastewater dis-
charge from lumber debarking operations, and agricultural runoff.
(3)
Estuarine waters and public trust waters generally include all the
—
waters within the Elizabeth City area with the exception of isolated
surface ponds. These waters are valuable and productive environments
for commercial and sport fisheries. For example, Knobbs Creek is
one of the most productive nursery grounds for river herring and other
—
'
anadromous fish. An abundance and variety of commercial and sport
fish can be found in the Pasquotank River area and around Elizabeth
City.
—
(4)
Complex natural areas are prime and fragile wildlife habitat areas..
These areas include the large wooded swamp areas north of the city
'
and wooded swamp areas adjacent to the Knobbs Creek drainage basin.
_
A reasonable assumption can be made that these areas include rare or
endangered species found in Pasquotank County.
'
(5)
Coastal wetlands of critical importance for their ecological signi-
ficance include the wooded swamps found throughout the Elizabeth
—
City area. In essence they serve as an invaluable source of food
'
and shelter in the ecological food chain of which man is a part.
Wooded swamps are found north of the City and adjacent to the Knobbs
—
Creek drainage basin. These areas are important because they:
(a) Filter urban run-off pollution
'
(b) Serve as flood drainage basins
(c) Filter out possible salt intrusion into well water or ground
—
'
water.
(d) Act as recharge areas for ground water supply.
(e) Purify and filter waste water.
'
In order for these areas to be protected from urban development or
incompatible land uses and for their importance to be enhanced, these
—
wooded swamp areas should be conserved and maintained in their
natural state.
'
(6)
In addition, wooded swamps provide recreation potential, including
hunting and leisure recreation activities. These areas also provide
—
sites for environmental education. Recreational usage of these areas
'
is expected to continue, providing economic benefit to the area as
visitors continue to seek recreational opportunities in the entire
—
Albemarle region.
(7)
The Elizabeth City area is rich in significant historic assets. A
'
Recent inventory lists over 50 historic sites or properties within
the Elizabeth City area. Many of these properties are concentrated
—
in specific areas and suggests implementation of historic district
'
zoning for their preservation and enhancement.
(8)
The Pasquotank River and adjacent wooded swamp areas are scenic assets.
—
Discordant features, such as disorderly development, obliterates the
scenic quality of the river landscape. This scenic asset is a natural
resource that should remain intact for local residents, as well as
—
visitors, to enjoy. This unspoiled scenic resource can play a sig-
'
nificant role in attracting tourists to the area.
LAND
POTENTIAL: RESOURCE AREAS
'
(1)
Prime agricultural soils extend throughout the Elizabeth City
planning area. These soils are also valuable for urban development.
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These areas adjacent of the City limits receive and will continue to
receive the most pressure for development and urban growth. Of im-
'
portance is maintaining a balance between retaining some prime agricul-
tural lands for agricultural operations and allowing urban growth to
utilize other prime agricultural lands. The richness of the area for
'
food production necessitates this type of balance in the light.of world
food shortages and increasing population.
(2)
There are some important soil types associated with the wooded swamps
'
within the Elizabeth City planning area. These soils have high -organic
content and the mucky peat soils associated with wooded swamps are
-
the most sensitive soil type for development. The severe limitations
of the soil and fragile nature in regards to unrestricted drainage
,
practices, as well as the importance of this soil type in maintaining
a wetland/wooded swamp environment, suggests the need for restricted
development within areas having this soil type, especially those areas
,
needed for flood drainage.
(3)
Possible geological resources for development within the area include
sand or gravel, peat, marl and shell. However, the quantities, quality
and accessability of these resources are questionable in terms of large
'
scale industrial operations. A possibility is a spin off industry for
_
phosphates mined in the southern portion of the Albemarle region.
(4)
N.C. game lands exist within close proximity of Elizabeth City. The
'
area north west of the City well field site is identified as a game
land, as well as a bear refuge. These areas carry specific N.C. Wild-
life Commission hunting restrictions. This area is also valuable for
'
recreational activities and the forested areas act potentially as re-
charge sites for underground water aquifer supply, especially for the
City's well fields.
'
LAND USE CONDITIONS
—
(1)
There are many problems with the City's existing land use. These prob-
'
lems include the following:
(a) Many developed areas adjacent to the city limits need public water.
and sewer facilities for improved health conditions. In addi-
tion new growth areas will require these facilities.
(b) Public access to the river is very limited due to continuous
--
development along the river without due consideration given to
public and recreational accessibility. -
'
(c) The area suffers from a lack of sufficient recreational facilities.
This problem is particularly acute in growth areas adjacent to the
City where no recreational or open space facilities have been pro-
'
vided.
(d) Much of the Elizabeth City area is within flood hazard zones.
—
Prior development within floodways causes flooding in many sec-
tions of the City. A recently adopted Flood Plain Ordinance
'
places restrictions on development within the flood plain. In
addition, development should be prohibited in certain drainage
areas to protect floodways.
'
(e) Existing and new development areas are completely dependent upon
the use of the automobile. Consideration should be given to multi -
modal forms of transportation and providing certain necessary- ser-
vices and facilities within developing areas to avoid total e-
pendacy upon the automobile.
--
-�12-

i
(f) The City suffers from narrow street widths, poor circulation
patterns and traffic congestion generators, Providing multi -
modal transportation forms could reduce these problems,
(g) Strip development or spot zoning without comprehensive orderly
growth controls or plans continue along major traffic corridors
north and south of the city, as well as other parts of the City.
(h) Increased concentrations of growth in certain areas, such as
the industrial park site area, could cause serious problems,
including congestion, noise pollution, flooding and inadequate
facilities.
