NC0003468_DRSS CAP Part I_Appx D_Final_20151112

Appendix D
UNCC Soil Sorption
Evaluation

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Soil Sorption Evaluation
Dan River Steam Station

Prepared for
HDR Engineering, Inc.
Hydropower Services
440 S Church Street # 1000,
Charlotte, NC 29601

Investigators
William G. Langley, Ph.D., P.E.
Shubhashini Oza, Ph.D.

UNC Charlotte
Civil and Environmental Engineering
EPIC Building, 3252,
9201 University City Blvd,
Charlotte, NC 28223

October 31, 2015

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Table of Contents

List of Tables ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ iii
List of Figures ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- iv
1. Introduction --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
2. Background --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 1
3. Experiment: Kd Determination ----------------------------------------------------------------------- 2
3.1 Sample Storage and Preparation ---------------------------------------------------------------- 2
3.2 Metal Oxy-hydroxide Phases -------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
3.3 Test Solution --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
3.4 Equipment Setup ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3
4. Model Equations for Kd Determination ------------------------------------------------------------- 4
5. Leaching for Ash Samples ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
6. Results --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 5
7. References ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 8
Appendix – A ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9
Appendix – B ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 22

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List of Tables

Table 1: Site specific sample analyzed for Kd ................................................................................ 9
Table 2: Synthetic ground water constituents and trace metals concentrations targets .................. 9
Table 3: Oxidation-reduction potential values for selected soil samples (ASTM G 200-09) ...... 10
Table 4: Summary of batch and column Kd for AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ................................... 11
Table 5: Summary of batch and column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44.1 ft.) ................................... 11
Table 6: Summary of batch and column Kd – AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) ....................................... 12
Table 7: Summary of batch and column Kd - AS – 2 D (47 – 50 ft.) ........................................... 12
Table 8: Summary of batch and column Kd - AS – 10 D (10 – 11 ft.) ......................................... 13
Table 9: Summary of batch and column Kd – GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) .................................... 13
Table 10: Summary of batch and column Kd - GWA – 5BR (8 – 12 ft.) ..................................... 14
Table 11: Summary of batch and column Kd - GWA – 4 D (38 ft.) ............................................. 14
Table 12: Summary of batch and column Kd – GWA – 11 D (23 – 25 ft.) .................................. 15
Table 13: Summary of batch and column Kd – GWA – 12 D (20 – 21 ft.) .................................. 15
Table 14: Summary of batch and column Kd – GWA – 1 S (33 – 35 ft.) ..................................... 16
Table 15: Summary of batch and column Kd – GWA – 3 S (25 – 27 ft.) ..................................... 16
Table 16: Kd Qualifiers for batch and column plots ..................................................................... 17
Table 17: Ogata-Banks parameters used in developing column Kd ............................................. 18
Table 18: HFO, HMO and HAO for soil samples. ....................................................................... 20
Table 19: Method 1313 leaching - pH, ORP and conductivity (at natural pH) ............................ 21
Table 20: Method 1313 leaching (at natural pH) data for ash samples collected at the site ........ 21

