NC0004961_RBSS CAP Part I_Appx D_Final_20151116

Appendix D
UNCC Soil Sorption
Evaluation

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Soil Sorption Evaluation
Riverbend Steam Station

Prepared for
HDR Engineering Inc.,
Hydropower Services
440 S Church Street # 1000,
Charlotte, NC 28202

Investigators
William G. Langley, Ph.D., P.E.
Shubhashini Oza, Ph.D.

UNC Charlotte
Civil and Environmental Engineering
EPIC Building, 3252,
9201 University City Blvd,
Charlotte, NC 28223

October, 31 2015

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Table of Contents

List of Tables ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iii 
List of Figures ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv 
1. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 
2. Background --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1 
3. Experiment: Kd Determination ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2 
3.1 Sample Storage and Preparation ---------------------------------------------------------------- 2 
3.2 Metal Oxy-hydroxide Phases -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 
3.3 Test Solution --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 
3.4 Equipment Setup ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3 
4. Model Equations for Kd Determination ------------------------------------------------------------- 4 
5. Leaching for Ash Samples ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 
6. Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5 
7. References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8 
Appendix – A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9 
Appendix – B ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 21 

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List of Tables

Table 1: Site specific soil sample analyzed for Kd ......................................................................... 9 
Table 2: Synthetic ground water constituents and trace metals concentrations targets .................. 9 
Table 3: Oxidation-reduction potential values for selected soil samples (ASTM G 200-09) ...... 10 
Table 4: Summary of batch and column Kd for AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ......................................... 11 
Table 5: Summary of batch and column Kd for AS – 2S (90 ft.) .................................................. 11 
Table 6: Summary of batch and column Kd for AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) .......................................... 11 
Table 7: Summary of batch and column Kd for AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) .......................................... 12 
Table 8: Summary of batch Kd for GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.) ................................................... 12 
Table 9: Summary of batch Kd for GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.) .................................................. 12 
Table 10: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) ................................... 13 
Table 11: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 1S (42 – 47 ft.) .................................... 13 
Table 12: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 2S (48 – 52 ft.) .................................... 13 
Table 13: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 4S (20 – 25 ft.) ................................... 14 
Table 14: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA - 5S (72 – 74 ft.) .................................... 14 
Table 15: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 6S (55 – 60 ft.) .................................... 14 
Table 16: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 7S (22 – 23 ft.) .................................... 15 
Table 17: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 10S (21 – 23 ft.) .................................. 15 
Table 18: Kd Qualifiers for batch and column plots ..................................................................... 16 
Table 19: Ogata-Banks parameters used in developing column Kd ............................................. 17 
Table 20: HFO, HMO and HAO for soil samples ........................................................................ 19 
Table 21: Method 1313 leaching - pH, ORP and conductivity (at natural pH) ............................ 20 
Table 22: Method 1313 leaching (at natural pH) data for ash samples collected at the site ........ 20 