(i) Many vacant or underutilized buildings, especially in the down-
town area, contribute to the deteriorated appearance of the
City.
(j) The Southgate Mall complex continues to be plagued with dis-
orderly use of parking and building arrangement space. The
mall developers should immediately address these problems.
(k) Special character areas and other historic sites continue to be
destroyed especially in the downtown fringe area. Protection
of these areas are needed to insure retention of the City's
cherished character.
(1) Development threatens areas with critical, environmental limi-
tations. Certain sensitive environmental areas should be
protected or limited from development.
(m) A growth problem continues to be the lack of available or suit-
able land, either due to critical limitations or unobtainable
land.
(n) The City area lacks certain needed facilities and services in-
cluding special recreational, social and other services, such
as public transit, civic center, youth and guidance programs,
elderly and daycare facilities.
(o) Waterfront beautification remains an unfulfilled desire.
(p) The area is still plagued with blighted conditions and incompatible
land uses.
(q) Uncontrolled urban sprawl will deteriorate the urban base and
existing quality environment. Continued subdivision.development
without consideration for basic aesthetic, recreational and
environmental amenities for improved urban living hastens the
deterioration of a quality living environment. Consideration
should be given to cluster or planned unit developments that
provide a variety of land uses, including multi -family, condo-
miniums, detached homes, townhouses, common open space, community
facilities and other amenities.
(r) Some zoning districts contain "gray" or fringe areas of deterio-
rating or changing land uses due to incompatibility or pressures
from the predominant land use in the district. This condition
is especially apparent in the downtown fringe areas. In addition,
the zoning districts need to be broadened to allow more compatible
land uses so as to avoid continuous spot zoning.
(s) The CBD continues to deteriorate. Reorientation to the water-
front, increased pedestrian access and improvements, adequate
parking, improved traffic flow and recycling of the historic
buildings would aid towards revitalizing the downtown.
(t) The City still has insufficient and inadequate housing. Over
400 lower -income households have been identified who need
housing assistance. In addition, over 15% of the housing stock
is substandard or dilapidated.
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(2) The average residential density within the City limits is 6.56 units
per acre, The average density is 3.09 units per acre in the extra-
territorial zoning jurisdiction. Perhaps, `this low density contri-
butes to the cherished charm and small town quality and should be -
maintained,
(3) The shift in the balance of trade is reflected in the increase in
service land uses and decrease in industrial land uses since the
1960's. In addition, land use trends indicate the increased resi-
dential growth adjacent to the City and static growth within the
City. Over 65% of the land in the planning jurisdiction remains in
agricultural, or other resource use, and the most important resource -
lands should be protected from disorderly development.
(4) Several areas of environmental concern are within or near urban•deve-
loped areas, these include:
(a) Coastal wetlands
(b) Estuarine waters
(c) Fragile, natural resource areas
(d) Estuarine erodible areas
(e) Public water supply area
(f) Estuarine floodway area
These areas should be considered as Potential Areas of Environmental
Concern to insure adequate protection of their natural resource poten-
tial and to insure responsive development within areas with critical:
limitations
ESTIMATED DEMAND AND FACILITY NEEDS
(1) The current water system functions, on the average, 15% over treat-
ment design capacity. The proposed water improvement project expected
to be completed within 2z years will provide 5 million gallons of water
per day, allowing the current need to be within 50% of the total capes
city. These improvements should providesufficientwater capacity to,
last well into the 1990's, given the existing growth need..
(2) Many areas adjacent to the City need public water and/or sewer service.
These areas are scheduled for such service within the next ten year
period, as outlined by the 1975 Public Improvements Program for Eliza-
beth City.
(3) Although recently completed (1968), the wastewater facility functions
near and sometimes over design capacity (average of 75% of design
capacity) due to infiltration problems throughout the.collector system..
The initiated 201 infiltration study will address this problem, as
well as determine the need.for additional plant facilities. The cur-
rent plant is possibly capable of handling additional collector units
for those areas adjacent to the City in need of sewer facilities for
health reasons.
(4)•. Exisiting fire service is adequate to serve the City and adjacent low
density areas. However, growth concentrations of large high density
commercial, residential and industrial land uses will require addi-
tional fire protection services and facilities.
(5) With additional concentrations of growth within areas adjacent to the
City limits, such as the industrial park, new subdivisions, E.C. State
University recreation complex, and new commercial land uses, the cur-
rent police department staffing and equipment ;,rill not be adequate.
The Police Chief projects a need for possible ten or more men with
necessary equipment, such as two additional vehicles, to serve these
- 214 -

(6)
(8)
adjacent areas, These acklitional services could be needed within ten
years, depending upon the degree of growth . This protection would be
needed even without annexation.
The existing population trend indicates that there will be a projected
population of 17,740 within the Elizabeth City planning jurisdiction
by 1985. However, an estimated 4,000 additional persons are anti-
cipated within the jurisdiction as a result of potential growth
through the industrial park, seasonal vacationers or desired popula-
tion growth. The total estimated population growth over the next
10 year period could be about 22,592 within the planning jurisdiction.
There is a need for a local industrial park growth strategy that will
aid in reducing the "earnings gap" in Pasquotank County and reversing
the trend of a majority of manufacturing employment here within the
nation's lowest paying industries. An industrial complex concept
is recommended for the proposed industrial park. Such complexes have
more of an income multiplier effect within the local area and pro-
vide a more diversified economy for the area. An industrial matrix
has been developed that rates the various parameters of a complex
according to such factors as labor intensiveness, water usage, EDA
standings, etc. This matrix is available through the Elizabeth City
Planning Department.