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List of Figures
Figure 1: Tumbler for 1313, 1316 and batch Kd ........................................................................... 22
Figure 2: Batch filtration set-up .................................................................................................... 22
Figure 3: Column set-up ............................................................................................................... 23
Figure 4: Syringe filtration for extraction of HFO/HMO/HAO ................................................... 24
Figure 5: Antimony batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ............................................................. 25
Figure 6: Arsenic batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ................................................................ 26
Figure 7: Arsenic column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ............................................................. 26
Figure 8: Boron batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ................................................................... 27
Figure 9: Boron column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ............................................................... 27
Figure 10: Cadmium batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ........................................................... 28
Figure 11: Cadmium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ........................................................ 28
Figure 12: Cobalt batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ................................................................ 29
Figure 14: Molybdenum column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) .................................................. 30
Figure 15: Selenium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ........................................................ 30
Figure 16: Thallium batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ............................................................ 31
Figure 17: Thallium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ......................................................... 31
Figure 18: Vanadium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.) ....................................................... 32
Figure 19: Antimony batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) ........................................................... 33
Figure 20: Arsenic batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) .............................................................. 34
Figure 21: Arsenic column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A .............................................. 34
Figure 22: Arsenic column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B ............................................... 35
Figure 23: Arsenic column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C ............................................... 35
Figure 24: Boron batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) ................................................................. 36
Figure 25: Boron column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A ................................................. 36
Figure 26: Boron column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B ................................................. 37
Figure 27: Boron column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C ................................................. 37
Figure 28: Cadmium batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) ........................................................... 38
Figure 29: Cadmium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A ........................................... 38
Figure 30: Cadmium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B ........................................... 39
Figure 31: Cadmium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C ........................................... 39
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Figure 32: Manganese batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.)......................................................... 40
Figure 33: Molybdenum batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) ..................................................... 41
Figure 34: Molybdenum column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A ..................................... 41
Figure 35: Molybdenum column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B ..................................... 42
Figure 36: Molybdenum column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C ..................................... 42
Figure 37: Selenium batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) ............................................................ 43
Figure 38: Selenium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A ............................................ 43
Figure 39: Selenium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B ............................................ 44
Figure 40: Selenium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C ............................................ 44
Figure 41: Thallium batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) ............................................................ 45
Figure 42: Thallium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A ............................................ 45
Figure 43: Thallium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B ............................................ 46
Figure 44: Thallium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C ............................................ 46
Figure 45: Vanadium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A .......................................... 47
Figure 46: Vanadium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B .......................................... 47
Figure 47: Vanadium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C .......................................... 48
Figure 48: Antimony batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) ........................................................... 49
Figure 49: Arsenic batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) ............................................................... 50
Figure 50: Arsenic column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) ............................................................ 50
Figure 51: Boron column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) .............................................................. 51
Figure 52: Cadmium column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)......................................................... 51
Figure 53: Chromium batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) .......................................................... 52
Figure 54: Manganese batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) ......................................................... 52
Figure 55: Molybdenum column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) ................................................... 53
Figure 56: Selenium batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)............................................................. 54
Figure 57: Selenium column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) ......................................................... 54
Figure 58: Thallium batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) ............................................................. 55
Figure 59: Thallium column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) .......................................................... 55
Figure 60: Vanadium batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) ........................................................... 56
Figure 61: Vanadium column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.) ........................................................ 56
Figure 62: Antimony batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) ................................................................ 57
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Figure 63: Arsenic batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) .................................................................... 58
Figure 64: Arsenic column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) ................................................................. 58
Figure 65: Boron batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) ....................................................................... 59
Figure 66: Boron column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) ................................................................... 59
Figure 67: Cadmium batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) ................................................................. 60
Figure 68: Cadmium column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.).............................................................. 60
Figure 69: Manganese batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) .............................................................. 61
Figure 70: Molybdenum batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) ........................................................... 62
Figure 71: Molybdenum column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) ........................................................ 62
Figure 72: Selenium batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.).................................................................. 63
Figure 73: Selenium column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) .............................................................. 63
Figure 74: Thallium column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) ............................................................... 64
Figure 75: Vanadium column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) ............................................................. 65
Figure 76: Vanadium column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.) ............................................................. 65
Figure 77: Antimony batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) .............................................................. 66
Figure 78: Arsenic batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) .................................................................. 67
Figure 79: Arsenic column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) ............................................................... 67
Figure 80: Boron column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) ................................................................. 68
Figure 81: Cadmium batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) ............................................................... 69
Figure 82: Cadmium column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)............................................................ 69
Figure 83: Manganese batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) ............................................................ 70
Figure 84: Molybdenum batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) ......................................................... 71
Figure 85: Molybdenum column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) ...................................................... 71
Figure 86: Selenium batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)................................................................ 72
Figure 87: Selenium column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) ............................................................ 72
Figure 88: Thallium batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) ................................................................ 73
Figure 89: Thallium column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) ............................................................. 73
Figure 90: Vanadium batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) .............................................................. 74
Figure 91: Vanadium column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.) ........................................................... 74
Figure 92: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ......................................................... 75
Figure 93: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ............................................................. 76
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Figure 94: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ......................................................... 76
Figure 95: Boron batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ............................................................... 77
Figure 96: Boron column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ............................................................ 77
Figure 97: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ...................................................... 78
Figure 98: Cobalt batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) .............................................................. 78
Figure 99: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ....................................................... 79
Figure 100: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) .............................................. 79
Figure 101: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ........................................................ 80
Figure 102: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ..................................................... 80
Figure 103: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ........................................................ 81
Figure 104: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ..................................................... 81
Figure 105: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ................................................... 82
Figure 106: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ................................................... 82
Figure 107: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ......................................................... 83
Figure 108: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ............................................................ 84
Figure 109: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ......................................................... 84
Figure 110: Boron column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ........................................................... 85
Figure 111: Cadmium batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ......................................................... 86
Figure 112: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ...................................................... 86
Figure 113: Cobalt batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) .............................................................. 87
Figure 114: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ....................................................... 87
Figure 115: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ................................................ 88
Figure 116: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) .......................................................... 89
Figure 117: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ...................................................... 89
Figure 118: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ....................................................... 90
Figure 119: Vanadium batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ........................................................ 91
Figure 120: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.) ..................................................... 91
Figure 121: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) .................................................................. 92
Figure 122: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ...................................................................... 93
Figure 123: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) .................................................................. 93
Figure 124: Boron column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ..................................................................... 94
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Figure 125: Cadmium batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) .................................................................. 95
Figure 126: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ............................................................... 95
Figure 127: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ................................................................ 96
Figure 128: Molybdenum batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ............................................................. 97
Figure 129: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ......................................................... 97
Figure 130: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ................................................................... 98
Figure 131: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ................................................................ 98
Figure 132: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) .................................................................... 99
Figure 133: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ................................................................ 99
Figure 134: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ............................................................ 100
Figure 135: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) ...................................................... 101
Figure 136: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) .......................................................... 102
Figure 137: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) ...................................................... 102
Figure 138: Boron column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) ......................................................... 103
Figure 139: Cadmium batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) ...................................................... 104
Figure 140: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) ................................................... 104
Figure 141: Cobalt batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) ............................................................ 105
Figure 142: Iron batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)................................................................ 106
Figure 143: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) .................................................... 106
Figure 144: Molybdenum batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) ................................................. 107
Figure 145: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) ............................................. 107
Figure 146: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) ....................................................... 108
Figure 147: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) .................................................... 108
Figure 148: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) ........................................................ 109
Figure 149: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) .................................................... 109
Figure 150: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) .................................................. 110
Figure 151: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) ...................................................... 111
Figure 152: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) .......................................................... 112
Figure 153: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) ...................................................... 112
Figure 154: Boron batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) ............................................................ 113
Figure 155: Boron column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) ......................................................... 113
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Figure 156: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) ................................................... 114
Figure 157: Chromium batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) ..................................................... 114
Figure 158: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) .................................................... 115
Figure 159: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) ............................................. 115
Figure 160: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) ....................................................... 116
Figure 161: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) .................................................... 116
Figure 162: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) ........................................................ 117
Figure 163: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) .................................................... 117
Figure 164: Vanadium batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) ...................................................... 118
Figure 165: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) .................................................. 118
Figure 166: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ......................................................... 119
Figure 167: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ............................................................ 120
Figure 168: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ......................................................... 120
Figure 169: Boron batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ............................................................... 121
Figure 170: Boron column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ............................................................ 121
Figure 171: Cadmium batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ......................................................... 122
Figure 172: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ...................................................... 122
Figure 173: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ....................................................... 123
Figure 174: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ................................................ 123
Figure 175: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) .......................................................... 124
Figure 176: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ...................................................... 124
Figure 177: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) .......................................................... 125
Figure 178: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ....................................................... 125
Figure 179: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ..................................................... 126
Figure 180: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ......................................................... 127
Figure 181: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ............................................................ 128
Figure 182: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ......................................................... 128
Figure 183: Boron batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ............................................................... 129
Figure 184: Boron column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ............................................................ 129
Figure 185: Cadmium batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ......................................................... 130
Figure 186: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ...................................................... 130
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Figure 187: Cobalt batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) .............................................................. 131
Figure 188: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ....................................................... 131
Figure 189: Molybdenum batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ................................................... 132
Figure 190: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ................................................ 132
Figure 191: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) .......................................................... 133
Figure 192: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ...................................................... 133
Figure 193: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) .......................................................... 134
Figure 194: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ....................................................... 134
Figure 195: Vanadium batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ........................................................ 135
Figure 196: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft. ...................................................... 135
Figure 197: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (32 – 34 ft.) .................. 136
Figure 198: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (32 – 34 ft.) ............... 136
Figure 199: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (32 – 34 ft.) .. 137
Figure 200: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (43 – 44 ft.) .................. 137
Figure 201: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (43 – 44 ft.) ............... 138
Figure 202: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (43 – 44 ft.) .. 138
Figure 203: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-105L (48 – 50 ft.) ................... 139
Figure 204: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-105L (48 – 50 ft.) ................ 139
Figure 205: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-105L (48 – 50 ft.) ... 140
Figure 206: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-2D (47 – 50 ft.) ....................... 140
Figure 207: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-2D (47 – 50 ft.) .................... 141
Figure 208: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-2D (47 – 50 ft.) ....... 141
Figure 209: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-10D (10 – 11 ft.) ..................... 142
Figure 210: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-10D (10 – 11 ft.) .................. 142
Figure 211: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-10D (10 – 11 ft.) ..... 142
Figure 212: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) ............. 142
Figure 213: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.) .......... 143
Figure 214: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)
..................................................................................................................................................... 143
Figure 215: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5BR (8 – 12 ft.) ............... 144
Figure 216: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5BR (8 – 12 ft.) ............ 144
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Figure 217: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5BR (8 – 12 ft.) 145
Figure 218: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ........................ 145
Figure 219: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA ––4D (38 ft.) .................... 146
Figure 220: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 4D (38 ft.) ........ 146
Figure 221: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.) .............. 147
Figure 222: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)
..................................................................................................................................................... 147
Figure 223: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)
..................................................................................................................................................... 148
Figure 224: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.) .............. 148
Figure 225: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)
..................................................................................................................................................... 149
Figure 226: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)
..................................................................................................................................................... 149
Figure 227: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) ................ 150
Figure 228: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) 150
Figure 229: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.) 151
Figure 230: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) ................ 151
Figure 231: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.).............. 152
Figure 232: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.) 152

Soil Sorption Evaluation Dan River Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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1. Introduction

Duke Energy Carolinas, Inc. (Duke Energy) owns and operates the Dan River Steam Station
located in Rockingham County, North Carolina. The plant retired in 2012. The coal ash residue
from the coal combustion process for power generation was placed in the plant’s ash basin,
which is permitted by the North Carolina Department of Environmental and Natural Resources
(NCDENR) Division of Water Resources (DWR) under the National Pollution Discharge
Elimination System.

