19970722 Ver 1_Complete File_19991122

TRIANC1LE
WETLAND CONSULTANTS
WETLAND & HABITAT
MITIGATION PLAN
RANDLEMAN LAKE
Randolph and Guilford Counties, North Carolina
Prepared For:
PIEDMONT TRIAD REGIONAL WATER AUTHORITY
Koger Center, Wilmington Building, Suite 100
2216 West Meadowview Road
Greensboro, NC 27407-3480
Prepared By:
TRIANGLE WETLAND CONSULTANTS, INC.
Post Office Box 33604
Raleigh, NC 27636
March 27,1996
Post Office Box 33604
Raleigh, North Carolina 27636
Phone [phone]
Fax [phone]
I Coast Office 275 Redfox Trail Hampstead, North Carolina 28443 Phone [phone]
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Table of Contents
List of Figures ...................................... ii
List of Tables ....................................... iii
Executive Summary ................................... 1
1.0 Introduction ...................................... 2
1.1 Background ................................. 2
1.2 Purpose and Objectives .......................... 2
2.0 Site Conditions .................................... 3
2.1 Location and Attributes .......................... 5
2.2 Habitat Types ................................ 5
2.3 Hydrogeomorphic Types .......................... 6
2.3.1 Spring/Seep Wetland Type ................... 6
2.3.2 Alluvial Fringe Wetland Type ................. 6
2.3.3 Alluvial Backswamp Wetland Type .............. 9
2.4 Exceptional Habitat Areas ........................ 10
3.0 Potential Impacts .................................. 11
4.0 Mitigation ...................................... 13
4.1 Avoidance and Minimization Issues .................. 14
4.2 Buffer Area Preservation ........................ 14
4.2.1 Management Criteria for Buffer Area ............ 15
4.3 Proposed Pool Level Management ................... 16
4.4 Site Selection ............................... 17
4.4.1 Existing Fields and Pastures ................. 17
4.4.2 Cleared Areas ......................... 18
4.4.3 Site Preparation Prescriptions ................ 19
4.4.3.1 Existing Fields and Pastures ........... 19
4.4.3.2 Cleared Areas .................... 20
4.5 Compensatory Wetland Mitigation ................... 24
4.5.1 Piedmont Bottomland Forest Wetland Creation ...... 24
4.5.2 Wetland Preservation and Creation within Buffer Zone . 25
4.6 Wildlife Habitat Mitigation ....................... 25
4.6.1 Wildlife Habitat Enhancement ................ 25
4.6.2 Fisheries Resource Enhancement .............. 26
5.0 Wetland Monitoring ................................ 27
5.1 Hydrology ................................. 28
5.2 Soils ..................................... 28
5.3 Vegetation ................................. 29
5.4 Observation ................................ 29
6.0 Regulatory Release ................................ 29
6.1 Contingency Plan ............................ 30
7.0 References ...................................... 31
Appendices ......................................... 35
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List of Figures
Figure 1 - Location of Randleman Lake ....................... 4
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List of Tables
Table 1 - Wetland Types Grouped According to a
Hydrogeomorphic Classification ................... 7
Table 2 - Tree and Shrub Species Recommended for Planting within the
Piedmont Bottomland Hardwood Forest Wetland Creation Areas at
Randleman Lake ............................ 18
Table 3 - Summary of Restorable Fields and Pastures within the 680-682 ft
MSL Zone at Randleman Lake ................... 20
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority (PTRWA) has applied for a
permit to impact 119.11 acres of wetlands and inundate and additional 194.85
acres of stream channels for the construction of a proposed water supply reservoir
on the Deep River and Muddy Creek. The project has been through the public 7
interest review, and a consensus has been reached with regard to the water 3
dependent nature of the project and the lack of feasible alternative sites.
Therefore, mitigation, as presented in this document, is proposed to compensate
for the unavoidable conversion of approximately 119 acres of Piedmont alluvial
forest, Piedmont bottomland forest, and low elevation seep wetlands associated
with the construction of the Randleman Reservoir.
The wetland and aquatic habitats within the proposed reservoir were
delineated and a qualitative assessment and characterization were performed (see
wetland maps (Poteat 1993). In addition, biological assessment maps and report
was submitted (Carter 1993)). The project area contains a combination of aquatic
I and wetland habitats including, river stream channel (245.34 ac), Piedmont
alluvial forest wetlands (102 ac), bottomland hardwood forest wetlands (4 ac), and
wetland seeps (13 ac). The potential impacts resulting from the conversion of a
revised estimate of 314 acres of aquatic and wetland habitats to an open water
aquatic habitat have been identified in earlier reports (PTRWA 1990, 1994).
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This mitigation plan includes on-site compensatory wetland mitigation and
is comprised of wetland creation and preservation, and fish and wildlife habitat
enhancement. Compensatory wetland mitigation will consist of creating
approximately 380 acres of jurisdictional Piedmont bottomland forest wetlands
(680 to 682 ft MSL) from existing fields, pastures, and upland forest.
Additionally, 1800+ acres of uplands and wetlands adjacent to the reservoir (682
to 690+ ft MSL) will be protected within a 200 foot buffer zone. Additional
areas of Piedmont alluvial forest wetland creation will likely result from
seasonally elevated water tables in the 682-684 ft MSL zone, and shallow littoral
zone marsh will be created at various locations within the 678-680 ft MSL zone
surrounding _the_proposed_.reservoir: The acreage of shallow littoral zone marsh
wetland and Piedmont alluvial forest is unaccounted for, but significant acreage of
these wetland types ( > 50 acres) should naturally regenerate as the lake becomes
filled.
A monitoring plan has been developed to evaluate the success of wetland
mitigation activities. Monitoring of soils, hydrology, and vegetation will be
accomplished, with annual reports being submitted to the U.S. Army Corps of
Engineers (USACE) and U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) and
other designated agencies. A contingency plan has also been proposed to insure
acceptable levels of compensatory mitigation has been achieved.
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1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Piedmont Triad Regional Water Aut? ity (PTRWA) proposes to
construct Randleman Lake, as 3-045-acre- wate u ply reservoir with the pool
elevation maintained betw ; n 680 ft to 682 ft 7L, on the Deep River in
Randolph and Guilford counti e member local governments of the PTRWA
(Jamestown, Archdale, High Point, Greensboro, and Randleman, and the County
of Randolph) plan to divert water from Randleman Lake on the Deep River to
Rich Fork Creek in the Yadkin River Basin and to North and South Buffalo
Creeks in the Haw River sub-basin. This project was originally authorized by the
U.S. Congress as a multi-purpose reservoir in 1968 to meet the future water
demand of 48 mgd. Detailed information concerning PTRWA's water
requirements is contained in a special report (NC DEHNR 1991), where
population, industrial and economic growth were modeled as well as other
conservation and purchase alternatives.
1.1 Background
As required by Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (16 USC 1344),
PTRWA has applied for a permit to place fill material in wetlands and impound
water in the Deep River for the construction of the proposed dam and water
supply reservoir. Although the Randleman Lake project will have no impact on
species listed as threatened or endangered, or proposed for such listing by the
U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of North Carolina (Carter 1993), the
mitigation plan will eventually incorporate comments potentially identified as
significant as part of the USACE public notice procedures. Environmental issues
yet to be identified will have to be resolved through the extended review process
and thus will be addressed by later versions of this mitigation plan. Assuming
that this project is determined by the USACE in consultation with the USEPA to
be in the public interest, and that there are no practicable upland alternatives, the
conversion of approximately 119 acres of jurisdictional wetlands to open water
habitat, can be resolved. The regulatory agencies will need to consider mitigation
to compensate for unavoidable wetland impacts. The PTRWA has retained
Triangle Wetland Consultants (TWC) to prepare this comprehensive wetland
mitigation plan to outline the procedures to compensate for unavoidable wetland
losses associated with the proposed Randleman Lake.
1.2 Purpose and Objectives
The purpose of this report is to propose a comprehensive wetland
mitigation plan to compensate for the unavoidable conversion of approximately
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119 acres of wetlands to open water habitat. Specific objectives of this report
include:
o describe the wetlands impacted by the proposed project
e identify potential impacts to wetlands
© develop an on-site wetland creation, enhancement, and preservation
plan
© develop related habitat mitigation strategies
® provide management criteria for the permanent conservation status
of the buffer area surrounding the impoundment
© develop a mitigation monitoring and contingency plan.
It is intended that this report will facilitate the review and approval of the
pending 404 permit application and provide specifications adequate for technical
review.
2.0 SITE CONDITIONS

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2.1 Location and Attributes
The project area is located in the western Piedmont of North
Carolina, in Guilford and Randolph Counties (Figure 1). The project will require
the permanent inundation of 3,045 acres of lam, along approximately 23 miles of
stream (10 miles on Muddy Creek and 13 miles on the Deep River). Another
3,000 acres comprised of a 200 ft. conservation buffer will be protected around
the lake above the 680 ft to 682 ft cQnsencation pool elevation. The project also
includes the construction of an earth dam and spillway; the clearing and grubbing
of vegetation within and adjacent to the conservation pool; the relocation of roads
and utilities; relocation of inhabitants of about 55 dwellings; and the construction
of a water treatment plant, intake structure, and associated pumping, transmission
and distribution system to serve PTRWA governments.
The entire project area is an agricultural, industrial, and urbanized complex
of human impacts. The area is rapidly growing industrially around the Interstate
85 highway corridor, with agriculture and dairy farming yielding to pasture land
and urbanization. In the project area, the relief is largely determined by the kind
of bedrock underlying the soils, by the geology of the area, and the amount of
landscape dissection by streams. The two broad classes of soil parent materials in
the project area are residual materials and alluvium both of which have developed
under hardwood forests. Granite makes up about half of the underlying rock with
Cecil and Appling upland soils formed from these acid igneous substrates. The
basic rocks of diorite and gabbro are the parent material for the upland Iredell and
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RANDLEMAN LAKE
RANDOLPH AND GUILFORD COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA
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Figure 1: Location of Randleman ,akc

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Mecklenburg series soils. Transported alluvium on floodplains are mapped by the
Soil Conservation Service as Congaree, Chewacla, and Wehadkee series soils.
2.2 Habitat Types
The project site is comprised of a combination of stream channel (riverine),
palustrine wetland, and upland habitat types (see habitat maps and report, Carter,
1993, and wetlands maps John R. McAdams, 1992). The streams at the proposed
reservoir site are relatively shallow and vary from 20 feet wide to approximately
80 ft wide. Stream bottoms are composed primarily of coarse to medium grain
sands with significant amounts of fines and limited organic material. Aquatic and
wetland vegetation within the stream channel are absent, and the streams exhibit
small amounts of deadfall and accumulated litter.
The streams are typically sharply incised within the floodplain. Stream
banks exhibit steep slopes of one to one (1:1) or greater and are sometimes in
excess of six to eight feet in height. Groundcover is sparse along the steep side
slopes, and overhanging vegetation generally covers the bank top.
The Randleman Lake impoundment will convert present stream habitat to a
lentic environment, and changes are anticipated in the fishery. Those species
adapted only to a free-flowing stream habitat will decline in abundance and may
eventually disappear from the reservoir. However, most fish in the area are
adaptable to the lake environment and overall species composition should not
change drastically (PTRWA, 1990). Fish habitat should continue to improve in
the Deep River downstream, as the construction of the Randleman Lake will
replace 23 miles of free-flowing streams with a 3,045 acre reservoir. Point and
non-point source pollutants that would normally get into the river would be diluted
by the lake waters and would tend to settle out in the upper reaches of the lake.
Consequently, the water discharged downstream from the reservoir should be of a
higher quality (i.e. lower nutrients and sediment load) than now exists in the
t" stream (PTRWA, 1990). More detailed information about the reservoir's potential
beneficial impacts on downstream water quality relative to the change in lake
environment can be found in the USACE Environmental Impact Statement. 0 e
Palustrine forested, broad-leaved deciduous wetlands (PFO1) are the
predominant wetland type within the reservoir limits and include the Piedmont
alluvial forest, Piedmont bottoml and forest, and floodplain.pool natural community
types (Schafale and Weakley, 1990). However, smaller areas of palustrine scrub-
shrub, broad-leaved deciduous (PSS1) and palustrine emergent, persistent (PEM1)
wetlands are also present (Appendix A). Perennial and intermittent riverine
wetlands occur in drainageways throughout the 6,000 acre project area. The
riverine wetlands would be classified as upper perennial (R3UB) and/or
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intermittent (R4SB) riverine systems (Cowardin, 1979). Due to the moderate
degree of topographic relief within the project area, palustrine wetlands are mostly
confined within narrow floodplains along perennial streams and rivers. However,
there are several palustrine wetlands located at slope break positions
(spring/seeps).
2.3 Hydrogeomorphic Types
The palustrine wetlands within the proposed reservoir limits were classified
according to a hydrogeomorphic (HGM) approach (Brinson, 1993). The HGM
approach classifies palustrine wetlands according to the geomorphic setting, water
sources, and hydrodynamics. Based on a 1995 field reconnaissance, the mapped
wetland areas can be grouped into three HGM types (Table 1).--gasedon
observed field characteristics of mapped wetland areas and existing literature,
functional profiles were developed for each HGM type.
2.3.1 Spring/seep Wetland Type
There are relatively few wetland areas classified as seep wetlands within
the Randleman Lake project area (Appendix A). Several wetland areas were
classified as seep/fringe wetlands and/or seep/backswamp wetlands due to
observed groundwater discharge and location at the base of a steep slope (Photos
#4 and #6, Appendix B). This HGM type is located at slope break positions and
corresponds to the low elevation seep community described by Schafale and
Weakley (1990). The substrate is generally saturated throughout the growing
season by groundwater discharge. These wetlands could potentially be dominated
by a variety of plant communities from forested to emergent, although the
examples noted within proposed Randleman Lake were all located at the edge of
the Deep River floodplain in grazed fields dominated by soft rush (Juncus effusus)
and sedge species (Carex spp.). These wetlands are generally small in size and
transitional to channels (riverine) draining into Deep River. The potential
functions and wildlife habitat values of these wetlands is minimal due to vegetation
clearing and grazing (trafficking impacts). In some instances, these wetlands have
been excavated to provide watering holes for cattle. Field observations indicate
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at t
ese watering holes support populations of green frogs (Rana clamitans) and
bullfrogs (Rana catesbeiana), and therefore, provide limited wildlife habitat value.
2.3.2 Alluvial Fringe Wetland Type
Alluvial fringe wetlands include narrow areas adjacent to high gradient
perennial or intermittent streams, and relatively small (<0.25 acre) wetland areas
in the floodplain of larger streams (Deep River, Muddy Creek, etc.). These areas
are characterized by a short hydroperiod, usually temporarily flooded or
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seasonally saturated and correspond to the Piedmont alluvial forest type described
by Schafale and Weakley (1990). The relatively short hydroperiod is the result of
the high gradient landscape position (adjacent to first order streams), absence of
well developed soil aquatard (i.e. lack of silt or clay horizon to perch water), and
lack of well-developed fluvial landforms (i.e. broad floodplain with levee and 7
backswamp features). Field evidence of a short hydroperiod includes marginal
hydric soil characteristics (redoximorphic features), coarse textured sediments,
lack of surface water, and lack of surficial hydrol is indicators (water-stained
leaves, etc.). This wetland type is typically dominated by forest vegetation, but
some areas have been cleared for pasture. Dominant tree and shrub species

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include sycamore (Platanus occidentalis), boxelder (Ater negundo), green ash _ t J 't
(Fraxinus pennsylvanica), ironwood (Carpinus caroliniana), yellow poplar °.
(Liriodendron tulipifera), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), and Chinese privet
(Ligustrum sinense).
Table 1. Wetland Types Grouped According to a
Hydrogeomorphic Classification after Brinson (1993)
HGM 't'ype (natural Geomorphic Water Hydrodynamics
community type') setting Tsource(s)
spring/seep slope break groundwater nearly
wetland (low discharge constant water
elevation seep) table at or
near surface
alluvial fringe streamside overbank flow alternating
wetland (Piedmont fringe of from stream recharge &
alluvial forest) high to middle discharge
gradient stream varying with
stream stage
alluvial backswamp middle gradient overbank flow seasonal
wetland (Piedmont alluvial from stream & recharge
alluvial forest, landform shallow dependent upon
Piedmont subsurface stream stage &
bottomland forest, lateral flow gradual dry-
and floodplain from adjacent down dependent
pools) uplands upon ET
' based on Schafale and Weakley (1990)
The characteristic functions and values of this HGM type include carbon
export, energy dissipation, short-term surface water storage, particulate retention,
nutr_ ient c clin , and wildlife habitat values (Brinson et al., 1994; Taylor et al., 1990;
Wilkinson et al., 1987). Certain functions (particularly biogeochemical functions) are
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limited in this HGM type due the short hydroperiod (Elder, 1987). These secondary
functions include long-term surface water storage, soil water storage, moderation of
groundwater discharge, and removal of elements and compounds. The alluvial fringe
wetlands mapped within the Randleman Lake project area are generally small in size
(<0.25 ac.) and/or located along high-gradient tributaries to Deep River that lack
well developed fluvial landforms (i.e. stream levee with basin-like backswamp).
Primary productivity and the associated functions (nutrient cycling, litterfall, and
carbon export) of these alluvial wetlands are expected to be relatively high as
compared with primary productivity of the adjacent upland forests or stagnant water
systems (Conner and Day, 1976). Annual nutrient subsidies from floodwaters and
favorable soil moisture conditions
general ly
result in
higher productivity and
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associated functions (Brinson et. at.,_.1981). Long-term surface water storage and soil
water storage are limited due to the small size of individual wetland areas and lack of
basin morphometry. In addition, most of these fringe wetlands have direct surficial
connections to the stream channel that deter from long-term surface water storage.
The high-gradient and poorly developed fluvial landforms affect substrate
characteristics within these wetlands. Field evidence such as drift lines, scour
channels, and sediment deposits suggest that floodwater velocities are generally high
as compared with those in middle gradient landforms and tend to scour the floodplain.
In the absence of slower velocity backwater areas, fine suspended sediments do not
settle out of the water column, but pass through the wetland. High floodwater
velocities and high woody stem densities tend to enhance the energy dissipation
functions of these wetlands. In addition, high woody stem density facilitates the
particulate retention function of the wetland. Scouring of the floodplain surface ,from
high velocity floodwaters, surficial connections to the stream channel, and high
primary productivity/litterfall enhance particulate organic carbon export (Cuffney,
1988), but the short retention time of floodwaters may lower dissolved organic carbon
export (Mullohand and Kuenzler, 1979). Nutrient cycling/removal is an important
function o these wetlan s, ut maybe
limited due to sediment characteristics and
hydroperiod (Brinson et al., 1984; Elder, 1987).
Regardless of the magnitude of the latter wetland functions, these riparian
wetlands and non-wetland forests provide critical buffers along first order streams and
function as filters for sediments and nutrients from floodwaters and non-point source
runoff (Kuenzler, 1989; Lowrance, 1992; Gilliam, 1994). The alluvial fringe
wetlands within the Randleman Lake project area tend to be small in size.
s ,Uc? Approximately 72% of the total number of wetlands mapped within the Randleman
P t1U? Lake project area are less than 0.25 acre in size. These small wetland areas are not
?oo structurally different from the surrounding upland alluvial forest. Hard mast
rJ producing species such as water oak (Quercus nigra),_ willow oak ( uercus pltellos),
and swamp chestnut oak (Quercus michauxiicomprised an insignificant component of
the plant community in this HGM type, However, there are some common soft mast
producing species including blackhaw (Vibunium prunifolium), silky dogwood
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(Corpus amonuum), and multiflora rose (Rosa nuultiflora). Although some wetland
areas contain large individual cavity trees and/or dead snags, most of this wetland
type has ei en selectwely_ logged and is relatively immature. Individually, most of
these small wetland areas lack any outstanding habitat characteristics and provide
limited wildlife value. However, the cumulative (considering both upland and
wetland areas) wildlife habitat and riparian corridor value would be relatively high.
2.3.3 Alluvial Backswamp Wetland Type
The alluvial Backswamp wetland type includes both small and relatively
large areas located in the floodplain of larger, middle gradient streams (Deep
River, Muddy Creek, Hickory Creek, etc.). This wetland type is characterized by
a longer hydroperiod than the previous type, usually temporarily flooded/saturated
to seasonally flooded and corresponds to the Piedmont alluvial forest, Piedmont
bottomland forest, and floodplain pool communities described by Schafale and
Weakley (1990). The relatively long hydroperiod is the result of the lower stream
gradient, presence of a soil aquatard (i.e. silt or clay horizon), and well-developed
fluvial landforms (i.e. broad floodplain with levee and backswamp features).
Field evidence of a long hydroperiod includes strong redoximorphic features in the
soil, fine textured soil horizon, presence of surface water, and surficial hydrologic
indicators (water-stained leaves, water marks, etc.). This wetland type is mostly
dominated by forest vegetation, although some areas have been cleared for pasture
(P o #5; Wppendix Bj-I5ominant tree and shrub species include sycamore,
boxelder, green ash, red maple (Ater rubrum), river birch (Betula nigra),
sweetgum, and blackgum (Nyssa sylvatica).
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The characteristic functions and values of this HGM type include carbon
export, energy dissipation, short- and long-term surface water storage, soil water
storage, particulate retention, removal of elements and compounds, nutrient
cycling, and wildlife habitat values (Brinson et al., 1994; Taylor et al., 1990;
Wilkinson et a)987). In addition, some alluvial backswamp wetland may
proms vide moderatio of groundwater discharge due to the presence of groundwater
Beeps and`shall"ow subsurface lateral flow into the wetland. The alluvial
backswamp wetlands mapped within the Randleman Lake project area are
generally larger in size (>0.25 ac.) than the alluvial fringe wetlands and are
located in areas with well developed fluvial landforms (i.e. stream levee with
basin-like backswamp). Short-term surface water storage, long-term surface water
storage, and soil water storage are important functions because of the basin
morphometry and presence of a slowly permeable soil horizon or soil aquatard
(usually a fine silt or clay horizon). Some of the backswamp wetlands have
surficial connections to the stream channel that limit the long-term surface water
storage, but enhance the potential for dissolved and particulate organic export
(Gosselink et al., 1990; Mullohand and Kuenzler, 1979; Cuffney, 1988).
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Floodwater velocities are generally lower than those associated with high gradient
fringe wetlands but may be sufficient to transport fine woody debris (indicated by
drift lines) and particulate organic carbon. The( iigh woody stem densities;"Iiigh
microtopographic relief, and broad floodplain increase the ability of 'these wetlands
to slow floodwaters (energy dissipation function) and trap particulates (particulate
retention function). Slower water velocities result in settling of fine suspended
sediments from the water column. Fine-textured sediments and a relatively long
hydroperiod favor nutrient retention and processing as well as the retention of
metals (Gambrell, 1994; Elder, 1987; Brinson et al., 1984). Periodically flooded
alluvial forests tend to have higher productivity rates and litterfall as compared
with rates for upland or stagnant water systems (Conner and Day, 1976; Brinson
et al., 1981; Reddy and Patrick, 1975).
Some examples of the alluvial backswamp wetland type are structurally
different from the surrounding upland alluvial forest. Several of these backswamp
areas contain seasonally flooded ponds or floodplain pools (Photo #1, Appendix
B). Although not widespread within the project area, these seasonal ponds
provide critical breeding habitat for species such as wood frog (Rana palustris),
spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum), marbled salamander (Ambystoma
opacum), and Jefferson's salamander (Ambystoma jeffersonianum) (Dunson et al.,
1992; Forester, • 1992; Dopyera, 1995). Some of the larger backswamp areas
contain abundant standing dead snags and cavity trees. The presence of these
cavity trees and snags is likely the result of past land management practices
(selective logging, etc.) and size of the wetland (i.e. smaller wetland/upland areas
are less likely to contain large diameter cavity trees and/or snags). Hard mast
producing species such as water oak, willow oak, and swamp chestnut oak are
mostly absent from these wetlands. However, there were some common soft mast
producing species including spicebush (Lindera benzoin), silky dogwood, and
blackgum.
Some alluvial backswamp wetlands have been degraded by
¦ clearing/grazing. Grazing by cattle results in a reduction of herbaceous and
® understory vegetation, and destabilization/erosion of the substrate due to
trafficking (Photo #3, Appendix B). Some backswamp wetlands have been
entirely cleared for pasture (Photo #5, Appendix B). These disturbances have
undoubtedly reduced the functions performed and values provided by the affected
wetlands.
2.4 Exceptional Habitat Areas
There are few examples of areas that possess exceptional habitat features
within the Randleman Lake project area. An exceptional habitat was considered
to be a relatively mature example of a particular type or a habitat type in decline
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and/or considered regionally rare. Most of the forested habitat within the project
area is representative of the forest community types described by Schafale and
Weakley (1990) which includes the Piedmont alluvial forest and Piedmont
bottomland forest wetland types. The adjacent upland slopes are dominated by
dry-mesic oak-hickory forest and the coves are dominated by mesic mixed
hardwood forest: _Piedmont subtype. Most of these forested areas have been
se-lectively Iogged or "high graded" for large diameter oaks. The existing forest
stands are mostly dominated by pole-sized juvenile trees (5-10" DBH) or small
sawtimber stands (10-15" DBH). Although the oak component (northern red oak,
chestnut oak, white oak) is still- abundant in upland forests, oak species are not
abundant in the bottomlands. The lack of any significant oak component in the
bottomlands suggests extensive selective logging for oak species along the Deep j
River and its tributaries.j- Two examples of mature (average diameter > 15" DBH
Dry-Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest are present within the project area. One small
remnant stand is located along Richland Creek, northwest of the High Point
Sewage Treatment Facility. At least part of this stand will be protected by the
proposed buffer zone. Another extensive example of this type is located along
Hickory Creek, between Hickory Creek Road and Wall Road. A large portion of
this stand will be protected by the proposed buffer zone.

Several seasonal ponds were noted (Wetlands #4-1, #4-2, and #6-1) within
the project area. As discussed, these seasonal ponds provide critical breeding
habitat for certain declining amphibian species (Forester, 1992; Dopyera, 1995).
In addition, these seasonal ponds are particularly sensitive to habitat acidification
because of their low buffering capacity (Dunson et al., 1992). Although these
three examples will be inundated by the proposed reservoir, some
semipermanently/permanently flooded ponds will be preserved within the proposed
buffer zone. In addition, excellent seasonal pond creation opportunities exist in
open fields at the upstream limits of the proposed reservoir. The water level at
this point is anticipated to be at or near bankfull capacity of the existing channel.
Therefore, the water table in adjacent fields will fluctuate at or near the surface.
Shallow basins, if properly designed, could simulate the hydroperiod of the natural
seasonal ponds. After forest stands are established around these areas, they could
potentially replace the lost breeding habitat.
3.0 POTENTIAL IMPACTS
Potential impacts resulting from the proposed reservoir include impacts to
wetland and aquatic resources and upland wildlife and habitat. Primary impacts to
wetland and aquatic resources include conversion of the existing forested wetland
habitats and shallow lotic aquatic systems to an open water, lentic aquatic system.
The open water reservoir system will retain and/or enhance the values for most of
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the current wetland functions including flood wate storage, sediment/toxicant
retention, nutrient assimilation, and ground water ischarge/ recharge. The
functions of wildlife habitat and
-primary productivity, are expected to be adversely
impacted. Such impacts are more ullydiscussed within the 404 permit
application, EIS and other supporting documents.
Presently the wetlands and aquatic habitats within the proposed project area
provide high quality habitat for a wide variety of herpetofauna, birds and
mammals. Some species within these groups are dependent on wetlands for food,
protection, resting and reproduction (wetland dependent species), whereas other
species use wetlands for only Ipart of their vital life functions. Some species
spend their entire life cycle within a single wetland, whereas other species spend a
portion of their life cycle in wetlands or may only travel through wetlands (Sather
1984).
Fritzell (1988) described three categories for mammals using wetlands: 1)
limited, species for which wetlands are essential, and the loss of which will
eliminate use of the area by the species; 2) influenced, species for which wetlands
are important, and the loss of which will decrease carrying capacity, but not
eliminate the use of the area by the species, and 3) unaffected, species who
regularly use wetlands, but for which wetlands are not necessary, and will not
likely decrease the carrying capacity of the area. Most species associated with the
project area will be displaced to adjacent and surrounding wetlands or upland
habitats.
Bottomland hardwood forests are inherently productive. A major factor
contributing to the high productivity of forested floodplains is the pulsing wet-dry
cycle (Wharton et al. 1982) Primary productivity potential within the floodplain
will be reduced by construction of the proposed reservoir as will the detritus
export and transformation potential of excess dissolved organic nutrients. There is
also an accompanying shift in primary productivity from particulate organic
material (floodplain detritus) to phytoplankton, as open water replaces existing
vascular plant material sites.
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The fishery resources of the site will be impacted by the proposed
reservoir. Fish species composition within the river systems in the vicinity of the
proposed reservoir is composed of over 30 species of fish (Carter 1993), with a
composition generally of bluegill (Leptomis macrochirus), warmouth (Lepomis
gulosus), redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus), red breast sunfish (Lepomis
auritus), blue head chub (Noncoms letocephalus) and catfish (Ameiurus sp.). This
lotic fishery resource will be replaced by a typically lentic, flat water fishery.
Typical fish species of the proposed reservoir system may include bluegill,
largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus),
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yellow perch (Perca flavecens) and black crappie (Pomoxis nigramaculatus).
4.0 MITIGATION
The Section 404 (b)(1) guidelines of the Clean Water Act (16 USC 1344),
as described in 40 CFR Part 230, state that unavoidable wetland losses resulting
from projects which have completed the sequencing process may be offset by
effective mitigation actions. According to the National Environmental Policy Act
(NEPA) of 1969, mitigation actions should include avoidance, minimization,
restoration, enhancement and compensation for unavoidable impacts. After all
practical attempts to avoid and minimize wetland losses have been accomplished,
compensatory mitigation in the form of restoration, enhancement, creation,
preservation and acquisition should be developed.
As identified in the Memorandum of Agreement between the USACE and
USEPA (15 November 1989), wetland restoration is the most desirable form of
compensatory mitigation. Creation is the second most desirable form '_ of
mitigation,and is _general ZIeemed?nore_desirable- than-enhancement. Acquisition
of existing wetlands, while potentially significant for corridor protection and as a
hedge against future development, ranks least desirable for wetland mitigation.
Ideally, compensatory mitigation should be in-kind and on-site. Wetland areas at
or adjacent to the project site may be restored, created or enhanced to compensate
for wetland functions and values of the wetland areas impacted. However, in
areas with significant topographic relief, in-kind and on-site mitigation for
reservoir projects may be limited in both quantity and quality of wetlands that can
be successfully restored and/or created around the periphery of the reservoir. The
second priority of compensatory mitigation should be in-kind, off-site mitigation
which compensates for the function and value of the wetlands lost in an area as
close to the project area as possible. The mitigation proposal for Randleman Lake
reservoir is a comprehensive plan that includes:
0 on-site creation of Piedmont bottomland forest wetlands (92 ac)
established on existing fields and pastures between the 680-682 ft
MSL contour;
0 on-site creation of Piedmont bottomland forest wetlands (148 ac)
established on suitable cleared areas between the 680-682 ft MSL
contour;
0 on-site creation of naturally revegetated wetland types (140 ac)
established on cleared areas between the 680-682 ft MSL contour;
0 on-site preservation of Piedmont alluvial forest, Piedmont
bottomland forest, and low elevation seep wetlands (25 ac +/-)
within the buffer zone above the 682 ft MSL contour;
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O enlargement and preservation of a variety of upland habitat types
within the reservoir buffer zone from 50 ft to 200 ft.
4.1 Avoidance and Minimization of Impacts
Impacts associated with the construction of the proposed dam and reservoir
were initially avoided and minimized to the extent practicable and are described in
the 404 application. Measures to minimize impacts are generally considered
during the siting process and evaluation of alternative sites. During the
construction of the dam and reservoir, best management practices (BMPs) will be
employed to minimize impacts to adjacent wetlands and aquatic systems. Specific
measures to reduce erosion, and to control sediment movement will be employed
to protect the water quality of the Deep River downstream from construction
areas. Specific practices will include the use of upland siltation barriers and
sediment traps, stream channel basins, and runoff diversion dikes, where
applicable. Details for these sediment retention and erosion control measures are
typically outlined in an approved Erosion and Sediment Control Plan.
Such features/structures will be inspected regularly and maintained
throughout the construction period and additions or repairs will be made as
necessary. Additionally, an uncleared buffer strip will be maintained adjacent to
the Deep River and Muddy Creek within the confines of the cleared reservoir
basin to reduce impacts to water quality and stream biota during construction.
Vehicular access routes needed during construction will be minimized and
restricted to specific routes to minimize disturbance to adjacent and surrounding
wildlife and habitats. Construction roads as well as the sediment control features
will be located on the site as required by the site's physical constraints and
construction schedule.
4.2 Buffer Area Preservation
One of the most notable aspects of this project's commitment to water
quality is the excessive measures taken by the PTRWA to ensure that the
immediate buffer area around the impoundment will be protected through
condemnation and purchase, rather than use of easements, right-of -ways, etc.
Nominally, North Carolina statutes only require that "...a margin of at least 50
feet around the impoundment shall be owned or controlled by the water supplier
(15A NCAC 18C.0403)." Whereas the PTRWA has taken deliberate actions to
significantly expand of the reservoir buffer to 200 ft horizontally above the normal
pool level. This commitment by PTRWA will result in fee simple ownership of
6,184 acres of total project area including the buffer area. The expanded buffer
area will provide extensive habitat improvement benefits, future impact reduction
(such as erosion), and protection from water/wetlands impacts. Since the total
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project area with the required 50 foot buffer is 4,354 acres, it can thus be
concluded that the PTRWA will purchase with the 200 foot buffer approximately
1,830 acres more than is normally required for reservoirs.
Vegetation provides the primary production, and protection of catchment
ecosystems. The preservation and natural restoration of the adjacent upland and
wetland plant communities within the buffer zone greatly influences runoff-rate,
water-loss through evapotranspiration, and soil erosion (Petts, 1984). Well
protected and vegetated buffer areas greatly improve the percolation of rainfall and
divert this water into receiving water as subsurface stormflow versus surface
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stonnflow (Horton, 1945).
For developed watersheds that may drain stormwater into the reservoir 1 I 'i
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through feeder streams, there will be an additional remediation or mitigation ofI
stormflow through this greatly expanded buffer area. Vegetated riparian buffer
areas are well known for their functions in mitigating stormflow, inorganic
nutrient retention and transformation, and sediment trapping. Without a stable
buffer area, it is well documented that a reservoir's storage capacity can be
seriously compromised in less than 20 years (Dorst, 1970; Walling, 1981). It is
the opinion of the PTRWA that the additional buffer area will also provide
valuable temperature modulation in riparian areas by shading effects, and allowing
some temperature sensitive species to exist within the reservoir by seeking safe
havens in the vegetated buffer areas (Minshall, 1978; Hawkins and Sedell, 1981).
Additionally, an expanded buffer area will provide a stable location for fish
populations to feed on an abundant invertebrate communities common in feeder
streams (Culp and Davies, 1982). For some fish species, their presence in the
reservoir will be wholly dependent upon the interaction of the reservoir and the
invertebrate community in the adjacent riparian areas. Therefore it is important to
recognize the need to consider conservation measures that will achieve effective
protection of reservoir functions and species diversity.
4.2.1 Management Criteria for Buffer Area
The management and protection strategies for the buffer areas will be
extremely important for the long term protection of the reservoir. This vegetation
zone is situated directly adjacent to the reservoir and is the final protection zone.
Clearly, the buffer area must provide maximum protection from sedimentation and
water-born pollutants from upstream and surface water from uplands. Both point
and non-point sources of pollution originate in the Deep River watershed. Likely
contaminants include pesticides, animal waste, wastewater effluent, petroleum
products and sediment. Measures must be taken to minimize the quantity of these
pollutants and the negative impacts to water quality and the useful life of the
reservoir.
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A Management and Protection Plan for the watershed including the buffer
area should be developed. The first requirement for implementation of a this Plan
is a complete inventory of the natural resources and an accompanying survey of
land uses within the watershed. The resulting data bases and descriptions will
characterize forest canopy, mid and understory vegetation, soil type and quality,
hydrology including feeder streams, reservoir margins and associated wetlands,
and prominent species of wildlife. Data bases should be generated through GIS
systems compatible with those used by Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority.
Results should include descriptions and quantities of land use on
surrounding properties, and discussion of observed or potential impacts of such
uses on the reservoir. Where amelioration or mitigation is needed and alternative
management approaches should also be presented leading to recommended courses
of action.
Implementation of the management plan would include but would not
necessarily be limited to:
1. Installation of erosion and sedimentation control structures
and/or vegetation.
2.' Implementation of a sampling plan to assess the amount of sediment
- delivered to the reservoir annually.
3. Thinning of established forest stands to enhance value.
4. Advising the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority on working
with neighboring landowners on practices to minimize adverse
impacts of certain land uses.
4.3 Proposed Pool Level Management
In order to ensure adequate hydrologic conditions for the growth and
establishment of the proposed wetlands creation areas, the reservoir pool level will
be managed in perpetuity to flood the proposed wetland creation areas during the
dormant season and early growing season. The proposed wetland creation areas
will be flooded and/or saturated within 12 inches of the soil surface for at least
12.5% of the growing season. Based on data contained in the Soil Survey of
Guilford County, North Carolina (Stephens, 1977), the average growing season
(for the purposes of wetland determination) is approximately 224 days from March
26 to November 6.
To ensure adequate hydrologic conditions for the establishment of the proposed
wetlands, the PTRWA will maintain the reservoir pool at an elevation of 682 ft.
MSL for a period of at least 28 days extending from March 26 to April 22
annually. The PTRWA should begin to release water and maintain the reservoir

