20020811 Ver 1_Complete File_20020517

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DWQ Project No.: y 0? I I
Applicant: _J
Project Name:
Michael F. Easley, Governor
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Alan W. Klimek, P.E. Director
Division of Water Quality
County:

Date of Issuance of 401 Water Quality Certification:
Certificate of Completion
Upon completion of all work approved within the 401 Water Quality Certification or applicable Buffer Rules, and
any subsequent modifications, the applicant is required to return this certificate to the 401/Wetlands Unit, North
Carolina Division of Water Quality, 1621 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC, 27699-1621. This form may be
returned to DWQ by the applicant, the applicant's authorized agent, or the project engineer. It is not necessary to
send certificates from all of these.
Applicant's Certification
I, 3. G- Aloe e , hereby state that, to the best of my abilities, due care and diligence
was used in the observation of the construction such that the construction was observed to be built within substantial
compliance and intent of the 401 Water Quality Certification and Buffer Rules, the approved plans and
specifications, and other supporting materials.
Signature: (:Z9k4171 4,? Date: L 0 e?
Agent's Certificatio
1, , hereby state that, to the best of my abilities, due care and diligence
was used in the observation of the construction such that the construction was observed to be built within substantial
compliance and intent of the 401 Water Quality Certification and Buffer Rules, the approved plans and
specifications, and other supporting materials.
Signature:
Engineer's Certification
Partial Final
Date:
I, , as a duly registered Professional Engineer in the State of North
Carolina, having been authorized to observe (periodically, weekly, full time) the construction of the project, for the
Permittee hereby state that, to the best of my abilities, due care and diligence was used in the observation of the
construction such that the construction was observed to be built within substantial compliance and intent of the 401
Water Quality Certification and Buffer Rules, the approved plans and specifications, and other supporting materials.
Signature Registration No,
Date
Transportation Permitting Unit
1850 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, North Carolina 27699.1650
2321 Crabtree Boulevard, Suite 250, Raleigh, North Carolina 27604
Phone: [phone] / FAX [phone] / Internet http://h2o.enr.state.nc,US/ncwetiands
usI!?-- {,-2f63
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An Equal Opportunlty/Affirmative Action Employer - 500/6 Recyciedl1 0% Post Consumer Paper
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June 4, 2002
DWQ No. 020811
Granville County
Mr. William D. Gilmore, P.E., Manager
Planning and Environmental Branch
North Carolina Department of Transportation
1548 Mail Service Center
Raleigh, North Carolina, 27699-1548
Re: Granville County, Replacement of Bridge No. 15 on US 15 over Ledge Creek ,
Federal Aid Project No. BRSTP-15(2), State Project No. 8.1370501; TIP B-2563.
Ledge Creek 127-10; C WS I1 1IQWj
APPROVAL of NEL'SE RIVER BUFFER RULES AUTHORIZATION CERTIFICATE with ADDITIONAL
CONDITIONS
Dear Mr. Gilmore,
You have our approval. in accordance with the attached conditions, to impact 0.09 acres (0.06 acres in Zone I and 0.03
acres in Zone 2) of protected riparian buffers for the purpose of replacing Bridge Number 15 on i_)S 15 over Ledge
Creek in Granville County. The project shall be constructed according to your application dated May 3. 2002 and any
conditions listed below. This approval shall act as your Authorization Certificate as required within the Neuse River
Area Protection Rules (15A NCAC 2B .0233). In addition, you should get any other required federal, state or local
permits before you oo ahead with your project including (but not limited to) Sediment and Erosion Control.
This approval i,? only valid for the purpose and design that you described in your application dated May 3, 2002. If you
change your project, you must notify us and you may be required to send us a new application. If the property is sold,
the new owner must be given a copy of this authorization and approval letter and is thereby responsible for complying
with all conditions. For this approval to be valid, you must follow the conditions listed below.
If you do not accept any of the conditions of this authorization, you may ask for an adjudicatory hearing. You must act
within 60 days of the date that you receive this letter. To ask for a hearing, send a written petition, which conforms to
Chapter 150E of the North Carolina General Statutes to the Office of Administrative Hearings, P.O. Box 27447,
Raleigh, N.C. 276 1 1-7447. This authorization and its conditions are final and binding unless you ask for a hearing.
This letter completes the review of the Division of Water Quality under the "No Practical Alternatives" determination
required in 15A NCAC 2B .0233(8). If you have any questions, please contact John Hennessy at 919.733-5694.
cc: US Army Corps of Engineers Raleigh I`i
DWQ Raleigh Regional Office
File Copy
Central Files
C:\ncdot\TII' 13-2563\wqc\02081 Ibuffer authorization.doc
1.u1a,dul r. t-dsIey, uuvuiiw;
William G. Ross Jr., Secretary
North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources
Alan W. Klimek, P.E. Directot
Division of Water Quality
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N. C. Division of Water Quality 1650 Mail Service Center Raleigh, NC 27699-1650 [phone]
Customer Service: 1 800 623-7748
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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION
MICHAEL. F. EASLEY
GovI::RNOR
May 3, 2002
US Army Corps Of Engineers
Raleigh Regulatory Field Office
6508 Falls of Neuse Road
Suite 120
Raleigh, NC 27615-6814
ATTENTION: Mr. Eric Alsmeyer
NCDOT Coordinator
Dear Sir:
LYNDO T[PPETT
SECRETARY
'I
MAY ? 7
it
VII TL ANf1'; ro,,:,.
Subject: Replacement of Bridge No. 4 on US 15 over Ledge Creek, Granville
County, Federal Project No. BRSTP-15(2), State Project No. 8.1370501,
T.I.P. Project No. B-2563.
Please find attached the Type II(A) Categorical Exclusion for the referenced
project. The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) proposes to replace
Bridge No. 4 over Ledge Creek in Granville County at the same location with a 148-foot
bridge. Approach work will extend approximately 900 feet to the east and 260 feet to the
west of the bridge. During construction, traffic will be detoured off-site using existing
roads. The anticipated let date.for this proposed project is June 18, 2002.
The existing structure was constructed by NCDOT in 1925 and reconstructed in
1949. Bridge No. 4 is composed entirely of reinforced concrete. It should be possible to
remove all elements of the superstructure without any resulting temporary fill. Only two
elements of the substructure are in contact with the water. It may be possible to remove
them without any resulting fill but if fill were to occur, it would result in
approximately 50 cubic yards of temporary fill.
The new bridge will be 32 feet wide including two 12-foot lanes and 4-foot offsets
at approximately the same elevation as the existing grade. Deck and roadway drainage
will be maintained by utilizing a minimum grade of 0.3 percent to facilitate deck
drainage. Current plans also include one funnel pipe deck drain to reduce the potential
MAILING ADDRESS: TELEPHONE: [phone] LOCATION:
NC DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION FAX: [phone] TRANSPORTATION BUILDING
PROJECT DEVELOPMENT AND ENVIRONMENTAL ANALYSIS 1 SOUTH WILMINGTON STREET
1548 MAIL SERVICE CENTER WEBSITE: WWWDOH.DOT.STATE.NC.US RALEIGH NC
RALEIGH NC 27699-1548
1
for water and ice-related crashes. Drainage from this funnel pipe drain will flow to a rip- i
rap energy dissipater northwest of the bridge outside of Neuse Buffer Zone 2. Temporary
work pads will be used to drill piers for the two interior bents.
Ledge Creek is the only jurisdictional surface water resource that will be
impacted. The stream is located within the Upper Neuse River drainage, Hydrologic Unit
03020201. The North Carolina Division of Water Quality (NCDWQ) has designated a
best usage classification for Ledge Creek of WS-IV NSW from the dam at the Creedmoor
Water Supply Reservoir (Lake Rogers) southward through the project area to SR 1724.
The DEM Index No. for this section of Ledge Creek is 27-10-(1.8). High Quality Waters
and WS-II water supplies are located approximately one mile upstream northward from
the Lake Rogers dam.
There will be no permanent surface water impacts due to bridge replacement
(see attached permit drawings). Temporary impacts to jurisdictional surface water
include approximately 50 linear feet (0.02 acres) associated with placement of a
temporary work pad in the water at the western edge of the stream channel. The
temporary work pad will be removed and the affected area returned to pre-existing
elevation and revegetated. Jurisdictional wetlands are located immediately north of the
existing bridge. There will be no wetland impacts (see attached permit drawings).
This project is subject to the Neuse River Basin Buffer Rules. According to the
Rules, this bridge replacement project is allowable without mitigation because there are
no practical alternatives and buffer impacts are fewer than 150 linear feet and 0.3 acres.
Impacts to the Neuse Buffer include 0.06 acres of Zone 1 and 0.03 acres of Zone 2
(see attached drawings).
The United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) has identified three
endangered species and one threatened species in Scotland County. No suitable habitat is
available within the project area for any of these species. Therefore, it can be concluded
that project construction will not impact the federally protected species.
Construction details concerning the temporary placement of the temporary work
pads adjacent to the new pier installation, one of which is proposed to be in the stream,
were not included in the attached Categorical Exclusion. Therefore, we are requesting the
issuance of a Nationwide Permit 33 authorizing these temporary construction activities.
All other aspects of this project are being processed by the Federal Highway
Administration as a "Categorical Exclusion" (CE) in accordance with 23 CFR
771.115(b). We do not anticipate requesting an individual permit but propose to proceed
under Nationwide Permit 23 in accordance with 61 Federal Register 65874, 65916
(December 13, 1996). The Corps of Engineers issued a Section 404 Nationwide Permit
23 for the subject project on July 30, 1996, which expired on January 21, 1997 (Action
ID 199602441). Because project design has changed, requiring an additional permit, the
NC Department of Transportation respectfully requests issuance of new permits, rather
than permit renewal.
We anticipate that 401 General Water Quality Certification No. 3107 (Categorical
Exclusion, dated February 11, 1997) and No. 3114 (Temporary Construction, Access and
Dewatering, dated February 11, 1997) will apply to this project. We also respectfully
request written authorization per the Neuse Buffer Rules requirement. One copy of the
CE document is being provided to the North Carolina Department of Environment and
Natural Resources, Division of Water Quality, for their review. The NCDOT will
comply with all conditions of the 401 Water Quality Certification.
If you have any questions, please contact Elizabeth L. Lusk at [phone], extension
335.
Sincerely,
?- 9 William D. Gilmore, P.E., Manager
Project Development and Environmental Analysis Branch
Attachments:
Permit drawings
PCN
Type II(A) CE
w/Attachments
Mr. David Franklin, USACE, Wilmington
Mr. John Dorney, NCDENR, DWQ
Mr. Tim Rountree, Structure Design
w/o Attachments
Mr. John Alford, P.E., Roadway Design
Ms. Debbie Barbour, P.E., Highway Design Engineer
Mr. John Williams, P.E., Project Engineer
Mr. David Henderson, P.E. Hydraulics
Mr. Chris Murray, Division 5 Environmental Officer
Mr. Ken Pace, P.E., Roadside Environmental Unit
Mr. Jon G. Nance, P.E., Division 5 Engineer
Mr. Omar Sultan, Program Development
Office Use Only: Form Version October 2001
USACE Action ID No. DWQ No.
If any particular item is not applicable to this project, please enter "Not Applicable" or "N/A" rather than
leaving the space blank.
I. Processing
Check all of the approval(s) requested for this project:
® Section 404 Permit
n Section 10 Permit
® 401 Water Quality Certification
® Riparian or Watershed Buffer Rules
2. Nationwide, Regional or General Permit Number(s) Requested: 23 & 33
3. If this notification is solely a courtesy copy because written approval for the 401 Certification
is not required, check here: n
4. If payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration Program (NCWRP) is proposed for
mitigation of impacts (see section VIII - Mitigation), check here:
II. Applicant Information
1. Owner/Applicant Information
Name: NC Dept of Transportation
Mailing Address: PO Box 25201
Raleiah NC 27611
Telephone Number: 919-733-3141
E-mail Address:
Fax Number: 919-733-9724
2. Agent Information (A signed and dated copy of the Agent Authorization letter must be
attached if the Agent has signatory authority for the owner/applicant.)
Name: William D. Gilmore, P.E.
Company Affiliation: Branch Manager
Mailing Address: same as above
Telephone Number: same as above Fax Number: same as above
E-mail Address:
Page 1 of 8
III. Project Information
Attach a vicinity map clearly showing the location of the property with respect to local
landmarks such as towns, rivers, and roads. Also provide a detailed site plan showing property
boundaries and development plans in relation to surrounding properties. Both the vicinity map
and site plan must include a scale and north arrow. The specific footprints of all buildings,
impervious surfaces, or other facilities must be included. If possible, the maps and plans should
include the appropriate USGS Topographic Quad Map and NRCS Soil Survey with the property
boundaries outlined. Plan drawings, or other maps may be included at the applicant's discretion,
so long as the property is clearly defined. For administrative and distribution purposes, the
USACE requires information to be submitted on sheets no larger than 11 by 17-inch format;
however, DWQ may accept paperwork of any size. DWQ prefers full-size construction
drawings rather than a sequential sheet version of the full-size plans. If full-size plans are
reduced to a small scale such that the final version is illegible, the applicant will be informed that
the project has been placed on hold until decipherable maps are provided.
1. Name of project: Replacement of Bridge No. 4 on US 15 over Ledge Creek
2. T.I.P. Project Number or State Project Number (NCDOT Only): B-2563
3. Property Identification Number (Tax PIN):
4. Location
County: Granville Nearest Town: Creedmoor
Subdivision name (include phase/lot number):
Directions to site (include road numbers, landmarks, etc.): from Creedmoor south on US 15
about one mile just past SR 1110 to Ledge Creek
5. Site coordinates, if available (UTM or Lat/Long): 36.1131374 / 78.708500
(Note - If project is linear, such as a road or utility line, attach a sheet that separately lists the
coordinates for each crossing of a distinct waterbody.)
6. Describe the existing land use or condition of the site at the time of this application:
Rural farmland / woodland
7. Property size (acres): approximately 4.0 acres
8. Nearest body of water (stream/river/sound/ocean/lake): Ledge Creek
9. River Basin: Neuse
(Note - this must be one of North Carolina's seventeen designated major river basins. The
River Basin map is available at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/admin/maps/.)
10. Describe the purpose of the proposed work: replace a substandard bridge on US 15
Page 2 of 8
11. List the type of equipment to be used to construct the project: backhoe, bulldozer, pile
driver other bridge building equipment as required
12. Describe the land use in the vicinity of this project: same as Item 6 above
IV. Prior Project History
If jurisdictional determinations and/or permits have been requested and/or obtained for this
project (including all prior phases of the same subdivision) in the past, please explain. Include
the USACE Action ID Number, DWQ Project Number, application date, and date permits and
certifications were issued or withdrawn. Provide photocopies of previously issued permits,
certifications or other useful information. Describe previously approved wetland, stream and
buffer impacts, along with associated mitigation (where applicable). If this is a NCDOT project,
list and describe permits issued for prior segments of the same T.I.P. project, along with
construction schedules.
404 NW 23 issued July 30 1996 for previous design (Action ID 199602441)
Current Let Date for B-2563 is June 18, 2002
V. Future Project Plans
Are any future permit requests anticipated for this project? If so, describe the anticipated work,
and provide justification for the exclusion of this work from the current application:
VI. Proposed Impacts to Waters of the United States/Waters of the State
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts tc
wetlands, open water, and stream channels associated with the project. The applicant must alsc
provide justification for these impacts in Section VII below. All proposed impacts, permanen
and temporary, must be listed herein, and must be clearly identifiable on an accompanying sit(
plan. All wetlands and waters, and all streams (intermittent and perennial) must be shown on ,
delineation map, whether or not impacts are proposed to these systems. Wetland and strean
evaluation and delineation forms should be included as appropriate. Photographs may b(
included at the applicant's discretion. If this proposed impact is strictly for wetland or strean
mitigation, list and describe the impact in Section VIII below. If additional space is needed 11
listing or description, please attach a separate sheet.
Page 3 of 8
1. Wetland Impacts
Wetland Impact
Site Number
(indicate on map)
Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
(acres) Located within
100-year Floodplain**
(yes/no) Distance to
Nearest Stream
(linear feet)
Type of Wetland***
0.00