In a Notice of Regulatory Requirements (NORR) letter dated August 13, 2014, the Division of
Water Resources (DWR) requested that Duke Energy prepare a Groundwater Assessment Plan to
identify the source and cause of possible contamination, any potential hazards to public health
and safety and actions taken to mitigate them, and all receptors and complete exposure pathways.
In addition, the plan should determine the horizontal and vertical extent of possible soil and
groundwater contamination and all significant factors affecting contaminant transport and the
geological and hydrogeological features influencing the movement, chemical, and physical
character of the contaminants. The work plan was also prepared to fulfill the requirements
stipulated in Coal Ash Management Act 2014 – North Carolina Senate Bill 729:

The Groundwater Assessment Plan includes the collection of groundwater and surface water
information to prepare a Comprehensive Site Assessment Report and support the development of
a groundwater computer model to evaluate the long-term fate and transport of constituents of
concern (COCs) in groundwater associated with the ash basin.

Critical input parameters for the model are site-specific sorption coefficients Kd for each COC.
This report presents the initial results of soil sorption testing on selected soils from the Dan River
Steam Station to quantify the Kd terms. Testing was performed at the Civil and Environmental
Engineering laboratories in the EPIC building at UNC Charlotte. Soil samples were collected
during the geotechnical and environmental exploration program at the facility between March
and June 2015, twenty-six of which were delivered to UNC Charlotte between March 23rd and
June 13th of 2015.

2. Background

In groundwater, sorption is quantified by the equilibrium relationship between chemicals in the
dissolved and adsorbed phases. Experiments to quantify sorption can be conducted using batch
or column procedures. A batch sorption procedure consists of combining soil samples and
solutions across a range of soil-to-solution ratios, followed by shaking until chemical equilibrium
is achieved. Initial and final concentrations of chemicals in the solution determine the adsorbed
amount of chemical, and provide data for developing plots of adsorbed versus dissolved
chemical. If the plot, or isotherm, is linear, the single-valued coefficient Kd, with units of volume
per unit mass, represents the slope of the isotherm. Depending on the chemical, its dissolved
phase concentration, and the soil characteristics, nonlinear isotherms, characterized by two or
more coefficients, may result.

The column sorption procedure consists of passing a solution of known chemical concentration
through a cylindrical column packed with the soil sample. A plot of the chemical constituent
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measured in the column effluent is plotted versus time or its equivalent, pore volumes passed.
This so-called breakthrough curve is plotted together with the analytical solution of the
advection-dispersion-adsorption equation from which the linear sorption coefficient Kd is
estimated by visual curve fitting [1]. When comparing the merits of the two procedures for
quantifying sorption, the batch procedure provides a more effective contact between the solution
and soil, while the column procedure is more representative of in-situ groundwater flow
conditions where solution soil contact is non-uniform and less than fully effective. Both batch
and column procedures were employed for the sorption experiments on soils. Depending on
practical considerations, the batch procedure may be designed to capture a wide range of Kd
values.

Metal oxy-hydroxide phases of iron, manganese, and aluminum in soils are considered to be the
most important surface reactive phases for cationic and anionic constituents in many subsurface
environments [2]. Quantities of these phases in a given soil can thus be considered as a proxy
for COC sorption capacity for a given soil. In this study, oxy-hydroxide phases of iron,
manganese, and aluminum (hereafter referred to as HFO, HMO, and HAO) were measured
concurrently with sorption coefficients for selected COCs and soil samples.

3. Experiment: Kd Determination

3.1 Sample Storage and Preparation

Twelve soil samples were selected for determination of sorption coefficients (Table 1). The basis
for selection was to provide adequate coverage of the saturated zone beneath and down gradient
of the ash basin. Preserved soils arrived at the EPIC lab in air-tight plastic bags on ice in coolers.
Samples were stored in their original containers in a cold room at less than 4°C until tested. For
batch and column procedures, soil samples were disaggregated, homogenized, and air-dried at
room temperature in aluminum pans (21” x 13” x 4”), for a minimum of 72 hours, with turning
every 12 hours. The dry samples were then sieved to a particle diameter of less than 2 mm (#10
U.S. Standard mesh). Sample splits for column testing were sieved a second time to remove
particles less than 0.30 mm (#50 U.S. Standard mesh) in order to have sufficient permeability of
the sample such that water passed through the column without operational problems, such as
leaking or reduced flow.

Bedrock samples were fragmented using a Sotec Systems Universal Testing Machine (UTM).
Fragmentation was continued until the approximate grain size was 2.0 to 0.30 mm by visual
inspection. Like the soil samples, bedrock samples intended for column testing were sieved a
second time to remove particles less than 0.30 mm (#50 U.S. Standard mesh) to minimize
operational problems associated with the small particle size fraction.

Soil samples for batch sorption testing were weighed and placed in 250 mL wide-mouth HDPE
bottles with polypropylene screw tops (in accordance with U.S. Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA) Technical Resource Document EPA/530/SW-87/006-F). For each test on a single
sample, soil masses of 10, 25, 50, 75, and 100 grams were placed in separate bottles. The
columns were 8 inch long (20.3cm) polyethylene tubes with dimensions 0.675 in. (16 mm) I.D.
by 0.75 in. (19 mm) O.D. Each column setup included two polypropylene end caps with barbed
fittings that accept 0.25 to 0.375 in. (6.4 to 9.5 mm) I.D. tubing. Two discs of porous
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polyethylene and polymer mesh screen were placed between the end cap and tube to retain the
soil in the column.

A modified slurry packing method was used to provide homogenous sample packing without
preferential flow in the columns [3]. With one end cap in place acid-washed Ottawa sand was
added through the open end to a depth of about 2 cm to ensure the effective dispersal of flow
across the column cross section. With the lower end cap and sand in place, 3 mL of 18 MΩ water
(high purity de-ionized water) was added to the column. Then sample material was added in 5
cm lifts. The column assembly was weighed after each addition of water and soil. In order to
eliminate trapped air, the column was placed on a vibrating table for 15 seconds. This process
also ensured proper compaction while promoting a uniform density throughout the column. The
sequence of adding water and sample material followed by vibrating was continued until roughly
2 cm of column head space remained. A 2 cm thick sand layer was added at the top of the
compacted sample and the upper end cap was attached. The length of material in the column was
measured in order to estimate the dry bulk density and porosity of the packed sample.
Experimental set-up is presented in Figure 4.

3.2 Metal Oxy-hydroxide Phases

The analytical method for determining hydrous ferric oxide (HFO) and hydrous aluminum oxide
(HAO) was adapted from Chou and Zhou [4] and that of hydrous manganese oxide (HMO) from
T.T.Chao [5]. The HFO and HAO method calls for extracting the soil sample using a 0.25M
NH2OH·HCl-0.25M HCl combined solution as the extractant at 50° C for 30 minutes (soil/liquid
= 0.1 g/25 mL). The HMO methods calls for extracting the soil samples using a 0.1 M
NH2OH·HCl-0.25M HCl combined solution as the extractant at 25° C for 2 hours (soil/liquid =
0.025 g/50 mL) (Figure 4).