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pool at an elevation of 680 ft. MSL for the period of April 22 to November 6
annually, provided that regional climatic conditions permit the release of water.
There is no obligation for management of the reservoir pool elevation between
November 6 and March 26, although it is anticipated that the pool level will be
maintained at an elevation of 682 ft. MSL during that time period.
The Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority will strive to manage the reservoir
pool elevation according to the latter schedule; however, during periods of
extreme climatic conditions (i.e. extreme precipitation, flooding, or drought) the oo
PTRWA will manage the reservoir pool elevation to ensure public safety and maintenance of the public water supply.
4.4 Site Selection
Successful creation of the proposed Piedmont bottomland forest wetlands is
dependent upon site selection and proper site preparation. A variety of site types
exist within the 680-682 ft MSL zone around the proposed Randleman Lake.
Regardless of site type, all existing fields and pastures (92 ac.) will be planted
with characteristic Piedmont bottomland forest species (Table 2). The remaning
288 acres within the 680-682 ft MSL is currently forested. Water supply
reservoirs must comply with public health and water supply regulations in North ; cJ
Carolina. Based on these regulations, specifically T15A:18C.0400 and__
T15A:18B.0300, PTRWA must,clear.the entire area five vertical feet below
normal full level (682-677 ft) and-clear the area ten horizontal feet from maximum W;-,`?
pool elevation (682 ft). Once the reservoir is filled, natural regrowth and or O ?:, `
m
plantings within these cleared zones will be permitted. Suitable sites (148 ac) y
within the cleared upland forest zone will be selected for planting with
characteristic Piedmont bottomland forest species.
4.4.1 Existing Fields and Pastures
The existing fields and pastures within the proposed 200 foot buffer zone
can be grouped into the following general categories: tilled field, grazed pasture,
hayfield, abandoned field, and mid-successional abandoned field. Tilled fields
include those areas currently cultivated and planted with row crops, and areas that
were cultivated within the last year. Grazed pasture includes those areas that are
fenced and show evidence of grazing by cattle. Grazed pasture may be entirely
open or may have scattered trees. Hayfields are open grasslands periodically
mowed for hay production. This grouping may also include mowed residential
areas. Abandoned fields are open areas that have not been tilled, mowed, or
grazed for approximately two to five years. These areas are generally
characterized by invasion of several common early successional old field species
such as broomsedge (Andropogon virginicus), goldenrods (Solidago spp.),
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multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora), blackberry (Rubus spp.), scattered eastern
redcedar (Juniperus virginiana), and scattered loblolly pine (Pinus taeda). Mid-
successional abandoned fields include former fields and pastures that have been
abandoned for over five years. These areas are characterized by the early
successional old field species, sapling sized eastern redcedar and loblolly pine, and
various hardwood species including sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), yellow
poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera), and green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica).

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Table 2: Tree and Shrub Species Recommended for Planting within the
Piedmont Bottomland Forest Wetland Creation Areas at Randleman Lake.
Plant Species Common Name Indicator
Status'
Canopy Trees
Quercus nigra water oak FAC
Quercus ndchatczii swamp chestnut oak FACW-
Quercus pagodafolia cherrybark oak FAC+
Quercus phellos willow oak FA W-
Quercus lyrata overcup oak OBL
Nyssa sylvatica var biflora swamp blackgum OBL
Taxodium distichunt cypress BL
Fraxinus pennsylvanica green ash FA W
Liquidambar sryraciflua sweetgum FAC
Platanus occidentalis sycamore FACW-
Acer negundo boxelder FACW
Understory Shrubs
Alnus serrulata hazel alder FACW+
Lindera benzoin spice bush FAC
Cephalanthus occidentalis buttonbush OBL
' Source: Reed (1988)
4.4.2 Cleared Areas
Planting sites within the 680-682 ft MSL zone (148 ac) will be selected
based upon existing slope and soil characteristics. Slopes within the proposed
planting zone vary from 2 % to 45 % with highly variable soil characteristics.
Surficial soil texture varies from sandy loam to clay loam. In many areas the A-
horizon has been eroded and the subsoil has been exposed.
Desirable planting sites include gently sloping areas with an adequately
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developed A-horizon and silt loam/sandy loam soil texture. Site preparation and
planting is facilitated by gentle slopes with silt loam and/or sandy loam surficial
soil textures. Many of these desirable sites are located along existing first and
second order tributaries to the proposed reservoir. Creation of Piedmont
bottomland forests at these sites will positively contribute to overall water quality
in the proposed reservoir. Desirable sites will be planted with characteristic
Piedmont bottomland forest species. Site with steep slopes, eroded A-horizons, L
and clayey soil texture will be avoided. Disturbance on undesirable sites will be
minimize and plant ommunities will be permitted to regenerate naturally.
Natural coppice regeneration of existing facultative species (i.e. red maple and
sweetgum) present within these upland forests is expected to dominate these sites.
4.4.3 Site Preparation Prescriptions
Site preparation activities for proposed planting areas within existing fields,
pastures,, and upland forest within the 680-682 ft MSL zone may include
fertilization, mowing, ripping, clearing, and herbicide application.
4.4.3.1 Existing Fields and Pastures
The site preparation for each field type will vary somewhat, but in general
the planting rows need to be cleared of herbaceous and grass competition by initial
mowing and herbicide application. In addition, many of the existing soils are
compacted from cattle and machine traffic so the fields will be deep ripped to
alleviate compaction and to facilitate planting. Deep ripping of these fields will
also provide the row marking for planting crews.
Mowing will be accomplished using a standard "bush-hog" mower, except
in certain mid-successional abandoned fields where specialized equipment may be
necessary in order to clear sapling sized pines. The specialized equipment and
additional time necessary for clearing rows in these mid-successional fields may
substantially increase the costs of site preparation in these areas. PTRWA will
consider the costs versus benefits of this additional restoration acreage prior to
implementing site preparation. Herbicide applications will follow deep ripping and
row marking and will consist of an early spring application of Glyphosate
(Roundup) at 1 ounce active ingredient per acre combined with Sulfometuron
Methyl (Oust) at 2 ounces active ingredient per acre. The herbicide mixture will
be applied prior to planting in 24 inch bands centered over the planting rows.
Deep ripping will be implemented using a tractor and ripping bar(s) attached to
t e -porn hitch. The soil will be ripped to a depth of 12 to 24 inches to
facilitate planting and mark the planting rows. Planting rows should follow the
natural field contours as much as possible. Fields will be marked prior to ripping
to ensure row spacing (10 feet) is maintained. A tool bar with one or more

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ripping bars and a 10 foot extension on either side can be set up. The 10 foot
extensions serve as a template to maintain the proper row spacings. Planting will
follow site preparation in the spring, generally from late-February to mid-April.
Nutrient analysis of soils will be performed prior to planting to facilitate fertilizer
prescriptions to optimize seedling growth. Fertilizers will be banded at the time
of ripping to ensure proper incorporation into the soil and to reduce any effects of
fertilizer movement downslope.
Table 3 summarizes the restorable areas for each field, categorizes the existing
condition of the field, and provides specific comments where appropriate.
4.4.3.2 Cleared Areas
Existing upland forest (288 ac) within the 680-682 ft MSL zone will be cleared
prior to flooding the reservoir in order to comply with State environmental/public
health regulations. Prior to clearing, suitable planting sites (148 ac) within this zone
will be identified. Proposed planting sites will be cleared and grubbed using ground
crews, tracked equipment, and rubber-tired skidders. Within planting sites, herbicides
will be applied to control undesirable regrowth. Herbicide applications following
clearing will consist of an early spring application of Glyphosate (Roundup) at 1
ounce active ingredient per acre combined with Sulfometuron Methyl (Oust) at 2
ounces active ingredient per acre. The herbicide mixture will be applied prior to
planting in 24 inch bands centered over the planting rows.
Undesirable planting sites within the 680-682 ft MSL zone will be cleared, but
not grubbed. Herbicides will not be applied to these sites.
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Table 3: Summary of Restorable Fields and Pastures within
the 680-682 ft MSL zone at Randleman Lake
Field 1D Existing
Cover Type' Estimated Area
680-682 ft MSL
at) Soil Type Comments & Regeneration
1-1 A soybean field
1-2 E U MhB2/Ch redcedar, V.pine, broomsedge
17 / 2852 h rose, ac berry, & some sweetgum
2-IA* B 0 Ch/WkC scattered V. pine & redcedar
1 * EnB/Ch/WkC/ scattered .pine re cedar
2-2* A/C 0 WkD/Ch boxelder along roadway
4 U WkE fallow field
3-3* A U Ch tilled field
o h mowed grass
3-1 C/D 0 WkD part mowed field w/boxedler & blackberry
1 A mostly tilled
4-2* C/D 8000 WkE mowed grass w/house & scattered
pine/cedar/hdwds
4-3* C 4960 EnC disturbed area
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Table 3: Summary of Restorable Fields and Pastures within
the 680-682 ft MSL zone at Randleman Lake
Field ID Existing
Cover Type' Estimated Area
680-682 ft MSL
W) Soil Type Comments & Regeneration
5-1 C 26040 o/ kD mowed grass
5-2* B 57660 A1hC2/WkE scattered large shtlf & loblolly
5-3* C/D 0 kE/En ' broomsedge, rose. & blackberry
5-4* D 0 WkE pond/bldg. w/scattered trees
A 37200 n tallow w/b dgs.
5-6* A 4464 EnC fallow corn
1 77- 065142 n /? Ei o go course w/scattered trees
6-2 B/D 5828 EnD/Co scattered trees & blackberry
1* C/E 665844 / 0 1 gs fencerows dense loblolly in
50% of area
6820 / o tallow fie w /some w . regen
7-3* B 70(132 WkD scattered trees/remove road
4 5742 k sht !lo pine, sweetgum, maple, pop ar,
boxelder, some oaks
k o olly+hdwds. w/ broomsedge &
blackberry
76 8440 n tencerow bisects
7-7 B 3100 EnD terraced field
10312 e aB move fencelines
7-9* B 11261 HeC/VaB/WlcE Ig. trees, move fence/bldgs.
1 * 13501 remove bldg.
7-11 E 16401 WkC/WkE saplings of lob pine, sweetgum + blackberry,
rose
7-12* D 1260 EnD abandoned field
_FF B/D 4 graze pasture some fallow
8-2 B 98425 55B2/55C2 open pasture heavily grazed
* 1 6 new area
8-4 B/D 2590 63E highly eroded w/junk cars, trash & bldgs.
I * B 24331 5 power line ROW, trailer w some re ce ar
9-2* B/C 1890 55C2 residential bldgs w/ pasture+woods
97 32003 ! remove Be + barns
9-4 C 6520 50B/63C remove new house
9-5 D 1750 fallow/herbaceous
9-6* A 19812 50B/50C2 cult. field
9- * 11590 scattered trees
9-8 A 8163 5582 cult. field
9 7 residential w scattere trees
9-10* C 0 63E hayfield
9-11 63682 residential w severs houses + power ine
ROW
-9-71 A 10441 50C2 cultivated
9-13* B/D 10000 55B2/55C2 adj. to powerline part overgrown
0-1 A 63145 power line ROW on edge of tie
10-2* A 10800 55B2 new trailer lot + powerline ROW
10- * A/ 41263 5 power line ROW + forested swales
104* A 19410 55C2 powerline ROW bisects
10-5 A 22483 B/7() winter wheat
10-6 A/C 106763 55B2 remove house, sheds, pool
1 - 14800 encerow bisects
10-8* A/C 33114 55B2 residential & cultivated
10-9- L) U 55132 power ine ROW
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Table 3: Summary of Restorable Fields and Pastures within
the 680-682 ft A1SL zone at Randleman Lake
Field Ill Existing
Cover Type' Estimated Area
680-682 ft h1SL
(ft=) Soil Type Comments & Regeneration
10-IU A 16731 5 B_ winter wheat
10-I1 ----- ----- ----- powerline ROW
10-12* 0 55B2 fallow field
11-1 A/B/D 25888 55B2/55C2 winter wheat + fallow field w/ponds, barns
11-IA* 11941 55132 grazed pasture
11-18* A 12870 5582 winter wheat
A _ winter wheat + residential area
11-3 A 80489 55B2 tilled
1 A 26424 55B2/50C/50B tilled
11-5 A
-
- 107422 63B/63E tilled/mowed
11-6 7C U 55B2 hayfield near new houses
12-1 D 14880 50B2 broontsedge, blackberry, some hdwds.
1 - A 98722 55132/55C2 winter wheat
12-3 B/C 25420 55B2/55C2 behind davis farmhouse
1 -4 / 43712 /57 hay/grazed
124A B/C 21200 55B2 hayfield
12-5 A 8680 SOB2 com stubble
12-6 A 41543 50B/5UC2 corn stubble
12-7 A 1240 corn stubble
12-8 A U 50C2 corn stubble
1 -9* A 5 corn stubble
12-10 A 41774 50B2 mostly tilled
9491 graze areas + residential
13-2 C 16612 2082 hayfield
13-3 A 19581 5OB2 corn stubble
13-37 A 1860 50B2 corn stubble
4 22151 50132 corn stubble
13-5 --B/-C 52014 16D pasture, woods, residential areas
1 -6* / 54254 pasture, pond, residential area
13-7 A/D 56169 2082 fallow field
1 -8 118147 20B2/2OC2 hay he , remove road?
13-9* C 2760 16C residential w/scattered trees
1 hayfield w power me ROW'
13-11 A/C 5200 45B2/45D tilled field w/houses/farm
13-12* 581 U fallow Field w broomse ge
14-1 B 28241 2082 grazed pasture w/redcedar, rose, & some
hdwds.
14-1A B 13200 20B2 pasture
000 5013 a bun. sweetgum + some y. poplar
14-3
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- D 1200 20B broomsedge + blackberry
77 D 8454 2013 roomse ge + blackberry
14-5 C 13350 20C mowed grass, tower ROW?
14-5A* grass
14-6 C 10820 20D mowed grass tower ROW?
1 arm w rouse, ams, pasture, scattered trees
14-8 E 11031 20132/20C dense redcedar & loblolly regen 8-10' tall
14-9 36942 U gas me ROW pole-sized swtgum & pine
w/herbs
1 -1 A 400 B_ ag fie( w/power me ROW & restdentta
areas
lU
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20112
ag field
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Table 3: Summary of Restorable Fields and pastures within
the 680-682 ft MSL zone at Randleman Lake
Field ID Existing
Cover Type' Estimated Area
680-682 ft MSL
(fr) Soil Type Comments & Regeneration
14-I1 / 25-10.7-27.7-57- B pasture w/residenua
14-12* B 22000 20132 pasture near hse
15-1 * U open pasture bisected by power me R
15-2 B 0 45B/74D pasture bisected by pipeline ROW
1 Y -T- 0 4 iayfie d
16-1 D 25420 20C2 fallow ag field
6-. 418 5 hayfield/pasture w /some trees
17-1 C 4240 5582 hayfields + residential burgs
17-2 16 U hayfie s w/misc. bldgs.
17-3 B/D 4621 5UB2/5OC2 overgrown pasture w/ rose, cedar, & hdwds.
177 93656 SUB pasture w trees
17-5 B 1250 5082 pasture
17-6 B 8881 5013 pasture
17-7* B 28233 50132/63E pasture w/mature trees & shrubs
8* / 616 Field w scattere pines re cedar
17-9 C 17391 55132 hayfield
-
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17-9A* -r- 0 55B2 F-
Yt-.erlr
17-10 E 9920 55C2 dense hdwd. & redcedar regen.
17-10A* U 5 a ban he
17-11 B 32983 63E pasture w/scattered trees
1 A 6 4 corn stubble
17-13 B 4000 50132 pasture
17-14* B 3121 residential other b gs
17-15 B 20000 50C2 pasture
1716 9 pasture
17-17* D 4400 20B2 fallow field
1 -1 TA-- 15200 pasture
18-1* B/C 24800 55B2 pasture/haytld
19-1* A 35960 winter wheat
19-2* A 52080 55B winter wheat + tencerow
32240 pasture w woods
19-3A* B 1240 50C pasture
19-4* B/ 29760 55C2/56B2 pasture w scattered trees
19-5* B/C 34720 56132 hay/pasture
17Z E 9920 B sapling regen
19-7A* B 52080 55C2 pasture w/scattered trees
1 - * 5 pasture w/trees
19-7C* B 44640 55C2 pasture w/trees
19-8 A 48360 U scrape field, er mg w /clumping activity
19-9 A 16740 55B2 winter wheat
9-1 A 19840 tie fie
20-1* C 2480 63C hayfield
20-2* D 10000 6 a ban field w/herbaccous
2(}-3* D 38500 63C/63E overgrown field
4* b re ce ar + pine regen.
20-5* B 33200 63C pasture w/ wet
0-6* A 7440 wmter wheat
20-7* A 0 63C tilled field -
20-8* tallow fie )d
TOTAL AR EA OF EXISTING FIELDS/YASYM ES (680-682 ft MSL) = 4,021, 5 ft (92 ac)
23. \111?j
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* indicates a revision of field boundaries based on 1995 field reconnaissance
1 Cover classes are as follows: A = tilled agricultural field
B = grazed pasture
C = hayfield or mowed area
D = abandoned field (2-5yrs)
E = abandoned field (5-10yrs)
2 Soil types are as follows: Guilford Co.
Ch - Chewacla sandy loans (Fluvaquentic Dystrochrepts)
Co - Congaree loam (Typic Udifluvents)
EnB,EnC,EnD - Enon fine sandy loam (Ultic Hapludalfs)
HeC - Helena sandy loam (Aquic Hapludults)
MhB2,MhC2 - Mecklenburg sandy clay loam (Ultic Hapludalfs)
VaB - Vance sandy loam (Typic Hapludults)
WkC,WkD,WkE - Wilkes sandy loam (Typic Hapludalfs)
Randolph Co.
50B,50C,50C2 - Zion variant-Enon complex
55132,55C2 - Mecklenburg clay loam
55C - Mecklenburg loam
63B,63C,63E - Wilkes-Poindexter-Zion variant complex
20B2,2OC2 - Georgeville silty clay
20B,20C,20D - Georgeville silt loam
45C - Badin-Tatum complex
4.5 Compensatory Wetland Mitigation
The compensatory mitigation actions proposed for the immediate reservoir
area include creation of 380 ac of Piedmont bottomland forest wetlands within
existing fields, pastures, and proposed cleared areas between 680-682 ft MSL,
creation of an unknown amount of Piedmont alluvial forest wetlands at suitable
sites between the 682-684 ft MSL zone, and management and preservation of a
1800+ ac upland buffer zone to offset the loss of 119 acres of Piedmont alluvial
forest, Piedmont bottomland forest, and low elevation seeps. As proposed, the
compensatory wetland mitigation will result in greater than a 2:1 replacement
ratio. Wetland creation areas will be hydrologically subsidized by reservoir pool
management in perpetuity.
4.5.1 Piedmont Bottomland Forest Wetland Creation
Piedmont bottomland forest wetlands will be created in existing fields,
pastures, and upland forest within the 680-682 ft MSL zone. The hydrologic
source for these wetlands will be flooding due to reservoir pool management.
Management of the reservoir pool will ensure early growing season flooding of
this zone for a minimum of 12.5% of the growing season. Depending on the
specific site type and soil characteristics, soil saturation within 12 inches of the
surface may persist after the reservoir pool is lowered to 680 ft MSL. All
existing fields and pastures (92 ac) within the 680-682 ft MSL zone will be
24
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planted with characteristic Piedmont bottomland forest species. Selected upland
forest sites (148 ac) within the 680-682 ft MSL zone will be cleared and grubbed
and planted with characteristic Piedmont bottomland forest species. The
remaining upland forest area within the 680-682 ft MSL zone will be cleared prior
to reservoir flooding and allowed to naturally regenerate from coppice growth.
Facultative species such as red maple and sweetgum are expected to initially
dominate these areas.
4.5.2 Wetland Preservation and Creation within Buffer Zone
Existing wetlands within the buffer zone will be preserved in perpetuity.
Due to the elevated water table in the area, some wetlands will likely be created
within the 682-684 ft MSL zone around the reservoir. These wetlands are likely
to develop around existing tributaries to the reservoir and in relatively level areas
adjacent to the proposed pool.
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4.6 Wildlife Habitat Mitigation
The loss of upland wildlife habitat will be mitigated by protection and
management of a 200 foot buffer zone surrounding the reservoir. Existing fields
and pastures above the 682 ft MSL elevation (786 ac) will be allowed to naturally
revert to old field habitat and ultimately hardwood forest. The different cover
types initially contained within the buffer zone, mature hardwood forest, early
successional pine forest, and old fields, will provide a diversity of habitat for
upland wildlife species. In addition, aquatic and shoreline habitat will be
increased by the proposed reservoir.
4.6.1 Wildlife Habitat Enhancement
The proposed impoundment will result in the significant loss of wildlife
habitat. However, construction of the Reservoir will also facilitate the
development of new wildlife habitat. Randleman reservoir is expected to attract a
wide variety of waterfowl and other migratory bird species by providing improved
feeding and resting habitat. Species potentially attracted to the open water and
shallow littoral zone habitats associated with the proposed reservoir include the
mallard duck (Anas plathrhynchos), American widgeon (Anas antericana),
American black duck (Anas rubripes), Canada geese (Branta canadensis), wood
duck (Aix sponsa), teal (Anas spp.) and horned grebe (Podiceps auritus). The
proposed reservoir is extensive and should attract raptors such as osprey (Pandion
haliaetus).
The loss of riverine and bottomland hardwood habitat, and the associated
loss of wood duck nesting habitat will be mitigated by the installation of at least
25
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nest boxes located in shallow coves and around the periphery of the reservoir.
Wood duck nest boxes, when properly constructed, can be extremely effective in
increasing the production of wood ducks. The juxtaposition of the reservoir and
adjacent mitigation areas will provide attractive sites for wood duck nest boxes.
The artificial nesting structures in conjunction with buffer zone management
should increase the population of resident wood ducks around the reservoir.

F

4.6.2 Fisheries Resource Enhancement
The construction of the proposed dam and reservoir on the Deep River will
significantly alter the existing aquatic community. Species associated with the
existing lotic systems will be gradually replaced by those species favoring a lentic
system; such as bluegill, largemouth bass, yellow perch, channel catfish and black
crappie.
To improve the fishery resources, habitat value and to increase public use
of the proposed reservoir, fishery enhancement measures will be applied. Specific
measures include retention of dead trees for fish attractors, and potential fish
stocking.
Fish attractors are designed for two principal purposes: to create habitat
features that will promote fish production and survival, and to facilitate
congregations of desirable species for improved angling. The fish attractors
proposed in this plan will consist of residual trees that will be left to die from
inundation in selected coves within the impoundment. Coves will be selected that
are conducive from a structural and water depth perspective to provide additional
feeding and spawning areas in the deeper, more secluded areas of the reservoir.
After a period of several years the standing dead snags will fall and be partially
submerged in place to further structural components. These structures are known
to successfully congregate fish and improve the angling potential of a reservoir.
This strategy has been successfully utilized on other recreational impoundments
and has the added benefit of providing perches and nesting sites for fishing
raptors. The actual location of such standing timber will be determined in
consultation with N.C. and U.S. fisheries biologists.
Fish stocking when correctly utilized is one of the oldest methods of fish
population manipulation. Stocking is employed to establish fish species
composition, enhance fisheries production, and to improve angling opportunities.
The proposed reservoir should be stocked with appropriate recreational fish in
consultation with the NC Wildlife Resources Commission and under the direction
of the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority. Sufficient public access will be
provided to optimize recreational opportunities.
26
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5.0 WETLAND MONITORING
A monitoring plan has been formulated to evaluate the succ s of on-site
wetland creation. The plan is designed to document changes in t e seasonal
ground water table and flooding at a variety of represent ive s. ypes identified
as wetland creation areas. A yearly monitoring report will be prepared and
submitted to the USACE and USEPA for review and distribution to inter ted
commenting agencies. The monitoring program will be conducted fofive ears
and will follow USACE Guidelines (12/8/93). At the completion of this period,
the success of the mitigation plan will be evaluated by the USACE in consultation
with the USEPA to determine if the mitigation plan will require modification
and/or additional years of monitoring. The monitoring plan will address soils,
hydrology, and vegetation within compensatory wetland mitigation areas.
Matching the ecological setting of the project areas to natural wetlands is a
fundamental aspect of the proposed mitigation approach. Monitoring, in the
development of mitigation applications, provides an accounting of ecosystem
processes to ensure that functioning forested wetlands are established. The
performance of the mitigation will be assessed by comparing monitored data from
the mitigation sites relative to undisturbed, adjacent, reference forested wetland
habitats. Since the intensity of post-construction monitoring varies with the
environmental significance of the project (White, 1991) and the probability of
successfully achieving targeted wetland functions, our monitoring regime will
measure and evaluate both structural and functional indices.
There will be both graphic and written components to generate baseline
conditions of each mitigation area. Maps will be generated to record wetland
mitigation area, shape, monitoring well locations, proposed vegetation plots, the
patterns of planted vegetation, and open water adjacency. A written narrative will
augment the graphics and will serve as a record of what specifically was done
during the construction phase regarding soil amendments, site preparation, and
plant establishment. This assessment will be filed with the appropriate regulatory
agencies within six months following project implementation.
Once the as-built assessment is complete, differences between what was
proposed and what was built will be evaluated by the permitting agency or
overseeing agency. If modifications to the project are necessary, the as-built
assessment will need to be updated to reflect these changes. When the evaluation
is final, the as-built assessment will become the permanent record to enable
comparison with all future project assessments.
Routine assessments are project examinations which will record wetland
o development toward mitigation. This information is used to: 1) identify problems
27
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that require correction; 2) provide a record of progress; and 3) determine when
project performance warrants releasing the Contractor from further responsibility.
Data collected during routine assessments should reflect project objectives
(Kentula et al., 1992), and will include the following:
5.1 Hydrology
Water depth will be measured both as a function of inundation above
ground (staff gauge), and depth below ground using shallow monitoring wells
consisting of slotted PVC pipe 2.5 inches in diameter to a 30 inch depth. Indirect
indicators will also be recorded according to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,
(1987) Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating Jurisdictional Wetlands
(WTI, 1981). Approximately 20 monitoring wells will be installed within the
proposed wetland creation areas (1 well per 20 acres) at representative sites. In
addition, PTRWA may install additional wells above the 682 ft MSL elevation to
verify the creation of additional wetlands at specific sites in this zone.
During the first year, measurements will be taken monthly during the
dormant season and weekly during the early growing season. In subsequent years,
measurements will be recorded only during the early growing season from mid-
March to mid-May. Measurements will be made to the nearest 0.1 inch and will
be plotted to show changes over time. This monitoring schedule will be followed
until regulatory release.
5.2 Soils
Soil depth and characteristics will be determined using a soil auger or by
excavation of a pit to depth of compacted soil or rock. Soil sampling locations
will be located in the vicinity of each proposed well. Munsell color will be
determined for chroma and hue for both matrix and mottles (WTI, 1987) for each
soil horizon to a depth of 40 inches. Soil texture will be determined for each soil
horizon using textural triangle and based upon feel. All soil amendments such as
fertilizer or lime will be documented and activity monitored by soil analysis for
the first two years. Soil analysis will also include measuring organic matter.
Cw?? The degree of anaerobiosis of surface sol:is will be measured using iron
rebar inserted to a 30 inch depth established at each well location and recorded on
the well measurement schedule. The iron rod technique is based upon the
principle that an iron rod placed in poorly drained soils will rust rapidly in the
aerated zone of the soil, but not in the saturated zone where biological oxygen
demand creates reducing conditions. This method has been shown to be a reliable
indicator of the average soil water table levels on poorly drained heavier soils, and
is one of the several methods used to determine the presence of reducing soil
28

conditions in jurisdictional wetland determination (McKee, 1978 and Hook et al.,
1987).
5.3 Vegetation
Planting locations will be mapped and planting methods will be filed in the
first year status report. Plant community monitoring stations will be located in the
vicinity of each well location and at additional sites. Survival, species, number of
plants per acre, and tree height and diameter (when appropriate) will be measured
at the end of each growing season just prior to leaf fall. A survival rate for all
planted woody species of a minimum of 320 stems/acre will be required after 5 `
years. At least one sampling station will be established for every 5 acres of
uniform terrain to ensure adequate representation of site conditions. Permanent
vegetation 0.05 acre circular plots will be monumented in the field and on maps to
facilitate repeated measurements.
Species composition, wetland indicator status, and dominance will be
measured within each plot. Trees and shrubs will be assessed separately and will
be evaluated for number and coverage. The number and species of volunteer
woody stems will also be recorded in each sample plot and compared with planted
species.
5.4 Observation
The project areas will be photographed from permanent photo stations and
changes in any of the above variables will be recorded and included in each
annual report. A series of sampling stations will also be established randomly in
areas that currently support lentic bottomland hardwood areas. If necessary, other
impoundments will be visited that have been created several decades ago to assess
the degree of parameter overlap of naturally regenerating bottomlands with those
created with this project. Impoundments, such as Hyco Lake near Roxboro,
N.C., that are created on similar Piedmont soils and geology might prove useful
for establishing reference bottomland wetland communities.
6.0 REGULATORY RELEASE
A report will be compiled annually to summarize the current year's
assessments and will be submitted to the appropriate agencies in December. The
report will indicate if corrections are required or if more comprehensive
monitoring is needed to interpret wetland conditions since the last routine
assessment was performed. The annual assessment will be filed with the
permanent project records so that it is available for future reference. Following
review of the Annual Reports or interim review and recommendations by the
29
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regulatory agencies, modifications may be implemented.
The success of the wetland creation and upland restoration will be
determined at the end of the five-year monitoring period based on review of the
monitoring results. Evaluation criteria for the Piedmont bottomland forest
creation will follow the "Mandatory Technical Criteria for Wetland Identification"
described in the 1987 USACE field manual. Monitoring efforts will continue if
the following standards are not attained:
1. A mean density of 320 trees per acre are growing at wetland sites
consisting of preferred canopy species which average 6 feet tall based on
one permanent 0.05 acre sampling plot established for every 2 acres.
2. At least 50% survival of planted understory species will be present, or 63
plants per acre based on plot samples.
3. Soils will be considered restorated when the physical and chemical
properties for successful re-establishment of the wetland forest vegetation
are present. At a minimum the soil conditions will meet the criteria
specified in the 1987 Corps Manual.
4. Hydrological conditions, as determined by visual observation and
monitoring wells, will meet the 1987 Corps Manual technical criteria.
6.1 Contingency Plan
If the presented wetland mitigation plan is partially successful, i.e.,
wetlands have been created, but less than the total acres projected, additional
wetlands will be created within the riparian watershed or in adjacent watersheds
on wet agricultural lands. Any additional mitigation efforts will only be in an
amount necessary to make up the balance of acres required for jurisdictional
wetlands. If wetland creation adjacent to the proposed reservoir is initially
unsuccessful, appropriate adjustments in pool elevation management and/or species
selection will first be attempted. If adjustments do not produce successful wetland
creation, additional acreage will be sought. It is implicit that the mitigation plan
and contingency actions proposed herein are complete and will require no further
actions once executed.
30
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7.0 References
e Brinson, M.M., F.R. Hauer, L.C. Lee, W.L. Nutter, R.D. Smith, and D. Whigham,
1994. DRAFT Guidebook for Application of Hydrogeomorphic Assessments to
Riverine Wetlands, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment
Station, Technical Report (in preparation), Vicksburg, MS, 202 pp.
Brinson, M.M. 1993. A Hydrogeomorphic Classification for Wetlands. U.S. Army
Corps of Engineers, Waterways Experiment Station, Wetlands Research
Program Technical Report WRP-DE-4, Vicksburg, MS, 79 pp.
Brinson, M.M., H.D. Bradshaw, and E.S. Kane. 1984. Nutrient Assimilative
Capacity of an Alluvial Floodplain Swamp. J. Appl. Ecol. 21:1041-1057.
Brinson, M.M., A.E. Lugo, and S. Brown. 1981. Primary Productivity,
Decomposition, and Consumer Activity in Freshwater Wetlands. Ann. Rev.
Ecol. Syst. 12:123-161.
Carter, J.H. 1993. Biological assessment for Randleman Lake, Randolph and
Guilford Counties, North Carolina. A report submitted to the Piedmont
Triad Regional Water Authority, 70 pp.
Conner, W.H. and J.W. Day. 1976. Productivity and Composition of a Baldcypress-
Water Tupelo Site and a Bottomland Hardwood Site in a Louisiana Swamp.
Amer. J. Bot. 63(10):1354-1364.
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoe. 1979. Classification of
Wetlands and Deepwater Habitats of the United States, U.S. Fish and Wildlife
Service, Biological Report FWS/OBS-79/31, Washington, DC, 103 pp.
Cuffney, T.F. 1988. Input, Movement and Exchange of Organic Matter within a
Subtropical Coastal Blackwater River-Floodplain System. Freshwater Biology
19:305-320.
Culp, J.M. and R.W. Davies. 1982. Analysis of longitudinal zonation and the river
continuum concept. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences.
39:1258-1266.
Dopyera, C. 1995. Amphibians on the Brink. Wildlife in North Carolina (February,
1995):10-15.