Analysis of the growth trend in Pasquotank County indicated that
major growth is occurring and will probably continue to occur
adjacent to the City limits. Certain adjacent areas, such as the
new subdivisions, Highway 17 North and the proposed industrial park
site could experience additional growth, if the prior growth trend
in these areas is maintained.
Based upon the estimated population increase over the next ten year
period, the following additional land demands within the Elizabeth
City planning jurisdiction will be needed:
(a) Residential land 431 acres
(b) Industrial land 276 acres
(c) Commercial land 57 acres
(d) Institutional land 75 acres
TOTAL 736 acres
The total amount of funds required over the next 10 year period for
public facilities to serve growth areas is about $6,192,078. This
amount includes the industrial park site improvements, extended water.
and sewer lines, street improvements, fire and police protection,
sanitation collection and recreation needs. The improvements to
the water and sewer plant facilities will more than double this
amount.
Given all the assumed or known limitations of current conditions or
concerns about growth in the area, a rough approximation of available
land within the planning jurisdiction with carrying capacity to support
new growth would be about 2,000 acres or 3.125 square miles of land
within the planning jurisdiction. Within the assumed or known limi-
tations, this land plus existing developed land served with ade-
quate public facilities would permit a total population of about
30,OOO persons, with lands for agricultural use, protection of the
natural ecosystems and environmental resources, presentation of the
cherished small town qualities. Judicious use of public facilities,
replacement of sprawling suburbs with planned clustered communities
and a concentrated effort to seek an integrated and functional eco-
community.
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POLICIES, GOALS AND OBJL'C'I'IV1:S
,
(1)
Broad policies, goals, objectives and standards have been Finalized and
adopted for the Land Use Plan. 'Chey will serve as a formal and clear
statement to guide future growth and development.
'
(2)
'More specific objectives and standards can be added as the Land Use
Plan is revised to expand this broad base for orderly growth.
(3)
Public participation has been sought in the development of these poli-
,
Gies, goals and objectives, as well as the Land Use Plan. Surveys and
citizen forums were utilized to achieve this participation. The.Land
Use Plan with policies and goals is reflective of the public partici-
pation effort and is responsive to the concerns and problems as identi-
fied by the majority of residents in the public participation efforts..
LAND
CLASSIFICATION
'
(1)
The following acreage allocations have been given for -each land
classification:
'
(a) Transition: 1,296.25 acres
2.026 square miles
(b) Developed: 2,222.29 acres
3.47 square miles
'
(c) Community: 709.8S acres
1.11 square miles
(d) Rural: 3,7S1.26 acres
,
S.86 square miles
(e) Conservation: 1,846.70 acres
2.89 9quarc miles,
(2)
According to the State Guidelines for CAMA planning, the estimated
'
population increase of 4,000 persons within the Elizabeth City planning
jurisdiction will require 2 square miles of lands designated Transition.
A total of 2.026 square miles have been designated Transition to acco-
'
modate this growth.
(3)
Implementation of the land classification system is primarily the
responsibility of the local government through provision of public
'
services or facilities and revisions to the zoning or subdivision
ordinances.
POTENTIAL AREAS OF ENVIROW"NTAL CONCI'.RN
'
(1)
The following potential areas of environmental concern within the
Elizabeth City planning jurisdiction have been identified:
'
(a) Coastal wetlands
(b) Estuarine waters
-
(c) Natural resource areas - complex natural area
(d) Areas subject to public rights - certain public trust water areas
'
(e) Natural hazard areas - excessive erosion areas
(2)
The Coastal Resources Commission will make final determination of per-
manent areas of environmental concern. Permits will be required for
'
development within these areas.
(3)
General development standards have been proposed for the potential
areas of environmental concern. These development standards are con-
'
sistent with The Guidelines for Local Planning Under CAMA.
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� �
C �
� N
V o
� �
a�
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City -County . Plan Relationship
CITY-COUNFY PLAN RELA'11ONS11IP DL:F 1NED
_
Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City, although submitting separate Land
'
Use Plans, have draft plans that are in accord. Cooperation or agreement
by City and County governmental functions (governing boards, planning
boards, and advisory boards) has been initiated on certain issues of mutual
concern. This cooperation consists of overlapping goals, congurent Land
Classification Plans and suggestions for orderly development in major areas
within the county adjacent to the City's Planning Jurisdiction. Coopera-
tion has been initiated over the following issues:
'
(1) Conservation of the Knobbs Creek drainage basin, particularly the
wooded swamp area and waterways that extend from within the City to
several miles north into the County.
(2) Protection as an Area of Environmental Concern for the Elizabeth
City's water supply well field area. Suggestions also include the
extension of the City's zoning controls into this area.
'
(3) Concern for orderly development along Highway 17 corridor north and
south of the City. -Recommended is the need to study land uses and
growth management within these areas. Suggestions include the pos-
sible extension of the City's Zoning Jurisdiction into these areas
closest to the City. In addition, the area adjacent to the Coast
Guard Air Station and closest to the City should be studied in a
similar manner.
(4) Concern for increased recreational needs by both City and County re-
sidents. Recommendations include the establishment of a closer re-
lationship between the City Recreation Department and the County.
(5) Concern for historic preservation. Recommendations include evaluation
'
of all historic sites for possible listing on the National Register
_
and possible development of an Historic District or Historic Pro-
'
perties Commission.
(6) Economic development and environmental protection. Recommendations
include balanced economic growth and environmental protection. In
addition, stronger governmental role in economic development is
'
suggested.
(7) Protection as an Area of Environmental Concern for the estuarine river
system (Pasquotank River) that extends into the City Planning Area.