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List of Figures
Figure 1: Tumbler for 1313, 1316 and batch Kd ........................................................................... 21 
Figure 2: Batch filtration set-up .................................................................................................... 21 
Figure 3: Column set-up ............................................................................................................... 22 
Figure 4: Syringe filtration for extraction of HFO/HMO/HAO ................................................... 23 
Figure 5: Arsenic batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ..................................................................... 24 
Figure 6: Arsenic column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) .................................................................. 24 
Figure 7 Boron column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ..................................................................... 25 
Figure 8: Cadmium batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) .................................................................. 26 
Figure 9: Cadmium column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) .............................................................. 26 
Figure 10: Chromium column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ........................................................... 27 
Figure 11: Manganese batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ............................................................. 27 
Figure 12: Molybdenum batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) .......................................................... 28 
Figure 13: Molybdenum column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ....................................................... 28 
Figure 14: Selenium batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ................................................................ 29 
Figure 15: Selenium column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ............................................................. 29 
Figure 16: Thallium batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ................................................................. 30 
Figure 17: Thallium column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) .............................................................. 30 
Figure 18: Vanadium batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ............................................................... 31 
Figure 19: Vanadium column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ............................................................ 31 
Figure 20: Arsenic batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) ............................................................................ 32 
Figure 21: Arsenic column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) ........................................................................ 32 
Figure 22: Boron batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) .............................................................................. 33 
Figure 23: Boron column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) ........................................................................... 33 
Figure 24: Cadmium batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) ........................................................................ 34 
Figure 25: Cadmium column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) ..................................................................... 34 
Figure 26: Chromium column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.).................................................................... 35 
Figure 27: Molybdenum batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) ................................................................... 36 
Figure 28: Molybdenum column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) ............................................................... 36 
Figure 29: Selenium batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) ......................................................................... 37 
Figure 30: Selenium column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) ...................................................................... 37 
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Figure 31: Thallium batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.).......................................................................... 38 
Figure 32: Thallium column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) ...................................................................... 38 
Figure 33: Vanadium batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)........................................................................ 39 
Figure 34: Vanadium column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.) .................................................................... 39 
Figure 35: Arsenic column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) ................................................................ 40 
Figure 36: Boron batch Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) ...................................................................... 41 
Figure 37: Boron column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) ................................................................... 41 
Figure 38: Cadmium batch Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) ................................................................ 42 
Figure 39: Cadmium column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) ............................................................. 42 
Figure 40: Chromium column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)............................................................ 43 
Figure 41: Manganese batch Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) .............................................................. 43 
Figure 42: Molybdenum column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) ....................................................... 44 
Figure 43: Selenium column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) .............................................................. 44 
Figure 44: Thallium batch Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.).................................................................. 45 
Figure 45: Thallium column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) .............................................................. 45 
Figure 46: Vanadium column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) ............................................................ 46 
Figure 47: Arsenic column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) ................................................................ 47 
Figure 48: Boron column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) ................................................................... 47 
Figure 49: Cadmium batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) ................................................................ 48 
Figure 50 Cadmium column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) .............................................................. 48 
Figure 51: Chromium column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)............................................................ 49 
Figure 52: Manganese batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) .............................................................. 49 
Figure 53: Molybdenum batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) ........................................................... 50 
Figure 54: Molybdenum column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) ....................................................... 50 
Figure 55: Selenium batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) ................................................................. 51 
Figure 56: Selenium column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) .............................................................. 51 
Figure 57: Thallium batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.).................................................................. 52 
Figure 58: Thallium column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) .............................................................. 52 
Figure 59: Vanadium batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)................................................................ 53 
Figure 60: Vanadium column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) ............................................................ 53 
Figure 61: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.) ...................................................... 54 
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Figure 62: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.) ........................................................ 54 
Figure 63: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.) ........................................................ 55 
Figure 64: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.) ..................................................... 55 
Figure 65: Selenium batch Kd – GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.) ..................................................... 56 
Figure 66: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.) ...................................................... 56 
Figure 67: Vanadium batch Kd – GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.) .................................................... 57 
Figure 68: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) ............................................................ 58 
Figure 69: Boron batch Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.).................................................................. 59 
Figure 70: Boron column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) .............................................................. 59 
Figure 71: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) ............................................................ 60 
Figure 72: Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) ........................................................ 60 
Figure 73: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) ....................................................... 61 
Figure 74: Manganese batch Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) ......................................................... 61 
Figure 75: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) ................................................... 62 
Figure 76: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) ......................................................... 62 
Figure 77: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) ............................................................. 63 
Figure 78: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) .......................................................... 63 
Figure 79: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.) ........................................................ 64 
Figure 80: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ................................................................. 65 
Figure 81: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ............................................................. 65 
Figure 82 Boron column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ................................................................. 66 
Figure 83: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ............................................................. 67 
Figure 84 Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ........................................................... 67 
Figure 85: Chromium batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ............................................................ 68 
Figure 86: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)......................................................... 68 
Figure 87: Molybdenum batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ........................................................ 69 
Figure 88: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) .................................................... 69 
Figure 89: Selenium batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) .............................................................. 70 
Figure 90: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ........................................................... 70 
Figure 91: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ............................................................... 71 
Figure 92: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ........................................................... 71 
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Figure 93: Vanadium batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ............................................................. 72 
Figure 94: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ......................................................... 72 
Figure 95: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ................................................................. 73 
Figure 96: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ............................................................. 73 
Figure 97 Boron column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ................................................................. 74 
Figure 98: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ............................................................. 75 
Figure 99: Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) .......................................................... 75 
Figure 100: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ....................................................... 76 
Figure 101: Manganese batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ......................................................... 76 
Figure 102: Molybdenum batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ...................................................... 77 
Figure 103: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) .................................................. 77 
Figure 104: Selenium batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ............................................................ 78 
Figure 105: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ......................................................... 78 
Figure 106: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)............................................................. 79 
Figure 107: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ......................................................... 79 
Figure 108: Vanadium batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)........................................................... 80 
Figure 109: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ....................................................... 80 
Figure 110: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.) ............................................................... 81 
Figure 111: Arsenic column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial A ............................................................... 81 
Figure 112: Arsenic column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial B ............................................................... 82 
Figure 113: Arsenic column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial C ............................................................... 82 
Figure 114: Boron column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial A ................................................................. 83 
Figure 115: Boron column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial B ................................................................. 83 
Figure 116: Boron column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial C ................................................................. 84 
Figure 117: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.) ........................................................... 85 
Figure 118: Cadmium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A ............................................................... 85 
Figure 119: Cadmium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B ............................................................... 86 
Figure 120: Cadmium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C ............................................................... 86 
Figure 121: Chromium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A ............................................................. 87 
Figure 122: Chromium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B .............................................................. 87 
Figure 123: Chromium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C .............................................................. 88 
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Figure 124: Molybdenum batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.) ...................................................... 89 
Figure 125: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A ......................................................... 89 
Figure 126: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B ......................................................... 90 
Figure 127: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C ......................................................... 90 
Figure 128: Selenium batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.) ............................................................ 91 
Figure 129: Selenium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A ................................................................ 91 
Figure 130: Selenium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B ................................................................ 92 
Figure 131: Selenium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C ................................................................ 92 
Figure 132: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.)............................................................. 93 
Figure 133: Thallium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A ................................................................ 93 
Figure 134: Thallium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B ................................................................ 94 
Figure 135: Thallium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C................................................................. 94 
Figure 136: Vanadium batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.)........................................................... 95 
Figure 137: Vanadium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A .............................................................. 95 
Figure 138: Vanadium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B .............................................................. 96 
Figure 139: Vanadium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C .............................................................. 96 
Figure 140: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ............................................................... 97 
Figure 141: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ........................................................... 97 
Figure 142: Boron batch Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ................................................................. 98 
Figure 143 Boron column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ............................................................... 98 
Figure 144: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ........................................................... 99 
Figure 145: Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ........................................................ 99 
Figure 146: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ..................................................... 100 
Figure 147: Manganese batch Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ....................................................... 100 
Figure 148: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ................................................ 101 
Figure 149: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ....................................................... 101 
Figure 150: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)........................................................... 102 
Figure 151: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ....................................................... 102 
Figure 152: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ..................................................... 103 
Figure 153: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ............................................................. 104 
Figure 154: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ......................................................... 104 
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Figure 155: Boron batch Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ............................................................... 105 
Figure 156 Boron column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ............................................................. 105 
Figure 157: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ......................................................... 106 
Figure 158 Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ....................................................... 106 
Figure 159: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ..................................................... 107 
Figure 160: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ................................................ 108 
Figure 161: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ....................................................... 108 
Figure 162: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)........................................................... 109 
Figure 163: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ....................................................... 109 
Figure 164: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ..................................................... 110 
Figure 165: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ............................................................. 111 
Figure 166: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ......................................................... 111 
Figure 167: Boron batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ............................................................... 112 
Figure 168 Boron column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ............................................................. 112 
Figure 169: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ......................................................... 113 
Figure 170 Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ....................................................... 113 
Figure 171: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ..................................................... 114 
Figure 172: Manganese batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ....................................................... 114 
Figure 173: Molybdenum batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) .................................................... 115 
Figure 174: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ................................................ 115 
Figure 175: Selenium batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) .......................................................... 116 
Figure 176: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ....................................................... 116 
Figure 177: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)........................................................... 117 
Figure 178: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ....................................................... 117 
Figure 179: Vanadium batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)......................................................... 118 
Figure 180: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ..................................................... 118 
Figure 181: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) ........................................................... 119 
Figure 182: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) ....................................................... 119 
Figure 183: Boron batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) ............................................................. 120 
Figure 184: Boron column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) .......................................................... 120 
Figure 185: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) ....................................................... 121 
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Figure 186: Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) .................................................... 121 
Figure 187: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) ................................................... 122 
Figure 188: Manganese batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) ..................................................... 122 
Figure 189: Molybdenum batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) .................................................. 123 
Figure 190: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) .............................................. 123 
Figure 191: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) ..................................................... 124 
Figure 192: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)......................................................... 125 
Figure 193: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) ..................................................... 125 
Figure 194: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) ................................................... 126 
Figure 195: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) .................... 127 
Figure 196: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) ................. 127 
Figure 197: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.) .... 128 
Figure 198: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 2S (90 ft.) ............................ 128 
Figure 199: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 2S (90 ft.) ......................... 129 
Figure 200: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 42S (90 ft.) .......... 129 
Figure 201: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) .................... 130 
Figure 202: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) ................. 130 
Figure 203: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.) .... 131 
Figure 204: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) .................... 131 
Figure 205: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) ................. 132 
Figure 206: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.) .... 132 
Figure 207: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.) .......... 133 
Figure 208: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.)........ 133 
Figure 209: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.)
..................................................................................................................................................... 134 
Figure 210: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.) ......... 134 
Figure 211: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.) ...... 135 
Figure 212: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.)
..................................................................................................................................................... 135 
Figure 213: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 8D (19 –20 ft.) ................. 136 
Figure 214: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 8D (19 –20 ft.) .............. 136 
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Figure 215: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 8D (19 –20 ft.) . 137 
Figure 216: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) ................. 137 
Figure 217: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)............... 138 
Figure 218: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.) . 138 
Figure 219: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) ................. 139 
Figure 220: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)............... 139 
Figure 221: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.) . 140 
Figure 222: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 4S (20 –25 ft.) ................. 140 
Figure 223: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 4S (20 –25 ft.)............... 141 
Figure 224: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 4S (20 –25 ft.) . 141 
Figure 225: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) ................. 142 
Figure 226: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)............... 142 
Figure 227: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.) . 143 
Figure 228: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) ................. 143 
Figure 229: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)............... 144 
Figure 230: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.) . 144 
Figure 231: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) ................. 145 
Figure 232: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)............... 145 
Figure 233: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.) . 146 
Figure 234: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) ............... 146 
Figure 235: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)............. 147 
Figure 236: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.) 147 
Figure 237: Arsenic 1316 AB-5 (6-9IN) .................................................................................... 148 
Figure 238: Boron 1316 AB-5 (6-9IN) ....................................................................................... 148 
Figure 239: Manganese1316 AB-5 (6-9IN) ................................................................................ 149 
Figure 240: Molybdenum1316 AB-5 (6-9IN) ............................................................................ 149 
Figure 241: Selenium 1316 AB-5 (6-9IN) .................................................................................. 150 
Figure 242: Arsenic 1316 AS-2D (21-34IN) .............................................................................. 151 
Figure 243: Boron 1316 AS-2D (21-34IN) ................................................................................ 151 
Figure 244: Manganese1316 AS-2D (21-34IN) ......................................................................... 152 
Figure 245: Molybdenum1316 AS-2D (21-34IN) ...................................................................... 152 
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Figure 246: Selenium 1316 AS-2D (21-34IN) ........................................................................... 153 
Figure 247: pH at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AB-5 (6-9IN) ...................................... 154 
Figure 248: ORP at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AB-5 (6-9IN) ................................... 154 
Figure 249: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AB-5 (6-9IN) ...................... 155 
Figure 250: pH at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AS-2D (21-34IN) ................................ 156 
Figure 251: ORP at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AS-2D (21-34IN) ............................. 156 
Figure 252: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AS-2D (21-34IN) ................ 157 
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1. Introduction

