20020197 Ver 1_Complete File_20020208

OF W ATF
9 Michael F. Easley, Governor
oG
O? William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
Northarolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
\
r Alan W. Klimek, P. E. Director
Division of Water Quality
Q Coleco ff. Sullins, Deputy Director
Division of Water Quality
July 10, 2003
Haywood County
DWQ Project No. 020197
SR 1356 (Sam Noland Road)
APPROVAL of 401 Water Quality Certification with Additional Conditions Modification
Mr. Mark T. Gibbs, P.E., District Engineer
NC Department of Transportation
Post Office Drawer 250
Bryson City, North Carolina 28713
Dear Mr. Gibbs:
You have our approval, in accordance with the attached conditions and those listed below, to incur 20 linear
feet of new impacts, in addition to the 480 linear feet previously requested, of an unnamed tributary to Crabtree
Creek. NCDWQ understands that these impacts are necessary in order to improve SR 1356 (Sam Noland
Road) in Haywood County. The project should be constructed in accordance with your original application
dated February 1, 2002 (received February 8, 2002) and additional information dated on May 14, 2002 and
June 24, 2003. After reviewing your application, we have decided that this fill is covered by General Water
Quality Certification No. 3404 corresponding to the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Nationwide Permit
Number 14. In addition, you should acquire any other federal, state or local permits before you proceed with
your project including (but not limited to) Sediment and Erosion Control, Non-Discharge and Water Supply
Watershed regulations. This approval will expire with the accompanying 404 permit unless otherwise
specified in the Water Quality Certification.
This approval is only valid for the purpose and design that you described in your application except as
modified below. If you change your project, you must notify us, in writing, and send us a new application.
If the property is sold, the new owner must be given a copy of this Certification and approval letter and is
thereby responsible for complying with all conditions. If total wetland fills for this project (now or in the
future) exceed one acre or stream impacts exceed 150 linear feet, compensatory mitigation may be required
as described in 15A NCAC 211 .0506 (h) (6) and (7). For this approval to be valid, you must follow the
conditions listed in the attached certification and any additional conditions listed below.
1. NCDOT shall abide by any conditions or moratoriums as determined by the NC Wildlife Resources
Commission.
2. NCI)OT shall implement Best Management Practices for the Protection of Surface Waters (NC DOT
March 1997).
Storm water shall be directed to vegetated buffer areas, grass-lined ditches or other means appropriate
to the site for the purpose of pre-treating storm water runoff, and must not be routed directly into
streams. Mowing of existing vegetated buffers is strongly discouraged, so that they may be utilized for
storm water sheet flow.
4. All mechanized equipment operated near surface waters must be regularly inspected and maintained to
prevent contamination of stream waters from fuels, lubricants, hydraulic fluids, or other toxic
materials.
5. Riparian vegetation must be reestablished within the construction limits of the project by the end of the
growing season following completion of construction.
N. C. Division of Water Quality 1617 Mail Service Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1617 [phone] Customer Service
1-877-623-6748
6. The pipes required for this project shall be installed in such a manner that the original stream profiles are
not altered (i.e. the depth of the channel must not be reduced by a widening of the streambed). Existing
stream dimensions (including the pattern and profile) are to be maintained above and below locations of
each culvert. The culverts shall be designed and installed to allow for fish and other wildlife movement
as well as prevent headcutting of the streams. If any of the existing pipes are perched, they shall be
removed and replaced, and re-installed correctly.
7. NCDOT must submit a plan for written DWQ approval to address any headcutting that will occur as a
result of this project (e.g., use of structures upstream and downstream of the culverts).
8. Use of riprap for bank stabilization is to be minimized; rather, native vegetation is to be planted when
practical. If riprap is necessary, it must be limited to the stream flank above the high water mark.
Riprap shall not be placed in the stream bottom.
9. The presence of equipment in the channels must be minimized. Under no circumstances must rock,
sand or other materials be dredged from the wetted stream channel under authorization of this permit,
except in the immediate vicinity of the culverts.
10. If DWQ determines that the stream relocation or associated riparian area has become unstable, the
stream shall be repaired or stabilized using only natural channel design techniques, if possible.
Additionally, the vegetation in the riparian zone shall be maintained and/or replaced according to the
approved plans. Riprap and other hard structures may only be used if required by the Division of Land
Resources or a Delegated Local Program. Lastly, all repair work designs must be submitted to and
receive written approval from the DWQ before the repair work is performed.
11. Upon completion of the project, the NCDOT shall complete and return the enclosed
"Certificate of Completion" form to notify NCDWQ when all work included in the §401
Certification has been completed. The responsible party shall complete the attached form and
return it to the 401/Wetlands Unit of the NC Division of Water Quality upon completion of the
project. NCDOT is strongly advised to send in photographs upstream and downstream of each
culvert to document correct installation.
If you do not accept any of the conditions of this certification, you may ask for an adjudicatory hearing. You
must act within 60 days of the date that you receive this letter. To ask for a hearing, send a written petition
that conforms to Chapter 150B of the North Carolina General Statutes to the Office of Administrative
Hearings, 6714 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, N.C. 27699-6714. This certification and its conditions are final
and binding unless you ask for a hearing.
This letter completes the review of the Division of Water Quality under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act.
If you have any questions, please telephone Ms. Cynthia Van Der Wiele at 919.733.5715 or Mr. Mike Parker
of the Asheville Regional Office at 828.251.6208.
Sincerely,/ _
J---Alan W. Klimek, P.E.
wETDs14MM rpuu
J0. i 7U1i:1
Atlachment
cc: Wilmington District Corps of Engineers NATER QUALRY SECTION
John Hendrix, USAGE Asheville Field Office
Mark Davis, Division 14 DEO
Ed Ingle, Roadside Environmental
401 /Wetlands Unit
Mike Parker, ARO ?A
Central Files
ERR
N. C. Division of Water Quality 1617 Mail Service Center Raleigh, North Carolina 27699-1617 [phone] Customer Service
1-977-623-6748
MEMORANDUM
TO: John Dorney Regional Contact:
Non-Discharge Branch WO Supervisor:
Date:
SUBJECT: WETLAND STAFF REPORT AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Facility Name NCDOT - SR 1356 County HAYWOOD
Project Number 02 0197 County2
Recvd From DOT Region Asheville
Received Date 2/8/02 Recvd By Region
Project Type
Certificates Stream Stream Impacts (ft.)
Permit Wetland Wetland Wetland Stream Class Acres Feet
Type Type Impact Score Index Prim. Supp. Basin Req. Req. ME
14 F-O T _*N F__ 5-22 F c -__40,305. F_ F- 480.00 I -
Mitigation Wetland
MitigationType Type Acres Feet
Is Wetland Rating Sheet Attached? Q Y 0 N Did you request more Info? pQ Y O N
Have Project Changes/Conditions Been Discussed With Applicant? O Y Q N
Is Mitigation required? Q Y Q N Recommendation: Q Issue # Issue/fond O Deny
Provided by Region: Latitude (ddmmss) 353611 Longitude (ddmmss) 833135
Comments:
DOT proposed to relocate approximately 360 feet of unnamed tributary to Crabtree Creek, Class C
Maters and impact another 120 feet of streams by culvert replacement and opening up a stream.
Because there were no detailed plans provided for the stream relocation sites a letter has been sent
placing the project on hold.
Plans for the stream relocation received May16.2002 for a B type step Pool stream.
Recommend issuance of Cert ification No. 3375.
July 10, 2003. DOT requested an additional 20 feet of impact for a culvert to widen the exsisting
road at Sta. 2+00. Construction has been completed except for this impact. For whatever reason no
401 was ever issued. But the stream relocation work has been completed except for tree planting,
Appears to be pretty stable. Fish are in the relocated section. Recommend issuance of 401.
Certification issued on July 10, 2003,
cc: Regional Office
Central Office Page Number 1
020397

STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
MICHAEL F. EASLEY LYNDO TIPPETT
GOVERNOR SECRETARY
FEBRUARY 01, 2002
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Branch
151 Patton Avenue, Room 208
Asheville, NC 28801-5006
Attention: Mr. John Hendrix
Subject: Proposed Construction of SR 1356 in Haywood Co.
State Project No.6.942139T(DWQ Major Permit Fee $475.00)
Dear Mr. Hendrix:
The North Carolina Department of Transportation is proposing to grade, drain, base and
pave primarily along the existing roadway of SR 1356, Sam Noland Rd. in Haywood County. 'In
order to construct this project in accordance with our current secondary road standards, and due
to the relocation of an unnamed tributary to Crabtree Creek(DEM CLASS C),the addition or
extension of three (3)pipe culverts in an unnamed tributary to Crabtree Creek(DEM Class C), we
are requesting authorization under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act.
I am sending a straight-line diagram with our proposed erosion control and construction
limits at various sites along this project. In addition, a typical section of the road, drawings for
the channel and culvert relocation/extension in an unnamed tributary to Crabtree Creek, general
notes and standards on erosion control measures, and a marked County Map are enclosed.
We propose to install the new culvert slightly below the existing stream bed elevation where
bedrock is not encountered to minimize impact to Wildlife habitat and allow the existing stream
gradient to remain as unchanged as physically possible.
The best management practices will be used to minimize and control sedimentation and
erosion on this project. The construction foreman will review all erosion control measures daily
to ensure sedimentation and erosion controls are being effectively controlled. If the planned
devices are not functioning as intended, they will immediately be replaced with better devices.
The silt fences and other erosion control -devices will be in place prior to pipe installation and will
remain in place until the project is stabilized.
P.O. Box 250, Bryson City, NC 28713 Phone [phone] P l I a T
RECEIVED
Mr. John Hendrix
Page 2
February 01, 2002
By copy of this letter I am asking Mr. Owen Anderson, Habitat Coordinator Western
Mountain District, of the NCWRC to comment directly to you concerning the 404 Nationwide
permit request.
Also by copy of this letter, I am requesting authorization to proceed under Section 401 of
the Clear Water Act from Division of Water Quality. In addition, I am asking Mr. Anderson and
Mr. Ed Ingle, Area Roadside Environmental Engineer (NCDOT), to comment directly to me
concerning this permit request.
We would like to begin construction as soon as possible. If further information is
required, please advise. Your early review and consideration will be appreciated.
Yours trul ,
C. R. Styl N P. E.
District En sneer
DSE:se
atta.
cc: Mr. R. G. Watson, P. E., Division Engineer -
Mr. Mark Davis, Division Environmental Officer `
Mr. E. L. Ingle, Area Roadside Environmental Engineer
Mr. Owen Anderson, Habitat Coordinator W. Mtn. Dist., NCWRC
Mr. John Dorney, Water Quality Certification Unit, DWQ
P.O. Box 250, Bryson City, NC 28713 Phone [phone]