Camden County adjacent to Elizabeth City has proposed the wooded swamps
'
along their side of the Pasquotank River as an Area of Environmental
Concern. This designation is in accord with the City's designation
of the river and wooded swamps to the north of the City as Potential
'
Areas of Environmental Concern. Pasquotank County has placed the
wooded swamps on its side of the Pasquotank River within the Con-
servation land use classification.
(8) Cooperation between the City and Pasquotank County also includes
1
Community Development Program preparations by both that address
blighted conditions and will utilize the renewal staff of the City.
(9) In addition, Camden County has expressed a need for historic preserva-
tion and development of a tourist industry, both of which are in
accord with the City's land use goal concerning tourist development.
A desire for orderly planned growth has also been expressed by the
'
City, Pasquotank County and Camden County.
The following chart illustrates the City/County relationship in the Coastal
_
Area Management Act Planning Effort.
'
-219-

COUNTY AND CITY COOPERATION A.O COORDINATION OF COASTAL AREA MANAGDi1ENT PLANNING EFFORT
COASTAL RESOURCES COMMISSION
1 COASTAL RESOURCESI
ADVISORY COUNCIL
COUNTY COMMISSIONERS - - - -;- -- -- CITY COUNCIL
t
1
PLANNING BOARD PLANNING COMMISSION
I
COUNTY GROWTH ADVISORY - -- ---I- -- - URBAN ADVISORY BOARD
BOARD
I
1
D.N.E.R. PLANNERS -- -- �-- -- -- - PLANNING AND COMMUNITY
A.R.P.D.C. PLANNERS DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMENT
t i
CITI ZENS

. - m

Appendix Maps
'
Included in this Appendix of The Elizabeth City Land Use Plan are ten
maps that relate to the important parts of the Plan. The following
maps are included:
'
Map 1: Soils
Interpretative Soil Classification and Limitation
Map 2: Flood Hazards
Illustration General Flood Plain District with Floodway District and
Floodway Fringe District Designated
Ma 3: Soil Limitations
Illustration of Severe Soil Types and Conditions
Ma 4• Constraints
Illustration of WJ-or Development Constraints and Resources Within the
Area
Map S: Com�munity� Facilities
Illustration of Exist ni g and Proposed Community Facilities
' Ma 6: Historic Assets
General Location of Historic Sites in the Area
Ma 7: Land Use
Illustration of -Existing Land Use
Map 8: Zoning:
Illustration of the Official Elizabeth City Zoning Map
' Ma 9: Land Classes
Final Land Classification Map
Map 10: Potential AEC's
Work Map Illustration Potential Areas of Environmental Concern
1
-233-

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- Mi C -' THIS MAP REPRESENTS THE ELIZABETH OTT
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MVIRONMENTAL MANAGENIEfil
L I B R, AIR Yj
fl. C. DEPT. OF NATURAL,
RESOURCES 1, Co.',JII. DW,

LAND CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
The Coastal Area Management Act intent is to provide for
orderly growth within the coastal area. One method of orderly
development is the use of the Land Classification System. This
system offers such advantages as designation of broad land
classes containing many types of land uses and allowing varying
degrees of development intensity; identification of priority
areas for public facility needs; provision of a formal statement
of local priorities and intentions to encourage or limit growth in
various areas; possibility of a more equitable distribution of the
land tax burden, i.e., possibly increasing taxes on land requiring
public facilities and decreasing taxes on lands needed for con-
servation purposes; and provision of an improved framework for
the coordination of State, Federal, and local regulatory policies.
The Elizabeth City Land Classification System and location of
the various land classifications are presented in the Land Classi-
fication Map included in this Synopsis. The Elizabeth City Land
Classification Map designates five land classes, including Devel-
oped, Transition, Rural, Community, and Conservation. Devel-
oped land contains 2,222 acres of previously developed land
supplied with necessary community facilities. Transition land
contains 1,297 acres and are developed areas that need public
facilities or where new growth is to be encouraged. The
provision of public facilities can be anticipated for lands
designated Transition within the next ten year period. Rural land
contains 3,751 acres and is the undeveloped areas to be used
primarily for agriculture with limited public facilities. Commu-
nity land contains 710 acres and consists of small development
areas not requiring extensive public facilities. Conservation land
contains 1,847 acres of land and 1,248 acres of waterways. Con-
servation lands are recognized as a natural resource, and no or
limited public services will be provided.
Use of the land and distribution of public facilities should
agree with the Land Classification Map. Implementation and
revisions to the land classification map are primarily the respon-
sibility of local government, and c hanges can be made on the
map to reflect desired growth needs and location. Provision of
public services and zoning or subdivision controls can be used
to insure implementation of the Land Use Plan. For example,
revisions can be made in the Elizabeth City Zoning and Sub-
division Ordinances to reflect the Land Classification Map,
establish restrictions on development within Conservation or
Rural lands, provide for limitations on community facilities,
(such as water and sewer); and encourage the desired types of
growth in Transition and rural lands. Although minor changes
are to be expected and are permitted in the Land Classification
Map, ma*or changes, such as major development occurring in
Rural lands, will require review and approval by the City Council
and Coastal Resources Commission. Within five years the Land
Use Plan must be revised or reevaluated by the local govern-
ment.
POTENTIAL AREAS OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN
The Elizabeth City City Council has recommended that the
most critical lands for development within the Elizabeth City
area be considered for review as Potential Areas of Environ-
mental Concern (AEC). Before the AEC's are finally designated
by the Coastal Resources Commission, a thorough study of each
category will be undertaken. During this investigation, citizen
participation will be sought at public hearings in each coastal
county. After final designation, development within Permanent
Areas of Environmental Concern will require a permit from the
Coastal Resources Commission or local government. The fol-
lowing Potential Areas of Environmental Concern within the
Elizabeth City area are recommended for review by local
residents.
1. Coastal Wetlands
Location, Description, and Significance
(a) Area adjacent to Charles Creek Park off Southern Ave-
nue
(b) 1/4 mile downstream of Cobbs Point and near northern
most portion of the Coast Guard Air Station
These locations contain specific species of salt marsh or
other marsh vegetation. Marsh land type vegetation and
environment contributes to food supply and habitat of
water fowl and other wildlife or fish within the productive
estuarine system.
Policy and Appropriate Land Uses
Priority for conservation and management to safeguard
biologic, economic, and aesthetic values is recommended
with second priority given to water related recreational
activities within capacity of the area to sustain recreational
development without harm to the estuarine system. Appro-
priate land uses include limited boat access areas, swim-
ming, fishing, or boating areas, and other passive recrea-
tional uses.
2. Estuarine Waters
Location, Description, and Significance
Location includes all waters of the Pasquotank River Basin
downstream of the Highway 158 Bridge between Elizabeth
City and Camden County and are described as coastal
waters or tributaries seaward of the dividing line between
coastal fishing waters and inland fishing waters (G.S. 113-
229 (N) (2)). Estuarine waters are among the most pro-
ductive natural environments within the State and used for
fishing, recreational, economical, navigational, and aes-
thetic purposes.
Policy and Appropriate Land Uses
Priority for conservation and management to safeguard
biologic, economic, and aesthetic values is recommended
with appropriate water related recreational land uses al-
lowed if compatible with conservation. Appropriate land
uses include boating, boat facilities, fishing and fishing
facilities, and other water related sport or recreational uses,
including swimming.
3. Public Trust Witters
Location, Description and Significance
Location includes all of Elizabeth City's navigable water-
ways and are described as waterways and land to which the
public may have rights of access or navigation as author-
ized by State Constitution (Article XIV, Section 5). Public
rights include navigation and recreation, as well as fishing,
aesthetic, and economic purposes or values.
Policy and Appropriate Land Uses
Conservation to insure public rights and protection to pre-
serve value is recommended with uses consistent with pol-
icy. Water related land uses are allowed if consistent with
policy, including boat access, boating, boat facilities,
fishing, fishing facilities, and other water related recrea-
tional activities.
4. Estuarine Erodible Areas
Location, Description, and Significance
Areas include land along Pasquotank River downstream of
Cobbs Point and adjacent to and north of the Coast Guard
Air Station. Estuarine area is above ordinary high water
where excessive erosion has a high probability of occurring
based upon reasonable 25 year recession line. A 31 year
erosion study along this portion of the Pasquotank River
from Elizabeth City to New Begun Creek by the Soil Conser-
vation Service showed an average width loss to erosion of
61.3 feet. Natural hazard area of estuarine system is especi-
ally vulnerable to erosion ;,nd subsequent damage.
Policy and Appropriate La,id Uses
insure development is responsive to erosion limitation to
avoid property loss. Uses must be consistent with policy;
permanent or substantial residential, commercial, institu-
tional or industrial structures are not appropriate; rural,
conservation or recreational land uses are appropriate, in-
cluding agricultural or forestry operations, water related
recreational activities and limited seasonal residential or
camp site development with appropriate erosion control
measures.
5. Fragile, Historic, or Natural Resource Areas (Complex
Natural Area)
Location, Description, and Significance
Location includes vast wooded swamp areas (mucky peat or
swamp soils) to the north of the City and along Knobbs
Creek Drainage Basin. These areas are lands that support
native plant and animal communities and provide habitat
conditions or characteristics essentially unchanged by
human activity. They provide example of conditions exist-
ing prior to coastal settlement by western man and are irre-
placeable as scientific, educational, and ecological re-
sources.
Policy and Appropriate Land Uses
Conservation of natural conditions as top priority with uses
allowed that are consistent with policy. Lands shall not be
developed so as to endanger the recognized value of the
complex natural area. Access should be limited, and appro-
priate land uses include lim ited recreational activities (such
as nature or scenic trails), and other compatible uses, such
as limited camp sites or vacation cottages, that do not signi-
ficantly increase access to the area or require extensive
public facilities.
�r Orz
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ELIZABEI. C111
Mcp of
LIZABETH CITY, NORTH CAROLINA
Prepared by North Carolina Department of Transportation July,197 1183
vised by Elizabeth City lanning Department January, 1975
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ELIZABETH CITY LAND
CLASSIFICATION MAP
DEVELOPED
TRANSITION
COMMUNITY
RURAL
CONSERVATION
U.S. COAST GUARD BASE
NOTE: The Elizabeth City and adjacent Pasquotank County Land Classifications are shown
this map. The U.S. Coast Guard Air Station designed by a dashed line is not
A classified.
-----------
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Specific objectives for the above_ policies and goals are as
24. The City and County should work closer together in pro-
The ethnic makeup of Elizabeth City has remained fairly
Prime agricultural soils identified for their workability and
follows:
viding recreational opportunities to all residents of the City
stable at 37% nonwhite and 63% white. Although nonwhites
wide range of crop cultivation extend throughout the Elizabeth
1.
City and County play a strong role in promoting industrial
and County.
have achieved a greater degree of upwards economic mobility,
City area, especially adjacent to the city. Since prime agricul-
_
development with City Manager and County Coordinator
25. Public accessibility to and increased use of the waterways
it is not as rapid as the whites. Over the next 25 years a shift in
tural soils are also the most suitable for urbanization a balance
coordinating and intensifying these efforts.
in the area should be expanded.
age group distribution is anticipated. There will be a substantial
between urban growth and crop cultivation is needed, especi-
-'- _-
2.
Cityshould consider, along with Count the employment
g Y,P
26. Recreational areas and facilities should be developed that
increase in those 65 and over, and a decrease in those 19 ears
Y
ally in view of the growing world food shortages.
-- - - _
of an Economic Development Coordinator to work with the
will promote tourism with emphasis on developing scenic
and younger. Consequently, services and facilities for senior
The subsurface geology of the Elizabeth City area is primarily
local Chamber of Commerce and other area institutions to
and natural areas for recreational use, including environ-
citizens will have to be expanded.
marine sediment with solid bedrock approximately 3,000 feet_
-
insure a coordinated and effective effort in economic
mental education purposes.
Elizabeth City's industrial activities have been decreasing
below the surface. This geological substrata has limited support
development.
27. The City should develop swimming facilities and municipal
since the early 1900's with an accompanying increase in service,
capability. Geologic samples should be made at all sites con-
3.
City and County should insure completion of the proposed
golf facilities within the next 5 years.
commercial, and institutional activity. This weakening of in-
sidered for major development. Although mineral resources in
industrial park as planned, with preference given to smaller
28. Alternative flood control projects should be evaluated by
dustrial activities could bring about increased economic adver-
the area include sand, gravel, peat, marl, and shell, the quality
diversified technical and agricultural industries paying
the Army Corps of Engineers and funds sought through
sity, lower income for the community, and continued outmigra-
and accessibility of these resources are not adequate for largeIttsw•
moderate to high wages.
federal programs.
tion of the youth to find improved employment opportunities.
scale industrial operations._--
4.
Through the Land Use Plan, controls or other restrictions,
29. The housing stock should be improved through increased
To offset this adverse trend, an industrial park and development
Drinking water in the Elizabeth City area is from underground
and encouraging new industries to locate within the pro- -
use of Section 8 Housing and other federal housing pro-
of a tourist industry are recommended.
aquifers. Water quality varies, but is usually "hard" and high in
posed industrial park site, the City and County should dis-
grams by the City, County, local institutions and realtors for
salt content at lower depths. These aquifers are fed from surface
courage industrial development that would threaten the
new construction, rent subsidies and grants or loans for
recharge areas, such as the wooded swamps. These aquifers are
community's waterways, natural environments and existing
rehabilitation.
very susceptible to pollution from excessive septic tank use.
COMMUNITY FACILITIES
high quality of the environment and community life.
30. The Walnut Street Redevelopment Project should be com-
Current City water supply plans call for utilization of the river
5.
A joint County/City Committee should be established to
pleted.
EXISTING LAND USE
and improved treatment capacity.
Elizabeth City as a Regional Economic Growth Center of the
review all potential industries locating in the area based
31. The City and County should work together with other
Man-made hazard areas in the Elizabeth City area include the
Albemarle area provides residents with many important ser-
upon EPA Air and Water Standards, as well as local con-
agencies in encouraging and expanding social program
An existing Land Use Map is included in this Synopsis. Within
Coast Guard Air Station, oil storage facilities, and rail lines. A
vices, facilities, and cultural amenities. Important services
cerns.
activity, perhaps by obtaining a Social Planning Coordi-
the City's Planning Jurisdiction of about 15 square miles, there
buffer of compatible land uses should be maintained around
provided by the City include fire and police protection, munici-
6.
Protect the community's historic assets through designation
nator to facilitate improved and more integrated human
are 1,527 acres of residential land with an average density of
these areas (especially the Air Station) to insure protection.
pal airport, electricity, water, sewer, public works, waste man -
of special character areas as National Historic Districts or
service delivery.
between 3 and 6 houses per residential acre. Industrial lands
Natural hazard areas include the flood plains and river erosion
agement, street and drainage facilities, and recreational facili-
Local Historic District, and identify as well as list other
32. The City and County should continue to cooperate in
have decreased since the 1960's to occupy only 103 acres with
areas. Urban development within the flood hazard areas is con-
ties and programs. Pasquotank County administers the elemen-
historic sites with the N, C. Historic Commission or have
development of the Community Block Grant Program to
commercial lands increasing to over 285 acres. This illustrates
trolled by the City's Flood Plain Ordinance. The severe river
tary and high school educational system. In addition, three
them classified as National Historic Land Marks.
improve areas adjacent to the City.
the weakening of the industrial base. Government and institu-
erosion area north of the Coast Guard Air Station is a develop-
centers of higher learning are located in Elizabeth City-Eliza-
7.
City and County should play stronger role in developing the
33. The feasibility of establishing a public mini -bus system
tional land uses have also increased to over 317 acres with parks
ment limitation.
beth City State University, the College of the Albemarle, and the
tourist potential through planning, facility implementation
should be considered, perhaps in conjunction with con-
and recreation significantly increasing to over 38 acres since the
Surface water or rivers, streams and other bodies of water
Roanoke Bible College. Cultural facilities include a public
and promotion activities.
tinued regional efforts.
1960's. Agricultural lands occupy about 3,202 acres and wooded
within the Elizabeth City area are influenced by the tides. They
library, and Museum of the Albemarle, as well as many varied
8.
The Economic Development Coordinator should also pro-
34. Alternative energy and utility systems should be considered
areas about 1,021 acres. The wooded swamps account for over
are of swamp quality varying between fresh and salt water char-
religious, cultural, service, and civic institutions and organiza-
mote tourism in the area and aid towards coordinating all
and implemented if possible.
1,515 acres. There are approximately 524 vacant undeveloped
acteristics. The State classifies these waters as primarily Class C,
tions. Social and medical services administered in part or full by
community activities related to tourism.
35. The City should continue to promote a street improvement
acres and over 1,481 acres of water surface.
suitable for fishing and uses requiring lower water quality.
the county include a District Health Department, a Mental
9.
A comprehensive package (news, media, television, adver-
program, including implementation of improved traffic
Major land use problems and issues within the Elizabeth City
Water quality surveillance of the Pasquotank River Basin in the
Health Department, the Albemarle Hospital and a Social Service
tisements, etc.,) including planned tour programs and acti-
flow systems.
area include lack of public access to the river as a result of
early 1970's by the State indicated a serious degree of degrada-
Department. A revised major Thoroughfare Plan for street im-
vities should be prepared for the area perhaps through a
36. City and County should continue and expand cooperation
continuous private development. In addition, there are no
tion from this class, primarily due to urban and agricultural land
provements is being prepared for the City and should be
Promotion Committee established by the City, County, and
on existing joint operations, (recreation, waste manage-
public swimming areas. Also, growth areas adjacent to the city
run-off, effluent discharge, lumber operation discharge, and un-
completed by mid 1976. City facilities, such as water and sewer,
Chamber of Commerce.
ment, and fire protection). City and County should prepare
limits are in need of public services, including water and sewer
identified sources. Downstream near the Coast Guard Air Sta-
streets, fire and police protection, recreation opportunities,
10.
The City and County should insure that the area's natural
a management study to improve their operating functions
facilities, as well as recreational facilities. Many developed
tion, the Pasquotank River is classified as suitable for swim-
sanitation service, and other city services, will have to be
resources for tourism are protected, enhanced or improved
and evaluate the feasibility of additional joint operations.
areas are subject to flooding hazards. Prior destruction of
ming. The surface water within the Elizabeth City area also
expanded or improved to accomodate the desired population of
through community appearance controls, historic property
Ultimately perhaps the City and County should consider
floodways within the City has caused flooding in many sections
includes the estuarine river system and navigable public trust
22,592. In addition, area schools and other institutional func-
protection and conservation controls.
consolidation.
of the City, and existing floodways must be preserved. Un-
waters. These waters are valuable sources of abundant fish,
tions will have to continue with their expansion programs at a
11.
Downtown revitalization should include waterfront beauti-
37. The City should expand minority group representation on
controlled urban sprawl and spot zoning without consideration
which are important for the State's commercial and sport
cost that could exceed $6,000,000. Current city water system
fication and redevelopment towards tourist trade.
City boards or functions and these functions should actively
for basic aesthetic, recreational, environmental, and social or
fisheries. For example, Knobbs Creek is one of the most produc-
improvements consist of utilization of the river and improved
12.
Downtown revitalization should be promoted jointly by the
seek increased public participation.
service amenities threaten the area's quality living environment.
tive nursery grounds for River Herring in coastal North Carolina.
treatment capacity. The needed improvements to the water
City, County, and the downtown merchants, perhaps
38. The use of citizen review process (surveys, forums, hear-
Cluster or planned multi -functional developments should be
The wooded swamps primarily north of the City and in the
plant and supply facilities could be as high as $5,000,000. In
through a combination of special tax district, federal grants,
ings, opinion polls, etc.) should be provided on all major
favored over conventional developments. Consideration should
Knobbs Creek Drainage Basin are complex natural areas, and are
addition, the sewer system must be improved, and these
city and county funds, merchant assessments, or a local
issues, as well as expanded communication to involve resi-
also be given to multi -modal transportation systems, including
of critical ecological significance. They are a prime and fragile
improvements could be over $3,000,000. Thus, to sustain the
development foundation.
dents in the initial formulation of plans.
bikeways, mini -buses, and improved automobile circulation.
habitat for wildlife, providing food and shelter in the ecological
existing additional growth with the necessary facility improve-
13.
A revised master plan for the lowntown with specific
Continued urban sprawl also threatens the valuable natural
food chain, of which man is a part. Wooded swamps are also
ments and expansions, over $14,000,000 will be needed during
detailed improvements including waterfront beautification
environment and resources within the area. Development must
important because they filter urban and agricultural pollution
the next 10 years.
should be prepared, adopted, and implemented by the
Standards have also been adopted for the above objectives.
be in accord with protection of valuable farm lands and natural
run-off, serve as prime habitat areas, serve as flood drainage
The above activities do not include other existing needs, such
downtown merchants and the City. -
In general, these standards simply expand upon the objectives
ecological resources. Consideration should be given to improv-
basins and aquifer recharge areas, filter possible salt intrusion
as community development, street lighting, solid waste dis-
14.
A comprehensive consumer market survey should be con-
and include the types of industries that should locate here;
ing or protecting special character areas, such as the waterfront,
from entering well water supply, and purify and filter waste
posal, street improvements, special education or social ser-
ducted to identify needed retail or service markets.
redevelopment within special and historic areas; and priority for
downtown and historic areas. These areas continue to deterior-
water. In addition, wooded swamps provide recreation poten-
vices, other public works, and health services. (The 1975-1985
15.
The City and local financial institutions through federal =
conservation given to those areas identified by the soil type
ate or are threatened by incompatible development. Waterfront -
tial, as well as sites for environmental education. Due to their
Public Improvements Program and Capital Improvements Bud -
grants or loan programs should provide rehabilitation funds
"mucky peat" or "swamp", and described as wooded swamp or
beautification is needed to reutilize this resource base. There is
importance, these wooded swamps should be conserved and
get for Elizabeth City covers most of these activities in more
or loans for commercial, residential, or cultural facilities
"wetland" areas.
a lack of decent housing and many households need housing
maintained in their natural .state. The Pasquotank River and
detail.)
considered in need of financial assistance.
assistance.
adjacent wooded swamps are also scenic assets. The unspoiled
16.