* List each impact separatcl} and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: mechanized clearing, grading, fill,
excavation. flooding. ditching/drainage, etc. For dams. separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding.
** 100-Year floodplains arc identified through the Fcderal Emergency Management Agency's (FEMA) Flood Insurance Rate Maps
(FIRM), or FEMA-approved local lloodplain maps. Maps are available through the FEMA Map Service Center at 1-800-358-9616, or
online at http://www.lcma.eo%.
*** List a wetland type that best describes wetland to be impacted (e.g., freshwater/saltwater marsh, forested wetland, beaver pond,
Carolina Bay, bog, etc.)
List the total acreage (estimated) of existing wetlands on the property: approx. 0.5
Total area of wetland impact proposed: 0.00 ac
2. Stream Impacts, including all intermittent and perennial streams
Stream Impact
Site Number
(indicate on map)
Type of Impact* Length of
Impact
(linear feet)
Stream Name** Average Width
of Stream
Before Impact Perennial or
Intermittent?
(please specify)
1 Temporary 50 Ledge Creek 60 Perennial

* List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: culverts and associated rip-rap,
dams (separately list impacts due to both structure and flooding), relocation (include linear feet before and after, and net loss/gain),
stabilization activities (cement wall, rip-rap, crib wall, gabions, etc.), excavation, ditching/straightening, etc. If stream relocation is
proposed, plans and profiles showing the linear footprint for both the original and relocated streams must be included.
** Stream names can be found on USGS topographic maps. If a stream has no name, list as UT (unnamed tributary) to the nearest
downstream named stream into which it flows. USGS maps are available through the USGS at 1-800-358-9616, or online at
wwN?.uses.cov. Several internet sites also allow direct download and printing of USGS maps (e.g., www.topozone.com,
www.mapquest.com, etc.).
Cumulative impacts (linear distance in feet) to all streams on site: 50'
Page 4 of 8
Open Water Impacts, including Lakes, Ponds, Estuaries, Sounds, Atlantic Ocean and any
other Water of the U.S.
Open Water Impact
Site Number
(indicate on map)
Type of Impact* Area of
Impact
(acres) Name of Waterbody
(if applicable) Type of Waterbody
(lake, pond, estuary, sound,
bay, ocean, etc.)
I Temporary 0.02 Ledge Creek Perennial stream