Duke Energy Carolinas, Inc. (Duke Energy), owns and operates the Riverbend Steam Station
located in Gaston County, North Carolina. The coal ash residue from the coal combustion
process for power generation was placed in the plant’s ash basin, which is permitted by the North
Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources (NCDENR) Division of Water
Resources (DWR) under the National Pollution Discharge Elimination System.

In a Notice of Regulatory Requirements (NORR) letter dated August 13, 2014, the Division of
Water Resources (DWR) requested that Duke Energy prepare a Groundwater Assessment Plan to
identify the source and cause of possible contamination, any potential hazards to public health
and safety, and actions taken to mitigate them, and all receptors and complete exposure
pathways. In addition, the plan should determine the horizontal and vertical extent of possible
soil and groundwater contamination and all significant factors affecting contaminant transport
and the geological and hydrogeological features influencing the movement, chemical, and
physical character of the contaminants. The work plan was also prepared to fulfill the
requirements stipulated in Coal Ash Management Act 2014 – North Carolina Senate Bill 729:

The Groundwater Assessment Plan includes the collection of groundwater and surface water
information to prepare a Comprehensive Site Assessment Report and support the development of
a groundwater computer model to evaluate the long term fate and transport of constituents of
concern (COC) in groundwater associated with the ash basin.

Critical input parameters for the model are site specific soil sorption coefficients Kd for each
COC. This report presents the initial results of sorption testing on selected soils from the
Riverbend Steam Station to quantify the Kd terms. Testing was performed at the Civil and
Environmental Engineering laboratories in the EPIC building at UNC Charlotte. Soil samples
were collected during the geotechnical and environmental exploration program at the facility
between March and June 2015, thirty five of which were delivered to UNC-Charlotte through
March 9th and July 29th of 2015.

2. Background
In groundwater, sorption is quantified by the equilibrium relationship between chemicals in the
dissolved and adsorbed phases. Experiments to quantify sorption can be conducted using batch
or column procedures. A batch sorption procedure consists of combining soil samples and
solutions across a range of soil-to-solution ratios, followed by shaking until chemical equilibrium
is achieved. Initial and final concentrations of chemicals in the solution determine the adsorbed
amount of chemical, and provide data for developing plots of adsorbed versus dissolved
chemical. If the plot, or isotherm, is linear, the single-valued coefficient Kd, with units of volume
per unit mass, represents the slope of the isotherm. Depending on the chemical, its dissolved
phase concentration, and the soil characteristics, nonlinear isotherms, characterized by two or
more coefficients, may result.

The column sorption procedure consists of passing a solution of known chemical concentration
through a cylindrical column packed with the soil sample. A plot of the chemical constituent
measured in the column effluent is plotted versus time or its equivalent, pore volumes passed.
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This so-called breakthrough curve is plotted together with the analytical solution of the
advection-dispersion-adsorption equation from which the linear sorption coefficient Kd is
estimated by visual curve fitting [1]. When comparing the merits of the two procedures for
quantifying sorption, the batch procedure provides a more effective contact between the solution
and soil, while the column procedure is more representative of in-situ groundwater flow
conditions where solution soil contact may non-uniform and less than fully effective. Both batch
and column procedures were employed for the sorption experiments on soils from the facility.
Depending on practical considerations, the batch procedure may be designed to capture a wide
range of Kd values.

Metal oxy-hydroxide phases of iron, manganese, and aluminum in soils are considered to be the
most important surface reactive phases for cationic and anionic constituents in many subsurface
environments [2]. Quantities of these phases in a given soil can thus be considered as a proxy
for COC sorption capacity for a given soil. In this study, oxy-hydroxide phases of iron,
manganese, and aluminum (hereafter referred to as HFO, HMO, and HAO) were measured
concurrently with sorption coefficients for selected COCs and soil samples.

3. Experiment: Kd Determination

3.1 Sample Storage and Preparation

Fourteen soil samples were selected for determination of sorption coefficients (Table 1). The
basis for selection was to provide adequate coverage of the saturated zone beneath and down
gradient of the ash basin. Preserved soils arrived at the EPIC lab in air-tight plastic bags on ice in
coolers. Samples were stored in their original containers in a cold room at less than 4° C until
tested. For batch and column procedures, soil samples were disaggregated, homogenized, and
air-dried at room temperature in aluminum pans (21” x 13” x 4”), for a minimum of 72 hours,
with turning every 12 hours. The dry samples were then sieved to a particle diameter of less than
2 mm (#10 U.S. Standard mesh). Sample splits for column testing were sieved a second time to
remove particles less than 0.30 mm (#50 U.S. Standard mesh) in order to have sufficient
permeability of the sample such that water passed through the column without operational
problems, such as leaking or reduced flow.

Bedrock samples were fragmented using a Sotec Systems Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
Fragmentation was continued until the approximate grain size was 2.0 to 0.30 mm by visual
inspection. Like the soil samples, bedrock samples intended for column testing were sieved a
second time to remove particles less than 0.30 mm (#50 U.S. Standard mesh) to minimize
operational problems associated with the smaller particle size fraction.

Soil samples for batch sorption testing were weighed and placed in 250 mL wide-mouth HDPE
bottles with polypropylene screw tops (in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Technical Resource Document EPA/530/SW-87/006-F). For each test on a single
sample, soil masses of 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 grams were placed in separate bottles. The
columns were 8 inch long (20.3cm) polyethylene tubes with dimensions 0.675 in. (16 mm) I.D.
by 0.75 in. (19 mm) O.D. Each column setup included two polypropylene end caps with barbed
fittings which accept 0.25 to 0.375 in. (6.4 to 9.5 mm) I.D. tubing. Two discs of porous
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polyethylene and polymer mesh screen were placed between the end cap and tube to retain the
soil in the column.

A modified slurry packing method was used to provide homogenous sample packing without
preferential flow in the columns [3]. With one end cap in place acid-washed Ottawa sand was
added through the open end to a depth of about 2 cm to ensure the effective dispersal of flow
across the column cross section. With the lower end cap and sand in place, 3 mL of 18 MΩ water
(high purity de-ionized) was added to the column. Then sample material was added in 5 cm lifts.
The column assembly was weighed after each addition of water and soil. In order to eliminate
trapped air, the column was placed on a vibrating table for 15 seconds. This process also ensured
proper compaction while promoting a uniform density throughout the column. The sequence of
adding water and sample material followed by vibrating was continued until roughly 2 cm of
column head space remained. A 2 cm thick sand layer was added at the top of the compacted
sample and the upper end cap was attached. The length of material in the column was measured
in order to estimate the dry bulk density and porosity of the packed sample. Experimental set-up
is presented in Figure 4.

3.2 Metal Oxy-hydroxide Phases

The analytical method for determining hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) and hydrous aluminum oxide
(HAO) was adapted from Chou and Zhou [4] and that of hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) from
T. T. Chao [5]. The HFO and HAO method calls for extracting the soil sample using a 0.25M
NH2OH·HCl-0.25M HCl combined solution as the extractant at 50° C for 30 minutes (soil/liquid
= 0.1 g/25 mL). The HMO methods calls for extracting the soil samples using a 0.1 M
NH2OH·HCl-0.25M HCl combined solution as the extractant at 25° C for 2 hours (soil/liquid =
0.025 g/50 mL) (Figure 4).

3.3 Test Solution

A synthetic groundwater, with the chemical composition of is provided in Table 2, was prepared
using reagent grade solid chemicals and 18 MΩ water. Target COC concentrations were attained
by diluting concentrated reference standards to the synthetic groundwater solution. After adding
the reference standards, the COC-amended feed solution was back-titrated as needed to an
approximate pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 using 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution. Iron and manganese
were omitted from the list of target COC given that they were considered likely to leach when
exposed to the synthetic groundwater.

3.4 Equipment Setup

The COC-amended solutions were prepared in 10 liter and 20 liter LDPE carboys for the batch
and column experiments, respectively. For each batch experiment, 200 mL of solution was
added to each 250 mL bottle to obtain soil mass to solution ratios of 50, 125, 250, 375, and 500
mg/L. The soil-solution mixtures were equilibrated in a rotary mixer operating at 60 rpm for 24
hours. The experimental set-up and filtration details are presented in Figure 1 and 2. Following
equilibration, water samples were drawn, filtered, and preserved for analysis of ten COCs
(arsenic (As), boron (B), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), iron (Fe), manganese (Mn),
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molybdenum (Mo), Selenium (Se), Thallium (Tl), and Vanadium (V)). Sample blanks were
included in selected experiments to confirm stability of the solution.

For the column experiments, Masterflex peristaltic pump drives with 12-channel, 8-roller
cartridge pump heads and cartridges were connected between the carboys and the columns using
Tygon tubing, valves, and fittings. The columns were operated in the up-flow mode. The flow
rate was set to pass approximately twelve pore volumes, or approximately 200 mL, per day
through each column. Before pumping began with the COC-amended solutions, the columns
were fully saturated by slowly pumping reagent water in the up-flow mode. The COC-amended
solutions were stirred continuously using magnetic stirrers. The arrangement of the carboys,
pump, and columns is shown in Figure 4. Real-time, grab sample volumes of approximately 50
ml were drawn for each sampling event. The sample time and total volume pumped since the
previous sampling event were recorded for calculating flow rates and pore volume passed.
Concurrent samples of the feed solutions were also taken for each sampling event. Each sample
was proportioned, filtered, and preserved for the analyses of eight COCs (arsenic (As), boron
(B), cadmium (Cd), chromium (Cr), molybdenum (Mo), Selenium (Se), Thallium (Tl), and
Vanadium (V)). Iron and manganese Kd values were determined from the combination of batch
and HFO-HMO values and not by the column method.

4. Model Equations for Kd Determination

After equilibration of a batch soil-solution mixture, the COC concentration in solution will be
reduced due to sorption. This may be expressed as
ݔ
݉ ൌ ሾሺܥ݋ െ ܥ
ሻ/݉ሿ ∗ܸ

where, x/m is the soil concentration (μg/g), Co is the initial solution concentration (μg/L), C is
the final solution concentration, m is the soil sample mass, and V is the volume of solution. For
sorption characterized by a linear isotherm, a plot of measured solution concentration versus
calculated soil concentration for each soil sample (five data points: one for each soil to solution
ratio) will yield the linear Kd term as the slope of x/m versus C.

For the steady-state flow regime considered in the column tests, van Genuchten and Alves
[1982] presented the following form of the Ogata-Banks equation for one-dimensional,
advection-dispersion equation with sorption as a close approximation to that for a finite length,
lab-scale column [1, 6]:

ܥ ሺݔ,ݐሻ ൌ ܥ଴
2 ൤݁ݎ݂ܿ ൬ܴݔ െ ݒݐ
2√ܦܴݐ ൰ ൅݁ݔ݌ሺݒݔ/ܦሻ݁ݎ݂ܿ ൬ܴݔ ൅ ݒݐ
2√ܦܴݐ ൰൨

where, C(x,t) is the solute concentration (M/L3), x is the column length (L), t is the elapsed time
(T), Co is the feed concentration (M/L3), R is the dimensionless retardation coefficient, v is the
seepage velocity (L/T), and D is the soil dispersion coefficient (L2/T). For sorption characterized
by a linear isotherm, the Kd term (L3/M) is incorporated in R:

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ܴൌ1൅ߩ௕ ܭௗ
݊

where, ρb is the dry bulk density of the soil (M/L3) and n is the porosity. For the given test
conditions where dispersion was dominant over diffusion, the soil dispersion coefficient D is
equal to the product of the longitudinal dispersivity, aL (L) and the seepage velocity. Supporting
data used to estimate Kd based on O-B equation are provided in Table 19. For plotting the
analytical results together with the O-B equation, cumulative pore volumes corresponding to the
elapsed time of each sampling event were calculated using measured water volumes pumped and
the column pore volume. For each COC and soil column, Kd was estimated by visually fitting
the plotted O-B equation to the measured solution concentrations.

5. Leaching for Ash Samples

The site specific ash samples were subjected to two leaching protocols, Method 1313 and
Method 1316.

Method 1313: Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Extract pH using a Parallel Batch
Extraction Procedure [6]. The procedure calls for reaching nine specific pH targets after mixing.
If the natural pH of the material, without acid or based addition, is not one of the target pH
positions, the natural pH is a tenth position in the procedure. For the purpose of this study, the
test was conducted at the natural pH of the material only. The ash samples were extracted for 24
hours with 18 MΩ water. The leachate from the extraction step were filtered using 0.45µ filter
paper and analyzed for pH, ORP, conductivity, and concentration of anions and cations.

Method 1316: Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Liquid-Solid Ratio using a Parallel
Batch Extraction Procedure [7]. This method consists of five parallel extractions over a range of
L/S values from 0.5 to 10 mL eluent/g dry material. In addition to the five test extractions, a
method blank without solid sample was carried out to verify that analyte interferences are not
introduced as a consequence of reagent impurities or equipment contamination. The 250 mL test
bottles were equilibrated for 24 hours with 18 MΩ water (and as per method specification). At
the end of the contact interval, the leachate from the extraction step was filtered (0.45 filter
paper) and analyzed for pH, ORP, conductivity, and concentration of anions and cations

6. Results

The oxidation and reduction potential (ORP) values of soil samples, measured as per ASTM G
200 – 09, are listed in Table 3[8].

The sorption test results are grouped by soil sample. Batch and column results are tabulated in
Tables 4 through 17. The Kd result for COCs are assigned qualifiers as presented in Table 18.
The parameters used in Ogata-Banks equation for developing the Kd column plots are presented
in Table 19. Batch and column test results for the COCs are shown in Figure 5 through 194 for
each soil sample.

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At the conclusion of the breakthrough experiment six pore volumes of 18 MΩ water was passed
through the column (data not shown in column Kd plots). No significant COC desorption was
observed based on the column effluent monitoring.

General comments for Kd experiments:

The sorption coefficients extracted from the experimental results in this study may be affected to
some extent by factors related to the experimental design. They include the following:

 The goal of the batch and column sorption studies was to expose each soil sample to
COCs in the aqueous phase and allow COC adsorption to occur until equilibrium is
achieved. A solution intended to represent a generic groundwater was used as the
background solution to which COCs were added. This solution differs from the in-situ
solution in groundwater from which the soil sample was sampled. As a result, the soil
sample is exposed to a geochemical environment in which a number of chemical
reactions may take place in addition to sorption.

 The number of COCs for which sorption estimates are required for each sample
necessitates combining a number of COCs in a single solution for simultaneous
measurement. These COCs may interact chemically, thus altering their respective
sorption characteristics for individual soil samples.

 Sorption characteristics for selected COCs are sensitive to redox conditions. Experiments
in the lab were conducted in atmospheric conditions unless otherwise noted. The
resulting sorption coefficients may not be representative of other redox settings.

 Sample splits for column testing were sieved to remove particle sizes less than 0.30 mm
in order to have sufficient permeability of the sample to pass water through the column
without operational problems such as leaking and reduced flow. This could also affect the
observed Kd value.

Specific comments for batch and column Kd experiments are summarized as follows

 Batch Kd for As ranged from 17.5 to 2892.3 mL/g and column Kd ranged from 90 to 700
mL/g.

 Batch Kd for B sorption was negligible and soil samples that did indicate sorption was in
a very low range, from 1.7 to 3 mL/g and in columns Kd, ranged 7 to 12 mL/g.

 Batch Kd for Cd ranged from 45.6 to 1385.3 mL/g and Kd in columns ranged between 30
to 950 mL/g
.
 Batch Kd for Cr did not indicated linear isotherm and Kd in columns ranged between 335
to 950 mL/g.

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 Fe and Mn were not included in the test solution, so its occurrence in the batch test
solution is indicative of leaching. HFO and HMO values were used as the initial
concentration to predict the Kd values for Fe and Mn, respectively. If the concentration of
Fe and Mn increased with mass of soil per unit volume of test solution during batch
experiments, it is an indication of a linear leaching model, as opposed to a linear sorption
model. For soil samples that did indicated linear isotherm for Fe, the Kd ranges between
12.6 to 45 mL/g and Mn ranged from 2.2 to 983.8 mL/g

 Batch Kd for Mo ranged from 16.4 to 481.7 mL/g and Kd in column ranged from 40 to
600 mL/g

 Batch Kd for Se ranged from 88 to 588.7 mL/g and Kd in column ranged from 40 to 550
mL/g.

 Batch Kd for Tl ranged from 53.5 to 1076.1 mL/g and Kd in column ranged from 35 to
925 mL/g

 Batch Kd for V ranged from 13.1 to 1800.1 mL/g, and Kd in columns ranged between 100
to 600 mL/g.

pH, ORP, and conductivity at different liquid to solid (L/S) ratios for batch experiment is
depicted through Figure 195 through 236.

HFO, HMO and HAO results are presented in Table 20.

The leaching tests for 1313 are tabulated in Table 21 and 22. From Table 22 it can be observed
that Be, Cd, Cr, Co, Cu, Ni, Pb, Tl and Zn indicated negligible leaching (minimum detection
limit of 1 ppb). As, B, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se and V indicated leaching (4 to 227 ppb).

Leaching trend of COC’s in 1316 is depicted through Figure to Figure

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7. References
1. Akio Ogata, R.B.B., A Solution of the Differential Equation of Longitudinal Dispersion
in Porous Media. Geological Survey Professional Paper 411 - A, 1961: p. 1-13.
2. Robert G. Ford, R.T.W., Robert W. Puls, Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic
Contaminants in Ground Water. 2007, National Risk Management Research Laboratory,
U.S. EPA: Cincinnati, Ohio.
3. Oliviera, I.B., A.H. Demond, and A. Salehzadeh, Packing of Sands for the Production of
Homogeneous Porous Media. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1996. 60(1): p.
49-53.
4. Chao, T.T. and L. Zhou, Extraction Techniques for Selective Dissolution of Amorphous
Iron Oxides from Soils and Sediments. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1983. 47(2): p. 225-232.
5. Chao, T.T., Selective Dissolution of Manganese Oxides from Soils and Sediments with
Acidified Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1972.
36(5): p. 764-768.
6. W.J.Alves, M.T.v.G.a., Analytical Solutions of the One-Dimensional Convetive-
Dispersive Solute Transport Equation. 1982.
7. USEPA, Method 1316: Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Liquid-to-Solid Ration
in Solid Materials Using a Parallel Batch Procedure. 2012, USEPA: Alexandria, VA. p.
1-20.
8. ASTM, ASTM G 200 - 09 "Standard Test Method for Measurement of Oxidation-
Reduction Potential (ORP of Soil)". 2014, ASTM International: West Conshohocken,
PA.

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Appendix – A
Table 1: Site specific soil sample analyzed for Kd
Sample Name Depth (ft.)
AB – 4 D 55 – 60
AB – 6 S 73 – 75
AB – 7 S 20 – 25
AS – 2S 90
GWA – 1 BRU (bedrock) 78 – 79
GWA – 7 D (bedrock) 102 - 103.5
GWA – 8 D 19 – 20
GWA – 1 S 42 – 47
GWA – 2 S 48 – 52
GWA – 4 S 20 – 25
GWA – 5 S 72 – 74
GWA – 6 S 55 – 60
GWA – 7 S 22 – 23
GWA – 10 S 21 – 23

Table 2: Synthetic ground water constituents and trace metals concentrations targets
Chemical Concentration Units
CaSO4. 2H2O 20.0 ppm
MgSO4 5.0 ppm
Na(HCO3) 10.0 ppm
Arsenic 500 ppb
Boron 500 ppb
Cadmium 500 ppb
Chromium 500 ppb
Molybdenum 500 ppb
Selenium 500 ppb
Thallium 500 ppb
Vanadium 500 ppb

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Table 3: Oxidation-reduction potential values for selected soil samples (ASTM G 200-09)
Sl.
No.
Sample Name Depth ORP (mV)
ft. Trial A Trial B Trial C Average
1 AB - 1D 75-78 407.1 458.2 475.8 447
2 AB - 2D 83-88 413.8 358.8 418.3 397.0
3 AB - 3S 70-73 345.7 354.4 308.3 336.1
4 AB - 4D 55-60 323.9 309.4 343.6 325.6
5 AB - 6S 73-75 263.9 247.7 266.5 259.4
6 AB - 7S 20-25 -11.5 -23.5 -15 -16.7
7 AB - 8S 30-35 489.1 499.0 503.4 497.2
8 AB-3D 177.7-179.1 BEDROCK
9 AS - 1S 90-95 212.8 215.8 206.1 211.6
10 AS - 2S 90 345.8 348.0 298.8 330.9
11 AS - 3S 85-90 438.8 445.2 445.4 443.1
12 AS-1D 161-163 BEDROCK
13 C - 25 30-35 465.0 491.7 498.9 485.2
14 GWA - 10S 21-23 475.6 492.2 501.9 489.9
15 GWA - 1BRU 78-79 BEDROCK
16 GWA - 1S 42-47 390.2 369.5 391.4 383.7
17 GWA - 2BR 80-81.5 BEDROCK
18 GWA – 2S 48-52 376.8 370.3 387.5 378.2
19 GWA – 4S 32-35 452.6 455.3 460.9 456.3
20 GWA – 5S 72-74 417.6 441.1 447.4 435.4
21 GWA – 6S 55-60 417.2 441.5 447.0 435.2
22 GWA - 7D 102-103.5 BEDROCK
23 GWA - 7S 22-23 465.8 462.4 473.1 467.1
24 GWA - 8D 19-20 473.9 482.2 477.3 477.8
25 GWA - 9BR 68.3-69 BEDROCK
26 GWA-2BRU 78.3-78.9 BEDROCK
27 GWA-7BR 168.7-169.4 BEDROCK
28 GWA-9BR 84.3-85 BEDROCK
29 MW - 9BR 10-12 465.6 488.4 483.1 479
30 MW-9BR 142.2-143.5 BEDROCK