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Office Use Only' Form Version April 2001
USACE Action ID No. DWQ No. 0 Z 1 97
If any particular item is not applicable to this project, please enter "Not Applicable" or "N/A" rather than
leaving the space blank.
1. Processing
1. Check all of the appfoval(s) requested for this project:
® Section 404 Permit
? Section 10 Permit
® 401 Water Quality Certification
? Riparian or Watershed Buffer Rules
2. Nationwide, Regional or General Permit Ntimber(s) Requested
14
3. If this notification is solely a courtesy copy because written approval for the 401 Certification
is not required, check here: ?
4. If payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP) is proposed for
mitigation of impacts (see section VIII - Mitigation), check here: ?
II. Applicant Information
1. Owner/Applicant Information
Name: NC DOT - DISTRICT ENGINEER: C. R. Styles, P. E.
Mailing Address: P. O. Drawer 250, Bryson City, NC 28713 '
Telephone Number: 1-828-488-2131 Fax Number: 1-828-488-3518
E-mail Address: rstyles a,dot.state.nc.us
2. Agent Information (A signed and dated copy of the Agent Authorization letter must be
attached if the Agent has signatory authority for the owner/applicant.)
Name: N/A
Company Affiliation: N/A
Mailing Address: N/A
Telephone Number: N/A Fax Number: N/A
E-mail Address: N/A
Page 3 of 12
III. Project Information
Attach a vicinity map clearly showing the location of the property with respect to local
landmarks such as towns, rivers, and roads. Also provide a detailed site plan showing property
boundaries and development plans in relation to surrounding properties. Both the vicinity map
and site plan must include a scale and north arrow. The specific footprints of all buildings,
impervious surfaces, or other facilities must be included. If possible, the maps and plans should
include the appropriate USGS Topographic Quad Map and NRCS Soil Survey with the property
boundaries outlined. Plan drawings, or other maps may be included at the applicant's discretion,
so long as the property is clearly defined. For administrative and distribution purposes, the
USACE requires information to be submitted on sheets no larger than 11 by 17-inch format;
however, DWQ may accept paperwork of any size. DWQ prefers full-size construction
drawings rather than a sequential sheet version of the full-size plans. If full-size plans are
reduced to a small scale such that the final version is illegible, the applicant will be informed that
the project has been placed on hold until decipherable maps are provided.
1. Name of project: Widening of SR 1356, (Sam Noland Rd.) in Haywood County.
2. T.I.P. Project Number (NCDOT Only): 6.942139T
3. Property Identification Number (Tax PIN):
4. Location
County: Haywood Nearest Town: Clyde/Crabtree
Subdivision name (include phase/lot number):
Directions to site (include road numbers, landmarks, etc.):From Asheville take I-40 West and
exit off at exit 24 Take right onto NC 209. Go approx 2.8 miles and take a left on SR 1355.
Go approximately 0.33 miles and take a right on SR 1356 . This is the project.
5. Site coordinates, if available (UTM or Lat/Long): 35D 36' 11.48"N 83D 31' 35.42,4
(Note - If project is linear, such as a road or utility line, attach a sheet that separately lists the
coordinates for each crossing of a distinct waterbody.)
6. Describe the existing land use or condition of the site at the time of this application:
Farmland and Forestland
7. Property size (acres):
9.63
8. Nearest body of water (stream/river/sound/ocean/lake): Crabtree Creek (DEM CLASS C)
9. River Basin: French Broad (DEM Class C)
(Note - this must be one of North Carolina's seventeen designated mayor river basins. The
River Basin map is available at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/admin/maps/.)
Page 4 of 12

Describe the purpose of the proposed work: To widen and pave SR 1356 to meet current
NCDOT standards This includes cutting and filling earthwork where needed, replacing old
drainage structures that are inadequate, and making the road safer by widening shoulders and
changing the road profile.
10. List the type of equipment to be used to construct the project:
Track Hoes, Back Hoes, Dump Trucks, Bulldozers, Manual Labor, etc.
11. Describe the land use in the vicinity of this project:
Rural woodland. some Residential
IV. Prior Project History
If jurisdictional determinations and/or permits have been requested and/or obtained for this
project (including all prior phases of the same subdivision) in the past, please explain. Include
the USACE Action ID Number, DWQ Project- Number, application date, and date permits and
certifications were issued or withdrawn. Provide photocopies of previously issued permits,
certifications or other useful information. Describe previously approved wetland, stream and
buffer impacts, along with associated mitigation (where applicable). If this is a NCDOT project,
list and describe permits issued for prior segments of the same T.I.P. project, along with
construction schedules.
No prior permits have been applied for this project.
V. Future Project Plans
Are any additional permit requests anticipated for this project in the future? If so, describe the
anticipated work, and provide justification for the exclusion of this work from the current
application: No additional permit requests are anticipated. r '
VI. Proposed Impacts to Waters of the United States/Waters of the State
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
wetlands, open water, and stream channels associated with the project. The applicant must also
provide justification for these impacts in Section VII below. All proposed impacts, permanent
and temporary, must be listed herein, and must be clearly identifiable on an accompanying site
plan. All wetlands and waters, and all streams (intermittent and perennial) must be shown on a
delineation map, whether or not impacts are proposed to these systems. Wetland and stream
evaluation and delineation forms should be included as appropriate. Photographs may be
included at the applicant's discretion. If this proposed impact is strictly for wetland or stream
mitigation, list and describe the impact in Section VIII below. If additional space is needed for
listing or description, please attach a separate sheet.
1. Wetland Impacts
Page 5 of 12

Wetland Impact
Site Number
(indicate on map)
Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
(acres) Located within
I00-year Floodplain**
(yes/no) Distance to
Nearest Stream
(linear feet)
Type of Wetland***
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: mechanized clearing, grading, till,
excavation, flooding, ditching/drainage, etc. For dams, separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding.
** 100-Year floodplains are identified through the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps
(FIRM), or FEMA-approved local floodplain maps. Maps are available through the FEMA Map Service Center at 1-800-358-9616, or
online at http://www.fenia.gov.
*** List a wetland type that best describes wetland to be impacted (e.g., freshwater/saltwater marsh, forested wetland, beaver pond,
Carolina Bay, bog, etc.)
2. Stream Impacts, including all intermittent and perennial streams
Stream Impact
Site Number
(indicate on map)
Type of Impact* Length of
Impact
(linear feet)
Stream Name** Average Width
of Stream
Before Impact Perennial or
Intermittent?
(please specify)
I Culvert extension 10' Trib. To Crabtree Creek 2' Perennial,
2 Channel Relocation 130' Trib. To Crabtree Creek 2' Perennial
3 ChannelRelocation&
Culvert Exten. 145' Trib. To Crabtree Creek 3'-4' Perennial
4 Channel Relocation 85' Trib. To Crabtree Creek 2' Perennial
5 Culvert Exten.&"rail
Ditch 110' Trib. To Crabtree Creek 2' Perennial

* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: culverts and associated rip-rap,
dams (separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding), relocation (include linear feet before and after, and net loss/gain),
stabilization activities (cement wall, rip-rap, crib wall, gabions, etc.), excavation, ditching/straightening, etc. If stream relocation is
proposed, plans and profiles showing the linear footprint for both the original and relocated streams must be included.
** Stream names can be found on USGS topographic maps. If a stream has no name, list as UT (unnamed tributary) to the nearest
downstream named stream into which it flows. USGS maps are available through the USGS at 1-800-358-9616, or online at
www.usgs.gov. Several internet sites also allow direct download and printing of USGS maps (e.g., www.topozone.com,
www.mapquest.com, etc.).
Cumulative impacts (linear distance in feet) to all streams on site: 480'
List the total acreage (estimated) of existing wetlands on the property: 0
Total area of wetland impact proposed: 0
Page 6 of 12
3. Open Water Impacts, including Lakes, Ponds, Estuaries, Sounds, Atlantic Ocean and any
other Water of the U.S.
Open Water Impact
Site Number
(indicate on map)
Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
(acres) Name Waterbody
)
(if applicable) Type of Waterbody
(lake, pond, estuary, sound,
bay, ocean, etc.)
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: fill, excavation, dredging,
flooding, drainage, bulkheads, etc.
4. Pond Creation
If construction of a pond is proposed, associated wetland and stream impacts should be
included above in the wetland and stream impact sections. Also, the proposed pond should
be described here and illustrated on any maps included with this application.
Pond to be created in (check all that apply): ? uplands F_? stream 0 wetlands
Describe the method of construction (e.g., dam/embankment, excavation, installation of
draw-down valve or spillway, etc.): N/A
Proposed use or purpose of pond (e.g., livestock watering, irrigation, aesthetic, trout pond,
local stormwater requirement, etc.): N/A
Size of watershed draining to pond: N/A Expected pond surface area: N/A
VII. Impact Justification (Avoidance and Minimization)
Specifically describe measures taken to avoid the proposed impacts. It may be useful to provide
information related to site constraints such as topography, building ordinances, accessibility, and
financial viability of the project. The applicant may attach drawings of alternative, lower-impact
site layouts, and explain why these design options were not feasible. Also discuss how impacts
were minimized once the desired site plan was developed. If applicable, discuss construction
techniques to be followed during construction to reduce impacts.
Impacts cannot be avoided. Culverts must be extended in order to vain the necessary width
to construct SR 1356 to current NCDOT standards. All pipe replacements will be placed below
the existing stream bed gradient so natural substrate can be re-established.
Page 7 of 12
VIII. Mitigation
DWQ - In accordance with 15A NCAC 2H .0500, mitigation may be required by the NC
Division of Water Quality for projects involving greater than or equal to one acre of impacts to
freshwater wetlands or greater than or equal to 150 linear feet of total impacts to perennial
streams.
USACE - In accordance with the Final Notice of Issuance and Modification of Nationwide
Permits, published in the Federal Register on March 9, 2000, mitigation will be required when
necessary to ensure that adverse effects to the aquatic environment are minimal. Factors
including size and type of proposed impact and function and relative value of the impacted
aquatic resource will be considered in determining acceptability of appropriate and practicable
mitigation as proposed. Examples of mitigation that may be appropriate and practicable include,
but are not limited to: reducing the size of the project; establishing and maintaining wetland
and/or upland vegetated buffers to protect open waters such as streams; and replacing losses of
aquatic resource functions and values by creating, restoring, enhancing, or preserving similar
functions and values, preferable in the same watershed.
If mitigation is required for this project, a copy of the mitigation plan must be attached in order
for USACE or DWQ to consider the application complete for processing. Any application
lacking a required mitigation plan or NCWRP concurrence shall be placed on hold as
incomplete. An applicant may also choose to review the current guidelines for stream restoration
in DWQ's Draft Technical Guide for Stream Work in North Carolina, available at
http://h2o.enr.state.nc.tis/ncwetiands/strmgide.html.
Provide a brief description of the proposed mitigation plan. The description should provide
as much information as possible, including, but not limited to: site location (attach directions
and/or map, if offsite), affected stream and river basin, type and amount (acreage/linear feet)
of mitigation proposed (restoration, enhancement, creation, or preservation), a plan view,
preservation mechanism (e.g., deed restrictions, conservation easement, etc.), and a
description of the current site conditions and proposed method of construction. Please attach
a separate sheet if more space is needed.
N/A
Page 8 of 12
2. Mitigation may also be made by payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration
Program (NCWRP) with the NCWRP's written agreement. Check the box indicating that
you would like to pay into the NCWRP. Please note that payment into the NCWRP must be
reviewed and approved before it can be used to satisfy mitigation requirements. Applicants
will be notified early in the review process by the 401/Wetlands Unit if payment into the
NCWRP is available as an option. For additional information regarding the application
process for the NCWRP, check the NCWRP website at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/wrp/index.htm. If
use of the NCWRP is proposed, please check the appropriate box on page three and provide
the following information:
Amount of stream mitigation requested (linear feet): N/A
Amount of buffer mitigation requested (square feet): N/A
Amount of Riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres): N/A
Amount of Non-riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres):-
Amount of Coastal wetland mitigation requested (acres): N/A
IX. Environmental Documentation (DWQ Only)
Does the project involve an expenditure of public funds or the use of public (federal/state/local)
land?
Yes ® No El
If yes, does the project require preparation of an environmental document pursuant to the
requirements of the National or North Carolina Environmental Policy Act (NEPA/SEPA)?
Note: If you are not sure whether a NEPA/SEPA document is required, call the SEPA
coordinator at [phone] to review current thresholds for environmental documentation.
Yes No
If yes, has the document review been finalized by the State Clearinghouse? If so, please attach a
copy of the NEPA or SEPA final approval letter.
Yes ? No
X. Proposed Impacts on Riparian and Watershed Buffers (DWQ Only)
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
required state and local buffers associated with the project. The applicant must also provide
justification for these impacts in Section VII above. All proposed impacts must be listed herein,
and must be clearly identifiable on the accompanying site plan. All buffers must be shown on a
map, whether or not impacts are proposed to the buffers. Correspondence from the DWQ
Regional Office may be included as appropriate. Photographs may also be included at the
applicant's discretion.
Will the project impact protected riparian buffers identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0233
(Meuse), 15A NCAC 2B .0259 (Tar-Pamlico), 15A NCAC 2B .0250 (Randleman Rules and
Water Supply Buffer Requirements), or other (please identify )?
Yes 0 No ® If you answered "yes", provide the following information:
N/A
Page 9 of 12
Identify the square feet and acreage of impact to each zone of the riparian buffers. If buffer
mitigation is required calculate the required amount of mitigation by applying the buffer
multipliers.
Zone* Impact
(square feet) Multiplier Required
Mitigation
1 3
2 1.5
Total
[.one t extenas out su teet perpenaicuiar rrom near oanK or cnannei; cone z extenus an
additional 20 feet from the edge of "Lone 1.
If buffer mitigation is required, please discuss what type of mitigation is proposed (i.e., Donation
of Property, Conservation Easement, Riparian Buffer Restoration / Enhancement, Preservation or
Payment into the Riparian Buffer Restoration Fund). Please attach all appropriate information as
identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0242 or .0260.
N/A
XI. Stormwater (DWQ Only)
Describe impervious acreage (both existing and proposed) versus total acreage on the site.
Discuss stormwater controls proposed in order to protect surface waters and wetlands
downstream from the property.
The drainaee area for the unnamed tributarv where the work will be done is approximately, 1-5%
Urban Development and 1-5% impervious acreage. Again, no heavy machinery will be. in the
water and actually work in the water will be kept to a minimum.
XII. Sewage Disposal (DWQ Only)
Clearly detail the ultimate treatment methods and disposition (non-discharge or discharge) of
wastewater generated from the proposed project, or available capacity of the subject facility.
No wastewater will be generated from the project.
Page 10 of 12
XIII. Violations (DWQ Only)
Is this site in violation of DWQ Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 2H .0500) or any Buffer Rules?
Yes F-1 No
Is this an after-the-fact permit application?
Yes ? No
XIV. Other Circumstances (Optional):
It is the applicant's responsibility to submit the application sufficiently in advance of desired
construction dates to allow processing time for these permits. However, an applicant may
choose to list constraints associated with construction or sequencing that may impose limits on
work schedules (e.g., draw-down schedules for lakes, dates associated with Endangered and
Threatened Species, accessibility problems, or other issues outside of the applicant's control).
eK
PZ
Applicant/Agent's Si nat e Date
(Agent's signature is v d my if an authorization letter from the applicant is provided.)
US Army Corps Of Engineers Field Offices and County Coverage
Asheville Regulatory Field Office Alexander Cherokee Iredell Mitchell
US Army Corps of Engineers Avery Clay Jackson Polk
151 Patton Avenue Buncombe Cleveland Lincoln Rowan
Room 208 Burke Gaston Macon Rutherford
Asheville, NC 28801-5006 Cabarrus Graham Madison Stanley
Telephone: [phone] Caldwell Haywood McDowell Swain
Fax: [phone] Catawba Henderson Mecklenburg Transylvania
Raleigh Regulatory Field Office Alamance Durham Johnston Rockingham
US Army Corps Of Engineers Alleghany Edgecombe Lee Stokes
6508 Falls of the Neuse Road Ashe Franklin Nash Surry
Suite 120 Caswell Forsyth Northampton Vance
Raleigh, NC 27615 Chatham Granville Orange Wake
Telephone: [phone] Davidson Guilford Person Warren
Fax: [phone] Davie Halifax Randolph Wilkes
Union
Watauga
Yancey
Wilson
Yadkin
.t ,
Page 11 of 12

