HomeMy WebLinkAboutAQ_AM_20230628_BP_AnnPln_Final 2023-2024 Volume 2-B Winston-Salem Region_Final
2023-2024 Annual Monitoring Network
Plan for the North Carolina Division of Air
Quality
Volume 2
Site Descriptions by Division of Air Quality Regional Office and
Metropolitan Statistical Area
B. The Winston-Salem Monitoring Region
June 28, 2023
B2
Table of Contents
Table of Contents .......................................................................................................................................... 2
List of Figures ................................................................................................................................................ 2
List of Tables .................................................................................................................................................. 3
The Winston-Salem Monitoring Region ........................................................................................................ 4
(1) The Eastern Mountains ........................................................................................................................ 4
(2) The Winston-Salem MSA ...................................................................................................................... 5
(3) The Greensboro-High Point MSA ....................................................................................................... 11
(4) The Burlington MSA ........................................................................................................................... 22
(5) Caswell County ................................................................................................................................... 23
Appendix B.1 Annual Network Site Review Forms for 2022 ........................................................................ 28
List of Figures
Figure B1. The Winston-Salem monitoring region 4
Figure B2. Lead and lead compound air emissions in the eastern mountains from 2009 to 2020 5
Figure B3. Location of monitoring sites in the Winston-Salem MSA 6
Figure B4. Lexington water tower fine particle monitoring site, 37-057-0002 6
Figure B5. Looking north from Lexington site 7
Figure B6. Looking northwest from Lexington site 7
Figure B7. Looking northeast from Lexington site 7
Figure B8. Looking east from Lexington site 7
Figure B9. Looking west from Lexington site 8
Figure B10. Looking southwest from Lexington site 8
Figure B11. Looking southeast from the Lexington site 8
Figure B12. Looking south from Lexington site 8
Figure B13. Lead and lead compound emissions to the air in the Winston-Salem MSA from 2009
to 2020 10
Figure B14. Location of monitors in the Greensboro-High Point MSA 11
Figure B15. Mendenhall ozone, particle and rainwater monitoring site, 37-081-0013 12
Figure B16. Looking north from the Mendenhall site 13
Figure B17. Looking northwest from the Mendenhall site 13
Figure B18. The Mendenhall site looking northeast 13
Figure B19. Looking east from the Mendenhall site 13
Figure B20. Looking west from the Mendenhall site 14
Figure B21. Looking southwest from the Mendenhall site 14
Figure B22. Looking southeast from the Mendenhall site 14
Figure B23. Looking south from the Mendenhall site 14
Figure B24. Comparison of the beta attenuation monitor with the federal reference monitor at
Mendenhall 16
B3
Figure B25. Bethany ozone and sulfur dioxide monitoring site, 37-157-0099 17
Figure B26. Looking north from the Bethany site 17
Figure B27. Looking west from the Bethany site 17
Figure B28. Looking east from the Bethany site 17
Figure B29. Looking south from the Bethany site 17
Figure B30. Location of the Bethany ozone site in relation to nearby emission sources 19
Figure B31. Location of new facility relative to the existing Bethany ozone and sulfur dioxide monitoring
station 20
Figure B32. Lead and lead compounds emitted in the Greensboro-High Point MSA from 2009 to 2020 21
Figure B33. Lead air emissions in Alamance County from 2009 to 2020 23
Figure B34. Locations of ozone monitors near the Burlington MSA. 23
Figure B35. Location of the Cherry Grove monitoring site 24
Figure B36. Cherry Grove ozone and particle monitoring Site, 37-033-0001 24
Figure B37. Looking north from Cherry Grove site 25
Figure B38. Looking northeast from Cherry Grove site 25
Figure B39. Looking west from Cherry Grove site 26
Figure B40. Looking southwest from Cherry Grove site 26
Figure B41. Looking east from Cherry Grove site 26
Figure B42. Looking south from Cherry Grove site 26
List of Tables
Table B1. Site Table for Lexington 9
Table B2. Site Table for Mendenhall 15
Table B3. Site Table for Bethany 18
Table B4. Site Table for Cherry Grove 25
B4
The Winston-Salem Monitoring Region
The Winston-Salem monitoring region of North
Carolina, shown in Figure B1, consists of five
sections: (1) the eastern mountains - Alleghany,
Ashe, Surry, Watauga and Wilkes counties; (2)
the Winston-Salem metropolitan statistical
area, or MSA - Davidson, Davie, Forsyth, Stokes
and Yadkin counties; (3) the Greensboro MSA -
Guilford, Randolph and Rockingham counties;
(4) the Burlington MSA - Alamance County; and
(5) Caswell County.
Figure B1. The Winston-Salem monitoring region
The red dots show the approximate
locations of most of the monitoring sites in
this region.
(1) The Eastern Mountains
The eastern mountains consist of five counties: Alleghany, Ashe, Surry, Watauga and Wilkes. There are
no major metropolitan areas in this section of North Carolina. The Boone micropolitan statistical area, or
MiSA, is in Watauga County, the Mount Airy MiSA is in Surry County, and the North Wilkesboro MiSA is
in Wilkes County. The North Carolina Division of Air Quality, or DAQ, does not operate any monitoring
sites in the eastern mountains. DAQ shut down the fine-particle monitoring site located at Boone in
Watauga County on Dec. 31, 2015.