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Dorst.J. 1970. Before Nature Dies. Collins, London. 352
pp.
Dunson, W.A., R.L. Wyman, and E.S. Corbett. 1992. A Symposium on Amphibian
Declines and Habitat Acidification. J. Herpet. 26(4):349-352.
® Elder, J.F. 1987. Factors Affecting Wetland Retention of Nutrients, Metals, and
Organic Materials. Pp. 178-184 in J.A. Kusler and G. Brooks (eds.)
Proceedings of the National Symposium: Wetland Hydrology, Association of
State Wetland Managers Technical Report 6, Berne, NY.
Forester, D.C. 1992. The Importance of Saturated Forested Wetlands to the
Perpetuation of Amphibian Populations. Pp. 16-23 in Proceedings of a
Workshop on Saturated Forested Wetlands in the Mid-Atlantic Region: The
State of the Science.
Fitzell, A.A. 1988. Ecology of Wetlands. pp. 213-226 In D.D. Hook (ed.) The
Ecology and Management of Wetlands, Vol. 1 Timber Press, Portland,
OR.
Gambrell, R.P. 1994. Trace and Toxic Metals in Wetlands - A Review. J. Envir.
Qual. 23:883-891.
Gilliam, J.W. 1994. Riparian Wetlands and Water Quality. J. Envir. Qual. 23:896
900.
Gosselink, J.G., B.A. Touchet, J. VanBeek, and D. Hamilton. 1990. Bottomland
Hardwood Forest Hydrology and the Influence of Human Activities: The
Report of the Hydrology Workgroup, Pp. 347-387 in Ecological Processes
and Cumulative Impacts Illustrated by Bottomland Hardwood Wetland
Ecosystems. Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.
Hawkins, C.A., and J.R. Sedell. 1981. Longitudinal and seasonal changes in
functional organizations of macroinvertebrate communities in four Oregon
streams. Ecology. 62:387-397.
Hook, D.D., M.D. Murry, D.S. DeBell, and B.C. Wilson. 1987. Variation in
growth of red alder families in relation to shallow water level. Forest
Science. 33(1): 224-229.
Horton, R.E. 1945. Erosional development of streams and their drainage basins:
hydrophysical approach to quantitative morphology. Bull. Geol. Soc. of
Amer., 263:303-312.
32

Kentula, M.E., R.P. Brooks, S.E. Gwin, C.C. Holland, A.D. Sherman, and J.C.
Sifneos. 1992. And approach to improving decision making in wetland
restoration and creation. Edited by A.J. Hairston, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis OR.
151 pp.
Kuenzler, E.J. 1988. Value of Forested Wetlands as Filters for Sediments and
Nutrients. Pp. 85-96 in D.D. Hook and R. Lea (eds.) The Forested Wetlands
of the Southern United States, U.S. Forest Service, Southeastern Forest
Experiment Station, Asheville, NC.
Lowrance, R. 1992. Groundwater Nitrate and Denitrification in a Coastal Plain
Riparian Forest. J. Envir. Qual. 21:401-405.
McKee, W.H. Jr. 1978. Rust on iron rods indicated depth of soil moisture. Site
productivity symposium, U.S. Dept. of Agric, Atlanta, GA 286-291 pp.
Minshall, G.W. 1978. Autotrophy in stream ecosyustems. Bioscience. 28:767-
771.
M
l
ul
ohand, P.J. and E.J. Kuenzler. 1979. Organic Carbon Export from Upland and
Forested Wetland Watersheds. Limnol. Oceanogr. 24(5):960-966.
P
etts, G.E. 1984. Impounded Rivers. Perspectives for ecological management.
J. Wiley & Sons, Ltd. London. 326 pp.
P
oteat, J.A. 1993. Jurisdictional wetland delineation maps of Randleman Lake.
Submitted to the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority.

PTRWA, 1990. G.S. 162A-7 and 153A-285 Review Document and
Environmental Impact Statement for Randleman Lake prepared by
Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority 132 pp.
PTRWA, 1994. Environmental Impact statement for Randleman Lake. Piedmont
Triad Regional Water Authority.
Reed, P.B. 1988. National List of Plant Species that Occur in Wetlands: Southeast
Region II. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service, Biological Report 88(26.2),
Washington, D.C. 124 pp.
Reddy, R.R. and W.H. Patrick. 1975. Effect of Alternate Aerobic and Anaerobic
Conditions on Redox Potential, Organic Matter Decomposition, and Nitrogen
Loss in a Flooded Soil. Soil Biol. Biochem. 7:87-94.
33

Sather, H.J. and R.D. Smith. 1984. An overview of major wetland functions and
values. USFWS, FWS/OBS - 84/18 67 pp.
Schafale, M.P. and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Classification of the Natural Communities
of North Carolina, Third Approximation. North Carolina Natural Heritage
Program, Raleigh, NC. 325 pp.
Stephens, R.B. 1977. Soil Survey of Guilford County, North Carolina. U.S.D.A.,
Soil Conservation Service in cooperation with Board of Commissioners,
Guilford County, North Carolina and North Carolina Agricultural Experiment
® Station. 77 pp.
Taylor, J.R., M.A. Cardamone, and W.J. Mitsch. 1990. Bottomland Hardwood
Forests: Their Functions and Values, Pp. 13-86 in Ecological Processes and
Cumulative Impacts Illustrated by Bottomland Hardwood Wetland Ecosystems.
Lewis Publishers, Chelsea, MI.

Walling, D.E. 1981. Yellow River which never runs clear. The Geographical
magazine. 53:568-576.

Wetland Training Institute, Inc. 1991. Field Guide For Wetland Delineation:
1987 Corps of Engineers Manual. WTI 91-2. 133 pp.
2
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Wharton, C.H., W.M. Kitchens E.C. Pendleton and T.W. Sipe. 198
ecology of bottomland hardwood swamps of the southeast: A community
profile. FWS/OBS-81-37. 133 pp.
White, T.A., J.A. Allen, S.F. Mader, D.L. Mengel, D.M. Perison and D.T. Tew
(eds.). 1991. MiST: A methodology to classify pre-project mitigation sites
and develop performance standards for construction and restoration of
forested wetlands. Results of an EPA-sponsored workshop. Region IV
Wetlands Planning Unit. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. 85 pp.
Wilkinson, D.L., K. Schneller-McDonald, R.W. Olsen, and G.T. Auble. 1987.
Synopsis of Wetland Functions and Values: Bottomland Hardwoods with
Special Emphasis on Eastern Texas and Oklahoma. U.S. Fish and Wildlife
® Service, Biological Report 87(12), Washington, DC, 132 pp.
WRP, 1993. Installing and monitoring wells/piexometers in wetlands. WRP Tech.
Note HY-IA-3.1. 14 pp.
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8.0 APPENDIX
Appendix A. Summary of Wetland Types and AreasI
Wetland
ID Wetland
Area (ac) Wetland
Type HGNS
Type Comments
2-1 0.02 PF01A fringe
2-2 0.02 PF01A fringe
3-1 1.29 PFOIA/B* backswamp hard mast
4-1 1.50 PFOIA/C* tloodplam pool vernal pond
photo #1
4-2 1.77 PF01A/C* lloodplain pool vernal pond
4-3 1.08 PFO1 fringe
4-4 0.26 PFO1 fringe
4-5 0.03 PF01A fringe
4-6 0.19 PF01 fringe
4-7 0.04 PFOIA fringe
4-8 0.38 PFOI backswamp
4-9 0.04 PF01A fringe
4-10 0.05 PF01A fringe
4-11 0.11 PFO1/EM1 fringe/seep
4-12 0.58 PFO1/EM1 fringe/seep
4-13 0.09 PFO1/EMl backswamp
4-14 0.01 PFO1 backswamp
4-15 0.77 PFOI backswamp
4-16 0.17 PFO1/EM1 backswamp
4-17 0.06 PF01 backswamp
4-18 0.05 PF01 backswamp
4-19 0.84 PFO1 backswamp
5-1 0.56 PF01A/E* backswamp photo #2
5-2 4.50 PFOIA/B* backswamp
5-3 0.43 PFO1 backswamp
5-4 0.29 PF01 backswamp
5-5 0.04 PF01 backswamp
5-6 0.46 PF01 backswamp
5-7 0.28 PFO1 fringe
5-8 3.07 PFO 1 /EM 1 backswamp grazed
5-9 0.03 PFO1 fringe
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Appendix A. Summary of Wetland Types and Areas I
Wetland
ID Wetland
Area (ac) Wetland
Type HGNv
Type Comments
5-10 0.06 PF01 fringe
5-11 0.10 PF01 fringe
5-12 0.02 PF01 fringe
5-13 0.57 PF01A fringe
5-14 0.15 PFOIA fringe
5-15 0.11 PFOIA fringe
5-16 0.53 PF01A fringe
5-17 0.39 PFOIA fringe
5-18 0.04 PFOIA fringe
5-19 0.11 PF01A fringe
5-20 0.07 PF01A fringe
5-21 0.07 PF01 A fringe
5-22 0.13 PF01A fringe
5-23 0.04 PF01A fringe
5-24 0.08 PF01A fringe
5-25 0.04 PF01A fringe
5-26 0.01 PF01 backswamp
5-27 <0.01 PF01 backswamp
5-28 0.01 PF01 backswamp
5-29 <0.01 PF01 backswamp
5-30 0.03 PF01A fringe
5-31 0.05 PFOIA fringe
6-1 0.77 PFO1C floodplam pool vernal pond
6-2 0.27 PFOIA backswamp
6-3 <0.01 PFOIA backswamp
6-4 0.07 PFOIA backswamp
6-5 0.01 PF01A backswamp
6-6 0.01 PFO 1 A backswamp
6-7 0.01 PFOIA backswamp
6-8 0.06 PFOIA backswamp
6-9 < 0.01 PFOIA backswamp
6-10 <0.01 PF01A backswamp
6-11 0.14 PFO IA backswamp
6-12 0.13 PF01A backswamp
6-13 0.03 PF01A backswamp
36
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r,
C

G

G

Appendix A. Summary of Wetland Types and Areas 1
Wetland
ID Wetland
Area (ac) Wetland
Type HGNI3
Type Comments
6-14 0.02 PFOIA backswamp
7-1 1.77 PFOIA fringe old sand pit
7-2 3.57 PFOI/SS1A/B fringe old pond
7-3 0.27 PFO lA fringe
7-4 0.45 PFO1C fringe
7-5 0.02 PFOI fringe
7-6 0.01 PF01 fringe
7-7 0.04 PFO1 fringe
7-8 0.12 PF01 fringe
7-9 0.10 PF01 backswamp
7-10 0.26 PFOI backswamp
7-11 0.01 PFO1 fringe
7-12 0.06 PFOI fringe
7-13 1.28 PFO1/EM1 fringe
7-14 0.32 PFO1 backswamp
7-15 0.54 PEM1 fringe/seep grazed
7-16 0.23 PEM1B/E seep grazed
7-17 0.57 PFO1 backswamp
7-18 0.23 PF01B fringe/seep below pond
7-19 0.07 PF01 fringe
7-20 0.07 PF01 frmge
7-21 0.01 PFOI fringe
7-22 0.08 PEM1B/E seep grazed
7-23 0.08 PFOIA fringe
7-24 0.10 PFOIA fringe
7-25 0.13 PFOIA fringe
8-1 1.20 PFOlA/B backswamp grazed /
photo #3
8-2 1.11 PF01 fringe
8-3 0.34 PF01 backswamp grazed
8-4 3.60 PFO1/EM1A/B fringe grazed
8-5 0.16 PFOIA fringe
8-6 1.42 PFOIA fringe
8-7 0.32 PFOIA backswamp
8-8 0.06 PFOIA fringe
37
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Appendix A. Summary of Wetland Types and Areas 1
Wetland
Ili Wetland
Area (ac) Wetland
Type HGli
Type Comments
8-9 0.33 PF01 backswamp
8-10 0.52 PFO1 backswamp
9-1 3.21 PFOIA backswamp
9-2 5.53 PFOlA/B backswamp
9-3 2.44 PFOIA/B backswamp
9-4 <0.01 PFO 1 fringe
9-5 < 0.01 PFO1 fringe
9-6 0.01 PFO1 fringe
9-7 0.27 PFO 1 backswamp
9-8 0.17 PFO1 backswamp
9-9 0.48 PFOI backswamp
9-10 0.43 PFO1 backswamp
9-11 0.07 PFO1 backswamp
9-12 0.52 PF01 backswamp
9-13 0.01 PFO1 backswamp
9-14 0.22 PFOI backswamp
9-15 4.86 PF01 backswamp
9-16 0.74 PFOIA fringe
9-17 0.21 PF01 backswamp
9-18 0.47 PF01 backswamp
9-19 0.16 PFOI fringe
9-20 5.54 PFOI/EM1A/B fringe/bkswp
9-21 0.14 PF01 fringe
9-22 0.42 PFOI fringe
9-23 0.02 PFOIA fringe
10-1 <0.01 PFOIA fringe
10-2 0.05 PFOIA fringe
10-3 0.02 PFOIA fringe
10-4 < 0.01 PFO IA fringe
10-5 0.01 PEMlA fringe powerline
10-6 0.72 PFOIA fringe
10-7 0.17 PFO1 backswamp
10-8 0.42 PFOIA fringe
10-9 0.14 PFO1 fringe
10-10 0.02 PFOIA fringe
38

L

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D
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G'

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H
E
Appendix A. Summary of Wetland Types and Areasl
Wetland
ID Wetland
Area (ac) Wetland
Type HGNV
Type Comments
10-11 0.08 PF01A fringe
10-12 0.03 PF01A fringe
10-13 0.01 PFOIA fringe
10-14 0.02 PFOIA fringe
10-15 0.04 PF01A fringe
10-16 0.01 PFOIA fringe
10-17 1.62 PFO1 fringe
11-1 0.73 PFO1 fringe
11-2 < 0.01 PF01 A fringe
11-3 0.02 PFO1 fringe
11-4 0.01 PEM 1 fringe
11-5 0.25 PFO1/EM1 fringe
11-6 0.04 PF01 fringe
11-7 0.44 PFOIA fringe
12-1 0.11 PFOIA fringe
12-2 0.08 PFOIA fringe
12-3 <0.01 PFOIA fringe
124 <0.01 PFO 1 A fringe
12-5 <0.01 PFOIA fringe
12-6 <0.01 PF01A fringe
12-7 0.11 PFOIA fringe
12-8 <0.01 PFOIA fringe
12-9 0.04 PFOIA fringe
12-10 0.15 PF01A fringe
13-1 3.51 PFO1/SS1B fringe/seep photo #4
13-2 0.04 PFOIA fringe
13-3 0.34 PFOIA fringe
13-4 0.53 PEM1B seep
13-5 0.04 PFOIA fringe
13-6 0.08 PFOIA fringe
13-7 <0.01 PFOIA fringe
13-8 <0.01 PFOIA fringe
14-1 13.60 PEM2E backswamp grazed /
photo #5
14-2 0.21 PFOIE backswamp
39

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[7
Appendix A. Summary of Wetland Types and Areas 1
Wetland
ID Wetland
Area (ac) Wetland
Type HGV
Type Comments
14-3 0.25 PFOIE backswamp
14-4 1.93 PFO1 backswamp
14-5 1.03 PFO1 backswamp
14-6 0.28 PF01 backswamp
14-7 <0.01 PFO 1 backswamp
14-8 0.27 PFO1 backswamp
14-9 0.83 PF01 fringe
14-10 <0.01 PFO 1 A fringe
14-11 0.02 PF01A fringe
14-12 4.23 PEMIE seep/bkswp grazed
14-13 0.27 PEM1E seep grazed
14-14 0.42 PF01 fringe
14-15 0.15 PFOIA fringe
14-16 0.02 PF01A fringe
14-17 0.04 PFOIA fringe
15-1 0.03 PF01A fringe
15-2 0.04 PFOIA fri nge
15-3 0.05 PFOIA fringe
154 <0.01 PFOIA fringe
15-5 0.01 PFOIA fringe
15-6 0.08 PFOIA fringe
15-7 0.03 PFOIA fringe
15-8 0.01 PF01A fringe
15-9 0.07 PF01A fringe
15-10 1.77 PF01 fringe/bkswp
15-11 0.02 PF01A fringe
15-12 0.01 PF01A fringe
15-13 0.14 PF01 backswamp
15-14 <0.01 PFOIA fringe
15-15 0.01 PFOIA fringe
15-16 0.01 PFOIA fringe
15-17 <0.01 PFOIA fringe
15-18 <0.01 PF01A fringe
15-19 <0.01 PF01A fringe
15-20 0.03 PF01A fringe
40

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1

Appendix A. Summary of Wetland Types and Areas 1
Wetland
ID Wetland
Area (ac) Wetland
Type HGNv
Type Comments
15-21 0.05 PFO 1 A fringe
15-22 <0.01 PF01A fringe
15-23 0.04 PFOIA fringe
15-24 0.06 PFOIA fringe
16-1 3.28 PFOI/SS1B/C backswamp
16-2 0.23 PFO1 backswamp
16-3 0.01 PFO 1 A fringe
16-4 0.21 PFO1 backswamp
16-5 0.07 PFO1 backswamp
17-1 0.89 PEM1B seep/fringe old-field
17-2 0.01 PFO1 fringe
17-3 0.23 PF01 backswamp
17-4 0.01 PF01 backswamp
17-5 1.23 PFO1 fringe
17-6 0.05 PF01 fringe
17-7 0.03 PF01 fringe
17-8 0.01 PFOIA fringe
17-9 0.05 PFOIA fringe
17-10 0.46 PF01A fringe
17-11 0.17 PF01A fringe
17-12 <0.01 PFOIA fringe
17-13 < 0.01 PFOIA fringe
17-14 0.01 PF01A fringe
17-15 0.01 PFOIA fringe
17-16 0.03 PFOIA fringe
17-17 < 0.01 PF01A fringe
17-18 0.10 PFO1 backswamp
17-19 0.03 PF01A fringe
17-20 <0.01 PF01A fringe
17-21 <0.01 PF01A fringe
17-22 0.20 PF01 backswamp
17-23 0.04 PF01A fringe
17-24 0.04 PFO 1 A fringe
17-25 0.13 PFOIA fringe
18-1 0.01 PF01A fringe
41

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1

7
Appendix A. Summary of Wetland Types and Areas 1
Wetland
ID Wetland
Area (ac) Wetland
Type HGNV
Type Comments
18-2 0.01 PF01A fringe
18-3 0.03 PF01A fringe
19-1 1.69 PFO1/EM1B seep/fringe ATV use /
photo #6
19-2 < 0.01 PFOIA fringe
19-3 0.15 PF01 seep/fringe
19-4 1.35 PF01 seep/fringe
19-5 <0.01 PF01A fringe
19-6 0.07 PFOIA fringe
19-7 0.01 PF01A fringe
19-8 <0.01 PF01A fringe
19-9 0.04 PF01A fringe
19-10 0.04 PFO1 backswamp
19-11 0.05 PFO1 backswamp
20-1 0.07 PFOIA fringe
20-2 0.01 PF01A fringe
20-3 <0.01 PFO 1 A fringe
20-4 <0.01 PF01A fringe
20-5 0.01 PF01A fringe
20-6 0.24 PF01A fringe
20-7 0.24 PF01A backswamp
20-8 0.13 PF01A fringe
20-9 0.04 PFOIA fringe
20-10 0.13 PF01A fringe
20-11 1.00 PFOIE seep/fringe
20-12 0.12 PF01 fringe
20-13 0.11 PFOI fringe
20-14 0.03 PFOIA fringe
20-15 0.07 PFOIA fringe
20-16 0.01 PF01A fringe
20-17 0.10 PFOIA fringe
20-18 0.02 PFOIA fringe
20-19 0.23 PF01 backswamp
20-20 0.13 PF01 backswamp
20-21 0.62 PF01 backswamp
42

7
J
0

l
Appendix A. Summary of Wetland Types and Areas
Wetland Wetland Wetland HGNV Comments
ID Area (ac) Type Type
20-22 0.21 PF01 backswamp
Deep River 127.10 R2UB1 n/a
Muddy 19.86 R3UB1 n/a
Creek
Richlands 11.90 R3UB1 n/a
Creek
Registers 1.02 R3UB1 n/a
Creek
Hickory 9.37 R3UB1 n/a
Creek
1 & 2 25.60 R3UB1 / n/a
order R4SB3
tributaries
TOTAL 194.85 acres
AREA
Riverine
TOTAL 119.11 acres
AREA
Palustrine
2 Based on 7/92 wetlands mapping from J.R. McAdams Company
Wetland type based on Cowardin et al. (1979) and determined by
ground-truthing and aerial photo interpretation
3 HGM types based on Brinson (1993)

1
J

43
7
7
7
Appendix B
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Post Office Box 33604
Raleigh, North Carolina 27636
Phone [phone]
Fax [phone]
WETLAND CONSULTANTS
DRAFT
WETLAND ITIGATIO E "PLAIN
For
RANDLEMAN LAKE
RANDOLPH AND GUILFORD COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA
PREPARED FOR
PIEDMONT TRIAD REGIONAL WATER AUTHORITY
Koger Center, Wilmington Building, Suite 100
2216 West Meadowview Road
Greensboro, NC 27407-3480
PREPARED BY
TRIANGLE WETLAND CONSULTANTS, INC.
Post Office Box 33604
Raleigh, NC 27636
June 27, 1994
Coast Office 275 Redfox Trail Hampstead, North Carolina 28443 Phone [phone]
0
Table of Contents
List of Figures ..................................................................................
List of Tables .................................................................................... ...i
..ii
Executive Summary ........................................................................................... ..1
1.0 Introduction .................................................................................................
1.1 Background ............................................................................... ..2
..2
1.2 Purpose and Objectives .............................................................. ..3
2.0 Site Conditions .............................................................................................
2.1 Location and Attributes ............................................................. ..3
..3
2.2 Habitat Types ............................................................................ ..5
2.2.1 Stream Channel ......................................................................
2.2.2 Piedmont Bottomland Forest .................................................. ..6
..6
2.2.3 Piedmont Alluvial Forest ........................................................ ..7
2.2.4 Dry Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest ................................................7
3.0 Potential Impacts ...........................................................................................8
4.0 Mitigation ..................................................................................................... 10
4.1 Avoidance and Minimization Issues ............................................ 10
4.2 On-Site Mitigation ...................................................................... 11
4.2.1 Wetlands Creation and Habitat Restoration .............................
4.2.1.1 Littoral Bottomland Hardwood Wetlands .............................. 11
11
4.2.1.2 Wet Flat Woodlands ............................................................. 12
4.2.1.3 Upland Hardwood Forest Restoration ...................................
4.2.2 Wildlife Habitat Enhancement .................................................. 14
14
4.2.3 Fisheries Resource Enhancement .............................................. 15
4.3 Off-Site Mitigation ................. .............................................
4.3.1 Wetland Creation and Habitat Restoration ................................ 15
16
4.4 Management Criteria for Buffer Area .......................................... 22
5.0 Monitoring ....................................................................................................
5.1 Ground Water ............................................................................. 23
24
5.2 Soils ............................................................................................ 24
5.3 Vegetation ...................................................................................
5.4 Observation . .. 25
25
6.0 Regulatory Release ....................................................................................... .25
6.1 Contingency Plan .........................................................................26
7.0 References .......................................................................................................27

List of Figures
Figure 1 - Location of Randleman Lake ................................................................................. 4
Figure 2 - Location of Proposed stormwater Control Facilities ..............................................17
Figure 3 - Randleman Lake Stormwater Control Facilities - Site No. 1 Jenny Creek Site .......19
Figure 4 - Randleman Lake Stormwater Control Facilities - Site No. 3 Glenola Site ..............20
Figure 5 Randleman Lake Stormwater Control Facilities - Site No. 7 Landfill Site .................21
1

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List of Tables
Table 1 - Tree and Shrub Species Recommended for Mitigation Planting
in the Bottomland Hardwood (BLH) Wet Flat Woodland (WFW),
and Upland (U) Zone at Randleman Reservoir. ..........................13
11

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EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
The Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority ( PTRWA) has applied for a permit to
impact 1020.70 acres o wetlan and inundate and additions 245.34 acres of stream c annel for
the construction of a proposed water supply reservoir on the Deep River and Muddy Creek. The
project has been through the public interest review, and a consensus has been reached with regard
to the water dependent nature of the project and the lack of feasible alternative sites. Therefore,
mitigation, as presented in this document, is proposed to compensate for the unavoidable
conversion of approximately 120.70 acres of wetlands associated with the construction of the
Randleman Reservoir.
The wetland and aquatic habitats within the proposed reservoir were delineated and a
qualitative assessment and characterization was performed (see wetland maps (Poteat 1993), and
biological assessment maps and report (Carter 1993)). The project area contains a combination of
aquatic and wetland habitats including, river stream channel (245.34 ac), Piedmont alluvial forest
wetlands (102 ac), bottomland hardwood forest wetlands (4 ac), and wetland seeps (15 ac). The
potential impacts resulting from the conversion of approximately 366.04 acres of aquatic and
wetland habitats to an open water aquatic habitat have been identified in earlier reports (PTRWA
1990, 1994).
This mitigation plan includes on-site and off-site mitigation and is comprised of wetland
creation, restoration, and preservation, and fish and wildlife habitat enhancement. On-site
mitigation will consist of creating approximately 80 acres of littoral zone bottomland hardwood
wetlands (683 to 685 ft MSL), and approximately 118 acres of forested wet flat woodland
adjacent to the proposed reservoir (685 to 690 ft MSL) created from open fields and pastures.
The acreage of shallow littoral zone marsh wetland is unaccounted for, but significant acreage of
this kind (>50 acres below 683 ft MSL) of habitat should naturally regenerate as the lake becomes
filled. Upland mitigation, likely to be a significant contribution to water quality and habitat
enhancement, will consist of 517 acres of planted fields and pastures to forested habitat (690 ft
MSL to project boundary).
A monitoring plan has been developed to evaluate the success of wetland mitigation
activities. Monitoring of soil hydrology and vegetation will be accomplished, with annual reports
being submitted to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency ( USEPA) and other esignated gencies. A contingency plan has also been
proposed to insure acceptable levels of compens tory mitigation has been achieved.
=w(- - 0 e?'-

1.0 INTRODUCTION
The Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority (PTRWA) proposes to construct
Randleman Lake, a 3,045 acre water supply reservoir at 682 R MSL, on the Deep River in
Randolph and Guilford counties. The member local governments of the PTRWA (Jamestown,
Archdale, High Point, Greensboro, and Randleman, and the County of Randolph) plan to divert
water from Randleman Lake on the Deep River to Rich Fork Creek in the Yadkin River Basin
and to North and South Buffalo Creeks in the Haw River sub-basin. This project was originally
authorized by the U.S. Congress as a multi-purpose reservoir in 1968 to meet the future water
demand of 48 mgd. Detailed information concerning PTRWA's water requirements is contained
in a special report (NC DEHNR 1991), where population, industrial and economic growth were
modeled as well as other conservation and purchase alternatives.
1.1 Background
As required by Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (16 USC 1344), PTRWA has.: ?
applicd for a permit to place fill material in wetlands and impound water in the Deep River for
the construction of the proposed dam and water supply reservoir. Although the Randleman
Lake project will have no impact on species listed as threatened or endangered, or proposed for
such listing by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service and the State of North Carolina (Carter 1993),
the mitigation plan will eventually incorporate comments potentially identified as significant as
part of the USACE public notice procedures. Environmental issues yet to be identified will
have to be resolved through the extended review process and thus will be addressed by later
versions of this mitigation plan. Triangle Wetland Consultants reserves the right to amend or
alter any version of this plan whenever new information becomes available through any party.
Assuming that this project is determined by the USACE in consultation with the USEPA to be
in the public interest, and that there are no practicable upland alternatives, the conversion of
approximately 121 acres of jurisdictional wetlands to open water habitat, can be resolved. The
regulatory agencies will need to consider mitigation to compensate for unavoidable wetland
impacts. The PTRWA has retained Triangle Wetland Consultants (TWC) to prepare this
comprehensive wetland mitigation plan to outline the procedures to compensate for unavoidable
® wetland losses associated with the proposed Randleman Lake.
2
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1.2 Purpose and Objectives
The purpose of this report is to propose a comprehensive wetland mitigation plan to
compensate for the unavoidable conversion of approximately 121 acres of wetlands to open
water habitat. Specific objectives of this report include:
• describe the wetlands impacted by the proposed project
• identify potential impacts to wetlands
• develop an on-site and off-site wetland creation, restoration, and enhancement
mitigation plan
• develop related mitigation strategies
• provide management criteria for the permanent conservation status of the buffer area
surrounding the impoundment
• develop a mitigation monitoring and contingency plan.
It is intended that this report will facilitate the review and approval of the pending 404
permit application and provide specifications adequate for technical review.
2.0 SITE CONDITIONS
2.1 Location and Attributes
The project area is located in the western Piedmont of North Carolina, in Guilford and
Randolph Counties (Fig. 1). The project will require the permanent inundation of 3,045 acres
of land, along approximately 23 miles of stream (10 miles on Muddy Creek and 13 miles on the
Deep River). Another 3,000 acres comprised of a 2a conservation buffer will be protected
around the lake above the 682 ft conservation pool elevation. The project also includes the
construction of an earth dam and spillway; the clearing and grubbing of vegetation in the
conservation pool; the relocation of roads and utilities; relocation of inhabitants of about 55
dwellings; and the construction of a water treatment plant, intake structure, and associated
pumping, transmission and distribution system to serve PTRWA governments.
The entire project area is an agricultural, industrial, and urbanized complex of human
impacts. The area is rapidly growing industrially around the Interstate 85 highway corridor,
with agriculture and dairy farming yielding to pasture land and urbanization. In the project area,
3