ROAD NAME S?'y "c./
S.R.
W.0
FROM S? S S 2 ?d o -d c. d s
ADD ITION
IMPROVEMENT
TO DE PAVED
P, POLES TO Q? MOV ED
T. POLES To er_ MOVED
R /W WIDTH
SCALE
D?-\ c- 7-/(o-Dl

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TEMP STONE DITCH CHECK
ROCK. SILT CHECK DP!d
SILT B&Z SIN - B
TEMP S110PE DRAIN
TEMP SILT DITCH
E RT H EMB.N KYME T
SILT FENCE
FIBERGIASS ROVING
RIP RAP
---- T 3J -
E GF.
J
DESIGN FOR SILT BASIN
' ;.,,,6,00 CUBIC FEET PER ACRE
CHECKED EVERY'STORM'EVENT AND CLEANED OUT WHEN HALF FULL
^wd r rJ SC/1 C E
, I
SILT BASIN - 1 LRGTH OF DISTURBED AREA 100'•
(S. B. 7)
3?
2•

SILT BASIN - 2 LBIGTH OF DISTURBED AREA 200'
( S.B. 14)
os;Ot,
Usk ONLY
I ?•
SILT BASIN - 3
I (S.B. 21)

LENGTH OF DISTURBED AREA 300'
LENGTH OF DISTURBED AREA 40_0'

SILT BASIN - 4'
(S.B. 28)
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EARTH EMB MNT
SILT FENCE
FIBERGI.A•SS ROVING FGR
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RIP RAP
TEMPORARY SILT FENCE:
A temporary silt fence is commonly used at the toe of a cried at the bo tom, t off-
site sedimentation. It is made of permeable filter fabric b
stretched and supported by steel posts. The silt fence reduces the
flow ter floected while
retaining the -sediment. They may also be used to divert to prot
n?so ensure
outlets. Silt fences need to be checked after each signifis ant rainfall
not bee
regular bs. Silt
effectiveness. They must be maintaineaeoi-nways.
installed across streams, ditches, o
AREAS OF USE:
• At toe of fill sections where sediment runoff can be stored and contained
inside the project limits.
DESIGN CRTI'ERIA:
Material
Fabric
Steel posts length
post spacing
With Wire
Type 3 Class A
5 ft
10 ft.
Without Wire
Type 3 Class B
5 ft.
6 ft. maximum
17 March, 1992
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SILT BASIN TYPE-B:

A silt basin type-B is a temporary basin built to collect sediment flowing through a
drainage way. The silt basin is built at the base of the ditch with its length being at
least 2 times the width of the basin. The type-B silt basin is generally built in
conjunction with temporary rock silt checks and other devices that control or slow
down water flow. This device must be monitored closely and cleaned out on a
regular basis until grass is established along the ditch line and sedimentation is no
longer a problem.
AREAS OF USE:
• In conjunction with temporary rock silt checks and other devices used in
drainage ditches.
DESIGN CRITERIA:
• Width - variable
• Length - 2 times width
• Depth - 2 ft. minimum storage - 1800 cubic feet/acre (equals L x W x D)
23 March, 1992