In 2010, the United States Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, finalized changes to the expanded
lead-monitoring network established in 2008 to support the lower lead national ambient air quality
standard, or NAAQS, of 0.15 micrograms per cubic meter. 1 In 2010, the EPA focused monitoring efforts
on fence-line monitoring located at facilities that emit 0.5 ton or more of lead per year, at urban
national core, NCore, monitoring sites and at selected airports. 2 In 2016, the EPA removed the
requirement for monitoring at NCore sites.3 As shown in Figure B2, the eastern mountains do not have
any permitted facilities emitting 0.5 ton or more per year of lead,4 or any of the selected airports. Thus,
the changes to the lead monitoring network requirements did not result in any lead monitoring in the
eastern mountains.
1 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead, Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 219, \ Wednesday, Nov. 12, 2008,
p. 66964, available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-11-12/pdf/E8-25654.pdf.
2 Revisions to Lead Ambient Air Monitoring Requirements, Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 247, Monday, Dec. 27,
2010, p. 81126, available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-12-27/pdf/2010-
32153.pdf#page=1.
3 Revisions to Ambient Monitoring Quality Assurance and Other Requirements, Federal Register, Vol. 81, No. 59,
Monday, March 28, 2016, p. 17248, available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-
03-28/pdf/2016-06226.pdf.
4 United States Environmental Protection Agency. The 2020 EPA Toxics Release Inventory Tracker available at
https://edap.epa.gov/public/extensions/TRIToxicsTracker/TRIToxicsTracker.html#.
B5
Figure B2. Lead and lead compound air emissions in the eastern mountains from 2009 to 2020
The 2015 ozone-monitoring requirements did not result in additional ozone monitoring in the eastern
mountains. 5 This area does not have any MSAs requiring a minimum number of monitors by 40 Code of
Federal Regulations, or CFR, Part 58, Appendix D for population exposure monitoring in urban areas.
The eastern mountains did not need to add monitors to comply with the 2010 nitrogen dioxide
monitoring requirements.6 The area is too small to require area-wide monitors and does not have any
roadways with average annual daily traffic above the threshold for near-roadway monitoring. The
eastern mountain area also did not need additional monitors to meet the 2010 sulfur dioxide
monitoring requirements because there are no large sources of sulfur dioxide emissions located within
the area.7 The EPA does not require this area to operate near-road carbon monoxide and fine particle
monitors because the population is under 1,000,000. 8
(2) The Winston-Salem MSA
The Winston-Salem MSA consists of five counties: Davidson, Davie, Forsyth, Stokes and Yadkin. The
major urban area is Winston-Salem. DAQ currently operates one monitoring site in the Winston-Salem
MSA and the Forsyth County Office of Environmental Assistance and Protection, or Forsyth County,
5 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone, Final Rule, Federal Register, Vol. 80, No. 206, Oct. 26, 2015,
available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-10-26/pdf/2015-26594.pdf, accessed
on May 7, 2017.
6 Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide, Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 26, Feb. 9,
2010, available on the worldwide web at https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/nox/fr/20100209.pdf.
7 North Carolina Point Source Emission Report, available online at
https://xapps.ncdenr.org/aq/ToxicsReportServlet?ibeam=true&year=2016&physical=byCounty&overridetype=All&
toxics=264&sortorder=103. Access May 1, 2018.
8 “Appendix D to Part 58—Network Design Criteria for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring,” 4.2 Carbon Monoxide (CO)
Design Criteria, 4.2.1 General Requirements, available at https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-
bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&r=PART&n=40y6.0.1.1.6#ap40.6.58_161.d, accessed on April 22, 2017.
B6
operates three. These sites are located at Lexington in Davidson County and Clemmons, Union Cross and
Hattie Avenue in Winston-Salem in Forsyth County. Figure B3 displays the locations of these monitors.
Volume 1, Appendix C discusses the Forsyth County sites and monitors. This subsection only discusses
the DAQ site.
Figure B3. Location of monitoring sites in the Winston-Salem MSA
At the Lexington site, 37-057-0002, DAQ operates a one-in-six-day fine particle FRM monitor and a
continuous fine particle monitor. The division shut down the Met One Super SASS and URG monitors in
January 2015 when the EPA stopped funding them. Figure B4 shows the site. Figure B5 through Figure
B12 provides views looking north, northeast, east, southeast, south, southwest, west and northwest.
Table B1 summarizes monitoring information for the site.
Figure B4. Lexington water tower fine particle monitoring site, 37-057-0002
Hattie Avenue is a
multi-pollutant
site; Union Cross
is an ozone site;
Clemmons School
is an ozone and
fine particle site;
and Lexington is a
fine particle site.
The circles
represent the
scale (4 km).