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Table 4: Summary of batch and column Kd for AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 903.6 0.98 979.3 0.98 250.0
Boron Non-linear isotherm 10.0
Cadmium 1554.7 0.95 1470.3 0.97 525.0
Chromium Non-linear isotherm 520.0
Iron Non-linear isotherm NA
Manganese 135.5 0.74 133.4 0.70 NA
Molybdenum 18.1 0.97 16.4 0.97 40.0
Selenium 145.2 0.96 124.1 0.91 60.0
Thallium 540.8 0.99 512.7 0.99 475.0
Vanadium 860.6 0.98 781.6 0.98 200.0

Table 5: Summary of batch and column Kd for AS – 2S (90 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 471.0 0.99 492.9 0.99 250.0
Boron 1.7 0.46 -- -- 9.0
Cadmium 111.0 0.99 114.1 0.99 70.0
Chromium Non-linear isotherm 525.0
Iron Non-linear isotherm NA
Manganese Non-linear isotherm NA
Molybdenum 476.7 0.85 481.7 0.78 115.0
Selenium 373.4 0.87 379.5 0.82 70.0
Thallium 110.3 0.99 117.5 0.98 80.0
Vanadium 1798.2 0.50 1800.1 0.50 180.0

Table 6: Summary of batch and column Kd for AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic Non-linear isotherm 600.0
Boron -- -- 2.0 0.88 12.0
Cadmium 72.4 0.83 79.0 0.95 60.0
Chromium Non-linear isotherm 600.0
Iron -- -- 46.9 0.50 NA
Manganese 6.6 0.51 -- -- NA
Molybdenum Non-linear isotherm 600.0
Selenium Non-linear isotherm 550.0
Thallium 74.3 0.89 82.1 0.99 110.0
Vanadium Non-linear isotherm 600.0

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Table 7: Summary of batch and column Kd for AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic Non-linear isotherm 400.0
Boron Non-linear isotherm 10.0
Cadmium 120.5 0.76 118.3 0.75 70.0
Chromium Non-linear isotherm 490.0
Iron Non-linear isotherm NA
Manganese 2.2 0.91 2.2 0.93 NA
Molybdenum 317.0 0.88 341.7 0.88 190.0
Selenium 572.6 0.93 588.7 0.91 195.0
Thallium 112.3 0.91 113.5 0.94 120.0
Vanadium 1479.7 0.84 1565.8 0.81 310.0

Table 8: Summary of batch Kd for GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.)
Batch
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 6.1 0.47 -- --
Boron Non-linear isotherm
Cadmium -- -- 290.6 0.81
Chromium Non-linear isotherm
Iron -- -- 12.6 0.50
Manganese -- -- 56.3 0.48
Molybdenum Non-linear isotherm
Selenium Non-linear isotherm
Thallium 254.7 0.51 319.1 0.82
Vanadium Non-linear isotherm
**Column experiment not done, bedrock sample
Table 9: Summary of batch Kd for GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.)
Batch
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 17.5 0.78 18.6 0.62
Boron Non-linear isotherm
Cadmium 1255.5 0.70 1204.8 0.62
Chromium Non-linear isotherm
Iron Non-linear isotherm
Manganese Non-linear isotherm
Molybdenum Non-linear isotherm
Selenium -- -- 1.5 0.49
Thallium 92.6 0.93 82.5 0.99
Vanadium 13.1 0.58 14.2 0.62
**Column experiment not done, bedrock sample
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Table 10: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic Non-linear isotherm 160.0
Boron 2.0 0.85 2.2 0.54 8.0
Cadmium 324.9 0.93 320.7 0.95 155.0
Chromium Non-linear isotherm 335.0
Iron Non-linear isotherm NA
Manganese 82.4 0.53 82.4 0.52 NA
Molybdenum Non-linear isotherm 85.0
Selenium Non-linear isotherm 90.0
Thallium 255.8 0.99 255.8 0.99 100.0
Vanadium Non-linear isotherm 120.0

Table 11: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 1S (42 – 47 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 2043.5 0,93 2148.1 0.91 420.0
Boron Non-linear isotherm 7.0
Cadmium 965.2 0.92 1000.4 0.96 400.0
Chromium 607.7 0.77 -- -- 390.0
Iron Non-linear isotherm NA
Manganese 983.8 0.48 932.5 0.46 NA
Molybdenum 43.6 0.46 54.6 0.56 100.0
Selenium 398.3 0.90 437.1 0.92 220.0
Thallium 691.5 0.99 696.2 0.99 390.0
Vanadium 789.7 0.96 961.4 0.95 400.0

Table 12: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 2S (48 – 52 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 788.5 0.99 726.5 0.98 320.0
Boron Non-linear isotherm NA
Cadmium 1281.5 0.87 1385.3 0.95 525.0
Chromium Non-linear isotherm 550.0
Iron Non-linear isotherm NA
Manganese 133.3 0.61 134.2 0.62 NA
Molybdenum 24.9 0.98 20.9 0.90 65.0
Selenium 128.8 0.94 135.4 0.94 90.0
Thallium 933.6 0.99 835.0 0.97 525.0
Vanadium 922.2 0.98 802.4 0.98 300.0

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
14 | P a g e

Table 13: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 4S (20 – 25 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R
2 Trial A Trial B Trial C
Arsenic 305.9 0.99 273.9 0.95 90.0 90.0 120.0
Boron Non-linear isotherm NA NA NA
Cadmium 119.1 0.81 116.3 0.84 75.0 75.0 150.0
Chromium Non-linear isotherm 490.0 475.0 500.0
Iron Non-linear isotherm NA
Manganese 14.7 0.78 14.3 0.81 NA
Molybdenum 53.1 0.50 -- -- 85.0 75.0 90.0
Selenium 111.5 0.75 88.1 0.63 45.0 40.0 55.0
Thallium 131.6 0.99 117.4 0.98 55.0 60.0 80.0
Vanadium 648.3 0.88 533.9 0.82 105.0 100.0 130.0

Table 14: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA - 5S (72 – 74 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 1921.8 0.96 1652.0 0.98 280.0
Boron 3.0 0.69 2.3 0.93 NA
Cadmium 45.5 0.90 38.3 0.98 40.0
Chromium Non-linear isotherm 625.0
Iron Non-linear isotherm NA
Manganese 4.5 0.55 4.5 0.54 NA
Molybdenum Non-linear isotherm 160.0
Selenium Non-linear isotherm 130.0
Thallium 58.5 0.99 53.5 0.99 35.0
Vanadium Non-linear isotherm 210.0

Table 15: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 6S (55 – 60 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 2253.9 0.90 2332.9 0.89 280.0
Boron -- -- 2.5 0.79 NA
Cadmium 45.6 0.99 45.6 0.99 30.0
Chromium Non-linear isotherm 475.0
Iron Non-linear isotherm NA
Manganese Non-linear isotherm NA
Molybdenum Non-linear isotherm 135.0
Selenium Non-linear isotherm 150.0
Thallium 54.6 0.99 54.7 0.99 45.0
Vanadium Non-linear isotherm 275.0
Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
15 | P a g e

Table 16: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 7S (22 – 23 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 1772.9 0.97 1914.7 0.97 700.0
Boron -- -- 3.1 0.72 NA
Cadmium 1075.0 0.89 1261.2 0.97 950.0
Chromium Non-linear isotherm 950.0
Iron Non-linear isotherm NA
Manganese 926.0 0.63 937.6 0.59 NA
Molybdenum 122.8 0.76 134.2 0.73 110.0
Selenium 273.7 0.97 279.9 0.95 210.0
Thallium 1019.4 0.97 1076.1 0.99 925.0
Vanadium 1072.4 0.84 1150.8 0.93 575.0

Table 17: Summary of batch and column Kd for GWA – 10S (21 – 23 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 2889.5 0.76 2892.3 0.76 450.0
Boron 1.9 0.56 1.8 0.48 NA
Cadmium 187.0 0.96 176.0 0.95 200.0
Chromium Non-linear isotherm 450.0
Iron Non-linear isotherm NA
Manganese 84.5 0.55 85.5 0.51 NA
Molybdenum 18.1 0.97 16.4 0.97 200.0
Selenium Non-linear isotherm 285.0
Thallium 195.8 0.99 201.3 0.96 130.0
Vanadium Non-linear isotherm 450.0

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
16 | P a g e

Table 18: Kd Qualifiers for batch and column plots
Batch Kd Qualifiers
Sl.
No. Description Qualifier
Identification Number
1 The concentration distribution is sufficient for the selected L/S
ratio and given COC under consideration.
Q – B – 1
2 The range of final COC concentration is narrow, such that
normal variation due to the analytical method resulted in a
non-linear isotherm.
Q – B – 2
3 The range of final COC concentration is narrow and low, such
that normal variation due to the analytical method resulted in a
non-linear isotherm.
Q – B – 3
4 Leachable COC is present in the soil sample prior to testing.
This resulted in higher concentration of COC in the final COC
concentration at the end of batch experiment. The mass
balance approach for estimating sorption can only be done if
leachable COC is known.
Q – B – 4
5 Anomalous variability in the experimental results resulted in a
non-linear isotherm.
Q – B – 5
6 Initial COC concentration in the synthetic ground water is not
sufficient to produce a well-defined linear isotherm.
Q – B – 6
Column Kd Qualifiers
Sl.
No. Description Qualifier
Identification Number
1 The breakthrough curve is sufficient for applying the Ogata-
Banks model equation.
Q – C – 1
2 The COC reached breakthrough although the concentration
was less than the feedstock. Other chemical interactions
between soil and synthetic ground water occurring after the
initial breakthrough caused a transient decrease in effluent
concentration with increased pore volumes (very commonly
observed with arsenic in most soil samples from various sites).
Q – C – 2
3 Effluent and influent concentrations are essentially the same
over the period of data collection, indicating minimal COC
sorption onto the soil (observed frequently with boron and
molybdenum).
Q – C – 3
4 Breakthrough was not observed. A conservation estimate of
sorption was made by assuming breakthrough occurred at the
end of the data collection period.
Q – C – 4
5 The model equation is fit to the initial segment of the
breakthrough curve to yield a conservative estimate of
sorption.
Q – C – 5

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Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
19 | P a g e

Table 20: HFO, HMO and HAO for soil samples
Soil samples for which Kd was measured
Sample Name Depth HFO HMO HAO
ft. mg/Kg mg/Kg mg/Kg
AB – 4 D 55 – 60 267.8 586.2 124.8
AB – 6 S 73 – 75 774.4 231.1 425.0
AB – 7 S 20 – 25 557.6 51.7 337.0
AS – 2S 90 306.3 148.6 171.3
GWA – 1 BRU 78 – 79 437.75 73.2 174.3
GWA – 7 D 102 - 103.5 500.5 43.8 422.5
GWA – 8 D 19 – 20 419.0 912.6 221.3
GWA – 1 S 42 – 47 611.3 795.2 184.3
GWA – 2 S 48 – 52 650.8 715.4 202.3
GWA – 4 S 20 – 25 106.8 131.2 63.8
GWA – 5 S 72 – 74 270.5 352.8 404.5
GWA – 6 S 55 – 60 365.3 426.4 321.8
GWA – 7 S 22 – 23 568.0 695.8 164.0
GWA – 10 S 21 – 23 265.5 271.0 185.3

Soil samples for which Kd was not measured
Sample Name Depth HFO HMO HAO
ft. mg/Kg mg/Kg mg/Kg
AB – 3 S 70 – 73 208.8 675.2 323.3
AB – 8 S 30 – 35 356.3 593.2 116.3
AB – 1 D 65 – 68 97.5 607.5
AB – 1 D 75 – 78 128.2
AB – 1 D 161 – 163 177.5 1359.6 357.3
AB – 2 D 70 – 75 185.5 520.8 406.5
AB – 2 D 83 – 88 249.3 659.0 150.0
AB – 3 D 177.7 – 179.1 534.0 611.0 303.3
AB – 6 D 88.5 – 90 197.1 200.8 423.8
AS – 1S 90 – 95 383.8 60.8 291.8
AS – 3 S 85 – 90 208.8 675.2 323.3
C – 25 30 – 35 92.8 63.2 243.0
GWA – 2 BR 80 – 81.5 1565.0 3482.0 396.3
GWA – 2 BRU 78.3 – 78.9 954.8 3912.0 234.2
GWA – 7 BR 168.7 – 169.4 441.0 62.7 293.0
GWA – 9 BR 14 – 17 139.3 373.2 276.3
GWA – 9 BR 68.3 – 69 442.5 1220.8 186.8
GWA – 9 BR 84.3 – 85 493.3 174.8 239.6
GWA – 4 D 118 – 119.5 482.5 76.6 196.5
MW – 9 BR 10 – 12 97.3 88.8 302.3
MW – 9 BR 142.2 – 143.5 1203.8 1621.2 280.8
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Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
21 | P a g e

Appendix – B

Figure 1: Tumbler for 1313, 1316 and batch Kd

Figure 2: Batch filtration set-up
Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 3: Column set-up
Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 4: Syringe filtration for extraction of HFO/HMO/HAO

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
24 | P a g e

Kd plots

Figure 5: Arsenic batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 6: Arsenic column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 7 Boron column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
26 | P a g e

Figure 8: Cadmium batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 9: Cadmium column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 10: Chromium column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Figure 11: Manganese batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 12: Molybdenum batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Figure 13: Molybdenum column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
29 | P a g e

Figure 14: Selenium batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – B – 2

Figure 15: Selenium column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 16: Thallium batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 17: Thallium column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 18: Vanadium batch Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 19: Vanadium column Kd – AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 20: Arsenic batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 21: Arsenic column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 22: Boron batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 23: Boron column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 24: Cadmium batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 25: Cadmium column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – C – 4

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 26: Chromium column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 27: Molybdenum batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 28: Molybdenum column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 29: Selenium batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 30: Selenium column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 31: Thallium batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – B – 2

Figure 32: Thallium column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – C – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
39 | P a g e

Figure 33: Vanadium batch Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 34: Vanadium column Kd – AB – 2S (90 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
40 | P a g e

Figure 35: Arsenic column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 36: Boron batch Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 37: Boron column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 38: Cadmium batch Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – B – 2

Figure 39: Cadmium column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – C – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
43 | P a g e

Figure 40: Chromium column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Figure 41: Manganese batch Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
44 | P a g e

Figure 42: Molybdenum column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Figure 43: Selenium column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
45 | P a g e

Figure 44: Thallium batch Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Figure 45: Thallium column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – C – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 46: Vanadium column Kd – AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 47: Arsenic column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Figure 48: Boron column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – C – 3

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
48 | P a g e

Figure 49: Cadmium batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 50 Cadmium column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – C – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
49 | P a g e

Figure 51: Chromium column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Figure 52: Manganese batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
50 | P a g e

Figure 53: Molybdenum batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 54: Molybdenum column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 55: Selenium batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 56: Selenium column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 57: Thallium batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – B – 2

Figure 58: Thallium column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – C – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 59: Vanadium batch Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 60: Vanadium column Kd – AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 61: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 62: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 63: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Figure 64: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 65: Selenium batch Kd – GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Figure 66: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 67: Vanadium batch Kd – GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.)
Q – B – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 68: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 69: Boron batch Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Figure 70: Boron column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 71: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 72: Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 73: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Figure 74: Manganese batch Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 75: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – C– 1

Figure 76: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 77: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 78: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 79: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 8D (19 – 20 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 80: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 81: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 82 Boron column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – C – 3

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 83: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 84 Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 85: Chromium batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 86: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 87: Molybdenum batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Figure 88: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 89: Selenium batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 90: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 91: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 92: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 93: Vanadium batch Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 94: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 95: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 96: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 97 Boron column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – C – 3

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 98: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 99: Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 100: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Figure 101: Manganese batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 102: Molybdenum batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Figure 103: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 104: Selenium batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – B – 2

Figure 105: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 106: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 107: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 108: Vanadium batch Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 109: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 110: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 111: Arsenic column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial A
Q – C – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 112: Arsenic column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial B
Q – C – 2

Figure 113: Arsenic column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial C
Q – C – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 114: Boron column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial A
Q – C – 3

Figure 115: Boron column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial B
Q – C – 3
Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 116: Boron column Kd - 4S (32-35 ft.) Trial C
Q – C – 3

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 117: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 118: Cadmium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A
Q – C – 5
Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 119: Cadmium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B
Q – C – 2

Figure 120: Cadmium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C
Q – C – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 121: Chromium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A

Figure 122: Chromium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B
Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 123: Chromium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 124: Molybdenum batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Figure 125: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A
Q – C – 1
Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 126: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B
Q – C– 1

Figure 127: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 128: Selenium batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.)
Q – B – 2

Figure 129: Selenium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A
Q – C – 1
Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 130: Selenium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B
Q – C – 1

Figure 131: Selenium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 132: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.)
Q – B – 2

Figure 133: Thallium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A
Q – C – 2
Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 134: Thallium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B
Q – C – 2

Figure 135: Thallium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C
Q – C – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 136: Vanadium batch Kd – GWA – 4S (32 –35 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 137: Vanadium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial A
Q – C – 1
Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 138: Vanadium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial B
Q – C – 1

Figure 139: Vanadium column Kd - GWA - 4 S Trial C
Q – C – 1
Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 140: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 141: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 142: Boron batch Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Figure 143 Boron column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – C – 3

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 144: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Figure 145: Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – C – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
100 | P a g e

Figure 146: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Figure 147: Manganese batch Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
101 | P a g e

Figure 148: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Figure 149: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – C – 2

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
102 | P a g e

Figure 150: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Figure 151: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
103 | P a g e

Figure 152: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
104 | P a g e

Figure 153: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q –B - 3

Figure 154: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Soil Sorption Evaluation Riverbend Steam Station UNC Charlotte
105 | P a g e

Figure 155: Boron batch Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Figure 156 Boron column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q – C – 3

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Figure 157: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Figure 158 Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q – C – 2

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Figure 159: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q – C – 5

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Figure 160: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q – C – 1

Figure 161: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q – C – 1

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Figure 162: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Figure 163: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q – C – 1

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Figure 164: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
Q – C – 5

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Figure 165: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 166: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 5

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Figure 167: Boron batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Figure 168 Boron column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 3

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Figure 169: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 170 Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 5

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Figure 171: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Figure 172: Manganese batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 4

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Figure 173: Molybdenum batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Figure 174: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 1

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Figure 175: Selenium batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 176: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 1

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Figure 177: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 178: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 5

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Figure 179: Vanadium batch Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 180: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 5

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Figure 181: Arsenic batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 182: Arsenic column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 5

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Figure 183: Boron batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 4

Figure 184: Boron column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 3

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Figure 185: Cadmium batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 186: Cadmium column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 5

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Figure 187: Chromium column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 5

Figure 188: Manganese batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 4

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Figure 189: Molybdenum batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 1

Figure 190: Molybdenum column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 1

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Figure 191: Selenium column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 5

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Figure 192: Thallium batch Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – B – 3

Figure 193: Thallium column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 2

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Figure 194: Vanadium column Kd – GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
Q – C – 5

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Figure 195: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)

Figure 196: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)
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Figure 197: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 4D (55 – 60 ft.)

Figure 198: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 2S (90 ft.)
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Figure 199: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 2S (90 ft.)

Figure 200: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 42S (90 ft.)
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Figure 201: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)

Figure 202: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)
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Figure 203: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 6S (73 – 75 ft.)

Figure 204: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
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Figure 205: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)

Figure 206: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB – 7S (20 – 25 ft.)
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Figure 207: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.)

Figure 208: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.)
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Figure 209: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1BRU (78 – 79 ft.)

Figure 210: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.)
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Figure 211: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.)

Figure 212: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7D (102 – 103.5 ft.)
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Figure 213: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 8D (19 –20 ft.)

Figure 214: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 8D (19 –20 ft.)
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Figure 215: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 8D (19 –20 ft.)

Figure 216: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
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Figure 217: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)

Figure 218: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1S (42 –47 ft.)
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Figure 219: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)

Figure 220: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)
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Figure 221: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 2S (48 –52 ft.)

Figure 222: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 4S (20 –25 ft.)
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Figure 223: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 4S (20 –25 ft.)

Figure 224: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 4S (20 –25 ft.)
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Figure 225: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)

Figure 226: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)
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Figure 227: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5S (72 –74 ft.)

Figure 228: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
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Figure 229: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)

Figure 230: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 6S (55 –60 ft.)
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Figure 231: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)

Figure 232: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)
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Figure 233: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 7S (22 –23 ft.)

Figure 234: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
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Figure 235: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)

Figure 236: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10S (21 –23 ft.)
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1316 plots

Figure 237: Arsenic 1316 AB-5 (6-9IN)

Figure 238: Boron 1316 AB-5 (6-9IN)
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Figure 239: Manganese1316 AB-5 (6-9IN)

Figure 240: Molybdenum1316 AB-5 (6-9IN)
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Figure 241: Selenium 1316 AB-5 (6-9IN)

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Figure 242: Arsenic 1316 AS-2D (21-34IN)

Figure 243: Boron 1316 AS-2D (21-34IN)
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Figure 244: Manganese1316 AS-2D (21-34IN)

Figure 245: Molybdenum1316 AS-2D (21-34IN)
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Figure 246: Selenium 1316 AS-2D (21-34IN)

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Figure 247: pH at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AB-5 (6-9IN)

Figure 248: ORP at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AB-5 (6-9IN)
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Figure 249: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AB-5 (6-9IN)

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Figure 250: pH at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AS-2D (21-34IN)

Figure 251: ORP at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AS-2D (21-34IN)
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Figure 252: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for 1316 testing of AS-2D (21-34IN)