3.3 Test Solution

A synthetic groundwater, with the chemical composition of is provided in Table 2, was prepared
using reagent grade solid chemicals and 18 MΩ water. Target COC concentrations were attained
by diluting concentrated reference standards to the synthetic groundwater solution. After adding
the reference standards, the COC-amended feed solution was back-titrated as needed to an
approximate pH range of 6.5 to 7.5 using 0.1N sodium hydroxide solution. Iron and manganese
were omitted from the list of target COC given that they were considered likely to leach when
exposed to the synthetic groundwater.

3.4 Equipment Setup

The COC-amended solutions were prepared in 10 liter and 20 liter LDPE carboys for the batch
and column experiments, respectively. For each batch experiment, 200 ml of solution was added
to each 250 mL bottle to obtain soil mass to solution ratios of 50, 125, 250, 375, and 500 mg/L.
The soil-solution mixtures were equilibrated in a rotary mixer operating at 60 rpm for 24 hours.
The experimental set-up and filtration details are presented in Figure 1 and 2. Following
equilibration, water samples were drawn, filtered, and preserved for twelve COCs (arsenic,
boron, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, molybdenum, antimony, iron, manganese, selenium,
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thallium, and vanadium). Sample blanks were included in selected experiments to confirm
stability of the solution.

For the column experiments, Masterflex peristaltic pump drives with 12-channel, 8-roller
cartridge pump heads and cartridges were connected between the carboys and the columns using
Tygon tubing, valves, and fittings. The columns were operated in the up-flow mode. The flow
rate was set to pass approximately twelve pore volumes, or approximately 200 mL, per day
through each column. Before pumping began with the COC-amended solutions, the columns
were fully saturated by slowly pumping reagent water in the up-flow mode. The COC-amended
solutions were stirred continuously using magnetic stirrers. The arrangement of the carboys,
pump, and columns is shown in Figure 4. Real-time, grab sample volumes of approximately 50
mL were drawn for each sampling event. The sample time and total volume pumped since the
previous sampling event were recorded for calculating flow rates and pore volume passed.
Concurrent samples of the feed solutions were also taken for each sampling event. Each sample
was proportioned, filtered, and preserved for analysis of eight COCs (arsenic, boron, cadmium,
chromium, molybdenum, selenium, thallium, and vanadium). Iron and manganese Kd values
were determined from the combination of batch and HFO-HMO values and not by the column
method.

4. Model Equations for Kd Determination

After equilibration of a batch soil-solution mixture, the COC concentration in solution will be
reduced due to sorption. This may be expressed as
ݔ
݉ ൌ ሾሺܥ݋ െ ܥ
ሻ/݉ሿ ∗ܸ

where, x/m is the soil concentration (μg/g), Co is the initial solution concentration (μg/L), C is
the final solution concentration, m is the soil sample mass, and V is the volume of solution. For
sorption characterized by a linear isotherm, a plot of measured solution concentration versus
calculated soil concentration for each soil sample (five data points: one for each soil to solution
ratio) will yield the linear Kd term as the slope of x/m versus C.

For the steady-state flow regime considered in the column tests, van Genuchten and Alves
[1982] presented the following form of the Ogata-Banks equation for one-dimensional,
advection-dispersion equation with sorption as a close approximation to that for a finite length,
lab-scale column [1, 6]:

ܥ ሺݔ,ݐሻ ൌ ܥ଴
2 ൤݁ݎ݂ܿ ൬ܴݔ െ ݒݐ
2√ܦܴݐ ൰ ൅݁ݔ݌ሺݒݔ/ܦሻ݁ݎ݂ܿ ൬ܴݔ ൅ ݒݐ
2√ܦܴݐ ൰൨

where, C(x,t) is the solute concentration (M/L3), x is the column length (L), t is the elapsed time
(T), Co is the feed concentration (M/L3), R is the dimensionless retardation coefficient, v is the
seepage velocity (L/T), and D is the soil dispersion coefficient (L2/T). For sorption characterized
by a linear isotherm, the Kd term (L3/M) is incorporated in R:

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ܴൌ1൅ߩ௕ ܭௗ
݊

where, ρb is the dry bulk density of the soil (M/L3) and n is the porosity. For the given test
conditions where dispersion was dominant over diffusion, the soil dispersion coefficient D is
equal to the product of the longitudinal dispersivity, aL (L) and the seepage velocity. Supporting
data used to estimate Kd based on O-B equation are provided in Table 17. For plotting the
analytical results together with the O-B equation, cumulative pore volumes corresponding to the
elapsed time of each sampling event were calculated using measured water volumes pumped and
the column pore volume. For each COC and soil column, Kd was estimated by visually fitting
the plotted O-B equation to the measured solution concentrations.

5. Leaching for Ash Samples

The site specific ash samples were subjected to two leaching protocols, Method 1313 and
Method 1316.

Method 1313: Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Extract pH using a Parallel Batch
Extraction Procedure [7]. The procedure calls for reaching nine specific pH targets after mixing.
If the natural pH of the material, without acid or based addition, is not one of the target pH
positions, the natural pH is a tenth position in the procedure. For the purpose of this study, the
test was conducted at the natural pH of the material only. The ash samples were extracted for 24
hours with 18 MΩ water. The leachates from the extraction step were filtered using 0.45µ filter
paper and analyzed for pH, ORP, conductivity, and concentration of anions and cations.

Method 1316: Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Liquid-Solid Ratio using a Parallel
Batch Extraction Procedure [8] . This method consists of five parallel extractions over a range of
L/S values from 0.5 to 10 mL eluent/g dry material. In addition to the five test extractions, a
method blank without solid sample was carried out to verify that analyte interferences are not
introduced as a consequence of reagent impurities or equipment contamination. The 250 mL test
bottles were equilibrated for 24 hours with 18 MΩ water (and as per method specification). At
the end of the contact interval, the leachates from the extraction step was filtered (0.45µ filter
paper) and analyzed for pH, ORP, conductivity, and concentration of anions and cations

6. Results

The oxidation and reduction potential (ORP) values of soil samples, measured as per ASTM G
200 – 09, are listed in Table 3[9].

The sorption test results are grouped by soil sample. Batch and column results are tabulated in
Tables 4 through 15. The Kd result for COCs are assigned qualifiers and are presented in Table
16. The parameters used in Ogata-Banks equation for developing the Kd column plots are
presented in Table 17. Batch and column test results for the COCs are shown in Figure 5 through
196 for each soil sample.

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At the conclusion of the breakthrough experiment, six pore volumes of 18 MΩ water was passed
through the column (data not shown in column Kd plots). No significant COC desorption was
observed based on the column effluent monitoring.

General comments for Kd experiments:

The sorption coefficients extracted from the experimental results in this study may be affected to
some extent by factors related to the experimental design. They include the following:

 The goal of the batch and column sorption studies was to expose each soil sample to
COCs in the aqueous phase and allow COC adsorption to occur until equilibrium is
achieved. A solution intended to represent a generic groundwater was used as the
background solution to which COCs were added. This solution differs from the in-situ
solution in groundwater from which the soil sample was sampled. As a result, the soil
sample is exposed to a geochemical environment in which a number of chemical
reactions may take place in addition to sorption.

 The number of COCs for which sorption estimates are required for each sample
necessitates combining a number of COCs in a single solution for simultaneous
measurement. These COCs may interact chemically, thus altering their respective
sorption characteristics for individual soil samples.

 Sorption characteristics for selected COCs are sensitive to redox conditions. Experiments
in the lab were conducted in atmospheric conditions unless otherwise noted. The
resulting sorption coefficients may not be representative of other redox settings.

 Sample splits for column testing were sieved to remove particle sizes less than 0.30 mm
in order to have sufficient permeability of the sample to pass water through the column
without operational problems such as leaking and reduced flow. This could also affect the
observed Kd value.

Specific comments for batch and column Kd experiments are summarized as follows

 Batch Kd for As ranged from 82.5 to 2563.4 mL/g and column Kd ranged from 30 to 320
mL/g.

 Batch Kd for B ranged from 1.1 to 3.9 mL/g and column Kd ranged from 6 to 20 mL/g.

 Batch Kd for Cd ranged from 124.5 to 793.6 mL/g and column Kd ranged from 130 to 450
mL/g.

 Batch Kd for Co ranged from 225 to 2814.9 mL/g. Co was analyzed after the column
study was started, therefore Kd was not determined.

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 Batch and column Kd for Cr did not indicate linear isotherm.

 Fe and Mn were not included in the test solution, so its occurrence in the batch test
solution is indicative of leaching. HFO and HMO values were used as the initial
concentration to predict the Kd values for Fe and Mn, respectively. If the concentration of
Fe and Mn increased with mass of soil per unit volume of test solution during batch
experiments, it is an indication of a linear leaching model, as opposed to a linear sorption
model. Kd for Fe and Mn batch ranged from 536.3 to 7262.5 mL/g and 6.2 to 9183.2
mL/g, respectively.

 Batch Kd for Mo ranged from 9.5 to 2257.9 mL/g and column Kd ranged from 9 to 175
mL/g.

 Batch Kd for Sb ranged from 13.8 to 1125.1 mL/g. Sb was analyzed after the column
study was started, therefore Kd was not determined.

 Batch Kd for Se ranged from 49.5 to 4081.8 mL/g and column Kd ranged from 15 to 225
mL/g.

 Batch Kd for Tl ranged from 378.6 to 3949.2 mL/g and column Kd ranged from 75 to 465
mL/g.

 Batch Kd for V ranged from 65.3 to 1345 mL/g, and column Kd ranged from 16 to 350
mL/g.

pH, ORP, and conductivity at different liquid to solid (L/S) ratios for batch experiment are
depicted in Figures 197 through 232.

HFO, HMO and HAO results are presented in Table 18.

The leaching test for 1313 is tabulated in Table 19 and 20. From Table 20 it can be observed that
beryllium, cadmium, chromium, cobalt, lead and thallium indicated negligible leaching (less than
minimum detection limit of 1 ppb). Copper, manganese, nickel and zinc indicated leaching in the
range of 2 to 6 ppb. Arsenic, boron, iron, molybdenum, selenium and vanadium indicated
leaching.

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7. References
1. Akio Ogata, R.B.B., A Solution of the Differential Equation of Longitudinal Dispersion
in Porous Media. Geological Survey Professional Paper 411 - A, 1961: p. 1-13.
2. Robert G. Ford, R.T.W., Robert W. Puls, Monitored Natural Attenuation of Inorganic
Contaminants in Ground Water. 2007, National Risk Management Research Laboratory,
U.S. EPA: Cincinnati, Ohio.
3. Oliviera, I.B., A.H. Demond, and A. Salehzadeh, Packing of Sands for the Production of
Homogeneous Porous Media. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1996. 60(1): p.
49-53.
4. Chao, T.T. and L. Zhou, Extraction Techniques for Selective Dissolution of Amorphous
Iron Oxides from Soils and Sediments. Soil Sci. Soc. Am. J., 1983. 47(2): p. 225-232.
5. Chao, T.T., Selective Dissolution of Manganese Oxides from Soils and Sediments with
Acidified Hydroxylamine Hydrochloride. Soil Science Society of America Journal, 1972.
36(5): p. 764-768.
6. W.J.Alves, M.T.v.G.a., Analytical Solutions of the One-Dimensional Convetive-
Dispersive Solute Transport Equation. 1982.
7. USEPA, Method 1313: Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of pH for Constituents in
Solid Materials Using a Parallel Batch Extraction Procedure. 2012, USEPA:
Alexandria, VA.
8. USEPA, Method 1316: Liquid-Solid Partitioning as a Function of Liquid-to-Solid Ration
in Solid Materials Using a Parallel Batch Procedure. 2012, USEPA: Alexandria, VA. p.
1-20.
9. ASTM, ASTM G 200 - 09 "Standard Test Method for Measurement of Oxidation-
Reduction Potential (ORP of Soil)". 2014, ASTM International: West Conshohocken,
PA.

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Appendix – A
Table 1: Site specific sample analyzed for Kd
Sample Name Depth (ft.)
AB – 30 BR 32 – 34
AB – 30 BR 43 – 44.1
AB – 105 L 48 – 50
AS – 2D 47 – 50
AS – 10D 10 – 11
GWA – 10 102 – 104
GWA – 5BR 8 – 12
GWA – 4D 38
GWA – 11D 23 – 25
GWA – 12D 20 – 21
GWA – 1S 33 – 35
GWA – 3S 25 – 27

Table 2: Synthetic ground water constituents and trace metals concentrations targets
Chemical Concentration Units
CaCO3. 20.0 ppm
MgSO4 5.0 ppm
Na(HCO3) 10.0 ppm
Arsenic 500 ppb
Boron 500 ppb
Cadmium 500 ppb
Chromium 500 ppb
Molybdenum 500 ppb
Selenium 500 ppb
Thallium 500 ppb
Vanadium 500 ppb

Chemical Concentration Units
CaSO4. 2H2O 20.0 ppm
MgSO4 5.0 ppm
Na(HCO3) 10.0 ppm
Antimony 500 ppb
Cobalt 500 ppb

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Table 3: Oxidation-reduction potential values for selected soil samples (ASTM G 200-09)
Sl.
No.

Sample Name

Depth ORP (mv)
ft. Trial A Trial B Trial C Average
1 AB – 30 BR 3 – 5 432.3 476.7 468.9 459.3
2 AB – 30 BR 15 – 17 490.9 492.7 494.8 492.8
3 AB – 30 BR 32 – 34 483.1 496.9 500.6 493.5
4 AB – 30 BR 43 – 44.1 330.2 318.4 333.4 327.3
5 AS – 2 D 47 – 50 468.9 453.7 455.0 459.2
6 AS – 4 D 22 – 23 400.7 429.8 450.8 427.1
7 AS – 6 D 10 – 11 433.7 453.0 454.0 446.9
8 GWA – 6 D 20 – 24 378.5 387.4 377.4 381.1
9 GWA – 10 D 28 – 29 460.1 476.4 475.3 470.6
10 GWA – 10 D 31 – 31.5 BEDROCK
11 GWA – 11 D 23 – 25 479.1 486.3 492.3 485.9
12 GWA – 12 D 20 – 21 329.2 334.2 337.7 333.7
13 GWA – 3 S 25 – 27 477.6 483.1 488.7 483.1
14 GWA – 12 S 13 – 15 448.8 459.1 462.4 456.8
15 GWA – 317 BR 59 – 59.8 BEDROCK
16 MW – 307 BR 48 – 50 417.2 398.0 418.8 411.3
17 MW – 308 BR 37 228.1 211.7 228.2 222.7
18 MW – 310 BR 35 – 37 485.1 479.9 487.9 484.3
19 MW – 318 BR 41.5 404.8 408.7 403.0 405.5

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Table 4: Summary of batch and column Kd for AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 2563.4 0.77 2475.5 0.81 280.0
Boron 1.8 0.49 1.7 0.76 10.0
Cadmium 193.6 0.99 202.1 0.99 265.0
Chromium Non-linear Isotherm NA
Cobalt 364.7 0.86 429.7 0.76 NA 
Iron 536.3 0.93 -- -- NA 
Manganese Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Molybdenum Non-linear Isotherm 150.0
Antimony 936.2 0.91 1125.1 0.90 NA
Selenium Non-linear Isotherm 155.0
Thallium 575.9 0.98 584.5 0.97 280.0
Vanadium Non-linear Isotherm 250.0

Table 5: Summary of batch and column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44.1 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R
2 Trial A Trial B Trial C
Arsenic 1974.8 0.93 1929.0 0.93 285.0 175.0 320.0
Boron 1.1 0.47 1.5 0.52 20.0 15.0 12.0
Cadmium 349.6 0.97 452.3 0.94 360.0 355.0 310.0
Chromium Non-linear Isotherm NA
Cobalt 225.0 0.56 -- -- NA
Iron Non-linear Isotherm NA
Manganese 13.2 0.60 13.6 0.61 NA
Molybdenum 352.0 0.86 383.8 0.82 85.0 35.0 40.0
Antimony 210.1 0.95 194.9 0.91 NA
Selenium 1239.3 0.95 1323.9 0.97 160.0 75.0 90.0
Thallium 3141.5 0.82 3268.0 0.86 375.0 465.0 385.0
Vanadium Non-linear Isotherm 260.0 150.0 255.0

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Table 6: Summary of batch and column Kd – AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 1868.1 0.95 1781.1 0.95 300.0
Boron Non-linear Isotherm 12.0
Cadmium Non-linear Isotherm 360.0
Chromium 20.1 0.45 -- -- NA
Cobalt Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Iron Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Manganese 360.1 0.85 368.5 0.78 NA 
Molybdenum Non-linear Isotherm 16.0
Antimony 71.7 0.99 68.4 0.99 NA
Selenium 180.3 0.99 175.6 0.99 100.0
Thallium 3789.5 0.65 3915.0 0.67 350.0
Vanadium 583.1 0.94 545.9 0.94 280.0

Table 7: Summary of batch and column Kd - AS – 2 D (47 – 50 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 478.4 0.99 526.9 0.99 75.0
Boron 1.2 0.65 -- -- 10.0
Cadmium 649.9 0.99 724.3 0.97 260.0
Chromium Non-linear Isotherm NA
Cobalt Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Iron Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Manganese 108.0 0.50 106.7 0.54 NA 
Molybdenum -- -- 9.5 0.47 15.0
Antimony 27.9 0.97 38.5 0.77 NA
Selenium 115.3 0.96 124.7 0.97 55.0
Thallium Non-linear Isotherm 260.0
Vanadium 408.7 0.99 435.6 0.99 80.0

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Table 8: Summary of batch and column Kd - AS – 10 D (10 – 11 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 538.8 0.99 569.6 0.99 240.0
Boron Non-linear Isotherm 10.0
Cadmium 283.6 0.84 359.1 0.96 130.0
Chromium Non-linear Isotherm NA
Cobalt Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Iron Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Manganese 23.7 0.60 23.2 0.54 NA 
Molybdenum 56.8 0.71 56.2 0.66 120.0
Antimony 31.2 0.92 36.9 0.99 NA
Selenium 260.5 0.98 268.5 0.97 150.0
Thallium -- -- 1803.7 0.87 160.0
Vanadium 463.3 0.93 467.2 0.99 200.0

Table 9: Summary of batch and column Kd – GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial – 2 R
2
Arsenic 82.5 0.94 83.6 0.95 30.0
Boron 3.9 0.92 3.6 0.94 9.0
Cadmium Non-linear Isotherm 255.0
Chromium Non-linear Isotherm NA
Cobalt 2752.3 0.73 2814.9 0.70 NA 
Iron Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Manganese 106.7 0.99 102.3 0.99 NA 
Molybdenum Non-linear Isotherm 9.0
Antimony 13.8 0.90 14.8 0.90 NA
Selenium 57.6 0.89 59.6 0.91 15.0
Thallium 718.1 0.86 725.6 0.86 75.0
Vanadium 65.3 0.93 66.5 0.94 16.0

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Table 10: Summary of batch and column Kd - GWA – 5BR (8 – 12 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 547.9 0.98 521.7 0.95 30.0
Boron Non-linear Isotherm 7.0
Cadmium 560.3 0.78 793.6 0.79 160.0
Chromium Non-linear Isotherm NA
Cobalt 2463.7 0.65 2377.5 0.40 NA 
Iron Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Manganese 73.6 0.49 74.0 0.46 NA 
Molybdenum Non-linear Isotherm 10.0
Antimony 46.4 0.97 44.5 0.98 NA
Selenium 134.6 0.96 121.0 0.94 18.0
Thallium Non-linear Isotherm 210.0
Vanadium 428.8 0.94 382.9 0.95 30.0

Table 11: Summary of batch and column Kd - GWA – 4 D (38 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 1006.7 0.92 1061.6 0.91 230.0
Boron Non-linear Isotherm 7.0
Cadmium 154.0 0.94 164.3 0.87 210.0
Chromium Non-linear Isotherm NA
Cobalt Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Iron Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Manganese 6.3 0.70 6.2 0.70 NA 
Molybdenum 1486.2 0.98 1523.6 0.94 95.0
Antimony 187.2 0.85 189.5 0.85 NA
Selenium 1066.9 0.57 1164.7 0.60 150.0
Thallium 378.6 0.97 381.9 0.99 220.0
Vanadium Non-linear Isotherm 215.0

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Table 12: Summary of batch and column Kd – GWA – 11 D (23 – 25 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 1749.8 0.96 1649.0 0.96 360.0
Boron Non-linear Isotherm 12.0
Cadmium 244.1 0.89 254.8 0.92 450.0
Chromium Non-linear Isotherm NA
Cobalt 747.6 0.85 716.9 0.80 NA 
Iron 7262.5 0.51 -- -- NA 
Manganese 63.8 0.46 66.4 0.58 NA 
Molybdenum 2257.1 0.88 2257.9 0.88 160.0
Antimony 135.9 0.87 123.1 0.84 NA
Selenium 2869.0 0.92 2703.0 0.92 225.0
Thallium 1100.2 0.97 1069.8 0.95 450.0
Vanadium Non-linear Isotherm 350.0

Table 13: Summary of batch and column Kd – GWA – 12 D (20 – 21 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 724.5 0.96 669.6 0.91 40.0
Boron 2.5 0.88 2.7 0.98 6.0
Cadmium Non-linear Isotherm 260.0
Chromium 33.8 0.56 -- -- NA
Cobalt Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Iron Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Manganese 9183.2 0.61 5505.7 0.58 NA 
Molybdenum Non-linear Isotherm 10.0
Antimony 24.2 0.99 25.2 0.99 NA
Selenium 55.0 0.93 49.5 0.87 20.0
Thallium 3980.2 0.70 3949.2 0.71 270.0
Vanadium 424.6 0.99 341.5 0.70 40.0

Soil Sorption Evaluation Dan River Steam Station UNC Charlotte
16 | P a g e

Table 14: Summary of batch and column Kd – GWA – 1 S (33 – 35 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial - 2 R2
Arsenic 1744.3 0.96 1713.8 0.96 260.0
Boron 2.5 0.71 2.3 0.81 16.0
Cadmium 124.5 0.89 126.2 0.94 340.0
Chromium Non-linear Isotherm NA
Cobalt Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Iron Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Manganese 61.4 0.60 60.6 0.52 NA 
Molybdenum Non-linear Isotherm 175.0
Antimony 772.0 0.98 824.0 0.99 NA
Selenium 3830.1 0.73 4081.8 0.62 220.0
Thallium 546.8 0.99 550.8 0.99 360.0
Vanadium Non-linear Isotherm 250.0

Table 15: Summary of batch and column Kd – GWA – 3 S (25 – 27 ft.)
Batch Column
Metals Trial – 1 R2 Trial – 2 R
2
Arsenic 1338.6 0.99 1493.8 0.98 50.0
Boron 2.5 0.92 3.1 0.57 9.0
Cadmium 463.2 0.97 476.5 0.97 185.0
Chromium Non-linear Isotherm NA
Cobalt 1370.1 0.84 1334.0 0.93 NA 
Iron Non-linear Isotherm NA 
Manganese 57.0 0.46 57.6 0.49 NA 
Molybdenum 445.1 0.82 534.8 0.84 45.0
Antimony 117.2 0.93 102.6 0.92 NA
Selenium 1312.9 0.98 1553.0 0.99 70.0
Thallium 2138.8 0.91 2767.2 0.92 240.0
Vanadium 1345.0 0.46 -- -- 100.0

Soil Sorption Evaluation Dan River Steam Station UNC Charlotte
17 | P a g e

Table 16: Kd Qualifiers for batch and column plots
Batch Kd Qualifiers
Sl.
No. Description Qualifier
Identification Number
1 The concentration distribution is sufficient for the selected L/S
ratio and given COC under consideration.
Q – B – 1
2 The range of final COC concentration is narrow, such that
normal variation due to the analytical method resulted in a
non-linear isotherm.
Q – B – 2
3 The range of final COC concentration is narrow and low, such
that normal variation due to the analytical method resulted in a
non-linear isotherm.
Q – B – 3
4 Leachable COC is present in the soil sample prior to testing.
This resulted in higher concentration of COC in the final COC
concentration at the end of batch experiment. The mass
balance approach for estimating sorption can only be done if
leachable COC is known.
Q – B – 4
5 Anomalous variability in the experimental results resulted in a
non-linear isotherm.
Q – B – 5
6 Initial COC concentration in the synthetic ground water is not
sufficient to produce a well-defined linear isotherm.
Q – B – 6
Column Kd Qualifiers
Sl.
No. Description Qualifier
Identification Number
1 The breakthrough curve is sufficient for applying the Ogata-
Banks model equation.
Q – C – 1
2 The COC reached breakthrough although the concentration
was less than the feedstock. Other chemical interactions
between soil and synthetic ground water occurring after the
initial breakthrough caused a transient decrease in effluent
concentration with increased pore volumes (very commonly
observed with arsenic in most soil samples from various sites).
Q – C – 2
3 Effluent and influent concentrations are essentially the same
over the period of data collection, indicating minimal COC
sorption onto the soil (observed frequently with boron and
molybdenum).
Q – C – 3
4 Breakthrough was not observed. A conservation estimate of
sorption was made by assuming breakthrough occurred at the
end of the data collection period.
Q – C – 4
5 The model equation is fit to the initial segment of the
breakthrough curve to yield a conservative estimate of
sorption.
Q – C – 5
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Soil Sorption Evaluation Dan River Steam Station UNC Charlotte
20 | P a g e

Table 18: HFO, HMO and HAO for soil samples.
Soil Samples for which Kd was tested
Sample Name Depth HFO HMO HAO
ft. mg/Kg mg/Kg mg/Kg
AB – 30 BR 32 – 34 232.3 261.5 171.8
AB – 30 BR 43 – 44.1 383.3 302.0 113.0
AB – 105 L 48 – 50 360.0 184.6 219.0
AS – 2D 47 – 50 269.0 370.8 182.3
AS – 10D 10 – 11 461.0 114.3 250.3
GWA – 10 102 – 104 676.3 249.4 437.0
GWA – 5BR 8 – 12 321.5 267.4 196.3
GWA – 4D 38 688.5 139.0 150.0
GWA – 11D 23 – 25 488.1 424.2 168.3
GWA – 12D 20 – 21 992.25 677.8 328.3
GWA – 1S 33 – 35 351.1 313.7 417.5
GWA – 3S 25 – 27 256.9 281.0 173.6

Soil Samples for which Kd was not tested
Sample Name Depth HFO HMO HAO
ft. mg/Kg mg/Kg mg/Kg
AB – 30 BR 3 – 5 326.7 641.6 101.5
AB – 30 BR 15 – 17 266.5 341.5 171.5
AS – 4 D 22 – 23 214.8 223.4 397.8
AS – 6 D 10 – 11 153.8 452.8 460.3
GWA – 6 D 20 – 24 1035.8 43.0 203.5
GWA – 10 D 28 – 29 231.8 200.2 207.0
GWA – 10 D 31 – 31.5 454.8 716.6 177.0
GWA – 7 S 29 – 30 215.8 508.1 95.3
GWA – 12 S 13 – 15 294.4 826.5 153.6
MW – 307 BR 48 – 50 204.8 69.2 192.3
MW – 308 BR 37 253.5 224.2 288.8
MW – 310 BR 35 – 37 224.75 200.8 245.3
MW – 317 BR 59 – 59.8 399.0 50.3 186.5
MW – 318 BR 41.5 402.3 207.4 236.8

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Soil Sorption Evaluation Dan River Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Appendix – B

Figure 1: Tumbler for 1313, 1316 and batch Kd

Figure 2: Batch filtration set-up
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Figure 3: Column set-up
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Figure 4: Syringe filtration for extraction of HFO/HMO/HAO

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Kd plots

Figure 5: Antimony batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

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Figure 6: Arsenic batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

Figure 7: Arsenic column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

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Figure 8: Boron batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

Figure 9: Boron column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

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Figure 10: Cadmium batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

Figure 11: Cadmium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

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Figure 12: Cobalt batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

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Figure 13: Molybdenum column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

Figure 14: Selenium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

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Figure 15: Thallium batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

Figure 16: Thallium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

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Figure 17: Vanadium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (32 – 34 ft.)

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Figure 18: Antimony batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.)

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Figure 19: Arsenic batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.)

Figure 20: Arsenic column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A

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Figure 21: Arsenic column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B

Figure 22: Arsenic column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C

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Figure 23: Boron batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.)

Figure 24: Boron column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A

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Figure 25: Boron column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B

Figure 26: Boron column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C

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Figure 27: Cadmium batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.)

Figure 28: Cadmium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A

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Figure 29: Cadmium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B

Figure 30: Cadmium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C

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Figure 31: Manganese batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.)

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Figure 32: Molybdenum batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.)

Figure 33: Molybdenum column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A

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Figure 34: Molybdenum column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B

Figure 35: Molybdenum column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C

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Figure 36: Selenium batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.)

Figure 37: Selenium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A

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Figure 38: Selenium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B

Figure 39: Selenium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C

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Figure 40: Thallium batch Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.)

Figure 41: Thallium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A

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Figure 42: Thallium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B

Figure 43: Thallium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C

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Figure 44: Vanadium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial A

Figure 45: Vanadium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial B

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Figure 46: Vanadium column Kd - AB – 30 BR (43 – 44 ft.) Trial C

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Figure 47: Antimony batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 48: Arsenic batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

Figure 49: Arsenic column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 50: Boron column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

Figure 51: Cadmium column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 52: Chromium batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

Figure 53: Manganese batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 54: Molybdenum column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 55: Selenium batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

Figure 56: Selenium column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 57: Thallium batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

Figure 58: Thallium column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 59: Vanadium batch Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

Figure 60: Vanadium column Kd - AB – 105 L (48 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 61: Antimony batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 62: Arsenic batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

Figure 63: Arsenic column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 64: Boron batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

Figure 65: Boron column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 66: Cadmium batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

Figure 67: Cadmium column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 68: Manganese batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 69: Molybdenum batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

Figure 70: Molybdenum column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 71: Selenium batch Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

Figure 72: Selenium column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 73: Thallium column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 74: Vanadium column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

Figure 75: Vanadium column Kd - AS – 2D (47 – 50 ft.)

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Figure 76: Antimony batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

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Figure 77: Arsenic batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

Figure 78: Arsenic column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

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Figure 79: Boron column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

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Figure 80: Cadmium batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

Figure 81: Cadmium column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

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Figure 82: Manganese batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

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Figure 83: Molybdenum batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

Figure 84: Molybdenum column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

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Figure 85: Selenium batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

Figure 86: Selenium column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

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Figure 87: Thallium batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

Figure 88: Thallium column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

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Figure 89: Vanadium batch Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

Figure 90: Vanadium column Kd - AS – 10D (10 – 11 ft.)

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Figure 91: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

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Figure 92: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

Figure 93: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

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Figure 94: Boron batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

Figure 95: Boron column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

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Figure 96: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

Figure 97: Cobalt batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

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Figure 98: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

Figure 99: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

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Figure 100: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

Figure 101: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

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Figure 102: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

Figure 103: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

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Figure 104: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

Figure 105: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

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Figure 106: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

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Figure 107: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

Figure 108: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

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Figure 109: Boron column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

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Figure 110: Cadmium batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

Figure 111: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

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Figure 112: Cobalt batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

Figure 113: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

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Figure 114: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

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Figure 115: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

Figure 116: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

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Figure 117: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

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Figure 118: Vanadium batch Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

Figure 119: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 5 BR (8 – 12 ft.)

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Figure 120: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

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Figure 121: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

Figure 122: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

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Figure 123: Boron column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

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Figure 124: Cadmium batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

Figure 125: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

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Figure 126: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

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Figure 127: Molybdenum batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

Figure 128: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

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Figure 129: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

Figure 130: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

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Figure 131: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

Figure 132: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

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Figure 133: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 4D (38 ft.)

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Figure 134: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

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Figure 135: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

Figure 136: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

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Figure 137: Boron column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

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Figure 138: Cadmium batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

Figure 139: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

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Figure 140: Cobalt batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

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Figure 141: Iron batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

Figure 142: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

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Figure 143: Molybdenum batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

Figure 144: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

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Figure 145: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

Figure 146: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

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Figure 147: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

Figure 148: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

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Figure 149: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

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Figure 150: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

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Figure 151: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

Figure 152: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

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Figure 153: Boron batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

Figure 154: Boron column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

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Figure 155: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

Figure 156: Chromium batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

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Figure 157: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

Figure 158: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

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Figure 159: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

Figure 160: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

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Figure 161: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

Figure 162: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

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Figure 163: Vanadium batch Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

Figure 164: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

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Figure 165: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

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Figure 166: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

Figure 167: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

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Figure 168: Boron batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

Figure 169: Boron column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

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Figure 170: Cadmium batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

Figure 171: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

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Figure 172: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

Figure 173: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

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Figure 174: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

Figure 175: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

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Figure 176: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

Figure 177: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

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Figure 178: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

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Figure 179: Antimony batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

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Figure 180: Arsenic batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

Figure 181: Arsenic column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

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Figure 182: Boron batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

Figure 183: Boron column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

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Figure 184: Cadmium batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

Figure 185: Cadmium column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

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Figure 186: Cobalt batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

Figure 187: Manganese batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

Soil Sorption Evaluation Dan River Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 188: Molybdenum batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

Figure 189: Molybdenum column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

Soil Sorption Evaluation Dan River Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 190: Selenium batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

Figure 191: Selenium column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

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Figure 192: Thallium batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

Figure 193: Thallium column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

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Figure 194: Vanadium batch Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

Figure 195: Vanadium column Kd - GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.

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Figure 196: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (32 – 34 ft.)

Figure 197: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (32 – 34 ft.)
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Figure 198: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (32 – 34 ft.)

Figure 199: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (43 – 44 ft.)
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Figure 200: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (43 – 44 ft.)

Figure 201: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-30BR (43 – 44 ft.)
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Figure 202: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-105L (48 – 50 ft.)

Figure 203: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-105L (48 – 50 ft.)
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Figure 204: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AB-105L (48 – 50 ft.)

Figure 205: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-2D (47 – 50 ft.)
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Figure 206: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-2D (47 – 50 ft.)

Figure 207: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-2D (47 – 50 ft.)
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Figure 208: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-10D (10 – 11 ft.)
Figure 209: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-10D (10 – 11 ft.)
Figure 210: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of AS-10D (10 – 11 ft.)

Figure 211: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)
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Figure 212: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)

Figure 213: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 10 (102 – 104 ft.)
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Figure 214: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5BR (8 – 12 ft.)

Figure 215: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5BR (8 – 12 ft.)
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Figure 216: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 5BR (8 – 12 ft.)

Figure 217: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 4D (38 ft.)
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Figure 218: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA ––4D (38 ft.)

Figure 219: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 4D (38 ft.)
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Figure 220: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

Figure 221: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)
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Figure 222: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 11D (23 – 25 ft.)

Figure 223: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)
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Figure 224: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)

Figure 225: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 12D (20 – 21 ft.)
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Figure 226: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

Figure 227: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)
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Figure 228: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 1S (33 – 35 ft.)

Figure 229: pH at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)
Soil Sorption Evaluation Dan River Steam Station UNC Charlotte
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Figure 230: ORP at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)

Figure 231: Conductivity at varying L/S ratio for batch Kd testing of GWA – 3S (25 – 27 ft.)