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RAIdDLEMAN LAKE
RANDOLPH AND GUILFORD COUNTIES, NORTH CAROLINA
Figure 1: Location of Randleman Lake
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the relief is largely determined by the kind of bedrock underlying the soils, by the geology of the
area, and the amount of landscape dissection by streams. The two broad classes of soil parent
materials in the project area are residual materials and alluvium both of which have developed
under hardwood forests. Granite makes up about half of the underlying rock with Cecil and
Appling upland soils formed from these acid igneous substrates. The basic rocks of diorite and,
gabbro. are the parent materiaLfor the upland Iredell and Mecklenburg series soils. Transported
alluvium of floodplains are mapped by the Soil Conservation Service as Congaree, Chewacla,J
and Wehadkee series soils.
2.2 Habitat Types
The project site is comprised of a combination of wetland and upland habitat types (after
Carter 1993, see habitat maps). Water and wetland habitats inundated by the normal pool
include:
• Stream Channel (245.35 ac)
• Alluvial Forest (102 ac)
• Bottomland Forest (4 ac)
• Seeps (15 ac)
Bottomland and upland habitats within the overall project site include:

H
• Alluvial forest
• Bottomland forest
• Wetland seeps
• Open pastures, fields, other agriculture
• Developed areas, ponds, powerlines
• Mesic Mixed hardwood forest
• Dry-mesic oak-hickory forest
• Acidic cliff
The primary wetland and aquatic habitat types that will be impacted by the proposed
project are described below.
5

2.2.1 Stream Channel (23 miles)
The streams at the proposed reservoir site are relatively shallow and vary from 20 feet
wide to approximately 80 ft wide. The bottom is composed primarily of coarse to medium grain
sands with significant amounts of fines and limited organic material. Aquatic and wetland
vegetation within the stream channel are absent, and the streams exhibit minimal amounts of
deadfall and accumulated litter.
The streams are typically sharply incised within the floodplain. Stream banks exhibit
steep slopes of one to one (1:1) or greater and are sometimes in excess of six to eight feet in
height. Groundcover is sparse along the steep side slopes, and overhanging vegetation generally
covers the bank top.
The Randleman Lake impoundment will convert present stream habitat to a lentic
environment, and changes are anticipated in the fishery. Those species adapted only to a free-
flowing stream habitat will decline in abundance and may eventually disappear from the
reservoir. However, most fish in the area are adaptable to the lake environment and overall, 5
species composition should not change drastically. (PTRWA, 1990). Fish habitat should
continue to improve in the Deep River Downstream, as the construction of the Randleman Lake
will replace 23 miles of free-flowing streams (245.34 acres) with a 3,045 acre reservoir. Point
and non-point source pollutants that would normally get into the river would be diluted by the
lake waters and would tend to settle out in the upper reaches of the lake. Consequently, the
water discharged downstream from the reservoir should be of a higher quality than now exists in
the stream ( PTRWA, 1990). More detailed information about the reservoir's potential
beneficial impacts on downstream water ualit relative to the change in lake environment can
be found in t e USACE Environmental Impact Statement.
2.2.2 Piedmont Bottomland Forest (4 acres pool, 5 acres buffer)
This palustrine, forested/scrub shrub, deciduous, saturated wetland, as classified by
Cowardin et al. (1979), is the wettest forest community found within the project floodplain
(Carter, 1993). The type is dominated by red maple (Ater rubnnn), river birch (Betula nigra),
black willow (Salix nigra), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), southern sugar maple (Ater
saccharum ssp. floridanum), American elm (Uhnus americana), and ironwood (Carpinus
carohniana). The understory is composed of poison ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), Japanese
6
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honeysuckle (Lonicera japonica), and wood nettle (Laportea canadensis), with wetter locations
supporting mixed sedges and arrowwood (vibunnan dentatum). A portion of this forest type is
ecotonal between the Piedmont Bottomland Forest and the Piedmont Alluvial forest and is
comprised of green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), sweetgum and red maple. Small wet areas
that lacked a consistent canopy of hardwoods were classified and mapped as seeps (15 acres
pool, 1 acre buffer) (Carter 1993).
2.2.3. Piedmont Alluvial Forest (1057 acres pool, 630 acres buffer)
The Piedmont alluvial forest is comprised of seasonally and temporarily flooded
lowlands. The seasonally flooded hardwoods, classified according to Cowardin et al. (1979) as
palustrine, forested, deciduous, seasonally flooded wetlands, are first and second terrace alluvial
hardwood communities within the floodplain areas of the project area. Although Cowardin et
al. (1979) classifies this type as jurisdictional wetland, this community type in the Piedmont is
typically found on light gravely soils which occur on natural levees and sandy deposit areas,
witlun the floodplain area, and.therefore cannot be considered jurisdictional wetlands because.
they are typically well-drained. The canopy is usually dominated by river birch, sweetgum,
tulip-poplar (Liriodelydron tulipifera), southern sugar maple, sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)
and an occasional black walnut (Juglans nigra). The understory is occupied by ironwood,
pawpaw (Asia ina triloba), spice bush (Lindera benzoin), privet (Ligustrum sinense), poison
ivy, and Japanese honeysuckle.
2.2.4. Mixed Mesophytic Forest (809 acres pool, 923 acres buffer)
The rich, mixed mesophytic upland hardwood community is generally found on north- ,
facing slopes and in ravines. The canopy in this community is dominated by tulip-poplar, beech
(Fagus grandifolia), sugar maple, white oak (Ouercus alba), and red oak (Ouercus rubra), and
some species from the Alluvial Forest type. The understory is dominated by holly (Ilex opaca),
redbud (Cercis canadensis), mountain laurel (Kahnia latifolia), and occasionally, wild
hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) and May apple (Podophyllum vin ineum). Where the soils
were moist, Christmas fern (Polystichum acrostichoides) and mosses (Lycopodium spp.)
existed.
2.2.5. Dry Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest (273 acres pool, 498 acres buffer)
J
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9 This forest type usually exists upslope from the aforementioned forest community types.
Various oaks (Ouercusfalcata, alba, coccinea, rubra, velutina) were common (Carter 1993),
with pines (Pines virginiana, echinata) associated with this community type. Understory
components included dogwood (Corpus florida), sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum), black
gum (Nyssa sylvatica), blackhaw (Viburnum prunifolium), blueberry (Vaccinium spp.),
Japanese honeysuckle, poison ivy, and grape (Vitis spp.) (Carter 1993). The weedy understory
indicates that this habitat type has been frequently disturbed by fire, grazing, and harvesting.
Several small rock outcrops exist in this habitat type (5 acres pool, 2 acres buffer) (Carter
1993). These sites which were mapped as Piedmont Acidic Cliff communities, provide habitat
for unusual species such as rock spikemoss (Selaginella rupestris), columbine (Aquilegia
canadensis), blunt-lobed fern (Woodsia obtusa), and talinum (Talinum teretifolium).
304s-
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3.0 I
POTENTIAL IMPACTS
Development of the 3,045 acre water supply reservoir will convert approximately 121:,
acres of jurisdictional-wetlands to open water habitat and a dam. The 4 acres of bottomland
forest, 102 acres of alluvial forest, and 15 acres of seeps comprise the wetland impacts. Not
included in this wetland acreage are approximately 245 acres of stream channel. The remainder
of the proposed reservoir acreage to be inundated is composed of approximatel 2,800 acr se of 0?2
mixed alluvial hardwood and mixed pine-hardwood upland communities, and 637 acres of fields
and pastures.
Potential impacts resulting from the proposed reservoir include impacts to wetland and
aquatic resources and upland wildlife and habitat. Primary impacts to wetland and aquatic
resources include conversion of the existing forested wetland habitats and shallow lotic aquatic
systems to an open water, lentic aquatic system. The open water reservoir system will retain,
and/or enhance the values for most of the current wetland functions including flood water
storage, sediment/toxicant retention, utrient asslmila ion nd ground water discharge/
recharge. The functions of wildlife habitat aril -nm oductivitY are expected to be
P rY P
adversely impacted. Such impacts are more fully discussed within the 404 permit application
and other supporting documents.
Presently the wetlands.and aquatic habitats within the proposed project area provide
high quality habitat for a wide variety of herpetofauna, birds and mammals. Some species
within these groups are dependent on wetlands for food, protection, resting and reproduction
(wetland dependent species), whereas other species use wetlands for only apart of their vital life
s 8
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functions. Some species spend their entire life cycle within a single wetland, whereas other
species spend a portion of their life cycle in wetlands or may only travel through wetlands
(Sather 1984).
Fritzell (1988) described three categories for mammals using wetlands: 1) limited,
species for which wetlands are essential, and the loss of which will eliminate use of the area by
the species; 2) influenced, species for which wetlands are important, and the loss of which will
decrease carrying capacity, but not eliminate the use of the area by the species, and 3)
unaffected, species who regularly use wetlands, but for which wetlands are not necessary, and
will not likely, decrease the carrying capacity of the area.. Most species associated with the
project area are either influenced or unaffected and will be displaced to adjacent and
surrounding wetlands or upland habitats.
Bottomland hardwood forests are inherently productive. A major factor contributing to
the high productivity of forested floodplains is the pulsing wet-dry cycle (Wharton et al. 1982).
Primary productivity potential within the floodplain will be reduced, by construction of the
proposed reservoir as will the detritus export anc -transfon potential, of excess dissolved
organic nutrients. There is also an accompanying shift in primary productivity from particulate
organic material_(floodplain detritus) to phytoplankton.. as open water replaces existing vascular
plant material sites.
The fishery resources of the site will be impacted by the proposed reservoir. Fish
species composition within the river systems in the vicinity of the proposed reservoir is
composed of over 30 species of fish (Carter 1993), with a composition generally of bluegill
(Lepomis macrochirus), warmouth (Lepomis gulosus), redear sunfish (Lepomis microlophus),
red breast sunfish (Lepomis auritus), blue head chub (Noncoms letocephah1s) and catfish
(Ameiurus spp). This lotic fishery resource will be replaced by a typically lentic, flat water
fisher. Typical fish species of the proposed reservoir system may include bluegill, largemouth
bass (Micropteus salmoides), channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), yellow perch (Perca
Jlavecens) and black crappie (Pomoxis nigramaculatus).
4.0 MITIGATION
The Section 404 (b)(1) guidelines of the Clean Water Act (16 USC 1344), as described
in 40 CFR Part 230, state that unavoidable wetland losses resulting from water dependent
projects may be offset by effective mitigation actions. According to the National Environmental
Policy Act (NEPA) of 1969, mitigation actions should include avoidance, minimization,
1
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restoration, enhancement and compensation for unavoidable impacts. After all practical
attempts to avoid and minimize wetland losses have been accomplished, compensatory
mitigation in the form of restoration, enhancement, creation, preservation and acquisition should
be developed.
As identified in the Memorandum of Agreement between the USACE and USEPA (15
November 1989), wetland restoration is the most desirable form of mitigation. Creation is the
second most desirable form of mitigation and is generally deemed more desirable than
enhancement. Acquisition of existing wetlands, while potentially significant for corridor
protection and as a hedge against future development, ranks least desirable for wetland
mitigation. Ideally, compensatory mitigation should be in-kind and on-site. Wetland areas at or
adjacent to the project site may be restored, created or enhanced to compensate for wetland
functions and values of the wetland areas impacted. However, in areas with significant
topographic relief, in-kind and on-site mitigation for reservoir projects may be limited in both
quantity and quality of wetlands that can be successfully restored and/or created around the
periphery of the reservoir. The second priority of compensatory mitigation should be in-kind,
off-site mitigation which compensates for the function and value of the wetlands lost in an area
as close to the project area as possible. The mitigation proposal for Randleman Lake reservoir
is a comprehensive plan that includes:
• on-site creation of littoral zone bottomland hardwood wetlands (80 ac) established on fields
and pastures between the 683-685 ft MSL contour;
• on-site creation of wet flat woodlands (118 ac) on fields and pastures between the 685-690
ft MSL contour;
• on-site re-establishment of upland hardwood forest (517 ac) above the 690 ft MSL contour
to the property boundary.
4.1 Avoidance and Minimization of Impacts
Impacts associated with the construction of the proposed dam and reservoir were
initially avoided and minimized to the extent practicable and are described in the 404
application. Measures to minimize impacts are generally considered during the siting process
and evaluation of alternative sites. During the construction of the dam and reservoir, best
management practices (BMPs) will be employed to minimize impacts to adjacent wetlands and
aquatic systems. Specific measures to reduce erosion, and to control sediment movement will
be employed to protect the water quality of the Deep River downstream from construction
areas. Specific practices will include the use of upland siltation barriers and sediment traps,
stream channel basins, and runoff diversion dikes, where applicable. Details for these sediment
10
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9. retention and erosion control measures are typically outlined in the engineering drawings for this
project.
Such features/structures will be inspected regularly and maintained throughout the
construction period and additions or repairs will be made as necessary. Additionally, an
unclcared buffer strip will be maintained adjacent to the Deep River and Muddy Creek within
the confines of the cleared reservoir basin to reduce impacts to water quality and stream biota
during construction. Vehicular access routes needed during construction will be minimized and
restricted to specific routes to minimize disturbance to adjacent and surrounding wildlife and
habitats. Construction roads as well as the sediment control features will be located on the site
as required by the site's physical constraints and construction schedule.
4.2 On-Site Mitigation
The compensatory on-site mitigation actions proposed for the immediate reservoir area
include wetland forest creation, upland forest restoration, and the creation of natural littoral
zone emergent wetlands which ill-evolve na urallyD.
4.2.1 Wetlands Creation and Habitat Restoration
The majority of the wetlands impacted by the proposed reservoir are temporarily and
seasonally flooded forested wetlands and scrub-shrub wetlands. Accordingly, wetland creation
will focus on these types of wetlands. There is opportunity to mitigate for these wetland types
around the periphery of the proposed reservoir in the purchased land adjacent to the proposed
normal pool (683 ft MSL).
4.2.1.1 Littoral Bottomland Hardwood Wetlands
Between the normal pool (683 ft MSL) and the saturated soil zone (685 ft MSL) zone
there is an area of approximately 80 acres available for creation of forested wetlands from fields
(48 ac) and pastures (32 ac): Wetland creation in these areas will focus on a mixture of
facultative wetland, a d-fr? acultative species Although this area will be above the normal pool of
the reservoir, there will be an aeration of the soils resulting in an increase in soil saturation
from th probsblC r e of th water table adjacent to the reservoir.
These ower tonog at)hic areas within the 80 acres are excellent candidates for creation
of obligate to facultative?wet forest wetland dominated communities. Their present condition as
raj ?11
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open lands means that they will likely evolve on their own to some form of wetland forest, but
we can actively control species composition and community diversity. Without active
intervention, natural regeneration of open uplands to wetlands involves domination of
opportunistic tree species such as red maple, river birch, boxelder, and black willow into
monotypic "weedy" forests.
L? Mitigation on these areas will involve the blockage of any drainage ditches, and site
preparation for planting using a combination of disking, chisel plowing and low bedding. Soils
will be analyzed to determine fertilization and liming requirements. Prior to planting during
February, a pre-emergent herbicide to control noxious weed competition will be applied. Each
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Based on an inventory of preflooded bottomlands, a planting prescription of canopy trees and
understory shrubs will be developed (Table 1).
Trees and shrubs will be planted at 6 x 10 foot spacing (726 plants/acre = 600 trees/acre
plus 126 shrubs/acre). Planting will be mixtures of tree and shrub bare root seedlings and
matched to specific hydrological strata within each site to correspond to native species mixtures
in adjacent obligate and facultative wet habitats. Planting will be done following contour lines
to simulate natural stem distribution and stratification. Our strategy of planting 726 plants/acre
should provide adequate insurance of meeting the required survival number even under severe
abiotic and biotic conditions.
4.2.1.2 Wet Flat Woodlands
Between the saturated soil zone of 685 ft MSL and 690 ft MSL there is an area of
approximately 118 acres of open land in fields (77 ac) and pastures (41 ac). Wet flat woodland
creation in this area will involve planting a mixture of facultative wetland, and facultative tree
and shrub species. Although part of this area will be above the likely jurisdictional wetland
boundary, hydric conditions will be prevalent. There will be a gradual wetting of this area from
the general regional rise of the water table immediately adjacent to the reservoir and portions of
this area will become wetlands. It will take several years for the exact area of wetlands to be
determined.
The melding of this zone with the adjacent created wetlands will ensure that a true
transitional forest community type will develop from obligate to facultative species at the same
location. This transition will also provide benefits for water quality protection and habitat
corridor development around the entire reservoir margin.
Mitigation will involve much of the same procedures and site preparation as stated for
the littoral bottomland hardwood wetlands. Table 1 lists commercially available species that
12
Table 1: Tree and shrub species recommended for mitigation planting in the bottomland
hardwood (BLH), wet flat woodland (WFW), and upland zone (U) at Randleman Reservoir.
Species Status Zone
Canopy Trees BLH WFW U
Ouercus michauxii swamp chestnut FACW x x -
oak
Ouercus pagodifolia cherrybark oak FACW x x -
Ouercus nigra water oak FACW x x -
Ouercus phellos willow oak FACW x x x
Ouercus lyrata overcup oak FACW x x -
Ouercus rubra red oak UPL - - x
Ouercus alba white oak UPI, - - x
Ouercus coccinea chestnut oak UPL - - x
Carya spp. hickory UPI, - - x
Nyssa sylvatica var swamp blackgum FACW x - -
biflora
Taxodium distichum cypress OBL x - -
Fraximrs pennsylvanica green ash FACW x x -
Liquidambar styraciflua sweetgum FAC x x -
Platanus occidentalis sycamore FAC x x -
Prunus serotina black cherry FACU x
Celtis occidentalis sugarberry FACW x x -
Acer negundo boxelder FACW x - -
Pinus virginiana Virginia pine UPL - - x
Pinus echinata shortleaf pine UPI, - - x
Understory Shrubs
Almus serrulata hazel alder OBL x x -
Rex cassine Dahoon holly OBL x x -
Lindra benzoin spice bush FACW x x -
Cercis canadensis redbud UPL - - x
Cormis forida dogwood UPI, - x x
Vaccinnium corymbosuni blueberry UPI, x x -
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13

will be suitable for planting in the forested wet flat woodlands. Trees and shrubs will be planted
as bare root seedlings at 6 x 10 foot spacing (726 plants/acre = 600 trees/acre plus 126
shrubs/acre).
4.2.1.3 Upland Hardwood Forest Restoration
Between the 690 ft MSL and the project boundary there exists open fields (317 ac) and
pastures (274 ac) that will be restored to upland forest habitat. Although not considered to be
important in terms of "no net loss" of jurisdictional wetlands, such restoration should be high
priority for habitat protection and water quality concerns. Planting techniques and densities will
be similar to those previously outlined. Bare root seedlings of species listed in Table 1 will be
established to produce a facultative to facultative upland community composition. A desirable
outcome of upland hardwood forest establishment is to ensure that ample hard and soft mast
species are provided for wildlife in addition to the protection of the reservoir this will provide.
4.2.2 Wildlife Habitat Enhancement
The proposed impoundment will result in the significant loss of wildlife habitat,
however, construction of the reservoir will also facilitate the development of new wildlife
habitat. Additionally, the reservoir is expected to attract a variety of waterfowl and other
migratory bird species by providing improved feeding and resting habitat for certain species.
Species potentially attracted to the open water and shallow littoral zone habitats associated with
the proposed reservoir include the mallard duck (Arras plathrhynchos), American wigeon (Arras
americana, American black duck (Arras rubripes), Canada geese (Branta calladensis), wood
duck (Aix sponsa), teal (Arias spp.) and horned grebe (Podiceps auritus). The proposed
reservoir is extensive and should attract raptors such as osprey (Pandion haliaetiis).
The loss of riverine and bottomland hardwood habitat, and the associated loss of wood
duck nesting habitat will be mitigated by the installation of at least 60 nest boxes located in
shallow coves and around the periphery of the reservoir. Wood duck nest boxes, when properly
constructed, can be extremely effective in increasing the production of wood ducks. The
juxtaposition of the reservoir and adjacent mitigation stands will provide suitable sites for wood
duck nest boxes. The artificial nesting structures in conjunction with buffer zone management
should increase the population of resident wood ducks on the proposed reservoir.
14
0
R
4.2.3 Fisheries Resource Enhancement
The construction of the proposed dam and reservoir on the Deep River will significantly
alter the existing aquatic community. Species associated with the existing lotic systems will be
gradually replaced by those species favoring a lentic system; such as bluegill, largemouth bass,
yellow perch, channel catfish and black crappie.
To improve the fishery resources and habitat value and to increase public use of the
proposed reservoir, fishery enhancement mechanisms will be applied. Specific measures include
retention of dead trees for fish attractors, and potential fish stocking.
Fish attractors are designed for two principal purposes: to create habitat features that
will promote fish production and survival, and to facilitate congregations of desirable species for
improved angling. The fish attractors proposed in this plan will consist of residual trees that will
be left to die from inundation in selected coves within the impoundment. Coves will be selected
that are conducive from a structural and water depth perspective to provide additional feeding
and spawning areas in the deeper, more secluded areas of the reservoir. After a period of
several years the standing dead snags will fall and be partially submerged in place to further
structural components. These structures have been known to successfully congregate fish and
improve the angling potential of a reservoir. This strategy has been successfully utilized on
other recreational impoundments and has the added benefit of providing perches and nesting
sites for fishing raptors. The actual location of such standing timber will be determined in
consultation with N.C. and U.S. fisheries biologists.
Fish stocking when correctly utilized is one of the oldest methods of fish population
manipulation. Stocking is employed to establish fish species composition, enhance fisheries
production, and to improve angling opportunities. The proposed reservoir should be stocked
with appropriate recreational fish in consultation with the NC Wildlife Resources Commission
and under the direction of the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority. Sufficient public
access will be provided to optimize recreational opportunities.
4.3 Off-Site Mitigation
Off-site mitigation is frequently combined with on-site mitigation strategies to
compensate for both the quantity and the quality of the wetlands to be impacted. The off-site
mitigation for the proposed Randleman Lake combines wetland creation (as freshwater marsh)
and wetland preservation through acquisition.

15

?W,
4.3.1 Wetland Creation and Habitat Restoration
In an effort to enhance the quality of the water flowing into the reservoir-three
freshwater marsh impoundments are proposed up-stream from the reservoir. The design of
these freshwater wetlands is such that they will store stormwater and absorb nonpoint source
pollution. The active management and construction of such wetlands will offset the losses
associated with reservoir construction, and will also mitigate the long-term urbanization
stormwater effects as the landscape around the reservoir is developed.
It is well established in the literature that wetlands improve water quality under certain
circumstances by a combination of physical, chemical, and biological mechanisms. Pollutants
may be trapped, lost to the atmosphere by volatilization, incorporated into sediments, taken up
by biota, broken down into simpler constituents, or exit the wetland in the runoff stream. It is
wise to site wetlands into a rapidly developing landscape or to construct new wetlands targeted
for areas of known impacts from residential, industrial, municipal, and commercial water
pollution. The watersheds that were examined for construction of freshwater marsh
impoundments were in headwater areas at the point of the initial influx of nutrient and sediment
laden surface runoff (Fig. 2). 4,/ r`^a' Fo?t-%- ` 0t?,Ta`' ?
Compounding flow problems in urbanizing watersheds (from increasing impervious
surfaces) is the concomitant loss of flood storage capacity from filled or modified wetlands and
floodplains. Examples of this phenomenon have been verified during our reconnaissance and
have challenged us to locate and design headwater detention facilities to protect in-stream
values without adversely affecting existing wetlands. The urbanization impacts and the need for
wetland detention facilities, justifies a combined strategy for compensatory wetland
mitigation/stormwater renovation to protect Randleman Reservoir.
Floodplain, wetland, and stormwater management programs are complex and used in
conjunction, their complexities are compounded. In moving stormwater/wetland management
facilities to the floodplain requires an understanding of wetlands and their unique attributes in a
given location. Based on surveys of the major tributaries of the proposed reservoir, seven sites w`
were chosen as practicable with three sites recommended. The three locations describe e ow
are viewed to be the best sites where a combined strategy is likely to lead to acceptable water
quality improvement. Such a strategy should include a combination of shallow retention ponds;
a temporary runoff storage area, an emergent marsh, and a wet meadow and/or bottomland
16
hardwood area,with appropriate water control structures and spillways for peak storm events.
In addition to improving flood and sediment control, this stem is designed to meet NPDES
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discharge standards for appropriate components in urban stormwater runoff. It will also create Ott 2
wetland habitat areas connected within the floodplain corridor and demonstrate the benefits of
constructed and natural wetland wetlands working to improve water quality and flood
amelioration. Such systems have been widely employed in rapidly urbanizing areas such as
Florida and Maryland.
Following is a description of the three stormwater impoundment sites proposed for
headwater areas at Randleman Reservoir:
Site 1.
Jenny Creek Headwaters-- Several potential sites are located on Jenny Creek and
Reddicks Creek off of Southview road and near SR 1129 (Groomtown Road). The sites
are east of Kivett Drive intersection with SR 1129 and immediately adjacent to I-85.
One of the proposed locations is situated between Brandy Road and Cimmaron Court
and I-85 (Fig. 3). The preliminary design for this stormwater wetland is 7.75 acres fitted
to treat a watershed area of approximately 1000 acres with a 10 year stormwater flow of
1320 cfs.
Site 3.
Glenola-- The site is south of SR 1919 and west of Taylor's Trailer Park. It is on a
tributary to Muddy Creek and immediately downstream from a horse farm facility which
is contributing significant erosion and nutrient enrichment to Muddy Creek (Fig. 4). The
potential stormwater/wetland 9.64 acres fitted to treat a watershed area of
approximately 600 acres with a 10 year stormwater flow of 1008 cfs.
c+ Site 7.
Landfill Site-- The site is directly downstream of the Guilford County Landfill adjacent
to the Richland Creek floodplain west of SR 1145 (Riverdale Road) (Fig. 5). Water
quality was noticeably poor given the upstream development as well as significant
sediment displacement around the landfill site. The proposed stormwater/wetland is
5.40 acres fitted to treat a watershed area of approximately 900 acres with a 10 year
stormwater flow of 1242 cfs.

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4.4 Management Criteria for Buffer Area
The management and protection strategies for the buffer areas will be extremely
important for the long term protection of the reservoir. This vegetation zone is situated directly
adjacent to the reservoir and is the final protection zone. Clearly, the buffer area must provide
maximum protection from sedimentation and water-born pollutants from upstream and surface
water from uplands. Both point and non-point sources of pollution originate in the Deep River
watershed. Likely contaminants include pesticides, animal waste, wastewater effluent,
petroleum products in addition to sediment. Measures must be taken to minimize the quantity
of these pollutants and the negative impacts to water quality and the useful life of the reservoir.
Management and Protection Plan fort e watershed including the buffer area should
be developed. The first requirement for implementation of a this Plan is a complete inventory of
the natural resources and an accompanying survey of land uses within the watershed. The
resulting data bases and descriptions will characterize forest canopy, mid and understory
vegetation, soil type and quality, hydrology including feeder streams, reservoir margins and
associated wetlands, and prominent species of wildlife. Data bases should be generated through
GIS systems compatible with those used by Piedmont Triad Water Authority.
Results should include descriptions and quantities of land use on surrounding properties,
and discussion of observed or potential impacts of such uses on the reservoir. Where
amelioration or mitigation is needed and alternative management approaches should also be
presented leading to recommended courses of action.
Implementation of the management plan would include but would not necessarily be
limited to:
1. Installation of erosion and sedimentation control structures and/or vegetation.
2. Implementation of a sampling plan to assess the amount of sediment delivered to the
reservoir annually.
3. Thinning of established forest stands to enhance value.
4. Advising the Piedmont Triad Water Authority on working with neighboring
landowners on practices to minimize adverse impacts of certain land uses.
22
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5.0 MONITORING/
A monitoring plan has been formulated to evaluate the success of on-site wetland
creation (littoral zone bottomland hardwoods) and off-site wetland creation. The plan is
designed to document changes in the seasonal ground water table level and vegetative species S7`
composition over time in the wetland creation areas yearly monitoring report will be
prepared and submitted to the USACE and USEPUr review and distribution to intereste
commenting agencies. The monitoring program will be conducted fo three -- . t t e
completion of this period, the success of the mitigation plan will be evaluated by the USACE in
consultation with the USEPA to determine if the mitigation plan will require modification and/or
additional years of monitoring. The monitoring plan will consider soil hydrology and.,
vegetation.
Matching the ecological setting of the project areas to natural wetlands is a fundamental
aspect of the proposed mitigation approach. Monitoring, in the development of mitigation
applications, provides an accounting of ecosystem processes to ensure that functioning forested
wetlands are established. The performance of the restoration projects will be assessed by
comparing monitored data from the mitigation sites relative to undisturbed, adjacent, reference
forested wetland habitats. Since the intensity of post-construction monitoring varies with the
environmental significance of the project (White, 1991) and the probability of successfully
achieving targeted wetland functions, our monitoring regime will measure and evaluate both
structural and functional indices.
There will be both graphic and written components to generate baseline conditions of
each mitigation area. Maps will be generated to record wetland mitigation area, shape, the
patterns of vegetation and open water adjacency. A written narrative will augment the graphics &5
and will serve as a record of what specifically was done during the construction phase regarding ?
soil amendments, site preparation, and plant establishment. This assessment will be filed with
the appropriate regulatory agencies within six months following project implementation.
Once the as-built assessment is complete, differences between what was proposed and
what was built will be evaluated by the permitting agency or overseeing agency. If
modifications to the project are necessary, the as-built assessment will need to be updated to
reflect these changes. When the evaluation is final, the as-built assessment will become the
permanent record to enable comparison with all future project assessments.
Routine assessments are project examinations which will record wetland development
toward mitigation. This information is used to: 1) identify problems that require correction; 2)
provide a record of progress; and 3) determine when project performance warrants releasing the
23

Contractor from further responsibility. Data collected during routine assessments should reflect
project objectives (Kentula et al., 1992), and will include the following:
5.1 Ground Water
Water depth will be measured both as a function of inundation above ground (staff
gauge), and depth below ground using shallow monitoring wells consisting of slotted PVC pipe
2.5 inches in diameter to a 30 inch depth. Indirect indicators will also be recorded according to
the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers, (1987) Federal Manual for Identifying and Delineating
Jurisdictional Wetlands (WTI, 1981). During the first year, measurements will be taken monthly
(dormant season), weekly (growing season) for the entire month of April, and monthly
thereafter for the first year. The only difference for the following monitoring periods will be
bimonthly measurements following the weekly measurements in April. This monitoring
schedule will be followed until regulatory release.
5.2 Soils
Soil depth will be determined using a soil auger or by excavation of a pit to depth of
compacted soil or rock. Munsell color will be determined for chroma and hue for both matrix
and mottles (WTI, 1987) for each soil horizon to a depth of 40 inches. Soil texture will be
determined for each soil horizon using textural triangle and based upon feel. All soil
amendments such as fertilizer or lime will be documented and activity monitored by soil analysis
for the first two years. Soil analysis will also include measuring organic matter.
The degree of anaerobiosis of surface souls will be measured using iron rebar inserted to
a 30 inch depth established at each well location and recorded on the well measurement
schedule. The iron rod technique is based upon the principle that an iron rod placed in poorly
drained soils will rust rapidly in the aerated zone of the soil, but not in the saturated zone where
biological oxygen demand creates reducing conditions. This method has been shown to be a
reliable indicator of the average soil water table levels on poorly drained heavier soils, and is one
of the several methods used to determine the presence of reducing soil conditions in
jurisdictional wetland determination (McKee, 1978 and Hook et al., 1987).

1 24

5.3 Vegetation
Planting locations will be mapped and planting methods will be filed in the first year
status report. Survival, number of plants per acre, and tree height and diameter (when
appropriate) will be measured at the end of each growing season just prior to leaf fall. A
survival rate for all planted woody species of 400 stems/acre will be required after 5 years. At _
least one sampling station will be established for every five acres o uniform terrain to ensure-----
adequate representation of site conditions. Permanent vegetation row plots will be monumented
in the field and on maps to facilitate repeated measurements.
Species composition, wetland indicator status, and dominance will be measured within
each row plot. Trees and shrubs will be assessed by establishing 3 rows of 50 plants each (300
ft.). The number and species of volunteer woody stems will be recorded in a two foot band
(600 ft.^2) along planting rows.
5.4 Observation
The project areas will be photographed from permanent photo stations and changes in
any of the above variables will be recorded and included in each annual report. A series of
sampling stations will also be established randomly in areas that currently support lentic
bottomland hardwood areas. If necessary, other impoundments will be visited that have been
created several decades ago to assess the degree of parameter overlap of naturally regenerating
bottomlands with those created with this project. Impoundments, such as Hyco Lake near
Roxboro, N.C., that are created on similar Piedmont soils and geology might prove useful for
establishing reference bottomland wetland communities.

6.0 REGULATORY RELEASE
A report will be compiled annually to summarize the current year's assessments and will
be submitted to the appropriate agencies in December. The report will indicate if corrections
are required or if more comprehensive monitoring is needed to interpret wetland conditions
since the last routine assessment was performed. The annual assessment will be filed with the
permanent project records so that it is available for future reference. Following review of the
Annual Reports or interim review and recommendations by the regulatory agencies,
modifications may be implemented.
7
25

7
The success of the wetland creation and upland restoration will be determined at the end
of the Xime--},ear monitoring period based on review of the monitoring results. Evaluative criteria
for the 80 acre littoral bottomland hardwood creation will follow the "Mandatory Technical
Criteria for Wetland Identification" described in the 1987 USACE field manual. Monitoring
efforts will continue if the following standards are not attained:
i
1. A mean density o600 rees per acre are growing at wetland sites consisting of
preferred canopy species which average 6 feet tall based ozone permanent sampling
station established for every 5 acres.
2. At least 50% survival of planted understory species will be present, or 63 plants per
acre based on row plot samples.
3. Soils will be considered acceptable for restoration when the physical and chemical
properties for successful re-establishment of the wetland forest vegetation are
present. At a minimum the soil will be saturated within 12 inches of the surface for
seven consecutive days during the growing season (April through October,
inclusive).
4. Hydrological conditions, as determined by visual observation and monitoring wells,
will meet 80% overlap with 1987 Mandatory Technical Criteria.
6.1 Contingency Plan
wetland creation,, additional acreage will be sought. It is implicit that the mitigation plan and
contingency ac tons proposed herein are complete and will require no further actions once
executed. /
If the presented wetland mitigation plan is partially successful, i.e., wetlands have been
created, but less than the 80 acres as projected, additional wetlands will be created within the
riparian watershed or in adjacent watersheds on wet agricultural lands. All. criteria, excluding
the degree of soil saturation, will be required for the 118 acres of wet flat woodlands and the
upland restoratiow Any additional mitigation efforts will only be in an amount necessary to
make up the balanc of 8 acres -0 required jurisdictional wetlands. If wetland creation
adjacent to the propose reservoir is initially unsuccessful, appropriate adjustments in elevation
and/or species planting will first be attempted. If adjustments do not produce successful
!,t/f ?? &C-3

26

0
7.0 References
Carter, J.H. 1993. Biological assessment for Randleman Lake, Randolph and Guilford
Counties, North Carolina. A report submitted to the Piedmont Triad Regional Water
Authority, 70 pp.
Cowardin, L.M., V. Carter, F.C. Golet, and E.T. LaRoc. 1979. Classification of wetlands and
deepwater habitats of the United States. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. OBS,
Washington, DC. FWS/OBS 79/31. 103 pp.
Fitzell 1988. Ecology of Wetlands pp.213-226 In D.D. Hook (ed.) The Ecology and
Management of Wetlands, Vol. 1 Timber Press, Portland, OR.
Hook, D.D., M.D. Murry, D.S. DeBell, and B.C. Wilson. 1987. Variation in growth of red
alder families in relation to shallow water level. Forest Science. 33(1): 224-229.
Kentula, M.E., R.P. Brooks, S.E. Gwin, C.C. Holland, A.D. Sherman, and J.C. Sifneos. 1002.
And approach to improving decision making in wetland restoration and creation. Edited
by A.J. Hairston, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research
Laboratory, Corvallic OR. 151 pp.
McKee, W.H. Jr., 1978. Rust on iron rods indicated depth of soil moisture. Site productivity
symposium, U.S. Dept. of Agric, Atlanta, GA 286-291 pp.
Poteat, J.A. 1993. Jurisdictional wetland delineation maps of Randleman Lake. Submitted to
the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority.
DTRWA, 1990. G.S. 162A-7 and 153A-285 Review Document and Environmental Impact
Statement for Randleman Lake. prepared by Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
132 pp.
PTRWA, 1994. Environmental Impact statement for Randleman Lake. Piedmont Triad
Regional Water Authority.

27
Ell
Sather, H.J. and R.D. Smith. 1984. An overview of major wetland functions and values.
USFWS, FWS/OBS - 84/18 67 pp.
Wharton, C.H., W.M. Kitchens E.C. Pendleton and T.W. Sipe 1982. The ecology of
bottomland hardwood swamps of the southeast: A community profile. FWS/OBS -81-
37. 133 pp.
Wetland Training Institute, Inc. 1991. Field Guide For Wetland Delineation: 1987 Corps of
Engineers Manual. WTI 91-2. 133 pp.
White, T.A., J.A. Allen, S.F. Mader, D.L. Mengel, D.M. Perison and D.T. Tew (eds.). 1991.
MiST: A methodology to classify pre-project mitigation sites and develop performance
standards for construction and restoration of forested wetlands. Results an EPA-
sponsored workshop. Region IV Wetlands Planning Unit. U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. 85 pp.
28
WA
ADW V`

Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Alan W. Klimek, P. E. Director
Division of Water Quality
Coleco H. Sullins, Deputy Director
Division of Water Quality
June 28, 2004
Ms. Andrea Spangler
Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
Wilmington Building Suite 204
2216 West Meadowview Road
Greensboro, NC 27407-3480
Dear Ms. Spangler:
RE: DWQ Approval for Wetland Mitigation Plans
Randleman Reservoir
DWQ # 97-0722
Guilford County
Based on DWQ review of the following plans and our subsequent discussion on June 23, 2004,
the Division of Water Quality hereby approves the following plans for wetland mitigation for the
Randleman Reservoir project. All other conditions of the Certification for this project are still in effect.
1.Hickory Creek Wetlands Mitigation Project (Grading Project and Planting Project) prepared
by Westcott Engineering and Consulting dated June 4, 2004.
2. Reddicks Creek Wetlands Mitigation Project (Grading Project and Planting Project)
prepared by Westcott Engineering and Consulting dated June 4, 2004.
3. Wetlands Mitigation Project -Randolph and Guilford Counties (Bob Branch, Lower Sophia
Branch and Richland Creek sites) prepared by TriTech Civil Environmental dated May
2002 (sealed on March 31, 2004 by Philip Brower).
I can be reached at 919-733-9646 if you have any questions.
Sincerely yours,
?-n ney
Cc: Raleigh Field Office US Army Corps of Engineers
File copy
Central files
DWQ Winston-Salem Regional Office
N(A)ENA
N. C. Division of Water Quality 1617 Mail Service Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1617 [phone] Customer Service
1-877-623-6748

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Randleman Lake Wetland Mitigation
Summary of Design Changes
May 2002 - June 2004
NCDWQ June 27, 2003 Comments Incorporated:
1) Reddicks Creek and Richland Creek - increased scarification details and placement of woody
debris
2) Reddicks Creek - new contour for grading included in plan.
3) Hickory, Reddicks, Sophia, and Bob - all have permanent access roads. Richland's
temporary access roads are now included in the scarification boundary.
4) Planting will be bid separately - all plans have full breakdown of wetland community types.
5) Construction Sequence - Has been added where it was missing. NCDWQ - Winston Office
has approved the use of Randleman Dam for sedimentation and erosion control for Reddicks,
Hickory, Sophia, and Richland sites. Full sedimentation & erosion control plans included for
Bob Branch (and Richland and Sophia if needed due to project scheduling)
Hickory Creek:
A) Design
1) Cover Sheet-
- Index changed due to planting plan being bid separately
- Construction Sequence added
2) Sheet 2-
- Access Road Added
3) Sheet 3-
- Scarification Notes
4) Sheet 4 - (formerly 6)
- Added bypass channel and storage for stoplog
5) Sheet 5 (formerly 7) - no changes
6) Sheet 6 (formerly 8) -
- Corrected labels of rock dams
B) Planting Plan
7) Sheet 2 (formerly 4) -
- Legend updated
8) Sheet 3 (formerly 5)-
- Site notes and contractors notes added
••
Reddicks Creek:
Design
1) Cover Sheet -
- Index changed due to planting plan being bid separately
- Construction Sequence added
2) Sheet 2-
- No changes
3) Sheet 3-
- New Sheet - depicts grading area (685 msl).
- 10 extra acres of wetlands, app. 140,000 CY fill
4) Sheet 4 - (formerly 3)
- Updated scarification area
5) Sheet 5 (formerly 6) -
- Added bypass channel and storage for stoplog
6) Sheet 6 (formerly 7) -
- No changes
7) Sheet 7 (formerly 8) -
- Added bypass channel and storage for stoplog
8) Sheet 8 (formerly 9) -
- No changes
9) Sheet 9 (formerly 10) -
- Added bypass channel and storage for stoplog
10) Sheet I0(formerly 11) -
- No changes
11) Sheet 11 (formerly 12) -
- Added bypass channel and storage for stoplog
12) Sheet 12 (formerly 13) -
- No changes
B) Planting Plan
13) Sheet 2 (formerly 4) -
- Grading changes
- Trees changed (% remains the same to achieve necessary diversity)
14) Sheet 3 (formerly 5)-
- Site notes and contractors notes added
Bob Branch
1) Sheet 131 -
- Increased acreage (0.9 acres) due to updated modeling for upper reaches of boundary
2) Sheet 132 -
- Increased planting (1200 -1300) due to increased acreage.
3) Sheet 133 -
- no changes
4) Sheet 134 -
- sedimentation and erosion control required
5) Sheet 135 -
- no changes
6) Sheet 136 -
- no changes

Sophia
1) Sheet S1 -
- no changes
2) Sheet S2 -
- Access road
3) Sheet S3 -
- no changes
4) Sheet S4 -
- Changes to access road and property lines added
5) Sheet S5 -
- no changes
Richland
1) Sheet R1-
- added bridge removal
2) Sheet R2-
- Scarification area includes temporary access roads
3) Sheet R3-
- Includes bridge removal
4) Sheet R4-
- No changes
Sheets D1, D2, D3 - no changes
\O?OF VV H 1F9QG
7
D `C
Michael F. Easley
Governor
William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Alan W. Klimek, P.E., Director
Division of Water Qualitv
June 27, 2003
Ms. Andrea Spangler
Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
Wilmington Bid., Suite 204
2216 West Meadowview Road
Greensboro, NC 27407-3480
Subject:
Randleman Lake Wetland Creation
DWQ Project No. 970722
Guilford County
Dear Ms. Spangler:
The Wetlands Unit staff reviewed the wetland creation plans for the subject project and determined that additional
information is necessary to complete the technical review process. The required additional information is as follows:
1. Micro-topography Plan
It is important to establish micro-topography in wetlands in order to increase diversity. As such, a micro-topography
plan should be developed as part of the final grading plan. The plan could include creating as many as five divots,
similar to those created by fallen trees, per acre in areas that are to be cleared or graded. Obviously this would not
be needed for areas that are not to be cleared or graded.
2. Final Contour Plan
Please provide a final contour plan for the Reddicks Creek site and for any other areas that will be graded or
scarified.
3. Access Plans
Please provide the access routes for heavy equipment at each site. Please indicate that heavy equipment access
area will be ripped or otherwise treated to break up potentially compacted soils.
4. Acreage and Community Type
Please provide the acreage of each proposed wetland plant community type at each site.
Construction Sequence
Please provide the construction sequence as it relates to the sediment and erosion control plans.
If you have any questions or would like to discuss this project, please contact me at [phone].
Sincerely,
Todd St. hn, PE
Environmental Engineer
cc: Winston-Salem Regional Office
File
- - ••U?'?Wu 1Ly, wu , vveaancs t;enmcation unit,
1650 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1650 (Mailing Address)
2321 Crabtree Blvd., Raleigh, NC 27604-2260 (Location)
919-733-1786 (phone), 919-733-6893 (fax), http://h2o.enr.state.nc.uslncweUands/
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P [ E D M 0 N T TRIAD
January 25, 2002
\Ir. John Dorney
NCDWQ - Wetlands Unit
16-% Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699
REGIONAL

Re: Randleman Lake Wetland iAitigation Plan
-001 1
WATER AUTHORITY
Dear John:
Per our phone conversation last month, I am writing in response to the October 13, 2001
letter, from your department regarding our wetland mitigation plans for the following
sites: Richland Creek, Reddicks Creek, Hickory Creek, Bob Branch, Sophia Branch, and
Eduar Branch. 1 have numbered each issue to correspond to the items listed in the letter
o;ntieuroffice.
The issue of aquatic life passage through these areas, once construction has been
c,..mi.,leted, is currently being addressed in the En_ir ing design phase of our proposed
%cet:and mitigation sites. We plan on discussing this issue in fitrther detail with staff from
your office at the meeting currently scheduled for February 20, 2002.
I We understand that the operation and maintenance of these wetland mitigation sites
will bean ongoing responsibility. The PTRWA Board of Directors will determine the
policy for management of these wetland mitigation sites, including training/education of
staff, at a later date. We will keep your office informed of our progress on this item.
The PTRWA will be purchasing the property that is required to construct these
wetland mitigation sites.
4 The b.it1'er restrictions lifted in the PTRWA's 404d permit, allow for encroachment
into the buffer with permission from the USACE. We received a letter of approval of our
mitigation plans from the USACE on August 23, 2001. 1 have attached a copy of this
letter for your files.
Because the wetland mitigation is a component of our 404d permit, we are required to
u?Athe USACE's success criteria for wetland mitigation.
o Stream restoration at these sites was rejected much earlier in the process by both the
PTRWA and NCDWQ due to physical restraints of the sites; therefore, a cost benefit
anialvsis was not performed.
Wilmington Building, Suite 204 • 2216 West Meadowview Road • Greensboro, North Carolina 27407-3480
Telephone: [phone] • Fax: [phone]

7. Due to the location of the Randleman Lake Watershed within the Piedmont of North
Carolina, various reference wetlands were selected within this region to measure wetland
attributes, review various structural designs, and to discern management strategies
employed. The reference systems reviewed include the Rocky Branch impoundment
above Falls Lake in Wake County, the Country Line Creek impoundments in Caswell
County, the Beaver Creek greentree impoundments above Jordan Lake in Wake County
and the Little Creek impoundment above Jordan Lake in Durham County.
If you have any additional questions or concerns please give me a call (336-547-8437) or
we can discuss these issues further at the meeting on February 20`h
Sincerely,
aau 0-
Andrea M. Spangler
Environmental and Special Projects Manager

?v 3-c
,` c'
olo 0\,? 9-?
ve &J

January 25, 2002
Mr. John Dorney
NCDWQ - Wetlands Unit
1650 flail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699
Re: Randleman Lake Wetland Mitigation Pian
Dear John:

0

Per our phone conversation last month, I am writing in response to the October 18, 2001
letter from your department regarding our wetland mitigation plans for the following
sites: Richland Creek, Reddicks Creek, Hickory Creek, Bob Branch, Sophia Branch, and
Edgar Branch. I have numbered each issue to correspond to the items listed in the letter
J;ri your office.
t . The issue of aquatic life passage through these areas, once construction has been
c mpleted, is currently being addressed in the Engineering design phase of our proposed
wetland mitigation sites. We plan on discussing this issue in fiirther detail with staff from
your office at the meeting currently scheduled for February 20, 2002.
2. We understand that the operation and maintenance of these wetland mitigation sites
w1'11 be an ongoing responsibility. The PTRWA Board of Directors will determine the
policy for management of these wetland mitigation sites, including training/education of
staff, at a later date. We will keep your office informed of our progress on this item.
3. The PTRWA will be purchasing the property that is required to construct these
wetland mitigation sites.
4 he buffer restrictions listed in the PTRWA's 404d permit, allow for encroachment
into the buffer with permission from the USACE. We received a letter of approval of our
mitigation plans from the USACE on August 23, 2001. I have attached a copy of this
letter for your files.
5. Because the wetland mitigation is a component of our 404d permit, we are required to
uszthe USACE's success criteria for wetland mitigation.
6. Stream restoration at these sites was rejected much earlier in the process by both the
PTRWA and NCDWQ due to physical restraints of the sites; therefore, a cost benefit
analysis was not performed.
Wilmington Building, Suite 204 • 2216 West Meadowview Road • Greensboro, North Carolina 27407-3480
Telephone: [phone] Fax: [phone]
PIEDMONT TRIAD REGIONAL WATER AUTHORITY
AW,
7. Due to the location of the Randleman Lake Watershed within the Piedmont of North
Carolina, various reference wetlands were selected within this region to measure wetland
attributes, review various structural designs, and to discern management strategies
employed. The reference systems reviewed include the Rocky Branch impoundment
above Falls Lake in Wake County, the Country Line Creek impoundments in Caswell
County, the Beaver Creek greentree impoundments above Jordan Lake in Wake County
and the Little Creek impoundment above Jordan Lake in Durham County..
If you have any additional questions or concerns please give me a call (336-547-8437) or
we can discuss these issues further at the meeting on February 201h
Sincerely,
auAuo- -Mi,
Andrea M. Spangler V
Environmental and Special Projects Manager
October 18, 2001
Dr. Gerald McCrain
EcoScience
1101 Haynes St.; Suite 101
Raleigh, NC 27604
Ms. Andrea Spangler
Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
Wilmington Building
2216 W. Meadowview Rd; Suite 204
Greensboro, NC 27404
Dear Dr. McCrain and Nfs. Spangler:
We have completed our review of the compensatory wetland mitigation plans for
the construction of Randleman Reservoir. These plans addressed efforts to promote
wetland ecosystems at the Edgar Branch, Sophia Branch and Bob Branch sites (all in
Randolph Co.) Your patience during our review process is appreciated greatly as these
plans were reviewed by other staff within the NC Division of Water Quality in addition to
myself. All of the Division of Water Quality's concerns are conveyed in this letter.
Overall there has been considerable discussion on these plans. The foremost
item that has received attention is the amount of maintenance that will be required.
Some reviewers have expressed whether the concepts presented represent wetland
restoration or wetland creation. In addition, all who have seen the sites have expressed
concern on potentially flooding mature forested communities resulting in tree mortality
and replacing those communities with imnature trees.
Clearly the plans represent an innovative approach to compensatory wetland
mitigation, and one in which the outcome is dependent on the skill and experience in
managing water levels. We are optimistic that water quality benefits will result from the
type of mitigation proposed.
North Carolina Division of Water Quality; Wetlands/401 Unit
NQDE> R 1650 Mail Service Center; Raleigh, NC 27699-1650
2321 Crabtree Blvd., Raleigh, NC 27604.2260
Telephone: [phone]; Fax: [phone]
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands
Michael F. Easley
Governor
William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Dr. Gregory Thorpe, Acting Director
Division of Water Quality

For all plans, including those that have already ?
been submitted, specific items
C 1
that will need to be addressed include:
1) . Details on how aquatic life will be allowed to pass through the weir structures,
2) The development of a detailed operation and maintenance plan for managing
water levels, and training/education for those responsible for operating the
weirs,
3) Details on conservation easements,
4) A discussion on how mitigation activities may conflict with restrictions within
the 200 foot buffer for the reservoir,
5) The success criterion for hydrology should be modeled from a reference
wetland. A better description of the success criterion for wetland hydrology is
needed,
6) Compare and contrast the costs and benefits of also conducting stream
restoration at these sites and the ideas presented your proposal, and
7) A synopsis of efforts elsewhere in the US that resemble your proposal.
Again, thank you for your patience. If you have any questions please contact me.
Cordially,
Signed copy to follow.
Steven Kroeger
cc: Peter Colwell, MRO
Jennifer Frye, WSRO
Jeff Jurek, Wetland Restoration Program. _

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY
` "' WILMINGTON DISTRICT, CORPS OF ENGINEERS
P.O. BOX 1890
Y WILMINGTON, NORTH CAROLINA 284C2.1890
-?® IN REPLY REFER TO August 23. 2001
Regulatory Division
Action ID No. 199102669
I r r

iVls. Andrea M. Spangler
Environmental and Special Projects Manager
Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
Wilmington Building, Suite 204
2216 West'Meadowview Road
Greensboro, North Carolina 27407-3430
Dear vls. Spangler:
Please reference your letter dated April 27. 2001 in which you requested our comments on
the following mitigation plans:
Reddicks Creek
Hickory Creek
Richland Creek
Sophia Creek
Bobs Branch
Edgar Branch
It is our understanding that the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority (PTRWA) is
planning to construct these sites in order to satisf% the requirements of the Section 401 Water
Quality Certification dated March 11, 1999 and Department of the Army permit dated April 6,
2001 that authorized construction of the Randleman Lake on the Deep River, Randolph and
Guilford Counties, North Carolina. As described in the Environmental Impact Statement for this
project, these sites were selected and the in-stream structures designed to "restore" wetland
functions on floodplains adjacent to the selected streams. With the exception of Richland Creek,
which will contain a permanent weir structure. the plans call for the construction of flashboard
risers that will allow flooding of adjacent stream terraces during the early part of the growing
season to create green tree impoundments.

)tJ
-1-
We have no objection to implementation of these plans provided adverse impacts to the existing
bottomland hardwood plant communities and stream channels are minimized. The PTRWA
should closely monitor the condition of the existing communities and adjust water regimes in the
impoundments as necessary to avoid damage.
Finally, the in-stream structures were described in the referenced EIS and subsequent Record
of Decision as a component of the proposed project, and, therefore, no additional DA
authorization will be required for their construction. The yearly monitoring reports described in
the mitigation plans should be provided to this office for our review as they are completed.
Questions or comments regarding this correspondence may be directed to the undersigned at
[phone].
Sincerely,
Scott McLendon
Regulatory Division Project Manager
Copy furnished:
Alexander P. Smith
EcoScience Corporation
1 101 Haynes Street, Suite 101
Raleigh, North Carolina 27604
1
O?or W A74s9 Michael F. Easley
Governor
r William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary
>_ Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Dr. Gregory Thorpe, Acting Director
Division of Water Quality
October 18, 2001
Dr. Gerald McCrain
EcoScience
1101 Haynes St.; Suite 101
Raleigh, NC 27604
Ms. Andrea Spangler
Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
Wilmington Building
2216 W. Meadowview Rd; Suite 204
Greensboro, NC 27404
Dear Dr. McCrain and Ms. Spangler:
We have completed our review of the compensatory wetland mitigation plans for
the construction of Randleman Reservoir. These_ plans addressed efforts to promote
wetland ecosystems at the Edgar Branch, Sophia Branch and Bob Branch sites (all in
Randolph Co.) Your patience during our review process is appreciated greatly as these
plans were reviewed by other staff within the NC Division of Water Quality in addition to
myself. All of the Division of Water Quality's concerns are conveyed in this letter.
Overall there has been considerable discussion on these plans. The foremost
item that has received attention is the amount of maintenance that will be required.
Some reviewers have expressed whether the concepts presented represent wetland
restoration or wetland creation. In addition, all who have seen the sites have expressed
concern on potentially flooding mature forested communities resulting in tree mortality
and replacing those communities with immature trees.
Clearly the plans represent an innovative approach to compensatory wetland
mitigation, and one in which the outcome is dependent on the skill and experience in
managing water levels. We are optimistic that water quality benefits will result from the
type of mitigation proposed.
,oa•
?! North Carolina Division of Water Quality; Wetlands/401 Unit
N C6- 1650 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1650
2321 Crabtree Blvd., Raleigh, NC 27604-2260
Telephone: [phone]; Fax: [phone]
http:/lh2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands
For all plans, including those that have already been submitted, specific items
that will need to be addressed include:
1) Details on how aquatic life will be allowed to pass through the weir structures,
2) The development of a detailed operation and maintenance plan for managing
water levels, and training/education for those responsible for operating the
weirs,
3) Details on conservation easements,
4) A discussion on how mitigation activities may conflict with restrictions within
the 200 foot buffer for the reservoir,
5) The success criterion for hydrology should be modeled from a reference
wetland. A better description of the success criterion for wetland hydrology is
needed,
6) Compare and contrast the costs and benefits of also conducting stream
restoration at these sites and the ideas presented your proposal, and
7) A synopsis of efforts elsewhere in the US that resemble your proposal.
Again, thank you for your patience. If you have any questions please contact me.
Cordially,
g" r....
Steven Kroeger
cc: Peter Colwell, MRO
Jennifer Frye, WSRO
Jeff Jurek, Wetland Restoration Program.
comments
Subject: comments
Date: Mon, 08 Oct 2001 10:17:17 -0400
From: Jeff Jurek <[e-mail]>
Organization: NC Wetlands Restoration Program-DENR
To: [e-mail]
CC: Mac Haupt <[e-mail]>
Steve, I have gone over the three mitigation plans for Randleman
reservoir; Edgar, Bob, and Sophia Branches. One thing I notice is that
they are basically the same. Below are comments for all three:
1) These projects are being done for mitigation itself, not to produce a
good restoration project. All three address incised streams, which need
to be restored (there are no pictures; there needs to be). We suggest
they redo the plans to restore streams naturally and then monitor to see
how much wetlands they get.
2) There are too many structures involved in all three plans. This is a
long-term maintenance nightmare. The structures are being over-used to
get as much wetland as possible, instead of a more natural approach.
3) Chewacla Soils-this is creation, not restoration. These systems were
terrace systems with wetlands sporadically found in the bottomlands.
They are creating a swamp, not a bottomland hardwood.
4) The success criteria for hydrology being proposed is not acceptable
(5-12.5% of growing season). This denotes that there is wetland
hydrology, not that there is the proper hydrology. They need to find
references, monitor these references, and then restore these systems to
match the reference systems. They need to take into account overbank
flooding (duration and frequency). They do not address the replacement
function very well in any of these plans.
Jeff Jurek <[e-mail]>
I of 1 10/9/012:43 PM
Re: Randleman mitigation plans
( ) '1•
Subject: Re: Randleman mitigation plans
Date: Mon, 17 Sep 200108:58:44 -0400
From: Peter Colwell <[e-mail]>
Organization: NC DENR - Mooresville Regional Office
To: John Domey <[e-mail]>
CC: Steve Kroeger <[e-mail]>
Peep peep,
Sorry guys, MRO takes priority and as usual I have been busy. As far as
comments, I don't specifically remember these sites. However, the concept that
we had discussed was to provide some water quality treatment around some of
these lager farm areas as well as the from the urban areas discharging into the
lake watershed. The greentree impoundments, if maintained and operated properly
should provide such water quality treatment and serve to replace the small areas
of wetlands impacted by the reservoir. Most of the plans appear to preserve and
enhance the existing low forest. The flooding of the these forest areas will
kill the less tolerant species which may need to be replaced. Of particular
concern may the conversion of some of the drier forest areas shown on the plans.
Sorry I have not had time to fully analyze these plans. If you want me to sit
in on a discussion or site visit to look at these in more depth let me know.
Pete
John Dorney wrote:
> pete - got any peeps???
> Steve Kroeger wrote:
> > Pete and Jennifer have copies, Jennifer has provided comments, and I have
> > not heard a peep from Pete.
> > ----- Original Message -----
> > From: "John Dorney" <[e-mail]>
> > To: "Steven Kroeger" <[e-mail]>
> > Sent: Saturday, September 08, 2001 10:35 AM
> > Subject: Re: Randleman mitigation plans

send copies to Pete, jennifer and WRP.
Steven KroegEt"wfote:
forget WRC in this case. thankx
> I am not sure if these plans are getting to the WRC for review. Seems
> like they will have some concerns, but I am afraid to open some more
> issues at this point, but better now than later.
> Also I have not been sending these plans to the wetland restoration
> program (an oversight). Copies were provided to Pete and Jennifer.
> (This project is a large scale one, and I don't want to mess up).
> Guidance please!!
> --Steve
Pete Colwell - [e-mail]
%TITLE%
North Carolina Dept. of Environment & Natural Resources
1 of 2 9117/01 9:26 AM
PTRWA/Randleman mitigation plans
k
Subject: PTRWA/Randleman mitigation plans
Date: Tue, 21 Aug 2001 15:56:20 -0400
From: Jennifer Frye <[e-mail]>
Organization: NC DENR Water Quality
To: Steve Kroeger <[e-mail]>
Hey Steve,
Hope you are doing well. I looked over (somewhat quickly) the three
Randleman mitigation plans (Bob, Edgar and Sophia Branches) and just
have a few comments. I guess I am just assuming that you are the one
coordinating a response to the Water Authority and Ecoscience.
1. I am wondering if the PTRWA self-imposed 200 foot buffer around the
Lake will affect the mitigation. It is my understanding that this
buffer was proposed by the Water Authority and their 404 was approved
with that buffer. "Development" is restricted in this buffer and I am
not sure if their proposed "embankment" structures (ie dams) would be
allowable. Perhaps the Water Authority's ordinance has allowances for
this. They need to check on this.
2. Speaking of the embankments - this methodology for restoring/creating
wetlands is new to me - do you know of any that are in place and are
successful?
3. Are they planning to have conservation easements?
4. Will the weir structures allow for aquatic life passage? If so,
how? I know that this is going to be a big issue with the wildlife
commission. Their general schematic of the structure did not appear to
allow for passage.
5. Under their Management Program (8.0) - they need to clarify
"periodically" - in (2) where they state, "The Officer will periodically
visit the Site......" Monthly? Quarterly?
6. What type of training will the Management Officer receive? This
design relies heavily on human control - which means it is subject to
human error.
If I think of anything else, I let you know.
Jen
Jennifer Serafin Frye
Division of Water Quality
NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Winston-Salem Regional Office
Winston-Salem, NC 27107
Voice: 336-771-4608 ext. 275 Fax: [phone]
1 of 1 9/10/018:58 AM
PTRWA/Randleman mitigation plans
Subject: PTRWA/Randleman mitigation plans
Date: Tue, 21 Aug 2001 15:56:20 -0400
From: Jennifer Frye <[e-mail]>
Organization: NC DENR Water Quality
To: Steve Kroeger <[e-mail]>
Hey Steve,
Hope you are doing well. I looked over (somewhat quickly) the three
Randleman mitigation plans (Bob, Edgar and Sophia Branches) and just
have a few comments. I guess I am just assuming that you are the one
coordinating a response to the Water Authority and Ecoscience.
1. I am wondering if the PTRWA self-imposed 200 foot buffer around the
Lake will affect the mitigation. It is my understanding that this
buffer was proposed by the Water Authority and their 404 was approved
with that buffer. "Development" is restricted in this buffer and I am
not sure if their proposed "embankment" structures (ie dams) would be
allowable. Perhaps the Water Authority's ordinance has allowances for
this. They need to check on this.
2. Speaking of the embankments - this methodology for restoring/creating
wetlands is new to me - do you know of any that are in place and are
successful?
3. Are they planning to have conservation easements?
4. Will the weir structures allow for aquatic life passage? If so,
how? I know that this is going to be a big issue with the wildlife
commission. Their general schematic of the structure did not appear to
allow for passage.
5. Under their Management Program (8.0) - they need to clarify
"periodically" - in (2) where they state, "The Officer will periodically
visit the Site......" Monthly? Quarterly?
6. What type of training will the Management Officer receive? This
design relies heavily on human control - which means it is subject to
human error.
If I think of anything else, I let you know.
Jen
Jennifer Serafin Frye
Division of Water Quality
NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Winston-Salem Regional Office
Winston-Salem, NC 27107
Voice: 336-771-4608 ext. 275 Fax: [phone]
1 of 1 8/27/0111:05
comments
Subject: comments
Date: Mon, 08 Oct 2001 10:17:17 -0400
From: Jeff Jurek <[e-mail]>
Organization: NC Wetlands Restoration Program-DENR
To: [e-mail]
CC: Mac Haupt <[e-mail]>
Steve, I have gone over the three mitigation plans for Randleman
reservoir; Edgar, Bob, and Sophia Branches. One thing I notice is that
they are basically the same. Below are comments for all three:
1) These projects are being done for mitigation itself, not to produce a
good restoration project. All three address incised streams, which need
to be restored (there are no pictures; there needs to be). We suggest
they redo the plans to restore streams naturally and then monitor to see
how much wetlands they get.
2) There are too many structures involved in all three plans. This is a
long-term maintenance nightmare. The structures are being over-used to
get as much wetland as possible, instead of a more natural approach.
3) Chewacla Soils-this is creation, not restoration. These systems were
terrace systems with wetlands sporadically found in the bottomlands.
They are creating a swamp, not a bottomland hardwood.
4) The success criteria for hydrology being proposed is not acceptable
(5-12.5% of growing season). This denotes that there is wetland
hydrology, not that there is the proper hydrology. They need to find
references, monitor these references, and then restore these systems to
match the reference systems. They need to take into account overbank
flooding (duration and frequency). They do not address the replacement
function very well in any of these plans.
Jeff Jurek <[e-mail]>
I of 1 10/8/0110:18 AM
..
o?OEATFm. UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION 4
1"!5 (3 ATLANTA FEDERAL CENTER
Z? 02 61 FORSYTH STREET
q( PHOtCC?\ ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30303-8960
i:7N 2; 01*1 2rC-1
4EAD/OEA
Dr. G. Wayne Wright, Chief,
Regulatory Division
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Box 1890
Wilmington, North Carolina 28402
F D

V
SUBJ: Final Environmental Impact Statement on Randleman Lake, Guilford and Randolph
Counties, North Carolina, December, 2000
Dear Dr. Wright:
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has reviewed the referenced
document in accordance with the EPA's responsibilities under Section 309 of the Clean Air Act
and Section 102 (2)(C) of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The Final
Environmental Impact Statement (Final EIS) assesses impacts attendant to constructing a dam
and reservoir on the Deep River situated upstream from the town of Randleman in North
Carolina. This impoundment is being proposed by the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
(PTRWA) and is to be named Randleman Lake. It will be situated in Guilford and Randolph
Counties and is expected to satisfy water demands of the region for the next 50 years. Creating
Randleman Lake would flood approximately 3000 acres including 121 acres of jurisdictional
wetlands and approximately 28 miles of free-flowing streams.
EPA's letter October 6, 1997 to the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) rai$ed
environmental concerns focusing on several public health issues. Because the proposed lake
would be situated downstream of a rapidly urbanizing area, existing and future sources of
pollution and nutrients could cause unacceptable levels of eutrophication and threaten the water
quality of the lake. Discharges from the City of High Point's Eastside Waste Water Treatment
Plant (WWTP) have been and will continue to be a major source of phosphorus and nitrogen.
Undesirable algal growth would pose difficulties in meeting the State of North Carolina's
chlorophyll a standards of 40 micrograms/L in the upper shallow-bottom reaches of the lake. A
second issue stemmed from two contaminated properties being contiguous with the proposed
lake property boundary. Both the former Seaboard Chemical Corporation plant property and the
City of High Point's landfill sites lie adjacent to the NW arm of the proposed lake, and are
sources of contaminated groundwater seeping into the proposed lake.
These concerns were shared with the North Carolina Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (NCDENR) Division of Water Quality (DWQ), who met with EPA in August,
1999. NCDENR staff members provided strategies to resolve pollutant and nutrient concerns.
Internet Address (URL) • http://www.epa.gov
Recycled/Recyclable • Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on Recycled Paper (Minimum 3016 Postconsumer)
4-
Additional technical studies, provided by the PTRWA , offered site remediation options.
Following EPA's evaluation of the new material, EPA's October 19, 1999, letter to USACE
stated that the proposed strategies seemed reasonable and that the nutrient management rules
adopted by the North Carolina's Environmental Management Commission (EMC) should be
given the opportunity to demonstrate that the lake will support its designated uses. If
implemented, EPA believes the nutrient control strategies will be effective in controlling algal
growth and chlorophyll a in the proposed lake.
Potential Eutrophocation of Randleman Lake - A principal issue regarding attainment
of the 40 micrograms/Liter chlorophyll a standard was point- and non-point source loadings from
the Randleman Lake watershed. Point-source modeling studies indicated that moving the City of
High Point's Eastside WWTP discharge away from the shallow water to a deeper point near
Freeman Mill would result is significantly lower eutrophication in the upper arm of the Deep
River. To address non-point source loadings, NCDEM reclassified the proposed Randleman
Lake watershed as WS (Water Supply)-IV, Critical Water Supply Watershed. The EMC adopted
Nutrient Management Strategy rules and required all local governments to adopt watershed
protection ordinances stipulated under the rules, and both Randolph and Gilford Counties have
responded by adopting ordinances that establish water critical areas.
The efficacy of implementing Nutrient Management Strategy rules, however, need to be
demonstrated as protecting the quality of Randleman Lake water from excessive chlorophyll a.
While the Certification No. 3221 issued to the PTRWA pursuant to Section 401 of the Clean
Water Act (401 Certification) does identify changes in watershed protection ordinances adopted
by the EMC on November 12, 1998, no chlorophyll a monitoring appears in the 401
Certification. EPA believes that demonstrating efficacy of Nutrient Management Strategy rules
is essential and requests that USACE stipulate in their Record of Decision that PTRWA local
governments monitor Randleman Lake waters for chlorophyll a at intervals and locations
acceptable to NCDWQ and EPA.
Contaminated Groundwater - NCDWQ believes that contaminants found in the
groundwater that could potentially threaten lake water quality can be controlled using
groundwater diversion, interception, wellpoint pump-and-treat technology, air injection and
other means. EPA concurs with NCDWQ's position that it is technically feasible to achieve a
drastic reduction in organic chemical pollutants leaving the contaminated sites; however, the key
to determining the level of contamination removal is the implementation of a lake water
monitoring program. As with the nutrient issues above, the efficacy of the organic chemical
control strategies need to be demonstrated as protecting the quality of Randleman Lake water
from pollutant levels harmful to public health. No monitoring of organic chemicals appears in
the Randleman Lake 401 Certification. EPA requests that USACE stipulate in their Record of
Decision that PTRWA local governments monitor Randleman Lake waters for organic chemicals
at intervals and locations acceptable to NCDWQ and EPA.
Compensatory Wetland Mitigation - Following our review of the compensatory
wetland mitigation proposals in the FEIS, EPA has the following requests/comments.
. . i .
EPA requests that the USACE stipulate in their Record of decision that the Cone's Folly
site be transferred in fee to an appropriate state or federal agency or land conservancy
organization. EPA considers ownership in fee to be a much better protection than the
granting of conservation easements alone.
EPA is interested in the concept of using in-stream structures to create or restore wetlands
in the historical floodplain. We caution the applicant that under no circumstances should
the structures be designed to provide treatment of storm water because the Clean Water
Act clearly prohibits the use of waters of the U.S. (including wetlands) for treatment of
wastewater (including storm water). EPA would prefer more natural stream restoration
practices as mitigation, where practicable (restoration of geomorphic dimension, pattern,
and profile through use of natural materials and grading practices). Although a simpler
and probably cheaper installation, the placement of man-made structures in a stream may
not produce the ecological dynamics of natural flow restrictions such as topography, and
may not produce a permanent restoration. EPA would appreciate being provided more
information on this proposal, and the rationale for the use of the structures rather than
employing more natural, geomorphic modification techniques.
EPA does not recommend the use of greentree impoundments as mitigation (greentree
impoundments are shallow habitats created for waterfowl).
In summary, EPA believes that the FEIS generally resolves most of our previous technical
and environmental concerns. We request that USA-EC include in the Record of Decision the
following elements: a) that PTRWA local governments monitor Randleman Lake waters for
chlorophyll a and organic pollutants at intervals and locations acceptable to NCDWQ and EPA;
b) that the Cone's Folly site be transferred in fee to an appropriate state or federal agency or land
conservancy organization. Regarding wetland mitigation, EPA prefers more natural stream
restoration practices, where practicable; created wetlands may not provide treatment areas for
wastewater and stormwater; and EPA does not recommend the use of greentree impoundments as
mitigation.
We appreciate the opportunity to review this document. If more information is needed,
please call John Hamilton at 404.562.9617, or Kathy Matthews for wetlands/Section 404
considerations at 404.562.9373.
Sincerely,
f
Heinz Mueller, Chief
Office of Environmental Assessment
CC: John Domey, NCDWQ
Of NATFR
?O? DWG
C
O ?
Michael F. Easley
Governor
William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Kerr T. Stevens, Director
Division of Water Quality
March 28, 2001
Dr. Gerald McCrain
EcoScience
1101 Haynes St.; Suite 101
Raleigh, NC 27604
Dear Dr. McCrain
We have completed our review of three wetland mitigation plans for the construction of the
Randleman reservoir. These plans address how compensatory mitigation will be achieved at three sites -
Richland, Hickory and Reddicks Creeks. It is our understanding that a total of 10 potential mitigation sites
are being considered.
The Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority has proposed the construction of a 3000-acre
reservoir that will become a primary water supply for the Triad region. The construction of this reservoir
will unavoidably impact approximately 121 acres of wetlands. Compensatory wetland mitigation of at
least 121 acres of restoration or creation is required under North Carolina regulations
(15A NCAC 2H .0507).
All three wetland mitigation plans are similar in detail and scope. Two primary methods are
proposed for wetland restoration. In-stream structures designed to reduce sediment transport capacity
and the establishment of a greentree impoundment. Both methods will trap sediment and may promote
the establishment of forested wetlands. Water quality concerns with sediment and nutrients have been
addressed in a narrative fashion in these three reports.
Overall, the three plans are well written. Although the plans were developed to address
compensatory wetland mitigation issues, water quality issues were also addressed. We fully support the
need to address water quality issues, particularly for projects with anticipated water quality problems.
During our discussions at the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority in February 20, 2001 it
became apparent that the estimates of the amounts (acres) of restoration to be achieved at each site
were not obvious from a cursory review of the plans. The area (acres) for each restoration site in all
reports (Table 1) totals 69 acres, but we discussed a total of 89 acres for these three sites. Future
reports can be improved by including a brief executive summary that states the type of methods proposed
to achieve compensatory wetland mitigation, and the anticipated amount (acres) of restoration that may
be achieved.

North Carolina Division o Water Quality; Wetlands 401 nit
1650 Mail Service Center; Raleigh, NC 27699-1650
2321 Crabtree Blvd., Raleigh, NC 27604-2260
Telephone: [phone], Fax: [phone]
http://h2o.enr.state.nc us/ncwetlands
Geomorphic Chanaes and Veaetation Restoration
All three plans promote sediment retention upstream of the in-stream structures and greentree
impoundments. Although this is admirable goal, it is not clear on how sediment deposition may affect the
survival of seedlings of woody plants. Considerable changes in floodplain microtopography can be
expected after the in-stream structures and impoundments are constructed.
Restoration of Forested Plant Communities
All three plans provide details on the proposed plant communities. Species lists include mast-
producing species. Overall species selection is very good. However, the proposed Randleman Reservoir
has received extensive review by regulatory agencies regarding projected nutrient concentrations. One
proposed plant species (Tag Alder, Alnus serrulata) fixes nitrogen and may serve as a source of nitrogen
in adjacent waters. The ability of alder to contribute a significant amount of nitrogen to Alaskan lakes is
discussed in Wetzel (1983, Limnology, page 231). We recognize the problems with extrapolating
research results from Alaska to North Carolina. Even though the relative proportion of nitrogen
contributed by tag alder may be small compared to other sources we believe there is insufficient
knowledge on this issue and request that tag alder be dropped as a species to be transplanted.
Natural reproduction of tag alder is expected.
Monitoring Plan
Water table elevations and survival of transplanted woody vegetation will be monitored. The
water table will be measured in monitoring wells installed in accordance with US Corps of Engineers W RP
Technical Note HY-IA-3.1 (Installing Monitoring Wells/Piezometers in Wetlands; August 1993).
Automated recording wells are not proposed; thus the frequency of sampling proposed is weekly during
spring and early summer and intermittently through the remainder of the growing season. The success
criterion is to achieve saturation within one food of the soils surface for 5% of the growing season. The
US Army Corps of Engineers uses saturation for 5% of the growing season to establish
jurisdiction, but generally 12.5% of the growing season is used to establish successful hydrologic
restoration. You can compare restored hydrology with that observed at reference sites. Observations
taken more frequently than week (i.e. from automated wells) are preferred, however we recognize the
problems that vandalism may impose.
Establishment success of transplanted vegetation will be sampled through randomly placed plots
(0.11 acre) representing a 4-5% sample at the study sites. In general, species survival is the primary
focus of sampling. However, some consideration is provided for the relative density among species. No
one species will be allowed to exceed representing 20% of a goal of 320 stems/acre after three years.
The plans state "additional stems of a particular species above the 20% threshold will be
discarded from the statistical analysis." It is not clear on what Is meant by this statement. In
addition it is not clear whether vegetation sampling will include seedlings established naturally.
Herbaceous species will be noted, but no quantitative sampling is proposed for this stratum. Species
data should include the wetland indicator status (OBL, FACW, etc.) as part of the data sets and
summaries.
Submittal of Data
The plans propose submittal of data in tabular or electronic (Excel) format. I prefer data submittal
in an electronic format. The use of MS Excel is acceptable, however spreadsheets must be constructed
as simply as possible and easily converted to text files so that the data can be read by other statistical
software packages.
References
Larsen et al. (1980), which is cited on the figures for "Reference: Lake Shoreline" is not listed in
the "References" section of the reports.
Thank you for the opportunity to review these plans. If you have any questions, please contact
me by email ([e-mail]) or by telephone [phone]).
Cordially,
Steve Kroeger
Cc: Pete Colwell, MRO
Jennifer Frye, WSRO
Ron Ferrell, WRP
GREENTREE RESERVOIR
MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK
Gaylord Memorial Laboratory
Wetland Management Series
Number 1
Leigh H. Fredrickson
Donald L. Batema
Gaylord Memorial Laboratory
The School of Natural Resources
University of Missouri-Columbia
Pusico, MO 63960
ADA171200
wnm
Information Is our business.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT RESEARCH PROGRAM.
GREENTREE RESERVOIRS. SECTION 5.5.3, US
ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS WILDLIFE RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT MANUAL
ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT
STATION, VICKSBURG, MS. ENVIRONMENTAL
LAB
JUL 1986
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
ADA171200
Infarmetlon Is our business.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT RESEARCH PROGRAM.
GREENTREE RESERVOIRS. SECTION 5.5.3, US
ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS WILDLIFE RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT MANUAL
ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT
STATION, VICKSBURG, MS. ENVIRONMENTAL
LAB
JUL 1986
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
GREENTREE RESERVOIR
MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK
Gaylord Memorial Laboratory
Wetland Management Series
Number 1
Leigh H. Fredrickson
Donald L. Batema
Gaylord Memorial Laboratory
The School of Natural Resources
University of Missouri-Columbia
Puxico, MO 63960
GREENTREE RESERVOIR
MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK
Gaylord Memorial Laboratory
Wetland Management Series
Number 1
Leigh H. Fredrickson
Donald L. Batema
Gaylord Memorial Laboratory
The School of Natural Resources
University of Missouri-Columbia
Pusico, MO 6:3960
16
O'-Z\OF WA TF19PG Michael F. Easley
Governor
Uj William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary
Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Dr. Gregory Thorpe, Acting Director
Division of Water Quality
October 16, 2001
Dr. Gerald McCrain
EcoScience
1101 Haynes St.; Suite 101
Raleigh, NC 27604
DRAFT 001
c?
Ms. Andrea Spangler
Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
Wilmington Building
2216 W. Meadowview Rd; Suite 204
Greensboro, NC 27404
Dear Dr. McCrain and Ms. angler:
We have complet d our review of the compensatory wetland mi gation plans for
the construction of Ran eman Reservoir. These plans addressed eff s to promote
wetland ecosystems a Edgar Branch, Sophia Branch and Bob Branch (all in Randolph
Co.) Your patience during our review process is appreciated greatly as these plans
were reviewed by other staff within the NC Division of Water Quality in addition to
myself. Allconcerns are conveyed in this letter.
5
Ovbrall ere has been considerable discussion on these plans. The foremost
item that has received attention is the amount of maintenance that will be required.
Some reviewers have expressed whether the concepts presented represent wetland
restoration or wetland creation. In addition, all who have seen the sites have expressed
concern on potentially flooding mature forested communities resulting in tree mortality
and replacing those communities with immature trees.
Clearly the plans represent an innovative approach to compensatory wetland
mitigation, and one in which the outcome is dependent on the skill and experience in
managing water levels. We are optimistic that water quality benefits will result from the
type of mitigation proposed.
North Carolina Division of Water Quality; Wetlands/401 Unit
NCDENA 1650 Mail Service Center; Raleigh, NC 27699-1650
2321 Crabtree Blvd., Raleigh, NC 27604-2260
Telephone: [phone]; Fax: [phone]
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands
DRAFT
For all plans, including those that have already been s bmitted, specific items
that will need to be addressed include:
1) Details on how aquatic life will be allowed to p s through the weir structures
2) The development of a detailed management operation and maintenance/
plan for managing water levels, and training/education for those responsible
for operating the weirs)
3) Details on conservation easements.
4) A discussion on how mitigation activities may conflict with restrictions within
the 200 foot buffer for the reservoir,
5) The success criterion for hydrology should be modeled from a reference
wetland. A better description of the success criterion for wetland hydrology is
needed
6) Compare and contrast the costs and benefits n stream restoration a9d
t I I
7) A synopsis of efforts elsewhere in the US that resemble your proposal.
Again, thank you for your patience. If you have any questions please contact me.
Cordially,
Steven Kroeger
cc: Peter Colwell, MRO
Jennifer Frye, WSRO
Jeff JeFek, Wetland Restoration Program.
JUG L
comments
Subject: comments
Date: Mon, 08 Oct 2001 10:17:17 -0400
From: Jeff Jurek <[e-mail]>
Organization: NC Wetlands Restoration Program-DENR
To: [e-mail]
CC: Mac Haupt <[e-mail]>
Steve, I have gone over the three mitigation plans for Randleman
reservoir; Edgar, Bob, and Sophia Branches. one thing I notice is that
they are basically the same. Below are comments for all three:
1) These projects are being done for mitigation itself, not to produce a
good restoration project. All three address incised streams, which need
to be restored (there are no pictures; there needs to be). We suggest
they redo the plans to restore streams naturally and then monitor to see

how much wetlands they get.
2) There are too many structures involved in all three plans. This is a ,0/??U (yam
long-term maintenance nightmare. The structures are being over-used to
get as much wetland as possible, instead of a more natural approach.
3) Chewacla Soils-this is creation, not restoration. These systems were <
terrace systems with wetlands sporadically found in the bottomlands.
They are creating a swamp, not a bottomland hardwood.
4) The success criteria for hydrology being proposed is not acceptable
(5-12.5% of growing season). This denotes that there is wetland
hydrology, not that there is the proper hydrology. They need to find
references, monitor these references, and then restore these systems to
match the reference systems. They need to take into account overbank
flooding (duration and frequency). They do not address the replacement
function very well in any of these plans.
Jeff Jurek <jeff [e-mail]>

1 of 1 10/8/01 10:18 A

PTRWA/Randleman mitigation plans
Subject: PTRWA/Randleman mitigation plans
Date: Tue, 21 Aug 2001 15:56:20 -0400
From: Jennifer Frye <[e-mail]>
Organization: NC DENR Water Quality
To: Steve Kroeger <[e-mail]>
Hey Steve,
Hope you are doing well. I looked over (somewhat quickly) the three
Randleman mitigation plans (Bob, Edgar and Sophia Branches) and just
have a few comments. I guess I am just assuming that you are the one
coordinating a response to the Water Authority and Ecoscience.
1. I am wondering if the PTRWA self-imposed 200 foot buffer around the
Lake will affect the mitigation. It is my understanding that this
buffer was proposed by the Water Authority and their 404 was approved
with that buffer. "Development" is restricted in this buffer and I am
not sure if their proposed "embankment" structures (ie dams) would be
allowable. Perhaps the Water Authority's ordinance has allowances for
this. They need to check on this.
2. Speaking of the embankments - this methodology for restoring/creating
wetlands is new to me - do you know of any that are in place and are
successful?
3. Are they planning to have conservation easements?
4. Will the weir structures allow for aquatic life passage? If so,
how? I know that this is going to be a big issue with the wildlife
commission. Their general schematic of the structure did not appear to
allow for passage.
5. Under their Management Program (8.0) - they need to clarify
"periodically" - in (2) where they state, "The Officer will periodically
visit the Site......" Monthly? Quarterly?
6. What type of training will the Management Officer receive? This
design relies heavily on human control - which means it is subject to
human error.
If I think of anything else, I let you know.
Jen
Jennifer Serafin Frye
Division of Water Quality
NC Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Winston-Salem Regional Office
Winston-Salem, NC 27107
Voice: 336-771-4608 ext. 275 Fax: [phone]
1 of 1 8/27/0111:05 AN
r.

MEMO
TO:

V

DATE:
SUBJECT:
MAR 1 1995
VV 'Al R QUALITY
Si OTION
From:
North Carolina Department of Environment
?yf =g Health, and Natural Resources e,-Q
F?
Randleman Lake
1994 Update to the
Environmental Impact Statement
prepared for
The Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
by
Black & Veatch
April 1994
Project No. 25291
V P
Table of Contents
Introduction .............................................. 1
Review of Water Quality Data ................................. 3
Draft Environmental Impact Statement .......................... 6
Final EIS ................................................7
Updated Model Analysis ..................................... 8
List of Tables
1. Summary of Databases Used in Randleman Reservoir EIS and Toxic
Compounds Model and Subsequent Updates .................. 5
2. Average Concentration of Modeled Organics in Draft and
Final EIS ............................................ 8
3. Comparison of Hydrogeological Data Used in Original EIS and in the
Update ............................................. 10
4. Comparison of Pollutant Concentrations from Seaboard Chemical SitiU2
5. Summary of Updated Model Results ....................... 14
List of Figures
Following Pave
1. Locations of Modeled Point Sources of Toxics ................. 1
2. Monitoring Well Locations ............................... 1
3. Extent of Plume in Deep Aquifer, 1993 ...................... 9
F 06
Randleman Lake
1994 Update of the Environmental Impact Statement
Introduction
Randleman Lake is a proposed 56,000 ac-ft reservoir to be constructed on the
Deep River near Randleman, North Carolina (Figure 1). The reservoir will serve
principally as a drinking water supply to the cities of Greensboro and High Point, and
to smaller towns in the Piedmont Triangle region. The Piedmont Triad Regional
Water Authority prepared an environmental impact statement (EIS) for the project
in 1991. The EIS demonstrated the need for the project and reviewed the probable
impacts of the reservoir on various portions of the watershed, such as surrounding
wetlands, archeological sites, and fish habitat in the river. As part of the EIS, Black
& Veatch predicted the availability and quality of water in the reservoir.
The watershed of the proposed reservoir encompasses a wide range of
urbanized and rural areas. The High Point municipal landfill and wastewater
treatment plant (WWTP), and the abandoned property of a chemical company
(Seaboard) are located very near the proposed reservoir's boundaries. Groundwater
at the chemical company site has been contaminated with several organic compounds
and recent evidence suggests that some of the contamination has migrated towards
the proposed reservoir. A major concern has been the potential impact of these sites
on reservoir water quality. The layout of the area is given on Figure 2.
The probable impacts of contaminants from the landfill,.the chemical company
site, and the wastewater treatment plant on reservoir water quality were assessed
using a model developed by Black & Veatch. The model predicted the
concentrations of numerous inorganic and organic constituents by computing a mass
balance in the reservoir based on historical streamflow data. An inventory of the
watershed identified several potential sources of inorganic or organic constituents
which could affect the reservoir water quality. Pollutant loads from the wastewater
treatment plant, upstream flows, and the other permitted discharges were computed
using historical data collected from numerous sources. The landfill and the chemical
company site are adjacent to each other, and the landfill borders the Deep River.
Data1chemical loads contributed to the reservoir by contaminated groundwater from
these two sources were also included based on data from various sources. It was
assumed the reservoir was completely mixed and the constituents were removed only
through withdrawals for drinking water and releases over the spillway. No allowances
were made for chemical losses by adsorption, volatilization, or reactions of the

Legend
Landfill Monitoring Wells
Installed Before Draft EIS
Installed After Final EIS
• Seaboard Chemical Monitoring Wells
0
BLACK &VEATCH
PROGRESS BY DESIGN
Randleman Reservoir
1994 EIS Update
Monitoring Well
Locations
Figure 2
various compounds, so the model results were conservative. The results suggested
that the landfill and the chemical company site posed no threat to reservoir water
quality. The model was run for several compounds; in all cases, the computation
yielded the ma..,dmum monthly concentration and average monthly concentration over
the 68 years of historical streamflow data.
The Draft EIS was submitted to state and federal agencies for review, while
additional studies were conducted at the landfill and the chemical company site as
part of unrelated environmental assessments. This information, which became
available to some of the government agencies during the review process, revealed
that the estimated quantity of contaminated groundwater entering the reservoir from
the chemical company site was low. In 1991, the model was rerun using the updated
information for a higher groundwater flow, and the new results were incorporated
into the Final EIS. The 1991 modeling results showed pollutant concentration in the
reservoir would be higher than originally estimated, but still considerably lower than
their respective detection limits.
Additional information concerning the concentration of organic contaminants
in the landfill and the hvdrogeology of the region was obtained in 1992 after the Final
EIS. Based on the 1992 data, it was found that the modeling results in both the
Draft EIS and Final EIS had overestimated the concentrations of the toxic
compounds in the groundwater. Thus, the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
requested Black & Veatch to update the toxics model, summarize the newest results,
and review all pertinent work completed since the Draft EIS was submitted in 1990.
This current report summarizes the updated modeling results and presents a
review of the work associated with the prediction of toxic compounds in Randleman
Reservoir water. A summary of the evaluation of groundwater quality at the landfill
and on the chemical company's property, completed for the City of High Point in
October 1992, is included. These data are compared to the data used in the EIS so
that trends of the changes in water quality in the vicinity can be evaluated. Data
used for this modeling effort are compared to the data used in the original model for
the EIS. Finally, the results from this most recent effort are summarized.
Review of Water Quality. Data
A variety of data sources were used to estimate potential contributions of toxic
compounds into the reservoir. The EPA STORET database, and data from the US
Geological Survey and from the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health
25291.001 3
April 22, 1994
and Natural Resources were reviewed; the quality of water entering the reservoir
from various sources was based on this database. Specifically, data from groundwater
investigations at the Seaboard chemical company site were used to estimate the
quantity of groundwater and concentrations of pollutants migrating off the site. Some
additional data on the Seaboard site hydrogeology became available after completion
of the draft EIS, but before completion of the final EIS, and still further information
on both water quality and hydrogeology has been obtained since the completion of
the final EIS. The databases, the time period covered, and the chronology of their
use are summarized in Table 1.
As previously discussed, this update used new data collected at the landfill.
New data were also obtained at the Seaboard site by Geraghty & Miller, Inc. as part
of clean-up activities there. The new Seaboard information was considered but was
not used in the updated model since data collected at the landfill better represented
contamination reaching the Deep River.
In addition, a letter dated January 11, 1994, was received from Mr. Nelson,
Chairman of the Guilford County Advisory Board for Environmental Quality,
containing comments on the modeling work in the EIS. These comments were
considered and incorporated into the updated modeling conducted for this report.
25291.001 4
April 22, 1994
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Draft Environmental Impact Statement
The inventory of the watershed revealed several potential sources of both
inorganic and organic pollutants. The most significant of these were the High Point
Wastewater Treatment Plant, the abandoned Seaboard Chemical solvent recovery
plant (the Seaboard site), the City of High Point Landfill, surface water inflows to the
Deep River, and 42 NPDES permitted discharges (mostly low-flow, package type
wastewater treatment plants).
Based on the review of these sources, it was concluded that the majority of the
inorganic pollutant load entering the reservoir would come from the Deep River.
The concentration of pollutants in the Deep River is low, but the volume of water
that enters the reservoir from upstream dwarfs all other contributions, including those
from the wastewater treatment plants. The initial review revealed that organic
compounds were migrating to the river primarily from the Seaboard site while
infiltration from the landfill was contributing some inorganic contaminants.
Unfortunately, information on the geohydrolo«v_beneath the landfill was very sparse;
the landfill lies between the chemical company site and the river, so the computation
of groundwater flow from these sites was based on assumptions about the aquifer's
depth and hydraulic conductivity. The volume of the water from the landfill and the
Seaboard site (through groundwater infiltration) was very small compared to other
flows, but the presence of high concentrations of organic contaminants at the
Seaboard site and inorganics in the landfill warranted their inclusion in the
assessment.
Inorganic Compounds
The model results demonstrated that the concentrations of inorganic pollutants
in the reservoir were affected primarily by the concentrations of these pollutants in
the upstream flows. The wastewater treatment plant effluent would significantly raise
the concentrations of many of the modeled inorganic constituents, including
chromium, copper, nickel, and zinc. With the wastewater treatment plant effluent
discharged into the reservoir, the average concentration of all inorganic compounds
modeled was less than 25 ug/L in all cases. Further, this assessment was conservative
because the model did not take into account chemical loss through adsorption (and
sedimentation) or volatilization. The modeling results indicated that some inorganic
contamination is contributed from the landfill, but the effect is too small to be
quantifiable.
25291.001 6
April 21, 1994
Organic Compounds
Analysis of the organic contamination from the landfill and the Seaboard site
was complicated by the proximity of the two sites. The Seaboard site is upgradient
from both the landfill and the Deep River, so any contamination from the site must
migrate through the landfill before it reaches the river. At the time of the Draft EIS,
only limited analysis had been conducted for organic contamination in the landfill.
Five organic compounds were modeled. These were chosen because the, had been
detected in four of the six monitoring wells installed on the Seaboard site. Seaboard
monitoring well No. 3 (denoted as S-3 on Figure 2) was selected to represent
contamination from this site because it was downgradient from the r::ost heavily
contaminated area and near the edge of the property. The highest concentrations
recorded in this well were used in the model as the input to the resen-oir.
Groundwater flow was estimated from a limited amount of data collected in the
mid-1980's. Unfortunately, this data included no information on the hydrogeology of
the area. Assuming a contaminant plume width of 350 feet at the river and a plume
depth of 20 feet, the groundwater flow from the Seaboard site to the reservoir was
estimated to be approximately 450 gpd. The average concentrations of ail pollutants
predicted by the model were below their respective water quality standards and their
detection limits. However, subsequent studies by state geologists at the Seaboard site
and by Environmental Investigations, Inc., at the landfill revealed that aquifer
characteristics were different.
Final EIS
While there were no comments on the draft EIS concerning the inorganics
analyses, there was concern over some modeling assumptions for the organic
pollutants. Hydrogeologists with the North Carolina Division of Solid Waste took
issue with the 450 gpd flow rate. Their calculations, based on higher values for
hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic gradient, indicated that as much as 5000 Qpd
would enter the reservoir. The model was revised to incorporate a contribution of
5,000 gpd from the Seaboard site. Even at this greater flow rate, the average
concentration of the five organic contaminants did not exceed 0.35 uQ L, and all
contaminant concentrations were below both their respective water quality standards
and their minimum detection limits. Given the low value and the inherent
conservatism of the model (no provisions for pollutant reduction in the water column
through sedimentation, volatilization, or reaction), it was concluded that even with the
25291.001 7
April 21, 1994
higher flows from the Seaboard site, water quality in the proposed rest:-voir would
not be affected. The revised results were included in the Final EIS and are
summarized in Table 2.
Table 2
Average concentration of modeled organics in the Draft and Final EIS.

Constituent Draft EIS
Results (uE/L) Final EIS
Results (ug/L) Water Quality
Standard (ug/L)
methylene chloride 0.005 0.055 none
1,1,2,2-tetrachlorethane 0.006 0.067 0.172
1,1,1-trichloroethane 0.03 0.33 none
1,1,2-trichloroethane 0.002 0.22 3.08
toluene 0.008 0.089 i 1
Updated Model Analysis
The most recent effort to update the toxics prediction model for Randelman
Reservoir was undertaken because new information had become available concerning
the landfill and the Seaboard sites. Several compounds have been identified in
groundwater samples withdrawn from the landfill, many of which are regulated in
finished drinking water. Thus, it was considered reasonable to rerun the model using
the new information.
Summary of October, 1992 Groundwater Investigation of Landfill
During the Draft EIS evaluation there were no data to characterize the
contaminant plume in the landfill beyond the chemical company property boundary.
Thus, there was no way to determine the areal (horizontal) extent of the contaminant
plume, so estimates used in the model were based on numerous assumptions. This
gap in the database was filled by a study of the groundwater quality at the landfill by
Environmental Investigations, Inc., submitted to the City of High Point in October
1992. The study characterized both the geological morphology and water quality in
the aquifer beneath the landfill. The landfill overlies a shallow aquifer averaging 20
25291.001 8
April 21, 1994
feet deep connected to a larger, deeper aquifer within the granitic bedrock.
Significant organic contamination was detected in the deep groundwater in landfill
Monitoring Well No. 7, which is nearest the Seaboard site. Contamination to a lesser
extent was also detected in landfill Monitoring Well No. 3 downgradient from the
chemical company property. It is apparent from this investigation that contamination
is limited primarily to the deeper aquifer along a narrow zone approximately as wide
as the Seaboard property line. Most of the other wells located along the river,
including landfill Monitoring Wells No. 4, 5, 9, 10, 12, and 13 showed little or no
evidence of organic contamination. Contamination in the deep aquifer is detailed on
Figure 3, which shows the extent of the plume of total volatile organic compounds
(VOCs) as of June 1992.
These results suggest that the volume of contaminated groundwater which could
enter the reservoir is slightly less than the 5,000 gpd assumed in the Final EIS. The
revised hydrogeological data was used to better predict the flow.of contaminated
groundwater into the reservoir. The volume of water that enters the reservoir from
the aquifer was recalculated based on the new information. A comparison of the
hydrogeological data used in the revised model, the Draft EIS, and the Final EIS, is
given in Table 3.
Calculation of groundwater flow in the Draft EIS was based on Darcy's law,
which estimates groundwater flow from the hydraulic conductivity and hydraulic
gradient at the site. The values used to compute the flow have changed with each
update. However, the values presented in this update are the most accurate,
because they were actually measured in the landfill. The other values were based on
measurements made within the boundaries of the chemical company.
The study by Environmental Investigations, Inc., also characterized the organic
plume in the aquifer beneath the landfill. As the contamination is carried through
the aquifer, it is dispersed by the flow of the groundwater through the fractures of
the lower aquifer and the soil matrix of the upper aquifer. Thus, in the original
evaluation, the highest measured pollutant concentration in the monitoring well
furthest downgradient from the suspected source of contamination on the chemical
plant property was assumed to be the concentration in the groundwater entering the
reservoir. At the time the Draft EIS was written this assumption was considered
conservative, because the closest part of the Seaboard site is more than 500 feet from
the river. An additional 500 feet would probably result in a significant amount of
dispersion, further reducing the concentration of pollutants entering the reservoir.
25291.001 9
April 21, 1994
Notes:
Plumes from Evironmental Investigations report.
Locations are approximated.
Values on plume lines are in mg/I of total VOCs.
..................................... MW-13
MW-12
Mw-1
MW-I 15:.