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ROCK PIPE INLET PROTECTION TYPE'A:
°
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A rock pipe inlet protection type-A is a horseshoe shaped structure with a the structure. The type lAin
sediment storage area around the outside perimeter of
rock pipe inlet protection shall be used at pipe- inlets no larger than 36 inches in
diameter where it is receiving flow from several directions. The type-A rock pipe
inlet protection utilizes class-B stone lined with #5 or #57 stone to protect drainage
pipe structures by trapping sediment before it enters. They have a sediment storage
pit which is designed by the same procedures as a silt basin.
AREAS OF USE:
• At inlets to pipes no larger than 36 inches in diameter where it receives flow
from several directions.
• In areas where it can be cleaned and maintained on a regular basis.
DESIGN CRITERIA:
• Structural stone - class-B stone
• Sediment control stone - #5 or #57 stone
• Sediment storage area - 1800 cubic ft./acre
• Dam height - 3 ft. minimum
33 March, 1992

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ROCK SILT SCREEN:
A
A rock silt screen is a low-level dam structure to be used in streams below culvert
sites. Rock silt screens shall be used to trap sediment transported by running water
and shall be placed in the stream below the construction site within the right-of-
way or easement boundary. The rock silt screen utilizes class B stone lined with #5
or #57 stone to produce a ripple-effect in the stream to settle the larger sediment
particles transported in the stream from the construction site. The trapped sediment
shall be cleaned out before the device is removed from the stream.
AREAS OF USE:
• In live streams below construction sites where construction occurs in or
adjacent to the stream.
• In live streams below a culvert construction site.
• Where it can be cleaned before it is removed from stream.
DESIGN CRITERIA:
Structural stone - class B stone
Sediment control stone - # 5 or # 57 stone
Dam height - 1.5 ft. minimum and 3 ft. maximum (shall not be higher than
1 ft. above normal flow of stream)
37 March, 1992
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vVAtERQUALITYSECtI N
STATE or NORTH CAROLINA O
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
MICHAEL F. EASLEY LYNDO TIPPETT
GOVERNOR SFCRFTARY
June 24, 2003
Mr. John Hendrix, NCDOT Regulatory Project Manager
U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
151 Patton Avenue, Room 208
Asheville, NC 28801-2714
Subject: Modified NW 14 Application
Action Id. #200230467, DWQ Project No. WQ02-0197
SR 1356 - Sam Noland Road
Haywood County
Dear Mr. Hendrix:
Enclosed is the revised drawing for Site #1 for the previously submitted permit application for
SR 1356 Sam Noland Road in Haywood County. During construction of the road, an additional
20 feet of 72"x44" CM was discovered to be necessary.
I am sending the revised drawing and the section of the PCN that will be affected.
Impacts to Waters of the United States
Site No.
Station Existing
Condition Proposed
Condition Net Impacts
Site 1
2+00 40' x 78"x40"
CM Arch 70' x 72" x 44"
CM Arch 30' extension

30 linear feet total
If you have any questions or need additional information, please contact me at [phone].
Your early review and consideration will be greatly appreciated.
Sincerely,
Mark T. Gibbs, P. E.
District Engineer
cc: Mr. John Dorney, DWQ, DENR (seven copies)
Mr. Mike Parker, DWQ, DENR
Mr. Owen Anderson, Mountain Region Coordinator, NCWRC
Mr. Richard Phillips, PE, Regional Engineer, LQS, DENR
Mr. R.G. Watson, P.E., Division Engineer, NCDOT
Mr. Mark Davis, Division Environmental Officer, NCDOT
Mr. E. L. Ingle, Roadside Environmental Field Operations Engineer, NCDOT
Sirs/ ?'y i?a?ND ,per/ ?i4y,?fl .SiQ /351v
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Wetland Impact
Site Number
(indicate on map)
Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
(acres) Located within
100-year Floodplain**
(yes/no) Distance to
Nearest Stream
(linear feet)
Type of Wetland***
N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A

* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: mechanized clearing, grading, fill,
excavation, flooding, ditching/drainage, etc. For dams, separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding.
** 100-Year floodplains are identified through the Federal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps
(FIRM), or FEMA-approved local floodplain maps. Maps are available through the FEMA Map Service Center at 1-800-358-9616, or
online at http://vvww.fema.gov.
*** List a wetland type that best describes wetland to be impacted (e.g., freshwater/saltwater marsh, forested wetland, beaver pond,
Carolina Bay, bog, etc.)
List the total acreage (estimated) of existing wetlands on the property: 0
Total area of Nvetland impact proposed: 0
2. Stream Impacts, including all intermittent and perennial streams
Stream Impact
Site Number
(indicate on map)
Type of Impact* Length of
Impact
(linear feet)
Stream Name** Average Width
of Stream
Before Impact Perennial or
Intermittent?
(please specify)
1 Culvert extension 30' Trib. To Crabtree Creek 2' Perennial.
2 Channel Relocation 130' Trib. To Crabtree Creek 2' Perennial
3 ChannelRelocation&
Culvert Exten. 145' Trib. To Crabtree Creek 3'-4' Perennial
4 Channel Relocation 85' Trib. To Crabtree Creek 2' Perennial
5 Culvert Exten.&Tail
Ditch 110, Trib. To Crabtree Creek 2' Perennial

* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: culverts and associated rip-rap.
dams (separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding), relocation (include linear feet before and after, and net loss/gain).
stabilization activities (cement wall, rip-rap, crib wall, gabions, etc.), excavation, ditch ing/strai¢htening, etc. If stream relocation is
proposed, plans and profiles showing the linear footprint for both the original and relocated streams must be included.
Stream names can be found on USGS topographic maps. If a stream has no name, list as UT (unnamed tributary) to the nearest
downstream named stream into which it flows. USGS maps are available through the USGS at 1-800.358-9616, or online at
www.usgs.gov. Several internet sites also allow direct download and printing of USGS maps (e.g., www.topozone.com.
www.mapquest.com, etc.).
Cumulative impacts (linear distance in feet) to all streams on site:_ Soo'
Page 6 of 12
State of North Carolina
Department of Environment X?F

and Natural Resources A

•
Asheville Regional Office
Michael F. Easley, Governor

William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary NCDENR
Gregory J. Thorpe, Ph.D., Acting Director NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
Division of Water Quality ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
WATER QUALITY SECTION
March 7, 2002
Mr. C. R. Styles, P.E.
District Engineer
N.C. Department of Transportation
Post Office Box 250
Bryson City, North Carolina 28713
Subject: Additional Information Request
NCSR 1356
DWQ Project No. WQ02-0197
Haywood County
Mr. Styles:
I have reviewed the 401 Certification Application submitted for
the road widening and paving project for NCSR 1356 in Haywood County.
Based on my review it has been determined that insufficient information
has been provided in order for the Division to complete the review. It
is requested that the following information be provided so the we can
complete our review of your application:
Please provide site details for the 360-foot stream relocation of
the unnamed tributary to Crabtree Creek and the culvert
replacement and stream opening at station 21+40, following the
Division of Water Quality's stream relocation guidelines outlined
in the "Internal Technical Guide for Stream Work in North
Carolina". Please note that you should also include reference
reach data and a planting plan in your relocation plan.
Until the information requested above is received and approved, I
am requesting (by copy of this letter) that the Corps of Engineers
place this project on hold. Also, this project will be placed on hold
for our processing due to incomplete information (15A NCAC @H
.0507(h)).
Mr. C. R. Styles
March 7, 2002
Page Two
Thank you for your attention to this matter. If you have
questions, please call me at 828-251.-6208.
Sincerely,
Michael R. Parker
Environmental Specialist
xc: Mark Davis, DOT
Corps of Engineers-Asheville
Cynthia Van Der Wiele
J Date: Triage Check List
/V /-ILI

To: ?RRO Steve Mitchell Project Name y /
?FRO Ken Averitte DWO Project Number
?WaRO Deborah Sawyer County
?WiRO Joanne Steenhuis
?W RO Jennifer Frye
AR0 Mike Parker
?MRO Pete Colwell
From: C , Va el, '"' i e lP_- /-
Telephone [phone]
17
The file attached is being forwarded to you for your evaluation. Please call if you need
assistance.
? Stream length impacted
Q'S ream determination
? Wetland determination and distance to blue-line surface waters on USGW topo maps
tinimization/avoidance issues
? Buffer. Rules (Neuse, Tar-Pam ilco, Catawba, Randleman)
? Pond fill
Mitigation Ratios
? Ditching ".
? Are the stream and or wetland mitigation sites available and viable?
EFI?`heck drawings for accuracy
? Is the application consistent with pre-application meetings?
rl Cumulative imoact concems Abs

- i9
'-, F1,56ON11-1
00
q-

Mr. John Hendrix
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Branch
151 Patton Avenue, Room 208
Asheville, North Carolina 28801-5006
May 21, 2002
o2o1y7
FILE COPY
SUBJECT: NCDOT Nationwide 404 Permit Application
Pave SR 1356, Sam Noland Road - UT to Crabtree Creek
Haywood County, North Carolina
Dear Mr. Hendrix:
Mr. C.R. Styles of the North Carolina Department of "Transportation is requesting a letter
of concurrence from the North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission (NCWRC) to renew a
404 permit from the U. S. Army Corps of Engineers. Staff biologists have reviewed the
information provided by the applicant. These comments arc provided in accordance with
provisions of the Clean Water Act of 1977 (33 U.S.C. 466 et seq.) and the Fish and Wildlife
Coordination Act (48 Stat. 401, as amended; 16 U.S.C. 661-667d).
The applicant proposes to grade, drain, base and pave primarily along the existing
roadway of SR 1356, Sam Noland Road. Additionally, several reaches of the stream will need to
be relocated. The total project impact will be 480 feet. The channel relocation will be a step
pool type B stream that is similar in profile to what is being impacted. The new channel will be
constructed in the dry and will be stabilized with coir matting and seeded prior to diverting water.
Existing vegetation will be transplanted where possible.
The Division of Water Quality classifies Crabtree Creek as C. We believe the potential
for trout in this area is limited. It is the opinion of biologists with the NCWRC that this project
should not result in adverse impacts to trout.
. ' -1 "0
Pave SR 1356 Sam Noland Road 2 May 21, 2002
Haywood County, Crabtree Creek
The NCWRC is concerned about potential project impacts to aquatic resources in this
drainage; however, we can concur with the issuance of the 404 permit provided that he following
conditions are placed on the subject permit:
Adequate sedimentation and erosion control measures should be implemented and
maintained on the project site to avoid impacts to downstream aquatic resources.
Temporary or permanent herbaceous vegetation should be planted on all bare soil
within 15 days of ground disturbing activities to provide long-term erosion control.
Areas around stream crossings and adjacent to streams should be seeded by hand and
mulched with erosion control matting instead of straw.
2. Culverts that are less than 48-inch diameter should have the floor of the barrel
installed 20% of the diameter of the culvert below the level of the stream bottom.
Culverts that are 48-inch diameter or larger should be placed with the floor of the
barrel approximately 12 inches below the stream bottom to allow natural stream
bottom materials to become established in the culvert following installation and to
provide aquatic life passage during periods of low flow. This may require increasing
the size of the culvert to meet flow conveyance requirements. Any perched outlets
should be corrected during construction.
Under no circumstances should rock, sand, or other materials be dredged from the
wetted stream channel under authorization of this permit, except in the immediate
vicinity of the culverts. Instream dredging has catastrophic effects on aquatic life, and
disturbance of the natural form of the stream channel will likely cause downstream
erosion problems, possibly affecting other landowners.
4. Excavation of the stream crossings should be conducted in the dry, if possible.
Sandbags, cofferdams, flexible pipe, or other diversion structures should be used to
minimize excavation in flowing water.
5. If concrete is used during culvert installation (headwalls), a dry work area should be
maintained to prevent direct contact between curing concrete and stream water.
Water that inadvertently contacts uncured concrete should not be discharged to
surface waters due to the potential for elevated pFl.
6. Rock check dams at culvert outlets should be removed at project completion to
prevent blocking aquatic life movement.
7. Rock should be installed at roadway pipe outlets to dissipate energy of road drainage
and prevent erosion down slope of the outlets.
8. Stormwater should be directed to buffer areas or retention basins and should not be
routed directly into streams.
Pave SR 1356 Sam Noland Road 3 May 21, 2002
Haywood County, Crabtree Creek
9. Riprap placed for bank stabilization should be limited to the streambank below the
high water mark, and vegetation should be used for stabilization above the high water
elevation.
10. Removal of vegetation at the stream crossing and adjacent to streams should be
minimized. Native trees and shrubs (e.g., rhododendron, dog hobble, willows, alders,
sycamores, dogwoods, black walnut and red maple) should be planted along the
streambank to reestablish the riparian zone and to provide long-term erosion control
in the vicinity of the road crossing and along the streams within dedicated rights of
way.
11. The morphology of the new channel should be similar to the channel that is impacted.
Native vegetation (e.g., tag alder, sycamore, dog hobble, rhododendron and silky
dogwood) should be replanted on the banks of the new channel to provide shade and
long-term stability.
12. All mechanized equipment operated near surface waters should be inspected and
maintained regularly to prevent contamination of stream waters from fuels, lubricants,
hydraulic fluids or other toxic materials.
13. Discharging hydroseed mixtures and washing out hydroseeders and other equipment
in or adjacent to surface waters is strictly prohibited.
14. This permit does not authorize the discharge of waste rock and dirt into the stream or
the riparian buffer except in permitted areas associated with the fill of the old channel
and culvert extensions.
Thank you for the opportunity to review and comment on this project. Pending
availability of field staff, the NCWRC may inspect the work site during or after construction. If
there are any questions regarding these comments, please contact me at [phone].
Sincerely,
Owen F. Anderson
Mountain Region Coordinator
Habitat Conservation Program
cc: Mr. C.R. Styles, District Engineer, NCDOT
Mr. Ed Ingle, Area Roadside Environmental Engineer, NCDOT
Mr. Mark Davis, Division Environmental Officer, NCDOT
State of Not th Carolina
Department of Environment
and Natural Resources
Asheville Regional Office
Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross, Jr., Secretary
Gregory J. Thorpe, Ph.D., Acting Director
Division of Water Quality
WATER QUALITY
NCDENR
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES
SECTION