B7
Figure B5. Looking north from Lexington site
Figure B6. Looking northwest from Lexington site
Figure B7. Looking northeast from Lexington site
Figure B8. Looking east from Lexington site
B8
Figure B9. Looking west from Lexington site
Figure B10. Looking southwest from Lexington site
Figure B11. Looking southeast from the Lexington site
Figure B12. Looking south from Lexington site
B9
Table B1. Site Table for Lexington
Site Name: Lexington AQS Site Identification Number 37-057-0002
Location: 938 South Salisbury Street, Lexington, North Carolina
CBSA: Winston-Salem, NC CBSA #: 49180
Latitude 35.8145 Longitude -80.2627 Datum: WGS84
Elevation 241 meters
Parameter Name Method
Method
Reference ID
Sample
Duration
Sampling
Schedule
PM 2.5 local conditions,
secondary
R & P Model 2025i PM-2.5 Sequential Air
Sampler w/VSCC – Gravimetric Analysis
RFPS-1006-
145 24-Hour
Every sixth day,
year-round
PM 2.5 local conditions,
primary
Met One BAM-1020 Mass Monitor
w/VSCC, 170
EQPM-0308-
170 1-Hour
Hourly, year-
round
Date Monitor Established: PM 2.5 local conditions, secondary monitor Jan. 1, 1999
PM 2.5 local conditions, primary continuous monitor July 22, 2014
Nearest Road: South Main Street Traffic Count: 13471
Year of
Count: 2021
Parameter Name
Distance
to Road
Direction
to Road
Monitor
Type Statement of Purpose
PM 2.5 local conditions,
collocated 30 meters East SLAMS
Collocated QA monitor to meet Appendix A
requirements for BAM 1020 monitors.
PM 2.5 local conditions,
primary 30 meters East SLAMS
Required for demonstration of
maintenance. Compliance w/NAAQS. Real-
time AQI reporting & forecasting.
Parameter Name Monitoring Objective Scale
Suitable for
Comparison to
NAAQS
Proposal to
Move or
Change
PM 2.5 local conditions, collocated Population exposure Neighborhood Yes None
PM 2.5 local conditions, primary Population exposure Neighborhood Yes None
Parameter Name
Meets Part 58 Requirements for:
Appendix A Appendix C Appendix D Appendix E
PM 2.5 local conditions, collocated Yes Yes Yes - Not required Yes
PM 2.5 local conditions, primary Yes Yes Yes - Not required Yes
Parameter Name Probe Height in meters Distance to Support Distance to Trees Obstacles
PM 2.5 local conditions, collocated 2.4 2.1 meters >20 meters None
PM 2.5 local conditions, primary 2.4 2.1 meters >20 meters None
On Jan. 1, 2016, DAQ made the continuous fine particle monitor at the site the primary monitor to
provide a collocated beta attenuation monitor, BAM 1020, and federal reference method, FRM, monitor
site. A collocated BAM 1020 – FRM site was necessary to meet 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix A
requirements. On Jan. 1, 2017, the division added a second FRM to the site to provide a second FRM-
FRM collocated site, if needed to meet 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix A requirements. However, the primary
quality assurance organization did not operate enough primary FRMs to make a second FRM-FRM site
necessary. Thus, DAQ continues to operate the BAM 1020 monitor as the primary monitor at the site
and moved the collocated FRM to another site to replace the collocated FRM-FRM site at the Board of
Education in Asheville. On July 1, 2018, the division reduced the sampling schedule for the FRM to one-
in-six-day.
B10
In 2014, DAQ shut down the seasonal ozone monitor at Mocksville, 37-059-0003, because 40 CFR Part
58, Appendix D no longer required the division to operate it. In 2015, the Forsyth County local program
shut down the Peters Creek carbon monoxide monitor and the Shiloh Church ozone monitor. The state
implementation plans no longer required the carbon monoxide monitor to demonstrate compliance
with the carbon monoxide standard and the ozone monitor was not required by 40 CFR Part 58,
Appendix D.
The 2010 changes to the lead monitoring requirements did not require lead monitoring in the Winston-
Salem MSA. 9 As shown in Figure B13, the Winston-Salem MSA does not have any permitted facilities
emitting more than 0.5 ton per year of lead.10
Figure B13. Lead and lead compound emissions to the air in the Winston-Salem MSA from 2009 to 2020
Starting in 2017, the 2015 changes to the ozone monitoring requirements lengthened the monitoring
season so that it begins on March 1 instead of April 1. 11 The ozone monitoring changes did not result in
additional monitors in the Winston-Salem MSA. This MSA already exceeds the minimum number of
monitors required by 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix D for population exposure monitoring in urban areas.
To comply with the 2010 nitrogen dioxide monitoring requirements, 12 based on the monitoring rules
finalized on March 7, 2013, the Winston-Salem MSA was required to add a monitor by Jan. 1, 2017,
9 Revisions to Lead Ambient Air Monitoring Requirements, Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 247, Monday, Dec. 27,
2010, p. 81126, available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-12-27/pdf/2010-
32153.pdf#page=1.
10 United States Environmental Protection Agency. The 2020 EPA Toxics Release Inventory Tracker available at
https://edap.epa.gov/public/extensions/TRIToxicsTracker/TRIToxicsTracker.html#.
11 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone, Final Rule, Federal Register, Vol. 80, No. 206, Oct. 26, 2015,
available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-10-26/pdf/2015-26594.pdf, accessed
on May 7, 2017.
12 Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide, Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 26, Feb. 9,
2010, available on the worldwide web at https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/nox/fr/20100209.pdf.
B11
because the MSA population exceeded the 500,000-threshold. However, on Dec. 30, 2016, the EPA
removed the requirement to establish near-road NO2 monitoring stations in core based statistical areas,
or CBSAs, having populations between 500,000 and 1,000,000 persons.13 Currently, the MSA is too small
to require area-wide monitors. The EPA designated the existing nitrogen dioxide monitor at Hattie
Avenue as one of the monitors required by the administrator to represent vulnerable populations.
The Winston-Salem MSA did not need to add sulfur dioxide monitors to comply with the 2010 sulfur
dioxide monitoring requirements. In August 2012, the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards,
OAQPS, calculated, based on a revised 2008 emission inventory, that population weighted emission
index, PWEI, monitoring was not required in the MSA. Source-oriented monitoring was also not required
at the Belews Creek Steam Station in Stokes County because the facility showed by modeling that the
ambient air near the facility meets the 2010 standard. The changes to the monitoring requirements also
did not require this area to operate near-road carbon monoxide and fine particle monitors because the
population is under 1,000,000. 14
(3) The Greensboro-High Point MSA
The Greensboro-High Point MSA consists of three counties: Guilford, Randolph and Rockingham. The
major urban areas are the cities of Greensboro and High Point. DAQ currently operates two monitoring
sites in the Greensboro-High Point MSA. These sites are located at Mendenhall in Guilford County and
Bethany in Rockingham County. Figure B14 shows the locations of these monitors. DAQ shut down the
Colfax, 37-081-0014, one-in-three-day fine particle monitoring site at the end of 2014 because 40 CFR
Part 58, Appendix D no longer required the division to operate it.
Figure B14. Location of monitors in the Greensboro-High Point MSA
13 Revision to the Near-road NO2 Minimum Monitoring Requirements, Federal Register, Vol. 81, No. 251, Dec. 30,
2016, available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-12-30/pdf/2016-31645.pdf.
14 “Appendix D to Part 58—Network Design Criteria for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring,” 4.2 Carbon Monoxide
(CO) Design Criteria, 4.2.1 General Requirements, available at https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-
bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&r=PART&n=40y6.0.1.1.6#ap40.6.58_161.d, accessed on April 22, 2017.
The Mendenhall ozone and particle-monitoring site is in
the center; the Bethany ozone monitoring site is to the
north.
B12
At the Mendenhall site, 37-081-0013, DAQ operates seasonal ozone, continuous fine particle and
continuous PM10 monitors. On March 26, 2019, the division added a rainwater collection sampler to the
site. Figure B15 through Figure B23 show the site and views looking north, northeast, east, southeast,
south, southwest, west and northwest. The Mendenhall site is the design value ozone-monitoring site
for the MSA. At the end of 2017, DAQ shut down the fine particle federal reference one-in-six-day
monitor. Site information is in Table B2.
Figure B15. Mendenhall ozone, particle and rainwater monitoring site, 37-081-0013
B13
Figure B16. Looking north from the Mendenhall site
Figure B17. Looking northwest from the Mendenhall
site
Figure B18. The Mendenhall site looking northeast
Figure B19. Looking east from the Mendenhall site
B14
Figure B20. Looking west from the Mendenhall site
Figure B21. Looking southwest from the Mendenhall
site
Figure B22. Looking southeast from the Mendenhall
site
Figure B23. Looking south from the Mendenhall site
B15
Table B2. Site Table for Mendenhall
Site Name: Mendenhall School AQS Site Identification Number 37-081-0013
Location: 205 Willoughby Blvd., Greensboro, North Carolina
CBSA: Greensboro-High Point, NC CBSA #: 24660
Latitude 36.109167 Longitude -79.801111 Datum: NAD83 Elevation 247 meters
Parameter
Name Method
Method
Reference ID
Sample
Duration Sampling Schedule
Ozone Instrumental with ultraviolet photometry, 047 EQOA-0880-047 1-Hour March 1 to Oct. 31
PM 2.5 local
conditions, BAM Met One BAM-1022 Mass Monitor w/ VSCC EQPM-1013-209 1-Hour Year-round
PM10 Total 0-10
µm STP Met One Beta Attenuation BAM-1020 EQPM-0798-122 1-Hour Year-round
Date Monitor Established: Ozone April 15, 2005
Date Monitor Established: PM 2.5 local conditions, continuous Dec. 14, 2001
Date Monitor Established: PM10 Total 0-10 µm STP Dec. 14, 2001
Nearest Road: Saint Regis Road Traffic Count: <1,000 Year of Count: 2021 Estimate
Parameter Name
Distance to
Road
Direction to
Road Monitor Type Statement of Purpose
Ozone 185 meters
North
northwest SLAMS
Compliance w/ NAAQS; real-time
reporting; air quality forecasting.
PM 2.5 local conditions, BAM 185 meters
North
northwest
SPM; non-
regulatory
Real-time reporting; air quality
forecasting.
PM10 Total 0-10 µm STP 185 meters
North
northwest SLAMS Compliance w/NAAQS
Parameter Name Monitoring Objective Scale
Suitable to
Compare to NAAQS
Proposal to Move or
Change
Ozone
General background
Population exposure Urban Yes None
PM 2.5 local conditions, BAM
Population exposure
General background Neighborhood Yes None
PM10 Total 0-10 µm STP
Population exposure
General background Urban Yes None
Parameter Name
Meets Part 58
Appendix A
Requirements
Meets Part 58
Appendix C
Requirements
Meets Part 58
Appendix D
Requirements
Meets Part 58
Appendix E
Requirements
Ozone Yes Yes Yes Yes
PM 2.5 local conditions, BAM Yes Yes Yes Yes
PM10 Total 0-10 µm STP Yes Yes Yes Yes
Parameter Name Probe Height in meters Distance to Support Distance to Trees Obstacles
Ozone 3.0 1.1 meters >20 meters None
PM 2.5 local conditions, BAM 2.5 2.2 meters >20 meters None
PM10 Total 0-10 µm STP 2.5 2.2 meters >20 meters None
DAQ operated a BAM 1022 monitor at the site from November 2015 to Dec. 31, 2017, to evaluate how
well the BAM and the FRM compare at this location. Figure B24 presents a comparison of the two
monitors. Based on the results, through the end of 2017, the two monitors compared well. Thus, DAQ
made the BAM the primary monitor at the site on Jan. 1, 2018, and shut down the FRM at the end of
2017.
B16
Figure B24. Comparison of the beta attenuation monitor with the federal reference monitor at Mendenhall
B17
At the Bethany site, 37-157-0099, DAQ operates
a seasonal ozone monitor, the second required
ozone-monitoring site for the MSA. The division
added a background sulfur dioxide monitor for
background PSD modeling to this site Jan. 1,
2011. The monitor operates for 12 months every
three years. It operated from March 26, 2020
until April 1, 2021. Figure B25 through Figure
B29 present a picture of the site as well as views
looking north, east, south and west. Site
information is in Table B3.
Figure B25. Bethany ozone and sulfur dioxide monitoring
site, 37-157-0099
Figure B26. Looking north from the Bethany site
Figure B27. Looking west from the Bethany site
Figure B28. Looking east from the Bethany site
Figure B29. Looking south from the Bethany site
B18
Table B3. Site Table for Bethany
Site Name: Bethany AQS Site Identification Number 37-157-0099
Location: 6371 NC 65 @ Bethany School, Reidsville, NC 27320
CBSA: Greensboro-High Point, NC CBSA #: 24660
Latitude 36.308608 Longitude -79.859315 Datum: WGS84 Elevation 277 meters
Parameter
Name Method
Method
Reference ID
Sample
Duration Sampling Schedule
Ozone Instrumental with ultra violet photometry, 047 EQOA-0880-047 1-Hour March 1 to Oct. 31
Sulfur
dioxide Instrumental with pulsed fluorescence, 060 EQSA-0486-060 1-Hour
12 months
Every third year
Date Monitor Established: Ozone July 7, 1993
Date Monitor Established: Sulfur dioxide Jan. 1, 2011
Nearest Road: Bethany Road Traffic Count: 1100 Year of Count: 2021
Parameter Name Distance to Road Direction to Road Monitor Type Statement of Purpose
Ozone 15 meters West southwest SLAMS
Compliance w/ NAAQS; real-time
reporting; air quality forecasting.
Sulfur dioxide 15 meters West southwest
Special
purpose PSD modeling.
Parameter
Name Monitoring Objective Scale
Suitable to
Compare
to NAAQS
Proposal to Move or
Change
Ozone
Population exposure, transport, welfare
related impacts
Urba
n Yes None
Sulfur dioxide General background
Urba
n Yes
Started 01/01/2023 and
operating through
12/31/2023
Parameter Name
Meets Part 58, Appendix A
Requirements
Meets Part 58,
Appendix C
Requirements
Meets Part 58,
Appendix D
Requirements
Meets Part 58,
Appendix E
Requirements
Ozone Yes Yes Yes Yes
Sulfur dioxide Yes Yes Yes - Not required Yes
Parameter Name Probe Height in meters Distance to Support Distance to Trees Obstacles
Ozone 3 1.0 meter >20 meters None
Sulfur dioxide 3 1.0 meter >20 meters None
As shown in Figure B30, the site is located near two emission sources: Duke Energy Carolinas, LLC -
Rockingham County Combustion Turbine, air permit number 08731T16, is located about 3 kilometers to
the northeast and Transcontinental Gas Pipeline Corporation - Compressor Station 160, permit
09113T13, is located about 5 kilometers to the north northeast. In 2020, the Duke Energy Carolinas
facility emitted 166.6 tons of nitrogen oxides, 7.6 tons of volatile organic compounds, or VOCs, and 2.1
B19
tons of sulfur dioxide.15 Transcontinental Gas Pipeline emitted 1,396.8 tons of nitrogen oxides, 98.2 tons
of VOCs and 0.3 tons of sulfur dioxide.16
Figure B30. Location of the Bethany ozone site in relation to nearby emission sources
DAQ issued a new permit, 10494R00, for a power green-field plant on July 14, 2017.17 Figure B31
presents the latitude and longitude coordinates for the facility, NTE Carolinas Reidsville Energy Center
(Facility ID:7900182), relative to the Bethany monitoring site. The Bethany monitoring site is
approximately 3.2 km southwest from where the new plant will be constructed. The facility submitted a
letter to DAQ on Nov. 30, 2018, requesting an extension of the 18-month period to commence
construction of the facility. DAQ received the letter on Dec. 3, 2018. DAQ sent a letter to the facility on
Dec. 18, 2018, stating that their letter included adequate justification and as such, the division was
granting an additional 18 months to commence construction. The revised date by which the facility shall
commence construction was July 14, 2020; however due to COVID-19, the facility was not able to meet
this date. As a result, DAQ received another request from the facility on April 9, 2020, to extend the date
by which the facility shall commence construction. DAQ sent a letter to the facility on June 8, 2020,
stating that their letter included adequate justification and as such the DAQ was granting an additional
18 months to commence construction. The revised date by which the facility shall commence
construction was Jan. 14, 2022; however due to challenges including the delay in receiving renewal of
the plant’s Certificate of Public Convenience and Necessity (CPCN) from the North Carolina Utilities
Commission (NCUC) and the impacts of COVID-19 (disruption of supply chains, uncertainty of
15 North Carolina Point Source Emissions Report. Available online at
https://xapps.ncdenr.org/aq/ToxicsReport/ToxicsReportFacility.jsp?ibeam=true&year=2020&county_code=157&fi
ndfacility=4734. Accessed May 15, 2022.
16 North Carolina Point Source Emissions Report. Available online at
https://xapps.ncdenr.org/aq/ToxicsReport/ToxicsReportFacility.jsp?ibeam=true&year=2020&county_code=157&fi
ndfacility=4445. Accessed May 15, 2022.
17 North Carolina Division of Air Quality Permitted Facilities. Available online at https://www.deq.nc.gov/air-
quality/ambient/misc/north-carolina-division-air-quality-permitted-facilities/open. Accessed May 22, 2023.
A is the Bethany
ozone monitoring
Site; B is
Transcontinental
Gas Pipeline Corp. -
Compressor Station
160; C is Duke
Energy Carolinas,
LLC - Rockingham
Co. Comb. Turbine
B20
equipment, and restricted activities associated between NTE and prospective customers), the facility
was not able to meet this date. As a result, DAQ received another request from the facility on Jan. 5,
2022, to extend the date by which the facility shall commence construction. DAQ sent a letter to the
facility on Jan. 14, 2022, stating that their letter included adequate justification and as such the DAQ was
granting an additional 18 months to commence construction. The most recently revised date by which
construction shall be commenced is July 14, 2023. The DAQ plans to rescind the permit later this year
after completing an inspection of the property.
Figure B31. Location of new facility relative to the existing Bethany ozone and sulfur dioxide monitoring station
In 2008 the EPA expanded the lead monitoring network to support the lower lead NAAQS of 0.15
micrograms per cubic meter. 18 In 2010, the EPA focused monitoring efforts on fence-line monitoring
located at facilities that emit 0.5 or more tons of lead per year and at NCore monitoring sites in urban
18 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Lead, Federal Register, Vol. 73, No. 219, \ Wednesday, Nov. 12, 2008,
p. 66964, available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2008-11-12/pdf/E8-25654.pdf.
B21
areas. 19 In 2016, the EPA removed the requirement for monitoring at NCore sites.20 The revised lead
monitoring requirements did not require DAQ to do lead monitoring in the Greensboro-High Point MSA
because, as shown in Figure B32, the area does not have any permitted facilities emitting 0.5 or more
tons per year of lead.21
Figure B32. Lead and lead compounds emitted in the Greensboro-High Point MSA from 2009 to 2020
The 2015 ozone monitoring requirements did not result in additional monitors in the Greensboro-High
Point MSA.22 This MSA meets the minimum monitoring requirements in 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix D for
population exposure monitoring in urban areas. However, starting in 2017, the monitoring season began
one month earlier on March 1 instead of April 1.
To comply with 2010 nitrogen dioxide monitoring requirements,23 the March 7, 2013, monitoring rules
required the Greensboro-High Point MSA to add a monitor by Jan. 1, 2017, because the MSA population
exceeds the 500,000-threshold. However, on Dec. 30, 2016, the EPA removed the requirement to
19 Revisions to Lead Ambient Air Monitoring Requirements, Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 247, Monday, Dec. 27,
2010, p. 81126, available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2010-12-27/pdf/2010-
32153.pdf#page=1.