Disposal Pond
(suspected source of
organic conlamnants
Legend
Cancel
Otilce
S-S
S-2 MW-6
MW-28
19 S-3
S-5 MW-7
S-6
MWa
Seaboard
Chemical
Landfill Monitoring Wells
-+- Installed Before Draft EIS
Installed After Final EIS
49 Seaboard Chemical Monitoring Wells
0
BLACK & VEATCH
"OGRESS BY DESIGN
MW-10
Randleman Reservoir
1994 EIS Update
Extent of Plume
In Deep Aquifer, 1993
Figure 3
7L•25ZJ1.001-2
140
This phenomenon has occurred and was verified by the plume characterization
completed as part of the landfill investigation.
Table 3
Comparison of hydrogeological.data used in original EIS and in the update.
Variable; units Draft EIS' Final EIS2 199:' Update3
K, ft/d 0.22 0.87 0.25
dh/dl, ft/ft 0.04 0.06 0.04
plume width, ft 350 220 350
aquifer depth, ft 20 60 120"
Q gallons/day 450 5000 3,150
(1) Values used in Draft EIS study collected from NCDEHNR (North
Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources) files
on Seaboard Chemical Company.
(2) Values supplied by hydrogeologist from NCDEHNR in comments on
the Draft EIS.
(3) Values used in this update based on Groundwater and Surface Water
Investigation, Riverdale Road Landfill, High Point X C. by Environ.-iental
Investigations, October 1992.
(4) Shallow aquifer = 20 ft; Deep aquifer = 100 ft.
Groundwater samples were taken from several monitoring wells installed
throughout the landfill. Some of the monitoring wells are nested (wells are nested
by installing several wells at the same place but at different elevations in the aquifer),
which facilitates the determination of vertical flow of Groundwater through the aquifer
and the vertical extent of the plume. One set of monitoring wells was positioned
near the river, along the hydraulic gradient of the groundwater and downgradient
from the chemical company property. After reviewing the position of this cluster of
monitoring wells, it was concluded that samples from these wells would be
representative of the groundwater entering the reservoir. Thus, sampling results from
these wells were used as input into the revised toxics model. Samples from the
25291.001 10
April 21, 1994
uppermost well (No. 313) were assumed to 'Et representative of water quality in the
upper aquifer, less than 20 feet from the gr2??nd surface and samples from the deep
well (No. 3C) were assumed to be repres°ntative of water quality in the lower
aquifer, which is at least 40 feet deep. Data from this cluster showed that the
concentrations of some organic contaminant-s %vere greatest in the lower aquifer, while
others were more heavily concentrated in t:--- upper aquifer.
Data Input into Revised Model
The information from this investigari-n was used to revise the model. The
organic load from the landfill was divided nto the load from the upper aquifer,
assumed to be 20 feet deep, and the load fry -1 the lower aquifer, assumed to be 100
feet deep. In this way, the different concer.:-ations recorded in the monitoring well
cluster could be used. Table 3 presents concentrations of the five organic
compounds modeled in the Draft EIS as well as the maximum concentrations of these
compounds measured in Landfill Monitorin_ Well No. 3. Several pollutants which
are regulated in drinking water were also d--tected in the monitoring well cluster;
their =cimum concentrations in wells No. --B and 3C are also presented.
In all cases, the concentrations used i- the Draft EIS are significantly higher
than those measured in the 1991-1992 sampling period. In addition, there is
significant contamination in the lower aquife-: this had been ignored by the modeling
approach used in the Draft EIS and Fina: EIS. The estimate of chemical load
entering the reservoir has declined signif::_antly because both the groundwater
infiltration rate and chemical concentrations have decreased.
The updated version of the Randelma- Reservoir toa?cs model was run using
the values summarized in Table 4, which lists separate concentrations for the upper
and lower portions of the aquifer. The ariodel computes the monthly average
concentration of a given contaminant. The -!ass of chemical entering the reservoir
is first determined by multiplying the source concentration by the volume of water
from the source. itilonthly streamflow records collected on the Deep River at
Randleman between 1929 and 1988 were us?d to compute the reservoir's volume.
The volumes were computed by adding ups:.-tam flows to the previous month's
25291.001 11
April 22, 1994
Table 4
Comparison of pollutant concentrations from Seaboard chemical site.

Draft EIS
t
I Maximum concentration in
Landfill M. W. No. 32

Pollutant npu
Value'
(m°-/-)
Upper
Aquifer
(m-gf L)
Lowe,
Aquifer
(mom)
methylene chloride2 2.6 ND 0.16
1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethene2 3.8 ND 0.05
1,1,1-trichloroethane- 23.0 0.16 0.41
1,1,2-trichloroethane' 0.8 ND ND
toluene 6.2 0.11 ND
benzene NC ND 0.045
chlorobenzene NC 0.53 0.64
1,2-dichloroethene NC 0.14 0.10
1,2-dichloroethene NC 0.55 0.95
1,1-dichloroethene NC ND 0.28
trichloroethene NC ND 0.14
vinyl chloride T NC 0.41 0.13
(1) Input value used was maximum concentration recorded in Seaboard
monitoring well No. S-3B (upper aquifer) and S-3C (lower aquifer).
(2) Samples collected between 8/91 and 6/92.
(3) modeled in original EIS
ND = not detected, NC = not computed or modeled
25291.001 12
April 21, 1994
volume and subtracting for required releases and withdrawals for water treatment.
Chemical concentration was then computed by dividing the mass of chemical in the
reservoir by the calculated reservoir volume.
Results
Y
The average and maximum calculated monthly concentrations of all pollutants
listed in Table 4 were determined in the same manner as used in the EIS. The
results of the computer runs are summarized and compared with their respective
drinking water limits in Table 5.
In all cases, the computed averages and maximum values were significantly
below the pollutants respective SDWA Maximum Contaminant Limits (MCL.s). The
highest computed concentration was 0.007 ug/L for 1,2-dichloroethene, which is
significantly less than the 70 ug/L limit for cis-l,2-dichloroethene and even more so
in comparison with the 100 ug/L limit for trans-l,2-dichloroethene. In fact, the
average concentrations listed in Table 5 for all five compounds modeled in the
original study are less than the computed averages from the Final EIS. As
anticipated, the decline in loading also drooped the predicted concentration in the
reservoir. In all cases the predicted concentrations are at least 500 times less than
the MCLs.
As with the original model, the values computed here are somewhat
conservative. The model contains no provisions for chemical losses such as
volatilization or sorption onto sediment. These are very important pathways for the
removal of pollutants, particularly organic constituents, from the water column.
Furthermore, this model predicts the concentration in the raw water prior to any
treatment and assumes that the reservoir is well mixed. In fact, there will be
concentration gradients across the reservoir because the contaminant sources will be
in the upper reaches of the reservoir whereas the water treatment plant intake will
presumably be close to the dam. Thus, these most recent modeling efforts reinforce
the conclusion of the Final EIS that neither the landfill nor the Seaboard site should
have any significant impact on the water quality in Randleman Reservoir.
25291.001 13
April 22, 1994
Table 5
Summary of updated model results.

Polluta
t SDWA
NICL Predicted
average in Predicted values of 1994
update (ug/L)
n (ug/L) Final EIS
average
maximum
methylene chloride NS' I 0.055 0.001 0.002
1,1,2,2-
tetrachloroethene 5 0.067 0.0004 0.0006
1,1,1-trichloroethane 200 0.33 0.003 I 0.006
1,1,2-trichloroethane' 200 0.22 I ND I ND
toluene 1000 0.089 0.0001 0.000'
benzene 5 NlVI3 I 0.0003 0.0006
chlorobenzene 100 NM I 0.005 0.01
1,2-dichloroethan e 5 NM 0.0009 0.002
1,2-diehloroethene4 70 (cis)
100 (trans) NM 0.007 0.015
1,1-dichloroethene 7 NM 0.002 I 0.004
trichloroethene 5 NM 0.001 0.002
vinyl chloride 2 NiVI 0.001 0.003
(1) NS = no drinking water standard; (2) 1,1,2-trichloroethane was not
detected in most recent sampling so it was not modeled; (3) NM = ::ot
modeled in original EIS; (4) values for 1,2-dichloroethene were reported as
total, but are regulated as cis- and trans-.
25291.001 14
April 21, 1994
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
1
James B, Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary
Linda Bray Rimer, Assistant Secretary
for Environmental Protection
February 17, 1995
Mr. John Kime, Executive Director
Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
Koger Center, Wilmington Bldg., Suite 100
2216 West Meadowview Road
Greensboro, North Carolina 27407-3480
Dear Mr. Kime:
F= F=1
}
r- "r1 27 1995
VVA T Ear? : t!AL17Y
SECTION
Our department supports the efforts of the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority to
assure an adequate water source for the region. As you know, our department has approved the
Environmental Impact Statement for the proposed Randleman Lake. The North Carolina
Environmental Management Commission (EMC) has granted the project a certificate authorizing
the acquisition of land by eminent domain and the transfer of water from one river basin to
another as required by the proposed operation of the project.
As you are also aware, there has been a public debate about the suitability of the proposed
lake for drinking water. The EMC is aware of this debate and also knows that an extensive effort
is underway to plan the clean up of the Seaboard Chemical and High Point landfill sites, both of
which are near the proposed reservoir. As Randleman Lake proceeds through its planning
process, the Division of Environmental Management will need to issue a 401 water quality
certification as a part of the Federal 404 permit and the Commission will need to reclassify the
waters of the lake for use as a public water supply source.
Being aware of these future decisions about Randleman Lake, the EMC has requested a
review of projected water quality at Randleman Lake in the light of any new information that may
have emerged from the clean up plans for the two waste sites, and any other relevant water
quality information. The Chairman of the Commission has asked this review to occur on March
9, 1995, at the regular meeting of the Commission.
From talking with you and Representative Arlie Culp, I have become aware that the
Authority is working hard on these water quality issues and has hired an independent consultant
to review the water quality studies done by Black and Veatch. I also understand that you are
having some additional evaluation done by Black and Veatch. The March EMC meeting will be a
good opportunity for you to make the EMC aware of the attention that you have given to these
water quality issues.
0. Box 27687, Raleigh, North Carolina 27611-7687 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post-consumer paper
(? I _ 11 (? r l I
?-tL
t
Mr. John Kime
February 17, 1995
Page 2
I am very sensitive to the points that you and Representative Culp made about wanting to
identify and deal with all the known water quality issues at once, hopefully avoiding the situation
of having surprising unknowns arise in the future. For this reason, I have asked the divisions in
the department who are concerned with this project to assemble all of the issues, data, and
information that they have. I have attached this information to this letter so that you will have it as
you prepare for the March 8 meeting.
In order for us to prepare for the report to the EMC and to make sure that we have
covered all of the relevant issues, I believe that it is important for us to have a technical staff
meeting ahead of time. I invite you and your consultants to meet with representatives from our
department on February 27, 1995, to review all of the issues, data, and modeling work related to
water quality at Randleman Lake so that we can resolve any issues before the EMC presentation.
This meeting has been scheduled for the Archdale Building in Raleigh from 11:00 to 1:00.
I encourage you and your consultants to be in contact by telephone with our Department's
representatives to discuss any technical issues that need to be clarified before our February 27
meeting. Please contact Mr. Donald Safrit of the Division of Environmental Management at
[phone], Mr. Bob Glaser and Mr. Mark Poindexter of the Division of Solid Waste
Management at [phone], and Ms. Linda Sewell of the Division of Environmental Health at
[phone].
We appreciate the efforts that the authority is making to assure a secure lone-term water
supply for the region.
Sincerely,
C. 7<?)?
Lind//a' B. Rimer
cc: Representative Arlie Culp
Steve Levitas
Preston Howard
Donald Safrit
Bill Meyer
Bob Glaser
Mark Poindexter
Linda Sewall
John Morris

Mr. John Kime
February 17, 1995
Page 3
Attachments:
1. DEM, Review of Deep River/Carbonton Water Quality Investigations 1992/1993
2. DEM, Water Quality Monitoring Data for waters in the Upper Deep River area July 28,
1992-October 7, 1993.
3. Memorandum from William L. Meyer on Seaboard chemical and the High Point Landfill
dated February 13, 1995 with attached staff memoranda, reports, and monitoring data.
03/0895 16:x5 - 919 733 9959 \C 1)l{N 1%(2 1(\N'SCI
ifIJ uuI
Randleman Lake
Overview of 401 Certification Issues -
March 3, 1995
The proposed Randleman Lake project will need an Individual 404 Permit and 401
Certification since about 130 acres of wetlands will he impacted. This impact will require
compensatory mitigation probably through creation of wetlands. To date, no 404 Permit
application has been received by DEM. DEM staff have had preliminary meetings with
consultants from the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority concerning a possible
mitigation approach which would combine wetland creation with watershed protection via,
regional stonnwatcr ponds. It is likely that obtaining the 404 Permit will take up to several
years unless numerous, thorough preapplication meetings are held by the Authority with DEM
and the Cotes of Engineers (COE). To date, these meetings have not been held nor are they
scheduled. The Corps of Engineers will have to develop, circulateXand eventually approve
an EIS for this project. Phis document can use the existing reports done Wthe authority.
DEM and the COE will not be able to conclude their regulatory responsibilities until the
document is finalized. This will also add to delays in the project. T'he mitigation plan will
also be a part of the FIS. The EPA, COE and DEM will review the project to detennine
whether thcrc are any practicable alternatives to the dam and then (if there are none) whether
the wedand loss (from flooding) has been adequately replaced through mitigation.
In addition, DEM's decision will be based on the compliance of the lake with water
quality standards. Based on modeling to date, the water quality standard of concern will be
chlorophyll a. Ilte state water quality standard is 40 u&/I. The consultants model shows that
avt.1-Age levels in the uppermost anti of Randleman Lake will be about 90 ug/I without
extensive WWTP improvements, 81 ug/l with an effluent concentration of 1.0 ntg/l P frorn
the WWI 1-1, 75 ug/I with an effluent concenuaLori of 0.5 ug/l P from the WWTI1, and 53 ug/l
Without the WWTP. All these are well in excess of the relevant water quality standard. In
other portions of the lake predicted chlorophyll a levels appear to be generally less ih ut the
water quality standard. DEM believes that a 401 Certification can probably be issued for this
project if strong measures are taken to control or manage nutri ent inputs (especially 11) into
the upper arrn of die lake. It is very possible to combine these measures with the wetland
mitigation that will be. required for this project. One possible approach would be to design a
laigc portion of the upper inn(s) of the lake to create freshwater marshes and hotton)land
hardwood forests. These areas would 1) remove excessive nutrients before they reach the
lake and 2) satisfy the mitigation requirements for the 404 13enrtit and 401 Certification.
Control of future (and perhaps existing) urban dcVcloptnent in the watershed will also he
essential to insure adequate water quality in the rescrvior. DEM looks forward to working
with the Authority to develop a watershed inar?agement plan which will allow the timely
issuance of a 401 Certification and will provide an acceputble soure:c of water for the region.
We suggest that the model for the watershed be revisited to identify specific .ciit s.,urces,
potential load reductions based oil specific controls and to determine the likely algal response;
CO the controls. - ------ Post-it' Fax Notc i6/1

_ I " °' ?
7o From
Co /O •pi t.o
Pti e a Phone u
Fax a ax u
randlcrnn.ltr
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment, FIFAA
Health and Natural Resources A4YA
Division of Environmental Management James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Jonathan B. Howes, Secretary
AFZ1
. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
September 7, 1994
Dr. D. J. Frederick
Dr. Russ Lea
Triangle Wetland Consultants
Post Office Box 33604
Raleigh, NC 27636
Dear Drs. Frederick and Lea:
Subject: Draft Wetland Mitigation Plan
Randleman Lake
Guilford and Randolph Counties
The following comments are offered in response to your request that the Division of
Environmental Management (DEM) review the subject document which outlines the
mitigation plan for the proposed Randleman Lake. The draft mitigation plan has been
developed to address the loss of 120.7 acres of wetlands that will result from the
construction of the 3,045 acre water supply reservoir. The draft mitigation plan also proposes
measures to protect the water quality of the reservoir. These comments are in no way
intended to imply that the DEM has made any decision concerning the 401 Water Quality
Certification which will be required for this project. Listed below are issues that should be
addressed in the final mitigation plan.
1. page 1. The text indicates that the mitigation proposal will include wetland creation,
restoration and preservation. The plan only discusses wetland creation and the
restoration and preservation of upland forests. Is there any wetland restoration and
preservation?
2. page 1. The text indicates that >50 acres of shallow littoral zone marsh will develop
around the margins of the reservoir. Include a map which shows the areas where
these marshes are likely to develop.
3. page 1. The DEM requests that all documents related to the construction, monitoring
and remedial actions (if needed) be sent to this office.
4. page 3. The project description should include the proposed stormwater
impoundments.
5. page 3. Provide documentation on the location and size of the "3000 acre" upland
buffer above 682 ft MSL. The description of the buffers on pages 6-9 and 14 do not
add up to 3000 acres.
6. page 12. Provide a summary of the tree and shrub species that will be planted in each
P.O. Box 29535, Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535 Telephone [phone] FAX [phone]
An Equal opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recycled/ 10% post-consumer paper
zone and the % of each species in each zone. The plantings within each zone should
be randomized unless there is a reason for planting in groups or rows.
7. page 12. An estimate of the acres of wetlands that will be created in the wet flat
woodland zone should be included. If this goal is not met then the wetland acres that
are not created in this zone can be addressed in the contingency plan.
8. page 16. The proposed stormwater impoundments will require Section 404 permits
and 401 Water Quality Certifications. What is the location of the four impoundment
sites that were eliminated? Why were these locations eliminated? The size of the
watersheds and the location of these impoundments on permanent streams is a
concern. Document the need for impoundments of this size and the reasons for the
preferred locations.
9. page 16. How many acres of emergent marsh, wet meadow, etc. are expected to
develop within these impoundments.
10. page 22. The Management and Protection Plan should be included in the final
mitigation proposal.
11. page 23. What is the proposed length of monitoring for the mitigation areas? The
document indicates both 3 and 5 years.
12. page 25. Justify the selection of 1 sampling plot per 5 acres.
13. page 25. Justify the use of the success criteria of trees being 6 feet tall instead of the
trees surviving for 3 years after planting.
14. page 26. The Contingency Plan indicates that additional mitigation efforts will take
place only for failure to successfully create 80 acres of wetlands. The impact for this
project is 120. 7 acres. Explain the rationale for the 80 acres.
14. The plan is not clear on the number of acres of wetlands that will result from these
proposed activities. An estimate of the number of acres of wetlands that will result
from each of the activities described in this document must be included in the final
plan. This information should be presented in a table.
15. What other measures will be taken by the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority to
protect the reservoir from excessive inputs of sediments and nutrients?
16. This plan does not provide sufficient information to make a determination on the
adequacy of this proposal to compensate for the loss of 120.7 acres of wetlands.
Therefore, DEM may have additional comments concerning the mitigation proposal
once the above questions/comments are addressed.
If you have any questions concerning these comments please contact Ron Ferrell at
9191733-1786.
Si cerely,
K?
J n R. Domey
ref-S/mdlman.mit
Post Office Box 33604
Raleigh, North Carolina 27636
Phone [phone]
Fax [phone]
WETLAND CONSULTANTS
May 27, 1994
Mr. John Kime
Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
Koger Center, Wilmington Building, Suite 100,
2216 West Meadowview Road
Greensboro, NC 27407-3480
Subject: Draft Wetland Mitigation Plan
Randleman Lake
Dear Mr. Kime:
Triangle Wetland Consultants is pleased to submit our draft report entitled "Wetland
Mitigation Plan for Randleman Lake, Randolph and Guilford Counties" for review. This draft
report is provided in support of the 404 permit application for inundating and filling wetlands
associated with the construction of Randleman Lake. We would appreciate receiving comments
and suggestions on this draft to help us in our efforts to produce a final plan. Please return your
draft with comments or call Drs. Frederick or Lea at [phone].
Sincerely,
Dr. D.J. Frederick
Dr. Russ Lea
Principal Environmental Scientists
Triangle Wetland Consultants, Inc.
CC'. Mr. David Dell, USFWS
Mr. John Dorney, DEM
Mr. David Franklin, USCOE
Mr. Charlie Hollis
Mr. Ken Jolly, LISCOE
Dr Lee Pelej, EPA
Coast Office 275 Redfox Trail Hampstead, North Carolina 28443 Phone [phone]
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Management
P.O. Box 29535
Raleigh, North Carolina 27626-0535
Training and Certification Unit
Wetlands and Technical Review Group
FAX # [phone]
TELECOPY TO:
FAX NUMBER:
PHONE:
NUMBER OF PAGES, INCLUDING THE COVER SHEET:_ 3
C?? ( j T3 -7
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-----?-'? C `car-? ? a_ _ 1??.? C- a ( _ C-c)_?C.? 1?., , ' ' •'+ ^??t _ ?'???J;?.,
__ ._-..? 1 -?p-c... ?n ? ?/ ? ?tl ?? l t? ?t ,S L t.l',vjS r> ( - -? `J' nC-_ / " k. _
JA.Lc.cS !<?]
t5 L O % 1 fz'"Yl / `/'' / S _ Cc ??. c1 : fi?l (? C. C ?/ ?/4?i1'US ( ?/ ?L11rJ
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MITIGATION AREAS WITHIN PROJECT BOUNDARY
HABITAT 683-685 685-690 690-Boundary TOTAL
FIELD 47.9 ac 77.4 ac 317.0 ac 442.3 ac
PASTURE 32.4 ac 41.1 ac 200.1 ac 273.6 ac
TOTAL
80.3 ac
a,
118.5 ac
eel `
517.1 ac
715.9 ac
Randleman Reservoir
Total area of forested communities
within the pool
within the buffer
Piedmont Alluvial Forest
area in pool
area in buffer
2163 ac
2054 ac
1057 ac
630 ac
Species
River birch
Ironwood
Sweetgum Pawpaw
Tulip poplar Spice bush
Southern sugar maple Dogwood
Sycamore Privet
Piedmont Bottomland Forest
area in pool 4 ac
area in buffer 5 ac
Species
(Same as Piedmont Alluvial Forest but occur in slightly wetter situations, habitat values are similar and both
are generally deficient in hard mast-producing species)
Mixed Mesophytic Forest
area in pool 809 ac
area in buffer 923 ac
Species
(Same as Piedmont Alluvial Forest but with more American beech and tulip poplar, southern sugar maple
and less river birch, sycamore and sweetgum)
Dry Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest
area in pool 273 ac
area in buffer 498 ac
Species
Southern red oak Virginia pine
White oak Shortleaf pine
Scarlet oak Dogwood
Red oak Sourwood
Black oak Black gum
Rock Outcrops
area in pool 5 ac
area in buffer 2 ac
Wetland Seeps
area in pool 15 ac
area in buffer 1 ac
MITIGATION AREAS WITHIN PROJECT BOUNDARY
HABITAT 683-685 685-690 690-Boundary TOTAL

FIELD 47.9 ac 77.4 ac 317.0 ac 442.3 ac
PASTURE 32.4 ac
TOTAL 80.3 ac
41.1 ac
118.5 ac
200.1 ac
517.1 ac
273.6 ac
715.9 ac
Randleman Reservoir
Total area of forested communities
within the pool
within the buffer
Piedmont Alluvial Forest
area in pool
area in buffer
Species
2163 ac
2054 ac
1057 ac
630 ac
River birch Ironwood
Sweetgum Pawpaw
Tulip poplar Spice bush
Southern sugar maple Dogwood
Sycamore Privet
Piedmont Bottomland Forest
area in pool 4 ac
area in buffer 5 ac
Species
(Same as Piedmont Alluvial Forest but occur in slightly wetter situations, habitat values are similar and both
are generally deficient in hard mast-producing species)
Mixed Mesophytic Forest
area in pool 809 ac
area in buffer 923 ac
Species
(Same as Piedmont Alluvial Forest but with more American beech and tulip poplar, southern sugar maple
and less river birch, sycamore and sweetgum)
Dry Mesic Oak-Hickory Forest
area in pool 273 ac
area in buffer 498 ac
Species
Southern red oak Virginia pine
White oak Shortleaf pine
Scarlet oak Dogwood
Red oak Sourwood
Black oak Black gum
Rock Outcrops
area in pool 5 ac
area in buffer 2 ac
Wetland Seeps
area in pool 15 ac
area in buffer 1 ac
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,Rv""'FNr ?1996
Post Office Box 33604
Raleigh, North Carolina 27636
Phone [phone]
Fax [phone]
WETLAND CONSULTANTS
March 21, 1996
Mr. David Franklin
US Army Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Division
P.O. Box 1890
Wilmington, NC 28405
Dear David,
On behalf of the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority, we are enclosing a copy of the
final "Wetland and Habitat Mitigation Plan for Randleman Lake" for your review.
We have included all suggestions made by the commenting agencies plus your specific
suggestions made at our recent meetings.
We look forward to your review of this document.
Sincerely,
Trian le Wetland Consultants, Inc.
Douglas .1. Frederick, Ph.D. Russ Lea, Ph.D.
cc: Mr. John Kime, PTWRA
Mr. John Dorncy, DEM
Mr. Lee Pelej, EPA
Mr. Frank McBride, NCWRC
Mr. John Ellis, USFWS
RECEIVED
MAR 2 2 1996
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
^ -kl
Coast Office 275 Redfox Trail Hampstead, North Carolina 28443 Phone [phone]
NCWRCMCP,FALLS LAKE TEL:[phone] Jun 05'96 16:27 No.003 P.02
?4.,

_ K1 North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission -
512 N. Salisbury Street, Raleigh, North Carolina 27604.1188, 919-733-3391
Charles R. Fullwood, Executive Director
MEMORANDUM
TO: David Franklln
US Army Corps of EEnnggi,,ne Wilmin on
FROM; Owen F. Anderson; ?fedmont Region Coordinator
Tiabitat Conservation Program
DATE: June 5, 1996
SUBJFC'1'- Wetland and Habitat Mitigation Plan for Randleman Lake, Randolph and Guildford
Counties, NC
Stall' biologists with the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission have reviewed the
subject pmjcc:t. our comments are provided in accordance with certain provisions of the Clean
Water Act of 1977 (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.) and the Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act (48 Stat. 401,
as amended, 16 U.S,C. 661-667d) and North Carolina General Statues (G.S. 113-131 et seq.).
Pursuant to our recent phone conversation, we understand that there are still fundamental
problems with the purpose and need of the Randleman Reservoir Prgicct. Because the project is
still subject to change, we cannot provide any definitive comments on the Wetland Mitigation Plan
provided by Triangle Consultants on behalf of the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority.
During our review, several problems with the proposed mitigation plan were identified. To
prevent future delays and expense, we are providing the following preliminary comments on the
submitted wetland mitigation plan;
1. We question the statement (section 2.2 Habitat Types, page S)... "However, most fiyh in the
area are adaptahle to the lake environment and overall spccivs composition should not
change drastically." Many of the species characteristic of stream habitats will be extirpated
from the areas inundated by the reservoir. Remaining stream habitat is likely to be adversely
impacted from secondary development, which will further threaten species associated with
lobe habitats, Additionally, this statement tends to contradict the statement on page 12 that
states: "This lotic fishery resource will be replaced by a typically lentic, flat water fishery."
2. The 11,lan to maintain a reservoir pool at an elevation of 682 feet MSL between March 26 and
April 22 and then drop and maintain the level at 680 feet MST, between April 22 and
November 6 is likely to cause adverse impacts to a number of recreational fish species.
Crappic, bream and largemouth bass nests could be dewatered if the reservoir is dropped two
feet during the spawning season. Tliercf6re, to pr©vent adverse impnets to spawning fish the
water level would need to remain at 682 ft MSL until at least June 1. However, a long
inundation period during the growing season may adversely impact many of the bitttomland
s ec ies that are scheduled for planting. Other management strategies that do not cause a
decrease in water level between April I and June 1 should be examined. Bringing the water
1CWRC,HCP,FALLS LAKE TEL:[phone] Jun 05'96 16:28 No.003 P.03
Draft Wetland Mitigation Plan 2 June 5, 1996
Randleman Reservoir
level down to 680 ft MST, by March 15 and holding the level at 680 ft MSL until June 1
would minimize most impacts to spawning fish. However, this regime is likely to
negatively impact ground nesting birds including wild turkey poppulations if the areas
between 680 and 682 11 MS.1, are flooded during early summer. Managcrnent of rc rervoir
pool elevation should consider the impacts to both aquatic and terrestrial resource's.
3. We question the proposal to create Piedmont bottomland forests on existing fields between
680-6921't MSL. It is our understanding that typical bottomland forests are subject to over
bank flooding a number of times during an annual cycle. While flooding the area between
680-682 ft MSL is likely to produce some sort of wetland, the vegetation may be more
typical of a coastal plain swarnp forest dominated by bald cypress and swamp blackgutm
While a swamp forest will provide some wildlife benefits, it will not provide the diversity or
value of a Piedmont bottomland forest. Therefore, additional mitigation should be provided
to cotnpensate fir the loss of bottomland hardwood,
4. Some areas between 680-682 ft MSL will be cleared and left to naturally regenerate. The
document states in section 4,5.1 that these areas are likely to be dominated by red maple and
sweetgurn. These areas should be replanted with species that will provide greater diversity
and value to wildlife.
5. Installation of wood duck boxes will help to compensate for lost nesting sites; however,
tlicsc should only be installed if they are constructed of durable materials such as cypress,
provided with predator guards, and maintained on an annual basis,
6. Proposed tree and shrub plantings should be modified. Swectgum should be delctcd from
the mixture because it will provide little value to wildlife and will occur naturally. Other
adjustments will be recommended depending on the revised reservoir and mitigation plan.
7. Simply meeting a criteria of 320 stems/acre survival of preibrred canopy species at the end
of five years does not insure diversity. Success criteria should include a survival rate for all
planted species.
8. Whilc we concur with leaving a buffer strip along streams, additional information needs to
be included concerning the width of buffer strips and how loose soils will be stabilized to
prevent sedimentation to downstream habitats,
9. There is no discussion of mitigation for the destruction of approximately 23 miles of
strca.ms. To mitigate for these impacts we request that forested riparian corridors of 400-800
feet be preserved on suitable downstream stretches of the Deep River.
We would also like to take this opportunity to remind you that we requested in earlier
reviews that surveys be performed for terrestrial and aquatic species. Although there is a mierence
in the mit.itution plan to a report prepared by J. H. Carter 1993, we have no rceord of teviewing this
survey report and look forward to reviewing this in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS).
Also, please refer to memoranda from Richard B. Hamilton dated February 4, 1991 and October 14,
1991 for other specitic items we requested to be addressed in the 0S.
Thank you 1br tic opportunity to review this draft mitigation plan. We would like to
continue to work with you, the applicant and other agencies in developing an adequalc mitigation
plan. T l' we can provide .further assistance, please contact our office at [phone].
cc: Douglas .l. Frederick, Triangle Wetland Consultants
John Befiier, Supervising Biologist, USMS
John Dorney, Water Quality Section, DEM
"JCWRC,HCP,FALLS LAKE TEL:[phone]
COVER
FAX
Falls Lake Office
Jun 05'96 16:27 No.003 P.01
NC Wildlife Resources Commission
Habitat Conservation Program
P,C. Box 998
Northside, NC 27564
Date (. -- S'- 94
Number of pages including cove; cheat .?
To:
.Ur? 7>04WA BEM
?e ?,,, N?•r?t users
Prom:
?w?/ ?i?1.?7iP,To •?/
"One 91°-528-9886 _
Phone _
Fax Phone Fax Phone 819-528-?839
CC:
[ ] Urgent ? For your re'lie'N C Fe iy P.SP,P ? Pease COMMW)t
?1

n.
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment,
Health and Natural Resources
Division of Environmental Management
James B. Hunt, Jr., G ovemor
Jonathan BL Howes, Secretary
A. Preston Howard, Jr., P.E., Director
June 5, 1996
Drs. Doug Frederick and Russ Lea
Triangle Wetland Consultants
Post Office Box 33604
Raleigh, NC 27636
Dear Drs. Fredrick and Lea:
&To? FAA
?Jaj 0
EDO E-= F1
Thank you for providing a copy of the Wetland and Habitat Mitigation Plan (March
27, 1996) for Randleman Lake. This plan provides an informative and succinct description
of the wetland issues associated with the development of reservoir and is well written, well
organized and includes many citations to the scientific literature. My review of the plan
focused primarily on assessing whether lost wetland functions will be replaced but I have
provided comments on many related issues.
Overall the plan focuses on the replacement of lost wetland area and provides a
good discussion of the uses of wetlands by wildlife. However, the initial water quality
conditions of this reservoir are expected to promote primary productivity resulting in high
concentrations of chlorophyll a, particularly in the upper arms of the lake. This is clearly a
concern that needs to be addressed before a Section 401 water quality certification can be
issued. Landscape level approaches to address and solve water quality problems are now
beginning to be developed and examples exist in the scientific literature. The statement
"environmental issues yet to be identified will have to be resolved through the extended
review process and thus will be addressed by later versions of this mitigation plan" (page
2) indicates the importance of the plan and the need to go beyond the traditional 'this for
that' philosophy and wildlife concerns associated with compensatory mitigation.
The Division of Environmental Management (DEM) has serious concerns about the
water quality of the reservoir particularly the projected chlorophyll a concentrations in the
upper arms of the lake. These projected concentrations will exceed the water quality
standard of 40 µg/1 for chlorophyll a. Section 401 water quality certifications are issued
only when an applicant of a project can show (or the DEM can determine) that the effects of
the project will not violate water quality standards resulting in a significant loss of use.
These concerns have been conveyed to the applicant at several meetings. In addition, the
opportunities that compensatory mitigation can provide to address water quality concerns
also were conveyed at those meetings. The present mitigation plan does not target water
quality concerns regarding stormwater runoff and chlorophyll a.
One possible approach to the water quality and wetland mitigation issues could
involve the restoration, creation and enhancement of wetlands along tributaries to the
proposed reservoir throughout the watershed. This idea was proposed to the Piedmont
Triad Regional Water Authority by Mr. John Domey (DEM) during the December 6, 1995
meeting. A similar approach is being undertaken by the City of High Point in the
watershed for Oak Hollow Lake.
Environmental Sciences Branch • 4401 Reedy Creek Road Raleigh, North Carolina 27607
Telephone [phone] FAX # [phone]
An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer 50% recyclW10% post consumer paper
A
page 2
The wetland impacts associated with this project result from required land clearing
(NCAC T15A:18C.0400 and T15A:18B.0300) and inundation. A total of 3,045 acres will
be inundated permanently when the reservoir is completed and filled This total includes
approximately 119 acres of wetlands and 195 acres of stream channels. The mitigation
plan proposes to establish ca. 380 acres of bottomland forest between 680 and 682 ft MSL.
The establishment of a 200 ft buffer from the 680-682 pool level should provide additional
wildlife habitat once secondary succession is underway. If the created wetlands meet
success criteria and provide appropriate levels of functions, then the project would likely be
released from oversight from the regulating agencies.
Specific Comments
Executive Summary The public review for this project is not complete and no consensus
has been reached regarding alternatives. The statement "the project has been through the
public interest review, and a consensus has been reached with regard to the water
dependent nature of the project and the lack of feasible alternative sites" should be
eliminated from the report.
The shallow littoral areas created when the reservoir is filled could and should be planted
with appropriate submersed, floating-leaved and emergent species. The locations of these
areas should be identified and a list of appropriates species should be provided in the
mitigation plan. These vegetated areas will provide valuable fish, wildlife and water quality
functions.
A summary of the types of mitigation proposed should occur in the executive summary and
include both the total quantity (number of sites) as well as total area.
Hydrogeom=hic Types The hydrogeomorphic (HGM) approach to classifying wetlands
is intriguing and informative. A description of the method would benefit those who are not
familiar with it and may be reading the mitigation plan. How information from the HGM
classification will be used in regulatory decisions is not clear. Presently the HGM
classification is not required, and its use is solely voluntary. I caution against
implementing any extensive field studies, including the use of HGM for regulatory
purposes until the methods are discussed with the regulating agencies.
Forest Productivity A major attribute of the mitigation plan is incorporating and citing the
results of other studies. The comments the plan makes pertaining to forest productivity
among sites situated on a topographic gradient (p. 8 and 12) are interesting. The paradigm
that forest communities on a seasonally inundated topographic position have higher primary
productivity than communities on dry or more permanently saturated sites has not been well
established A competing hypothesis (Mitsch and Rust 1984) holds that the benefits of
periodic inputs of nutrients and water may be diminished by stresses associated with
anaerobic soils or drought. Megonigal et. al. (accepted to Ecology, being revised) tested
these hypotheses and concluded that:
"...the subsidy-stress hypothesis does not adequately describe patterns of net
primary productivity across Southeastern US floodplain forests. Conditions of
periodic flooding and, flowing water do not often lead to high rates of productivity
compared with upland forests. However, extensive flooding is nearly always a
significant stress of forest productivity..."
page 3
Groundwater recharge/discharge Groundwater discharge and recharge are often cited as
functions of a wetland and are alluded to in the mitigation plan. Although these are
important processes, they are more a function of landscape position than a specific type of
habitat (i.e. wetlands). I mention this primarily to focus attention on the landscape instead
of smaller ecosystems contained within the landscape.
Exceptional Habitat Areas (p. 10) This section mentions the existence of seasonal ponds
and states that "excellent seasonal pond creation opportunities exist in open fields at the
upstream limits of the proposed reservoir." The discussion of these exceptional habitat
areas and seasonal ponds focuses primarily on mature forests and the benefits of seasonal
ponds for amphibians. However, if excellent wetland creation opportunities exist in the
upstream limits of the proposed reservoir, these also should be explored to address water
quality concerns.
Management Criteria for Buffer Area (F. 15) A management plan for the buffer area should
be developed and address a variety of concerns. Water quality issues that can be addressed
include wetlands, stormwater and control of erosion and sedimentation.
Proposed Pool Level Management p. 16) Ensuring proper hydrological conditions for the
growth and establishment of the proposed created wetlands will be necessary. However,
these conditions may not be appropriate for the long term maintenance of the communities
and reproduction of specific tree species. That is, hydrological conditions that promote
seed germination are not the same as those conditions for the maintenance of a forest
community. A description of how the proposed management of the pool level may affect
wetland functioning would be beneficial.
Acreage The draft wetland mitigation plan (July 10, 1995) states that 107 acres of
jurisdictional wetlands will be created between the 683 and 685 ft MSL elevations.
However this plan (March 27, 1996) states that 380 acres of wetlands will be created
between the 680 and 682 ft MSL elevations. This discrepancy should be clarified. Please
state what the normal pool level will be.
Table 2 g. 18) This table presents a list of species recommended for planting. Note that
sweetgum (Liquidambar sMdelflua will become established naturally and thus should not
be planted. In addition, alder (®jnus serrulata) is a nonleguminous nitrogen fixing species.
Since eutrophic conditions are expected to develop within the proposed reservoir,
additional nutrient sources may need to be discouraged. We have discussed nitrogen
fixation in alder briefly and agree that, under certain conditions, it can be a desirable species
to plant. Since nitrogen is unlikely to be a limiting nutrient in this reservoir the use of alder
will not be discouraged.
Cleared Areas (p. 18) The mitigation plan mentions that there are many undesirable
creation sites. These include areas with eroded A-horizons and steep slopes. Although
these may be inappropriate sites for wetland creation, these sites probably need stabilization
and vegetative cover. Permitting these sites to regenerate naturally may slow the
stabilization processes. Clearly, these are areas in need of management.
Site Preparation (p. 19) Site preparation activities will include clearing, ripping,
fertilization and herbicide application. Many, if not all, of these activities are necessary for
successful wetland creation, however they may initially conflict with water quality goals of
the reservoir. That is, additional nutrient sources resulting from fertilization could
exacerbate primary productivity in the reservoir. In addition, the application of herbicides
will have to be timed to prevent entry into surface waters. These precautions are necessary
presuming filling of the reservoir may coincide with wetland creation activities.
page 4
Wetland Monitoring (n. 271 Two copies of all monitoring reports should be submitted to
the NC Division of Environmental Management (DEM). The selection of appropriate
reference sites is necessary.
Hydrology (p.281 The proposed pool level management plan may provide appropriate
wetland hydrology and the monitoring of approximately 20 wells may verify that wetland
hydrology has become established. Please support how 20 wells can be used to show that
the hydrological succession criterion is present at all (greater than 125) sites. In addition,
note that wetland hydrology will become established about the 682 ft. MSL elevation.
Therefore, some effort should be directed to monitor areas above the 682 ft MSL level.
Soils p. 281 The references you use supporting the use of iron rebar as a measure of
anaerobiosis I have seen cited in other studies. I would appreciate receiving copies of those
studies. I am more familiar with redox measurements using platinum electrodes and
recognize the difficulties and limitations of using these methods. Using iron rebar may
help in determining whether the hydrologic criterion is met, particularly when used in
conjunction with monitoring wells.
Vegetation (2.291 Sampling protocols and success criteria required by the Corps of
Engineers will be accepted by the DEM. However, natural recruitment should be
considered in determining whether the proper community is becoming established in
conjunction with the survival of planted species.
Use and long term ownership of mitigation sites. Apparently all sites will be under the
ownership of the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority in perpetuity. However, this
should be made clear in addition to how the sites may be managed. That is, will a site
management plan allow for forest management?
Again, thank you for the opportunity to review the plan. I look forward to working
with you to ensure the success of these created communities.
Cordially,
Steven X oe or
cc: David Franklin, COE
John Dorney, DEM
Ruth Swanek, DEM
Ron Linville, WSRO
Owen Anderson, WRC
John Kime, Piedmont Triad Water Authority
Central files
page 5
Literature cited:
Megonigal, J.P., W.H. Conner, S. Kroeger and R.R. Sharitz. 1996? Aboveground
production in southeastern floodplain forests: A test of the subsidy-stress hypothesis.
Accepted to Ecology, under revision).
Mitch, W.J. and . Rust. 1984. Tree growth responses to flooding in a bottomland forest
in northeastern Illinois. Forest Science 30:499-501
PIEDMONT
June 24, 1996
TRIAD
Mr. David Franklin
US Army Engineering District
P. O Box 1890
Wilmington, NC 28492-1890
Dear David:
RECEIVED 3
QOM 2 6 1996 1'lq
ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCES
REGIONAL W A T R AUTHORITY
-1 V-?
?/I i
Please disregard the draft mitigation plan dated March 27, 1996 and forwarded to
your office for review.
Due to other project considerations, the Water Authority is currently developing
another mitigation proposal under the direction of Dr. Newt Colston, Black & Veatch,
Inc.
If you have questions, please feel free to call.
Jerely,
John F. Kime
Executive Director 3 1996
JFK:hs

cc: Mr. John Dorney, DEM
Mr. Lee Pelej, EPA
Mr. Frank McBride, NCWRC
Mr. John Ellis, USFWS
Mr. Charlie Hollis, Regulatory Consultant
Dr. Newt Colston, Black & Veatch, Inc.
IA\ ,1
RECEIVED
JUt. 0 5 1996
ENVIRONMENTAL. SCIENCES
a v
1 V
1 n,
\? U
Wilmington Building, Suite 100 • 2216 West Meadow Lew Road • Greensboro, North Carolina 27407-3480 9 [phone]
PIEDMONT TRIAD REGIONAL
MEMO
To: John Dorney, Pete Colwell, and Jennifer Frye
From: Andrea M. Spangler
Date: February 8, 2001
Re: Randleman Lake Wetland Mitigation Plans
WATER AUTHORITY
NC DFPT. OF ENVat?r?'VME}VT
ANAPIATI "?..,.,,
"B 0 9 2001
WA TEN QU ALI °r' SEC-{0
N
I have enclosed, for your review, the Detailed Wetland Mitigation Plans for three of the
PTRWA's proposed wetland mitigation sites: Richland Creek, Reddicks Creek, and
Hickory Creek.
I look forward to discussing these plans with all of you at the PTRWA offices, Tuesday,
February 20, 2001.
Please call if you have any questions or concerns [phone].
'r
Wilmington Building, Suite 204 • 2216 West Meadowview Road • Greensboro, North Carolina 27407-3480
Telephone: [phone] • Fax: [phone]
G1 Z W?ui?? /???•nu?tiuili? 2UU Rnl??i??li, N(: 7.7fiUC?
EcoScIeC7CC
August 3, 2000
Pete Colwell
N.C. Division of Water Quality
919 North Main Street
Mooresville, NC 28115
frli 4?hinu 3114) ?i2si.;i la3 F'lx X1141 H7,fi,a!,1Y
'?..d '741"-4,??;,;•4ti,???;° '?r?,
Re: Randleman Reservoir Detailed Mitigation Planning Review Meeting with the N.C. Division
of vvTuit:i Quiility kL viT?), 14 July 2000 00-0.W
Dear Mr. Colwell:
EcoScience Corporation (ESC) has prepared a summary of issues discussed during our 14 July 2000
meeting concerning detailed mitigation design for the Randleman Reservoir. As we discussed
during the meeting, we would like you to review the meeting summary and concur or comment on
the issues described below. If you have any questions or changes to the meeting summary, please
contact Wes Newell of ESC at your convenience. In order to document agency coordination
performed during this mitigation planning process, we request that you return a signed copy of this
letter upon concurrence with the items discussed during the meeting.
DWQ Meeting Summary, 14 July 2000
This memo provides a summary of issues discussed with review personnel from the N.C. Division
of Water Quality (DWQ) concerning wetland mitigation plans for Randleman Reservoir. The
meeting was held to update DWQ on the methods being used for wetland restoration and water
quality improvement. the meeting attendees included Andrea Spangler (Piedmont Triad Regional
Water Authority [PTRWA], Pete Colwell (DWQ), Jens Geratz (ESC), and Wes Newell (ESC).
TNT.-AvAl nn-canti-d preliniinAn. mitigation de..6an etr.qteciieq for each of the fmir mitigation bites- 1 ?
Hickory Creek; 2) Muddy Creek; 3) Reddicks Creek; and 4)" Richland Creek. The strategy is
intended to promote wetland establishment within stream valleys extending into the reservoir. The
objective of these wetlands is to intercept sediment and process pollutants prior to deposition within
the water supply pool. Therefore, the sediment transport capacity of streams flowing into the open
water area must be decreased to the extent that the sediment deposition wedge is extended in the up-
valley direction. If successful, this wetland restoration areas above the lake pool would support
braided stream reaches and in-stream, sediment deposition characteristic of alluvial fans in certain
areas. Green tree reservoirs (Reddicks Creek) and in-stream dams (Richland Creek) would be used
to dramatically reduce the capacity for streams to transport sediment through the mitigation sites and
into the lake pool.
Page 1 of 3

Mr. Colwell indicated that the general mitigation strategies described were consistent with
understood objectives of wetland mitigation for Randleman Reservoir. Sediment and pollutant J?
processing on wetland surfaces may represent a preferred alternative to ensuring sediment transport W? y o 'y
l
within streams that flow directly into the lake pool. Mr. Colwell indicated concern over loss of ?00
stream function for wetland restoration and sediment processing on sites that are not located a ,?? fn
immediately above the lake pool. In addition, Mr. Colwell stated that degraded streams potentially b?k ?W
compromised by wetland restoration may be sampled prior to mitigation to defend exchange of Jk
streams for wetlands. If existing in-stream aquatic habitat is severely degraded based on biological IV ? x
samples, the loss of streams for wetlands may be more acceptable to resource agencies. y 5 ?' v
Mr. Colwell indicated that the mitigation plans should provide detailed discussions concerning who
will manage the green tree impoundments, funding for management costs, and how the sites will be
managed. Spangler indicated that PTRWA would establish mechanisms for management and
monitoring of the sites. Newell stated that ESC would include management guidelines in the
mitigation plan designed to promote establishment of vegetated wetland surfaces.
Newell described methods used to establish wetlands above the lake reservoir. During reference
studies on existing lakes, ESC estimated that the lake pool will passively restore wetlands within
stream valleys to elevations from 1 foot below to 2 feet above the normal pool. This passive
restoration area will be planted with wetland species and coupled with proactive mitigation
measures, such as in-stream structures, in the up-valley direction. Mr. Colwell indicated that the
issue of wetland restoration along the edge of the lake reservoir has been discussed in the past. Mr.
Colwell had no objections to the methods proposed but stated that the mitigation plan should justify
that the lake pool elevation is consistent enough to keep these areas as wetlands in perpetuity.
Newell indicated that the coupling of passive and active wetland restoration methods will require
that the wetland construction be performed concurrently with filling of the reservoir. Mr. Colwell
indicated that he suspects that wetland restoration will be required concurrent with wetland impacts,
so concurrent lake filling and wetland construction activities may be acceptable.
Newell reviewed monitoring programs for the wetland restoration areas that were presented to
agencies in the preliminary groundwater models and the conceptual mitigation plan (previous
documents developed in 1998/99). Newell indicated that the monitoring plan proposed
hydrological success criteria requiring soil saturation for a minimum of 5% of the growing season,
which is typical for many Piedmont wetlands. Newell asked for confirmation that a minimum
hydrology success criteria encompassing 5% of the growing season is acceptable to DWQ. Mr.
Colwell indicated that review/acceptance of the monitoring plan and hydrology success criteria
would be determined through further technical review of the detailed mitigation plan.
Newell described the acreage of wetland creation / restoration currently projected at the Reddicks
Creek and Richland Creek sites. Richland Creek is projected to provide 46 acres and Reddicks
Creek is projected to provide 23 acres (69 total acres of wetland creation / restoration). This acreage
is 15 acres more than projected during preliminary field reviews in 1998. Mr. Colwell asked where
the additional acreage is being generated. Newell stated that the additional acreage appears to be
Page 2 of 3
?•
coming from passive restoration resulting from the reference lake pool studies along with wetland
establishment expected on alluvial fans established behind green tree impoundments.
Please note concurrence with items discussed during the DWQ review meeting by signing below and
returning a copy of this correspondence to ESC. Thank you for assistance with mitigation design
planning for this project.
Concurrence B
Sincerely,
ECO is
W s Newell, NCRCPS, PWS
ice President
Page 3 of 3
GREENTREE RESERVOIR
MANAGEMENT HANDBOOK
Gaylord Memorial Laboratory
Wetland Management Series
Number 1
Leigh H. Fredrickson
Donald L. Batema
Gaylord Memorial Laboratory
The School of Natural Resources
University of Missouri-Columbia
Pllxico, MO 63960
ADA171200
Information Is our business.
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT RESEARCH PROGRAM.
GREENTREE RESERVOIRS. SECTION 5.5.3, US
ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS WILDLIFE RESOURCES
MANAGEMENT MANUAL
ARMY ENGINEER WATERWAYS EXPERIMENT
STATION, VICKSBURG, MS. ENVIRONMENTAL
LAB
JUL 1986
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE
National Technical Information Service
. ,*-
DRAFT
Review of the Detailed Wetland Mitigation Plans
(Randleman Reservoir Water Supply) for
Richland Creek, Reddicks Creek and Hickory Creek
Backzround
The Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority has proposed the construction of a
3000-acre reservoir that will become a primary water supply for the Triad region. The
construction of this reservoir will unavoidably impact approximately 121 acres of
wetlands. Compensatory wetland mitigation of at least 121 acres is required under North
Carolina Law. These plans address how compensatory mitigation will be achieved at
these three sites. A total of 10 potential mitigation sites are being considered. It is
estimated that these three sites will replace 69 acres (57%) of wetlands lost due to the
construction of the reservoir.
All three wetland mitigation plans are similar in detail and scope. Two primary
methods are proposed for wetland restoration. Instream structures designed to reduce
sediment transport capacity are proposed at Richland and Hickory Creeks, and the
establishment of a greentree impoundment is proposed for Reddicks Creek. Both
methods will trap sediment and may promote the establishment of forested wetlands.
Water quality concerns with sediment and nutrients have been addressed in a narrative
fashion in these three reports.
Instream Structures
Instream structures are proposed primarily along dredged or entrenched stream
corridors on relatively low-slope valley floors (<0.009 rise/run). Adjacent floodplains
have been abandoned by the incised stream and converted to elevated terraces not
regularly exposed to overbank flooding or wetland hydrodynamics. Properly designed
in-stream structures are expected to reduce the degree of channel incision, reduce the rate
of groundwater discharge from the floodplain into the channel, increase overbank
flooding, reduce sediment transport capacity and increase sediment deposition within
vegetated wetlands.
Greentree Impoundments
Greentree impoundments are proposed on more steeply sloped floodplains and
stream terraces (>0.008 rise/run) or pastured sites where relatively severe stream channel
degradation and steepening has occurred. In general, a greentree impoundment
comprises a floodplain levee and controllable outlet structure that is modified
periodically to promote the development of forested wetlands.
The elevation of the outlet is typically raised during the winter months to promote
ponding, sediment deposition, and waterfowl habitat. Subsequently the elevation of the
outlet is lowered in early spring to allow for the growth of vegetation and seedling
10 1
DRAFT
establishment. To provide an optimum environment for the establishment of forested
vegetation the water depth during the winter is generally dependent on the height (and
species) of planted seedlings. Foresters have studied vegetation and species survival in
greentree impoundments so a body of literature is available to guide the managers of the
impoundments.
Reference Areas
The spatial patterns of sediment deposition and vegetation structure and
composition was studied at four reference impoundments: 1) Beaver Creek above Lake
Jordan (Wake Co.), 2) Little Creek above Lake Jordan (Durham Co.), 3) Rocky Branch
above Falls Lake (Wake Co.) and 4) Country Line Creek (Caswell Co.). Details on
wetland vegetation that could serve as a reference standard were obtained at two sites
along the Rocky River in Cabarrus Co. (Details on the location on these sites is missing).
Hydrolozic Modeling
Analyses of stream flow and water surface elevations were modeled using the US
Army Corps of Engineers HEC-1 and HEC-2 for 1-, 2-, 5-, 10-, and 100-year flood
events. Data used as inputs for the models included synthetic storm precipitation data,
drainage area, NRCS curve numbers, drainage basin lag time, and channel cross sections
that were completed for the Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) flood
insurance studies. Groundwater modeling was conducted using DRAINMOD.
Richland Creek
The site contains an approximately 5450-foot reach of Richland Creek, and
encompasses about 70 acres - 62 acres of disturbed bottomland hardwood forest and 4.5
acres of pastoral land in a watershed of ca. 14.5 square miles. About 2800 linear feet of
the creek was dredged and straightened. Spoil material was added to the natural stream
levee, and subsequent channel degradation have lowered the channel bottom up to 12 feet
below the top of the constructed levee. The channel is classified as a G5 (sand dominated
gully) based on fluvial geomorphic features developed by Rosgen (1996). The creek is
classified as WS IV CA.
Four fixed in-stream weirs (Fig. 14) will be placed within the dredged channel
and designed to avoid having the creek short-circuit the weir. The goal is to encourage
sediment deposition behind the weir and encourage the stream to migrate over a restored
floodplain (p.31)
Hickory Creek
This site contains a 3400-foot reach of Hickory Creek and two valley types in a
watershed of ca. 8.7 square miles. The lower half of the site consists of a relatively broad
(500-900 feet) and abandoned floodplain along a 1400 reach of the creek. In this section
the valley slope measures about 0.004 rise/run. The upper reaches of the site the
I ,.
DRAFT
floodplain narrows to widths of less than 200 feet and the slope steepens to an average
0.007 rise/run. The main-stem was dredged and straightened in the last several decades.
The channel is classified as a G4 (gravel dominated gully) based on fluvial geomorphic
features developed by Rosgen (1996). The creek is classified as WS-IV CA.
The restoration plan proposed at this site is stated to consist of in-stream
structures (Table 1), and one greentree impoundment structure (p.50 and Figure 16). Four
rock check dams will be installed within dredged and straightened stream channels.
Reddicks Creek
This site contains an approximately 3900-foot reach of Reddicks Creek and lies
within a watershed of ca. 9.1 square miles. It flows into Hickory Creek 1.1 miles
downstream. The channel is classified as a G4 (gravel dominated gully) based on fluvial
geomorphic features developed by Rosgen (1996). The stream is classified as WS-IV
CA. The proposed restoration plan includes the construction of four greentree
impoundments along Reddicks Creek.
Geomorphic Changes and Vegetation Restoration
All three plans promote sediment retention upstream of the in-stream structures
and greentree impoundments. Although this is admirable goal, it is not clear on how
sediment deposition may affect the survival of seedlings of woody plants. Considerable
changes in floodplain microtopography can be expected after the in-stream structures and
impoundments are constructed.
Restoration of Forested Plant Communities
All three plans provide details on the proposed plant communities. Species lists
include mast-producing species. Overall species selection is very good. However, the
proposed Randleman Reservoir has received extensive review by regulatory agencies
regarding projected nutrient concentrations. One proposed plant species (Tag Alder,
Alnus serrulata) fixes nitrogen and may serve as a source of nitrogen in adjacent waters.
The ability of alder to contribute a significant amount of nitrogen to Alaskan lakes is
discussed in Wetzel (198_; Limnology).
Monitoring Plan
Water table elevations and survival of transplanted woody vegetation will be
monitored. The water table will be measured in monitoring wells installed in accordance
with US Corps of Engineers WRP Technical Note HY-IA-3.1 (Installing Monitoring
Wells/Piezometers in Wetlands; August 1993). Automated recording wells are not
proposed; thus the frequency of sampling proposed is weekly during spring and early
summer and intermittently through the remainder of the growing season. The success
criterion is to achieve saturation within one food of the soils surface for 5% of the
growing season. The US Army Corps of Engineers uses saturation for 5% of the growing
DRAFT
season to establish jurisdiction, but generally 12.5% of the growing season is used to
establish successful hydrologic restoration.
Establishment success of transplanted vegetation will be sampled through
randomly placed plots (0.11 acre) representing a 4-5% sample at the study sites. In
general, species survival is the primary focus of sampling. However, some consideration
is provided for the relative density among species. No one species will be allowed to
exceed representing 20% of a goal of 320 stems/acre after three years. The plans state
"additional stems of a particular species above the 20% threshold will be discarded from
the statistical analysis. " It is not clear on what is meant by this statement. In addition it
is not clear on whether vegetation sampling will include seedling established naturally.
Herbaceous species will be noted, but no quantitative sampling is proposed for this
stratum. Species data should include the wetland indicator status (OBL, FACW, etc.) as
part of the data sets and summaries.
Submittal of Data
The plans propose submittal of data in tabular or electronic (Excel) format. I
prefer data submittal in an electronic format. The use oj'MS Excel is acceptable, however
spreadsheets must be simple as possible and easily converted to text files so that the data
can be read by other statistical software packages.
References
Larsen et al. (1980), which is cited on the figures for "Reference: Lake Shoreline"
is not listed in the "References" section of the reports.
,\ t@0 ST,?T
Fs. UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY
REGION 4
ATLANTA FEDERAL CENTER
!lo2 61 FORSYTH STREET
tirgC PROIsc ATLANTA, GEORGIA 30303-8960
i:1? A? N n?n ++n.
1i 1i
4EAD/OEA
Dr. G. Wayne Wright, Chief,
Regulatory Division
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Box 1890
Wilmington, North Carolina 28402

-?r ^IJt

SUBJ: Final Environmental Impact Statement on Randleman Lake, Guilford and Randolph
Counties, North Carolina, December, 2000
Dear Dr. Wright:
The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has reviewed the referenced
document in accordance with the EPA's responsibilities under Section 309 of the Clean Air Act
and Section 102 (2)(C) of the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA). The Final
Environmental Impact Statement (Final EIS) assesses impacts attendant to constructing a dam
and reservoir on the Deep River situated upstream from the town of Randleman in North
Carolina. This impoundment is being proposed by the Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
(PTRWA) and is to be named Randleman Lake. It will be situated in Guilford and Randolph
Counties and is expected to satisfy water demands of the region for the next 50 years. Creating
Randleman Lake would flood approximately 3000 acres including 121 acres of jurisdictional
wetlands and approximately 28 miles of free-flowing streams.
EPA's letter October 6, 1997 to the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) raised
environmental concerns focusing on several public health issues. Because the proposed lake
would be situated downstream of a rapidly urbanizing area, existing and future sources of
pollution and nutrients could cause unacceptable levels of eutrophication and threaten the water
quality of the lake. Discharges from the City of High Point's Eastside Waste Water Treatment
Plant (WWTP) have been and will continue to be a major source of phosphorus and nitrogen.
Undesirable algal growth would pose difficulties in meeting the State of North Carolina's
chlorophyll a standards of 40 micrograms/L in the upper shallow-bottom reaches of the lake. A
second issue stemmed from two contaminated properties being contiguous with the proposed
lake property boundary. Both the former Seaboard Chemical Corporation plant property and the
City of High Point's landfill sites lie adjacent to the NW arm of the proposed lake, and are
sources of contaminated groundwater seeping into the proposed lake.
These concerns were shared with the North Carolina Department of Environment and
Natural Resources (NCDENR) Division of Water Quality (DWQ), who met with EPA in August,
1999. NCDENR staff members provided strategies to resolve pollutant and nutrient concerns.
intemet Address (URL) • http://www.apa.gov
Recycled/Recyclable • Printed with Vegetable Oil Based Inks on Recycled Paper (Minimum 30% Postconsumer)
Additional technical studies, provided by the PTRWA , offered site remediation options.
Following EPA's evaluation of the new material, EPA's October 19, 1999, letter to USACE
stated that the proposed strategies seemed reasonable and that the nutrient management rules
adopted by the North Carolina's Environmental Management Commission (EMC) should be
given the opportunity to demonstrate that the lake will support its designated uses. If
implemented, EPA believes the nutrient control strategies will be effective in controlling algal
growth and chlorophyll a in the proposed lake.
Potential Eutrophocation of Randleman Lake - A principal issue regarding attainment
of the 40 micrograms/Liter chlorophyll a standard was point- and non-point source loadings from
the Randleman Lake watershed. Point-source modeling studies indicated that moving the City of
High Point's Eastside WWTP discharge away from the shallow water to a deeper point near
Freeman Mill would result is significantly lower eutrophication in the upper arm of the Deep
River. To address non-point source loadings, NCDEM reclassified the proposed Randleman
Lake watershed as WS (Water Supply)-IV, Critical Water Supply Watershed. The EMC adopted
Nutrient Management Strategy rules and required all local governments to adopt watershed
protection ordinances stipulated under the rules, and both Randolph and Gifford Counties have
responded by adopting ordinances that establish water critical areas.
The efficacy of implementing Nutrient Management Strategy rules, however, need to be
demonstrated as protecting the quality of Randleman Lake water from excessive chlorophyll a.
While the Certification No. 3221 issued to the PTRWA pursuant to Section 401 of the Clean
Water Act (401 Certification) does identify changes in watershed protection ordinances adopted
by the EMC on November 12, 1998, no chlorophyll a monitoring appears in the 401
Certification. EPA believes that demonstrating efficacy of Nutrient Management Strategy rules
is essential and requests that USACE stipulate in their Record of Decision that PTRWA local
governments monitor Randleman Lake waters for chlorophyll a at intervals and locations
acceptable to NCDWQ and EPA.
Contaminated Groundwater - NCDWQ believes that contaminants found in the
groundwater that could potentially threaten lake water quality can be confrolled using
groundwater diversion, interception, wellpoint pump-and-treat technology, air injection and
other means. EPA concurs with NCDWQ's position that it is technically feasible to achieve a
drastic reduction in organic chemical pollutants leaving the contaminated sites; however, the key
to determining the level of contamination removal is the implementation of a lake water
monitoring program. As with the nutrient issues above, the efficacy of the organic chemical
control strategies need to be demonstrated as protecting the quality of Randleman Lake water
from pollutant levels harmful to public health. No monitoring of organic chemicals appears in
the Randleman Lake 401 Certification. EPA requests that USACE stipulate in their Record of
Decision that PTRWA local governments monitor Randleman Lake waters for organic chemicals
at intervals and locations acceptable to NCDWQ and EPA.
Compensatory Wetland Mitigation - Following our review of the compensatory
wetland mitigation proposals in the FEIS, EPA has the following requests/comments.
I. EPA requests that the USACE stipulate in their Record of decision that the Cone's Folly
site be transferred in fee to an appropriate state or federal agency or land conservancy
organization. EPA considers ownership in fee to be a much better protection than the
granting of conservation easements alone.
2. EPA is interested in the concept of using in-stream structures to create or restore wetlands
in the historical floodplain. We caution the applicant that under no circumstances should
the structures be designed to provide treatment of storm water because the Clean Water
Act clearly prohibits the use of waters of the U.S. (including wetlands) for treatment of
wastewater (including storm water). EPA would prefer more natural stream restoration
practices as mitigation, where practicable (restoration of geomorphic dimension, pattern,
and profile through use of natural materials and grading practices). Although a simpler
and probably cheaper installation, the placement of man-made structures in a stream may
not produce the ecological dynamics of natural flow restrictions such as topography, and
may not produce a permanent restoration. EPA would appreciate being provided more
information on this proposal, and the rationale for the use of the structures rather than
employing more natural, geomorphic modification techniques.
3. EPA does not recommend the use of greentree impoundments as mitigation (greentree
impoundments are shallow habitats created for waterfowl).
In summary, EPA believes that the FEIS generally resolves most of our previous technical
and environmental concerns. We request that USAEC include in the Record of Decision the
following elements: a) that PTRWA local governments monitor Randleman Lake waters for
chlorophyll a and organic pollutants at intervals and locations acceptable to NCDWQ and EPA;
b) that the Cone's Folly site be transferred in fee to an appropriate state or federal agency or land
conservancy organization. Regarding wetland mitigation, EPA prefers more natural stream
restoration practices, where practicable; created wetlands may not provide treatment areas for
wastewater and stormwater; and EPA does not recommend the use of greentree impoundments as
mitigation.
We appreciate the opportunity to review this document. If more information is needed,
please call John Hamilton at 404.562.9617, or Kathy Matthews for wetlands/Section 404
considerations at 404.562.9373.
Sincerely,
Heinz Mueller, Chief
Office of Environmental Assessment
CC: John Dorney, NCDWQ
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O?oF WArF9pG Michael F. Easley
Governor
> ?? r p William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary
De artment of Environment and Natural Resources
Alan W. Klimek, P.E., Director
Division of Water Quality
Ms. Andrea Spangler
Piedmont Triad Regional Water Authority
Wilmington Bld., Suite 204
2216 West Meadowview Road
Greensboro, NC 27407-3480
June 27, 2003
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a
Subject
Dear Ms. Spangler:
Randleman Lake Wetland Creation
DWQ Project No. 970722
Guilford County
The Wetlands Unit staff reviewed the wetland creation plans for the subject project and determined that additional
information is necessary to complete the technical review process. The required additional information is as follows:
Micro-topography Plan
It is important to establish micro-topography in wetlands in order to increase diversity. As such, a micro-topography
plan should be developed as part of the final grading plan. The plan could include creating as many as five divots,
similar to those created by fallen trees, per acre in areas that are to be cleared or graded. Obviously this would not
be needed for areas that are not to be cleared or graded.
2. Final Contour Plan
Please provide a final contour plan for the Reddicks Creek site and for any other areas that will be graded or
scarified.
3. Access Plans
Please provide the access routes for heavy equipment at each site. Please indicate that heavy equipment access
area will be ripped or otherwise treated to break up potentially compacted soils.
4. Acreage and Community Type
Please provide the acreage of each proposed wetland plant community type at each site.
5. Construction Sequence
Please provide the construction sequence as it relates to the sediment and erosion control plans.
If you have any questions or would like to discuss this project, please contact me at [phone].
Sincerely,
2eE_
Environmental Engineer
cc: Winston-Salem Regional Office
File
North Carolina Division of Water Quality, 401 Wetlands Certification Unit,
1650 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1650 (Mailing Address)
2321 Crabtree Blvd., Raleigh, NC 27604-2260 (Location)
919-733-1786 (phone), 919-733-6893 (fax), http://h2o.enr.state.ne.us/ncwetiands/
I10'
r?

June 11, 2003
Mr. John Dorney
NC DWQ - Wetlands Unit
1650 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, NC 27699-1650

JUN a ri r60

Re: Randleman Lake Wetland Designs - Final
Dear Jolvi:
I have enclosed, for your review, the engineering design plans for the following previously
approved Randleman Lake wetland mitigation sites: Bob Branch, Sophia, Ri Creek,
Reddicks Creek, and Hickory Creek. These plans include the modific? 'on hat your
requested at our February 20, 2002 meeting and subsequent site visit Todd Sf' John.
Please call or email me with any questions or comments regarding the p forward to
hearing from you. I
Sincerely,
Andrea M. Spangler
Environmental and Special Projects Manager

_ I
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