March 7, 2002 T
Mr. C. R. Styles, P.E.
District Engineer
N.C. Department of Transportation
Post Office Box 250
Bryson City, North Carolina 28713
Subject:
Mr. Styles:

Additional Information Request
NCSR 1356
DWQ Project No. WQ02-0197
Haywood County
I have reviewed the 401 Certification Application submitted for
the road widening and paving project for NCSR 1356 in Haywood County.
Based on my review it has been determined that insufficient information
has been provided in order for the Division to complete the review. It
is requested that the following information be provided so the we can
complete our review of your application:
Please provide site details for the 360-foot stream relocation of
the unnamed tributary to Crabtree Creek and the culvert
replacement and stream open=ing at station 21+40, following the
Division of Water. Quality's stream relocation guidelines outlined
in the "Internal Technical Guide for Stream Work in North
Carolina". Please note that you should also include reference
reach data and a planting plan in your relocation plan.
Until the information requested above is received and approved, I
am requesting (by copy of this letter) that the Corps of Engineers
place this project on hold. Also, this project will be placed on hold
for our processing due to incomplete information (15A NCAC @H
.0507(h)).
Mr. C. R. Styles
March 7, 2002
Page Two
Thank you for your attention to this matter. If you have
questions, please call me at 828-251-6208.
Sincerely,
/?? plal-?
Michael. R. Parker
Environmental Specialist
xc: Mark Davis, DOT
Corps of Engineers-Asheville
Cynthia Van Der Wiel.e
`o?OF vv FgQG
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DWQ Project No.: e)261 q-7 County: 14 Ayalmm,
Applicant: 12)0.
T
Project Name: -.g
Date of Issuance of
Quality Certification: 17-lo-
Certificate of Completion
Upon completion of all work approved within the 401 Water Quality Certification or applicable Buffer
Rules, and any subsequent modifications, the applicant is required to return this certificate to the
401/Wetlands Unit, North Carolina Division of Water Quality, 1650 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC,
27699-1650. This form may be returned to DWQ by the applicant, the applicant's authorized agent, or
the project engineer. It is not necessary to send certificates from all of these.
Applicant's Certification
I, 671e° 51- , hereby state that, to the best of my abilities, due care
and diligence was used in the observation of the construction such that the construction was observed to
be built within substantial compliance and intent of the 401 Water Quality Certification and Buffer
Rules, the approved 1 s ancJ s ct a i s, and other supporting materials.
Signature: /'Date: 2//
Z?
Agent's Certification
1, , hereby state that, to the best of my abilities, due care
and diligence was used in the observation of the construction such that the construction was observed to
be built within substantial compliance and intent of the 401 Water Quality Certification and Buffer
Rules, the approved plans and specifications, and other supporting materials.
Signature: Date:
If this project was designed by a Certified Professional
1, , as a duly registered Professional (i.e.,
Engineer, Landscape Architect, Surveyor, etc.) in the State of North Carolina, having been authorized
to observe (periodically, weekly, full time) the construction of the project, for the Permitee hereby state
that, to the best of my abilities, due care and diligence was used in the observation of the construction
such that the construction was observed to be built within substantial compliance and intent of the 401
Water Quality Certification and Buffer Rules, the approved plans and specifications, and other
supporting materials.
Signature Registration No. Date
ZZ
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Alan W. Klimek, P.E. Director
Division of Water Quality
North Carolina Division of Water Quality, 401 Wetlands Certification Unit,
1650 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1650 (Mailing Address)
2321 Crabtree Blvd., Raleigh, NC 27604-2260 (Location)
919-733-1786 (phone), 919-733-6893 (fax), http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands/