Loading...
HomeMy WebLinkAbout20000948 Ver 1_Complete File_20000720State of North Carolina Department of Environment and Natural Resources Division of Water Quality James B. Hunt, Jr., Govemor Bill Holman, Secretary Kerr T. Stevens, Director llkr!? FAA A -N% Now NC ENR NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT AND NATURAL RESOURCES August 1, 2000 Dare County DWQ Project # 000948 APPROVAL of 401 Water Quality Certification NC Department of Transportation c/o Don R. Conner PO Box 850 Edenton, NC 27932 Dear Sirs: You have our approval, in accordance with the attached conditions and those listed below, to fill 0.022 acres of wetlands in Dare County for the purpose of constructing a pedestrian travel lane as you described in your application received by the Division of Water Quality on July 20, 2000. After reviewing your application, we have decided that this fill is covered by General Water Quality Certification Number 3106. This certification allows you to use Nationwide Permit Number 18 when the Corps of Engineers issues it. In addition, you should get any other federal, state or local permits before you go ahead with your project including (but not limited to) Sediment and Erosion Control, Coastal Stormwater, Non-Discharge and Water Supply Water shed regulations. This approval will expire when the accompanying 404 or CA?MA permit expires unless otherwise specified in the General Certification. This approval is only valid for the purpose and design that you described in your application. If you change your project, you must notify us and you may be required to send us a new application. If the property is sold, the new owner must be given a copy of this Certification and approval letter and is thereby responsible for complying with all conditions. If total wetland fills for this project (now or in the future) exceed one acre, compensatory mitigation may be required as described in 15A NCAC 2H .0506 (h) (6) and (7). For this approval to be valid, you must follow the conditions listed in the attached certification. If you do not accept any of the conditions of this certification, you may ask for an adjudicatory hearing. You must act within 60 days of the date that you receive this letter. To ask for a hearing, send a written petition, which conforms to Chapter 150B of the North Carolina General Statutes to the Office of Administrative Hearings, P.O. Box 27447, Raleigh, N.C. 27611-7447. This certification and its conditions are final and binding unless you ask for a hearing. This letter completes the review of the Division of Water Quality under Section 401 of the Clean Water Act. If you have any questions, please telephone John Dorney at 919-733-9646. Sincerely, Kerr T. Stevens Attachment cc: Corps of Engineers Washington Field Office Washington DWQ Regional Office -' File Copy Central Files 000948 Division of Water Quality • Non-Discharge Branch 1621 Mail Service Center, Raleigh, NC 