List each impact separately and identify temporary impacts. Impacts include, but are not limited to: fill, excavation, dredging,
flooding, drainage, bulkheads, etc.
4. Pond Creation
If construction of a pond is proposed, associated wetland and stream impacts should be
included above in the wetland and stream impact sections. Also, the proposed pond should
be described here and illustrated on any maps included with this application.
Pond to be created in (check all that apply): E] uplands ? stream E] wetlands
Describe the method of construction (e.g., dam/embankment, excavation, installation of
draw-down valve or spillway, etc.):
Proposed use or purpose of pond (e.g., livestock watering, irrigation, aesthetic, trout pond,
local stormwater requirement, etc.):
Size of watershed draining to pond: Expected pond surface area:
VII. Impact Justification (Avoidance and Minimization)
Specifically describe measures taken to avoid the proposed impacts. It may be useful to provide
information related to site constraints such as topography, building ordinances, accessibility, and
financial viability of the project. The applicant may attach drawings of alternative, lower-impact
site layouts, and explain why these design options were not feasible. Also discuss how impacts
were minimized once the desired site plan was developed. If applicable, discuss construction
techniques to be followed during construction to reduce impacts.
Replacing bridge with another bridge replacing on existing, location and grade, drainage
routed to dissipater outside of the Neuse Buffer
VIII. Mitigation
DWQ - In accordance with 15A NCAC 2H .0500, mitigation may be required by the NC
Division of Water Quality for projects involving greater than or equal to one acre of impacts to
freshwater wetlands or greater than or equal to 150 linear feet of total impacts to perennial
streams.
Page 5 of 8
USACE - In accordance with the Final Notice of Issuance and Modification of Nationwide
Permits, published in the Federal Register on March 9, 2000, mitigation will be required when
necessary to ensure that adverse effects to the aquatic environment are minimal. Factors
including size and type of proposed impact and function and relative value of the impacted
aquatic resource will be considered in determining acceptability of appropriate and practicable
mitigation as proposed. Examples of mitigation that may be appropriate and practicable include,
but are not limited to: reducing the size of the project; establishing and maintaining wetland
and/or upland vegetated buffers to protect open waters such as streams; and replacing losses of
aquatic resource functions and values by creating, restoring, enhancing, or preserving similar
functions and values, preferable in the same watershed.
If mitigation is required for this project, a copy of the mitigation plan must be attached in order
for USACE or DWQ to consider the application complete for processing. Any application
lacking a required mitigation plan or NCWRP concurrence shall be placed on hold as
incomplete. An applicant may also choose to review the current guidelines for stream restoration
in DWQ's Draft Technical Guide for Stream Work in North Carolina, available at
http://112o.enr.state.nc.us/ncwetlands/stnngide.htmi.
Provide a brief description of the proposed mitigation plan. The description should provide
as much information as possible, including, but not limited to: site location (attach directions
and/or map, if offsite), affected stream and river basin, type and amount (acreage/linear feet)
of mitigation proposed (restoration, enhancement, creation, or preservation), a plan view,
preservation mechanism (e.g., deed restrictions, conservation easement, etc.), and a
description of the current site conditions and proposed method of construction. Please attach
a separate sheet if more space is needed.
2. Mitigation may also be made by payment into the North Carolina Wetlands Restoration
Program (NCWRP) with the NCWRP's written agreement. Check the box indicating that
you would like to pay into the NCWRP. Please note that payment into the NCWRP must be
reviewed and approved before it can be used to satisfy mitigation requirements. Applicants
will be notified early in the review process by the 401/Wetlands Unit if payment into the
NCWRP is available as an option. For additional information regarding the application
process for the NCWRP, check the NCWRP website at http://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/wrp/index.htn,. If
use of the NCWRP is proposed, please check the appropriate box on page three and provide
the following information:
Amount of stream mitigation requested (linear feet): 0
Amount of buffer mitigation requested (square feet): 0
Amount of Riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres): 0
Amount of Non-riparian wetland mitigation requested (acres): 0
Page 6 of 8
Amount of Coastal wetland mitigation requested (acres):
IX. Environmental Documentation (DWQ Only)
Does the project involve an expenditure of public funds or the use of public (federal/state/local)
land?
Yes N No ?
If yes, does the project require preparation of an environmental document pursuant to the
requirements of the National or North Carolina Environmental Policy Act (NEPA/SEPA)?
Note: If you are not sure whether a NEPA/SEPA document is required, call the SEPA
coordinator at [phone] to review current thresholds for environmental documentation.
Yes N No
If yes, has the document review been finalized by the State Clearinghouse? If so, please attach a
copy of the NEPA or SEPA final approval letter.
Yes N No ?
X. Proposed Impacts on Riparian and Watershed Buffers (DWQ Only)
It is the applicant's (or agent's) responsibility to determine, delineate and map all impacts to
required state and local buffers associated with the project. The applicant must also provide
justification for these impacts in Section VII above. All proposed impacts must be listed herein,
and must be clearly identifiable on the accompanying site plan. All buffers must be shown on a
map, whether or not impacts are proposed to the buffers. Correspondence from the DWQ
Regional Office may be included as appropriate. Photographs may also be included at the
applicant's discretion.
Will the project impact protected riparian buffers identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0233
(Meuse), 15A NCAC 2B .0259 (Tar-Pamlico), 15A NCAC 2B .0250 (Randleman Rules and
Water Supply Buffer Requirements), or other (please identify )?
Yes N No M If you answered "yes", provide the following information:
Identify the square feet and acreage of impact to each zone of the riparian buffers. If buffer
mitigation is required calculate the required amount of mitigation by applying the buffer
multipliers.
Zone* Impact
(square feet) Multiplier Required
Mitigation
1 0.06 3 N/A
2 0.03 1.5 N/A
Total 0.09 N/A
Zone 1 extends out Su feet perpenuicuiar from near oanK 01 GnannC1, Lune L cxwuua all
additional 20 feet from the edge of Zone 1.
Page 7 of 8
If buffer mitigation is required, please discuss what type of mitigation is proposed (i.e., Donation
of Property, Conservation Easement, Riparian Buffer Restoration / Enhancement, Preservation or
Payment into the Riparian Buffer Restoration Fund). Please attach all appropriate information as
identified within 15A NCAC 2B .0242 or .0260.
XI. Stormwater (DWQ Only)
Describe impervious acreage (both existing and proposed) versus total acreage on the site.
Discuss stormwater controls proposed in order to protect surface waters and wetlands
downstream from the property.
Linear road project, property boundaries are the road project.
Existing pavement roadway width is 22 feet. Proposed rdwy width is 32 feet.
Brid a drainage is routed outside of the Neuse Buffers into a dissipater
XII. Sewage Disposal (DWQ Only)
Clearly detail the ultimate treatment methods and disposition (non-discharge or discharge) of
wastewater generated from the proposed project, or available capacity of the subject facility.
XIII. Violations (DWQ Only)
Is this site in violation of DWQ Wetland Rules (15A NCAC 2H .0500) or any Buffer Rules?
Yes F-] No
Is this an after-the-fact permit application?
Yes ? No ?
XIV. Other Circumstances (Optional):
It is the applicant's responsibility to submit the application sufficiently in advance of desired
construction dates to allow processing time for these permits. However, an applicant may
choose to list constraints associated with construction or sequencing that may impose limits on
work schedules (e.g., draw-down schedules for lakes, dates associated with Endangered and
Threatened Species, accessibility problems, or other issues outside of the applicant's control).
Applicant/Agent's Signature Date
(Agent's signature is valid only if an authorization letter from the applicant is provided.)
Page 8 of 8
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N. C. DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
GRANVILLE COUNTY
VICINITY
PROJECT: 8.1370501 (B-2563)
MAP BRIDGE P4 ON US 15
OVER LEDGE CREEK
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N. C. DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
LOCATION GRANVILLE COUNTY
PROJECT: 8.1370501 (B-2563)
MAP BRIDGE u4 ON US 15
OVER LEDGE CREEK
SHEET ?) OF i 6/8/01
LEGEND

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XX XXX X X LIVE STAKES
N. C. DEPT. OF TRANSPORTATION
C2D BOULDER DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
--- CORE FIBER ROLLS GRANVILLE COUNTY
PROJECT: 8.1370501 (B-2563)
BRIDGE tc4 ON US 15
OVER LEDGE CREEK
6/8/01
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STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA
DEPARTMENT OF TPANSPORTATION
JAMES B. HUNT JR. DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS GARLAND B. GARRETT JR.
GOVERNOR P.O. BOX 25201. RALEIGH, N.C. 27611-5201 SECRETARY
July 26, 1996
0 2 0 U, I
U. S. Army Corps of Engineers
Regulatory Field Office
6508 Falls of the Neuse Road
P.O. Box 120
Raleigh, North Carolina 27609
ATTN: Mr. Michael Smith
Chief, Northern Section
Dear Sir:

SUBJECT: Granville County, Replacement of Bridge No. 4 over Ledge Creek on
US 15, Federal Aid Project No. BRSTP-15(2), State Project
No. 8.1370501, TIP No. B-2563.
Attached for your information are copies of the categorical exclusion action
classification form and the natural resources technical report for the subject project. The
project is being processed by the Federal Highway Administration as a programmatic
"Categorical Exclusion" in accordance with 23 CFR 771.115(b). Therefore, we do not
anticipate requesting an individual permit but propose to proceed under a Nationwide
Permit in accordance with 33 CFR 330 Appendix A (B-23) issued November 22, 1991, by
the Corps of Engineers. The provisions of Section 330.4 and Appendix A (C) of these
regulations will be followed in the construction of the project.
We anticipate that 401 General Water Quality Certification No. 2745 (Categorical
Exclusion) will apply to this project, and are providing one copy of the CE document to
the North Carolina Department of Environment, Health and Natural Resources, Division
of Water Quality, for their review.
1
m

I
If you have any questions or need any additional information, please contact Mr.
Phillip Todd at [phone], Ext. 314.
Sin re ,
H. Fr nklin Vick, P. E., Manager
Planning and Environmental Branch
HFV/mlt
Attachments
cc: w/ attachments
Mr. Eric Alsmeyer, COE, Raleigh Field Office
Mr. John Dorney, NCDEHNR, DWQ
Mr. John Smith, P. E., Structure Design
w/o attachments
Mr. Kelly Barger, P. E., Program Development Branch
Mr. Don Morton, P. E., Highway Design
Mr. A. L. Hankins, Hydraulics Unit
Mr. Tom Shearin, P. E., State Roadway Design Engineer
Mr. D. A. Allsbrook, Jr., P. E., Division 5 Engineer
Mr. John Williams, Project Planning Engineer

CATEGORICAL EXCLUSION ACTION CLASSIFICATION FORM
A.
B
TIP Project No. B-2563
State Project No. 8.1370501
Federal-Aid Project No. BRSTP-15(2)
Project Description :
The purpose of this project is to replace Bridge No. 4 on US 15 over Ledge
Creek in Granville County. The new structure will be a 45-meter (148-foot)
long bridge placed at the same location as the existing bridge. The design
speed for the project will be approximately 100 km/h (60 mph).
The new bridge will be 9.6 meters (32 feet) wide including two 3.6-meter (12-
foot) lanes and 1.2-meter (4-foot) offsets. The deck will have a 0.3 %
gradient to facilitate deck drainage. The present bridge and approaches have
a design speed of 50 km/h (30 mph) in an area posted for 55 mph travel. This
results from a crest vertical curve 15 meters (50 feet) east of the bridge. The
curvature limits sight distance and therefore design speed. To improve the
design speed to 100 km/h (60 mph) the elevation of the new bridge will be
raised slightly and the crest vertical curve flattened.
Approach work will extend approximately 274 meters (900 feet) to the east
and 260 meters (850 feet) to the west of the bridge. Each approach will
include two 3.6- meter (12-foot) lanes and 1.2-meter (4-foot) paved
shoulders. To the outside of the paved shoulders will be an additional 2.1-
meter (7-foot) grassed shoulder with guardrail. The grassed shoulder will
taper to 1.2 meters (4 feet) where guardrail is not required.
Traffic will be detoured offsite during construction (see Figure 1). Local
traffic will follow SR 1109 and SR 1110. SR 1110 (Joe Peed Rd.) has
recently been paved and the bridge along that route is scheduled for
replacement under T.I.P. project B-3336 prior to the beginning of
construction for this project. This route will be suitable for single vehicles
only; no heavy vehicles. Heavier vehicular traffic will be detoured along I-85
and NC 56 for the duration of construction.
Purpose and Need:
Bridge No. 4 has a sufficiency rating of 5.5 out of 100 and is approaching the
end of its useful life. The structure is a two lane bridge with 9.2 meters
(30.2 feet) of bridge roadway width which is less than required by current
standards. For these reasons, Bridge No. 4 needs to be replaced.

t t
C: Proposed Improvements:
Circle one or more of the following improvements which apply to the project:
Type II Improvements
Modernization of a highway by resurfacing, restoration, rehabilitation,
reconstruction, adding shoulders, or adding auxiliary lanes (e.g., parking
weaving, turning, climbing).
a. Restoring, Resurfacing, Rehabilitating, and Reconstructing pavement
(3R and 4R improvements)
b. Widening roadway and shoulders without adding through lanes
c. Modernizing gore treatments
d. Constructing lane improvements (merge, auxiliary, and turn lanes)
e. Adding shoulder drains
f. Replacing and rehabilitating culverts, inlets, and drainage pipes,
including safety treatments
g. Providing driveways pipes
h. Performing minor bridge widening ( less than one through lane)
2. Highway safety or traffic operations improvement projects including the
installation of ramp metering control devices and lighting.
a. Installing ramp metering devices
b. Installing lights
c. Adding or upgrading guardrail
d. Installing safety barriers including Jersey type barriers and pier
protection
e. Installing or replacing impact attenuators
f. Upgrading medians including adding or upgrading median barriers
g. Improving intersections including relocation and/ or realignment
h. Making minor roadway realignment
i. Channelizing traffic
j. Performing clear zone safety improvements including removing hazards
and flattening slopes
k. Implementing traffic aid systems, signals, and motorist aid
1. Installing bridge safety hardware including bridge rail retrofit
2

I., Bridge rehabilitation, reconstruction, or replacement or the construction of
grade separation replace existing at-grade railroad crossings.
a. Rehabilitating, reconstructing, or replacing bridge approach slabs
b. Rehabilitating or replacing bridge decks
c. Rehabilitating bridges including painting ( no red lead paint), scour
repair, fender systems, and minor structural improvements
d. ) Replacing a bridge (structure and/ or fill)
4. Transportation corridor fringe parking facilities.
5. Construction of new truck weigh stations or rest areas.
6. Approvals for disposal of excess right-of-way or for joint or limited use of
right-of-way, where the proposed use does not have significant adverse
impacts.
7. Approvals for changes in access control.
8. Construction of new bus storage and maintenance facilities in areas used
predominantly for industrial or transportation purposes where such
construction is not inconsistent with existing zoning and located on or near a
street with adequate capacity to handle anticipated bus and support vehicle
traffic.
9. Rehabilitation or reconstruction of existing rail and bus buildings and
ancillary facilities where only minor amounts of additional land are required
and there is not a substantial increase in the number of users.
10. Construction of bus transfer facilities (an open area consisting of passenger
shelters, boarding areas, kiosks and related street improvements ) when
located in a commercial area or other high activity center in which there is
adequate street capacity for projected bus traffic.
l l . Construction of rail storage and maintenance facilities in areas used
predominantly for industrial or transportation purposes where such
construction is not inconsistent with existing zoning and where there is no
significant noise impact on the surrounding community.
12. Acquisition of land for hardship or protective purposes, advance land
acquisition loans under section 3 (b) of the UMT Act. Hardship and
protective buying will be permitted only for a particular parcel or a limited
number of parcels. These types of land acquisition will not limit the
evaluation of alternatives, including shifts in alignment for planned
R
construction projects, which may be required in the NEPA process. No
project development on such land may proceed until the NEPA process has
been completed.
D. Special Project Information
Environmental Commitments:
All standard procedures and measures will be implemented to avoid or minimize
environmental impacts. All practical Best Management Practices (BMP's) will be
implemented and properly maintained during project construction.
In accordance with the provisions of Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33
U.S.C. 1344), a permit will be required from the Corps of Engineers for the
discharge of dredged or fill material into "Waters of the United States." An
Army Corps of Engineers Nationwide Permit # 23 will likely be applicable to this
project.
Prior to issue of the Army Corps of Engineers Nationwide Permit # 23 a North
Carolina Division of Environmental Management (DEM) Section 401 Water
Quality General Certification must be obtained.
Estimated Costs:
Construction $ 825,000
Right of Way $ 33,000
Total $ 858,000
Estimated Traffic: Current - 5200 VPD; Year 2020 - 9600 VPD
Proposed Typical Roadway Section:
Travelway - two 3.6-meter (12-foot) lanes
Shoulders - 3.3-meters (1 l feet) wide including 1.2-meter (4-foot) paved
shoulder and 2.1-meter (7-foot) grassed shoulder to accomodate for
guardrail. The grassed shoulder will taper to 1.2 meters (4 feet)
where guardrail is not required.
Design Speed: 100 km/h (60 mph)
Functional Classification: Rural Major Collector
4
,,

Division Office Comments:
The bridge could be replaced on the same alignment as the old bridge. US 15 could be
closed utilizing NC 56 and I-85 as the detour route.
Design Exceptions: NCDOT does not anticipate any design exceptions
E. Threshold Criteria
If any Type II actions are involved in the project, the following evaluation must
be completed. If the project consists only of Type I improvements, the following
checklist does not need to be Completed.
ECOLOGICAL
(1) Will the project have a substantial impact on any
unique on any unique or important natural resource?
(2) Does the project involve any habitat where federally
listed endangered or threatened species may occur?
(3) Will the project affect anadromous fish?
YES NO
?U X
n
U X
X
(4) If the project involves wetlands, is the amount of Ii
permanent and/or temporary wetland taking less than X ii
one-third (1/3) acre and have all practicable measures
wetland to avoid and minimize takings been evaluated?
(5) Will the project require use of U. S. Forest Service lands? F-7
X
(6) Will the quality of adjacent water resources be adversely
impacted by proposed construction activities? 0 X
(7) Does the project involve waters classified as Outstanding 1-1
Water Resources (OWR) and/or High Quality Waters i X
(HQW)?
5
(8) Will the project require fill in waters of the United States
in any of the designated mountain trout counties?
(9) Does the project involve any known underground storage
tanks (UST's) or hazardous materials sites?
PERMITS AND COORDINATION
(10) If the project is located within a CAMA county, will the
project significantly affect the coastal zone and/or any
"Area of Environmental Concern" (AEC)?
(11) Does the project involve Coastal Barrier Resources Act
resources?
(12) Will a U. S. Coast Guard permit be required?
(13) Will the project result in the modification of any existing
regulatory floodway?
(14) Will the project require any stream relocations or channel
changes?
SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC
(15) Will the project induce substantial impacts to planned
growth or land use for the area?
(16) Will the project require the relocation of any family or
business?
1
X
X
YES NO
I? X
?J X
X
X
L___1
D X
YES NO
X
? x
6

(l 7) If the project involves the acquisition of right of way, is the ---
amount of right of way acquisition considered minor? X
(18) Will the project involve any changes in access control? --
X
(19) Will the project substantially alter the usefulness and/ or land
use of any adjacent property? E X
(20) Will the project have an adverse effect on permanent local
traffic patterns or community cohesiveness? X
(21) Is the project included in an approved thoroughfare plan
and/ or Transportation Improvement Program (and is, X
therefore, in conformance with the Clean Air Act of 1990)?
(22) Is the project anticipated to cause an increase in traffic --i
volumes? X
(23) Will traffic be maintained during construction using existing ?-
roads, staged construction, or on-site detours? X
(24) Is there substantial controversy on social, economic, or
environmental grounds concerning the project? X
(25) Is the project consistent with all Federal, State, and local
laws relating to the environmental aspects of the action? X
CULTURAL RESOURCES YES NO
(26) Will the project have an "effect" on properties eligible for
or listed on the National Register of Historic Places? ?! X
7
11 1
(27) Will the project require the use of Section 4(f) resources
(public parks, recreation lands, wildlife and waterfowl x
Section 4(f) of the U. S. Department of Transportation
Act of 1966)?
(28) Will the project involve construction in, across, or adjacent ?I
to a river designated as a component of or proposed for X
inclusion in the natural Wild and Scenic Rivers?
F. Additional Documentation Required for Unfavorable Responses in Part E
Not applicable.
8
G. CE Approval
TIP Project No.
State Project No.
Federal-Aid Project No
Project Description :
B-2563
8. 1370501
BRSTP-15(2)
The purpose of this project is to replace Bridge No. 4 on US 15 over Ledge
Creek in Granville County. The new structure will be a 45-meter (148-foot)
long bridge placed at the same location as the existing bridge. Approach
work will extend approximately 274 meters (900 feet) to the east and 260
meters (850 feet) to the west of the bridge. The new design speed will be 100
km/h (60 mph). Traffic will be detoured offshe during construction (see
Figure 1).
Categorical Exclusion Action Classification: (Check one)
X TYPE Il (A)
TYPE 11 (B)
Approved:
r
Date Assistant Manager
Planning & Environmental Branch
??
Date Proje t Pla ning Unit Head
- - , Yvv?
Date Pro ect Planning Engineer
9
.N

North Carolina Department of Cultural
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Betty Ray McCain, Secrttary
March 23, 1994
Nicholas L. Graf
Division Administrator
Federal Highway Administration
Department of Transportation
310 New Bern Avenue
Raleigh, N.C. 27601-1442
Re: Replace Bridge No. 4 on US 15 over Ledge Creek,
Granville County, B-2563, ER 94-8288
Dear Mr. Graf:
c'.
E
C
2 4 1994
)urces
Division I(Mory
Willits^Airectoy
On March 3, 1994, Robin Stancil of our staff met with North Carolina Department
of Transportation (NCDOT) staff for a meeting of the minds concerning the above
project. We reported our available information on historic architectural and
archaeological surveys and resources along with our recommendations. NCDOT
provided project area photographs and aerial photographs at the meeting and for
our use afterwards.
Based upon our review of the photographs and the information discussed at the
meeting, we offer our preliminary comments regarding this project.
In terms of historic architectural resources, we are aware of only one structure
over fifty years of age in the area of potential effect--Bridge No. 4 over Ledge
Creek. We believe the bridge is not eligible for listing in the National Register of
Historic Places since it has little historical or architectural significance. We
recommend that no historic architectural survey be conducted for this project.
If the preferred alternate of bridge replacement at the existing location with road
closure is selected, no archaeological investigation will be recommended. If
replacement on new location or on-site detours are selected, an archaeological
survey should be undertaken. Since the project area is federally owned property
under the jurisdiction of the Army Corps of Engineers, it is possible that a Federal
Archaeological Resources Protection Act permit will be required by the corps for
any archaeological investigations.
Having provided this information, we look forward to receipt of either a
Categorical Exclusion or Environmental Assessment which indicates how NCDOT
addressed our comments.
The above comments are made pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act of 1966 and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's
Regulations for Compliance with Section 106, codified at 36 CFR Part 800.
109 Fast Jones Strect • R&i&k North Grdina 27601.2807
Nicholas L. Graf
March 23, 1994, Page 2
Thank you for your cooperation and consideration. If you have questions
concerning the above comment, please contact Renee Gledhill-Earley,
environmental review coordinator, at 919/733-4763.
Sincerely,
i /
David Brook
Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer
DB:slw
cc: H. F. Vick
B. Church
T. Padgett
. 4 55
North Carolina Department of Cultural Resources
James B. Hunt, Jr., Governor
Betty Ray McCain, Secretary
January 10, 1995
Nicholas L. Graf
Division Administrator
Federal Highway Administration
Department of Transportation
310 New Bern Avenue
Raleigh, N.C. 27601-1442
Re: Replacement of Bridge 4 over Ledge Creek on US
15, Granville County, Federal BRSTP-15(2), State
8.1370501, TIP B-2563, ER 95-8090
Dear Mr. Graf:
Division of Archives and History
William S. Price, Jr., Director
Thank you for your letter of December 20, 1994, transmitting the archaeological
survey report by John Mintz of North Carolina Department of Transportation
concerning the above project.
For purposes of compliance with Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation
Act, we concur with your determination that no National Register listed or eligible
archaeological sites will be affected by the project as currently proposed.
The above comments are made pursuant to Section 106 of the National Historic
Preservation Act of 1966 and the Advisory Council on Historic Preservation's
Regulations for Compliance with Section 106, codified at 36 CFR Part 800.
Thank you for your cooperation and consideration. If you have questions
concerning the above comment, please contact Renee Gledhill-Earley,
environmental review coordinator, at 919/733-4763.
S' erely,
?i?'V Gem
David Brook
d
Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer
DB:slw
cc: t/ F. Vick
T. Padgett
J. Mintz
109 East Jones Street • Raleigh, North Carolina 27601-2807 ??p
Replacement of Bridge No. 4 on US 15
Over Ledge Creel: (Big Lodge Creek)
in Granville County
TIP No. B-2563
Federal Aid Project No. BRSTP-15(2)
State Project No. 8.1370501
Natural Resources Technical Report
B-2563
NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORT9TION
DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL BRANCH
ENVIRONMENTAL UNIT
LANE SAULS, ENVIRONMENTAL BIOLOGIST
AUGUST 5. 1994
1 w 1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
1.0 Introduction ........................................1
1.1 Project Description ...........................1
1.2 Purpose .......................................1
1.3 Study Area ...................................._
1.4 Methodology ...................................-
2.0 Physical Resources ..................................2
2.1 Water Resources ...............................3
2.1.1 Best Usage Classification ............ 3
2.1.2 Water Quality ........................4
2.1.3 Summary of Anticipated Impacts ....... 4
2.2 Soils and Topography ..........................4
3.0 Biotic Resources ....................................5
3.1 Terrestrial Communities .......................5
3.1.1 Plant Communities ....................5
3.1.2 Faunal Communities ...................6
S
3.2 Aquatic Communities ..........................
3.3 Summary of Anticipated Impacts ................8
4.0 Jurisdictional Topics ...............................9
4.1 Waters of the United States ...................9
4.1.1 Summary of Anticipated Impacts ....... 9
4.1.2 Anticipated Permit Requirements ...... 9
4.1.3 Mitigation ...........................10
4.2 Rare and Protected Species ....................10
4.2.1 Federally-Protected Species .......... 10
4.2.2 Federal Candidate and
State Listed Species .............12
5.0 References ..........................................13
Appendix A: Additional comments

1
1.0 INTRODUCTION
The following Natural Resources Technical Report is
submitted to assist in preparation of a Categorical Exclusion
(CE). This report inventories the natural resources
occurring within the proposed project area, identifies
environmental concerns, and makes recommendations on
alternatives for minimizing environmental degradation.
1.1 Project Description
The proposed project
existing structure (Bridg
(See Figure 1). Built in
bridge is deteriorating.
being considered within a
ft).
calls for replacement of the
e No. 4) on US 15 over Ledge Creek
1925 and reconstructed in 1949, the
Currently, four alternatives are
proposed right-of-way of 24 m (SO
(1) replace existing bridge with a new bridge structure
at its existing location. Traffic would be detoured along
existing secondary roads during construction.
(1A) replace existing bridge with a new bridge structure
at its existing location to accommodate a 90 kph (60 mph)
design speed. Traffic would be detoured along existing
secondary roads during construction.
(2) replace existing bridge with a new bridge structure
at its existing location. Traffic would be maintained with
an onsite detour just south of the existing structure during
construction.
(2A) replace existing bridge with a new bridge structure
at its existing location to accommodate 90 kph (60 mph)
design speed. Traffic would be maintained with an onsite
detour just south of the existing structure during
construction.
1.2 Purpose
The purpose of this technical report is to inventory,
catalog and describe the various natural resources likely to
be impacted by the proposed action. This report also attemps
to identify and estimate the probable consequences of the
anticipated impacts to these resources. Recommendations are
made for measures which will minimize resource impacts.
These descriptions and estimates are relevant only in the
context of existing preliminary design concepts. If design
parameters and criteria change, additional field
investigation may be needed.

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NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF
TRANSPORTATION
k\ DIVISION OF HIGHWAYS
.8 ` PLANNING AND ENVIRONMENTAL
•d '-4 BRANCH
l
iN GRANVILLE COUNTY
o C 4 REPLACE BRIDGE NO. 4
•. Q ON US 15 OVER BIG LODGE CREEK
l \ B - 2563
0 km 1.6 km 3.2
0 miles 1 miles 2
2
1.3 Study Area
The study area is located within a rural setting in the
outer city limits of western Creedmoor in Granville County.
It encompasses the existing bridge, areas 30.5 m (100 ft)
upstream and downstream, as well as possible approaches for a
temporary on-site detour to the south of the existing bridge.
Bridge No. 4 is located along a northeast/southwest
axis. The study area is composed mainly of upland and
bottomland hardwoods. Upland hardwoods and residential homes
comprise the northwest quadrant and bottomland hardwoods
exist to the northeast. The southern quadrants are composed
of upland hardwoods along the higher areas and bottomland
hardwoods within the creek channel and adjacent floodplain.
1.4 Methodology
A site visit was made July 25, 1994 to determine natural
resource conditions and to confirm published information
available concerning the site. Information sources used in
this pre-field investigation of the study area include: U.S.
Geological Survey (USGS) quadrangle map (Creedmoor, N.C.),
National Wetland Inventory (NWI) Map, NCDOT aerial
photograph of project area (1:1200) and Soil Conservation
Service (SCS) soil maps of Granville County. Water resource
information was obtained from publications of the Department
of Environment, Health and Natural Resources (DEHNR. 1993)
and from the NC Center for Geographic Information and
Analysis (Environmental Sensitivity Base Map of Granville
County). Information concerning the occurrence of federal
and state protected species in the study area was gathered
from the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS) list of protected
and candidate species and the N.C. Natural Heritage Program
(NHP) database of rare species and unique habitats.
General field surveys were conducted along the proposed
alignment by NCDOT biologist Lane Sauls on July 25, 1994.
Plant communities and their associated wildlife were
identified and recorded. Wildlife identification involved
using a variety of observation techniques: active searching
and capture, visual observations (binoculars), identifying
characteristic signs of wildlife (sounds, scat. tracks and
burrows). Organisms captured during these searches were
identified and then released. Jurisdictional wetland
determinations were performed utilizing delineation criteria
prescribed in the Corps of Engineers Wetland Delineation
Manual" (Environmental Laboratory. 19S7).
2.0 PHYSICAL RESOURCES
Water and soil resources, which occur in the study area,
are discussed below. The availability of water and soils
direct]% influence composition and distribution of flora and

•
3
fauna in any biotic community.
Granville County lies in the Piedmont Physiographic
Providence. The topography of Granville County is
characterized by rolling hills and many small streams forming
a dendritic watershed pattern.
2.1 Water Resources
Project B-2563 is located along the Ledge Creek sub-
basin within the Neuse River Basin. Ledge Creek originates
in northern Granville County and flows into Lake Rogers,
Creedmoor's water supply. From Lake Rogers, Ledge Creek
meanders southward through rural Granville and Wake Counties,
ultimately emptying into the vicinity of Falls Lake. Falls
Lake serves as a primary water supply for Raleigh.
At the B-2563 project site, Ledge Creek had relatively
little flow, due to sparse precipitation in late June and
early July. The water appeared to be very stained and muddy
with large amounts of silt deposited along the steam banks.
Refer to Table 1 for a complete listing of stream
characteristics.
TABLE 1. CHARACTERISTICS OF LEDGE CREEK AT THE
B-2563 PROJECT SITE
LOCATIONS Upstream Bridge Downstream
SUBSTRATE silt/mud silt/mud silt/mud
CURRENT none none none
STREAM GRAD. flat flat flat
CHANNEL 6 m 15-18 m 6-8 m
WIDTH (20 ft) (50-60 ft) (20-25 ft)
BANK HEIGHT lm (4 ft) lm (4 ft) lm (4 ft)
WATER 0-1 m 1-2 m 1-2 m
DEPTH (1-4 ft) (3-6 ft) (3-6 ft)
WATER COLOR brown brown brown
AQUATIC VEG. none none none
NOTES: Measurements were taken 50 m (160 ft) upstream and
downstream from the proposed crossing.
2.1.1 Best Usage Classification
Streams have been assigned a best usage classification
by the Division of Environmental Management (DEM.). Ledge
Creek has been designated as "WS-IV NSW". This classi-
fication extends from the dam at the Creedmoor Water Supply
Reservoir to a point 0.22 km (0.1 mi) upstream of Wake County
SR 1401. WS-IV designates waters protected as water
supplies which are generally in moderately to highly
developed watersheds; point source discharges of treated
wastewater are permitted; local programs to control nonpoint

4
source and stormwater discharge of pollution are required;
suitable for all Class C uses. "NSW" designates Nutrient
Sensitive Waters which require limitations on nutrient
inputs.
Neither High Quality Waters (HQW), Water Supplies (WS-I
or WS-II) nor outstanding Resource Waters (ORW) occur within
1.6 km (1 mile) of the study area for the project.
2.1.2 Water Quality
The Benthic Macroinvertebrate Ambient Network (BMAN) is
managed by DEM and part of an ongoing ambient water quality
monitoring program which addresses long term trends in water
quality. The program assesses water quality by sampling for
selected benthic macroinvertebrate organisms at fixed
monitoring sites. Macroinvertebrates are sensitive to very
subtle changes in water quality; thus, the species richness
and overall biomass are reflections of water quality.
No BMAN information is available for Ledge Creek at
this time. Creeks that flow into the Neuse River above and
below the point where Ledge Creek enters have been surveyed.
They rate from poor to good.
Point source dischargers located throughout North
Carolina are permitted through the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program. Any discharger
is required to register for a permit. The NPDES identifies
one discharger into Ledge Creek, the Town of Creedmoor Water
Treatment Plant (Permit# 0007625). Its location is
approximately 1.1 km (0.5 mi) upstream of the project site.
2.1.3 Summary of Anticipated Impacts
Replacing an existing structure in the same location
with a road closure during construction is almost always
preferred. It poses the least risk to aquatic organisms and
other natural resources. Temporary on-site detours usually
result in more severe impacts. However, impacts are expected
to be minimal during the construction stage whether or not
the on-site temporary detour is used. Precautions should be
taken to minimize impacts to water resources in the study
area, NCDOT's Best Management Practices for the Protection of
Surface Waters and Sedimentation Control guidelines should be
strictly enforced during the construction stage of the
project. Provisions to preclude unnecessary contamination by
toxic substances during the construction interval should be
strictly enforced.
2.2 Soils and Topography
Chewacla and Wehadkee soils dominate the majority the
study area. These soils are on the floodpiain.s of streams
0

5
and provide good infiltration and slow surface runoff. The
hazard of flooding is severe, and the hazard of wetness is
very severe. Their surface layers range from brown to dark
grayish-brown sandy loam to silt loam 10 to 31 cm (4 to 12
in) thick. Beneath the surface layer, the color of the soil
material ranges from brown to dark grayish-brown, with
mottles of brown and gray, and the texture ranges from sandy
loam or silt loam to clay. The total thickness of the
profile ranges from 86 to 183 cm (34 to 72 in). These soils
are Inceptisols, which means they are relatively young and
not stable for long periods of time. Table 2 provides an
inventory of specific soil mapping units which occur in the
project area.
TABLE 2. COUNTY SOILS IN THE PROJECT AREA
Map Unit Specific Percent Hydric
Symbol Mapping Unit Slope Classification
Cm Chewacla soils 0-2 A
CrC Creedmoor sandv loam 6-10 -
EnB Enon fine sandy loam 2-6 B
EnC Enon fine sandy loam 6-10
Wn Wehadkee silt loam 0-2 A
NOTES: "A" denotes hydric soils or soils having hydric soils
as a major component.
"B" denotes soils with inclusions of hydric soils or
which have wet spots.
3.0 BIOTIC RESOURCES
This section describes the existing vegetation and
associated wildlife communities that occur on the project
site. It also discusses potential impacts affecting these
communities as a result of the proposed actions.
3.1 Terrestrial Communities
Three distinct terrestrial communities were identified
in the project study area: (1) bottomland hardwood; (2) up-
land hardwood and (3) roadside. Community boundaries are
frequently ill-defined; contiguous communities generally
merge without any transition zone between them. Many faunal
species are highly adaptive and may populate the entire range
of terrestrial communities discussed.
3.1.1 Plant Communities
Bottomland hardwood. The bottomland harwood forest is
found on floodplain ridges and terraces other than active
levees adjacent to the river channel. The hydrology is
palustrine with intermittent flooding during, wet periods.

6
Bottomland hardwood forests are believed to form a stable
climax forest, having a stable un-even aged canopy.
The canopy is dominated by various bottomland trees such
as green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), black walnut (Juglans
nigra), sweetgum (Liquidambar styraciflua), sycamore
(Platanus occidentalis), southern red oak (Quercus falcata).
water oak (Quercus nigra), willow oak (Quercus phellos),
American elm (Ulmus americana) and tulip poplar (Liriodendron
tulipifera). Understory trees include red maple (Ater
rubrum), box elder (Acer negundo), silverleaf maple (Acer
saccharinum), river birch (Betula nigra), eastern red cedar
(Juniperus virginiana) and black cherry (Prunus serotina).
Shrub and vine species observed are trumpet vine (Campsis
radicand , poison-ivy (Toxicodendron radicans), greenbrier
(Smilax rotundifolia), privet (Ligustrurn sinense), Virginia
creeper (Parthenocissus quinquefolia), wild grape (Vitis
rotundifolia), winged sumac (Rhus copallina) and Japanese
honeysuckle (Lonices'a japonica)
Upland Hardwood. Upland hardwood forests are scattered
throughout the Piedmont. These forests are un-even aged,
with old trees scattered throughout. Because the overall
moisture level is not easy to determine, upland hardwood
forests are most easily distinguished by the canopy
composition.
The upper canopy of the upland hardwood forest in the
study area contains species adapted to drier conditions.
Species observed are pignut hickory (Carya glabra). mockernut
hickory (Carya tomentosa), white ash (Fraxinus americana),
white oak (Quercus alba), southern red oak (Quercus falcata),
northern red oak (Quercus rubra), and some species also found
in the bottomland forest including willow oak, tulip poplar
and American elm. The understory vegetation includes paw paw
(Asirnina triloba), dogwood (Cornus florida), black cherry and
red maple. Shrub and vine layer species associated with
this mixed community include many of the same observed in the
bottomland hardwood forest. Trumpet vine, poison-ivy.
greenbrier, privet, virginia creeper, wild grape, winged
sumac and Japanese honeysuckle were all observed.
Roadside. The roadside community is dominated by small
herbs that are regularly controlled by mowing. including
species such as fescue (Festuca spp.), panic grass (Panicurn
spp.) and pokeweed (Phytolacce americana). In addition.
woody species including poison-ivy, red maple, sycamore.
trumpet creeper, and dogwood occur.
3.1.2 Faunal Communities
t
The existance of many different species of birds,
mammals. reptiles and amphibians reflect the quality and
diversity of an area. The different community types

7
their adjacent ecotones support a diverse asse^':'_age of
fauna.
. y birds were observed durir._ the project visit but
identifications were not ea-.'y made due to poor light
conditions. However, s,)ecies like the northern cardinal
(Cardinalis _-,irdinalis), blue jay (Cyanocitta cristata),
belted ki-"ifisher (Megaceryle alcyon), green heron (Butorides
virescens), mourning dove (Zenaidura macroura) and ruby-
throated hummingbird (Archilochus coIubris) were. all
observed within the project vicinity. other birds species
known to frequent these communities include the Carolina
chickadee (Parus carolinensis), tufted titmouse (Pei-us
bicolor), white-breasted nuthatch (Sitta carol inensis),
common grackle (Quiscalus quiscala), robin (.Turdus
migrator.ius), American crow (Corvus bra chyrhynchos), northern
mockingbird (Mimus polyglottos), brown thrasher (Taxostoma
rufum), thrush (Hylocichla spp.), warbler (Vermivora spp.
and the rufous-sided towhee (Pipilo erythrophthalmus)
dominate the edges and open areas.
Common mammal inhabitants of the adjacent forests and
creek are the beaver (Castor canadensis), white-tailed deer
(Odocoileus virginianus), gray squirrel (Sciurus
carolinensis), raccoon (Procyon lotor), opossum (Didelphis
virginiana), muskrat (Ondatra zibethicus), eastern cottontail
(Sylvilagus floridanus), eastern mole (Scalopus aquaticus),
white-footed mouse (Peromuscus leucopus) and red and gray
foxes (Vulpes vulpes and Uroc-on cinereoargenteus).
Large concentrations of amphibians are expected to
inhabit the bottomland hardwood community. Most of these
amphibians live in springs, seepages and streams throughout
hardwood forests. A few species thought to inhabit this area
are marbled salamander (Ambystome opacum), two-lined
salamander (Eurycea bislineate), slim; salamander (Plethodon
glutinosus), American toad (Bufo americanus), northern
cricket frog (Aeris creptitans), spring peeper (Hyla
crucifer), upland chorus frog (Pseudacris triseriata),
bullfrog (Rana catesbeiana) and pickerel frog (Rana
sphenocephele).
Reptiles observed in the bottomland forest were painted
turtle (Chrysemys pitta) and yellowbelly slider (Chrysemys
scripta), while the eastern garter snake (Thamnophis
sirtalis) was seen in the upland forest. Reptiles thought to
inhabit the project and surrounding areas are snapping turtle
(Chelydra serpentina), eastern box turtle (Terrapene
carolina), black racer (Coluber constrictor), northern water
snake (Nerodia sipedon), eastern kingsnake (Lampropeltis
getulus) and copperhead (Agkistrodon contortrix).

8
3.2 Aquatic Communities
One aquatic community type, the piedmont small perennial
stream, will be impacted by the proposed project. Physical
and chemical characteristics of the water body dictate faunal
composition of the aquatic communities. Terrestrial
communities adjacent to a water resource also greatly
influence aquatic communities and vice versa.
No invertebrates were observed in the streambed, and no
fish or fresh water mussel shell evidence were encountered.
The water was quite stained and muddy which made observations
difficult. However, Ledge Creek probably supports good to
fair populations of biota based on the surrounding
conditions.
Fish species likely to be observed within this aquatic
community include bluegill (Lepomis macrochirus), black
crappie (Pomoxis nigromaculatus), sunfish (Lepomis spp.),
golden shiner (Notemigonus crysolencas) and American eel
(Anguilla rostrata).
3.3 Summary of Anticipated Impacts
Construction of the subject project will have various
impacts on the biotic resources described (habitat reduction,
faunal displacement, etc.). Any construction-related
activities in or near these resources have the potential to
impact biological functions. This section quantifies and
qualifies impacts to the natural resources in terms of area
impacted and ecosystems affected. Temporary and permanent
impacts are considered here as well.
Calculated impacts to aquatic and terrestrial resources
reflect the relative abundance of each community present in
the study area. Project construction will result in clearing
and degradation of portions of these communities. Table 3
summarizes potential quantitative losses to these biotic
communities, resulting from project construction. Estimated
impacts are derived using the entire proposed right-of-way
width of 24 m (80 ft). Usually, project construction does
not require the entire right of way; therefore, actual
impacts may be considerably less.
TABLE 3. ANTICIPATED IMPACTS TO BIOTIC COMMUNITIES
Community Alt. 1 and lA Alt. 2 and 2A
bottomland hdwd 0.2 (0.5) 0.2 (.0.6)
upland hdwd 0.2 (0.5) 0.3 (0.7)
roadside <0.1 (0.2) <0.1 (0.2)
Total Impacts 0.5 (1.2) 0.6 (1.5)
1
NOTES: Values cited are in hectares (acres).

I
9
More severe impacts to terrestrial and aquatic
communities will occur during and as a result of construction
temporary detours. These activities will disrupt the
bottomland, upland and piedmont small perennial stream
communities, including the removal of vegetation and
compaction of soil. Fauna will be affected most by losses of
habitat.
From a biological perspective, the road closure during
construction (Alts. 1 and 1A) are the best alternatives.
4.0 SPECIAL TOPICS
This section provides descriptions, inventories and
impact analysis pertinent to two important issues--Waters of
the United States and rare and protected species.
4.1 Waters of the United States: Jurisdictional Topics
Surface waters and wetlands fall under the broad
category of "Waters of the United States," as defined in
Section 33 of the Code of Federal Register (CRF) Part 328.3.
Wetlands, defined in 33 CFR 328.3, are those areas that are
inundated or saturated by surface or ground water at a
frequency and duration sufficient to support. and under
normal circumstances do support, a prevalence of vegetation
typically adapted to life in saturated conditions. Any
action that proposes to place fill into these areas falls
under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
(COE) under Section 404 of the Clean Water Act (33 U.S.C.
1344).
4.1.1 Summary of Anticipated Impacts
No alterations to the Ledge Creek channel will occur as
a result of this project if alternatives 1 and lA are
employed. Alternatives 2 and 2A specify an onsite detour,
which will require a temporary culvert. The culvert will
have degrading effects on the stream channel but these
effects will be temporary.
Bottomland wetlands lie adjacent to the creek channel.
Temporary, on-site detour alternatives will result in filling
approximately 0.2 ha (0.6 ac) of wetlands, respectively.
4.1.2 Anticipated Permit Requirements
Impacts to waters of the United States come under
jurisdiction of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (COE). A
Nationwide Permit 33 CFR 330.5 (A)23 will authorize impacts
described above. This permit authorizes activities
undertaken, assisted, authorized, regulated, funded or
financed in whole, or in part. by another federal agency or
department where that agency or department has determined

10
pursuant to the council on environmental quality regulation
that the activity, work or discharge is categorically
excluded from environmental documentation because it is
included within a category of actions which neither
individually nor cumulatively have a significant effect on
the environment.
4.1.3 Mitigation
Project B-2563 impacts wetland areas associated with
Ledge Creek. However, if a Nationwide Permit ?23 is
obtained, no mitigation will be required, in accordance to
the Army Corps of Engineers (COE). Final permit/mitigation
decisions will be made by the COE.
4.2 Rare and Protected Species
Some populations of fauna and flora have been in, or are
in, the process of decline either due to natural forces or
their inability to coexist with man. Federal law (under the
provisions of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
ammended) requires that any action, likely to adversely a
species classified as federally-protected, be subject to
review by the Fish and Wildlife Service (FWS). Other species
may receive additional protection under separate state laws.
4.2.1 Federally-Protected Species
Plants and animals with federal classifications of Endangered
(E), Threatened (T), Proposed Endangered (PE), and Proposed
Threatened (PT) are protected under provisions of Section 7
and Section 9 of the Endangered Species Act of 1973, as
ammended. As of July 8, 1994, the FWS lists the following
federally-protected species for Granville County (Table 4).
A brief description of each species' characteristics and
habitat follows.
TABLE 4. FEDERAL LISTED SPECIES FOR GRANVILLE COUNTY
Scientific Name Common Name Classification
Alasmidonta heterodon dwarf wedge mussel E
Echinecea laevigata smooth coneflower E
Ptilimnium nodosum harperella E
? Ca Ie-
"E" denotes Endangered (a species that is threatened with
extinction throughout all or a significant portion of
its range).
0

0
11
Alasmidonta heterodon (dwarf wedge mussel) E
Animal Family: Unionidae
Date Listed: 3/14/90
Distribution in N.C.: Franklin, Granville. Halifax,
Johnston, Nash, Vance, Wake, Warren, Wilson.
The dwarf wedge mussel is a small mussel having a
distinguishable shell noted by two lateral teeth on the right
half and one on the left half. The periostracum (outer
shell) is olive green to dark brown in color and the nacre
(inner shell) is bluish to silvery white.
Known populations of the dwarf wedge mussel in North
Carolina are found in tributaries of the Neuse River Basin
and the Tar River svstem. This mussel is sensitive to
agricultural, domestic, and industrial pollutants and
requires a stable silt free streambed with well oxygenated
water to survive.
BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: NO EFFECT
Ledge Creek contains large amounts of deposited silt
which does not provide suitable habitat for the dwarf wedge
mussel. No impacts to this species will occur as a result of
project construction.
Echinacea laevioata (smooth coneflower) E
Plant Family: Asteraceae
Federally Listed: December 9, 1991 PE
Flowers Present: June - early July
Distribution in N.C.: Durham, Granville, Orange,
Rockingham.
Smooth coneflower is a perennial herb that grows from
simple or branched rhizomes. This herb has a smooth stem and
few leaves. The basal leaves are the largest, and these
leaves are smooth to slightly rough, tapered to the base and
elliptical to broadly lanceolate. Mid-stem leaves have short
or no petioles and are smaller than the basal leaves.
Flowers are light pink to purplish in color and solitary.
The petal-like rays usually droop. Fruits are gray-brown,
oblong-prismatic and four-angled.
Habitat for the smooth coneflower is found in areas of
meadows, open woodlands, glades, cedar barrens, roadsides,
power line rights-of-way, clearcuts, and dry limestone
bluffs. Plants usually grow in soil derived from calcareous
parent material. Forth Carolina populations are found in
soils derived from Diabase, a circumneutral igneous rock.
Optimal sites are in areas with abundant sunlight and little
competition from other herbaceous plants.

12
BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: NO EFFECT
The Project B-2563 site does not provide suitable
habitat consisting of soils derived from Diabase, a
circumneutral igneous rock. No impacts to this species are
expected as a result of project construction.
Ptilimnium nodosum (harperella) E
Plant Family: Apiaceae
Federally Listed: September 28, 198S
Flowers Present: late July - August
Distribution in N.C.: Chatham, Granville, Lee.
Harperella is an annual herb in the carrot family, with
fibrous roots and erect to spreading stems. The stems are
green and often have a purplish tinge at the base and they
may branch above mid-stem. The leaves are hollow,
cylindrical, and septate, with broadly clasping bases.
Flowers are umbels, each umbel subtended by an involucre of
small lanceolate bracts.
North Carolina currently has two known populations of
harperella, one in Granville and one in Chatham County.
This plant can be found in two types of habitat, rocky or
gravel shoals and the margins of clear, swift-flowing stream
sections, and the edges of intermittent pineland ponds or
low, wet savannah meadows in the coastal plain. It is always
found in saturated substrates and tolerates periodic,
moderate flooding. There is a preference for sunny areas and
this species is abundant where it is sheltered from stream
erosion, usually on the downstream side of large rocks or
amidst thick clones of water willow.
BIOLOGICAL CONCLUSION: NO EFFECT
Suitable habitat is present in the study area. A plant
by plant survey was conducted. No individuals were found.
4.2.2 Candidate and State Protected Species
There are nine federal candidate (C2) species listed for
Granville County. Federal Candidate species are not afforded
federal protection under the Endangered Species Act and are
not subject of any of its provisions, including Section
until they are formally proposed or listed as Threatened or
Endangered. C2 species are defined as organisms which are
vulnerable to extinction although no sufficient data
currently exists to warrant a listing of Endangered.
Threatened, Proposed Endangered or Proposed Threatened.
Organisms which are listed as Endangered (E), Threatened (T),
or Special Concern (SC) by the North Carolina Heritage
Program list of Fare Plant and Animal Species 1993 are
afforded state protection under th State Endangered Species
Act and the North Carolina Plant Protection and Conservation

13
Act of 1979.
Table 5 lists federal candidate species, the species'
state status (if afforded state protection) and the existence
of suitable habitat for each species in the study area. This
species list is provided for information purposes as the
status of these species may be upgraded in the future.
TABLE 5. FEDERAL CANDIDATE/N.C. PROTECTED
FOR GRANVILLE COUNTY SPECIES
Scientific Common Name NC Suitable
Name Status Habitat
Elliptio lanceolate Yellow lance (mussel) T N
Fusconaia masoni Atlantic pigtoe (mussel) T N
Lampsilis cariosa Yellow lampmussel T
N
Lasmigona subvirdis Green floater (mussel) E N
Aster depauperatus Serpentine aster E N
Delphinium Tall larkspur E-SC N
exaltatum
'
Y
Lotus purshianus s trefoil
Heller -
var. helleri
Marshallia
Large-flowered Barbara's -
Y
grandflora* buttons
Nestronia umbellula Nestronia - Y
NOTES: Population not documented in Granville County in
the past twenty years.
Surveys for these species were not conducted during the
site visit, nor were any of these species observed. A review
of the database of the N.C. Natural Heritage Program Rare
Species and Unique Habitats revealed no records of North
Carolina rare and/or protected species in or near the project
study area.
5.0 REFERENCES
Environmental Laboratory. 1987. Corps of Engineers Wetlands
Delineation Manual, "Technical report Y-87-1, U.S. Army
Engineer Waterways Experiment Station, Vicksburg, Miss.
Martof, Palmer, Bailey, Harrison III. 1980. Amphibians and
Reptiles of the Carolinas and Virginia. The University
of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill, NC.
National Audubon Society, Inc. 19S0. The Audubon Society
Field Guide to North American Trees Eastern Region.
Alfred A. Knopf. New York.
National Audubon Society, Inc. 1979. The Audubon Society
Field Guide to North American Wildflowers Eastern
Region. Alfred A. Knopf. New York.

14
National Audubon Society, Inc. 1919. The Audubon Society
Field Guide to North American Reptiles and Amphibians.
Alfred A. Knopf. New York.
NCDEHNR-DEM. 1993 Classifications and Water Quality
Standards Assigned to Waters of the Neuse River Basin.
Raleigh Dept. of Environment, Health and Natural
Resources.
NCDEHNR-DEM. 1991. Biological Assessment of Water Quality
in North Carolina Streams: Benthic Macroinvertabrate
Data Base and Long Term Changes in Water Quality, 1983-
1990.
North Carolina Wildlife Resources Commission. 1991. The
Fresh Water Fishes of North Carolina. The Delmar
Company, Charlotte, NC.
Radford, A.E., H.E. Ahles and G.R. Bell. 1968. Manual of
the Vascular Flora of the Carolinas. The Univ. N.C.
Press.
Robbins, C.S. B. Bruun, and H.S. Zim. 1966. A Guide to
Field Identification Birds of North America. Golden
Press. New York.
Schafale, M.P. and A.S. Weakley. 1990. Classifications of
the Natural Communities of North Carolina. Third
Approximation. NC Nat. Heritage Program, Div. of Parks
and Rec., NC Dept. of Envir., Health and Nat. Resources.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service.
1984.
U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Soil Conservation Service. 1988.
Soil Survey of Granville County, North Carolina. N.C.
Agriculture Experiment Station.
Webster, Parnell, Bi' ggs. 1985. Mammals of the Carolinas,
Virgina and Maryland. The University of North Carolina
Press, Chapel Hill, NC.