20 Revisions to Ambient Monitoring Quality Assurance and Other Requirements, Federal Register, Vol. 81, No. 59,
Monday, March 28, 2016, p. 17248, available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-
03-28/pdf/2016-06226.pdf.
21 United States Environmental Protection Agency. The 2020 EPA Toxics Release Inventory Tracker available at
https://edap.epa.gov/public/extensions/TRIToxicsTracker/TRIToxicsTracker.html#.
22 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone, Final Rule, Federal Register, Vol. 80, No. 206, Oct. 26, 2015,
available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-10-26/pdf/2015-26594.pdf, accessed
on May 7, 2017.
23 Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide, Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 26, Feb. 9,
2010, available on the worldwide web at https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/nox/fr/20100209.pdf.
B22
establish near-road NO2 monitoring stations in CBSAs having populations between 500,000 and
1,000,000 persons.24
The 2010 sulfur dioxide monitoring requirements resulted in not requiring additional monitoring in this
area because the OAQPS released revised PWEI calculations in August 2012. The August 2012
calculations resulted in the Greensboro MSA not needing a PWEI monitor. The regulations also do not
require this MSA to operate near-road carbon monoxide and fine particle monitors because the
population is less than 1,000,000. 25
(4) The Burlington MSA
The Burlington MSA consists of the county of Alamance. The major metropolitan area is the city of
Burlington. DAQ currently does not operate any monitoring sites in the Burlington MSA. The division
shut down the Hopedale fine particle-monitoring site in 2015. Title 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix D did not
require DAQ to continue operating this fine-particle monitoring site.
The changes made to the lead monitoring requirements in December 2010 did not require additional
monitoring in the Burlington MSA because, as shown in Figure B33, the MSA does not have any
permitted facilities emitting 0.5 tons or more of lead per year.26 The 2010 nitrogen dioxide monitoring
requirements did not require the Burlington MSA to monitor for nitrogen dioxide. 27 The MSA is too
small to require area-wide monitors and does not have any roadways with average annual daily traffic
above the threshold for near roadway monitoring. The 2010 sulfur dioxide monitoring requirements
also did not result in additional monitoring in the MSA because there are no large sources emitting
sulfur dioxide within its bounds. The regulations also do not require this area to operate near-road
carbon monoxide and fine particle monitors because the population is under 1,000,000. 28
24 Revision to the Near-road NO2 Minimum Monitoring Requirements, Federal Register, Vol. 81, No. 251, Dec. 30,
2016, available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2016-12-30/pdf/2016-31645.pdf.
25 “Appendix D to Part 58—Network Design Criteria for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring,” 4.2 Carbon Monoxide
(CO) Design Criteria, 4.2.1 General Requirements, available at https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-
bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&r=PART&n=40y6.0.1.1.6#ap40.6.58_161.d, accessed on April 22, 2017.
26 United States Environmental Protection Agency. The 2020 EPA Toxics Release Inventory Tracker available at
https://edap.epa.gov/public/extensions/TRIToxicsTracker/TRIToxicsTracker.html#.
27 Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide, Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 26, Feb. 9,
2010, available on the worldwide web at https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/nox/fr/20100209.pdf.
28 “Appendix D to Part 58—Network Design Criteria for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring,” 4.2 Carbon Monoxide
(CO) Design Criteria, 4.2.1 General Requirements, available at https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-
bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&r=PART&n=40y6.0.1.1.6#ap40.6.58_161.d, accessed on April 22, 2017.
B23
Figure B33. Lead air emissions in Alamance County from 2009 to 2020
DAQ plans to make no changes to the Burlington MSA ozone-monitoring network. Currently, the division
does not monitor for ozone in Burlington because there are ozone monitors in the neighboring counties
of Caswell, Guilford and Rockingham. Figure B34 shows the locations of these monitors in relation to the
Burlington MSA. DAQ established the monitor at Bushy Fork in Person County, also shown in Figure B34,
as a downwind monitor for the Burlington MSA.
Figure B34. Locations of ozone monitors near the Burlington MSA.
(5) Caswell County
The heavy blue line outlines
the Burlington MSA. A, to
the north, is the Cherry
Grove monitor; B to the
northwest, is the Bethany
monitor; C, to the west, is
the Mendenhall monitor; E,
to the east, is the Durham
monitor; F, to the northeast,
is the Bushy Fork monitor.
The scale of representation
for these monitors is urban,
4 to 50 km, for all but the
Durham monitor, which is
neighborhood scale – 0.5 to
4 km.
B24
Caswell County has no metropolitan or micropolitan statistical areas. DAQ currently operates one
monitoring site in this county, located on Cherry Grove Road. Figure B35 shows the location of this
ozone and rotating particle-monitoring site. At the Cherry Grove site, 37-033-0001, the division operates
a seasonal ozone monitor and a continuous every-third-year PM10 monitor. Fine particle monitoring at
the site ended on Jan. 5, 2016.
Figure B35. Location of the Cherry Grove monitoring site
A is the Cherry Grove ozone and fine particle site. The circle approximates the urban scale of representation, 4 to
50 km, for ozone and particles.
Figure B36 shows the site. Table B4 summarizes information for the site. Figure B37 through Figure B42
present views looking north, northeast, east, south, southwest and west. DAQ operates a background
PM10 monitor at this site. The monitor operates on a one-in-three-year schedule to provide data for
prevention of significant deterioration modeling for industrial expansion. The PM10 monitor began
operation Dec. 12, 2022 and will run through the end of 2023.
Figure B36. Cherry Grove ozone and particle monitoring Site, 37-033-0001
B25
Table B4. Site Table for Cherry Grove
Site Name: Cherry Grove AQS Site Identification Number 37-033-0001
Location: 7074 Cherry Grove Road, Reidsville, North Carolina
MSA: Not in an MSA MSA #: 00000
Latitude 36.307033 Longitude -79.467417 Datum: WGS84 Elevation 241 meters
Parameter Name Method
Method
Reference ID
Sample
Duration Sampling Schedule
Ozone
Instrumental with ultraviolet
photometry, 047 EQOA-0880-047 1-Hour March 1 to Oct. 31
PM10 Total 0-10
µm STP Met One Beta Attenuation BAM-1020 EQPM-0798-122 1-Hour
For 12 months,
Every third year
Date Monitor Established: Ozone April 1, 1993
Date Monitor Established: PM10 Total 0-10 µm STP Jan. 1, 2013
Nearest Road: Cherry Grove Road Traffic Count: 1,200 Year of Count: 2021
Parameter Name
Distance to
Road
Direction
to Road Monitor Type Statement of Purpose
Ozone 49 meters Northeast SLAMS
Compliance w/ NAAQS. Air quality
forecasting.
PM10 Total 0-10 µm STP 49 meters Northeast Special purpose Industrial expansion monitoring
Parameter Name Monitoring Objective Scale
Suitable to Compare to
NAAQS
Proposal to Move or
Change
Ozone Transport, welfare related impacts Urban Yes None
PM10 Total 0-10
µm STP
Population exposure, general
background, transport Urban Yes
Operating Dec. 12,
2022, to Dec. 31, 2023
Parameter Name
Meets Part 58
Appendix A
Requirements
Meets Part 58
Appendix C
Requirements
Meets Part 58
Appendix D
Requirements
Meets Part 58
Appendix E
Requirements
Ozone Yes Yes Yes - Not required Yes
PM10 Total 0-10 µm STP Yes Yes Yes - Not required Yes
Parameter Name Probe Height in meters Distance to Support Distance to Trees Obstacles
Ozone 3 1.1 meters >20 meters None
PM10 Total 0-10 µm STP 2.4 2.2 meters >20 meters None
Figure B37. Looking north from Cherry Grove site
Figure B38. Looking northeast from Cherry Grove site
B26
Figure B39. Looking west from Cherry Grove site
Figure B40. Looking southwest from Cherry Grove site
Figure B41. Looking east from Cherry Grove site
Figure B42. Looking south from Cherry Grove site
The lead monitoring requirements did not add any lead monitoring in Caswell County because the
county does not have any permitted facilities located within its bounds that emit 0.5 tons or more of
lead per year.29 Caswell County also will not need additional ozone monitors to comply with the 2015
ozone monitoring requirements. 30 This county does not have a MSA that must meet the minimum
monitoring requirements in 40 CFR Part 58, Appendix D for population exposure monitoring in urban
areas. Since 2017, ozone monitoring starts on March 1 instead of April 1.
The 2010 nitrogen dioxide monitoring requirements did not result in additional monitoring in Caswell
County.31 The county is too small to require area-wide monitors and does not have any roadways with
average annual daily traffic above the threshold for near roadway monitoring. This area will not need
additional sulfur dioxide monitors to comply with the 2010 sulfur dioxide monitoring requirements
because it does not have any large sulfur dioxide sources within its bounds. This area also does not need
29 United States Environmental Protection Agency. The 2020 EPA Toxics Release Inventory Tracker available at
https://edap.epa.gov/public/extensions/TRIToxicsTracker/TRIToxicsTracker.html#.
30 National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Ozone, Final Rule, Federal Register, Vol. 80, No. 206, Oct. 26, 2015,
available on the worldwide web at https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2015-10-26/pdf/2015-26594.pdf, accessed
on May 7, 2017.
31 Primary National Ambient Air Quality Standards for Nitrogen Dioxide, Federal Register, Vol. 75, No. 26, Feb. 9,
2010, available on the worldwide web at https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/naaqs/standards/nox/fr/20100209.pdf.
B27
to operate near-road carbon monoxide and fine particle monitors because the population is under
1,000,000. 32
32 “Appendix D to Part 58—Network Design Criteria for Ambient Air Quality Monitoring,” 4.2 Carbon Monoxide
(CO) Design Criteria, 4.2.1 General Requirements, available at https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-
bin/retrieveECFR?gp=&r=PART&n=40y6.0.1.1.6#ap40.6.58_161.d, accessed on April 22, 2017.
B28
Appendix B.1 Annual Network Site Review Forms for 2022
Lexington
Mendenhall in Greensboro
Bethany
Cherry Grove
B29
B30
B31
B32
B33
B34
B35
B36