27699-1621 Telephone 919-733-1786 FAX # 733-9959 An Equal Opportunity Affirmative Action Employer • 50% recycled/10% post consumer paper hfp://h2o.enr.state.nc.us/wetiandc.htmI PAYMENT RECEIVED y r y?,?. e e??o STATE OF NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION JAMES B. HUNT JR. DAVID McCOY GOVENOR SECRETARY July 18, 2000 U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Regulatory Field Office P. 0. BOX 1000 0 0 09 L? Washington, NC 27889-1000 ATTENTION: Mr. Michael F. Bell, PWS NCDOT Coordinator Dear Sir: The North Carolina Department of Transportation (NCDOT) is proposing to construct a pedestrian travel lane next to SR 1206 in Dare County, North Carolina. The project involves constructing an 8.0-foot wide pedestrian travel way adjacent to SR 1206. For safety purposes, the pedestrian path will be approximately 5.0 feet from edge of pavement on SR 1206. Please find attached a vicinity map along with plan views of the proposed work and a completed pre-construction notification form. Wetland impacts will occur as a result of this work. In order to minimize impacts to jurisdictional wetlands timber bulkdheads and steeper slopes with rip-rap stabilization have been used where practical. Total wetland impacts will be 0.022 acres. Additionally, a 36.0" crossline will be extended by approximately 5.0. This pipe crosses an unnamed tributary under the jurisdiction of the NCDCM. Application for authorization from the NCDCM is also made under separate cover. The NCDOT requests that this work be authorized under the provisions of Nationwide Permit No. 18. By copy of this letter, the NCDOT also requests that the North Carolina Division of water Quality issue the appropriate water quality certification. A check for $200.00 is attached to cover the permit fees. Work will begin as soon as the i.? P. O. Box 850 Edenton, NC 27932 (252) 482-7977 FAX: (252) 482-8722 permits are issued. Thank you for your attention to this important matter. Sincerely, D. R. Conner, PE Division Engineer T. Lindse iddick, Jr. Division Environmental Officer CC: Mr. R. E. Capehart, PE, NCDOT Mr. David Cox, NCWRC Ms. Sarah Winslow, NCDMF Mr. Ron Sechler, NMFS Mr. Tom McCartney, USFWS Mr. John Hennessy, NCDWQ Ms. Lynn Mathis, NCDCM Ms. Gretchen Byrum, PE, NCDOT DEM ID: 0 0 0 CORPS ACTION ID: 3/25/96 NATIONWIDE PERMIT REQUESTED (PROVIDE NATIONWIDE PERMIT #): NW 18 PRE-CONSTRUCTION NOTIFICATION APPLICATION FOR NATIONWIDE PERMITS THAT REQUIRE: 1) NOTIFICATION TO THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS 2) APPLICATION FOR SECTION 401 CERTIFICATION 3) COORDINATION WITH THE NC DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT SEND THE ORIGINAL AND (1) COPY OF THIS COMPLETED FORM TO THE APPROPRIATE FIELD OFFICE OF THE CORPS OF ENGINEERS (SEE AGENCY ADDRESSES SHEET). SEVEN (7) COPIES SHOULD BE SENT TO THE N.C. DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (SEE AGENCY ADDRESSES SHEET). PLEASE PRINT. 1. OWNERS NAME: NCDOT 2. MAILING ADDRESS: P 0 Box 850 SUBDIVISION NAME: CITY: Edenton STATE: NC ZIP CODE: 27932 PROJECT LOCATION ADDRESS, INCLUDING SUBDIVISION NAME (IF DIFFERENT FROM MAILING ADDRESS ABOVE): SR 1206 in Dare County, NC 3. TELEPHONE NUMBER (HOME): (WORK): 252-482-7977 4. IF APPLICABLE: AGENT'S NAME OR RESPONSIBLE CORPORATE OFFICIAL, ADDRESS, PHONE NUMBER: Don R. Conner, P. E. Division Engineer-Division One 5. LOCATION OF WORK (PROVIDE A MAP, PREFERABLY A COPY OF USGS TOPOGRAPHIC MAP OR AERIAL PHOTOGRAPHY WITH SCALE): COUNTY: Dare NEAREST TOWN OR CITY: Kitty Hawk 1 SPECIFIC LOCATION (INCLUDE ROAD NUMBERS, LANDMARKS, ETC.): SR 1206 6. IMPACTED OR NEAREST STREAM/RIVER: UT (Canal) RIVER BASIN: Pasquotank 7a. IS PROJECT LOCATED NEAR WATER CLASSIFIED AS TROUT, TIDAL SALTWATER (SA), HIGH QUALITY WATERS (HQW), OUTSTANDING RESOURCE WATERS (ORW), WATER SUPPLY (WS-I OR WS-II)? YES [ ] NO [X] IF YES, EXPLAIN: 7b. IS THE PROJECT LOCATED WITHIN A NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT AREA OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN (AEC)?YES[X] NO[ ] 7c. IF THE PROJECT IS LOCATED WITHIN A COASTAL COUNTY (SEE PAGE 7 FOR LIST OF COASTAL COUNTIES), WHAT IS THE LAND USE PLAN (LUP) DESIGNATION? Develooed 8a. HAVE ANY SECTION 404 PERMITS BEEN PREVIOUSLY REQUESTED FOR USE ON THIS PROPERTY? YES [ ] NO [X] IF YES, PROVIDE ACTION I.D. NUMBER OF PREVIOUS PERMIT AND ANY ADDITIONAL INFORMATION (INCLUDE PHOTOCOPY OF 401 CERTIFICATION): 8b. ARE ADDITIONAL PERMIT REQUESTS EXPECTED FOR THIS PROPERTY IN THE FUTURE? YES [ ] NO [X] IF YES, DESCRIBE ANTICIPATED WORK: 9a. ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF ACRES IN TRACT OF LAND: N/A 9b. ESTIMATED TOTAL NUMBER OF ACRES OF WETLANDS LOCATED ON PROJECT SITE: N/A 2 10a. NUMBER OF ACRES OF WETLANDS IMPACTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT BY: FILLING: 0.022 EXCAVATION: FLOODING: OTHER: DRAINAGE: TOTAL ACRES TO BE IMPACTED: 0.022 10b. (1) STREAM CHANNEL TO BE IMPACTED BY THE PROPOSED PROJECT (IF RELOCATED, PROVIDE DISTANCE BOTH BEFORE AND AFTER RELOCATION): LENGTH BEFORE: N/A FT AFTER: N/A FT WIDTH BEFORE (based on normal high water contours): WIDTH AFTER: N/A N/A FT AVERAGE DEPTH BEFORE: N/A FT AFTER: N/A FT (2) STREAM CHANNEL IMPACTS WILL RESULT FROM: (CHECK ALL THAT APPLY) OPEN CHANNEL RELOCATION: PLACEMENT OF PIPE IN CHANNEL: X CHANNEL EXCAVATION: CONSTRUCTION OF A DAM/FLOODING: OTHER: 11. IF CONSTRUCTION OF A POND IS PROPOSED, WHAT IS THE SIZE OF THE WATERSHED DRAINING TO THE POND? N/A WHAT IS THE EXPECTED POND SURFACE AREA? N/A 12. DESCRIPTION OF PROPOSED WORK INCLUDING DISCUSSION OF TYPE OF MECHANICAL EQUIPMENT TO BE USED (ATTACH PLANS: 8 1/2" X 11" DRAWINGS ONLY) : .Construction of pedestrian path adjacent to SR 1206 using heavy construction equipment 13. PURPOSE OF PROPOSED WORK: provide a safe pedestrian travel lane near an increasingly heavily traveled roadway with poor site distances 3 14. STATE REASONS WHY IT IS BELIEVED THAT THIS ACTIVITY MUST BE CARRIED OUT IN WETLANDS. (INCLUDE ANY MEASURES TAKEN TO MINIMIZE WETLAND IMPACTS): the path will not be connected to the existing roadway in order to avoid conflicts with vehicular traffic since the orolect is linear it is not possible to totall avoid wetlands 17. DOES THE PROJECT INVOLVE AN EXPENDITURE OF PUBLIC FUNDS OR THE USE OF PUBLIC (STATE) LAND? YES [X] NO [] (IF NO, GO TO 18) a. IF YES, DOES THE PROJECT REQUIRE PREPARATION OF AN ENVIRONMENTAL DOCUMENT PURSUANT TO THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE NORTH CAROLINA ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT? YES [ ] NO [X] b. IF YES, HAS THE DOCUMENT BEEN REVIEWED THROUGH THE NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION STATE CLEARINGHOUSE? YES [ ] NO [ ] IF ANSWER TO 17b IS YES, THEN SUBMIT APPROPRIATE DOCUMENTATION FROM THE STATE CLEARINGHOUSE TO DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT REGARDING COMPLIANCE WITH THE NORTH CAROLINA ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY ACT. QUESTIONS REGARDING THE STATE CLEARINGHOUSE REVIEW PROCESS SHOULD BE DIRECTED TO MS. CHRYS BAGGETT, DIRECTOR STATE CLEARINGHOUSE, NORTH CAROLINA DEPARTMENT OF ADMINISTRATION, 116 WEST JONES STREET, RALEIGH, NORTH CAROLINA 27603-8003, TELEPHONE (919) 733-6369. 4 18. THE FOLLOWING ITEMS SHOULD BE INCLUDED WITH THIS APPLICATION IF PROPOSED ACTIVITY INVOLVES THE DISCHARGE OF EXCAVATED OR FILL MATERIAL INTO WETLANDS: a. WETLAND DELINEATION MAP SHOWING ALL WETLANDS, STREAMS, LAKES AND PONDS ON THE PROPERTY (FOR NATIONWIDE PERMIT NUMBERS 14, 18, 21, 26, 29, AND 38). ALL STREAMS (INTERMITTENT AND PERMANENT) ON THE PROPERTY MUST BE SHOWN ON THE MAP. MAP SCALES SHOULD BE 1 INCH EQUALS 50 FEET OR 1 INCH EQUALS 100 FEET OR THEIR EQUIVALENT. b. IF AVAILABLE; REPRESENTATIVE PHOTOGRAPH OF WETLANDS TO BE IMPACTED BY PROJECT. C. IF DELINEATION WAS PERFORMED BY A CONSULTANT, INCLUDE ALL DATA, SHEETS RELEVANT TO THE PLACEMENT OF THE DELINEATION LINE. d. ATTACH A COPY OF THE STORMWATER MANAGEMENT PLAN IF REQUIRED. e. WHAT IS LAND USE OF SURROUNDING PROPERTY? residential with some commercial properties f. IF APPLICABLE, WHAT IS PROPOSED METHOD OF SEWAGE DISPOSAL? N/A g. SIGNED AND DATED AGENT AUTHORIZATION LETTER, IF APPLICABLE. NOTE: WETLANDS OR WATERS OF THE U.S. MAY NOT BE IMPACTED PRIOR TO: 1) ISSUANCE OF A SECTION 404 CORPS OF ENGINEERS PERMIT, 2) EITHER THE ISSUANCE OR WAIVER OF A 401 DIVISION OF ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT (WATER QUALITY) CERTIFICATION, AND 3) (IN THE TWENTY COASTAL COUNTIES ONLY), A LETTER FROM THE NORTH CAROLINA DIVISION OF COASTAL MANAGEMENT STATING THE PROPOSED ACTIVITY IS CONSISTENT WITH THE NORTH CAROLINA COASTAL MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. OWNER'S/AGENT'S SIGNATURE 111dc7-0 DATE (AGENT'S SIGNATURE VALID ONLY IF AUTHORIZATION LETTER FROM THE OWNER IS PROVIDED (18g.)) 5 I v 517E SITE 2 \ I \ - .z \ SATE 3 \ I 5rTE.4 - 5ITE S 7 C` ;SITE J SITE 7 SITE 8 \ - v \ S T E 9 ?\ ^Z i ';\ l .?? 2 5 \ A NC Department of Transportation Division of Highways I ?- COUNTY: Dare QUAD: -Us EDARE COUNT BASIN: Pasquotank Y PROJECT: T: Multi-Use Path, Kitty Hawk DATE: May 15, 2000 NORTH CAROLINA VICINITY MAP i of i C O Y t: c O U _ In Q- >% cn CZ 2) a = cCLC13 C:) °o O 0) N _ _ O o N C O O 0 cr :- ( m - o a. 2 2 cz =0 > } t== w_ (D t- w > ZpZ -?LLJ Z U ?acn0t- a z 0 D ¢ a? ¢ .J UOm?o a ' J (? J Z cc U) 0 ? a. 0 f U C) O cu O wr "„ = O C O ? yam', O co C 0 CV O T z (n O CTJ ?o L L c (13 co -0 cb C O C O T, Q Ca a mQ C) Q C .: L ao o, cli ?- O K ? •C ?' L 0 El co ' ® ?: 0 a? C O TN Oa `J v Q O = --. O O =3 oC O ai 0 z C O Y G'N 'C cti o O to _ C- ro - C 3 Y ?. o CZ C:) c: CL o O (Z a) N ?-' O p cn c :3 LO z C: E ca Z) _ .. ............ •- Q. U cz .'a W j U N L z .3 cn cn Y U Z) QFn OF- O m z O ¢ aC ¢ cc UQmd0 U a? O C- 0 O t F- O 'r' Q CD 0 N rT I'?^L /VrtJ V Z 't- V/ X W c O C13 ro c in CL >. r C Y ca N Y 0 °o CL c) O C ) ? N O +-- O U) Lri N O O Q C E cz p d a1 aa) p > U w ZpZ?w z CU Da?n0t- a z ODQcca UOmap a 'O Z cc O O O ? + O o a? o c = o o = ? .3 CD cD c O ; N O T z (!) O r N c? O O O S co c0 U) a L M 'D L :3 Ca CL L .« cn O Q ? L o ii bo ° a? L ?m ?.:...... ? ®? ? O N c O N C/) O 0,0 'U) CL 0 O O ?:3 CL oC O ai O z C O Y c C a o 0 U) C. ? >' N F-• IJ w = C I O O .? co 0 N N O Q .? T z0 a C En Q C ca -ca CL U W ca •? W 0 C cn s zoz?w ccnn N U =¢cn01- O m z OD¢oC¢ cc UOMIL0 U m O a O CL O O t N m N O CD O N MT V/ v Z / U) X W c o Y i? co co O U) r C• >_ o H •? L o cY1 _ Y o w- cao O N ON (13 a) o N ZO C O > > L6 (D E O n co 5 ca CD a. CL w o F- .. • • w ? U Z)Qv?0 Q UOmmo a 'O Z c? O N Q 'a O O + O N O c Cj) ,?+ o u = Co c O ; N o ,- Z C) cD a U) cz Y s ? ca ca cn ?? a CO (D C: 0 ¢ cm o a? ¢ ? ,!. LL Co ° cy) Q) x 0®0 o ? o m W CL o o N Q aUQ ai 0 Z c 0 Y O (n C2 W t _ o m ?-2 cCLa O N T O• O .? co . ............... c m a' .- r O .E U) cz z 0 CL Z) Ca U CL w Q j. (n U Q H w m U <oz in O - CL Z 0D<=< oC cn O UOmCL0 U CIS U T a? O V O Q. O n. O 0 i M ? N H O Fn rz Q v , -w? Q N t •X w c- C _o l a? 0 _ co C- > o C CL -+ 0 ca co N C: :3 ° Q E -= .? o as ca CL CL H w ?- .. • • w > Z0Z?ui Z z 0 D < -i 00mCL o a 'a Z cu O N O 'a o O O ? m -td _ 00 ? m CO C Z CV 0 r z (n O a ? O cz co IL ? a C O C O ? ? Q O a L O < En LL 7 CO m 'a O 0®D ? O O N vii - ca mN ca.ajCC `.U[C ? o IL ai 0 Z C O co _ O cn = C1. ?CO L Y L E O CZ C:) C: a- 0 .O avp p co 0) N Cl) C C = ? tri Z ............... a) m O Q •,', O a? E cn cu ca ::3 cz ?. IL U : ? j U O I- •• •• w cn a z0z-,w cn U OQV50 O - a z 00Q(r- ¢ cc cn O UOCDCL O U U) U) F U 77 T Q) `? Y O 0- 2 IL Q i co Q() Fn p O N T M cc V/ Q) C X W C O cz p? O to = r U cZ O C 0 a- c- = ca 0 °o czs C N C O j ? 0 cr r E u c0 (z CL W_ z o z ) ! Z U ?QFn01- ¢ z OD¢?¢ UOmIL o a. 'a 2 ca O Ir O N .a ? O + O Ln m w?. ca c r u = 1 Q, co c x C x N O T r? z - cc c CD x r- N cz O cn x ?c 4. Cli c? a 3 : CZ CL L .« < 11) 0) O Q ? ?' LL oo p) L i O O O (1) CL V- c0 L O N (n d C;) to ? O cU C1 O CL ai 0 Z c o Y cil c o O U) = CL co ,O CZ Y L. ? t F- •- o ?= cCL°o cm (2) N a - p cn C: a LO `V • ............... W C Q• :- T O a) E cu M =3 ctf ?:. o IL U 0. LU CL Cl M U cc: N U DQv?01- O co - CL o Z 0 Q m¢ cc U0MIL0 U Cli U '' T Q) V O CL o IL 0 LO cn F- O "' co 0 N MryT /? /LL v/ Q) C U) •X W r C O cLS ? ca ON O U) = CL >, r U) C Y 2 =o O = a) N O Cl) O C :3 ,- N Cr ;- °-n m 0 ctS w_ p ~ w ? zoz z U ?¢) 0t- a z 0 < x < .? UQmCL0 a 'O Z t4 O N o a o O + O k-9 V 'N ca C I Q, Lo c O N 0 z ?:. ? o ? m r N L ca -0 s (1) c O , Q M Q = Q Y a? m , U- oo o m L 'C >, (1) 0®o o m m a ?- -o Cl) ca 0 - L tO av`ni? m? o cz ? O a U d ai 0 z C O Y N co (Sf O O U) = U c k9 c: L Y F _ o 2 "-= c: IL o p O CZ (3) N cal . C? C C j j, z ?..? . ............... a) ? «. r- O U) cz :3 (Z z o IL U 0- LU m U) U F- C1 Z 0 z -) U) Q z :D <n 0 l- O OD¢OCQ m On UOCOIL 0 U UT •? T ?C) a? v O CL O 0 a C.0 A FW- O "' /Q vJ i^u i r. i.. ryryT?. ?y VJ C W 5c'r c O Y ?_ O C Y h o co C:) c: CL a p O c3 O N .. p o N M G` ? c C > > tl) O O cr C L (n 75 ca CL r CLp } H w F- uui > J ZO?Z z OD¢2¢ coa- o a ti ca O tz N O O + O O c a? = o Cl) o, ? c r N o J? T z ;. (n O N CO r J O O ca h CL r- -- ca a Cl) m Q = Q N O x .xJ _ Q : i o LL 00 = O N X L 7ca L :3 Ll 70 co Y ® ? O O c O O N O +r O a L U) CL 0 O O 2) -::3 CL O O O Z c O a. C13 3: CIS O Cl) CL > ti F-• c s F- _ .x ca °O c d o O , M N N N C = ? L6 Z -c A, E O m cr ? O N •? W D j U (n s Z O Z ? tij Cl) na m z Ora°¢ cc UOmIL 0 U a a? N 0 CL 0 L BO D a ?. N •d' in- C° O N rT VR/ 'V Z U) X W C O O cn = zo Q. >% U CZ o r ) a L Y = c o 0 eT- - zr) : O = I n =3 T O O fn (1) cr = _ (z Q c c ^ LL G G C Q L W Q ~ W > ZoZ-3w Z Fn 0 Z 0 < cr J o o m m o a 4 } ? M M Q V C •? _ 0 C) ? C N 0 r Z L ? . 'L N X o cz r( y co { cz 4. cn ? L {< as 'C M C C 3 0 W CZS CL LL.tjc n? U) W Q ? o .«. ? LL 00 0 " Q) ctS ? -C ?- Y Fes` co 7 X; ® 0 - 0 C13 m c 0 0 0-0 CL 0 0 0 U) CL ..J 0 W 0 Z 0 = O U) (? y "-= cIo ?.._ CO ON C C L Z 0 m o O I E c c - in- m 75 co 0 n.2ii U cz W F} U in O = ZOZ??jj in Y U DQnOt- O 0D< < cz m z U O m IL 0 U a 'D N 0 CL 0 IL bo 0 C13 d 0 N T 'U) v Z U) X W C O Y ? 0 O ao CL > O ?-= Y CO °0 0,..- ?aN .. O C 0 O = L O C C ?- O cr C cz (z.? 0-22 Q I- W F}- W Zpz?W Z U ?¢v5Ot- a UOco n.O a i CL ? Z C cu h 0 O •1. to O a y 'a 0 O c C. y O o O O c4 ti. -------- ---+?+-------- i C?.2- 0 0- to r -------- --- --------- x O_ Cr) i` C) N Z. O i' V C O ?.. Y (6 O cn = Q' cZ 0 O? F" ,27) Y ciso 0 CL = C a. 0 > _ •?- RS N N W 7 T z O a O E ca CZ =3 CZ Q ? :j 0 CL U CL U) I n W ? m H U fn Q W `n co U < cn 0 f-- O z O :D ¢ oC ¢ cc o UOo0CL 0 U 1 a O a 1 1 z Q 1 2 I O (L O I ' I 1 I ' o ' m _ 1 I ' 1 ' 1 ' W Z 1 1 ' _ 1 1 Q 1 1 , 1 1 1 () 1 , I , I , I , I , I , I , I , 1 , 1 , 1 1 , a- ;a 'co ' I CD ; m N ; .? T 1 1 ?' CC ' X U) ; W 1 , 0 z ' H ' I 1 , X W I , 1 , 1 ? i ' 1