Continued use and adoption of growth controls (land use
- - -
quality of this natural resource could play a significant role in
plan, zoning, other ordinances).
attracting visiors to the area and in the development of a tourist
17.
Revise growth and development ordinances to reflect im-
industry.
CITY/COUNTY RELATIONSHIP
proved living environments with needed amenities, as well
GROWTH, POPULATION, AND ECONOMY
HOW LARGE CAN ELIZABETH CITY GROW?
-Air pollution contributes significantly to respiratory infec-
as maintain development restrictions in conservation lands.
tions and eye irratations. Although existing air pollution in the
Pasquotank County and Elizabeth City, although submitting
18.
The small town quality should be preserved and maintained
Since the early 1950's, new major growth within Pasquotank
- Recreational pressures continue to increase in this region,
Elizabeth City area is well within accepted air quality standards,
separate Land Use Plans have final plans that are in accord.
with continued urban sprawl discouraged.
County has primarily been occurring in areas adjacent to the
and Elizabeth City has excellent potential as a tourist attraction.
the development of an industrial park with compatible low or
Cooperation or agreement by City and County governmental
19.
The Elizabeth City planning effort should be coordinated
City limits. Major city facilities, such as water and sewer, will
The Elizabeth City area enjoys a moderate climate with mild
non-polluting industries will be necessary to maintain this low
functions (governing boards, planning boards, and advisory
with the County planning effort through joint planning
soon have to be extended into these growth areas. Population
winters and warm, humid summers. It has many resources and
level. Also, trees should be planted around areas of high air
boards) has been initiated on certain issues of mutual concern.
board cooperation and more detailed land use analysis and
trends indicate that the greatest growth over the next ten years
possesses a historic character. It is in close proximity to many
pollution generators, such as industrial and transportation land
This cooperation consists of overlapping goals concerning his -
planning in areas adjacent to the City planning jurisdiction
will occur on North Highway 17, in subdivisions on Main Street
regional recreational areas, including the Cape Hatteras Na-
uses, to absorb air pollution.
toric preservation, economic or industrial development with
that are subject to increased -urbanization.-
and Church Street extended, in Chesterfield Heights, and ad-
tional Seashore, the Dismal Swamp State Park, and Tidewater/
The Elizabeth City area is rich in significant historic assets. A
environmental protection, and increased coordination of recre-
20.
The City should consider expansion of zoning land use con-
jacent to Northeastern High School. However, the location of
Virginia, a metropolitan center with over 1,000,000 persons. All
recent inventory lists over 50 historic sites or properties, many
ation needs; congruent Land Classification Map with all of
troll in those growth areas adjacent to the City.
the industrial park, and extended water and sewer facilities,
of these and others contribute to Elizabeth City's excellent
of which are concentrated within or adjacent to downtown
Knobbs Creek Drainage Basin designated as Conservation, pro-
21.
The City and County should ultimately obtain an environ-
could influence increased growth along the Weeksville Highway
growth potential. However, before extensive development can
Elizabeth City. This concentration of historic sites suggests
tection of the estuarine river system as a Potential Area of
mental control coordinator to enforce environmental re-
southeast of the City. Although approximately 18,592 persons
begin, the ability of the land and water to sustain growth must
implementation of Historic District Zoning for their protection
Environmental Concern, and designation of wooded swamps -
strictions and evaluate conditions affecting health and
currently reside in the Elizabeth City Planning Jurisdiction,
be examined. A rough approximation of the land capable of
and enhancement.
along the Pasquotank River as Conservation land; and sugges- -
welfare of residents.
population growth within the City has remained generally static
supporting growth can be determined by examining an area's
Given the above resource limitations, conditions, and con-
'tions for orderly and planned growth, including a land use and -
22.
A comprehensive Recreation and Open Space Plan should
since the 1960's. State planning population projections for the
natural resources, public facilities and capabilities. _
cerns, an estimated 2,000 acres or about 3 square miles of land
growth management study of major highway corridors, possible
be prepared, adopted, and implemented utilizing the State-
City show a declining population, perhaps attributed to poor
In general, the surface soils within the Elizabeth City area do
exists that can sustain new growth. Added to the existing 3,337
extension of the City's zoning controls and coordination of
wide Comprehensive Recreational Plan objectives where
economic conditions and subsequent out -migration. However,
not have favorable properties for urban development. Some
developed acres, approximately 5,337 acres or about 8 of the 15
community development programs. In addition, Camden Coun-
applicable.
the population does continue to increase in the City's Extrater-
particularly wetland soil types (mucky peat and swamp), are
square miles in the Elizabeth City Planning Jurisdiction are
ty has established land use goals and plan in accord with the
23.
All recreational facilities of all agencies, institutions, civic
ritorial Zoning Jurisdiction. The 1985 population projection for
absolutely unsuitable for any type of development, and their
suitable for existing and future development. This land has the
City's, including concern for historic preservation, development
or club organizations, should be coordinated for maximum
the Elizabeth City area, as determined by the desires of the
limitations can be extremely costly for development or main-
capability of supporting a population of approximately 30,000
of a tourist industry, desire for orderly and planned growth, and
public use.
people, previous trends, and other factors, is 22,592 people, an
tenance. These soils also sustain the wooded swamps and
to 34,000 persons given adequate facilities, current technolo-
the designation of wooded swamps and estuarine river system as
increase of 4,000 residents.
should be_ restricted from development.
gies, and prevailing attitudes.
Conservation areas.